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[ "East India Company. In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.", "Company rule in India. The English East India Company (\"the Company\") was founded in 1600, as The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. It gained a foothold in India with the establishment of a factory in Masulipatnam on the Eastern coast of India in 1611 and the grant of the rights to establish a factory in Surat in 1612 by the Mughal emperor Jahangir. In 1640, after receiving similar permission from the Vijayanagara ruler farther south, a second factory was established in Madras on the southeastern coast. Bombay island, not far from Surat, a former Portuguese outpost gifted to England as dowry in the marriage of Catherine of Braganza to Charles II, was leased by the Company in 1668. Two decades later, the Company established a presence on the eastern coast as well; far up that coast, in the Ganges river delta, a factory was set up in Calcutta. Since, during this time other companies—established by the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Danish—were similarly expanding in the region, the English Company's unremarkable beginnings on coastal India offered no clues to what would become a lengthy presence on the Indian subcontinent.", "East India Company. Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java comprised an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.", "History of Kolkata. The agents of the East India Company first visited the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, for trade during the period of Ibrahim Khan (ca 1617-1624), the Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal at the time of Delhi Emperor Jahangir. The first factory was established in Surat in 1620 and later in Agra, and agents were further sent from these places to the eastern provinces to examine the possibility of opening factories there. However the transportation costs and logistics were unfavorable and the plan was abandoned. In January 1644, the daughter of the Emperor was severely burnt and a doctor named Gabriel Boughton,[1] formerly the surgeon of the East Indiaman Hopewell,[2] was sent from Surat for her treatment.", "East India Company. The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure EIC ports in China.[26] The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor, and 90 employees[clarification needed] in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.", "Dutch East India Company. Factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Dutch Bengal, Dutch India, by Hendrik van Schuylenburgh (1665).", "Economy of India under Company rule. Photograph of East India Company factory in Painam, Sonargaon, Bangladesh, a major producer of the celebrated Dhaka muslins.", "History of Kolkata. He was able to successfully treat her burns and in reward the Emperor allowed the company to establish factory at Pipili, Odisha, and for the first time English ships arrived at an eastern port. During 1638, Shah Jahan appointed his son Shah Shuja as the Subahdar of Bengal and Boughton visited the capital at Rajmahal where his services were again used to treat one of the ladies in the palace, and in return, the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and Hooghly, Bengal in addition to Pipili, Odisha.", "Presidencies and provinces of British India. Meanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in 1640.[10] Almost a half-century later, after Mughal Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly due to tax evasion, Job Charnock purchased three small villages, later renamed Calcutta, in 1686, making it the Company's new headquarters.[10] By the mid-18th century, the three principal trading settlements including factories and forts, were then called the Madras Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort St. George), the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency (or the Presidency of Fort William) — each administered by a Governor.[11]", "East India Company. In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:[25]", "Presidencies and provinces of British India. In 1608, Mughal authorities allowed the English East India Company to establish a small trading settlement at Surat (now in the state of Gujarat), and this became the company's first headquarters town. It was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal in trade.[2] However, the power of the Mughal Empire declined from 1707, first at the hands of the Marathas and later due to invasion from Persia (1739) and Afghanistan (1761); after the East India Company's victories at the Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764)—both within the Bengal Presidency established in 1765—and the abolishment of local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal in 1793, the Company gradually began to formally expand its territories across India.[3] By the mid-19th century, and after the three Anglo-Maratha Wars the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power in south Asia, its territory held in trust for the British Crown.[4]", "History of Gujarat. The British East India Company established a factory in Surat in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by Bombay after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial outpost in India was in Gujarat.[23]", "East India Company. However, unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards, the company closed its factory in 1623.[35]", "Factory (trading post). Factories were then established by chartered companies such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC), founded in 1602, and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621. These factories provided for the exchange of products among European companies, local populations, and the colonies that often started as a factory with warehouses. Usually these factories had larger warehouses to fit the products resulting from the increasing agricultural development of colonies, which were boosted in the New World by the Atlantic slave trade.", "India Office. The East India Company was established in 1600 as a joint-stock company of English merchants who received, by a series of charters, exclusive rights to English trade with the \"Indies\", defined as the lands lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan; the term \"India\" had been derived from the name of the Indus River, long important to commerce and civilisation in the region. The Company soon established a network of \"factories\" throughout the south and east Indies in Asia. Over a period of 250 years the Company underwent several substantial changes in its basic character and functions.", "Economy of India under the British Raj. In the 1890s, Tata launched plans to expand into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but aware of Britain's declining position against the U.S. and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India so it did promise to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not otherwise sell.[33] The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), now headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees in 1945.[34] TISCO became India's proud symbol of technical skill, managerial competence, entrepreneurial flair, and high pay for industrial workers.[35]", "East India Company. The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe, near Croydon, Surrey, to train young officers for service in the company's armies in India. It was based in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The government took it over in 1858, and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861 it was closed, and the site was subsequently redeveloped.", "Parsi. Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between Mughal emperor Jahangir and James I of England, the East India Company obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English-run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the Seven Islands of Bombay from Charles II of England. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works.[34]", "Battle of Plassey. The British East India Company had a strong presence in India with the three main stations of Fort St. George in Madras, Fort William in Calcutta and Bombay Castle in western India. These stations were independent presidencies governed by a president and a council, appointed by the Court of Directors in England. The British adopted a policy of allying themselves with various princes and Nawabs, promising security against usurpers and rebels. The Nawabs often gave them concessions in return for the security. By the 18th century all rivalry had ceased between the British East India Company and the Dutch or Portuguese counterparts. The French had also established an East India Company under Louis XIV and had two important stations in India – Chandernagar in Bengal and Pondicherry on the Carnatic coast, both governed by the presidency of Pondicherry. The French were a late comer in India trade, but they quickly established themselves in India and were poised to overtake Britain for control.[4][5]", "Madras Presidency. On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) granted a group of English merchants a charter to establish a joint-stock company which became known as the East India Company.[4][5][6][7] Subsequently, during the reign of King James I (1567–1625), Sir William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were sent to negotiate with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) to permit the establishment of trading factories in India on behalf of the Company. The first of these were built at Surat on the west coast[8] and at Masulipatam on the country's eastern seaboard.[9] Masulipatam is thus the oldest English trading post on India's east coast, dating back to 1611. In 1625, another factory was established at Armagon, a few miles to the south, whereupon both the factories came under the supervision of an agency based at Machilipatam.[9] The English authorities decided to relocate these factories farther south, due to a shortage of cotton cloth, the main trade item of the east coast at the time. The problem was compounded when the Sultan of Golconda started harassing the local officers.[9] The East India Company's administrator Francis Day (1605–73) was sent south, and after negotiations with the Raja of Chandragiri he obtained a land grant to set up a factory in the village of Madraspatnam,[9] where the new Fort St George was built. An agency was created to govern the new settlement, and the factor Andrew Cogan of Masulipatnam was appointed as its first Agent.[10] All the agencies along India's east coast were subordinated to the East India Company presidency of Bantam in Java.[11] By 1641, Fort St George became the Company's headquarters on the Coromandel Coast.[12]", "East India Company. The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for \"writers\" (i.e. clerks) in the company's service. It was initially located in Hertford Castle, but moved in 1809 to purpose-built premises at Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire. In 1858 the college closed; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school, now Haileybury and Imperial Service College.", "East India Company. During the first century of the East India Company’s expansion in India, most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs. By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land, built railways, roads and bridges. The first railway of 21 mile (33.8 km),[67] known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tannah (Thane) in 1849. The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks: their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks, wars or calamities.", "Company rule in India. The first new British work—with no Indian antecedents—was the Ganges Canal built between 1842 and 1854.[92] Contemplated first by Col. John Russell Colvin in 1836, it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir Proby Thomas Cautley, who balked at idea of cutting a canal through extensive low-lying land in order to reach the drier upland destination. However, after the Agra famine of 1837–38, during which the East India Company's administration spent Rs. 2,300,000 on famine relief, the idea of a canal became more attractive to the Company's budget-conscious Court of Directors. In 1839, the Governor General of India, Lord Auckland, with the Court's assent, granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal. The Court of Directors, moreover, considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal, which, in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine, they now deemed to be the entire Doab region.", "Red Dragon (1595). By January of the following year, Best had set up a factory at Surat and extended trade to Ahmedabad, Burhanpur and Agra.[43]", "Factory (trading post). Other European powers began to establish factories in the 17th century along the trade routes explored by Portugal and Spain, first the Dutch and then the English. They went on to establish in conquered Portuguese feitorias and further enclaves, as they explored the coasts of Africa, Arabia, India, and South East Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade.", "Indian Rebellion of 1857. Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612,[24] and earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes, its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India. The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar, when the East India Company army defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. After his defeat, the emperor granted the Company the right to the \"collection of Revenue\" in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, known as \"Diwani\" to the Company.[25] The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; later, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of even more of India.[26]", "East India Company. In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.", "Bay of Bengal. One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as the British East India Company. Gopalpur-on-Sea was one of their main trading centers. Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were the English East India Company and the French East India Company.[27]", "Economy of India under the British Raj. The entrepreneur Jamsetji Tata (1839–1904) began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain.[31] The effect of industry was a combination of two distinct processes: a robust growth of modern factories and a slow growth in artisanal industry, which achieved higher growth by changing from traditional household-based production to wage-based production.[32]", "Cotton mill. The large steam-powered Bowreath Cotton Mills opened at Fort Gloster near Calcutta by British interests in the 1820s, using British women to impart machine-spinning skills to the local workforce.[73] They closed down in 1837 but reopened with Dwarkanath Tagore as a major shareholder, and by 1840 lay at the centre of a major industrial complex powered by five steam engines, that included a twist mill, foundry and a rum distillery.[73]", "Western imperialism in Asia. Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were later established in Atjeh (Aceh), 1667; Macassar, 1669; and Bantam, 1682. The company established its headquarters at Batavia (today Jakarta) on the island of Java. Outside the East Indies, the Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were also established in Persia (Iran), Bengal (now Bangladesh and part of India), Mauritius (1638-1658/1664-1710), Siam (now Thailand), Guangzhou (Canton, China), Taiwan (1624–1662), and southern India (1616–1795).", "Economy of India under the British Raj. Headrick argues that both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel, such as locomotive engineers. The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms. The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives. TISCO could not obtain orders for rails until the 1920s.[50]" ]

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[ "The empire on which the sun never sets. In a speech on 31 July 1827, Rev. R. P. Buddicom said, \"It had been said that the sun never set on the British flag; it was certainly an old saying, about the time of Richard the Second, and was not so applicable then as at the present time.\"[21] In 1821, the Caledonian Mercury wrote of the British Empire, \"On her dominions the sun never sets; before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of the Ganges.\"[22]", "The empire on which the sun never sets. Daniel Webster famously expressed a similar idea in 1834: \"A power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drumbeat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.\"[8][23] In 1839, Sir Henry Ward said in the House of Commons, \"Look at the British Colonial empire — the most magnificent empire that the world ever saw. The old Spanish boast that the sun never set in their dominions, has been more truly realised amongst ourselves.\"[24] By 1861, Lord Salisbury complained that the £1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain merely enabled the nation \"to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire\".[25]", "The empire on which the sun never sets. In the modern era, due to the British Overseas Territory of the Pitcairn Islands, the sun has not yet set on all British territories. [26]", "The empire on which the sun never sets. From the mid-nineteenth century, the image of the sun never setting can be found applied to Anglophone culture, explicitly including both the British Empire and the United States, for example in a speech by Alexander Campbell in 1852: \"To Britain and America God has granted the possession of the new world; and because the sun never sets upon our religion, our language and our arts...\".[27]", "The empire on which the sun never sets. In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe. Scottish author, John Wilson, writing as \"Christopher North\" in Blackwood's Magazine in 1829, is sometimes credited as originating the usage.[16][17][18][19] However, George Macartney wrote in 1773, in the wake of the territorial expansion that followed Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, of \"this vast empire on which the sun never sets, and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained.\"[20]", "The empire on which the sun never sets. It was originally coined for the Spanish Empire, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] In more recent times, it was used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, the British Empire reached a territorial size larger than that of any other empire in history.", "British Empire. The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power.[1] By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 7001230000000000000♠23% of the world population at the time,[2] and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km2 (13,700,000 sq mi),[3] 7001240000000000000♠24% of the Earth's total land area.[4] As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.", "History of Western civilization. Throughout the 19th century, Britain's power grew enormously and the sun quite literally \"never set\" on the British Empire, for it had outposts on every occupied continent. It consolidated control over such far flung territories as Canada and British Guiana in the Americas, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania; Malaya, Hong Kong and Singapore in the Far East and a line of colonial possessions from Egypt to the Cape of Good Hope through Africa. All of India was under British rule by 1870.", "British Empire. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic.[6] Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, but he made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland, and, mistakenly believing (like Christopher Columbus) that he had reached Asia,[21] there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again.[22]", "Great Britain in the Seven Years' War. In the wake of Britain's territorial expansion Sir George Macartney observed that Britain now controlled \"a vast Empire, on which the sun never sets\".[79]", "British Empire. In 1980, Southern Rhodesia, Britain's last African colony, became the independent nation of Zimbabwe. The New Hebrides achieved independence (as Vanuatu) in 1980, with Belize following suit in 1981. The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981, which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as \"British Dependent Territories\" (renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002)[225] meant that, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts, the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire.[226] Britain's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power.[227] The same year, the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain. The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution.[19] Similarly, the Australia Act 1986 (effective 3 March 1986) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states, while New Zealand's Constitution Act 1986 (effective 1 January 1987) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain.[228] In 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, gained its independence.", "The empire on which the sun never sets. In the early 17th century, the phrase was familiar to John Smith,[9] and to Francis Bacon, who writes: \"both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them : which, to say truly, is a beam of glory [...]\".[10] Thomas Urquhart wrote of \"that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets.\"[11]", "Modern history. British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire.[66][67] The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.", "British Empire in World War II. Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September, believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth. New Zealand followed suit simultaneously, at 9.30 pm on 3 September (local time), after Peter Fraser consulted the Cabinet; although as Chamberlain's broadcast was drowned by static, the Cabinet (led by Fraser as Prime Minister Mickey Savage was terminally ill) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war, then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm. South Africa took three days to make its decision (on 6 September), as the Prime Minister General J. B. M. Hertzog favoured neutrality but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament, led by General Jan Smuts, who then replaced Hertzog. Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration, but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration, which it did so one week later on 10 September. The Irish Free State, which had been a dominion until 1937, remained neutral[8]", "British Empire. In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies.[36] The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of joint-stock companies, most notably the East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the \"First British Empire\".[37]", "History of Western civilization. Between 1945 and 1980, the British Empire was transformed from the its centuries old position as a global colonial power, to a voluntary association known as the Commonwealth of Nations - only some of which retained any formal political links to Britain or its monarchy. Some former British colonies or protectorates disassociated themselves entirely from Britain.", "Historiography of the British Empire. In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. Prime minister Salisbury explained his position:", "The empire on which the sun never sets. The phrase gained added resonance during the reign of Charles's son, Philip II of Spain, when the Philippines and several other island chains in the Pacific were obtained by Spain. When King Henry of Portugal died, Philip II pressed his claim to the Portuguese throne and was recognised as Philip I of Portugal in 1581. He then reigned over all his father's possessions in Europe, Africa and the Americas (except the Holy Roman Empire) and Asia and the Portuguese Empire, which itself included territories in the Americas, in the North and the Sub-Saharan Africa, in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.", "Empire. The British established their first empire (1583–1783) in North America by colonising lands that made up British America, including parts of Canada, the Caribbean and the Thirteen Colonies. In 1776, the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies declared itself independent from the British Empire, thus beginning the American Revolution. Britain turned towards Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa, with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire (1783–1815), which was followed by the Industrial Revolution and Britain's Imperial Century (1815–1914). It became the largest empire in world history, encompassing one quarter of the world's land area and one fifth of its population,[29] the impacts of which are still widespread in the current age.[30]", "British Empire. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference.[164] Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.[165][166] After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926, declaring the Dominions to be \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another\" within a \"British Commonwealth of Nations\".[167] This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster.[136] The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.[168] Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression.[169] The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.[170]", "British Empire. The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the Flanders Campaign.[120] British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived—independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s.[121] In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities, including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations. Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan: the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic (1852–77; 1881–1902) and the Orange Free State (1854–1902).[122] In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War (1899–1902).[123]", "History of Western civilization. The relationship between Britain and its Empire evolved significantly over the period. In 1919, the British Empire was represented at the all-important Versailles Peace Conference by delegates from its dominions who had each suffered large casualties during the War.[45] The Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, stated that Britain and its dominions were \"equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations\". These aspects to the relationship were eventually formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 – a British law which, at the request and with the consent of the dominion parliaments clarified the independent powers of the dominion parliaments, and granted the former colonies full legal freedom except areas where they chose to remain subordinate. Previously the British Parliament had had residual ill-defined powers, and overriding authority, over dominion legislation.[46] It applied to the six dominions which existed in 1931: Canada, Australia, the Irish Free State, the Dominion of Newfoundland, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa. Each of the dominions remained within the British Commonwealth and retained close political and cultural ties with Britain and continued to recognize the British monarch as head of their own independent nations. Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect. Australia and New Zealand did so in 1942 and 1947 respectively. Newfoundland united with Canada in 1949 and the Irish Free State came to an end in 1937, when the citizens voted by referendum to replace its 1922 constitution. It was succeeded by the entirely sovereign modern state of Ireland.", "Empire. In 1920, the British Empire was the largest empire in history.", "British Summer Time. British Summer Time was first established by the Summer Time Act 1916, after a campaign by builder William Willett. His original proposal was to move the clocks forward by 80 minutes, in 20-minute weekly steps on Sundays in April and by the reverse procedure in September.[6] In 1916, BST began on 21 May and ended on 1 October.[7] Willett never got to see his idea implemented as he died in early 1915.", "Christmas Island. The island was administered jointly by the British Phosphate commissioners and district officers from the United Kingdom Colonial Office through the Straits Settlements, and later the Crown Colony of Singapore. Hunt (2011) provides a detailed history of Chinese indentured labour on the island during those years. In 1922, scientists attempted unsuccessfully to view a solar eclipse from the island to test Einstein's Theory of Relativity.[14]", "British Summer Time. In the summers of 1941 to 1945, during the Second World War, Britain was two hours ahead of GMT and operating on British Double Summer Time (BDST). To bring this about, the clocks were not put back by an hour at the end of summer in 1940 and, in subsequent years, clocks continued to be advanced by one hour each spring and put back by an hour each autumn until July 1945. The clocks were brought back in line with GMT at the end of summer in 1945. In 1947, due to severe fuel shortages, clocks were advanced by one hour on two occasions during the spring, and put back by one hour on two occasions during the autumn, meaning that Britain was back on BDST during that summer.[not in citation given][not in citation given][8]", "British Empire. In 1695, the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland, which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada, and afflicted by malaria, the colony was abandoned two years later. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland — a quarter of Scottish capital[55] was lost in the enterprise — and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns.[56] This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union, establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "Historiography of the British Empire. A resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. Leadership in British imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. Other influential spokesmen included Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner, and the writer Rudyard Kipling. They all were influenced by Seeley's Expansion of England.[18] The British Empire was the largest Empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population. Its power, both military and economic, remained unmatched in 1900. In 1876 Disraeli overcame vehement Liberal opposition and obtained for Queen Victoria the title of \"Empress of India\" (she was not \"Empress of the British Empire.\")[19]", "Determination of the day of the week. In 1752, the British Empire abandoned its use of the Old Style Julian calendar upon adopting the Gregorian calendar, which has become today's standard in most countries of the world. For more background, see Old Style and New Style dates.", "Alexander the Great in the Quran. The setting place of the sun is also commented on by Al-Tabari (838-923 AD) and Al-Qurtubi (1214–1273 AD) and, like Ibn Kathir, they showed some reservations towards the literal idea of the sun setting in a muddy spring but held to the basic theme of Dhul-Qarnayn reaching the ends of the Earth. The later Islamic scholar Imam al-Suyuti (1445–1505 AD) also maintained that the Earth is flat.[citation needed]", "Dutch Empire. Under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain and France in 1802, the Cape Colony and the islands of the Dutch West Indies that the British had seized were returned to the Republic. Ceylon was not returned to the Dutch and was made a British Crown Colony. After the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and France again in 1803, the British retook the Cape Colony. The British also invaded and captured the island of Java in 1811.", "British Empire. In September 1982 the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government, on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong.[229] Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories, which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898, due to expire in 1997.[230][231] Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China.[232] A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years.[233] The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many,[17] including Charles, Prince of Wales,[18] who was in attendance, \"the end of Empire\".[19][20]" ]

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[ "Efficiency wage. On the labor turnover flavor of the efficiency wage hypothesis, firms also offer wages in excess of market-clearing (e.g. Salop 1979, Schlicht 1978, Stiglitz 1974), due to the high cost of replacing workers (search, recruitment, training costs).[6][7][8][9] If all firms are identical, one possible equilibrium involves all firms paying a common wage rate above the market-clearing level, with involuntary unemployment serving to diminish turnover. These models can easily be adapted to explain dual labor markets: if low-skill, labor-intensive firms have lower turnover costs (as seems likely), there may be a split between a low-wage, low-effort, high-turnover sector and a high-wage, high effort, low-turnover sector. Again, more sophisticated employment contracts may solve the problem.", "Efficiency wage. Because workers are paid more than the equilibrium wage, there may be unemployment. Efficiency wages offer, therefore, a market failure explanation of unemployment, in contrast to theories that emphasize government intervention (such as minimum wages).[1] However, efficiency wages do not necessarily imply unemployment, but only uncleared markets and job rationing in those markets. There may be full employment in the economy, and yet efficiency wages may prevail in some occupations. In this case there will be excess supply for those occupations, but some applicants are not hired and have to work for a probably lower wage elsewhere.", "Efficiency wage. In labor economics, the efficiency wage hypothesis argues that wages, at least in some markets, form in a way that is not market-clearing. Specifically, it points to the incentive for managers to pay their employees more than the market-clearing wage in order to increase their productivity or efficiency, or reduce costs associated with turnover, in industries where the costs of replacing labor are high. This increased labor productivity and/or decreased costs pay for the higher wages.", "Employment discrimination. Peter Doeringer and Michael Piore [1971] established the dual labor market model.[26] In this model, primary jobs are the ones with high firm-specific skills, high wages, good promotion opportunities and long-term attachment. On the contrary, secondary jobs are the ones with less skill requirement, lower wages, less promotion opportunities and higher labor turnover. The dual labor market model combined with the gender discrimination suggests that men dominate the primary jobs and that women are over-represented in the secondary jobs.[2]", "Efficiency wage. Self-selection (often referred to as adverse selection) comes about if the workers’ ability and reservation wages are positively correlated.[10] There are two crucial assumptions, that firms cannot screen applicants either before or after applying, and that there is costless self-employment available which realises a worker’s marginal product (that is higher for the more productive workers). If there are two kinds of firm (low and high wage), then we effectively have two sets of lotteries (since firms cannot screen), the difference being that high-ability workers do not enter the low-wage lotteries as their reservation wage is too high. Thus low-wage firms attract only low-ability lottery entrants, while high-wage firms attract workers of all abilities (i.e. on average they will select average workers). Thus high-wage firms are paying an efficiency wage – they pay more, and, on average, get more (see e.g. Malcolmson 1981; Stiglitz 1976; Weiss 1980). However, the assumption that firms are unable to measure effort and pay piece rates after workers are hired or to fire workers whose output is too low is quite strong. Firms may also be able to design self-selection or screening devices that induce workers to reveal their true characteristics.", "New Keynesian economics. In efficiency wage models, workers are paid at levels that maximize productivity instead of clearing the market.[32] For example, in developing countries, firms might pay more than a market rate to ensure their workers can afford enough nutrition to be productive.[33] Firms might also pay higher wages to increase loyalty and morale, possibly leading to better productivity.[34] Firms can also pay higher than market wages to forestall shirking. Shirking models were particularly influential.[35]Carl Shapiro and Joseph Stiglitz's 1984 paper Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device created a model where employees tend to avoid work unless firms can monitor worker effort and threaten slacking employees with unemployment.[36][37] If the economy is at full employment, a fired shirker simply moves to a new job.[38] Individual firms pay their workers a premium over the market rate to ensure their workers would rather work and keep their current job instead of shirking and risk having to move to a new job. Since each firm pays more than market clearing wages, the aggregated labor market fails to clear. This creates a pool of unemployed laborers and adds to the expense of getting fired. Workers not only risk a lower wage, they risk being stuck in the pool of unemployed. Keeping wages above market clearing levels creates a serious disincentive to shirk that makes workers more efficient even though it leaves some willing workers unemployed.[39]", "Efficiency wage. The term \"efficiency-wages\" (or rather \"efficiency-earnings\") has been introduced by Alfred Marshall to denote the wage per efficiency unit of labor.[2] Marshallian efficiency wages would make employers pay different wages to workers who are of different efficiency, such that the employer would be indifferent between more efficient workers and less efficient workers. The modern use of the term is quite different and refers to the idea that higher wages may increase the efficiency of the workers by various channels, making it worthwhile for the employers to offer wages that exceed a market-clearing level.", "Efficiency wage. Fehr et al. state that \"Our preferred interpretation of firms’ wage-setting behavior is that firms voluntarily paid job rents to elicit non-minimum effort levels.\" Although excess supply of labour created enormous competition among workers, firms did not take advantage. In the long run, instead of being governed by competitive forces, firms’ wage offers were solely governed by reciprocity considerations because the payment of non-competitive wages generated higher profits. Thus, both firms and workers can be better off when they rely on stable reciprocal interactions.", "Efficiency wage. One criticism of this and other flavours of the efficiency wage hypothesis is that more sophisticated employment contracts can under certain conditions reduce or eliminate involuntary unemployment. Lazear (1979, 1981) demonstrates the use of seniority wages to solve the incentive problem, where initially workers are paid less than their marginal productivity, and as they work effectively over time within the firm, earnings increase until they exceed marginal productivity. The upward tilt in the age-earnings profile here provides the incentive to avoid shirking, and the present value of wages can fall to the market-clearing level, eliminating involuntary unemployment. Lazear and Moore (1984) find that the slope of earnings profiles is significantly affected by incentives.", "Efficiency wage. Fehr, Kirchler, Weichbold and Gächter (1998) conduct labour market experiments to separate the effects of competition and social norms/customs/standards of fairness. They find that in complete contract markets, firms persistently try to enforce lower wages. By contrast, in gift exchange markets and bilateral gift exchanges, wages are higher and more stable. It appears that in complete contract situations, competitive equilibrium exerts a considerable drawing power, whilst in the gift exchange market it does not.", "Dual-sector model. The end result of this transition process is that the agricultural wage equals the manufacturing wage, the agricultural marginal product of labour equals the manufacturing marginal product of labour, and no further manufacturing sector enlargement takes place as workers no longer have a monetary incentive to transition.[5]", "Human migration. Dual labor market theory states that migration is mainly caused by pull factors in more developed countries. This theory assumes that the labor markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: the primary market, which requires high-skilled labor, and the secondary market, which is very labor-intensive requiring low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries into more developed countries is a result of a pull created by a need for labor in the developed countries in their secondary market. Migrant workers are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labor market because the native laborers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labor pushes wages up, making migration even more enticing.[18]", "Efficiency wage. Paul Krugman explains how the efficiency wage theory comes into play in a real society. The productivity \n\n\n\nE\n(\nw\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle E(w)}\n\n of individual workers is a function of their wage \n\n\n\nw\n\n\n{\\displaystyle w}\n\n, and the total productivity is the sum of the individual productivity.[14] Accordingly, the sales \n\n\n\nV\n\n\n{\\displaystyle V}\n\n of the firm to which the workers belong become a function of both employment \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n and the individual productivity. The firm's profit \n\n\n\nP\n\n\n{\\displaystyle P}\n\n is[14]", "Efficiency wage. As one counter to over-enthusiasm for efficiency wage models, Leonard (1987) finds little support for either shirking or turnover efficiency wage models, by testing their predictions for large and persistent wage differentials. The shirking version assumes a trade-off between self-supervision and external supervision, while the turnover version assumes turnover is costly to the firm. Variation across firms in the cost of monitoring/shirking or turnover then is hypothesized to account for wage variations across firms for homogeneous workers. But Leonard finds that wages for narrowly defined occupations within one sector of one state are widely dispersed, suggesting other factors may be at work.", "Efficiency wage. The shirking model begins with the fact that complete contracts rarely (or never) exist in the real world. This implies that both parties to the contract have some discretion, but frequently, due to monitoring problems, it is the employee’s side of the bargain which is subject to the most discretion. (Methods such as piece rates are often impracticable because monitoring is too costly or inaccurate; or they may be based on measures too imperfectly verifiable by workers, creating a moral hazard problem on the employer’s side.) Thus the payment of a wage in excess of market-clearing may provide employees with cost-effective incentives to work rather than shirk.[3][4] In the Shapiro and Stiglitz model, workers either work or shirk, and if they shirk they have a certain probability of being caught, with the penalty of being fired.[5] Equilibrium then entails unemployment, because in order to create an opportunity cost to shirking, firms try to raise their wages above the market average (so that sacked workers face a probabilistic loss). But since all firms do this the market wage itself is pushed up, and the result is that wages are raised above market-clearing, creating involuntary unemployment. This creates a low, or no income alternative which makes job loss costly, and serves as a worker discipline device. Unemployed workers cannot bid for jobs by offering to work at lower wages, since if hired, it would be in the worker’s interest to shirk on the job, and he has no credible way of promising not to do so. Shapiro and Stiglitz point out that their assumption that workers are identical (e.g. there is no stigma to having been fired) is a strong one – in practice reputation can work as an additional disciplining device.", "Dual-sector model. Since the wages in the capitalist sector depend on the earnings of the subsistence sector, capitalists would like to keep down productivity/wages in the subsistence sector, so that the capitalist sector may expand at a fixed wage. In the capitalist sector labor is employed up to the point where its marginal product equals wage, since a capitalist employer would be reducing his surplus if he paid labor more than he received for what is produced. But this need not be true in subsistence agriculture as wages could be equal to average product or the level of subsistence. The total product labor ONPM is divided between the payments to labor in the form of wages, OWPM, and the capitalist surplus, NPW. The growth of the capitalist sector and the rate of labor absorption from the subsistence sector depends on the use made of capitalist surplus. When the surplus is reinvested, the total product of labor will rise. The marginal product line shifts upwards to the right, that is to N1. Assuming wages are constant, the industrial sector now provides more employment. Hence employment rises by MM1. The amount of capitalist surplus goes up from WNP to WN1P'. This amount can now be reinvested and the process will be repeated and all the surplus labor would eventually be exhausted. When all the surplus labor in the subsistence sector has been attracted into the capitalist sector, wages in the subsistence sector will begin to rise, shifting the terms of trade in favor of agriculture, and causing wages in the capitalist sector to rise. Capital accumulation has caught up with the population and there is no longer scope for development from the initial source, i.e. unlimited supplies of labor. When all the surplus labor is exhausted, the supply of labor to the industrial sector becomes less than perfectly elastic. It is now in the interests of producers in the subsistence sector to compete for labor as the agricultural sector has become fully commercialized. It is the increase in the share of profits in the capitalist sector which ensures that labor surplus is continuously utilized and eventually exhausted. Real wages will tend to rise along with increases in productivity and the economy will enter into a stage of self-sustaining growth with a consistent nature.[6]", "Dual-sector model. If a quantity of workers moves from the subsistence to the capitalist sector equal to the quantity of surplus labour in the subsistence sector, regardless of who actually transfers, general welfare and productivity will improve. Total agricultural product will remain unchanged while total industrial product increases due to the addition of labour, but the additional labour also drives down marginal productivity and wages in the manufacturing sector. Over time as this transition continues to take place and investment results in increases in the capital stock, the marginal productivity of workers in the manufacturing will be driven up by capital formation and driven down by additional workers entering the manufacturing sector. Eventually, the wage rates of the agricultural and manufacturing sectors will equalize as workers leave the agriculture sector for the manufacturing sector, increasing marginal productivity and wages in agriculture whilst driving down productivity and wages in manufacturing.", "Minimum wage. An alternate view of the labor market has low-wage labor markets characterized as monopsonistic competition wherein buyers (employers) have significantly more market power than do sellers (workers). This monopsony could be a result of intentional collusion between employers, or naturalistic factors such as segmented markets, search costs, information costs, imperfect mobility and the personal element of labor markets.[citation needed] In such a case a simple supply and demand graph would not yield the quantity of labor clearing and the wage rate. This is because while the upward sloping aggregate labor supply would remain unchanged, instead of using the upward labor supply curve shown in a supply and demand diagram, monopsonistic employers would use a steeper upward sloping curve corresponding to marginal expenditures to yield the intersection with the supply curve resulting in a wage rate lower than would be the case under competition. Also, the amount of labor sold would also be lower than the competitive optimal allocation.", "Dual-sector model. The primary relationship between the two sectors is that when the capitalist sector expands, it extracts or draws labour from the subsistence sector. This causes the output per head of labourers who move from the subsistence sector to the capitalist sector to increase. Since Lewis in his model considers overpopulated labour surplus economies he assumes that the supply of unskilled labour to the capitalist sector is unlimited.\nThis gives rise to the possibility of creating new industries and expanding existing ones at the existing wage rate.\nA large portion of the unlimited supply of labor consists of those who are in disguised unemployment in agriculture and in other over-manned occupations such as domestic services casual jobs, petty retail trading. Lewis also accounts for two other factors that cause an increase in the supply of unskilled labour, they are women in the household and population growth.", "Efficiency wage. The model of efficiency wages, largely based on shirking, developed by Carl Shapiro and Joseph E. Stiglitz has been particularly influential.", "Dual-sector model. Surplus labour can be used instead of capital in the creation of new industrial investment projects, or it can be channeled into nascent industries, which are labour-intensive in their early stages. Such growth does not raise the value of the subsistence wage, because the supply of labor exceeds the demand at that wage, and rising production via improved labour techniques has the effect of lowering the capital coefficient.\nAlthough labour is assumed to be in surplus, it is mainly unskilled. This inhibits growth since technical progress necessary for growth requires skilled labor. But should there be a labor surplus and a modest capital, this bottleneck can be broken through the provision of training and education facilities.\nThe utility of unlimited supplies of labour to growth objectives depends upon the amount of capital available at the same time. Should there be surplus labour, agriculture will derive no productive use from it, so a transfer to a non agriculture sector will be of mutual benefit. It provides jobs to the agrarian population and reduces the burden of population from land. Industry now obtains its labour. Labour must be encouraged to move to increase productivity in agriculture. To start such a movement, the capitalist sector will have to pay a compensatory payment determined by the wage rate that people can earn outside their present sector, plus a set of other amounts includes the cost of living in the new sector and changes in the level of profits in the existing sector. The margin capitalists may have to pay is as much as 30 per cent above the average subsistence wage, WW1 in figure which represents the capitalist sector is shown by N; OW is the industrial wage. Given the profit maximization assumption, employment of labor within the industrial sector is given by the point where marginal product is equal to the rate of wages, i.e. OM.", "Efficiency wage. In selection wage theories it is presupposed that performance on the job depends on \"ability\", and that workers are heterogeneous with respect to ability. The selection effect of higher wages may come about through self-selection or because firms faced with a larger pool of applicants can increase their hiring standards and thereby obtain a more productive work force.", "Monopsony. The standard textbook monopsony model of a labor market is a static partial equilibrium model with just one employer who pays the same wage to all the workers. The employer faces an upward-sloping labor supply curve (as generally contrasted with an infinitely elastic labor supply curve), represented by the S blue curve in the diagram on the right. This curve relates the wage paid, \n\n\n\nw\n\n\n{\\displaystyle w}\n\n, to the level of employment, \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n, and is denoted as an increasing function \n\n\n\nw\n(\nL\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle w(L)}\n\n. Total labor costs are given by \n\n\n\nw\n(\nL\n)\n⋅\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle w(L)\\cdot L}\n\n. The firm has a total revenue \n\n\n\nR\n\n\n{\\displaystyle R}\n\n, which increases with \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n. The firm wants to choose \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n to maximize profits, \n\n\n\nP\n\n\n{\\displaystyle P}\n\n, which are given by:", "Efficiency wage. The union threat model is one of several explanations for industry wage differentials.[13] This Keynesian economics model looks at the role of unions in wage determination. The degree in which union wages exceed non-union member wages is known as union wage premium and some firms seek to prevent unionization in the first instances.[13] Varying costs of union avoidance across sectors will lead some firms to offer supracompetitive wages as pay premiums to workers in exchange for their avoiding unionization.[13] Under the union threat model (Dickens 1986), the ease with which an industry can defeat a union drive has a negative relationship with its wage differential.[13] In other words, inter-industry wage variability should be low where the threat of unionization is low.[13]", "Efficiency wage. Fehr et al. stress that reciprocal effort choices are truly a one-shot phenomenon, without reputation or other repeated-game effects. \"It is, therefore, tempting to interpret reciprocal effort behavior as a preference phenomenon.\"(p344). Two types of preferences can account for this behaviour: a) workers may feel an obligation to share the additional income from higher wages at least partly with firms; b) workers may have reciprocal motives (reward good behaviour, punish bad). \"In the context of this interpretation, wage setting is inherently associated with the signalling of intentions, and workers condition their effort responses on the inferred intentions.\" (p344). Charness (1996), quoted in Fehr et al., finds that when signalling is removed (wages are set randomly or by the experimenter), workers exhibit a lower, but still positive, wage-effort relation, suggesting some gain-sharing motive and some reciprocity (where intentions can be signalled).", "Employment discrimination. This non-neoclassical model was first developed by Bergmann.[23] According to the model, outcome of the occupational segregation is wage differentials between two genders. The reasons for segregation may be socialization, individual decisions, or labor market discrimination. Wage differentials occur when the job opportunities or demand for the female-dominated sector is less than the supply of women. According to the evidence, in general female dominated jobs pay less than male dominated jobs. The pay is low because of the high number of women who choose female dominated jobs or they do not have other opportunities.", "Dual-sector model. This point is where capital accumulation catches up with population so that there is no longer any surplus labor left. Lewis says that it the point where capital accumulation comes to a stop can come before also that is if real wages rise so high so as to reduce capitalists' profits to the level at which profits are all consumed and there is no net investment.", "Dual-sector model. In the model, the subsistence agricultural sector is typically characterized by low wages, an abundance of labour, and low productivity through a labour-intensive production process. In contrast, the capitalist manufacturing sector is defined by higher wage rates as compared to the subsistence sector, higher marginal productivity, and a demand for more workers. Also, the capitalist sector is assumed to use a production process that is capital intensive, so investment and capital formation in the manufacturing sector are possible over time as capitalists' profits are reinvested in the capital stock. Improvement in the marginal productivity of labour in the agricultural sector is assumed to be a low priority as the hypothetical developing nation's investment is going towards the physical capital stock in the manufacturing sector.", "Efficiency wage. This means that if the firm increases their wage their profit becomes constant or even larger. Thus the efficiency wage theory motivates the owners of the firm to raise the wage to increase the profit of the firm.", "Efficiency wage. That reciprocal behavior generates efficiency gains has been confirmed by several other papers e.g. Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe (1995) - even under conditions of double anonymity and where actors know even the experimenter cannot observe individual behaviour, reciprocal interactions and efficiency gains are frequent. Fehr, Gächter and Kirchsteiger (1996, 1997) show that reciprocal interactions generate substantial efficiency gains. However the efficiency-enhancing role of reciprocity is, in general, associated with serious behavioural deviations from competitive equilibrium predictions. To counter a possible criticism of such theories, Fehr and Tougareva (1995) showed these reciprocal exchanges (efficiency-enhancing) are independent of the stakes involved (they compared outcomes with stakes worth a week’s income with stakes worth 3 months’ income, and found no difference).", "Efficiency wage. that is,", "Full employment. The situation with less than full employment in Beveridge's sense results either from \"Classical\" unemployment or \"neoclassical\" unemployment or from Keynesian deficient-demand unemployment. In terms of supply and demand, Classical or neoclassical unemployment results from the actual real wage exceeding the equilibrium real wage, so that the quantity of labor demanded (and the number of vacancies) is less than the quantity of labor supplied (and the number of unemployed workers). In the Classical theory, the problem is that real wages are rigid, i.e., do not fall due to an excess supply of labor. In theory, this might happen because of minimum wage laws and other interference with \"free markets\" that prevent the attainment of market perfection. Classical economists favor making labor markets more like the ideal competitive market—and so making real wages more flexible—in order to deal with this kind of unemployment." ]

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[ "Pinellas County, Florida. Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida.[3] As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,542.[4] The county is part of the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.[3] Clearwater is the county seat,[5] and St. Petersburg is the largest city.[3]", "Pinellas County, Florida. In 2000, as Florida's 6th and the nation's 53rd most populous county, Pinellas has a population greater than that of the individual states of Wyoming, Montana, Delaware, South Dakota, Alaska, North Dakota, and Vermont, as well as the District of Columbia. With a population density (as of the 2000 Census) of 3292 persons/mi², Pinellas county is by far the most densely populated county in the state, more than double that of Broward County, the next most densely populated.[44]", "Pinellas County, Florida. As of 2000, there were 921,482 people, 414,968 households, and 243,171 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,271/km² (3,292/sq mi), making it the most densely populated county in Florida. There were 481,573 housing units at an average density of 1,720 per square mile (664/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 85.85% White (82.8% were Non-Hispanic White,)[43] 8.96% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 2.06% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. 4.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "Pinellas County, Florida. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 608 square miles (1,570 km2), of which 274 square miles (710 km2) is land and 334 square miles (870 km2) (55.0%) is water.[21] It is the second-smallest county in Florida by land area, larger than only Union County. Pinellas forms a peninsula bounded on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and on the south and east by Tampa Bay. It is 38 miles (61 km) long and 15 miles (24 km) wide at its broadest point, with 587 miles (945 km) of coastline.[22]", "Pinellas County, Florida. In the county, the population was spread out with 19.30% under the age of 18, 6.40% from 18 to 24, 27.30% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 22.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.80 males.", "St. Petersburg, Florida. According to a 2010 census, the city contained 244,769 people, making St. Petersburg the largest city in Pinellas County, and 129,401 households. The population density was 3,964.4 per square mile (1530.7/km²).[99][100]", "Pinellas County, Florida. U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Ethnic/Race Demographics:[37][38]", "St. Petersburg, Florida. St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. As of the 2015 census estimate, the population was 257,083,[3] making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat (the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County).[8]", "Pinellas County, Florida. The age distribution is 17.8% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.3 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.[41]", "Pinellas County, Florida. Pinellas County, as a part of the Tampa Bay Area (the nation's 14th largest television market[62]), is served by fourteen local broadcast television stations, as well as a variety of cable-only local stations. More than 70 FM and AM stations compete for listenership in what is the nation's 19th largest radio market.[63]", "Pinellas County, Florida. There were 414,968 households out of which 22.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.80% were married couples living together, 10.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.40% were non-families. 34.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.77.", "Pinellas County, Florida. There were 415,876 households out of which 19.89% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.33% were married couples living together, 11.86% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.67% were non-families. 35.42% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.14% (4.53% male and 10.61% female) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79.[38][41]", "Pinellas County, Florida. In 2010, 11.2% of the county's population was foreign born, with 50.3% being naturalized American citizens. Of foreign-born residents, 33.6% were born in Europe, 32.1% were born in Latin America, 20.9% born in Asia, 9.8% in North America, 3.0% born in Africa, and 0.6% were born in Oceania.[37]", "Pinellas County, Florida. Elevation in the county ranges from mean sea level to its highest natural point of 110 feet (34 m) near the intersection of SR 580 and Countryside Blvd. in Clearwater.[23] Due to its small size and high population, by the early 21st century Pinellas County has been mostly built out, with very little developable land left available. The county has maintained a fairly large system of parks and preserves that provide residents and visitors retreat from the city and a glimpse of the peninsula's original state.", "Pinellas County, Florida. Pinellas County celebrated 100 years of existence on January 1, 2012.", "Pinellas County, Florida. The county is served by the Pinellas County School District. The current superintendent is Dr. Michael Grego. The district, the nation's 24th largest, comprises 143 schools, including 72 elementary schools, 17 middle schools, 2 K-8 schools, 17 high schools, and 35 additional facilities including ESE, adult ed, career/technical, and charters. A new middle school is in the works at East Lake High School. The district also operates the K-12 Pinellas Virtual School. Among the many notable magnet programs in the district are three International Baccalaureate (IB) programs, at St. Petersburg High School, Palm Harbor University High School, and Largo High School, the Center for Advanced Technologies (CAT) at Lakewood High School, the Pinellas County Center for the Arts (PCCA) at Gibbs High School, three middle school Centers for Gifted Studies, at Thurgood Marshall Fundamental, Morgan Fitzgerald, and Dunedin Highland Middle Schools, and Florida's only Fundamental High School, at Osceola High School. Two of the district's high schools are also ranked in Newsweek's 2012 list of America's Best High Schools.[54]", "Clearwater, Florida. Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County, Florida, United States, northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg. To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 107,685.[6] Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County[7] and is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area, most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area.", "Pinellas County, Florida. Service industries such as healthcare, business services and education account for more than 200,000 jobs in the county, generating almost $19 billion in revenue. Other major sectors include retail, with close to 100,000 employees in jobs such as food service, bars, and retail sales generating $12 billion for the local economy in 2010, and industries related to finance, insurance and real estate with approximately 44,000 workers generating $8.5 billion in sales.", "Pinellas County, Florida. The county operates a 21-acre (8.5 ha) living history museum called Heritage Village containing more than 28 historic structures, some dating back to the 19th century, where visitors can experience what life was once like in Pinellas.", "Pinellas County, Florida. Hillsborough County extends along the shipping channel into the Gulf of Mexico and actually separates Pinellas County from Manatee County.", "Pinellas County, Florida. As of 2010, 87.17% of all residents spoke English as their first language, while 5.56% spoke Spanish, 0.78% Vietnamese, 0.70% French, 0.65% Greek, 0.56% German, and 0.52% of the population spoke Serbo-Croatian as their mother language.[45] In total, 12.83% of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language.[45]", "Pinellas County, Florida. As of 2013, The members of the Board of County Commissioners are as follows:", "Pinellas County, Florida. The median income for a household in the county was $37,111, and the median income for a family was $46,925. Males had a median income of $32,264 versus $26,281 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,497. About 6.70% of families and 10.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.90% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.", "Pinellas County, Florida. In 2010, 6.5% of the population considered themselves to be of only \"American\" ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity.)[37]", "Pinellas County, Florida. With the end of the Second World War, Pinellas would enter another period of rapid growth and development. In 1954 the original span of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge was opened, replacing earlier ferry service. By 1957 Clearwater was America's fastest growing city.", "Pinellas County, Florida. The median income for a household in the county was $45,258, and the median income for a family was $58,335. Males had a median income of $41,537 versus $35,003 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,742. About 8.1% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those aged 65 or over.[42]", "Pinellas County, Florida. In national politics, Pinellas County, as part of the I-4 Corridor stretching from Tampa Bay to Orlando, was one of the first areas of Florida to turn Republican. However, for the last quarter-century, it has been a powerful swing county in one of the nation's most critical swing states. It is closely divided between predominantly liberal St. Petersburg and its predominantly suburban and conservative north and beaches. In the 2012 Presidential Election, Barack Obama won Pinellas with 52% of the vote (239,104 votes) to Mitt Romney's 46.5% (213,258 votes), slightly narrower than Obama’s 2008 election results in Pinellas of 53% (248,299 votes) to John McCain’s 45% (210,066 votes). In 2004 Pinellas swung the other way, with George W. Bush winning a narrow plurality of 49.56% (225,686 votes) and John Kerry following closely behind with 49.51% (225,460 votes).[49]", "Indian Rocks Beach, Florida. Indian Rocks Beach is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The population was 4,113 at the 2010 census.[5] Indian Rocks Beach is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Pinellas County, Florida. Anchored by the urban markets of Clearwater and St. Petersburg, Pinellas has the second largest base of manufacturing employment in Florida.", "Pinellas County, Florida. Pinellas County's coastal geography, with a long system of barrier islands on the Gulf and small-to-large mangrove islands dotting the waters on all sides, provides for an extensive series of blueways that are enjoyed by kayakers of all ability levels.[59] The county also maintains a series of artificial reefs in the Gulf which are popular spots for fishing and scuba diving[60]", "Pinellas County, Florida. The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA) operates 205 buses and trolleys servicing 37 routes across the county, with major stops at all commercial centers. Along the Gulf Beaches, PTSA operates the Suncoast Beach Trolley. PTSA also offers two express routes to downtown Tampa via the Howard Frankland and Gandy Bridges, connecting with Tampa's HartLine, and connects with Pasco's PCPT in Tarpon Springs to continue service in that county. The system's two main bus terminals are located in downtown Clearwater and downtown St. Petersburg. During fiscal year 2005-06, PSTA transported 11,400,484 passengers.[68]", "Pinellas County, Florida. The 35 miles of beaches and dunes which make up the county's 11 barrier islands provide habitat for coastal species, serve as critical storm protection for the inland communities, and form the basis of the area's thriving tourism industry. The islands are dynamic, with wave action building some islands further up, eroding others, and forming entirely new islands over time. Though hurricanes are infrequent on this part of Florida's coast, they have had a major impact on the islands, with the Hurricane of 1848 forming John's Pass between Madeira Beach and Treasure Island, a hurricane in 1921 creating Hurricane Pass and cleaving Hog Island into Honeymoon and Caladesi Islands, and 1985's Hurricane Elena sealing Dunedin Pass to join Caladesi with Clearwater Beach.[25]" ]

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[ "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands (/ˈfɔːlklənd/; Spanish: Islas Malvinas, pronounced [ˈislas malˈβinas]) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 miles (483 kilometres) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 square miles (12,000 square kilometres), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the 'Falklands' has internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for its defence and foreign affairs. The Falkland Islands' capital is Stanley on East Falkland.", "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands has a land area of 4,700 square miles (12,000 km2) and a coastline estimated at 800 miles (1,300 km).[98] Two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and about 776 smaller islands constitute the archipelago.[99] The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,[100] with the major exception being the depressed plains of Lafonia (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).[101] The Falklands consists of continental crust fragments resulting from the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130 million years ago. The islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean, on the Patagonian Shelf, about 300 miles (480 km) east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.[102]", "Falkland Islands. The Falklands is situated approximately at latitude 51°40′ – 53°00′ S and longitude 57°40′ – 62°00′ W.[103] The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound,[104] and its deep coastal indentations form natural harbours.[105] East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),[103] the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: Mount Usborne, at 2,313 feet (705 m).[104] Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as \"Camp\", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (Campo).[106]", "Falkland Islands. Due to its link to the UK, the Falklands are part of the overseas countries and territories of the European Union.[81] The islands' judicial system, overseen by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, is largely based on English law,[82] and the constitution binds the territory to the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights.[73] Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council.[83][84] Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP),[82] and military defence of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom.[85] A British military garrison is stationed on the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds an additional company-sized light infantry Falkland Islands Defence Force.[86] The territorial waters of the Falklands extend to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its coastal baselines, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; this border overlaps with the maritime boundary of Argentina.[87]", "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands are a biogeographical part of the mild Antarctic zone,[108] with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America.[109] Land birds make up most of the Falklands' avifauna; 63 species breed on the islands, including 16 endemic species.[110] There is also abundant arthropod diversity on the islands.[111] The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular species.[112] The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the warrah, was hunted to extinction by European settlers.[113]", "Falkland Islands. At the twentieth session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). In Spanish, the territory was designated as Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands).[16] The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is Falkland Islands (Malvinas).[17]", "Falkland Islands. The islands lie on the boundary of the subantarctic oceanic and tundra climate zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching 2,300 feet (700 m). They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands because of competition from introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism and sheep farming, with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.", "British Overseas Territories. Government of the Falkland Islands", "Falkland Islands. The United Kingdom and Argentina both claim the Falkland Islands. The UK's position is that the Falklanders have not indicated a desire for change, and that there are no pending issues to resolve concerning the islands.[88][89] The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 (except for 1982) and the islanders' \"right to self-determination as set out in the UN Charter\".[90] Argentine policy maintains that Falkland Islanders do not have a right to self-determination, claiming that in 1833 the UK expelled Argentine authorities (and settlers) from the Falklands with a threat of \"greater force\" and, afterwards, barred Argentines from resettling the islands.[91][92] Argentina posits that it acquired the Falklands from Spain when it achieved independence in 1816, and that the UK illegally occupied them in 1833.[91]", "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory.[72] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power \"to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory\".[73] The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, and executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the Governor, who in turn appoints the islands' Chief Executive on the advice of members of the Legislative Assembly.[74] Both the Governor and Chief Executive serve as the head of government.[75] Governor Nigel Phillips was appointed in September 2017[76] and Chief Executive Barry Rowland was appointed in October 2016.[77] The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2016, Alan Duncan, administers British foreign policy regarding the islands.[78]", "Falkland Islands. The islands are frequented by marine mammals, such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal, and various types of cetaceans; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara. The Falklands are also home to five different penguin species and a few of the largest albatross colonies on the planet.[114] Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus Galaxias.[111] The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of dwarf shrubs.[115]", "Monarchies in the Americas. The Falkland Islands, off the south coast of Argentina, were simultaneously claimed for Louis XV of France, in 1764, and George III of the United Kingdom, in 1765, though the French colony was ceded to Charles III of Spain in 1767. By 1833, however, the islands were under full British control. The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands were discovered by Captain James Cook for George III in January 1775, and from 1843 were governed by the British Crown-in-Council through the Falkland Islands, an arrangement that stood until the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands were incorporated as a distinct British overseas territory in 1985. The monarch is represented in these regions by Nigel Phillips, who is both the Governor of the Falkland Islands and the Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[42]", "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands takes its name from the Falkland Sound, a strait separating the archipelago's two main islands.[8] The name \"Falkland\" was applied to the channel by John Strong, captain of an English expedition which landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who sponsored its journey.[9] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotland—the town's name likely comes from a Gaelic term referring to an \"enclosure\" (lann),[B] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term \"folkland\" (land held by folk-right).[11] The name \"Falklands\" was not applied to the islands until 1765, when British captain John Byron of the Royal Navy, claimed them for King George III as \"Falkland's Islands\".[12] The term \"Falklands\" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands.", "Lists of electoral districts by nation. The Falkland Islands are divided into two constituencies, the Camp and Stanley which return three and five members respectively to the Legislative Assembly. The Camp constituency includes any part of the Falklands which is not within the boundaries of the Stanley constituency (which are defined by a 3.5 mile radius from the cathedral spire).", "Argentina. Argentina disputes sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,[168] which are administered by the United Kingdom as Overseas Territories.", "Falkland Islands. Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833, although Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine forces temporarily occupied the islands. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War. Most Falklanders favour the archipelago remaining a UK overseas territory, but its sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom.", "Falkland Islands. The Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, derives from the French Îles Malouines—the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764.[13] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo (the point of departure for his ships and colonists).[14] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was in turn named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.[15]", "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands has a low population density.[138] According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents.[N] A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands.[128] Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by Mount Pleasant (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents).[7] The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age (20–60). Males outnumber females (53 to 47 percent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 20–60 age group.[132]", "Falkland Islands. In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to subantarctic islands and a section of Antarctica. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985.[54] The Falklands also played a minor role in the two world wars as a military base aiding control of the South Atlantic. In the First World War Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. In the Second World War, following the December 1939 Battle of the River Plate, the battle-damaged HMS Exeter steamed to the Falklands for repairs.[19] In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago.[55] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[49]", "Falkland Islands. The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville, and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride.[D] Whether or not the settlements were aware of each other's existence is debated by historians.[26] In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, which renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad the following year.[27] Problems began when Spain discovered and captured Port Egmont in 1770. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771.[28]", "Falkland Islands. Stanley, as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845.[48] Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding Cape Horn stop at the port.[49] Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the \"Wrecking Trade\", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes.[50] Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the Falkland Islands Company, which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851,[J] successfully introduced Cheviot sheep for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit.[52] The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870, it declined as the replacement of sail ships by steamships was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal, the trade effectively ended.[53] In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain.[48] For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK.[52]", "Falkland Islands. Based on Lord Shackleton's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands Exclusive Economic Zone, fisheries.[66][L] The road network was also made more extensive, and the construction of RAF Mount Pleasant allowed access to long haul flights.[66] Oil exploration also began, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin.[67] Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the Ottawa Treaty, and Sapper Hill Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years.[68][69] Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990; relations have since deteriorated as neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions.[70] Disputes between the governments have led \"some analysts [to] predict a growing conflict of interest between Argentina and Great Britain ... because of the recent expansion of the fishing industry in the waters surrounding the Falklands\".[71]", "Falkland Islands. A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the twentieth century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities,[134] particularly to the British city of Southampton, which came to be nicknamed \"Stanley north\".[135] In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, and Chile.[136] In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 percent), followed by British (29 percent), Saint Helenian (9.8 percent), and Chilean (5.4 percent).[7] A small number of Argentines also live on the islands.[137]", "History of Antarctica. The United Kingdom reasserted sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the far South Atlantic in 1833 and maintained a continuous presence there. In 1908, the British government extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over \"South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, and the Sandwich Islands, and Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude\".[65] All these territories were administered as Falkland Islands Dependencies from Stanley by the Governor of the Falkland Islands. The motivation for this declaration lay in the need for regulating and taxing the whaling industry effectively. Commercial operators would hunt whales in areas outside of the official boundaries of the Falkland Islands and its dependencies and there was a need to close this loophole.", "Falkland Islands. Both the British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.[29] Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata became the only governmental presence in the territory. West Falkland was left abandoned, and Puerto Soledad became mostly a prison camp.[30] Amid the British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily.[30]", "Detroit Zoo. The Falklands Islands (Las Malvinas) off the southern coast of Argentina are critical habitat for penguins and contain the largest breeding population of gentoo penguins (about 100,000 breeding pairs). The Detroit Zoological Society has funded the work of Falklands Conservation, an organization which monitors and conducts research on the penguins and other wildlife at several island sites. This research helps to conserve penguin species on exhibit at the Detroit Zoo's Penguinarium and the future Polk Penguin Conservation Center including king penguins, southern rockhopper penguins, gentoo penguins, and macaroni penguins. For example, some of the research uses satellite tracking and geo-locators to identify critical winter feeding areas for king penguins and southern rockhopper penguins.", "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The South Georgia group lies about 1,390 km (864 mi; 751 nmi) east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises South Georgia Island itself (by far the largest island in the territory), and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of 3,756 km2 (1,450 sq mi), including satellite islands (but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group).", "Falkland Islands. Although Fuegians from Patagonia may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times,[18] the islands were uninhabited at the time of their discovery by Europeans.[19] Claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers discovered the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic.[20][21][C] The first recorded landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to Peru's and Chile's littoral in 1690, discovered the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game.[23]", "Maritime history. The Falklands War was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the disputed Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, but launched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. The British eventually prevailed and the islands remained under British control.", "Falkland Islands. The Falkland Islands comprises a homogeneous society, with the majority of inhabitants having been descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled the territory in 1833.[131][M] The 2006 census listed some Falklands residents as descendants of French, Gibraltarians and Scandinavians.[132] That census indicated that one-third of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture.[133] The legal term for the right of residence is \"belonging to the islands\".[74] The British Nationality Act of 1983 gave British citizenship to Falkland Islanders.[131]", "Falkland Islands. The population (2,932 inhabitants in 2012)[A] primarily consists of native-born Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarian and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, and Chile has reversed a population decline. The predominant (and official) language is English. Under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, Falkland Islanders are British citizens.", "Falkland Islands. The economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 222nd largest out of 229 in the world by GDP (PPP), but ranks 5th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita.[120] The unemployment rate was 4.1 percent in 2010, and inflation was last calculated at 1.2 percent rate in 2003.[116] Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high Human Development Index of 0.874[4] and a moderate Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17.[3] The local currency is the Falkland Islands pound, which is pegged to the British pound sterling.[121]" ]

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[ "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "Game of Thrones. Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire, still-incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television.[citation needed] After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season, the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin[63] and original content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth.[64] Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order.[65][66] As of 2017[update], seven seasons have been ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons.[67]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be \"six one-hour movies\" on television. He continued, \"The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental.\"[26] Filming officially began on October 23, 2017.[27]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013, the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season, which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons.[163] Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3.[164] Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season.[165] Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series.[166][167] These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers, setting a record number for the series.[168] The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016.[169] These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series.[170]", "Game of Thrones (season 4). On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). The game is separated into six episodes, released in intervals.[1]", "George R. R. Martin. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-Ray[56] for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe.[57] Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.[58][59] Like the previous season, it would largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels: The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[60]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\"[31] The season is set to air in 2019.[7]", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed to about 52.[20] The season's budget was reported to be around 50 million U.S. dollars.[21]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series premiered on April 17, 2011, on HBO. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield and George R. R. Martin.[2][3] Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations, including Croatia, Northern Ireland, Iceland and Spain.[4][5][6] Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm Eastern Time,[7][8] and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length.[9] The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray.", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015.[1] It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, A Storm of Swords, as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter.[2][3][4] It also contains original content not found in Martin's novels.[5] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R. R. Martin. The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. The series starts when House Stark, led by Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark (Sean Bean) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn (Robert's chief advisor) dies mysteriously.[1]", "George R. R. Martin. HBO confirmed that season 8 has been ordered and that it would be the last of the series; it will be aired in 2019.[61] In November 2016, President of Programming Casey Bloys indicated that he had had preliminary discussions about a prequel spinoff to the Game of Thrones series with Martin.[62] In May 2017, HBO commissioned five screenwriters – Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and Bryan Cogman – to develop individual spin-offs. All of the writers are to be working individually with George R. R. Martin.[63][64] According to Casey Bloys, Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts.[65]", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The third season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes.[1] The season is based roughly on the first half of A Storm of Swords (the third of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation).[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO renewed the series for a third season on April 10, 2012, nine days after the second season's premiere. Production began in July 2012.[3] The show was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times,[130] making Game of Thrones the most-pirated television series in 2017.[131]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer.[2] On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister.[117] On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season.[118] On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season.[119] On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.[120] The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017.[25] The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours.[121] The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017.[24] The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017.[122]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. With the popularity of the series growing, HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007.[52] A pilot episode was produced in late 2009, and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010.[158] The series, titled Game of Thrones, premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings (see Game of Thrones: Reception). The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later.[159] Shortly after the conclusion of the first season, the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister.[160] HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012, ten days after the season 2 premiere.[161] Due to the length of the corresponding book, the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords.[162]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The gross viewing figure per episode for the show, which include streaming, DVR recordings and repeat showings, averaged at 20 million this season.[67][68]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards,[108] 5 Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Peabody Award.[254] It holds the Emmy-award record for a scripted television series, ahead of Frasier (which received 37).[255] In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th \"best written\" series in television history.[256] In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their \"best TV shows ever\" list,[257] while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire's \"The 50 best TV shows ever\".[258] The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth \"greatest TV Show of all time\".[259]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been criticized. The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016, more than any other primetime scripted television series. Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation (2012–2014), a 2011 Peabody Award, and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama (2012 and 2015–2017). Of the ensemble cast, Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2011 and 2015) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2012) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister. Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Kit Harington, Maisie Williams, Diana Rigg, and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series.", "Game of Thrones. Each ten-episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: \"Blackwater\" and \"The Watchers on the Wall\". Other directors have been Jack Bender, David Petrarca, Daniel Sackheim, Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman.[105] David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode, which was determined after a coin toss.[62][106]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release.[67]", "A Game of Thrones. A Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously.", "List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones. The NewNowNext Awards are awarded annually.[278] Game of Thrones has been nominated three times.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[65] On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 95% approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10, and a 92% average episode score, with the site's consensus reading \"After a year-long wait, Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones.\"[66]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season. The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017. Miguel Sapochnik, who previously directed \"The Gift\" and \"Hardhome\" on season 5, as well as \"Battle of the Bastards\" and \"The Winds of Winter\" on season 6 will return as director. He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter, who had directed two episodes on seasons two, three and five. The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss, who have previously directed one episode each.[4]" ]

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[ "Temple of Artemis. The earliest version of the temple (a temenos) antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, and dates to the Bronze Age. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed it to the Amazons. In the 7th century BC, it was destroyed by a flood. Its reconstruction, in more grandiose form, began around 550 BC, under the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. The project was funded by Croesus of Lydia, and took 10 years to complete. This version of the temple was destroyed in 356 BC by Herostratus in an act of arson. The next, greatest and last form of the temple, funded by the Ephesians themselves, is described in Antipater of Sidon's list of the world's Seven Wonders:", "Temple of Artemis. This reconstruction survived for 600 years, and appears multiple times in early Christian accounts of Ephesus. According to the New Testament, the appearance of the first Christian missionary in Ephesus caused locals to fear for the temple's dishonor.[16] The 2nd-century Acts of John includes an apocryphal tale of the temple's destruction: the apostle John prayed publicly in the Temple of Artemis, exorcising its demons and \"of a sudden the altar of Artemis split in many pieces... and half the temple fell down,\" instantly converting the Ephesians, who wept, prayed or took flight.[17]", "Temple of Artemis. In 356 BC, the temple was destroyed in a vainglorious act of arson by a man, Herostratus, who set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame at any cost; thus the term herostratic fame.[12] For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced the perpetrator to death and forbade anyone from mentioning his name; but Theopompus later noted it.[13] In Greek and Roman historical tradition, the temple's destruction coincided with the birth of Alexander the Great (around 20/21 July 356 BC). Plutarch remarked that Artemis was too preoccupied with Alexander's delivery to save her burning temple.[14]", "Temple of Artemis. Whatever the extent of the injuries to the building, it appears to have been rebuilt or repaired, as the temple is noted to have been in use for worship during the rise of Christianity, and closed as a consequence of the Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.[22] \nHowever, the history of the temple between 268 and its closure by the Christian persecutions is not well known, and it is unconfirmed how big the damage of 268 was, and exactly which year it was closed by the Christians. Ammonius of Alexandria comments on the closure of the temple in his commentary of the Acts of the Apostles in the mid 5th-century, in which he gives the impression that the closure of the temple had occurred in his living memory.[22] The closure of the Temple of Artemis is assumed to have occurred sometime during the course of the early to mid 5th-century, with the year of 407 as an early date.[22] The closure of the temple was followed by the erasing of the name of Artemis from inscriptions around the city of Ephesus.[22]", "Temple of Artemis. In the 7th century BC, a flood[8] destroyed the temple, depositing over half a meter of sand and flotsam over the original clay floor. Among the flood debris were the remains of a carved ivory plaque of a griffin and the Tree of Life, apparently North Syrian, and some drilled tear-shaped amber drops of elliptical cross-section. These probably once dressed a wooden effigy (xoanon) of the Lady of Ephesus, which must have been destroyed or recovered from the flood. Bammer notes that though the site was prone to flooding, and raised by silt deposits about two meters between the 8th and 6th centuries, and a further 2.4 m between the sixth and the fourth, its continued use \"indicates that maintaining the identity of the actual location played an important role in the sacred organization\".[9]", "Temple of Artemis. In 268 AD, the Temple was destroyed or damaged in a raid by the Goths, an East Germanic tribe;[19] in the time of emperor Gallienus: \"Respa, Veduc and Thuruar,[20] leaders of the Goths, took ship and sailed across the strait of the Hellespont to Asia. There they laid waste many populous cities and set fire to the renowned temple of Diana at Ephesus,\" reported Jordanes in Getica.[21] It is, however, unknown to what extent the temple was damaged.", "Ephesus. In 356 BC the temple of Artemis was burnt down, according to legend, by a lunatic called Herostratus. The inhabitants of Ephesus at once set about restoring the temple and even planned a larger and grander one than the original.", "Temple of Artemis. The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον; Turkish: Artemis Tapınağı), also known less precisely as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to an ancient, local form of the goddess Artemis. It was located in Ephesus (near the modern town of Selçuk in present-day Turkey). It was completely rebuilt three times, and in its final form was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. By 401 AD it had been ruined or destroyed.[1] Only foundations and fragments of the last temple remain at the site.", "Temple of Artemis. After six years of searching, the site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869 by an expedition led by John Turtle Wood and sponsored by the British Museum. These excavations continued until 1874.[27] A few further fragments of sculpture were found during the 1904–1906 excavations directed by David George Hogarth. The recovered sculptured fragments of the 4th-century rebuilding and a few from the earlier temple, which had been used in the rubble fill for the rebuilding, were assembled and displayed in the \"Ephesus Room\" of the British Museum.[28] In addition, the museum has part of possibly the oldest pot-hoard of coins in the world (600 BC) that had been buried in the foundations of the Archaic temple.[29]", "Herostratus. Archeological evidence indicates the site of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus had been of sacred use since the Bronze Age,[1] and the original building was destroyed during a flood in the 7th century BC.[2] A second temple was commissioned by King Croesus of Lydia around 560 BC and built by Cretan architects including Chersiphron, constructed largely of marble, and measuring 337 feet long and 180 feet wide with its pillars standing 40 feet tall.[3] The sculpted bases of the pillars contained life-sized carvings and the roof opened to the sky around a statue of Artemis.[3] The second temple was included on an early list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by Herodotus in the 5th century BC, and was well known in ancient times.[4]", "Temple of Artemis. Modern archaeology cannot confirm Callimachus's Amazons, but Pausanias's account of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by David George Hogarth identified three successive temple buildings.[5] Re-excavations in 1987–88[6] confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the Bronze Age, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to Middle Geometric times, when a peripteral temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC.[7] The peripteral temple at Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere.", "Temple of Artemis. The new temple was sponsored at least in part by Croesus, who founded Lydia's empire and was overlord of Ephesus,[10] and was designed and constructed from around 550 BC by the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. It was 115 m (377 ft) long and 46 m (151 ft) wide, supposedly the first Greek temple built of marble. Its peripteral columns stood some 13 m (40 ft) high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the cella that housed the goddess's cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to Pliny, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grapewood cult statue was sculpted by Endoios,[11] and a naiskos to house it was erected east of the open-air altar.", "Temple of Artemis. Alexander offered to pay for the temple's rebuilding; the Ephesians tactfully refused, and eventually rebuilt it after his death, at their own expense. Work started in 323 BC and continued for many years. The third temple was larger than the second; 137 m (450 ft) long by 69 m (225 ft) wide and 18 m (60 ft) high, with more than 127 columns. Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a pupil of Daedalus, as sculptor of Artemis' main cult image.[15]", "Temple of Artemis. The main primary sources for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus are Pliny the Elder's Natural History [25], Pomponius Mela i:17, and Plutarch's Life of Alexander [26] (referencing the burning of the Artemiseum).", "Temple of Artemis. It is unknown how long the building stood after the closure of the temple by the Christians. At least some of the stones from the temple were eventually used in construction of other buildings.[23] Some of the columns in Hagia Sophia originally belonged to the temple of Artemis,[24] and the Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai records the re-use of several statues and other decorative elements from the temple, throughout Constantinople.", "Ephesus. The Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, once stood 418' by 239' with over 100 marble pillars each 56' high. The temple earned the city the title \"Servant of the Goddess\".[47] Pliny tells us that the magnificent structure took 120 years to build but is now represented only by one inconspicuous column, revealed during an archaeological excavation by the British Museum in the 1870s. Some fragments of the frieze (which are insufficient to suggest the form of the original) and other small finds were removed – some to London and some to the İstanbul Archaeology Museums.", "Temple of Artemis. Artemis' shrines, temples and festivals (Artemisia) could be found throughout the Greek world, but Ephesian Artemis was unique. The Ephesians considered her theirs, and resented any foreign claims to her protection. Once Persia ousted and replaced their Lydian overlord Croesus, the Ephesians played down his contribution to the Temple's restoration. On the whole, the Persians dealt fairly with Ephesus, but removed some religious artifacts from Artemis' Temple to Sardis and brought Persian priests into her Ephesian cult; this was not forgiven.[32] When Alexander conquered the Persians, his offer to finance the Temple's second rebuilding was politely but firmly refused.[33] Ephesian Artemis lent her city's diplomacy a powerful religious edge.", "Temple of Artemis. Pausanias (c. 2nd century AD) reports another image and altar in the Temple, dedicated to Artemis Protothronia (Artemis \"of the first seat\") and a gallery of images above this altar, including an ancient figure of Nyx (the primordial goddess of Night) by the sculptor Rhoecus (6th century BC). Pliny describes images of Amazons, the legendary founders of Ephesus and Ephesian Artemis' original protégés, carved by Scopas. Literary sources describe the temple's adornment by paintings, columns gilded with gold and silver, and religious works of renowned Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon.[15]", "Temple of Artemis. The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other sites, is only known at Ephesus from Acts 19:35:", "History of banking. The temple of Artemis at Ephesus was the largest depository of Asia. A pot-hoard dated to 600 B.C. was found in excavations by the British Museum during the year after 1904. During the time at the cessation of the first Mithridatic war the entire debt record at the time being held, was annulled by the council. Mark Anthony is recorded to have stolen from the deposits on an occasion. The temple served as a depository for Aristotle, Caesar, Dio Chrysostomus, Plautus, Plutarch, Strabo and Xenophon.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65]", "Ephesus. As the river Cayster (Grk. name Κάϋστρος) silted up the old harbour, the resulting marshes caused malaria and many deaths among the inhabitants. Lysimachus forced the people to move from the ancient settlement around the temple of Artemis to the present site two kilometres (1.2 miles) away, when as a last resort the king flooded the old city by blocking the sewers.[25] The new settlement was officially called Arsinoea (Ancient Greek: Ἀρσινόεια[26] or Ἀρσινοΐα[27]) after the king's second wife, Arsinoe II of Egypt. After Lysimachus had destroyed the nearby cities of Lebedos and Colophon in 292 BC, he relocated their inhabitants to the new city.", "Temple of Artemis. The archaic temeton beneath the later temples clearly housed some form of \"Great Goddess\" but nothing is known of her cult. The literary accounts that describe it as \"Amazonian\" refer to the later founder-myths of Greek emigres who developed the cult and temple of Artemis Ephesia. The wealth and splendor of temple and city were taken as evidence of Artemis Ephesia's power, and were the basis for her local and international prestige: despite the successive traumas of Temple destruction, each rebuilding – a gift and honor to the goddess – brought further prosperity.[30] Large numbers of people came to Ephesus in March and in the beginning of May to attend the main Artemis Procession.[31]", "Ephesus. About 560 BC, Ephesus was conquered by the Lydians under king Croesus, who, though a harsh ruler, treated the inhabitants with respect and even became the main contributor to the reconstruction of the temple of Artemis.[23] His signature has been found on the base of one of the columns of the temple (now on display in the British Museum). Croesus made the populations of the different settlements around Ephesus regroup (synoikismos) in the vicinity of the Temple of Artemis, enlarging the city.", "Temple of Artemis. Against this, a Roman edict of 162 AD acknowledges the importance of Artemesion, the annual Ephesian festival to Artemis, and officially extends it from a few holy days over March–April to a whole month, \"one of the largest and most magnificent religious festivals in Ephesus' liturgical calendar\".[18]", "Temple of Artemis. The temple became an important attraction, visited by merchants, kings, and sightseers, many of whom paid homage to Artemis in the form of jewelry and various goods. It also offered sanctuary to those fleeing persecution or punishment, a tradition linked in myth to the Amazons who twice fled there seeking the goddess' protection from punishment, firstly by Dionysus and later, by Heracles.", "Herostratus. Herostratus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρόστρατος) was a 4th-century BC Greek arsonist, who sought notoriety by destroying the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. His acts prompted the creation of a damnatio memoriae law, forbidding anyone to mention his name. The law was ultimately ineffective, as evidenced by mentions of his existence in contemporary literature. Thus, Herostratus has become a metonym for someone who commits a criminal act in order to become noted.", "Temple of Artemis. The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 75 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey. Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town of Selçuk.", "Ephesus. About 650 BC, Ephesus was attacked by the Cimmerians who razed the city, including the temple of Artemis. After the Cimmerians had been driven away, the city was ruled by a series of tyrants. Following a revolt by the people, Ephesus was ruled by a council. The city prospered again under a new rule, producing a number of important historical figures such as the elegiac poet Callinus[22] and the iambic poet Hipponax, the philosopher Heraclitus, the great painter Parrhasius and later the grammarian Zenodotos and physicians Soranus and Rufus.", "Temple of Artemis. A rich foundation deposit from this era yielded more than a thousand items, including what may be the earliest coins made from the silver-gold alloy electrum. Fragments of bas-relief on the lowest drums of the temple, preserved in the British Museum, show that the enriched columns of the later temple, of which a few survive (illustration below) were versions of this earlier feature. Pliny the Elder, seemingly unaware of the ancient continuity of the sacred site, claims that the new temple's architects chose to build it on marshy ground as a precaution against earthquakes.", "Artemis. She was worshipped at Naupactus as Aetole; in her temple in that town there was a statue of white marble representing her throwing a javelin.[45] This \"Aetolian Artemis\" would not have been introduced at Naupactus, anciently a place of Ozolian Locris, until it was awarded to the Aetolians by Philip II of Macedon. Strabo records another precinct of \"Aetolian Artemos\" at the head of the Adriatic.[46] As Agoraea she was the protector of the agora.", "British Museum. Temple of Artemis in Ephesus", "Artemis. At Ephesus in Ionia, Turkey, her temple became one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It was probably the best known center of her worship except for Delos. There the Lady whom the Ionians associated with Artemis through interpretatio graeca was worshipped primarily as a mother goddess, akin to the Phrygian goddess Cybele, in an ancient sanctuary where her cult image depicted the \"Lady of Ephesus\" adorned with multiple rounded breast-like protuberances on her chest. They have been variously interpreted as multiple accessory breasts, as eggs, grapes, acorns,[70] or even bull testes.[71][72] Excavation at the site of the Artemision in 1987–88 identified a multitude of tear-shaped amber beads that had adorned the ancient wooden cult image or xoanon.[73] In Acts of the Apostles, Ephesian metalsmiths who felt threatened by Saint Paul's preaching of Christianity, jealously rioted in her defense, shouting “Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!”[74] Of the 121 columns of her temple, only one composite, made up of fragments, still stands as a marker of the temple's location. The rest were used for making churches, roads, and forts." ]

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[ "Crown Perth. Crown Perth (formerly Burswood Island Casino, Burswood Island Complex and Burswood Entertainment Complex) is a resort and casino located in Burswood, Western Australia, near the Swan River. The resort consists of a casino, a convention centre with meeting rooms, theatre and two ballrooms along with 32 restaurants and bars, a nightclub and recreational facilities. It also features three hotels: the 405-room Crown Metropol Perth [3], the 291-room Crown Promenade Perth [4] and the 500-room luxury hotel Crown Towers Perth, which was opened in December 2016.[1]", "Crown Perth. On 14 December 2011, James Packer as the Executive Chairman of Crown Limited announced the re-branding of Burswood Entertainment Complex as Crown Perth.[24] In March 2012 it was confirmed that the hotels on site would also be re-branded in line with sister complex Crown Melbourne upon completion of a $750 million refurbishment. InterContinental Burswood became Crown Metropol Perth from 27 June 2012, while the Holiday Inn Perth Burswood was officially rebranded Crown Promenade on 20 June 2012.[25]", "Crown Perth. On 1 August 2012 it was revealed a new 500 room 'six star' hotel would be built at Burswood at a cost of $568 million. The hotel, Crown Towers, opened in December 2016 and is Perth's largest, taking the casino's hotel capacity to 1,200 rooms. Colin Barnett, the then-premier of Western Australia also made the announcement saying his government was also backing a bid by Crown to increase its number of poker machines by 500, and the number of gaming tables by 130.[26]", "Crown Perth. Crown has entered into an agreement with the state government to build the hotel on land the government will provide for $60 million. The government's agreement not to object to the increase in gambling facilities is part of the deal. Crown Perth is the only venue in Australia's biggest state that is allowed to operate poker machines. In all other Australian states and territories almost every hotel is equipped with poker machines, while licensed clubs packed with poker machines are widespread.[28]", "Perth Arena. The Perth Arena was jointly designed by architectural firms Ashton Raggatt McDougall and Cameron Chisholm Nicol. With its design based on the Eternity puzzle, the venue will hold up to 13,910 spectators for tennis events,[5] 14,846 for basketball (the arena's capacity is capped at 13,000 for National Basketball League regular season games)[6] and a maximum of 15,000 for music or rock concerts. The venue has a retractable roof, 36 luxury appointed corporate suites, a 680-bay underground car park, 5 dedicated function spaces, and touring trucks can drive directly onto the arena floor.[7]", "Crown Perth. In 2000, a $96 million resort renovation and improvement program was undertaken. 2001 and 2002 saw the opening of the Ruby Room nightclub and Champion's Bar, both within the casino, and also the opening of the Grand Ballroom. In 2003, Burswood entered into a deal with land developer Mirvac Fini for the residential development of vacant land between the complex and the Graham Farmer Freeway. Picking up from the long-neglected Stage 2 of the Burswood development plan, in the early 2000s the management of Burswood made various plans to build a second hotel on the site. Eventually, in 2003 they entered into a joint venture deal with the InterContinental Hotels Group to run the existing Burswood Resort Hotel (to be re-branded as Burswood InterContinental Hotel) and a new, 291-room Holiday Inn hotel to be constructed adjacent to the Burswood Theatre.[22] In 2004, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited, whose principal shareholder was Kerry Packer, acquired full control of the Burswood International Resort Casino, and in 2005 re-branded the site as \"Burswood Entertainment Complex\". On 1 August 2005, the Holiday Inn Burswood opened for business after 29 months of construction.[23] Construction finished three months early and was A$2 million under budget.[23] The promoters proclaimed that it was \"Perth's first purpose-built hotel in more than 12 years\".[23]", "Crown Perth. The casino operates 24 hours, 7 days a week. As of 2012[update] it is the monopoly casino operator in Perth, Western Australia. There are up to 2,400 coin-operated game machines with a variety of games such as Keno, Video Poker and others involving dice, dominoes and balls. Jackpots are linked to many of these games. Reel-slots, operated with a pull-down lever, are not permitted in Western Australia.", "Crown Perth. The Dome at Crown Perth (originally the Burswood Superdome and formerly the Burswood Dome ) was a multipurpose indoor arena used for sports and entertainment. The dome was 8,800 square metres in size, with seating for 13,600 people. The whole arena was pressurised so that the fibreglass roof was suspended 35 m above the ground.[32] It was a venue for indoor sports, notably the Hopman Cup tennis tournament, which was moved to the Perth Arena for the 2013 and future events, and for pop music concerts. Many notable artists performed there, the record attendance being 20,000 for Cliff Richard & The Shadows.[32] Other performers since 1987 have included AC/DC, Kiss, Mick Jagger, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Pink, Lady Gaga, Kylie Minogue, Elton John, Iron Maiden, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, The Black Eyed Peas, Guns N' Roses, Florence and the Machine, George Michael, Christina Aguilera, Delta Goodrem, Gwen Stefani, Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, Rihanna, Roger Waters and Top Gear Live.[33] It was the hosting venue for the Hopman Cup from 1989 until 2012.", "Crown Perth. In 1984, the Western Australian Government proposed at the suggestion of Perth businessman Dallas Dempster[5] that a casino complex be constructed at Burswood Island on the Swan River, 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of the Perth city centre.[6] This was the site of a large landfill facility,[5] which posed difficulties in the proposal, design and construction phases due to the risk of subsidence resulting from decomposition and also the risk of release of effluent into the adjacent river as a result of pile driving for the construction.[7] The winning bidder to build the complex was Tileska Pty Ltd, a joint venture between Dallas Dempster and Genting Berhad, a Malaysian casino operator.[6] At the time, there were allegations by rival bidders of misconduct against Dempster and Western Australian Premier Brian Burke,[8] but, after a thorough investigation of these accusations, the WA Inc Royal Commission found no impropriety in that regard.[9] This consortium planned a two-stage construction. The first stage was initially expected to cost A$200m, and involved futuristic-looking buildings[10] comprising a 135-table casino, 400-room hotel, 18-hole golf course, convention and exhibition centre, tennis courts, amphitheatre and other amenities, together with a beautification of the Burswood Island area.[6] The second stage of the plan involved the A$100m construction of another hotel on the site, but no time schedule was ever set for this[6] and the second hotel was not constructed until two decades later. The Tileska joint venture took up 60% of the capital in the Burswood Property Trust, which was to own the complex.[6] Genting would run the resort, having experience operating casinos in Malaysia's Genting Highlands.[11]", "Crown Perth. On 1 August 2012, Crown Limited announced it was seeking a \"massive\" expansion of gambling facilities, increasing the number of poker machines to 2,500 and gaming tables will increase from the present number of 220 to 350, an increase of nearly 60%. The Government of Western Australia is backing Crown's application to the state's Gaming and Wagering Commission, and the proposal has the personal support of WA premier Colin Barnett, who described the increase in gambling facilities \"as natural growth,\" and said it was \"common sense\" for the expansion as it was being made in line with the development of a new six-star hotel in the casino complex.[27]", "Crown Perth. In 2006, Burswood closed its renowned fine-dining Windows Restaurant in order to make way for a newer, expanded VIP room for high rollers. This new facility, called The Pearl Room, opened in late 2006 featuring 180 degree Swan River views. It replaced the old International Room which closed its doors following the unveiling of The Pearl Room. In 2007 Publishing and Broadcasting Limited vested its gaming interests, which included Burswood, into Crown Limited, a company controlled by James Packer, the son and heir of Kerry Packer, who died in December 2005. Also in 2007 Burswood opened The Riviera Room - a new gaming room featuring higher stakes open to the general public. The Riviera Room is located at the site of the old International Room, and has been refurbished to feature a contemporary design. MINQ, an exclusive late night bar, accessible only by a hosted lift at the entrance of The Riviera Room, opened in August 2007. Carbon Sports Bar opened in December 2007 and features a giant 12.5 x 4m wide screen and 16 x 52-inch plasmas. In December 2008, Burswood opened its new world-class dedicated poker room featuring plasma screens, dedicated bar and lounge area. In November 2009, Britney Spears performed 2 shows at the arena for her highly anticipated The Circus Starring Britney Spears tour. The shows at Burswood were Spears' first concerts in Australia. She was originally supposed to perform 5 shows in Australia during her 2004 Onyx Hotel Tour (including one at the Burswood Dome), but the shows were canceled after Spears injured her knee while filming her video \"Outrageous\". In April 2010 the world-renowned musical \"Cats\" performed the first of many shows over a 3-week period at Burswood Theatre.", "Crown Perth. As of October 2012[update], firm plans for Crown's major new hotel development and for a state-controlled Perth Stadium on nearby land have ensured that the dome will be removed, probably to provide an additional 2.2 hectares of car parking.[30] Government approval for demolition was granted on 31 May 2012, and demolition works started in July 2013 with the land to be used for 1000 car parking bays.[34][35] The roof was deflated on 28 June 2013.[36]", "Crown Perth. The casino was expanded in 1990, and an improved International Room (for high-rolling punters) was unveiled in 1995. 1998 saw the corporatisation of the Burswood Property Trust, and also saw the complete renovation of the Burswood Theatre. In 1999, the management of Burswood undertook an extensive refurbishment program of the hotel rooms.", "Monte Carlo. The hotel has 106 rooms divided into four groups based on type of view, decoration and luxury.[9] The Exclusive City View offers 20 rooms, the Superior Courtyard has 29 large rooms, the Exclusive Sea View 59 and the Exclusive Casino has six.", "Crown Perth. As a sports venue, the Dome was the home of the Hopman Cup and in 2004 played host to a single National Basketball League game between the Perth Wildcats and Melbourne Tigers which drew 8,501 fans. At one time the dome was also considered as a possible home venue for the A-League's Perth Glory while renovations were taking place at their usual home, Perth Oval, though the Glory eventually decided to stay at the Oval rather than play inside the Dome on an artificial surface. The Dome was also the venue used for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) shows in Perth while on their Australian tours.", "Crown Perth. The hotel's opening was delayed by 85 days, largely as a result of inclement weather and industrial disputes.[17] This delay meant that the hotel and conference centre was not available during the early stages of the America's Cup race, necessitating refunds to overseas visitors.[19] Although the 417-room Burswood Island Hotel opened its doors to the public on 4 October 1987,[21] the hotel's management reportedly allowed one of the casino's highest rollers to stay there a day early, during which time he won A$1.4 million,[21] which was believed at the time to be the highest amount ever won by an individual in an Australian casino.[21]", "Crown Perth. Construction of the resort was approved by the Western Australian Parliament in March 1985 in the Casino (Burswood Island) Agreement Act 1985.[7] It was hoped that the hotel-casino complex would be ready in time for the 1987 America's Cup race, to be hosted by Perth[6] and construction was to be to a tight schedule in order to achieve that deadline.[7] The Burswood Property Trust was listed on Australian stock exchanges on 30 May 1985.[12] When it opened on 30 December 1985, Burswood Island Casino (as it was then known) was the largest in Australia,[12] and third-largest in the world.[13] It was expected to receive two to three million visitors per year and have an annual gross profit of A$100m.[14] The public interest in the casino proved so much in its early months of operation that it posted a gross profit of A$1 million per day for its first two months, far outstripping expectations.[15] In its early weeks of opening, people were reportedly forced to queue at the entrance for hours as the gaming floor was at its full legal capacity.[15]", "Crown Perth. The proposal to upscale gambling facilities is controversial. Independent senator Nick Xenophon said \"James Packer knows he has just been handed the gift that will give him hundreds of millions of dollars for years to come.\" Ian Carter, chief executive of Anglicare WA, told ABC Radio \"The Productivity Commission report and a whole range of other reports around this country have clearly highlighted the cost to our community of gaming machines and poker machines.\"[29]", "Crown Perth. Willem de Vlamingh", "Club 33. The second level has two rooms. One room (The Salon Nouveau) is entered by passing through an area paneled in dark wood and lined with refrigerated wine cases; the other room (The Grand Salon) is more formal and exclusively for reserved-seating meals.[6][8][9]", "Crowne Plaza Hotel, Times Square. The hotel is the flagship of the Crowne Plaza brand. In 2008, the hotel underwent an $85 million renovation which revamped the lobby, restaurant and bar areas, as well as updated all of the guest rooms and the hotel's more than 23,000 square feet (2,100 m2) of function space. Amenities include the following: one of the largest hotel-based fitness facilities in the city, the New York Sports Club located on the 15th floor; the Broadway 49 Bar & Lounge overlooking Broadway; Brasserie 1605 with views of the 24/7 Times Square light show; two business centers; a concierge lounge (no lounge anymore, discounted breakfast for elites); room service; and on-site valet parking. The Crowne Plaza Times Square is pet-friendly for quadrupeds up to 25 pounds.", "MS Majesty of the Seas. Her features include the line-trademark Viking Crown Lounge overlooking the pool and sun decks. The ship has an onboard casino and 11 passenger elevators, two of which are glass-walled. Onboard bars include the Schooner Bar, A Touch of Class Champagne Bar, Blue Skies Lounge, Boleros Latin Bar, On Your Toes Nightclub, Windjammer Café, and the Pool Bar. There are also two swimming pools, four hot tubs, a basketball court, and a rock climbing wall. The ship has 2,384 double occupancy and 346 triple-quad occupancy staterooms.", "Windsor Court Hotel. The building houses a 4-star hotel with 324 guest rooms.[4]", "Crown Perth. The parklands surrounding the casino is known as Burswood Park. Originally a rubbish tip from the mid-1940s, the construction of the casino complex also saw the parklands regenerated into a public recreational facility. The park contains wildflower displays, a heritage trail with various statues. It also initially featured a public golf course that was closed for redevelopment in 2013,[30] with The Camfield, a large pub and micro brewery built adjacent to Perth Stadium now occupying the site.[31]", "Monte Carlo. Additionally, there are 74 suites and junior suites which are grouped similarly, offering more luxury than the rooms. There are single and double suites as well as courtyard junior suites and Sea/Casino Junior suites.[9] There is also one Presidential suite.[10]", "Monte Carlo Resort and Casino. Hotel32 is an ultra-luxury, boutique hotel located on Monte Carlo's top floor. The new extension opened on August 10, 2009.[29] The hotel has 50 lofts ranging in size from 850-square-foot (79 m2) studios to 2,000-square-foot (190 m2) penthouses and can only be accessed via a private elevator. All Hotel32 guests have access to a dedicated Suite Assistant, who provides personal butler and concierge services and numerous high-tech touches, including a TV integrated into the bathroom mirror. Guests have access to Lounge32, which overlooks the Las Vegas skyline.[30][31][32][33] Hotel32 offers its guests a branded iPhone at check-in to promote the use of hotel amenities. The system, running Hotel Evolution software, enables the hotel to make changes to services easily, because updates are made automatically.[34][35]", "Tropicana Field. There are a total of 70 luxury suites. 48 are accessible from the 200-level, while the other 15 are located on the 100-level.", "List of largest hotels. 945 rooms Makkah Clock Royal Tower, A Fairmont Hotel,[1]", "Fairmont Royal York. When the Royal York first opened, the hotel included 1,048 guest rooms and suites.[12] When the hotel first opened, it featured a telephone switchboard longer than 18 metres (60 ft).[13] As of 2014, the hotel expanded the number of its guest rooms and suites to 1,363.[14] Types of guest rooms include Signature or Luxury, along with an array of eight types of suites.[15]", "Crown Perth. The Burswood Island Casino was opened several months ahead of schedule,[15] and the other parts of Stage 1 (including the hotel, conference centre, theatre and indoor stadium) remained under construction throughout 1986 and much of 1987. By January 1987, the complex recorded its three millionth visitor.[16] Not sharing in this financial success, the Burswood Property Trust encountered financial difficulties and sold the hotel operations in the under-construction Burswood Island Hotel to Japanese investor Brisney Pty Ltd,[17] a joint venture between investment company Yunan Development Co Ltd and hotel operator Kanematsu Trading Co Ltd.[18][19] On 28 August 1987, the Burswood Dome indoor sports stadium was opened to the public, and was noted as being by far the largest auditorium in the southern hemisphere.[20]", "Hôtel Ritz Paris. The Ritz may be the most expensive hotel in Paris,[23] employing a staff of over 600,[33] the rooms as of May 2017 started at €1,100 a night.[34] Suites start at €3,500[35] and up to €20,000 a night for the most lavish ones (Suite Impériale being the most expensive).[36] These finest suites are known as the \"Prestige suites\", ten in total, which according to the Ritz are \"a world for aesthetes where 18th century panelling echoes allegorical ceilings, old masters and priceless antique furniture. Each suite is unique and each seems to still breathe the spirit of the illustrious guests who once stayed there.\"[37] The Vendôme Suite is one of the most spacious of the hotel, containing Louis XIV furnishings, with a red and ivory theme and grand windows overlooking the square.[38] The César Ritz Suite overlooks the square and contains Louis XV furniture and a portrait of Ritz himself. The room is decorated in shades of green and light yellow with a canopied bed in one room and silk floral pattern in the second.[39] The doors of the sitting room of the suite are edged in gold leaf.[39] The Elton John Suite, decorated in strawberry pink and cream, contains two bedrooms, a thick pink carpet and attic windows.[40] John reportedly hired the entire floor for his 42nd birthday.[41] The Windsor Suite contains tapestries and gilded mouldings and portraits of the Duke (Edward VIII) and Duchess of Windsor. They are decorated with Louis XVI furniture and colours such as almond green, salmon and pearl grey.[42] The master bedroom is decorated in pearl grey in a shade which the Ritz calls \"Wallis blue\", a favourite of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor.[42] The 1,670-square-foot (155 m2) Coco Chanel Suite where Coco Chanel lived for some 35 years consists of two bedrooms and a living room and features Coromandel lacquers, Chinese furniture, baroque mirrors and oversized sofas with quilting created by Grande Mademoiselle.[37] The suite is said to be \"equipped with the most sophisticated technology including fax, Jacuzzi, steam-bath shower, and ultra-modern walk-in closets.\"[43]", "Crowne Plaza Hotel, Times Square. Crowne Plaza Times Square is a 795-room hotel situated in the Times Square area of New York City's midtown Manhattan, located at 1605 Broadway, between 48th and 49th Streets. West 48th Street, and West 49th Street. At 480 feet (146 meters), with 46 floors, it is the 94th tallest hotel in the world, the 29th tallest hotel in the United States, and the 15th-tallest hotel in New York City. The hotel was completed in 1989 and opened in 1990." ]

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[ "Dwayne Johnson. Dwayne Douglas Johnson (born May 2, 1972), also known by his ring name The Rock, is an American actor, producer and professional wrestler. Johnson was a college football player for the University of Miami, where he won a national championship on the 1991 Miami Hurricanes team. After being cut from the Calgary Stampeders of CFL two months into the 1995 season, Johnson began training for a career in professional wrestling, following in the footsteps of various family members, including his grandfather and his father, Rocky Johnson, from whom he inherited Canadian citizenship in 2009.[7]", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson broke into the mainstream with roles in the blockbuster action films The Mummy Returns (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), the action comedy The Rundown (2003), and the remake of Walking Tall (2004). He played a supporting role in Be Cool (2005) and was the primary antagonist in Doom (2006). Roles in Gridiron Gang (2006) and Reno 911!: Miami (2007) soon followed. Johnson played against type in Southland Tales (2007). He played a cocky famous American football player in The Game Plan (2007) and Agent 23 in Get Smart (2008). He presented the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 80th Academy Awards in February 2008.[232] He was nominated for the Favorite Movie Actor award at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his role in The Game Plan but lost out to Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[233][234]", "The Game Plan (film). The Game Plan is a 2007 American family comedy film directed by Andy Fickman and written by Nichole Millard, Kathryn Price and Audrey Wells and starring Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson (marking the last film in which Johnson uses his ring name \"The Rock\" in billing). It follows a professional quarterback who finds out he has an 8-year-old daughter from a previous relationship.", "The Game Plan (film). In the last game of the American Football Federation regular season between the Boston Rebels and the New York Dukes, Rebels quarterback Joe Kingman (Dwayne Johnson) scores a touchdown after ignoring an open wide receiver, Travis Sanders. The next morning, an 8-year-old girl named Peyton Kelly arrives on Joe's doorstep saying that she is his biological daughter, and that his divorced wife sent her there to meet him. His agent, Stella Peck, thinks this will be bad for his image and distracts him with the upcoming playoffs.", "Dwayne Johnson filmography. American actor, director, producer, and semi–retired professional wrestler Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name The Rock, had his first leading role in the 2002 historical fantasy film The Scorpion King, a prequel to action fantasy film The Mummy Returns (2001). He is known for his role as Luke Hobbs in The Fast and the Furious franchise. His other films include Walking Tall (2004), The Game Plan (2007), Get Smart (2008), Tooth Fairy (2010), Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012), Pain & Gain (2013), San Andreas (2015), Central Intelligence (2016), Moana (2016), Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017), and Rampage (2018).", "The Crying Game. At a fairground in rural Northern Ireland, Provisional IRA volunteer Fergus (Stephen Rea) and a unit of other IRA members, including a woman named Jude (Miranda Richardson) and led by Maguire (Adrian Dunbar), kidnap Jody (Forest Whitaker), a black British soldier, after Jude lures him to a secluded area with the promise of sex. The IRA demands the release of jailed IRA members, threatening to execute Jody in three days if their demands are not met. Fergus is tasked with guarding Jody, and develops a bond with the prisoner, much to the chagrin of the other IRA men. During this time, Jody tells Fergus the story of the Scorpion and the Frog.", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson became known for reinvigorating film franchises after portraying Roadblock in G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) and reprising his role as Luke Hobbs in Fast & Furious 6 (2013).[239][240] He also starred in true-story films Pain & Gain (2013) and Empire State (2013). That same year, he hosted and produced the TNT reality competition series The Hero.[241][242] He won the Favorite Male Buttkicker Award at the 2013 Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards.[243] In May 2013, it was announced that he would executive produce and star in Ballers,[244] an HBO comedy-drama series about NFL players living in Miami, Florida.[245]", "Ballers. The series stars Dwayne Johnson as former football superstar Spencer Strasmore, who tries to find success as a financial manager for current and former players in Miami, Florida. Heeding his boss Joe's instruction to \"monetize his friendships\", Spencer builds a client base of young football prodigies and veteran stars alike, but his role in their lives far exceeds money management as he struggles to help them navigate the many traps that come with life as big-time football players.", "RocknRolla. RocknRolla is a 2008 crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, and starring Gerard Butler, Tom Wilkinson, Thandie Newton, Mark Strong, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, Jimi Mistry and Toby Kebbell. It was released on 5 September 2008 in the United Kingdom, hitting number one in the UK box office in its first week of release.[3]", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson was a promising football prospect and received offers from many Division I collegiate programs. He decided on a full scholarship from the University of Miami, playing defensive tackle. In 1991, he was on the Miami Hurricanes's national championship team.[33] When an injury sidelined him, he was replaced by future National Football League (NFL) star Warren Sapp.[21] While attending Miami, Johnson met his future wife, Dany Garcia, who graduated from the university in 1992 and later became a member of its Board of Trustees.[34] She also founded a Miami-based wealth management firm. In 2006, the couple donated $2 million to build a living room at the University's Newman Alumni Center.", "Jerry Maguire. The film received critical acclaim, with an 82% positive reviews on the film-critics aggregate Rotten Tomatoes.[14] Cuba Gooding Jr. won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Rod Tidwell, the Arizona Cardinals football player who sticks with Maguire. Cruise was also nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the movie marked Renée Zellweger's breakout role. The film itself was nominated for an Best Picture, and crew members on the film were nominated for Best Screenplay and Best Film Editing awards.", "Walking Tall (2004 film). Walking Tall is a 2004 American action film. A remake of the 1973 film of the same name, it stars The Rock and Johnny Knoxville. It can be said to be loosely based on the real-life story of Sheriff Buford Pusser and utilized many elements from his life. A number of aspects were changed, including the main character's name (to \"Chris Vaughn\"), the character returning to his hometown as a war veteran, and the setting was moved from McNairy County, Tennessee to Kitsap County, Washington, United States.", "The Scorpion King. The Scorpion King is a 2002 American historical fantasy film directed by Chuck Russell, starring Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson, Kelly Hu, Grant Heslov, and Michael Clarke Duncan. It is a spin-off from The Mummy franchise, which takes place before The Mummy Returns and follows the story of Mathayus and his rise to become the Scorpion King.", "The National Tree. Seventeen-year-old Rock Burdock (Evan Williams) wins a nationwide contest for his tree to be planted across the White House. Faith Russel (Kari Matchett), marketing representative of the company Box of Toys who is in charge of the project, visits Rock and his father Corey (Andrew McCarthy). Corey planted the tree in their garden when Rock was born. He has reservations about the idea of transporting his tree cross country, but agrees under the condition that they deliver the tree themselves. While father and son drive the truck, Faith follows them most of the time in her car. Father and son are unable to strengthen their bonding and further dissensions arise along the way. However, Rock films the entire trip on camera and posts it on his vlog. This gathers more and more fdans on the internet and on the road and even causes some media coverage. Rock's internet acquaintance and love interest Katie (Paula Brancati) joins Rock on the way. Together they reach Washington, D.C on Thanksgiving. Meanwhile, Faith's boss (Ted Atherton) secretly changed the plan. He wants to repeat the contest every year and therefore decides to erect the tree rather than planting it. After Faith's attempts to persuade her boss fail, the team now cuffs Rock to the tree and protest against its destruction. Using their media attention soon more people support their protest. Finally the President of the United States calls the Park ranger on his cell phone and tells him to plant the tree. Later Rock, Corey, Faith and Katie are invited to attend the Christmas lighting of the tree by the President.", "The Rundown. Beck (Dwayne Johnson) is a \"retrieval expert\", a bounty hunter who collects debts for a man named Billy Walker (William Lucking). He is dispatched to a nightclub to retrieve a championship ring from a football player, and after doing so is assaulted by one of Walker's other collectors. Angry, he confronts Walker and tells him that he wants out of the business. Walker talks him into one last bounty - retrieve Walker's son Travis (Seann William Scott) from a small mining town in Brazil and Walker will give him enough money to open his own restaurant. Beck accepts and leaves for Brazil. When Beck arrives in the town of El Dorado he meets with the man running the mining operation, Cornelius Hatcher (Christopher Walken). Hatcher gives Beck his blessing to grab Travis, but reneges when he finds out that Travis has discovered a missing golden artifact called \"El Gato do Diablo\". Beck confronts Hatcher and his men in the local bar and leaves with Travis. On the way back to the airfield, Travis forces their Jeep off the road and into the jungle. There he tries to escape but is re-captured by Beck. After an unfortunate encounter with some local monkeys, the two find themselves in the camp of the local resistance movement.", "Kicking & Screaming (2005 film). Kicking & Screaming is a 2005 American sports comedy family film directed by Jesse Dylan and written by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick. The film stars Robert Duvall and Will Ferrell as a father and son who exploit their own son's soccer teams to try and beat the other. Mike Ditka, Kate Walsh and Josh Hutcherson also star.", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson starred as the title character in Hercules (2014)[246] and reprised his role as Luke Hobbs in Furious 7 (2015).[247] He hosted another reality series for TNT in 2014, entitled Wake Up Call, which saw him \"lending a helping hand to everyday people who were facing enormous challenges in their lives\" alongside guest experts such as Rocco DiSpirito, Jillian Michaels, and Josh Shipp.[248] It was announced that he would executive produce and star in the horror film Seal Team 666,[249] and is set to play Nick Schuyler in the drama film Not Without Hope.[250] On December 16, 2013, Forbes named Johnson the top-grossing actor of 2013, with his films bringing in $1.3 billion worldwide for the year. Forbes credited the success of Fast & Furious 6, which grossed $789 million globally, and Johnson's frequent acting work as primary reasons for him topping the list.[251]", "List of American Pie characters. Rock is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films. Dwight and Rock's fraternity have several clashes including an over-the-top drinking contest, a rough game of football and a brawl. This rivalry comes to a head when the midget fraternity attacks Dwight, landing him in the hospital. During the post-Naked Mile party, Dwight spots Vicky, the girlfriend of Rock, and both have sex. Later, Dwight sends a DVD to Rock that reads, \"Payback's a bitch.\" It reveals both Dwight and Vicky having sex, as Rock yells out, \"Stifler!\" In the sequel Rock reveals that due to an altercation between Edgar and a sheep, Rock's entire fraternity was kicked off campus. Dwight is hesitant, but Rock states that what they had was a rivalry and that \"the enemy of my enemy is my friend.\" This advice helps the BETAs win the GEEKs in the olympiad.", "Skyscraper (2018 film). Skyscraper is a 2018 American action film[2] written and directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber, and starring Dwayne Johnson, Neve Campbell, Chin Han, Roland Møller, Noah Taylor, Byron Mann, Pablo Schreiber and Hannah Quinlivan. The story follows a former FBI agent who must rescue his family from a newly built skyscraper, the tallest in the world, after it is taken over by criminals and set on fire. The first non-comedy of Thurber's career, it also marks his second collaboration with Johnson, following Central Intelligence (2016).", "Zachery Ty Bryan. Bryan's film roles include the school bully in the 1996 Sinbad comedy First Kid. He starred in the 1995 movie Magic Island as Jack Carlisle, and the 1998 TV movie The Principal Takes A Holiday. He also starred as Eric in 1999's The Rage: Carrie 2. Later, he played defender Harry Keough alongside Gerard Butler in the 2005 movie The Game of Their Lives otherwise known as The Miracle Match about the 1950 US upset at the World Cup.[5] In 2006, he played as Clay in The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, then in the 2009 TV mini-series Meteor, which aired on NBC. He also played Thor in the made-for-TV Syfy channel film Thor: Hammer of the Gods. The film originally aired on November 29, 2009.", "30 Rockefeller Plaza. The \"Top of the Rock\" had also been co-opted for NBC's Sunday Night Football during the 2006–07 season, with the top player/MVP in that night's game according to John Madden and Al Michaels receiving the honor of being that night's \"Rock Star\" in the form of a glass trophy display on the observation deck; this was a replacement for the Horse Trailer Award formerly awarded on ABC's Monday Night Football. The Horse Trailer honor was restored for the 2007–08 season.", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson's first leading film role was in The Scorpion King in 2002. For this, he was paid US$5.5 million, a world record for an actor in his first starring role.[13] One of his more prominent roles is Luke Hobbs in The Fast and the Furious franchise. Johnson hosted and produced The Hero, a reality competition series and has since continued to produce TV shows and films through his production company Seven Bucks Productions. In 2013, Forbes listed Johnson No. 25 in the Top 100 Most Powerful Celebrities and has been in the top twenty every year since.[14] He was the world's highest-paid actor of 2016.[15] Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2016.[16] In 2015, Muscle & Fitness named Johnson their \"Man of the Century\".[17]", "Rudy Ruettiger. Ruettiger has said that the movie is \"98% true.\" The players did not lay down their jerseys, rather, the team captain requested that he be allowed to play. Dan Devine is given an antagonistic role in the film, however, the coach was actually one of his biggest motivators to return to the team. The groundskeeper and former player Fortune is a combination of three different people.[citation needed]", "Ben Affleck. After high school, Affleck moved briefly to New York in search of acting work.[35] Later, while studying at Occidental College in Los Angeles, Affleck directed student films.[11][38] As an actor, he had a series of \"knock-around parts, one to the next\".[35] He played Patrick Duffy's son in the television film Daddy (1991), made an uncredited appearance as a basketball player in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer film (1992), and had a supporting role as an anti-Semite in School Ties (1992).[39] He played a high school quarterback in the NBC television series Against the Grain (1993), and a steroid-abusing high school football player in Body to Die For: The Aaron Henry Story (1994). Affleck's most notable role during this period was as a high school bully in Richard Linklater's cult classic Dazed and Confused (1993).[40] Linklater wanted a likeable actor for the bad guy and, while Affleck was \"big and imposing,\" he was \"so smart and full of life ... I just liked him.\"[41][42] Affleck later said Linklater was instrumental in demystifying the filmmaking process for him.[11]", "23 Blast. Super Bowl Winning Coach and All Pro Dad National spokesman, Tony Dungy said, “23 Blast is a powerful movie about football and perseverance.\"[20] In an interview with Travis Freeman and Dylan Baker on The Huckabee Show, Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee said, “If you only see one film between now and the end of the year, go see 23 Blast.”[6]", "Hannah Montana (season 2). Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson appears in \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get the Phone\" as part of the Rock Block, in which he guest-starred in episodes of Hannah Montana and Cory in the House as a promotion for Disney's film The Game Plan.", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson's production company, Seven Bucks Productions, produces several of his starring film projects, including Baywatch (2017) and the upcoming Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017)[252][253] and Rampage (2018).[254] A sequel to the box-office hit San Andreas (2015) was announced to be in the pre-production stage with director of the first film, Brad Peyton, signed to return (marking their fourth collaboration following Journey 2, San Andreas, and Rampage respectively), along with the cast (including Johnson).[255] Johnson confirmed that he would star in the new Jumanji movie via his Instagram page.[253] In an interview, Johnson also discussed the possibility of an earlier release date than was originally announced for the DC Extended Universe film, Shazam.[256] Seven Bucks Production is named because that's how much money he had in his wallet after he was cut from the CFL.[257] The company added two new entities to its portfolio, Seven Bucks Digital Studios in 2016 and Seven Bucks Creative in 2017.[258]", "My Hero (Foo Fighters song). The song was featured in the movie Varsity Blues during the climactic scene of the final football game. The scene was later parodied in the 2001 film Not Another Teen Movie. The song also appeared in the 2010 films Somewhere and The Other Guys when part of the song was heard during the scene where two characters (played by Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson and Samuel L. Jackson) jump to their death.", "Dwayne Johnson. Johnson has signed on to return in two additional sequels to Warner Bros.' Journey film series, as well as a Jungle Cruise feature film being developed by Disney.[264][265] In May 2016, Johnson confirmed his attachment to The Janson Directive as Paul Janson. The film will be produced by Universal Studios, with the intent to adapt more of Robert Ludlum's work in the future in a larger project than just the announced first installment.[266] Later that same month, it was announced that he would star in Legendary Entertainment's Skyscraper movie which will be an action-thriller film with Rawson Marshall Thurber signed on as director and writer. The same month it was announced that he would star as a rebooted version of the character Doc Savage in a film written and directed by Shane Black.[267] Johnson is signed on to film a remake of Big Trouble in Little China.[268] In July 2016, Johnson announced another television series which he will be involved in, named Muscle Beach, about the Southern California beach of that name. Johnson will be involved behind the scenes of the series.[269]", "Michael Sheen. 2009 saw Sheen portray another public figure; he starred in The Damned United as the outspoken football manager Brian Clough. The Tom Hooper-directed film focused on Clough's disastrous 44-day tenure as manager of Leeds United and marked Sheen's fifth collaboration with writer Peter Morgan. The actor has said Clough is the real-life character he enjoyed playing most.[125] The Guardian, writing in 2009, declared it the \"best performance of his big-screen career\"[126] while The Times found him \"magnificent\".[127] USA Today praised \"Sheen's masterful performance\"[128] while the Los Angeles Times felt he played the role with \"a cheeky, dark panache\" and \"skillful verve\".[129] Entertainment Weekly asserted that, despite American audiences' unfamiliarity with Clough, \"what's lost in translation is recovered easily enough in Michael Sheen's astonishing performance\".[130] Variety noted that his \"typically scrupulous channeling of Clough gets the tics and mannerisms right, but also carves a moving portrait of a braggart suddenly out of his depth\".[131] Also in 2009, Sheen reprised his role as a werewolf in Underworld: Rise of the Lycans, a prequel to the original film. Of his decision to take part, Sheen has said: \"My rule of thumb is that I want to do things I'd like to go and see myself.\"[132] The New York Times felt he was \"the movie's greatest asset ... [taking] a lively break from his usual high-crust duties to bring wit, actual acting and some unexpected musculature to the goth-horror flick\".[133] Variety said he hit \"all the right notes in a star-powered performance that will amuse, if not amaze, anyone who only knows the actor as Tony Blair or David Frost\"[134] while Richard Corliss of Time noted that he \"tries bravely to keep a straight face\"[135]", "The Commitments (film). Dave Finnegan was cast as Mickah Wallace, a belligerent and hot-tempered bouncer who becomes a drummer for the band. Parker's first meeting with Finnegan began civilly before their exchanges grew more and more heated. They soon became verbally abusive, threatening each other with disturbing acts of violence. Parker cast Finnegan immediately, explaining that he simply wanted to test the limits of Finnegan's aggression, as he wanted the truculence of the character to be convincing.[14] Colm Meaney first learned of the film adaptation while working with Parker on Come See the Paradise. After Parker held auditions for the younger cast members, Meaney secured the role of Jimmy's father Jimmy Rabbitte, Sr.[22] The audition scene in the film, in which various musicians audition at Jimmy Rabbitte's home, required more than 100 band members.[7] Peter Rowen, brother of Irish artist Guggi, appears as a young skateboarding boy who asks to audition for the band. At the time of the film's production, Rowen had appeared on the cover art of U2's albums Boy (1980) and War (1983), and was a national skating champion.[12]", "Kenny Chesney. Chesney produced and narrated a biographical film, The Color Orange, on his favorite football player growing up, University of Tennessee quarterback and Canadian Football League hall-of-fame Condredge Holloway. The film was produced for ESPN's \"Year of the Quarterback\" series, and premiered on February 20, 2011.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Stanford Leonard \"Stan\" Smith is the main protagonist of the adult animated sitcom American Dad!. He is voiced by the series' co-creator and executive producer, Seth MacFarlane.", "List of American Dad! characters. Stanford Leonard Smith (voiced by Seth MacFarlane) is the title character on American Dad! who has an exaggeratedly masculine voice and manner about him. Stan is Francine's husband and Hayley and Steve's father. Hayley may or may not be Stan's biological daughter since Francine revealed to have cheated on Stan at a bachelorette party in the episode \"The Kidney Stays in the Picture\",[2] but Stan regards Hayley as his daughter.[2] As the Smith family breadwinner, Stan is a CIA agent. Early on in the series, Stan was exaggeratedly patriotic and Conservative.[3] His character, however, has progressed over the course of the series from the ultra right-wing it had been. All the same however, Stan has proven to be drastic and extreme in numerous other ways beyond politics.[4] He is often shown rashly taking extreme measures in ways that are conspicuously destructive, disastrous, and life-threatening to others.[3] Making his extreme-measure taking worse, Stan is utterly inconsiderate and insensitive, thus he does not stop to think of how others are negatively impacted, nor does he care. As examples of this: in the episode \"Dope & Faith\" when Stan found out one of his friends was an atheist, he tried getting him to pray by blowing up his home, spreading the bird flu at his restaurant, brainwashing his wife into thinking she was a lesbian, and taking his kids away; in the episode \"I Can't Stan You,\" Stan evicted his entire neighborhood and his own family just for overhearing some of his neighbors gossiping about him behind his back; in the episode \"Four Little Words,\" Stan framed his wife as a murderer all so as not to hear her say the words \"I told you so\"; etc. Not a stranger to going to any and all lengths to achieve his desired ends—even to the point of shamelessly harming others—Stan is characterized as very dog-eat-dog. Aside from his thoughtlessly drastic and endangering behaviors, he has an endearing and sensitive side as well. It has been revealed that he very much desires fatherly love and attention but has always lacked this. Stan's parents separated when he was very young (later learned because of Stan himself in the episode \"Blood Crieth Unto Heaven\"); thus he has a father (Jack Smith) who was not around much and mistreated him.", "Dee Bradley Baker. Baker would continue to do regular voice-over roles. In 2005, landed the starring role as Klaus Heissler, an Olympic ski jumper from Germany who was body-swapped into a goldfish, in the primetime cartoon sitcom American Dad!,[41][42] which has run over eleven seasons on Fox and TBS. In an interview with Pop Break, Baker said that he liked playing Klaus because he loves the German language, the part was well written, and it is light duty on his voice. He compared the table reads to being on The Carol Burnett Show.[43] He participated in American Dad panels at San Diego Comic-Con 2010[44] 2012,[45] and 2014;[46] and the New York Comic-Con in 2014.[47] His voicing of council member Tarrlok in Korra garnered a nomination for the Behind the Voice Actors (BTVA) Voice Acting Award in 2012.[48][49][50][51] In addition to television shows, Baker voiced characters in many animated and live-action animation films, including some of the classic ghost monsters in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed,[52] Maurice in Happy Feet,[21] He had roles in the Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated TV series and its direct-to-video releases.[21]", "Stephen Full. Stephen Full (born November 13, 1969) is an American actor and comedian, known for his voice role as Stan on the Disney Channel show Dog with a Blog.[1] Previously, Full starred as Ash on I'm in the Band, which aired on Disney Channel's sister network, Disney XD.", "Steve Smith (American Dad!). Steven Anita[1] \"Steve\" Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters.", "Dee Bradley Baker. Dee Bradley Baker (born August 31, 1962)[3][4] is an American voice actor. His major roles, many of which feature his vocalizations of animals, include animated series such as American Dad!, Codename: Kids Next Door, Gravity Falls, Phineas and Ferb, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Star Wars Rebels, Ben 10, and The 7D, live-action series such as Legends of the Hidden Temple and Shop 'til You Drop, films such as The Boxtrolls and Space Jam and video games such as Halo, Gears of War, Viewtiful Joe, and Spore.", "Seth MacFarlane. Seth MacFarlane provides the voices of Stan and Roger, basing Roger's voice on Paul Lynde (who played Uncle Arthur in Bewitched).[6] His sister Rachael MacFarlane provides the voice of Hayley.[55]", "Seth MacFarlane. While MacFarlane regularly does extensive voice acting work for American Dad!, he has left much of the show's creative direction up to Weitzman and Barker. MacFarlane has credited this move with helping to give the series its own distinct voice and identity.[44] Though, as announced on November 4, 2013, Barker departed American Dad! after 10 seasons of serving as the show's producer/co-showrunner, resulting from creative differences as production for season 11 on TBS commenced.[45][46] American Dad! was first shown after Super Bowl XXXIX, debuting with the episode \"Pilot\", which MacFarlane co-wrote. This February 6, 2005 series premiere was somewhat of an early sneak preview as the program would not begin airing regularly as part of Fox's Animation Domination until May 1, 2005.[47][48]", "Jeff Fischer (actor). Jeffrey Todd \"Jeff\" Fischer (born 1968) is an American voice actor known for his work in commercials, cartoons, and video games. Since 2005, he has eponymously provided the voice of an American Dad! character based on himself (character Jeff Fischer).", "Stephen Full. He also is the voice of Stan, a talking dog, in the Disney television show Dog With A Blog.", "American Dad! (season 10). Guest voice actors for this season include Zooey Deschanel, Danny Glover, Chloë Grace Moretz, Mark Cuban, Olivia Wilde, Sinbad, Josh Groban, Alan Thicke, Robin Thicke, Terry Crews, Gary Busey, Mae Whitman, Pete Holmes, Diego Luna, Patrick Stewart, Alison Brie and Nancy Cartwright as Bart Simpson.", "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Stan is also shown to be very virile and masculine. He often bears out his chest, stands up rigidly straight, and possesses a deep, thick voice quality. Moreover, he has expressed macho beliefs. For example, he has expressed opposition to showing emotion, associating it with being a woman. He once told Steve, \"Son, feelings are what women have. They come from their ovaries.\"", "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Stan is the patriarch of the Smith family. As the family's breadwinner, he works for the Central Intelligence Agency. Although he once held the position of a case officer at the CIA, he is now a weapons expert for the agency.[1] Stan often makes the mistake of applying the same extreme measures suited and used for his job in his personal life and with his family.", "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Although Stan's last recorded age was 42, he still has all his baby teeth.", "Stan Marsh. Stanley \"Stan\" Marsh is a main character of the animated television series South Park. He is voiced by and loosely based on series co-creator Trey Parker. Stan is one of the show's four central characters, along with Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick, and Eric Cartman. He debuted on television when South Park first aired on August 13, 1997, after having first appeared in The Spirit of Christmas shorts created by Parker and long-time collaborator Matt Stone in 1992 (Jesus vs. Frosty) and 1995 (Jesus vs. Santa).", "American Dad!. There have been three versions of the \"Steve\" character, the creators having twice made considerable adjustments to his design. Steve's initial design ended up being a one-off execution limited to the unaired precursory pilot (not to be confused with the series premiere, entitled \"Pilot\"). By the season premiere, Scott Grimes had begun voicing Steve, and his design was made taller, more filled out, and less geeky. After early seasons of the series, Steve was remodeled again. This time he was made softer, more emotional, cuter and more endearing, creating a sharper contrast to his father Stan's ruggedness and machismo.[58]", "Virtual In-Stanity. This episode was written by Jordan Blum and Parker Deay and directed by Shawn Murray. Seth MacFarlane, the creator and executive producer of American Dad!, as well as its sister shows Family Guy and The Cleveland Show, served as the executive producer for the episode, along with series veterans Mike Barker, Rick Wiener, Matt Weitzman, and Kenny Schwartz. In addition to the regular cast, Sarah Michelle Gellar guest starred in the episode also appearing in this episode was Gellar's former co-star Alyson Hannigan.[2][3] David Koechner, who appeared in The Office and Saturday Night Live, reprises his role of Dick Reynolds in this episode.", "Daran Norris. Daran Morrison Nordlund (born November 1, 1964), better known as Daran Norris, is an American comedic actor and voice artist. He has appeared or voiced characters in more than 400 films, video games, and television programs, including: Gordy in Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide; Cliff McCormack in Veronica Mars; the voices of Cosmo, Jorgen Von Strangle, and Mr. Turner in The Fairly OddParents; Buddha Bob in Big Time Rush; and Knock Out in Transformers Prime.", "Rachael MacFarlane. Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress and singer. She is best known as the voice of character Hayley Smith on the animated television show American Dad!, which was created by her older brother Seth MacFarlane.[1] She also voiced Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in Codename: Kids Next Door and Kate Lockwell in Starcraft II.[2][3]", "Stan Marsh. Stan is usually depicted in winter attire which consists of a brown jacket, blue denim jeans, red gloves/mittens, and a red-brimmed blue knit cap adorned with a decorative red pom-pom. In the rare instances Stan is seen without his cap, he is shown to have shaggy black hair. He was given his full name in the season one episode \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\", sharing his surname of \"Marsh\" with Parker's paternal step-grandfather.[2] While originally voicing Stan without any computer manipulation, Parker now speaks within his normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.[15][16]", "Stan Marsh. In 2014, Stan was ranked by IGN at third place on their list of \"The Top 25 South Park Characters\", commenting that he \"often acts as the voice of reason in the midst of the show's insane events, and in many ways he's more mature than his father Randy\". The website concluded that \"his history as one of the more stable and thoughtful characters in the series made him the perfect choice for the voice of Trey and Matt's own creative/professional frustrations\".[28]", "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Stan's history can be traced back to 1987 when he was 20, he joined the army and quickly rose to become an Airborne Ranger, and eventually being selected to join the army's elite anti-terrorist group, Delta Force. After leaving the army he was again elected to undergo extensive special forces training to join the CIA's ultra secretive Special Activities division, specifically the Special Operations Group. When he was wounded on a top secret mission inside North Korea, Stan returned home to a desk job. Stan is now an official officer of the CIA. Stan has shown expertise and knowledge in hand-to-hand combat, small arms, covert surveillance methods, torture, the ability to fly aircraft and the handling of assault weapons. Even though he has been arrested several times on several felony charges, such as animal cruelty, child pornography (though this was a wrongful accusation), attempted murder, drug trafficking, possession and use of crack cocaine (he almost flees to South America), transporting infected cattle to be slaughtered for food, impersonating a U.S. Marshal, and identity theft, he retains his official position.", "American Dad!. MacFarlane played a lead role in the animated character designs for American Dad!.[22]", "List of American Dad! characters. The voice actors are not assembled as a group when performing the lines of their characters; rather, each of the voice actors perform their lines privately. The voice actors have stated that because of their personalities and tendency to goof off when together as a group, they would never get anything completed if they performed their lines collectively.[1]", "Scott Grimes. Scott Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor, voice artist, singer, and songwriter. Some of his most prominent roles include appearances in ER as Dr. Archie Morris, Party of Five as Will McCorkle, Band of Brothers as Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey, and the animated sitcom American Dad!, voicing Steve Smith. He is also well known by cult movie fans for his role as Bradley Brown in the first two Critters films. As of September 10, 2017, he has been cast as a regular on the Fox sci-fi series, The Orville.", "Stan Smith (American Dad!). Though it is well known he works for the CIA, very little is actually known about what exactly he does. Sometimes he is seen as a field operative, sometimes an undercover agent, sometimes surveillance officer, even presidential bodyguard, but most often he is seen working in a small cork-walled cubicle with a few of his buddies: Jackson, Sanders, Dick Reynolds, and others. Smith's assumption of these different roles may indicate that he works as a sort of troubleshooter; taking on different responsibilities as required. However, since assuming the role of Deputy Deputy Director, his duties do not appear to have changed.", "Curtis Armstrong. He voices \"Snot\" on the animated sitcom American Dad!, parodying his role from Revenge of the Nerds. He also had a role as Double Wide in the cartoon series Stroker and Hoop on Adult Swim. He appeared in the 2006 production of Akeelah and the Bee as Mr. Welch. He was on VH1's 100 Greatest Teen Stars despite being thirty when he played his first role. He played \"Mecklen\" in the 2007 film, Smokin' Aces.", "Curtis Armstrong. He has also known for providing his voice for such characters as Schmuley \"Snot\" Lonstein on the animated TV series American Dad! and Maru in the animated film Planes: Fire & Rescue in addition to portraying the title character on the animated TV series Dan Vs.", "List of American Dad! characters. Steven Anita \"Steve\" Smith (voiced by Scott Grimes) is the baby of the family who is Stan and Francine's high-school aged son and the brother of Hayley. He attends Pearl Bailey High School. There have been three versions of the \"Steve\" character over the course of American Dad! The first version was a one-off execution limited to the unaired precursory pilot (not to be confused with the season premiere episode entitled \"Pilot\"). This original version of Steve stood out as most contrasting and atypical, particularly in appearance and voice. In this precursor pilot, he was voiced by Ricky Blitt. Here, he was much nerdier, gawkier, and scrawnier than his later versions. By the series premiere, Scott Grimes began voicing the character. Also by the series premiere, Steve became taller, thicker, manlier and more mature than before, though still nerdy. By Steve's third design, he was made softer, more emotional, cuter, and more endearing than before. As part of his emotional and sensitive character, Steve is combined with a screechy wail. Despite his wimpy and nerdy characteristics, Steve is particularly conceited and obnoxious. Along with this, he often proves to be a showman, always ready to put on a performance and show off his abilities, often singing-wise. Steve shows great ambition and enthusiasm for his various interests and pursuits. He possesses a keen interest in the opposite sex and has had an obese girlfriend, Debbie, who Stan disapproved of. Steve's relationship with his father is strained with Stan often behaving judgmentally and intolerantly over Steve's nerdiness, immaturity, and sensitivity. Steve has been known to cop attitude, sometimes rightfully so at Stan over his offensive acts. Steve has three best friends: Snot (with whom he shares a bromance), Toshi, and Barry.", "Devon Sawa. Sawa began his career in 1992 as a children's action toy spokesman. Subsequently, his acting career developed rapidly during the 1990s. Sawa appeared in the film Little Giants and then got his big break in Casper, playing the role of Casper himself as a human boy. In \"Now and Then\" Sawa played Scott Wormer the town bully, and shared a second on-screen kiss with his co-star Christina Ricci (the first was in Casper). Sawa also starred in Wild America, Idle Hands, SLC Punk! and Final Destination. In 2000, Sawa played the title character of the Eminem music video \"Stan\".[3] Sawa later became a voice actor by voicing Flash Thompson in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series. Sawa continued steadily in recent years by appearing in several independent films including Extreme Dating, Shooting Gallery, Devil's Den, Creature Of Darkness, Endure, 388 Arletta Avenue, The Philly Kid, and A Resurrection.[4][5]", "Alex Hirsch. Alexander Robert \"Alex\" Hirsch[1] (born June 18, 1985) is an American writer, animator, voice actor, and producer. He is best known as the creator of the Disney Channel/Disney XD animated television series Gravity Falls, where he provided the voices of Grunkle Stan, Soos, and Bill Cipher, among others. He also earned BAFTA and Annie Awards for the series. In 2016, Hirsch co-authored Gravity Falls: Journal 3 which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list for nearly a year.", "Seth MacFarlane. Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (/məkˈfɑːrlɪn/; born October 26, 1973)[1] is an American actor, filmmaker, comedian, and singer, working primarily in animation and comedy, as well as live-action and other genres. MacFarlane is the creator of the TV series Family Guy (1999–2003, 2005–present) and The Orville (2017–present), and co-creator of the TV series American Dad! (2005–present) and The Cleveland Show (2009–2013). He also wrote, directed, and starred in the films Ted (2012), its sequel Ted 2 (2015), and A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)." ]

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[ "Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Ministers of the Crown, and especially Cabinet ministers, are selected primarily from the elected members of House of Commons, and from the House of Lords, by the Prime Minister. Cabinet ministers are heads of government departments, mostly with the office of \"Secretary of State for [function; e.g., Defence]\". The collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office, and can exercise the same powers.[1]", "Cabinet (government). In parliamentary democracies, several policies exist: cabinet members must, must not, or may be members of parliament, depending on the country. In the United Kingdom, cabinet ministers are mandatorily appointed from among sitting members of the parliament. In countries with a strict separation between the executive and legislative branches of government, e.g. Luxembourg, Switzerland and Belgium, cabinet members have to give up their seat in parliament. The intermediate case is when ministers typically are members of parliament, but are not required to be, as in e.g. Finland. The candidate prime minister and/or the president selects the individual ministers to be proposed to the parliament, which may accept or reject the proposed cabinet composition. Unlike in a presidential system, the cabinet in a parliamentary system must not only be confirmed, but enjoy the continuing confidence of the parliament: a parliament can pass a motion of no confidence to remove a government or individual ministers. Often, but not necessarily, these votes are taken across party lines.", "Cabinet (government). In presidential systems like the United States, members of the cabinet are chosen by the president, and they may have to be confirmed by the legislature. In most countries, cabinet members cannot be sitting legislators, and legislators who are offered appointments must resign if they wish to accept.", "Culture of Italy. Members of the Cabinet are chosen by the prime minister, and they are usually selected from the members of Parliament. They are then appointed by the president and must be approved by Parliament. The Italian prime minister and the cabinet are officially called the government.", "Cabinet of Canada. The governor general appoints to the Cabinet persons chosen by the prime minister—John A. Macdonald once half-jokingly listed his occupation as cabinet maker; while there are no legal qualifications of the potential ministers, there are a number of conventions that are expected be followed. For instance, there is typically a minister from each province in Canada, ministers from visible minority groups, female ministers and, while the majority of those chosen to serve as ministers of the Crown are Members of Parliament, a Cabinet sometimes includes a senator, especially as a representative of a province or region where the governing party won few or no ridings. Efforts are further made to indulge interest groups that support the incumbent government and the party's internal politics must be appeased, with Cabinet positions sometimes being a reward for loyal party members.[citation needed]", "Cabinet collective responsibility. The United Kingdom practices cabinet collective responsibility. The prime minister selects a number of cabinet ministers from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Once selected as cabinet ministers, each minister is given a position as head of one of the government departments. Cabinet ministers respond to oral questions from MPs. The cabinet members, along with the Prime Minister, schedule weekly closed door sessions to discuss the collective stance of the cabinet to avoid inconsistent responses from cabinet ministers. The solidarity of the cabinet is consistently challenged by the opposition in an attempt to create contradictions between cabinet ministers. It is therefore imperative for the cabinet members to have their responses as common and similar as possible.[5]", "Cabinet collective responsibility. Cabinet collective responsibility is a tradition in parliamentary governments in which the prime minister is responsible for appointing the cabinet ministers. The cabinet ministers are usually selected from the same political party as the prime minister to make collective decision-making for legislation faster and more effective. Unlike a presidential system, as used, for example, in the United States, a parliamentary system’s executive and legislative branches are intertwined. Because of the fusion of powers of the executive and legislative branches the prime minister relies on the cabinet to always support their policy decisions.[2] A breach of cabinet collective responsibility, such as when a cabinet member publicly disagrees with an executive decision results in a resignation or termination from that cabinet position.[3] The New South Wales Parliamentary Library Research Service in Australia explains that \"one aspect of collective ministerial responsibility is that Ministers share responsibility for major government decisions, particularly those made by the cabinet and, even if they personally object to such decisions, Ministers must be prepared to accept and defend them or resign from the cabinet\".[3]", "Cabinet of the United Kingdom. In formal constitutional terms, the Cabinet is a committee of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. All Cabinet members are made Privy Counsellors shortly after appointment if not already Privy Counsellors, but only selected Privy Counsellors are appointed to the Cabinet or invited to attend. MPs and peers in the Cabinet use the style \"the Right Honourable\" (abbr. the Rt Hon.)[6]", "Cabinet of the Netherlands. If the formateur is successful, the Monarch appoints all ministers and state secretaries individually by Royal Decision (Koninklijk Besluit). Each Minister privately swears an oath of loyalty to the Constitution. After this the entire Council of Ministers and the King or Queen regnant are photographed on the stairs of the palace Huis ten Bosch during the bordes scene. The new cabinet then proposes its plans to parliament.", "Government of Australia. The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown, responsible to the Federal Parliament. The ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who serve at the former's pleasure. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers, called Parliamentary secretaries, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.", "Cabinet of Australia. The Cabinet of Australia is the Australian Government's council of senior ministers of the Crown, responsible to Parliament. Ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who serve at the former's pleasure. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. The Cabinet is also composed of a number of Cabinet committees focused on governance and specific policy issues. Outside the Cabinet there is an Outer Ministry and also a number of Assistant Ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister of their portfolio. The Cabinet, the Outer Ministry, and the Assistant Ministers collectively form the full Commonwealth Ministry of the government of the day.", "Government of New Zealand. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are formally appointed by the Governor-General (who is the Queen's viceregal representative in New Zealand).[4] In practice, the Governor-General acts on the advice of the Prime Minister in appointing ministers. Cabinet ministers are drawn from elected members of the Prime Minister's party in the House of Representatives. A few more ministers (usually junior or supporting) are part of the Executive Council but outside Cabinet. Most ministers have a portfolio of specific responsibilities such as departments or policy areas, although ministers without portfolio are sometimes appointed.", "Cabinet of the United Kingdom. These are derived from the fact the members of the cabinet are Members of Parliament, and therefore accountable to the House of which they are a member. The Queen will only appoint a Prime Minister whose Government can command the support of the House of Commons, which alone can grant supply to a Government by authorising taxes; and the House of Commons expects all ministers to be personally accountable to Parliament. In practice, Cabinet ministers will usually have a junior minister to represent their department in the House of Lords.", "Cabinet of Australia. Before the 2007 election, Kevin Rudd announced that if Labor won the election he would dispense with this tradition and appoint the ministry himself. In fact, the Caucus rule requiring the election of ministers remains in place. At the first Caucus meeting after the election, Rudd announced the members of his chosen ministry, and the Caucus then elected them unopposed, thus preserving the outward form of Caucus election.", "Cabinet (government). They are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the head of government and are therefore strongly subordinate to the president as they can be replaced at any time. Normally, since they are appointed by the president, they are members of the same political party, but the executive is free to select anyone, including opposition party members, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate.", "Cabinet of Australia. When the Labor Party first held office under Chris Watson, Watson assumed the right to choose members of the Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the Caucus, and this practice was followed until 2007. The Prime Minister retained the right to allocate portfolios. In practice, Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor Cabinets, although leaders of party factions also exercised considerable influence.", "Council of Ministers. \"Council of Ministers\" is the name given to the supreme executive organ in some governments. The term is usually equivalent to the word \"cabinet\". Councils of Ministers are usually composed of those ministers who are responsible for a ministry, and are usually led by the President of the Council of Ministers, a term that is usually translated as \"Prime Minister\". It is the official name for body that includes all the ministers it usually has 60 to 80 ministers having collective responsibility.It is headed by the prime minister.", "Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Cabinet ministers, like all ministers, are appointed and may be dismissed by the monarch without notice or reason, on the advice of the Prime Minister. The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is also generally at the Prime Minister's discretion. The Cabinet has always been led by the Prime Minister, whose originally unpaid office as such was traditionally described as merely primus inter pares (first among equals), but today the Prime Minister is the preeminent head of government, with the effective power to appoint and dismiss Cabinet ministers and to control the Cabinet's agenda. The extent to which the Government is collegial varies with political conditions and individual personalities.", "Tanzania. The president selects ministers from members of the House of Representatives,[65]:ยง 42(2) with the ministers allocated according to the number of House seats won by political parties.[73] The Revolutionary Council consists of the president, both vice-presidents, all ministers, the attorney general of Zanzibar, and other house members deemed fit by the president.[73]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The modern Prime Minister is also the leader of the Cabinet. A convention of the constitution, the modern Cabinet is a group of ministers who formulate policies.[24] As the political heads of government departments Cabinet Ministers ensure that policies are carried out by permanent civil servants. Although the modern Prime Minister selects Ministers, appointment still rests with the Sovereign.[25] With the Prime Minister as its leader, the Cabinet forms the executive branch of government.[note 2]", "Parliament of Australia. Under the Constitution, the Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss \"Ministers of State\" who administer government departments. In practice, the Governor-General chooses ministers in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster System that the Government be drawn from the party or coalition of parties that has a majority in the House of Representatives, with the leader of the largest party becoming Prime Minister.", "Cabinet of Canada. The Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada) is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. Chaired by the prime minister, the Cabinet is a committee of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry, the membership of the Cabinet and ministry often being co-terminal; as of November 2015[update] there are no members of the latter who are not also members of the former.", "Cabinet of Sri Lanka. The president is a member of and head of the cabinet.[1] The president appoints as prime minister a Member of Parliament who has the confidence of parliament.[1] Other ministers of the cabinet are appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister.[2] The president may appoint himself to any ministry he chooses.[2] According to the constitution the president must be the Minister of Defence.[3] The President also appoints, in consultation with the Prime Minister, ministers who are not a member of the Cabinet (Non-Cabinet Ministers, Project Ministers, Deputy Ministers).[4][5] The cabinet meets several times a week to discuss vital issues.", "Westminster system. Members of the Cabinet are collectively seen as responsible for government policy, a policy termed cabinet collective responsibility. All Cabinet decisions are made by consensus, a vote is rarely taken in a Cabinet meeting. All ministers, whether senior and in the Cabinet, or junior ministers, must support the policy of the government publicly regardless of any private reservations. When a Cabinet reshuffle is imminent, a lot of time is taken up in the conversations of politicians and in the news media, speculating on who will, or will not, be moved in and out of the Cabinet by the Prime Minister, because the appointment of ministers to the Cabinet, and threat of dismissal from the Cabinet, is the single most powerful constitutional power which a Prime Minister has in the political control of the Government in the Westminster system.", "Taoiseach. The Taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The Taoiseach also has authority to advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office, advice the President is required to follow by convention. The Taoiseach is further responsible for appointing eleven members of the Seanad.", "United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016. The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising governmental departments; it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government's ministerial heads.[110] Following the announcement of the referendum in February, 23 of the 30 Cabinet ministers (including attendees) supported the UK staying in the EU.[111] Iain Duncan Smith, in favour of leaving, resigned on 19 March and was replaced by Stephen Crabb who was in favour of remaining.[111][112] Crabb was already a cabinet member, as the Secretary of State for Wales, and his replacement, Alun Cairns, was in favour of remaining, bringing the total number of pro-remain Cabinet members to 25.", "Prime Minister of Australia. The Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the Governor-General of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution, which empowers the Governor-General, as the official representative of the monarch, to appoint government ministers of state and requires them to be members of the House of Representatives or the Senate, or become members within three months of the appointment. The Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement.[3] Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable (usually abbreviated to The Hon) for life, barring exceptional circumstances. The senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia.", "Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers, the most senior of the government ministers.", "Cabinet of the Netherlands. The policy of a cabinet is coordinated by the Council of Ministers, in which all ministers, including ministers without portfolio, take part. The Council initiates laws and policy. State secretaries do not attend the Council of Ministers unless invited, and even then they have no voting rights in the Council. The Council meets every Friday in the Trêveszaal (the Room of Treaties) in the Binnenhof. Meetings are chaired by the Prime Minister, or an acting Prime Minister if necessary. The Council makes decisions in a collegial manner; all ministers, including the Prime Minister, are (theoretically) equal. Behind the closed doors of the Trêveszaal, ministers can freely debate proposed decisions and express their opinion on any aspect of cabinet policy. Once a decision is made by the Council, all individual members are bound by it and are obliged to support it publicly. A member of Cabinet who is not prepared to publicly support a decision of the Council is obliged to step down. Typically, a good deal of effort is put into reaching relative consensus on any decision. A process of voting within the Council does exist, but is hardly ever used.", "Cabinet of the United States. The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the \"nuclear option\" during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by  3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties.", "Cabinet of the Netherlands. Once an informateur is successful, the Monarch appoints the formateur, conventionally the leader of the largest party in the prospective coalition and the likely Prime Minister. He or she leads any remaining negotiations between those parties willing to cooperate to form a cabinet. Often, these negotiations cover the details of the program of policies, the composition of the Cabinet, and the division of Ministerial portfolios.", "Cabinet of Australia. When the non-Labor parties have been in power, the Prime Minister has advised the Governor-General on all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at his own discretion, although in practice he consults with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the Liberal Party and its predecessors (the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party, the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate his party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios." ]

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[ "February 29. In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, when a person born on February 29 turns 18, they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year.[7][8]", "February 29. A person born on February 29 may be called a \"leapling\", a \"leaper\", or a \"leap-year baby\".[6] In non-leap years, some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1, while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date, February 29.", "Birthday. A person born on February 29 may be called a \"leapling\" or a \"leaper\".[20] In common years they usually celebrate their birthdays on February 28. In some situations, March 1 is used as the birthday in a non-leap year since it is the day following February 28.", "Sushma Swaraj. In 1977, she became the youngest ever Cabinet Minister in the country at 25 years of age.[citation needed] In 1979, she became State President of Janata Party, Haryana State at the young age of 27. Sushma Swaraj was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs.[citation needed] She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years.[8]", "Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He was conferred India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee in 2015.[3] The administration of Narendra Modi declared in 2014 that Vajpayee's birthday, 25 December, would be marked as Good Governance Day.[4][5] He died on 16 August 2018 due to age-related illness.[6]", "Leap year. A person born on February 29 may be called a \"leapling\" or a \"leaper\".[25] In common years, they usually celebrate their birthdays on February 28. In some situations, March 1 is used as the birthday in a non-leap year, since it is the day following February 28.", "Rohit Sharma. Rohit Gurunath Sharma (born 30 April 1987) is an Indian international cricketer who is the vice-captain of the India national team in limited-overs formats. He is a right-handed batsman and an occasional right-arm off break bowler who plays for Mumbai in domestic cricket and captains Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League.", "Rohit Sharma. Sharma was born on 30 April 1987 in Bansod, Nagpur, Maharashtra. His mother Purnima Sharma comes from Visakhapatnam.[6] His father Gurunath Sharma worked as a caretaker of a transport firm storehouse. Sharma was raised by his grandparents and uncles in Borivali because of his father's low income.[7] He would visit his parents, who lived in a single-room house in Dombivli,[8] only during weekends.[7] He has an elder brother, Vishal Sharma.[8]", "Bhuban. Baji Rout (born in 1925, martyred October 10, 1938), \"the youngest martyr\" of India.", "February 29. In New Zealand, a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years, for the purposes of Driver Licensing under ยง2(2) of the Land Transport (Driver Licensing) Rule 1999.[9] The net result is that for drivers aged 75, or over 80, their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February, even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years. Otherwise, New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday, although case law[10] would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed, from the day after the date of birth, and that the person's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period. This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year, the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday. While a person attains the same age on the same day, it also means that, in New Zealand, if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age, that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful.", "Indian general election, 2014. (Died on 1 February 2017)", "Yashwantrao Chavan. Yashwantrao Chavan was born in a Maratha Hendre Patil family on 12 March 1913 in the village of Devrashtre in Satara District (now in Sangli District) of Maharashtra, India. He lost his father in his early childhood and was brought up by his uncle and mother. His mother taught him about self-dependency and patriotism. From his childhood he was fascinated by the freedom struggle of India.", "Dushyant Chautala. Chautala was born in Daroli of Hisar District, Haryana on 3 April 1988 to Ajay Chautala and Naina Singh, daughter of Sh. Bhim Singh Godara. He is the grandson of Ch. Om Prakash Chautala and the great grandson of former Deputy Prime Minister Ch. Devi Lal. He has a younger brother, Digvijay Chautala. He did his schooling from St. Mary School, Hisar and The Lawrence School, Sanawar, Himachal Pradesh. He took admission in California State University and earned his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. He married Meghna Chautala (Ahlawat) on 18 April 2017 at Gurugram.", "Manmohan Singh. Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ] ( listen); born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.", "Jagjivan Ram. The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial, Samata Sthal, and his birth anniversary is observed as Samata Diwas., (Equality Day) in India. His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008. Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time Hyderabad.[26][27] Andhra University which had conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973, and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary, his statue was unveiled on the university premises .[28]", "Ravi Shankar. Shankar was born on 7 April 1920 in Benares, then the capital of the eponymous princely state, in a Bengali family, as the youngest of seven brothers.[2][4][5] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a Middle Temple barrister and scholar from East Bengal (now Bangladesh). A respected statesman, lawyer and politician, he served for several years as dewan (Prime minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, and used the Sanskrit spelling of the family name and removed its last part.[2][6] Shyam was married to Hemangini Devi who hailed from a small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district, near Benares and his father was a prosperous landlord. Shyam later worked as a lawyer in London, England,[2] and there he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Benares, and did not meet his son until he was eight years old.[2] Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for \"sun\".[2] Shankar had five siblings: Uday (who became a famous choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended the Bengalitola High School in Benares between 1927 and 1928.[7]", "Chinese calendar. Just as it is awkward to define the birthday of someone born on the 29th of February in the Gregorian calendar, special rules are used for birthdays or other anniversaries during the intercalary month or on the 30th day.", "Jagjivan Ram. In August 1933, his first wife died after a brief illness. In June 1935, he married Indrani Devi, a daughter of Dr. Birbal, a well-known social worker of Kanpur. The couple had two children, Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhi's Surya newspaper, having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman.[24][25] and Meira Kumar, a five-time Member of Parliament, who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009, and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009.", "Sachin Tendulkar. Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar (/ˌsətʃɪn tɛnˈduːlkər/ ( listen); born 24 April 1973) is a former Indian cricketer and a former captain, widely regarded as the greatest batsman of all time.[4] The highest run scorer of all time in International cricket, Tendulkar took up cricket at the age of eleven, made his Test debut on 15 November 1989 against Pakistan in Karachi at the age of sixteen, and went on to represent Mumbai domestically and India internationally for close to twenty-four years. He is the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International, the holder of the record for the most number of runs in both ODI and Test cricket, and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in international cricket.[5]", "Narendra Modi. Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː] ( listen), born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).", "Manmohan Singh. Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh family.[4] He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother, to whom he was very close.", "Indian general election, 2014. (Died on 3 February 2018)[301]", "Sachin Tendulkar. Tendulkar received the Arjuna Award in 1994 for his outstanding sporting achievement, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 1997, India's highest sporting honour, and the Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan awards in 1999 and 2008, respectively, India's fourth and second highest civilian awards.[11] After a few hours of his final match on 16 November 2013, the Prime Minister's Office announced the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.[12][13] He is the youngest recipient to date and the first ever sportsperson to receive the award.[14][15] He also won the 2010 Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards.[16] In 2012, Tendulkar was nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India.[17] He was also the first sportsperson and the first person without an aviation background to be awarded the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force.[18] In 2012, he was named an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia.[19][20]", "Somnath Sharma. Sharma was born on 31 January 1923 at Dadh, Kangra, then in the Punjab Province of British India, the present day state of Himachal Pradesh. His father, Amar Nath Sharma, was a military officer.[a][3] Several of his siblings served in the military.[1][b]", "Devika Rani. Devika Rani Chaudhuri was born into a Bengali family in Waltair near Visakhapatnam in present-day Andhra Pradesh, into an extremely affluent and educated Bengali family. Her father, Colonel Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, was the first Indian Surgeon-General of Madras Presidency and a nephew of Rabindranath Tagore.[3][4][5]", "Mahatma Gandhi. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[14] was born on 2 October 1869[1] to a Hindu Modh Baniya family[15] in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), served as the diwan (chief minister) of Porbandar state.[16]", "M. N. Roy. Narendra Nath \"Naren\" Bhattacharya, later known as M. N. Roy, was born on 21 March 1887 at Arbelia, located in the North 24 Parganas of West Bengal, near Calcutta (Kolkata).[1]", "Harivansh Rai Bachchan. Harivansh Rai Srivastava (27 November 1907 – 18 January 2003), better known his pen name Bachchan, was a noted Indian poet of the Nayi Kavita literary movement (romantic upsurge) of early 20th century Hindi literature. Born in a Hindu Awadhi Indian Srivastava Kayastha family, in Allahabad in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, in British India, he was also a famous poet of the Hindi Kavi Sammelan. He is best known for his early work Madhushala (मधुशाला).[1] He is also the husband of social activist, Teji Bachchan, and father of the noted Hindi film actor, Amitabh Bachchan and grand father of Abhishek Bachchan. In 1986, he was honoured with the Padma Bhushan for his immense contribution to Hindi literature.[2]", "Neha Sharma. Sharma was born on 21 November 1987 in Bhagalpur, Bihar. Her father Ajit Sharma, is a businessman turned politician and the MLA of Bhagalpur, of Indian National Congress party. Sharma has campaigned for her father in various elections.[5][6] Sharma has three siblings. Sharma confessed being severely asthmatic in childhood and always unwell and weak physically. She also claimed to be completely cured of asthma with the blessing of a family in Hyderabad.[7]", "Jharkhand. Another rising cricketer from Jharkhand is Varun Aaron, India's fastest bowler and Saurabh Tiwary, left hand hard hitting batsman of India who represented Mumbai Indians from the 2008 Indian Premier League and currently playing for Delhi Daredevils in 2015. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. Ashunta Lakra, sister of Vimal Lakra is the Indian Hockey Captain currently.And one of the emerging sport personality is Deepika Kumari, a young Indian athlete who competes in the event of Archery. She won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event.", "Indira Gandhi. Indira Gandhi was born as Indira Nehru in a Kashmiri Pandit family on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad.[4] Her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a leading figure in India's political struggle for independence from British rule, and became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion (and later Republic) of India.[5] She was the only child (a younger brother was born, but died young),[6] and grew up with her mother, Kamala Nehru, at the Anand Bhavan; a large family estate in Allahabad.[7] She had a lonely and unhappy childhood.[8] Her father was often away, directing political activities or incarcerated, while her mother was frequently bed-ridden with illness, and later suffered an early death from tuberculosis.[9] She had limited contact with her father, mostly through letters.[10]", "Indira Gandhi. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindustani: [ˈɪnːdɪrə ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi] ( listen); née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian stateswoman and central figure of the Indian National Congress.[1] She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi belonged to the Nehru–Gandhi family and was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian prime minister. Despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father." ]

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[ "City of New Orleans (song). \"City of New Orleans\" is a folk song written by Steve Goodman (and first recorded for Goodman's self-titled 1971 album), describing a train ride from Chicago to New Orleans on the Illinois Central Railroad's City of New Orleans in bittersweet and nostalgic terms.", "City of New Orleans (song). An article in the September 2017 issue of Trains magazine chronicles the writing and recording of the song and includes a biographical sketch of Steve Goodman.[1]", "City of New Orleans (song). Goodman got the idea while traveling on the Illinois Central line for a visit to his wife's family. The song has been recorded by numerous artists both in the US and Europe, including two major hit versions: first by Arlo Guthrie in 1972, and later by Willie Nelson in 1985.", "City of New Orleans (song). While at the Quiet Knight bar in Chicago, Goodman saw Arlo Guthrie, and asked to be allowed to play a song for him. Guthrie grudgingly agreed, on the condition that if Goodman would buy him a beer, Guthrie would listen to him play for as long as it took to drink the beer.[citation needed] Goodman played \"City of New Orleans\", which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it. The song was a hit for Guthrie on his 1972 album Hobo's Lullaby, reaching #4 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and #18 on the Hot 100 chart; it would prove to be Guthrie's only top-40 hit and one of only two he would have on the Hot 100 (the other was a severely shortened and rearranged version of his magnum opus \"Alice's Restaurant\", which hit #97).", "Steve Goodman. Guthrie's version of Goodman's song became a Top-20 hit in 1972 and provided Goodman with enough financial and artistic success to make his music a full-time career. The song, about the Illinois Central's City of New Orleans train, would become an American standard, covered by such musicians as Johnny Cash, Judy Collins, Chet Atkins, Lynn Anderson, and Willie Nelson, whose recorded version earned Goodman a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1985. A French translation of the song, \"Salut Les Amoureux\", was recorded by Joe Dassin in 1973. A Dutch singer, Gerard Cox, heard the French version while on holiday and translated it into Dutch, titled \"'t Is Weer Voorbij Die Mooie Zomer\" (\"And again that beautiful summer has come to an end\"). It reached number one on the Dutch Top 40 in December 1973 and has become a classic which is still played on Dutch radio. A Hebrew version of the song \"Shalom Lach Eretz Nehederet\" was sung by famous Israeli singer Yehoram Gaon in 1977 and became an immediate hit. Lyrically, the French, Dutch and Hebrew versions bear no resemblance to Goodman's original lyrics. According to Goodman, the song was inspired by a train trip he and his wife took from Chicago to Mattoon, Illinois.[4] According to the liner notes on the Steve Goodman anthology No Big Surprise, \"City of New Orleans\" was written while on the campaign trail with Senator Edmund Muskie.", "Freedom Riders. Dan Shore's 2013 opera Freedom Ride, set in New Orleans, celebrates the Freedom Riders.[133]", "Steve Goodman. All this time, Goodman had been busy writing many of his most enduring songs, and this avid songwriting would lead to an important break for him. While at the Quiet Knight, Goodman saw Arlo Guthrie and asked to sit in and play a song for him. Guthrie grudgingly agreed on the condition that Goodman buy him a beer first; Guthrie would then listen to Goodman for as long as it took Guthrie to drink the beer.[3] Goodman played \"City of New Orleans\", which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it.", "Music of New Orleans. New Orleans producer-bandleader Dave Bartholomew first employed this figure (as a saxophone-section riff) on his own 1949 disc \"Country Boy\" and subsequently helped make it the most over-used rhythmic pattern in 1950’s rock ‘n’ roll. On numerous recordings by Fats Domino, Little Richard and others, Bartholomew assigned this repeating three-note pattern not just to the string bass, but also to electric guitars and even baritone sax, making for a very heavy bottom. He recalls first hearing the figure – as a bass pattern on a Cuban disc—Palmer (1995).[27]", "New Orleans. New Orleans is the southern terminus of the famed Highway 61 made musically famous by Bob Dylan.", "City of New Orleans (song). Steve Goodman won a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985 for Willie Nelson's version, which was included on his 1984 album of the same name. It reached #1 on both the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the United States[7] and the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.", "Freddie Keppard. In any case, the first official recordings of New Orleans or Dixieland jazz did not come out until the 1920s during the “Jazz Age,” nearly two decades after the “hot” New Orleans sound and style had first been developed. By the time musicians of color like Freddie Keppard were officially recording, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, an all-white band, had already made the first jazz recordings and had dominated the market for jazz recordings with their million-dollar hit, “Livery Stable Blues.” Incidentally, the ODJB’s commercialized rendition of “Livery Stable Blues” was blatantly derived from a number which Freddie Keppard used to do quite famously. According to Keppard’s contemporaries, the barnyard effects which became emphasized in the ODJB’s “Livery Stable Blues” had been merely occasional jokes to the original players. As Mutt Carey, a fellow New Orleans trumpeter recalled, when Keppard was feeling good, “he’d get devilish sometimes and he’d neigh on the trumpet like a horse” just to be humorous.[2]", "Music of New Orleans. The term \"jazz\" (early on often spelled \"jass\") did not become popular until the mid and late 1910s, when New Orleans musicians first rose to prominence in other parts of the USA and the New Orleans style needed a new name to differentiate it from the nationally popular ragtime. Before then, the New Orleans style was frequently simply called \"ragtime\" (Sidney Bechet continued to call his music \"ragtime\" throughout his life), along with such local terms as \"hot music\" and \"ratty music\".", "Steve Goodman. Steven Benjamin Goodman[1] (July 25, 1948 – September 20, 1984) was an American folk music singer-songwriter from Chicago. He wrote the song \"City of New Orleans,\" which was recorded by Arlo Guthrie and many others including Joan Baez, John Denver and Judy Collins; in 1985, it received a Grammy award for best country song, as performed by Willie Nelson. Goodman had a small but dedicated group of fans for his albums and concerts during his lifetime, and is generally considered a musician's musician. His most frequently sung song is the Chicago Cubs anthem, \"Go, Cubs, Go\". Goodman died of leukemia in September 1984.", "Music of New Orleans. The Creole people of New Orleans also contributed greatly to the evolution of the artform, though their own music became heavily influenced by the pioneering work of Bolden. New Orleans-born musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Jelly Roll Morton all recalled the influence Bolden had on the direction of the music of New Orleans. (Armstrong himself had no memory of Bolden, but was told about him by his mentor King Oliver), and jazz itself.[3]", "Freddie Keppard. After he found steady employment in Chicago, Keppard's style helped create a demand for more New Orleans groups, paving the way for other New Orleans players seeking to migrate north. Throughout his travels, Keppard sent back clippings to his fellow musicians in New Orleans, encouraging other bands to take their chances on the cross-country circuits.[2]", "On the Road. Kerouac mentions many other musical artists and their records throughout On the Road: Charlie Parker – “Ornithology” (Pt. 1, Ch. 3; also Pt. 3, Ch. 10); Lionel Hampton – “Central Avenue Breakdown” (Pt. 1, Ch. 13; also Pt. 4, Ch. 4); Billie Holiday – “Lover Man” (Pt.1, Ch. 13; also Pt. 3, Ch. 4); Dexter Gordon and Wardell Gray – “The Hunt” (Pt. 2, Ch. 1; Pt. 2, Ch. 4); Dizzy Gillespie – “Congo Blues” (Pt. 3, Ch. 7 – recorded under Red Norvo’s name and also featuring Charlie Parker; also Pt. 3, Ch. 10; Pt. 4, Ch. 3); Willis Jackson – “Gator Tail” (Pt. 4, Ch. 1 – recorded with the Cootie Williams Orchestra); Wynonie Harris – “I Like My Baby’s Pudding” (Pt. 4, Ch. 4); and Perez Prado -- \"More Mambo Jambo,\" \"Chattanooga de Mambo,\" \"Mambo Numero Ocho\" (“Mambo No. 8”) (Pt. 4, Ch. 5).", "Albert Collins. On 12 February 1987 he appeared as a musical guest on the NBC talk show Late Night with David Letterman.[36] Collins made a cameo appearance in the 1987 comedy film Adventures in Babysitting.[37] In 1987 the American composer John Zorn and Collins collaborated on a suite, \"Two-Lane Highway\", which was subsequently released on Zorn's album Spillane. On 22 April 1988 Collins appeared at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in a group consisting of B.B. King, Eric Clapton and Stevie Ray Vaughan; the group played on the steamboat President as it cruised along the Mississippi River, in recognition of the musical heritage of New Orleans and artists such as Fate Marable, Louis Armstrong and Henry Red Allen, who had entertained passengers on the fleet of riverboats owned by the Streckfus brothers.[38][39][40]", "Hurricane (Leon Everette song). The song is about an old man who lives in the famed New Orleans French Quarter. The man is unfazed when told that a hurricane was about to hit the city; even when \"a man from Chicago\" claims that the levees need to be raised, he claims that the levees will hold and the man will be \"on his way to Illinois\".[3]", "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans. \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" is a popular song with music by John Turner Layton, Jr. and lyrics by Henry Creamer. First published in 1922, it was advertised by Creamer and Layton as \"A Southern Song, without A Mammy, A Mule, Or A Moon\", a dig at some of the Tin Pan Alley clichés of the era.", "Freddie Keppard. Keppard (pronounced in the French fashion, with relatively even accentuation and a silent d) was born in the Creole of Color community of downtown New Orleans, Louisiana.[1] Born in 1889, Freddie Keppard was Buddy Bolden’s junior by thirteen years and Louis Armstrong’s senior by eleven years. Keppard’s father, Louis Keppard (Sr.), had been a New Orleans man and had worked as a cook in the Vieux Café until his early death. His mother, Emily Peterson Keppard, was from St. James parish. His older brother Louis Keppard was his elder by one year and also became a professional musician later in life. The first tune they learned to play together was called “Just Because She Made Dem Goo-Goo Eyes”, a tune by Hughie Cannon and popular New Orleans minstrel show star John Queen, published in 1900.[2] Freddie Keppard was raised on Villere Street in New Orleans in a home environment filled with music. His mother first started him on the violin, while his brother Louis first played guitar. When he was still a young boy, he and Louis, who by then had become an aspiring guitarist, would disguise their age from police by putting on long pants before going to Basin Street to shine shoes for a nickel a shine, hoping to get in on the music scene and get advice or even tutelage from their favorite musicians in the District while shoe-shining.[1][3] As such, Keppard did not receive any formal musical training and may have been a non-reader who, instead of reading arrangements, most likely learned all of his parts by ear and used his powerful and imaginative abilities to improvise parts that were even better.[4]", "Ridin'. \"Ridin'\" is a song by American rapper Chamillionaire, released as the lead single from his debut studio album The Sound of Revenge (2005). The song, produced by Play-N-Skillz, features a guest appearance from fellow American rapper Krayzie Bone, of Bone Thugs n Harmony. Its title is often incorrectly assumed to be \"Ridin' Dirty\", due to the chorus. The lyrics concern racial profiling and police brutality, as well as the stereotyping of African-Americans driving a vehicle with drugs or other contraband on the inside (\"Riding dirty\").", "Proud Mary. In a 1969 interview, Fogerty said that he wrote it in the two days after he was discharged from the National Guard.[6] In the liner notes for the 2008 expanded reissue of Bayou Country, Joel Selvin explained that the songs for the album started when John Fogerty was in the National Guard, that the riffs for \"Proud Mary\", \"Born on the Bayou\", and \"Keep on Chooglin'\" were conceived by Fogerty at a concert in the Avalon Ballroom, and \"Proud Mary\" was arranged from parts of different songs, one of which was about a washerwoman named Mary.[3] The line \"Left a good job in the city\" was written following Fogerty's discharge from the National Guard, and the line \"rollin' on the river\" was from a movie by Will Rogers.[7]", "Black Water (song). Simmons would complete \"Black Water\" during a subsequent Doobie Brothers' sojourn in New Orleans: a lifelong aficionado of Delta blues, Simmons had first visited New Orleans for a 1971 Doobie Brothers gig: \"When I got down there it was everything I had hoped it would be...The way of life and vibe really connected with me and the roots of my music.\" Simmons cites the song's opening section - see Quote Box to the right - as \"my childhood imaginings of the South from reading Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer\" while the lyrics subsequent to the first chorus draw on his actual experience of New Orleans: \"going down to the French Quarter as often as possible and going into the clubs and listening to Dixieland\":[2] the lyric Well if it rains, I don't care/ Don't make no difference to me/ Just take that street car that's goin' uptown was jotted down by Simmons while riding through the University District on the St. Charles Streetcar Line en route to the Garden District in Uptown New Orleans to do laundry: \"the sun was shining while it was pouring rain the way it does down there sometimes. And the lyrics just came to me there [on the streetcar].\" [2]", "Music of New Orleans. An early student of Dixieland was the young Louis Prima, as well as his older brother Leon, both of whom lived outside the French Quarter in a working-class neighborhood populated by Italian-American and African-American musicians. Into his early 20s, Louis Prima performed on trumpet and cornet throughout New Orleans before following in the path of his idol Armstrong, and moving North for career reasons, where he appeared at the Famous Door in New York City, eventually relocating to Las Vegas where, beginning in the mid-1950s, he regularly appeared with another New Orleans musician, saxophonist Sam Butera.[25]", "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?. \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans\" is a song written by Eddie DeLange and Louis Alter, which was first heard in the movie New Orleans in 1947, where it was performed by Louis Armstrong and sung by Billie Holiday.", "Music of New Orleans. Much of New Orleans music today owes its debt to the early marching bands, even those marching bands which predate the birth of jazz music. In the late 19th century marching bands would often march through the streets of the city in second line parades. Some of the earliest bands originated from the Tremé neighborhood, and the city gave birth to such bands as the Excelsior, Onward and Olympia brass bands. The Onward and Olympia bands each have sustained incarnations that continue performing to this day. Modern examples of the brass band tradition can be heard in the playing of groups like the Dirty Dozen Brass Band, or the Rebirth Brass Band led by trumpeter Kermit Ruffins.[23]", "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans. Early successful recordings of the song were by the Peerless Quartet, Blossom Seeley and Paul Whiteman.[3]", "Music of New Orleans. In 1949 New Orleans jazz musician, and Fats Domino producer Dave Bartholomew brought the tresillo directly from Cuban music into early R&B.", "Music of New Orleans. Musicians from Havana and New Orleans would take the twice-daily ferry between both cities to perform and not surprisingly, the habanera quickly took root in the musically fertile Crescent City. John Storm Roberts states that the musical genre habanera, \"reached the U.S. 20 years before the first rag was published\" (1999: 12).[11] The symphonic work \"A Night in the Tropics\" (1860) by New Orleans native Louis Moreau Gottschalk, was influenced by the composer's studies in Cuba.[12] Gottschalk used the tresillo variant cinquillo extensively. With Gottschalk, we see the beginning of serious treatment of Afro-Caribbean rhythmic elements in New World art music. For the more than quarter-century in which the cakewalk, ragtime, and proto-jazz were forming and developing, the habanera was a consistent part of African American popular music.[13]", "Irma Thomas. Thomas was the subject of the 2008 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival poster. She was chosen as the subject before the painting was chosen for the poster. Artist Douglas Bourgeois painted the singer in 2006.[14] In 2010, Thomas rode in the New Orleans parade \"Grela\". In April that year, Thomas performed at the Corner Hotel, Richmond, Victoria, Australia.", "Frankie Laine. Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?\", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans. The song tells of New Orleans, the destination which the singer desires. The chorus is:" ]

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[ "Phoenix, Arizona. The history of the city of Phoenix begins with Jack Swilling, a Confederate veteran of the Civil War. In 1867, while traveling through the Salt River Valley, he saw a potential for farming, much like the military had already cultivated further east, near Fort McDowell. He formed a small community that same year about four miles (six km) east of the present city. Lord Darrell Duppa, one of the original settlers in Swilling's party, suggested the name \"Phoenix\", as it described a city born from the ruins of a former civilization.[16]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. The history of the city begins with Jack Swilling, a Confederate veteran who in November, 1867 on a visit to the Fort's camp was the first to appreciate the agricultural potential of the Salt River Valley.[45] He promoted the 1st irrigation system, which was in part inspired by the ruins of Hohokam canals. Returning to Wickenburg, he raised funds from local gold miners and formed the Swilling Irrigating and Canal Company, whose intent was to build irrigation canals and develop the Salt River Valley for farming.[46][47][45] The next month, December, Swilling led a group of 17 miners back to the valley, where they began the process of building the canals which would revitalize the area.[47] There is no concrete evidence on who came up with the name for the new community, but anecdotal stories give credit to Darrell Dupa, who suggested they name it Phoenix. Swilling had suggested \"Stonewall\", after Stonewall Jackson, and another proposed name was Salina, which had been an early name for the Salt River. However, in light of the rebirth of a town after the collapse of the Hohokam civilization, the name Phoenix predominated.[48] A letter to a newspaper in Prescott, shows that this name was already in use by January 1868.[49]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. In 1913 Phoenix adopted a new form of government, changing from a mayor-council system to council-manager, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate, and by the end of its first eight years under statehood, Phoenix' population had grown to 29,053. Two thousand were attending Phoenix Union High School. In 1920 Phoenix built its first skyscraper, the Heard Building.[63] In 1928 Scenic Airways, Inc. saw profitability in flights in the Southwest. Scenic General Manager, J. Parker Van Zandt purchased land for Scenic in Phoenix, and named the new airport Sky Harbor, which was formally dedicated on Labor Day in 1929.[64]", "Phoenix, Arizona. On February 14, 1912, Phoenix became a state capital, as Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state under President William Howard Taft.[41] This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disapproval of the state constitution's position regarding the recall of judges.[42] In 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, changing from a mayor-council system to council-manager, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate, and eight years later, its population had reached 29,053. In 1920, Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the Heard Building.[16] In 1929, Sky Harbor was officially opened, at the time owned by Scenic Airways. It would later be purchased in 1935 by the city, which operates it to this day.[43]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. After the stock market crash of 1929, Sky Harbor was sold to another investor, and in 1930 American Airlines brought passenger and air mail service to Phoenix. In 1935 the city of Phoenix purchased the single runway airport, nicknamed \"The Farm\" due to its isolation, and it has been owned and operated by the city to this day. During the 1930s couples used to fly into Sky Harbor solely to get married at the chapel, for Arizona was one of the few states that did not have a waiting period for marriage.[64] It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called \"The Valley of the Sun\", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.[65]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. The town of Phoenix was settled in 1867, and incorporated in 1881 as the City of Phoenix. Phoenix served as an agricultural area that depended on large-scale irrigation projects. Until World War II, the economy was based on the \"Five C's\": cotton, citrus, cattle, climate, and copper. The city provided retail, wholesale, banking, and governmental services for central Arizona, and was gaining a national reputation among winter tourists. The post World War Two years saw the city beginning to grow more rapidly, as many men who had trained in the military installations in the valley, returned, bringing their families.[7] The population growth was further stimulated in the 1950s, in part because of the availability of air conditioning, which made the very hot dry summer heat tolerable, as well as an influx of industry, led by high tech companies. The population growth rate of the Phoenix metro area has been nearly 4% per year for the past 40 years. That growth rate slowed during the Great Recession but the U.S. Census Bureau predicted it would resume as the nation's economy recovered, and it already has begun to do so. While currently ranked 5th largest city in the United States by population,[8] it is predicted that Phoenix will rank 4th by 2020.[9]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. While the first explorers were Spanish, their attempts at settlement were confined to Tucson and the south before 1800. Central Arizona was first settled during the early 19th century by American settlers. The city of Phoenix's story begins as people from those settlements expanded south, in conjunction with the establishment of a military outpost to the east of current day Phoenix.[6]", "Phoenix, Arizona. By 1881, Phoenix's continued growth made the existing village structure with a board of trustees obsolete. The Territorial Legislature passed \"The Phoenix Charter Bill\", incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayor-council government, which became official on February 25, 1881 when it was signed by Governor John C. Fremont, officially incorporating Phoenix as a city with an approximate population of 2,500.[16]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. On February 14, 1912, under President William Howard Taft, Phoenix became the capital of the newly formed state of Arizona.[61] This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed, on August 11, 1911, a joint resolution giving Arizona statehood. Taft disapproved of the recall of judges in the state constitution.[60] Compared to Tucson or Prescott, Phoenix was considered preferable as the capital because of its central location. It was smaller than Tucson, but outgrew that city within the next few decades, to become the state's largest city.[62]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. By 1881, Phoenix' continued growth made the existing village structure with a board of trustees obsolete. The 11th Territorial Legislature passed \"The Phoenix Charter Bill\", incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayor-council government. The bill was signed by Governor John C. Fremont on February 25, 1881, officially incorporating Phoenix with a population of approximately 2,500. On May 3, 1881, Phoenix held its first city election. Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first mayor.[16]", "Phoenix, Arizona. Settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers, Phoenix incorporated as a city in 1881. Located in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a thriving farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus, and hay (which was important for the cattle industry).[10][11] Cotton, cattle, citrus, climate, and copper were known locally as the \"Five C's\" of Phoenix's economy. These industries remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II, when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.[12]", "Phoenix, Arizona. In 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, switching from the mayor-council system to the council-manager system, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government, where a city manager supervises all city departments and executes the policies adopted by the Council.[233][234] Today, Phoenix represents the largest municipal government of this type in the country.[235]", "Phoenix (mythology). In ancient Greece and Rome, the bird, phoenix, was sometimes associated with the similar-sounding Phoenicia, a civilization famous for its production of purple dye from conch shells. A late antique etymology offered by the 6th- and 7th-century CE archbishop Isidore of Seville accordingly derives the name of the phoenix from its allegedly purple-red hue. Because the costly purple dye from Phoenicia was associated with the upper classes in antiquity and, later, with royalty, in the medieval period the phoenix was considered \"the royal bird\".[5]", "Snaketown. In 1865, the United States Cavalry created Camp McDowell in the general vicinity of Snaketown.[4] In 1867, a retired soldier began the Swilling Irrigating and Canal Company on the remains of the ancient canals.[4] As the company succeeded, a settlement began to form, which was eventually dubbed “Phoenix” after the mythological Phoenix creature that is reborn from its own remains.[4] This is the supposed origin of the state’s capital city and its name Phoenix (Arizona).", "Phoenix (mythology). The modern English noun phoenix derives from Middle English phenix (before 1150), itself from Old English fēnix (around 750). Old English fēnix was borrowed from Medieval Latin phenix, which is derived from Classical Latin phoenīx. The Classical Latin phoenīx represents Greek φοῖνιξ phoinīx.[4]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. As the Civil War came to a close, settlers from the north and east began to encroach on the Valley of the Sun. The US Army set up Fort McDowell on the Verde River in 1865 to quell Native American uprisings.[41] In order to create a supply of hay for their needs, the fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River in 1866, which was the first non-native settlement in the valley.[42][43] In later years, other nearby settlements would form and merge to become the city of Tempe,[44] but this community was incorporated after Phoenix.", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. During the American Civil War, the Salt River and Gila River Valleys, which comprise much of the territory which makes up Phoenix today, were claimed by both sides in the conflict. Confederate Arizona was officially claimed by The South, and formally created by a proclamation by Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862. Its capital was at Mesilla, in New Mexico.[35][36] The North claimed the Salt River Valley as part of the Arizona Territory, formed by Congress in 1863 with its capital at Fort Whipple, before it was moved the following year to Prescott.[37][38] While laying claim to the area, the Confederates made no move to enforce that claim, while one of the reasons for the establishment of Fort McDowell was to support the North's possession of the territory. However, since the Phoenix area had no military value, it was not contested ground during the war.", "Phoenix, Arizona. On March 4, 1930, former U.S. President Calvin Coolidge dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam was virtually dry. The humorist Will Rogers, who was also on hand as a guest speaker joked, \"If that was my lake, I'd mow it.\"[44] Phoenix's population had more than doubled during the 1920s, and now stood at 48,118.[16] It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called \"The Valley of the Sun\", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.[45]", "Phoenix, Arizona. Phoenix is in the southwestern United States, in the south-central portion of Arizona; about halfway between Tucson to the southeast and Flagstaff to the north. By car, the city is approximately 150 miles (242 km) north of the US-Mexico border at Sonoyta and 180 miles (290 km) north of the border at Nogales. The metropolitan area is known as the \"Valley of the Sun\", due to its location in the Salt River Valley.[45] It lies at a mean elevation of 1,086 feet (331 m), in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert.[78]", "Phoenix (constellation). Phoenix was the largest of the twelve constellations established by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. It first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603.[2] De Houtman included it in his southern star catalog the same year under the Dutch name Den voghel Fenicx, \"The Bird Phoenix\",[3] symbolising the phoenix of classical mythology.[4] One name of the brightest star Alpha Phoenicis—Ankaa—is derived from the Arabic العنقاء al-‘anqā’ \"the phoenix\", and was coined sometime after 1800 in relation to the constellation.[5]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. The first inhabitants of the desert southwest, including what would become Phoenix, called Paleo-Indians, were hunters and gatherers.[10] The term \"paleo\", is derived from the Greek word “palaios,” meaning ancient.[11] They hunted Pleistocene animals, such as mammoths, mastodons, giant bison, ancient horses, camels, and giant sloths, remains of which have been discovered in the Salt River Valley.[10] Inhabiting the southwestern United States and northern Mexico for tens of thousands of years, when the prey they depended on left the area, they followed in approximately 9,000 BC.[11][10][12][1][13]", "Phoenix (mythology). In spite of these folk etymologies, with the deciphering of the Linear B script in the 20th century, the original Greek φοῖνιξ was decisively shown to be derived from Mycenaean Greek po-ni-ke, itself open to a variety of interpretations.[6]", "Phoenix (constellation). Phoenix is a minor constellation in the southern sky. Named after the mythical phoenix, it was first depicted on a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted the brighter stars and gave their Bayer designations in 1756. The constellation stretches from roughly −39° to −57° declination, and from 23.5h to 2.5h of right ascension. The constellations Phoenix, Grus, Pavo and Tucana, are known as the Southern Birds.", "Phoenix, Arizona. The continued rapid population growth led more businesses to the valley to take advantage of the labor pool,[54] and manufacturing, particularly in the electronics sector, continued to grow.[55] The convention and tourism industries saw rapid expansion during the 1960s, with tourism becoming the third largest industry by the end of the decade.[56] In 1960 the Phoenix Corporate Center opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet.[57] The 1960s saw many other buildings constructed as the city expanded rapidly, including the Rosenzweig Center (1964), today called Phoenix City Square,[58] the landmark Phoenix Financial Center (1964),[59] as well as many of Phoenix's residential high-rises. In 1965 the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum was opened at the Arizona State Fairgrounds, west of downtown. When Phoenix was awarded a NBA franchise in 1968, which would be called the Phoenix Suns,[60][61] they played their home games at the Coliseum until 1992, after which they moved to America West Arena.[62] In 1968, the Central Arizona Project was approved by President Lyndon B. Johnson, assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor in between.[63][64] The following year, Pope Paul VI created the Diocese of Phoenix on December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson, with Edward A. McCarthy as the first Bishop.[65]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. A town that had just over sixty-five thousand residents in 1940 became America’s sixth largest city by 2010, with a population of nearly 1.5 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs.", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. On February 14, 1871, following a vote by the territorial legislature, Governor Anson P.K. Safford issued a proclamation creating Maricopa County by dividing Yavapai County. In that same proclamation, he named Phoenix the county seat, but that nomination was subject to the approval of the voters. An election was held in May, 1871, at which Phoenix' selection as the county seat was ratified. Quite a few members of SRVTA were also elected to county positions: among them were John Alsop (Probate Judge), William Hancock (Surveyor) and Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff. Barnum ran unopposed as the other two candidates had a shootout that left one dead and the other withdrawing from the race.[16][51] The town's first government consisted of three commissioners.", "Phoenix, Arizona. The town grew during the 1870s, and President Ulysses S. Grant issued a land patent for the present site of Phoenix on April 10, 1874. By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, sixteen saloons, and four dance halls, but the \"townsite-commissioner form of government\" needed an overhaul, so that year an election was held in which three village trustees, as well as several other officials, were elected.[16] By 1880, the town's population stood at 2,453.[33]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. The Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County, which at the time encompassed Phoenix, officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and formed an election precinct.[16] The first post office was established on June 15, 1868, located in Swilling's homestead, with Swilling serving as the postmaster.[45] With the number of residents growing (the 1870 U.S. census reported a total Salt River Valley population of 240), a town site needed to be selected. On October 20, 1870, the residents held a meeting to decide where to locate it. The decision was hotly contested between two sites: the original settlement around Swilling's farm, and a site about a mile to the west, which was supported by the newly founded \"Salt River Valley Town Association\" (SRVTA). Due to economic considerations benefitting the members of SRVTA, the more westerly townsite was selected, and a 320 acres (1.3 km2) plot of land was purchased in what is now the downtown business section.[16][50]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. Over the next several decades, the city and metropolitan area attracted more growth and became a favored tourist destination for its exotic desert setting and recreational opportunities. Nightlife and civic events concentrated along now skyscraper-flanked Central Avenue. In 1960 the Phoenix Corporate Center opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet.[89] 1964 saw the completion of the Rozenweig Center, today called Phoenix City Square.[90] Architect Wenceslaus Sarmiento's largest project, the landmark Phoenix Financial Center (better known by locals as the \"Punch-card Building\" in recognition of its unique southeastern facade), was also finished in 1964.[91] In addition to a number of other office towers, many of Phoenix's residential high-rises were built during this decade.", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. During World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, rapidly turning into an embryonic industrial city with mass production of military supplies. There were 3 Air Force fields in the area: Luke Field, Williams Field, and Falcon Field, as well as two large pilot training camps, Thunderbird Field No. 1 in Glendale and Thunderbird Field No. 2 in Scottsdale. These facilities, coupled with the giant Desert Training Center created by General George S. Patton west of Phoenix, brought thousands of new people into Phoenix.[16][69][70][71]", "History of Phoenix, Arizona. In 1965, the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum opened on the grounds of the Arizona State Fair, west of downtown, and in 1968, the city was surprisingly awarded the Phoenix Suns NBA franchise,[95][96] which played its home games at the Coliseum until 1992.[97] In 1968, the Central Arizona Project was approved by President Lyndon B. Johnson, assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor in between.[98] In 1969 Catholic church created the Diocese of Phoenix on December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson. The first bishop was the Most Reverend Edward A. McCarthy, who had become a Bishop in 1965.[99]", "Phenix City, Alabama. Within the decade, the name would be changed to Phenix (or Phenix City), although some misspellings had it as \"Phoenix.\" It was not clear if it was named for Phenix Mills in adjacent Columbus, Georgia, or for the fabled bird. It appeared as Phenix City on the 1890 U.S. Census and was incorporated as such on February 19, 1897 by the state legislature." ]

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[ "Samurai Jack (season 5). On January 24, 2017, Adult Swim announced in an interstitial bumper that the show would debut on March 11, 2017.[36] The original four seasons are rated TV-Y7-FV, while the fifth season is rated TV-14-V and TV-PG-V.[37] The first three episodes of the season were screened at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles two days before the season's television premiere.[14] An unannounced change in schedule on April Fools' Day supplanted a new Samurai Jack episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty, which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight.[38][39]", "Samurai Jack (season 5). The fifth season of Samurai Jack is the final season of the animated series. This season of Samurai Jack follows Jack on a journey that concludes his story. It premiered on the Toonami programming block of Adult Swim on March 11, 2017 and concluded its run on May 20, 2017. The announcement of the season came in December 2015, eleven years since the series was originally concluded on Cartoon Network. Genndy Tartakovsky, the series' creator, returned as a director, writer, and storyboarder for this season. The season received universal acclaim from critics, praising it for its more intense and mature tone.", "Samurai Jack (season 5). The full season set will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 17, 2017.[44]", "Samurai Jack (season 5). Starting in 2014, reruns of Samurai Jack were aired on Toonami, an action-oriented programming block on Adult Swim.[5] Within two weeks of Tartakovsky's first communication with executive Mike Lazzo, a deal was reached for 10 more episodes of the series.[6] The network released a short teaser in December 2015 after it green-lit the return of the series with Genndy Tartakovsky as executive producer and Cartoon Network Studios as the season's production company.[7] Artwork used in the teaser derived from the cover of an issue from IDW Publishing's comic book adaptation of the series.[8] The new season received further mention ahead of the network's 2016 upfront press release.[9] The fifth season was announced for the 2016–17 television season.[10] Work-in-progress excerpts were shared at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[11] According to Tartakovsky, having a small production team allowed for a smaller budget, faster schedule, and greater creative freedom for the team,[6] and executive producer Mike Lazzo gave the team a free hand, with minimal intervention in the production. Changes in television animation storytelling since the cartoon's original series allowed the show to shift from episodic storytelling, where each episode is more or less independent from the others, to one cohesive serialized story that will conclude Jack's journey.[12][4] The serialized format allows every episode to have a \"reveal\" that takes the show in a different direction.[3](4:01) The final episode was storyboarded on October 2016,[13] and Tartakovsky expressed hope it would have a very emotional impact on the audience.[14] All the original Samurai Jack episodes are designated by Roman numerals,[15] and the original series ended with episode \"LII\" (52). Season five opens with episode \"XCII\" (92); the jump in numbering signifies the elapsed time from the last episode of season four.[16]", "Seppuku. In the 2017 revival and final season of the animated series Samurai Jack, the eponymous protagonist, distressed over his many failures to accomplish his quest as told in prior seasons, is then informed by a haunting samurai spirit that he has acted dishonorably by allowing many people to suffer and die from his failures, and must engage in seppuku to atone for them.[29]", "Samurai Jack (season 5). Created by Genndy Tartakovsky, Samurai Jack originally aired on Cartoon Network from 2001 to 2004, comprising four seasons. The series follows a young samurai (voiced by Phil LaMarr) who is cast into the future by the evil shape-shifting demon Aku (voiced originally by Mako) mere moments before defeating the demon. He adopts the name Jack and continues his fight in the dystopian future ruled by Aku. Jack seeks to find a portal back to his time but is constantly thwarted by the demon's forces. The series was left open-ended after the conclusion of the fourth season.[1] Tartakovsky previously expressed interest in a film adaptation of the series to provide a genuine conclusion, but the project never materialized.[2][3](2:50)", "Samurai Jack (season 5). This season is available in HD and SD for digital purchase[non-primary source needed] on iTunes,[40] Google Play,[41] Amazon Video,[42] Microsoft Store[43] and PlayStation Store.", "Samurai Jack (season 5). On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an approval rating of 100% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 9.08/10, with the critics' consensus reading: \"An increasing intensity and maturity are evident in Samurai Jack's beautifully animated, action-packed and overall compelling fifth season\".[45] On Metacritic the season has an average score of 94 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[46] Joshua Yehl of IGN called it a \"double-edged season\" referring to the contrast between the presentation and the story. He calls the presentation, artistry, animation and sound design masterful, in contrast to the story that didn't always deliver satisfying answers to the questions introduced early in the season, despite being more mature and sophisticated than the original show.[47]", "Samurai Jack (season 5). The season explores the hero's journey and the identity of the hero when their journey stagnates.[20] Choice and lack of choice are explored: in Jack's introspections and actions; in the actions of Jack's enemies; in the contrast between humans who choose their actions and machines which are programmed; and in destiny and fate which offer no choice.[21] Of the distinction and parallel between robots and humans, Tartakovsky said: \"I wanted to show the human side that's been treated like a machine. Aku builds robots and all these robots are singularly programmed to kill Jack. What if it's humans? What if the one purpose in your whole life is to kill this one person and you're raised from birth that way?\"[22] Angelica Jade Bastién of New York magazine writes that there is a \"distinctive undercurrent of loneliness stretching through the series from start to finish.\" Jack is often alone, dwarfed by the \"grand solemnity of nature.\" He has lost his home and his relationship with his family, and in the final episode he loses his relationship with the woman he is about to marry.[23]", "Samurai Jack (season 5). The story takes place fifty years after Aku cast Jack into the future, although Jack himself hasn't aged at all as a side effect of time travel. Aku has destroyed all time portals, but he is deeply distressed over the prospect of battling Jack forever and has stopped pursuing him directly. Jack's actions have inspired many to oppose Aku's tyranny, among them the elderly Scotsman, who unsuccessfully leads three armies in a battle against Aku. Unknown to Aku, Jack has lost his sword, and he is troubled by hallucinations of his deceased family, his former self, and the victims of Aku, almost to the point of suicide. A set of septuplet girls, the \"Daughters of Aku\", are born into a cult of Aku worshipers and raised as assassins with the sole purpose of killing Jack. They find and overwhelm Jack, but he manages to kill all the Daughters but one, Ashi, whom he eventually spares, and even saves her from various dangers as the two attempt to escape the bowels of a gigantic monster that swallowed them whole. Accompanying Jack on his journey, Ashi comes to see Aku as evil, and helps Jack through his emotional and spiritual journey, talking him out of committing suicide and helping him reclaim his lost sword. The two eventually become romantically involved. Aku is eventually informed that Jack lost his sword and confronts him, not knowing Jack has recovered it in the interim. Before leaving, Aku senses that Ashi has part of him inside her, and possesses her body to attack Jack. Jack refuses to kill Ashi, and lays down his sword in defeat. Aku takes Jack prisoner and prepares to kill him, but the people Jack helped all over the planet rally to his defense. When Jack tells Ashi that he loves her, she regains control of herself. She returns the sword to Jack and uses the powers she gained from Aku to open a time portal to return Jack and herself to the moment Aku sent Jack to the future, whereupon Jack immediately destroys the weakened Aku. With peace restored, Ashi and Jack prepare to marry, but on her way to the altar she suddenly collapses. Jack rushes to her side, and as she fades away she tells Jack that \"without Aku, I would have never existed.\" The series ends with a scene of Jack watching a ladybug fly free in a sunlit grove with trees in bloom.", "Japanese tea ceremony. In season 5, episode 7 of Samurai Jack, Jack is depicted performing a tea offering for an old monk.", "Samurai Jack (season 5). Fifty years have passed, but I do not age. Time has lost its effect on me. Yet the suffering continues. Aku's grasp chokes the past, present, and future. Hope is lost. Got to get back—back to the past. Samurai Jack.", "Samurai Jack (season 5). Phil LaMarr reprises his role as Jack,[4] and John DiMaggio reprises his role as the Scotsman, a fan-favorite[17] ally of Jack's. Due to the death of Mako, who originally voiced Aku, Tartakovsky at first considered using a completely different voice for the character.[18] However, considering how Mako's voice was an important element of the character,[4] voice actor Greg Baldwin was brought in to mimic the original voice.[19]", "Cartoon Network. Three new original series premiered in 2001: Time Squad, Samurai Jack, and Grim & Evil. On June 18, Betty Cohen, who had served as Cartoon Network's president since its founding, left due to creative disagreements with Jamie Kellner, then-head of Turner Broadcasting. On August 22, Jim Samples was appointed general manager and Executive Vice President of the network, replacing Cohen. Adult Swim debuted on September 2, with an episode of Home Movies; the block initially aired on Sunday nights, with a repeat telecast on Thursdays. The initial lineup consisted of Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law, Sealab 2021, The Brak Show, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, and Space Ghost Coast to Coast.", "Jack Ryan (TV series). During September 2017, a series of promotional teasers were uploaded across the TV series's official social media accounts,[27] culminating with the final teaser showing first footage of John Krasinski as Jack Ryan which was released on October 3, 2017.[28] On October 7, 2017, the series made its debut at the New York Comic Con coinciding with the release of a new teaser trailer. Krasinski, Cornish and creators Cuse and Roland attended the NYCC panel, where they also debuted the first seven minutes of the pilot episode.[29]", "Samurai Champloo. The anime series made its return to US television on FUNimation Channel starting March 21, 2011.[13] The series returned to Adult Swim on January 2, 2016, this time part of the revived Toonami block, replacing Michiko & Hatchin.", "Jack Reacher: Never Go Back. Jack Reacher: Never Go Back was released on Digital HD on January 17, 2017,[32] and on Blu-ray, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on January 31, 2017.[33][34]", "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased). The episodes are being released in production code order with the first disc, containing Episodes 1-4 coming out on 9 January 2017. Subsequent discs will be released at approximately fortnightly intervals, with a complete box-set due for release in October 2017. Details of the extras in the box-set are not known at this time.", "Mako (actor). He was the voice actor of Aku, the main antagonist in the animated series Samurai Jack (of which the actor was also given a posthumous credit as the villain's voice-over narration of the original intro [Seasons 1-4] in the final episode [\"Episode CI\"]), both Achoo (a parody of Aku) and the annoying alarm clock known as Happy Cat in Duck Dodgers, the introductory voice for the ending theme of Dexter's Laboratory and Iroh in Avatar: The Last Airbender. He died in the middle of the second season, and would later have an episode dedicated to him in season two (\"The Tales of Ba Sing Se\"). He had a guest appearance in the Nickelodeon movie Rugrats in Paris: The Movie as the boss of Coco. He guest-starred in The West Wing episode \"A Good Day\" as an economics professor and former rival of President Bartlet.", "Jack Reacher: Never Go Back. In September 2015, Paramount set Jack Reacher: Never Go Back a release date of October 21, 2016.[21]", "The Lego Movie (franchise). On May 10, 2017, Warner Bros. and Lego announced that Unikitty, a character from The Lego Movie, would get a spin-off animated television series on Cartoon Network. For the show, she is voiced by Tara Strong. The premiere date was January 1, 2018 and the show's executive producers are Phil Lord, Christopher Miller, Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Jill Wilfert and Sam Register. Ed Skudder (creator of Dick Figures and co-creator of Dogsnack) and Lynn Wang (co-creator of Dogsnack) are signed as producers while Aaron Horvath serves as supervising producer.[47][48][49] The series aired a Halloween special/sneak peek titled \"Spoooooky Game\" on October 27, 2017.[50] The series aired a second sneak peek \"Sparkle Matter Matters\" on November 17, 2017 and a third and final sneak peek/Christmas special titled \"No Day Like Snow Day\" aired December 1, 2017.", "Power Rangers Samurai. Power Rangers Samurai is the eighteenth season of the American children's television series Power Rangers.[1] With Saban Brands buying back the franchise, the show was produced by SCG Power Rangers and began airing on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons on February 7, 2011, making it the first to use the Saban name since the first half of Power Rangers: Wild Force.[2] As with all Power Rangers programs, Power Rangers Samurai is based on one of the entries of the Super Sentai Series; in the case of Samurai, the source series is Samurai Sentai Shinkenger. Saban Brands have said the show will have a \"brighter tone and gets an infusion of fun and comedy that wasn't present in seasons 16 and 17.\"[3]", "Someone Knows Something. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is \"coming soon\".[21] The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016,[5] with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3.[22]", "Power Rangers Samurai. The complete season of Super Samurai was released on Blu-ray by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on December 4, 2012.[13]", "Through the Keyhole. A fourth series began airing on 7 January 2017, with a Christmas episode airing two weeks previously, on 24 December. Eight episodes were recorded at Pinewood Studios in July 2016.", "List of RWBY episodes. On July 17, 2017, Rooster Teeth released the first trailer for the upcoming Volume, the \"Volume 5 Weiss Character Short\". It was followed up by the \"Volume 5 Blake Character Short\" on September 4, 2017, and the \"Volume 5 Yang Character Short\" on October 14, 2017.[15] These Character Shorts, like the original four trailers and the \"Volume 4 Character Short\", tell unique parts of the story.", "Jack Ryan (TV series). On January 30, 2018, the Super Bowl trailer for the series was released online, five days before the football event and marking the first time that Prime Video has released a Super Bowl ad for one of its original shows. In a statement, Amazon Studios' head of marketing Mike Benson said, “Given the colossal scope and scale of the series coupled with the popularity of Tom Clancy’s novels, we knew Tom Clancy’s Jack Ryan would be a natural fit for Prime Video’s first Super Bowl ad. The global nature of the audience provides us with a unique opportunity to give viewers a look at this thrilling new series coming to Prime.” It also announced the show's release date for August 31.[30] On June 11, 2018, the official trailer for the series was released.[31] On July 4, 2018, a trailer entitled \"Presidents\", featuring quotes from U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and John F. Kennedy, was released in tandem with U.S. Independence Day.[32]", "List of Attack on Titan episodes. On June 17, 2017, a third season was announced at the close of the second season's final episode, with a release date slated for July 23, 2018.[13] A trailer for the third season was released on April 27, 2018 along with confirmation for a 24-episode long season.[14] Adult Swim is scheduled to air the English version of the third season, starting on August 18, 2018.[15] The opening theme for the third season is \"Red Swan\" by Yoshiki featuring Hyde,[16] and the ending theme song is \"Akatsuki no Requiem\" (暁の鎮魂歌, Akatsuki no Chinkonka, lit. \"Daybreak Requiem\") by Linked Horizon.[17]", "Unikitty!. The series was announced on May 10, 2017.[3] At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con, it was confirmed by producer (and Dick Figures co-creator) Ed Skudder that the series premiered on Cartoon Network on New Year's Day 2018.[4] It was animated by Snipple Animation, Renegade Animation and Slap Happy Cartoons.", "American Chopper. A preview of the first episode of season 11 entitled \"Welcome Back\" aired on March 1, 2018.[28]\nThe episode featured the return of the Teutuls after ten years of their rocky father-son partnership, catching us up to speed with Senior and Junior's separate lives and motorcycle businesses. At Orange County Choppers, Paul Sr. gets a two bike deal with Okada Resort in Manila, Philippines. Meanwhile, Paul Jr. works on a bike for Buffalo Chip Campground in Sturgis, South Dakota. Both come together when Junior asks his father to restore their Yankees bike which had been vandalized and then sold at an auto salvage auction.", "Jackie Chan filmography. Jackie Chan's 2017 film was Kung Fu Yoga, released on January 27, 2017. Jackie Chan plays the role as Jack, a world-renowned archaeology professor. Jack and his team are on a grand quest to locate a lost ancient Indian treasure when they are ambushed by a team of mercenaries and left for dead. Using his vast knowledge of Asian history, Yoga and Kungfu, Jack leads his team on a race around the world to beat the mercenaries to the treasure and save an ancient culture in this breakneck action-comedy that reunites Chan with acclaimed director Stanley Tong.", "List of Bravest Warriors episodes. On October 20, 2016, it was announced that Frederator Studios and Cartoon Network will bring an upcoming Bravest Warriors television series on December 11, 2017.[1]" ]

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[ "City of New Orleans (song). \"City of New Orleans\" is a folk song written by Steve Goodman (and first recorded for Goodman's self-titled 1971 album), describing a train ride from Chicago to New Orleans on the Illinois Central Railroad's City of New Orleans in bittersweet and nostalgic terms.", "City of New Orleans (song). An article in the September 2017 issue of Trains magazine chronicles the writing and recording of the song and includes a biographical sketch of Steve Goodman.[1]", "City of New Orleans (song). Goodman got the idea while traveling on the Illinois Central line for a visit to his wife's family. The song has been recorded by numerous artists both in the US and Europe, including two major hit versions: first by Arlo Guthrie in 1972, and later by Willie Nelson in 1985.", "City of New Orleans (song). While at the Quiet Knight bar in Chicago, Goodman saw Arlo Guthrie, and asked to be allowed to play a song for him. Guthrie grudgingly agreed, on the condition that if Goodman would buy him a beer, Guthrie would listen to him play for as long as it took to drink the beer.[citation needed] Goodman played \"City of New Orleans\", which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it. The song was a hit for Guthrie on his 1972 album Hobo's Lullaby, reaching #4 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and #18 on the Hot 100 chart; it would prove to be Guthrie's only top-40 hit and one of only two he would have on the Hot 100 (the other was a severely shortened and rearranged version of his magnum opus \"Alice's Restaurant\", which hit #97).", "Steve Goodman. Steven Benjamin Goodman[1] (July 25, 1948 – September 20, 1984) was an American folk music singer-songwriter from Chicago. He wrote the song \"City of New Orleans,\" which was recorded by Arlo Guthrie and many others including Joan Baez, John Denver and Judy Collins; in 1985, it received a Grammy award for best country song, as performed by Willie Nelson. Goodman had a small but dedicated group of fans for his albums and concerts during his lifetime, and is generally considered a musician's musician. His most frequently sung song is the Chicago Cubs anthem, \"Go, Cubs, Go\". Goodman died of leukemia in September 1984.", "Steve Goodman. Guthrie's version of Goodman's song became a Top-20 hit in 1972 and provided Goodman with enough financial and artistic success to make his music a full-time career. The song, about the Illinois Central's City of New Orleans train, would become an American standard, covered by such musicians as Johnny Cash, Judy Collins, Chet Atkins, Lynn Anderson, and Willie Nelson, whose recorded version earned Goodman a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1985. A French translation of the song, \"Salut Les Amoureux\", was recorded by Joe Dassin in 1973. A Dutch singer, Gerard Cox, heard the French version while on holiday and translated it into Dutch, titled \"'t Is Weer Voorbij Die Mooie Zomer\" (\"And again that beautiful summer has come to an end\"). It reached number one on the Dutch Top 40 in December 1973 and has become a classic which is still played on Dutch radio. A Hebrew version of the song \"Shalom Lach Eretz Nehederet\" was sung by famous Israeli singer Yehoram Gaon in 1977 and became an immediate hit. Lyrically, the French, Dutch and Hebrew versions bear no resemblance to Goodman's original lyrics. According to Goodman, the song was inspired by a train trip he and his wife took from Chicago to Mattoon, Illinois.[4] According to the liner notes on the Steve Goodman anthology No Big Surprise, \"City of New Orleans\" was written while on the campaign trail with Senator Edmund Muskie.", "City of New Orleans (song). Steve Goodman won a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985 for Willie Nelson's version, which was included on his 1984 album of the same name. It reached #1 on both the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the United States[7] and the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.", "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?. \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans\" is a song written by Eddie DeLange and Louis Alter, which was first heard in the movie New Orleans in 1947, where it was performed by Louis Armstrong and sung by Billie Holiday.", "Steve Goodman. All this time, Goodman had been busy writing many of his most enduring songs, and this avid songwriting would lead to an important break for him. While at the Quiet Knight, Goodman saw Arlo Guthrie and asked to sit in and play a song for him. Guthrie grudgingly agreed on the condition that Goodman buy him a beer first; Guthrie would then listen to Goodman for as long as it took Guthrie to drink the beer.[3] Goodman played \"City of New Orleans\", which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it.", "New Orleans. New Orleans is the southern terminus of the famed Highway 61 made musically famous by Bob Dylan.", "Hurricane (Leon Everette song). The song is about an old man who lives in the famed New Orleans French Quarter. The man is unfazed when told that a hurricane was about to hit the city; even when \"a man from Chicago\" claims that the levees need to be raised, he claims that the levees will hold and the man will be \"on his way to Illinois\".[3]", "Soul music. The New Orleans soul scene directly came out of the rhythm and blues era, when such artists as Little Richard, Fats Domino, and Huey Piano Smith made a huge impact on the pop and R&B charts and a huge direct influence on the birth of Funk music. The principal architect of Crescent City’s soul was songwriter, arranger, and producer Allen Toussaint. He worked with such artists as Irma Thomas (“the Soul Queen of New Orleans”), Jessie Hill, Chris Kenner, Benny Spellman, and Ernie K. Doe on the Minit/Instant label complex to produce a distinctive New Orleans soul sound that generated a passel of national hits. Other notable New Orleans hits came from Robert Parker, Betty Harris, and Aaron Neville. While record labels in New Orleans largely disappeared by the mid-1960s, producers in the city continued to record New Orleans soul artists for other mainly New York City- and Los Angeles-based record labels—notably Lee Dorsey for New York–based Amy Records and the Meters for New York–based Josie and then LA-based Reprise.", "Cleveland, Tennessee. The city song is \"The Diplomat\", composed by John Philip Sousa. It debuted as conducted by Sousa in a performance in 1906 at the Craigmiles Opera House.[46] In November 2017, the city celebrated its 175th anniversary.[47]", "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?. The song has been recorded by various artists, including:", "City of Stars. Justin Hurwitz, the composer of the song, discussed the writing of the song:[2]", "The Battle of New Orleans. \"The Battle of New Orleans\" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the 1815 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959 (see 1959 in music). Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1959, it was very popular with teenagers in the late 50's/early 60's in an era mostly dominated by rock and roll music.", "New Orleans. Much later in its musical development, New Orleans was home to a distinctive brand of rhythm and blues that contributed greatly to the growth of rock and roll. An example of the New Orleans' sound in the 1960s is the #1 US hit \"Chapel of Love\" by the Dixie Cups, a song which knocked the Beatles out of the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100. New Orleans became a hotbed for funk music in the 1960s and 1970s, and by the late 1980s, it had developed its own localized variant of hip hop, called bounce music. While not commercially successful outside of the Deep South, it remained immensely popular in poorer neighborhoods throughout the 1990s.", "Music of New Orleans. The music of New Orleans assumes various styles of music which have often borrowed from earlier traditions. New Orleans, Louisiana, is especially known for its strong association with jazz music, universally considered to be the birthplace of the genre. The earliest form was dixieland, which has sometimes been called traditional jazz, 'New Orleans', and 'New Orleans jazz'. However, the tradition of jazz in New Orleans has taken on various forms that have either branched out from original dixieland or taken entirely different paths altogether. New Orleans has also been a prominent center of funk, home to some of the earliest funk bands such as The Meters.", "The Battle of New Orleans. Many other artists have recorded this song. Notable versions include the following:", "The Battle of New Orleans. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[3]", "Heart of the Night (song). Featuring a lead vocal by its composer Paul Cotton, \"Heart of the Night\" is an evocation of the night life of the city of New Orleans. Cotton, who was born in Alabama but raised in Chicago, said in a September 2000 interview with Sound Waves magazine, \"I'm just drawn to the South. Hey, I spent 25 winters in Chicago.\"[2]", "Music of New Orleans. The Creole people of New Orleans also contributed greatly to the evolution of the artform, though their own music became heavily influenced by the pioneering work of Bolden. New Orleans-born musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Jelly Roll Morton all recalled the influence Bolden had on the direction of the music of New Orleans. (Armstrong himself had no memory of Bolden, but was told about him by his mentor King Oliver), and jazz itself.[3]", "The Battle of New Orleans. The melody is based on a well-known American fiddle tune \"The 8th of January,\" which was the date of the Battle of New Orleans. Jimmy Driftwood, a school principal in Arkansas with a passion for history, set an account of the battle to this music in an attempt to get students interested in learning history.[4] It seemed to work, and Driftwood became well known in the region for his historical songs. He was \"discovered\" in the late 1950s by Don Warden, and eventually was given a recording contract by RCA, for whom he recorded 12 songs in 1958, including \"The Battle of New Orleans.\"[5]", "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans. \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" is a popular song with music by John Turner Layton, Jr. and lyrics by Henry Creamer. First published in 1922, it was advertised by Creamer and Layton as \"A Southern Song, without A Mammy, A Mule, Or A Moon\", a dig at some of the Tin Pan Alley clichés of the era.", "New Orleans. La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) was founded in Spring of 1718 (7 May has become the traditional date to mark the anniversary, but the actual day is unknown [25]) by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time. His title came from the French city of Orléans.", "Music of New Orleans. Musicians from Havana and New Orleans would take the twice-daily ferry between both cities to perform and not surprisingly, the habanera quickly took root in the musically fertile Crescent City. John Storm Roberts states that the musical genre habanera, \"reached the U.S. 20 years before the first rag was published\" (1999: 12).[11] The symphonic work \"A Night in the Tropics\" (1860) by New Orleans native Louis Moreau Gottschalk, was influenced by the composer's studies in Cuba.[12] Gottschalk used the tresillo variant cinquillo extensively. With Gottschalk, we see the beginning of serious treatment of Afro-Caribbean rhythmic elements in New World art music. For the more than quarter-century in which the cakewalk, ragtime, and proto-jazz were forming and developing, the habanera was a consistent part of African American popular music.[13]", "Music of New Orleans. The term \"jazz\" (early on often spelled \"jass\") did not become popular until the mid and late 1910s, when New Orleans musicians first rose to prominence in other parts of the USA and the New Orleans style needed a new name to differentiate it from the nationally popular ragtime. Before then, the New Orleans style was frequently simply called \"ragtime\" (Sidney Bechet continued to call his music \"ragtime\" throughout his life), along with such local terms as \"hot music\" and \"ratty music\".", "Music of New Orleans. New Orleans producer-bandleader Dave Bartholomew first employed this figure (as a saxophone-section riff) on his own 1949 disc \"Country Boy\" and subsequently helped make it the most over-used rhythmic pattern in 1950’s rock ‘n’ roll. On numerous recordings by Fats Domino, Little Richard and others, Bartholomew assigned this repeating three-note pattern not just to the string bass, but also to electric guitars and even baritone sax, making for a very heavy bottom. He recalls first hearing the figure – as a bass pattern on a Cuban disc—Palmer (1995).[27]", "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans. The song tells of New Orleans, the destination which the singer desires. The chorus is:", "Music of New Orleans. In 1949 New Orleans jazz musician, and Fats Domino producer Dave Bartholomew brought the tresillo directly from Cuban music into early R&B.", "New Orleans rhythm and blues. New Orleans rhythm and blues is a type of R&B music from the US city of New Orleans, Louisiana, characterized by extensive use of piano and horn sections, complex syncopated \"second line\" rhythms, and lyrics that reflect New Orleans life. It was a major influence on ska and reggae.[1]", "Frankie Laine. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later." ]

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[ "History of the Cincinnati Reds. The original Cincinnati Red Stockings, baseball's first openly all-professional team, was founded in 1866, and became fully professional in 1869. The Red Stockings won 130 straight games throughout 1869 and 1870, before being defeated by the Brooklyn Atlantics. Star players included brothers Harry and George Wright, Fred Waterman, and pitcher Asa Brainard. The 1869 Red Stockings made an eastern swing of 21 games and went undefeated. According to Walter Camp, the team received a banquet and a \"champion bat...this rather remarkable testimonial was twenty-seven feet long and nine inches in diameter.\" The following year, the team lost only one game. They were defeated at the Brooklyn Athletic's Capitoline grounds park. According to Camp, the Red Stockings lost 8–7 in 11 innings. The game apparently served as a precursor to today's unruly crowds because he wrote: \"A crowd of ten thousand people assembled to witness this match, and so lost their heads in the excitement as to give the Western men a very unfair reception.\" [See: \"Base-Ball For The Spectator\" Walter Camp, Century Magazine October 1889]", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. On June 14, 1870, after 84 consecutive wins since assembling the first professional team in, the Cincinnati Red Stockings lost 8–7 to the Brooklyn Atlantics before a crowd of 20,000 at the Capitoline Grounds. Bob Ferguson scored the winning run in the 11th inning on a hit by pitcher George Zettlein.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. The professional Cincinnati Red Stockings played their first game May 4, 1869, with a 45–9 win over the Great Westerns of Cincinnati. The team won 57 games and lost zero, counting only matches with Association clubs. They played over 70 games counting outside teams. Its commercial tour of continental scope, visiting both Boston and San Francisco, was unprecedented and may be essentially unrepeated. The first season ended November 6 at home with the Cincinnatis beating the Mutuals of New York 17–8.[5]", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. With the same regular nine, the 1870 team continued to win regularly, perhaps 24 games before losing 8–7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn, June 14. The Red Stockings remained one of the few strongest teams on the field, losing only six games, but attendance declined badly, especially at home.", "History of the Cincinnati Reds. The Red Stockings lost many players and their namesake in 1870, when the team decided to dissolve. The name went to Boston where, in 1871, a new team featuring some of Cincinnati's former stars began play as the Boston Red Stockings. This franchise would eventually become the Atlanta Braves. A new Cincinnati Red Stockings team became a charter member of the National League in 1876, five years after the first Red Stockings team. The second Red Stockings team was expelled from the league after the 1880 season, for 'violating' rules which had not yet gone into effect: namely, serving beer at games and allowing their park to be used on Sundays.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. Harry Wright had migrated from New York in 1866 for a job as \"club pro\" at the Union Cricket Club. Next year he picked up similar baseball duties, but the lingo is commonly stretched to call him a baseball \"manager\" from that time. His first team may have been local to a man, but he both developed and imported players to represent the club in competitive play for the 1868 season. The first team won 16 matches with regional opponents, losing only to the touring Nationals from Washington. As for most hosts on that tour, it was a \"bad loss\" on the scorecard but an instructive one for Cincinnati: the players, the club, the fans, and perhaps the local newspapers. Everyone learned advanced points of play and, from their different perspectives, witnessed the gulf in playing strength.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. About half of the 1868 Red Stockings were eastern imports, presumably compensated somehow. The two leading batsmen, John Hatfield and Fred Waterman arrived from the New York Mutuals, one of the strongest teams anywhere and another team pushing the bounds of the amateur code. Asa Brainard had been the Brooklyn Excelsiors' regular pitcher for four seasons, succeeded in 1867 by Candy Cummings. Catcher Doug Allison was from the Geary club of Philadelphia, one of the stronger clubs in that city. There was one local recruit, too, from the rival Buckeye club: Charlie Gould at first base. Harry Wright remained the first pitcher, sharing that position and second base with Brainard, and three other incumbents remained in the outfield and at shortstop. The 1868 team played a heavy schedule including a late eastern tour, once again dominating the western teams but losing seven of 43 matches in all.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. In 1869, the Red Stockings posted a perfect 65–0 record, the only perfect season in professional baseball history. This was the first team to play on the East and West coasts in the same season. More than 2,000 people greeted the team when it arrived in San Francisco at 10:00 p.m. “They really helped nationalize the game and put Cincinnati on the map as a baseball town,” said Greg Rhodes, a Reds historian who wrote “The First Boys of Summer” (Road West Publishing Company, 1994), along with Enquirer reporter John Erardi, about the 1869–1870 Red Stockings.", "History of the Cincinnati Reds. The Cincinnati Red Stockings left the American Association in 1890 to play in the National League.[1] One of the main reasons had absolutely nothing to do with the team directly—the upstart Player's League, an early, failed attempt to break the reserve clause in baseball. The league's impending presence severely weakened both previously existing leagues, and, because the National League decided to expand and the American Association was weakening, the team decided to accept the invitation to become members of the stronger National League. It was also at this time that the team first shortened their nickname from \"Red Stockings\" to \"Reds.\" The Reds wandered through the 1890s signing local stars & aging veterans. During this time, the team never finished above third place (1897) and never closer than 10½ games (1890).", "Cincinnati Reds. Cincinnati's expulsion from the National League incensed Cincinnati Enquirer sports editor O. P. Caylor, who made two attempts to form a new league on behalf of the receivers for the now bankrupt Reds franchise. When these attempts failed, he formed a new independent ballclub known as the Red Stockings in the Spring of 1881, and brought the team to St. Louis for a weekend exhibition. The Reds' first game was a 12–3 victory over the St. Louis club. After the 1881 series proved a success, Caylor and a former president of the old Reds named Justus Thorner received an invitation from Philadelphia businessman Horace Phillips to attend a meeting of several clubs in Pittsburgh with the intent of establishing a rival to the National League. Upon arriving in the city, however, Caylor and Thorner discovered that no other owners had decided to accept the invitation, with even Phillips not bothering to attend his own meeting. By chance, the duo met a former pitcher named Al Pratt, who hooked them up with former Pittsburgh Alleghenys president H. Denny McKnight. Together, the three men hatched a scheme to form a new league by sending a telegram to each of the other owners who were supposed to attend the meeting stating that he was the only person who did not attend and that everyone else was enthusiastic about the new venture and eager to attend a second meeting in Cincinnati. The ploy worked, and the American Association was officially formed at the Hotel Gibson in Cincinnati with the new Reds a charter member with Thorner as president.", "Cincinnati Reds. The Cincinnati Red Stockings left the American Association on November 14, 1889 and joined the National League along with the Brooklyn Bridegrooms after a dispute with St. Louis Browns owner Chris Von Der Ahe over the selection of a new league president. The National League was happy to accept the teams in part due to the emergence of the new Player's League. This new league, an early failed attempt to break the reserve clause in baseball, threatened both existing leagues. Because the National League decided to expand while the American Association was weakening, the team accepted an invitation to join the National League. It was also at this time that the team first shortened their name from \"Red Stockings\" to \"Reds\". The Reds wandered through the 1890s signing local stars and aging veterans. During this time, the team never finished above third place (1897) and never closer than 10½ games (1890).", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. The Cincinnati Base Ball Club, or simply Cincinnati Club, was established June 23, 1866 at a downtown law office, drawing up a constitution and by-laws and electing officers including Alfred T. Goshorn, President. A few years later Goshorn earned international fame as Director-General of the (U.S.) Centennial Exposition held 1876 in Philadelphia. Founding member George B. Ellard also led the Union Cricket Club, and the relationship between them proved decisive for the baseball club's success.[2]", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first openly all-professional team, with ten salaried players.[1] The Cincinnati Base Ball Club formed in 1866 and fielded competitive teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) 1867–1870, a time of a transition that ambitious Cincinnati, Ohio businessmen and English-born ballplayer Harry Wright shaped as much as anyone. Major League Baseball recognized those events officially by sponsoring a centennial of professional baseball in 1969.", "History of Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Red Stockings, a baseball team whose name and heritage inspired today's Cincinnati Reds, began their career in the 19th century as well. In 1868, meetings were held at the law offices of Tilden, Sherman, and Moulton to make Cincinnati's baseball team a professional one; it became the first regular professional team in the country in 1869. In its first year, the team won 57 games and tied one, giving it the best winning record of any professional baseball team in history.[10]", "History of the Cincinnati Reds. A third Cincinnati team of the same name was founded in 1881, becoming a founding member of the American Association, a rival league that began play in 1882. That team (which is the same franchise of today) played for nine seasons in the American Association and won the Association pennant in 1882. The pennant winning club still holds the record for the highest winning percentage of any Reds club to date (.688). In November 1889, the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left the Association for the National League. In the move, the Red Stockings dropped \"Stockings\" from their name.", "Boston Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a baseball team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were members of the pioneering National Association of Base Ball Players. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, a year or two before hiring the first fully professional team in 1869. When the club folded after the 1870 season, Wright was hired by Boston businessman Ivers Whitney Adams[10] to organize a new team in Boston, and he did, bringing three teammates and the \"Red Stockings\" nickname along (Most nicknames were then only nicknames, neither club names nor registered trademarks, so the migration was informal). The Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. Before Cincinnati hired its team for the 1869 season, the strongest clubs were located from Washington to Troy, New York. In 1867 and 1868, Cincinnati was beaten only by clubs from that eastern corridor, winning 16 and 29 games without defeat against western opponents.[9]", "History of baseball team nicknames. When the NA folded, the best teams, and some new ones, regrouped to form the National League in 1876. One of the new teams was called the Cincinnati Red Stockings, reclaiming their old name. The team was expelled from the National League in 1880 for selling beer at games and playing games on Sundays.", "Atlanta Braves. The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all-professional baseball team, voted to dissolve after the 1870 season. Player-manager Harry Wright, with brother George and two other Cincinnati players, then went to Boston, Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings, a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports.[12] (The only other team that has been organized as long, the Chicago Cubs, did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years: pitcher Al Spalding (founder of Spalding sporting goods) and second baseman Ross Barnes.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. After playing four matches that summer, Cincinnati joined the NABBP for 1867 and concluded an agreement to play at the Union Cricket Club grounds (just west of Lincoln Park, a site now occupied by Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal). George Ellard's son says that \"a great number of the cricket club members\" joined and so \"the team was greatly strengthened and interest in baseball gained a new impetus.\" Plans for a new clubhouse and \"more substantical\" enclosing fence were approved in April and the commercial basis was approved in June: members of both clubs admitted free to all matches; otherwise \"ten cents for home matches and twenty five cents for foreign matches. Ladies free.\" (Ellard 23–27).", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. The distinct Boston Red Stockings, beginning business with half of the Cincinnati team, both followed the young tradition and spread it to Boston. Eventually the Boston Red Stockings adopted the name Boston Braves; the club is now based in Atlanta, and still retains red as one of its uniform colors. The Boston Red Sox, established in 1901, adopted their version of the old nickname in 1908.", "List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records. The all-time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who posted baseball's only perfect record at 67-0 (57-0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs) in 1869. Their record would stretch to 81-0 across the 1870 season before losing 8-7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14.[1][2]", "History of the Cincinnati Reds. The Cincinnati Reds are a Major League Baseball team. Originally named the Cincinnati Red Stockings, the name was shortened to the Cincinnati Reds in the 1890s.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The new version of the Cincinnati Red Stockings (later shortened to Cincinnati Reds) became prosperous. The team won the first American Association pennant, and survived the first eight of the Association's ten-year existence. In 1890, the Reds were readmitted to the National League, and continue to play in Cincinnati to this day.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. Harry Wright was hired by founder and president Ivers Whitney Adams to organize a new pro club in Boston and he signed three Cincinnati teammates to join the 1871 Boston Red Stockings in the first professional league, as it turned out. Ex-Cincinnati Red Stockings moved around some (see the note on Team members) but Boston retained both Wright brothers throughout the five years of the National Association.", "History of baseball team nicknames. Due to the influence of the Red Stockings, nearly every professional team in Cincinnati since then has worn red as their primary trim color. The Cincinnati teams have also tended to associate themselves with the 1869-70 club, but there is no direct connection other than the name.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. The current Cincinnati Reds club identifies itself with the Cincinnati Red Stockings,[7] despite reorganization and defections in the early years.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The first openly all-professional team was the famous Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869–1870. They began as an amateur organization in the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1866, as interest in baseball grew substantially after the American Civil War. Interest in the Red Stockings themselves grew as they compiled an impressive winning streak while mostly on a road tour or \"barnstorming\". The nickname \"Red Stockings\" was again a press appellation based on their uniforms; in fact the 1869 Cincinnati club inaugurated the baseball tradition of wearing knickers with knee socks instead of long trousers, a style some contemporary prudes considered shocking and immoral.[7]", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. From 1867 Harry Wright fulfilled the duties of modern field managers, general managers, and traveling secretaries. In 1868 he and Brainard shared the pitcher and second base positions with Allison, Gould, and Waterman already manning the other bases. For the crosstown rival Buckeye club, Sweasy and Leonard played second and third with Hurley a substitute. Among them only Gould was a Cincinnati native; the others were from the East, presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the clubs. (The Association first permitted professional clubs for 1869.) Meanwhile, George Wright and McVey played in New York and Indianapolis, primarily at shortstop and pitcher.[8]", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. The Executive Board now led by President A.P.C. Bonte recommended on November 21, 1870, that the club not employ a nine for 1871, for that had become too expensive. The spokesmen anticipated \"a development of the amateur talent of our club, such as has not been displayed since we employed professionals.\" The officers subsequently decided to disband the company (the players having disbanded via the market) and a public meeting of the members put that decision into effect.[6]", "Cincinnati Red Stockings. For 1871 the Nine split between two teams in the new all-professional National Association: Gould, the Wright brothers, and McVey with the Boston Red Stockings; Brainard, Allison, Sweasy, Waterman, and Leonard with the Washington Olympics. Substitute Hurley is also a \"major leaguer\" for his brief play with the Olympics in 1872, although that club went out of business midseason and he did not return to the league. The leading substitute in the second season, Harry Deane joined the Fort Wayne Kekiongas in 1871 and later played a full season regularly.", "List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records. The National Association folded at the end of 1875, and the Red Stockings, who had won the last four pennants, joined the National League for 1876, being renamed the Red Caps. The team went 39-31 for a fourth-place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42-18 and 41-19." ]

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[ "...And Justice for All (album). …And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on August 25, 1988, by Elektra Records. It was the band's first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986. …And Justice for All is musically progressive, with long and complex songs, fast tempos, and few verse-chorus structures. The album is noted for its sterile production, which producer Flemming Rasmussen attributed to his absence during the mixing process. The lyrics feature themes of political and legal injustice seen through the prisms of censorship, war, and nuclear brinkmanship.", "...And Justice for All (album). The album was noted for its \"dry, sterile\" production.[22] Rasmussen said that was not his intention, as he tried for an ambient sound similar to the previous two albums. He was not present during the album's mixing, for which Steve Thompson and Michael Barbiero had been hired beforehand. Rasmussen felt that, in his absence from the mixing process, Thompson and Barbiero ended up using only the close microphones on the mix and none of the room microphones, thus causing the \"clicking\", thin drum sound.[9] Popoff noted that because of the strange production, the bass guitar was nearly inaudible, while the guitars sounded \"strangled mechanistic\".[23] He saw the \"synthetic\" percussion as another reason for the album's compressed sound.[24] The sound has nearly-inaudible bass guitar, which Rasmussen claims was ordered by Hetfield and Ulrich after hearing the initial mixes, resulting in his belief that \"Jason Newsted, [engineer] Toby Wright and I are probably the only people who know what the bass parts actually sounded like on that album\".[9] Thompson similarly blamed Ulrich for the inaudible bass, stating that Ulrich ordered him to remove the bass from the mix.[12] In their defense, Hetfield and Ulrich said that most of Newsted's bass lines closely followed the rhythm guitar lines to the point of being indiscernible from each other.[25] A lack of direction is also partly to blame; since the album was largely produced by the band, there was no one present in the studio to guide the band's new bassist and tell him what was expected of him, something a producer would typically do.[26] Newsted was not satisfied with the final mixes: \"The Justice album wasn't something that really felt good for me, because you really can't hear the bass.\"[9]", "...And Justice for All (album). …And Justice for All was Metallica's first full-length studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986. Newsted had previously played on Metallica's The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited, an extended play released in 1987.[5] The band intended to record the album earlier, but was sidetracked by the large number of festival dates scheduled for the summer of 1987, including the European leg of the Monsters of Rock festival. Another reason was frontman James Hetfield's arm injury in a skateboarding accident.[6] The band's previous studio album, Master of Puppets, marked the end of Metallica's contract with the Music for Nations label. Manager Peter Mensch wanted the band to sign with British record distributor Phonogram Records, and Phonogram chairman Martin Hooker was keen to obtain the band's contract. To persuade Metallica to choose his label Hooker offered them a bigger deal, \"worth well over £1 million, which at that time was the biggest deal we'd ever offered anyone\". His explanation was that the final figure for combined British and European sales of all three Metallica albums was more than 1.5 million copies.[6] The album title was revealed in April 1988: …And Justice for All, after the final words of the Pledge of Allegiance.[7] The artwork was created by Stephen Gorman, based on a concept developed by Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich. It depicts a cracked statue of a blindfolded Lady Justice, bound by ropes with her breasts exposed and her scales overflowing with dollar bills. The title appears graffiti-style in the lower right corner.[8]", "...And Justice for All (film). ...And Justice for All is a 1979 courtroom drama film, directed by Norman Jewison, and starring Al Pacino, Jack Warden, and John Forsythe. Lee Strasberg, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Lahti, Craig T. Nelson, and Thomas Waites appear in supporting roles. The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by Valerie Curtin and Barry Levinson.", "...And Justice for All (album). …And Justice for All was recorded from January to May 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles. Metallica produced the album with Flemming Rasmussen.[8] Rasmussen was initially unavailable for the planned start on January 1, 1988, and the band brought in Mike Clink, who had caught their attention for producing Guns N' Roses' debut Appetite for Destruction (1987). Things did not work out as planned, and three weeks later Rasmussen became available after Ulrich gave him a call. Rasmussen listened to Clink's rough mixes for the album on his February 14 flight to Los Angeles, and upon his arrival Clink was fired. Hetfield explained that recording with Clink did not work out so well, and Rasmussen came over as a last-minute replacement.[9] However, Clink is credited with engineering the drums on two of the album's tracks: \"The Shortest Straw\" and \"Harvester of Sorrow\". While waiting for Rasmussen to arrive, the band recorded two cover songs—\"Breadfan\" and \"The Prince\"—to \"fine‑tune the sound while they got into the studio vibe\".[9] Both were released as B-sides of the \"Harvester of Sorrow\" CD single, as separate B-sides for \"Eye of the Beholder\" and \"One\" respectively, and were included on the covers album Garage Inc. (1998).[10]", "...And Justice for All (album). Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[8]", "...And Justice for All (album). Rasmussen's first task was to adjust and arrange the guitar sound with which the band was dissatisfied. A guide track for the tempos and a click track for Ulrich's drumming were used. The band played in a live room, recording the instruments separately. Each song used three reels: one for drums, a second for bass and guitars and a third for anything else. Hetfield wrote lyrics during the recording sessions; these were occasionally unfinished as recording began, and Rasmussen said that Hetfield \"wasn't really interested in singing\" but instead \"wanted that hard vibe\".[9] Metallica's recording process was new to Jason Newsted, who questioned his impact on the overall sound and the lack of discussion with the rest of the team. Newsted had a different experience with his previous band, Flotsam and Jetsam, describing their style as \"basically everybody playing the same thing like a sonic wall\".[11] He recorded his parts separately from the rest of the band, with only the assistant engineer present. Newsted noted that his parts were at the same audio frequency as Hetfield's guitar parts, and this created a \"[battle] for the same frequency\".[11] Steve Thompson, who mixed the album, claims that Ulrich was squarely to blame for the inaudible bass and unusual drums. Thompson wanted to be relieved of his mixing duties when Ulrich presented his ideas on the production, but Thompson was not allowed to leave and received the majority of the criticism for the misrepresentation of bass of the record.[12]", "...And Justice for All (album). In The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, …And Justice for All was voted the 39th best album of 1988, having received 117 votes, including 12 first-place votes.[45] The album was ranked at number nine on IGN's Top 25 Metal Albums.[46] In a 2006 reader poll by Guitar World, …And Justice for All was placed 12th among the 100 Greatest Guitar Albums.[47] All of the album's tracks were featured on \"The 100 Greatest Metallica Songs of All Time\" made by the same magazine.[48] Kerrang! listed the album at number 42 among the \"100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time\".[49] Martin Popoff ranks the effort at number 19 in his book The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time, the fourth highest ranked Metallica album on the list.[23] The album is featured in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[50] In 2017, it was ranked 21st on Rolling Stone's list of \"100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time\".[51]", "...And Justice for All (album). Guitarist Kirk Hammett noted that the length of the songs was problematic for fans and for the band: \"Touring behind it, we realized that the general consensus was that songs were too fucking long. One day after we played 'Justice' and got off the stage one of us said, 'we're never fucking playing that song again.'\"[69] Nevertheless, \"One\" quickly became a permanent fixture in the band's setlist. When performed live, the opening war sound is lengthened from seventeen seconds to approximately two minutes. At the song's conclusion, the stage turns pitch-black and fire erupts from various places. The live performance is characterized as a \"musical and visual highlight\" by Rolling Stone journalist Denise Sheppard.[70] Other songs from …And Justice for All that have frequently been performed are \"Blackened\" and \"Harvester of Sorrow\", which were often featured during the album's promotional Damaged Justice Tour.", "...And Justice for All (album). …And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics. It was included in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll of the year's best albums, and the single \"One\" earned Metallica its first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The group's best-selling album at the time, it was the first underground metal album to achieve chart success in the United States. The album was certified 8× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2003 for shipping eight million copies in the US, making it Metallica's second-best-selling album in the country.", "...And Justice for All (album). Released on August 25, 1988, by Elektra Records,[41] …And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics.[42] In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Michael Azerrad said that Metallica's compositions are impressive and called the album's music \"a marvel of precisely channeled aggression\".[16] Spin magazine's Sharon Liveten called it a \"gem of a double record\" and found the music both edgy and technically proficient.[43] Simon Reynolds, writing in Melody Maker, said that \"other bands would give their eye teeth\" for the songs' riffs and found the album's densely complicated style of metal to be distinct from the monotonous sound of contemporary rock music: \"Everything depends on utter punctuality and supreme surgical finesse. It's probably the most incisive music I've ever heard, in the literal sense of the word.\"[14] Borivoj Krgin of Metal Forces said that it was the most ideal album he has heard because of typically exceptional production and musicianship that is more impressive than that of Master of Puppets.[35] In a less enthusiastic review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau felt that the band's compositions lack song form and that the album \"goes on longer\" than Master of Puppets.[40] In 1988, …And Justice for All was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, but with much controversy, it lost to Jethro Tull's Crest of a Knave. In 2007, Entertainment Weekly, named the win one of the 10 biggest upsets in Grammy history.[44]", "...And Justice for All (album). …And Justice for All is a musically progressive album featuring long and complex songs,[15] fast tempos and few verse-chorus structures.[16] Metallica decided to broaden its sonic range, writing songs with multiple sections, heavy guitar arpeggios and unusual time signatures.[17] Hetfield later explained: \"Songwriting-wise, [the album] was just us really showing off and trying to show what we could do. 'We've jammed six riffs into one song? Let's make it eight. Let's go crazy with it.'\"[13] Music critic Simon Reynolds noted the riff changes and experimentation with timing on the album's epically constructed songs: \"The tempo shifts, gear changes, lapses, decelerations and abrupt halts\".[14] BBC Music's Eamonn Stack wrote that …And Justice for All sounds different from the band's previous albums, with longer songs, sparser arrangements, and harsher vocals by Hetfield.[18] According to journalist Martin Popoff, the album was less melodic than its predecessors because of its frequent tempo changes, unusual song structures and layered guitars. He argued that the album is more of a progressive metal record because of its intricately performed music and bleak sound.[19] Music writer Joel McIver called the album's music aggressive enough for Metallica to maintain its place with bands \"at the mellower end of extreme metal\".[20] According to writer Christopher Knowles, Metallica took \"the thrash concept to its logical conclusion\" on the album.[21]", "...And Justice for All (album). Concerns about the environmental plight of the planet (\"Blackened\"), corruption (\"…And Justice for All\"), and blacklisting and discrimination (\"The Shortest Straw\") are emphasized with traditional existential themes.[28] Issues such as freedom of speech and civil liberties are presented from a grim and pessimistic point of view.[31] \"One\" was unofficially entitled \"antiwar anthem\" because of the lyrics which portray the suffering of a wounded soldier.[32] \"Dyers Eve\" is a lyrical rant from Hetfield to his parents.[20] Burton received co-writing credit on \"To Live Is to Die\" as the bass line was a medley of unused recordings Burton had performed prior to his death. Because the original recordings are not used on the track, the composition is credited as written by Burton and played by Newsted. The spoken word section of the song (\"When a man lies, he murders some part of the world. These are the pale deaths which men miscall their lives.\") was written by German poet Paul Gerhardt, but was erroneously attributed to Burton in the liner notes. The second half of the speech (\"All this I cannot bear to witness any longer. Cannot the kingdom of salvation take me home?\") was written by Burton.[26]", "...And Justice for All (album). All lyrics written by James Hetfield, except \"To Live Is to Die\" written by Cliff Burton.", "Jesse L. Martin. Martin voiced the character Ed Green in the video game Law & Order: Justice is Served, and narrated the audio book The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin and On the Shoulder of Giants, Volume 2: Master Intellects and Creative Giants by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[14][15] He co-produced the off-Broadway production of Fully Committed with Rent co-star Adam Pascal (and two other producers).[2][16]", "Double bass. The experimental post 1960s era, and free jazz and jazz-rock fusion, produced several influential bassists. Charles Mingus (1922–1979), who was also a composer and bandleader, produced music that fused hard bop with black gospel music, free jazz, and classical music. Free jazz and post-bop bassist Charlie Haden (1937–2014) is best known for his long association with saxophonist Ornette Coleman, and for his role in the 1970s-era Liberation Music Orchestra, an experimental group. Eddie Gómez and George Mraz, who played with Bill Evans and Oscar Peterson, respectively, and are both acknowledged to have furthered expectations of pizzicato fluency and melodic phrasing. Fusion virtuoso Stanley Clarke (born 1951) is notable for his dexterity on both the upright bass and the electric bass. Terry Plumeri is noted for his horn-like arco fluency and vocal-sounding tone.", "...And Justice for All (album). …And Justice for All achieved similar chart success outside the United States. It peaked within the top 5 on the charts in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and remained on the UK chart for six weeks.[62][63] The album managed to peak in the top 10 on the Finnish, Norwegian, and Swiss album charts.[62] It was less successful in Spain, Mexico and France, where it peaked at number 92 on the former chart, number 130 on the latter, and number 64 in Spain.[62] …And Justice for All received a three times platinum certification from Music Canada for shipping 300,000 copies, a platinum certification from IFPI Finland for having a shipment of little over 50,000 copies, and was certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for shipments of 250,000 copies.[64][65][66] It was awarded gold by the British Phonographic Industry in 2013 for shipping 100,000 copies in the UK.[67] …And Justice for All was surpassed commercially by the band's following album, Metallica (1991).[68]", "Paul Robeson. Paul Leroy Robeson (/ˈroʊbsən/ ROHB-sən;[1][2] April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass baritone concert artist and stage and film actor who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political activism. Educated at Rutgers College and Columbia University, he was also a star athlete in his youth. His political activities began with his involvement with unemployed workers and anti-imperialist students whom he met in Britain and continued with support for the Loyalist cause in the Spanish Civil War and his opposition to fascism. In the United States he also became active in the Civil Rights Movement and other social justice campaigns. His sympathies for the Soviet Union and for communism, and his criticism of the United States government and its foreign policies, caused him to be blacklisted during the McCarthy era.", "David Bailie. Terry Hands was also a student at the same time, but had left a little earlier than Bailie and formed the Everyman Theatre with Peter James in Liverpool. On leaving RADA Bailie was invited to join the Everyman in 1964. Amongst other roles he played \"Tolen\" in The Knack..., \"Becket\" in Murder in the Cathedral, \"Dion\" in The Great God Brown, \"MacDuff\" in Macbeth and \"Lucky\" in Waiting for Godot.", "...And Justice for All (album). The lyrical content of …And Justice for All is conceptually unified around notions of political and legal injustice as seen through the prism of war, censored speech, and nuclear brinksmanship.[19] The majority of the songs raise issues that differ from the violent retaliation of the previous releases.[28] Tom King wrote that for the first time the lyrics dealt with political and environmental issues. He named contemporaries Nuclear Assault as the only other band who applied ecological lyrics to thrash metal songs rather than singing about Satan and Egyptian plagues.[29] McIver noted that Hetfield, the band's main lyricist, wrote about topics that he had not addressed before, such as his revolt against the establishment.[20] Ulrich described the songwriting process as their \"CNN years\", with him and Hetfield watching the channel in search for song subjects—\"I'd read about the blacklisting thing, we'd get a title, 'The Shortest Straw,' and a song would come out of that.\"[30]", "Jimmy Justice (musician). Justice released two full-length albums in 1963 (I Wake Up Crying and Justice for All!) but soon faded in the wake of the beat group explosion. The former included a cover of Clyde McPhatter's hit \"Since You've Been Gone\".", "Bass Reeves. In \"The Murder of Jesse James\", a fictional episode of the television series Timeless (season one, episode 12), Bass Reeves is portrayed by Colman Domingo.[22]", "And Justice for None. And Justice for None is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch. It was released on May 18, 2018,[6] and was preceded by two singles released in December 2017 on their first greatest hits record.", "...And Justice for All (film). A clearly disturbed Arthur takes on Fleming's case. He tries to talk the prosecuting attorney, Frank Bowers, into throwing the case out but Bowers, who recognizes the prestige that convicting a judge would earn him, refuses to back down. Arthur meets with another client, Carl, who gives him photographs that show Fleming engaged in BDSM acts with a prostitute. Gail warns him not to betray a client, revealing that the ethics committee has been keeping their eye on him ever since the contempt of court incident. He shows the pictures to Fleming, who freely admits he is guilty of the rape.", "...And Justice for All (film). The film received two Academy Award nominations, for Best Actor in a Leading role (Pacino) and for Best Original Screenplay (Curtin and Levinson).[11] Pacino also received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance.[11]", "...And Justice for All (album). *sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone", "Double bass. Jim Creeggan of Barenaked Ladies primarily plays upright bass, although he has increasingly played bass guitar throughout the band's career. Chris Wyse of alternative rock group Owl uses a combination of electric and double bass. Athol Guy of the Australian folk/pop group The Seekers plays an upright bass. Shannon Birchall, of the Australian folk-rock group The John Butler Trio,[51] makes extensive use of upright basses, performing extended live solos in songs such as Betterman. On the 2008 album In Ear Park by the indie/pop band Department of Eagles, a bowed upright bass is featured quite prominently on the songs \"Teenagers\" and \"In Ear Park\". Norwegian ompa-rock band Kaizers Orchestra use the upright bass exclusively both live and on their recordings.[52]\nFrench contemporary pop duet \"What a day\" uses double bass extended pizzicato technique with vocals and type writer[53]", "Raúl Esparza. Esparza has been nominated in all Tony categories for which an actor is eligible. He is widely regarded for his versatility on stage, having performed musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Stephen Sondheim, Kander and Ebb, Boy George, and the Sherman Brothers and plays by Mamet, Pinter, William Shakespeare, Tom Stoppard, and more. His film work includes Sidney Lumet's Find Me Guilty and Wes Craven's My Soul to Take and his television credits include roles on Medium, Hannibal, Pushing Daisies, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He narrated the audiobook for Stephen King's Under the Dome, as well as several others, and sings in concerts all over the country.", "Edward Bear. Evoy, who briefly embraced Scientology in 1973, went on to a solo career, after which he retired from live performance and began running a small recording studio. Marks has continued a career as a blues guitarist and radio host. Weldon performs with a jazz combo and teaches at Seneca College in Toronto. Bill Loop, bassist in the early 1970s, resides in Southwestern Ontario and plays locally with various session musicians. He also teaches guitar.", "...And Justice for All (film). Arthur's friend and partner, Jay Porter, is also unstable. He feels guilt from gaining acquittals for defendants who were truly guilty of violent crimes, showing up drunk at Arthur's apartment when one commits another murder after his acquittal. After a violent breakdown at the courthouse, throwing plates at people, Jay is taken to a hospital. Before leaving in the ambulance, Arthur asks Warren Fresnell, another partner, to handle Ralph Agee's court hearing in his absence. Arthur gives Warren a corrected version of Ralph's probation report and stresses that it must be shown to the judge so that Ralph will get probation rather than jail time.", "...And Justice for All (album). After years of refusing to release music videos, Metallica released its first for \"One\".[52] The video was controversial among fans, who had valued the band's apparent opposition to MTV and other forms of mainstream music. Slant Magazine ranked it number 48 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Music Videos\", saying that Metallica \"evoke a revolution of the soul far more devastating than that presented in the original text\".[53] The guitar solo was ranked number seven in Guitar World's compilation of the 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of all time.[54] Additionally, heavy metal website Noisecreep classed the song ninth among the \"10 Best '80s Metal Songs\".[55]", "Bass Reeves. Reeves was himself once charged with murdering a posse cook. At his trial before Judge Parker, Reeves was represented by former United States Attorney W.H.H. Clayton, who was a colleague and friend. Reeves was acquitted.[10]" ]

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[ "Weathering. Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks, often transforming them when water interacts with minerals to create various chemical reactions. Chemical weathering is a gradual and ongoing process as the mineralogy of the rock adjusts to the near surface environment. New or secondary minerals develop from the original minerals of the rock. In this the processes of oxidation and hydrolysis are most important. Chemical weathering is enhanced by such geological agents as the presence of water and oxygen, as well as by such biological agents as the acids produced by microbial and plant-root metabolism.", "Mineral. Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample. Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as weathering or metasomatism (hydrothermal alteration). Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes tectonic or magmatic movement into differing physical regimes. Changes in thermodynamic conditions make it favourable for mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new minerals; as such, it is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy. This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the rock cycle. An example of a series of mineral reactions is illustrated as follows.[48]", "Metamorphic rock. Metasomatism is the drastic change in the bulk chemical composition of a rock that often occurs during the processes of metamorphism. It is due to the introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks. Water may transport these chemicals rapidly over great distances. Because of the role played by water, metamorphic rocks generally contain many elements absent from the original rock, and lack some that originally were present. Still, the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization to occur.", "Magma. It is usually very difficult to change the bulk composition of a large mass of rock, so composition is the basic control on whether a rock will melt at any given temperature and pressure. The composition of a rock may also be considered to include volatile phases such as water and carbon dioxide.", "Rock cycle. Rocks exposed to high temperatures and pressures can be changed physically or chemically to form a different rock, called metamorphic. Regional metamorphism refers to the effects on large masses of rocks over a wide area, typically associated with mountain building events within orogenic belts. These rocks commonly exhibit distinct bands of differing mineralogy and colors, called foliation. Another main type of metamorphism is caused when a body of rock comes into contact with an igneous intrusion that heats up this surrounding country rock. This contact metamorphism results in a rock that is altered and re-crystallized by the extreme heat of the magma and/or by the addition of fluids from the magma that add chemicals to the surrounding rock (metasomatism). Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified by the processes of metamorphism.", "Rock (geology). Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock—to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism; meaning to \"change in form\". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by recrystallization.[3] The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars.[7] Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume.[5]", "Magma. After formation, magma compositions may be changed by fractional crystallization, contamination, or magma mixing. Rock formed of solidified magma is called igneous rock.", "Rock cycle. Epigenetic change (secondary processes) may be arranged under a number of headings, each of which is typical of a group of rocks or rock-forming minerals, though usually more than one of these alterations is in progress in the same rock. Silicification, the replacement of the minerals by crystalline or crypto-crystalline silica, is most common in felsic rocks, such as rhyolite, but is also found in serpentine, etc. Kaolinization is the decomposition of the feldspars, which are the most common minerals in igneous rocks, into kaolin (along with quartz and other clay minerals); it is best shown by granites and syenites. Serpentinization is the alteration of olivine to serpentine (with magnetite); it is typical of peridotites, but occurs in most of the mafic rocks. In uralitization, secondary hornblende replaces augite; chloritization is the alteration of augite (biotite or hornblende) to chlorite, and is seen in many diabases, diorites and greenstones. Epidotization occurs also in rocks of this group, and consists in the development of epidote from biotite, hornblende, augite or plagioclase feldspar.", "Sedimentary rock. As a part of a sedimentary or metamorphic rock, fossils undergo the same diagenetic processes as does the containing rock. A shell consisting of calcite can, for example, dissolve while a cement of silica then fills the cavity. In the same way, precipitating minerals can fill cavities formerly occupied by blood vessels, vascular tissue or other soft tissues. This preserves the form of the organism but changes the chemical composition, a process called permineralization.[20][21] The most common minerals involved in permineralization are cements of carbonates (especially calcite), forms of amorphous silica (chalcedony, flint, chert) and pyrite. In the case of silica cements, the process is called lithification.", "Diagenesis. Diagenesis ( /ˌdaɪəˈdʒɛnɪsɪs/) is the change of sediments or existing sedimentary rocks into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation (lithification), at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of metamorphic rocks.[1] It does not include changes from weathering.[1] It is any chemical, physical, or biological change undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition, after its lithification. This process excludes surface alteration (weathering) and metamorphism. These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock's original mineralogy and texture. There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism, but the latter occurs at higher temperatures and pressures. Hydrothermal solutions, meteoric groundwater, porosity, permeability, solubility, and time are all influential factors.", "Clastic rock. This refers to the process whereby one mineral is dissolved and a new mineral fills the space via precipitation. Replacement can be partial or complete. Complete replacement destroys the identity of the original minerals or rock fragments giving a biased view of the original mineralogy of the rock/[3] Porosity can also be affected by this process. For example, clay minerals tend to fill up pore space and thereby reducing porosity.", "Metamorphism. Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change).[1] The change occurs primarily due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. The chemical components and crystal structures of the minerals making up the rock may change even though the rock remains a solid. Changes at or just beneath Earth's surface due to weathering and/or diagenesis are not classified as metamorphism.[2] Metamorphism typically occurs between diagenesis (max. 200°C), and melting (~850°C).[3]", "Properties of water. Action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to weathering and water erosion, physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in metasomatism or mineral hydration, a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces clay minerals. It also occurs when Portland cement hardens.", "Metamorphic rock. Regional metamorphism, also known as dynamic metamorphism, is the name given to changes in great masses of rock over a wide area. Rocks can be metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. Much of the lower continental crust is metamorphic, except for recent igneous intrusions. Horizontal tectonic movements such as the collision of continents create orogenic belts, and cause high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by erosion, they may occur in long belts or other large areas at the surface. The process of metamorphism may have destroyed the original features that could have revealed the rock's previous history. Recrystallization of the rock will destroy the textures and fossils present in sedimentary rocks. Metasomatism will change the original composition.", "Igneous rock. Rocks may melt in response to a decrease in pressure, to a change in composition (such as an addition of water), to an increase in temperature, or to a combination of these processes.", "Clastic rock. Mineralogical changes that occur during eogenesis as dependent on the environment in which that sediment has been deposited. For example, the formation of pyrite is characteristic of reducing conditions in marine environments.[3] Pyrite can form as cement, or replace organic materials, such as wood fragments. Other important reactions include the formation of chlorite, glauconite, illite and iron oxide (if oxygenated pore water is present). The precipitation of potassium feldspar, quartz overgrowths, and carbonate cements also occurs under marine conditions. In non marine environments oxidizing conditions are almost always prevalent, meaning iron oxides are commonly produced along with kaolin group clay minerals. The precipitation of quartz and calcite cements may also occur in non marine conditions.", "Rock cycle. The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes the time-consuming transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. As the adjacent diagram illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered or destroyed when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such as basalt may break down and dissolve when exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it is subducted under a continent. Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in equilibrium and are forced to change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle.", "Metamorphic rock. The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization. For instance, the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble; in metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.", "Metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means \"change in form\".[1] The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (150 megapascals (1,500 bar))[clarify],[2] causing profound physical or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock.", "Redox. In geology, redox is important to both the formation of minerals and the mobilization of minerals, and is also important in some depositional environments. In general, the redox state of most rocks can be seen in the color of the rock. The rock forms in oxidizing conditions, giving it a red color. It is then \"bleached\" to a green—or sometimes white—form when a reducing fluid passes through the rock. The reduced fluid can also carry uranium-bearing minerals. Famous examples of redox conditions affecting geological processes include uranium deposits and Moqui marbles.", "Metamorphism. Phase change metamorphism is the creating of new minerals with the same chemical formula as the protolith. This involves a rearrangement of the atoms in the crystals.", "Metamorphism. Metamorphism is further divided into prograde and retrograde metamorphism. Prograde metamorphism involves the change of mineral assemblages (paragenesis) with increasing temperature and (usually) pressure conditions. These are solid state dehydration reactions, and involve the loss of volatiles such as water or carbon dioxide. Prograde metamorphism results in rock characteristic of the maximum pressure and temperature experienced. Metamorphic rocks usually do not undergo further change when they are brought back to the surface.", "Metamorphism. Metamorphic rocks can change without melting. Heat causes atomic bonds to break, and the atoms move and form new bonds with other atoms, creating new minerals with different chemical components or crystalline structures (neocrystallization), or enabling recrystallization.[3] When pressure is applied, somewhat flattened grains that orient in the same direction have a more stable configuration.", "Biotransformation. Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound. If this modification ends in mineral compounds like CO2, NH4+, or H2O, the biotransformation is called mineralisation.", "Metamorphic rock. When a rock is contact altered by an igneous intrusion it very frequently becomes more indurated, and more coarsely crystalline. Many altered rocks of this type were formerly called hornstones, and the term hornfels is often used by geologists to signify those fine grained, compact, non-foliated products of contact metamorphism. A shale may become a dark argillaceous hornfels, full of tiny plates of brownish biotite; a marl or impure limestone may change to a grey, yellow or greenish lime-silicate-hornfels or siliceous marble, tough and splintery, with abundant augite, garnet, wollastonite and other minerals in which calcite is an important component. A diabase or andesite may become a diabase hornfels or andesite hornfels with development of new hornblende and biotite and a partial recrystallization of the original feldspar. Chert or flint may become a finely crystalline quartz rock; sandstones lose their clastic structure and are converted into a mosaic of small close-fitting grains of quartz in a metamorphic rock called quartzite.", "Silicon. The crystallisation of igneous rocks from magma depends on a number of factors; among them are the chemical composition of the magma, the cooling rate, and some properties of the individual minerals to be formed, such as lattice energy, melting point, and complexity of their crystal structure. As magma is cooled, olivine appears first, followed by pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, orthoclase feldspar, muscovite mica, quartz, zeolites, and finally hydrothermal minerals. This sequence shows a trend towards increasingly complex silicate units with cooling, and the introduction of hydroxide and fluoride anions in addition to oxides. Many metals can substitute for silicon. After these igneous rocks undergo weathering, transport, and deposition, sedimentary rocks like clay, shale, and sandstone are formed. Metamorphism also can occur at high temperatures and pressures, creating an even vaster variety of minerals.[56]", "Weathering. Hydrolysis is a chemical weathering process affecting silicate and carbonate minerals. In such reactions, pure water ionizes slightly and reacts with silicate minerals. An example reaction:", "Igneous rock. Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases, melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.", "Rock (geology). Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the result of the processes that formed the rocks.[3] Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type into another, as described by a geological model called the rock cycle. This transformation produces three general classes of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.", "Sedimentary rock. The term diagenesis is used to describe all the chemical, physical, and biological changes, exclusive of surface weathering, undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition. Some of those processes cause the sediment to consolidate into a compact, solid substance from the originally loose material. Young sedimentary rocks, especially those of Quaternary age (the most recent period of the geologic time scale) are often still unconsolidated. As sediment deposition builds up, the overburden (lithostatic) pressure rises, and a process known as lithification takes place.", "Chemical change. Typical types of change include neutralization (mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt), oxidization including combustion, redox reactions etc.", "Iron-rich sedimentary rocks. Pyritization is discriminatory. It rarely happens to soft tissue organisms and aragonitic fossils are more susceptible to it than calcite fossils. It commonly takes place in marine depositional environments where there is organic material. The process is caused by sulfate reduction which replaces carbonate skeletons (or shells) with pyrite (FeS2). It generally does not preserve detail and the pyrite forms within the structure as many microcrystals. In fresh water environments, siderite will replace carbonate shells instead of pyrite due to the low amounts of sulfate.[8] The amount of pyritization that has taken place within a fossil may sometimes be referred to as degree of pyritization (DOP)." ]

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[ "Wild 'n Out. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season will resume in June 2018.", "Wild 'n Out. On June 29, 2017, the ninth season premiered on MTV. The series marked the return of filming in New York and also return to the original team colors, Black and Red.", "Wild 'n Out. On June 9, 2016, MTV announced that Wild 'n Out had been renewed for an eighth season, which premiered on August 4, 2016. The season marked the series' return to MTV.[5]", "Wild 'n Out. The 8th season contains a total of 21 episodes which were broadcast from August 4, 2016 to April 20, 2017 on MTV, marking the first time in almost a decade that the show aired new episodes on its original network.", "Wild 'n Out. The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. The 9th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 29 to October 5, 2017 on MTV.", "Nick Cannon. On August 4, 2016, Wild 'N Out returned for its 8th season after three record-breaking seasons.[19]", "Nick Cannon. On November 12, 2012, MTV2 announced that the revival of Wild 'N Out. The revived show was produced by Cannon's Ncredible Entertainment, the series premiered in 2013 with a few returning faces joined by a roster of fresh talents. When asked about the show coming back, Cannon said, \"With our show's original cast, everyone from Kevin Hart to Katt Williams, Affion Crockett and Taran Killam becoming household names, I am looking forward to working with MTV2 as we work to introduce the biggest comedic stars of tomorrow with the return of Wild 'N Out.\"[15] Rapper Big Boi of Outkast has confirmed in a tweet on Twitter he is shooting an episode on January 29, 2013 in NYC and for people to join in the audience.[16]", "Wild 'n Out. The 5th season contains a total of 12 episodes which were broadcast from July 9 to September 24, 2013 on MTV2.", "Wild 'n Out. The 4th season contains a total of 20 episodes which were broadcast from May 12 to September 6, 2007 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. The 2nd season contains a total of 10 episodes which were broadcast from February 2 to April 6, 2006 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. Nick Cannon Presents: Wild 'N Out is an American sketch comedy and improv television series that was created and hosted by comedian Nick Cannon.[1] It debuted on July 28, 2005, on MTV and aired on MTV2 from 2013–2016.", "Wild 'n Out. In November 2012, MTV2 announced that the series would be returning in 2013 after a six-year hiatus. The series features up and coming comedy stars, along with the show's original cast.[2][3] The premiere episode of season five had 1.1 million total viewers, making it the highest-rated telecast in MTV2 history.[4]", "Wild 'n Out. The 7th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 10, 2015 to January 6, 2016 on MTV2. There are also stand up specials after the episodes in this season are finished.", "Wild 'n Out. The 6th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from July 2, 2014 to February 4, 2015 on MTV2.", "Wild 'n Out. The 12th season will be filming in Atlanta from June 30 to July 14, 2018.", "Wild 'n Out. The 3rd season contains a total of 8 episodes which were broadcast from August 10 to October 5, 2006 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. For the first four seasons, the show filmed from Los Angeles/Hollywood and aired on MTV. The first run episodes were suspended as Mr. Renaissance Entertainment became Ncredible Entertainment in 2012. Upon being revived in 2012, the show was produced in New York City and aired on MTV2 during Seasons 5–7, it also returned to that location for Season 9. In 2016, the show returned to airing new episodes on MTV and also for the first time since Season 4, production is in Los Angeles.", "Wild 'n Out. Similar in premise to shows such as Whose Line Is It Anyway?, the series puts two teams of comedians against each other in a series of Wild 'n Out games which are all basically \"improvisational\" comedy games. The Teams are the \"Red Squad\", which was the team name until season 5 where they became the \"Platinum Squad\" and were permanently captained by Cannon; and the \"Black Squad\", led by a celebrity guest until season 7 where the situation was reversed with Cannon becoming the Black Squad team captain and the celebrity guest leading the Platinum Squad. For season 8, the colors were revamped once again with the Gold Squad replacing the Black Squad. The Gold Squad is led by Cannon while the celebrity guest remains captain of the Platinum Squad. However starting in Season 9, Nick returned to leading his original Red Squad team color while the Black Squad team color returned also.", "Wild 'n Out. Each episode also includes a musical performance, occasionally by the guest captain for the Black/Platinum Squad (Nick Cannon performed with Migos in Season 6 in the episode featuring Chanel Iman). At times, the musical guest comes out just before 'Wild Style' as the judge for the beefs. Major changes were implemented for the second season including shifting the show location to Hollywood and the teams now compete for a \"Wild 'n Out\" Championship belt which if the Black Squad wins, the team captain gets to take home.", "Wild 'n Out. The \"Wild 'n Out Theme Song\" for Seasons 1–4 was produced by Fatman Scoop. The theme music for Season 5 onward was created by Cannon himself, with a new remixed version made for Season 8.", "List of Fast N' Loud episodes. Season 11 started on March 04, 2018.", "Trailer Park Boys. On February 22, it was announced that Season 11 would air March 31, 2017.", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired September 24, 2008", "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown. Season 11 premiered on April 29, 2018 and took Bourdain on excursions to West Virginia, Uruguay, Newfoundland, Armenia, Hong Kong, Berlin, Louisiana, and Bhutan.[26]", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired November 19, 2008", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series). The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011.[23] The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011.[24]", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired November 12, 2008", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired September 17, 2008", "Trailer Park Boys. On March 31, 2017, Season 11 aired.", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired September 10, 2008", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired September 3, 2008" ]

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[ "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). The game is separated into six episodes, released in intervals.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 4). On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "Game of Thrones. Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire, still-incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television.[citation needed] After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season, the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin[63] and original content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth.[64] Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order.[65][66] As of 2017[update], seven seasons have been ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons.[67]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R. R. Martin. The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. The series starts when House Stark, led by Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark (Sean Bean) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn (Robert's chief advisor) dies mysteriously.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series premiered on April 17, 2011, on HBO. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield and George R. R. Martin.[2][3] Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations, including Croatia, Northern Ireland, Iceland and Spain.[4][5][6] Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm Eastern Time,[7][8] and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length.[9] The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray.", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones. Each ten-episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: \"Blackwater\" and \"The Watchers on the Wall\". Other directors have been Jack Bender, David Petrarca, Daniel Sackheim, Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman.[105] David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode, which was determined after a coin toss.[62][106]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013, the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season, which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons.[163] Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3.[164] Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season.[165] Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series.[166][167] These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers, setting a record number for the series.[168] The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016.[169] These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series.[170]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. With the popularity of the series growing, HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007.[52] A pilot episode was produced in late 2009, and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010.[158] The series, titled Game of Thrones, premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings (see Game of Thrones: Reception). The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later.[159] Shortly after the conclusion of the first season, the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister.[160] HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012, ten days after the season 2 premiere.[161] Due to the length of the corresponding book, the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords.[162]", "George R. R. Martin. HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the entire A Song of Ice and Fire series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17, 2011. Titled Game of Thrones, it ran weekly for ten episodes, each approximately an hour long.[54] Although busy completing A Dance With Dragons and other projects, George R. R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books. Martin's involvement included the selection of a production team and participation in scriptwriting; the opening credits list him as a co-executive producer of the series. The series was renewed shortly after the first episode aired.", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards,[108] 5 Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Peabody Award.[254] It holds the Emmy-award record for a scripted television series, ahead of Frasier (which received 37).[255] In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th \"best written\" series in television history.[256] In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their \"best TV shows ever\" list,[257] while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire's \"The 50 best TV shows ever\".[258] The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth \"greatest TV Show of all time\".[259]", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015.[1] It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, A Storm of Swords, as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter.[2][3][4] It also contains original content not found in Martin's novels.[5] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Game of Thrones (season 1). The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011, at 9.00 pm in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on A Game of Thrones, the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta.", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). Game of Thrones is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure fantasy drama video game, released as 6 episodes following the model of Telltale's previous adventure games.[11] The player is able to move their character around some scenes, interacting with objects and initiating conversation trees with non-player characters. Choices made by the player influence events in future episodes. The game switches between the viewpoints of five different characters.[12]", "A Game of Thrones. A Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\"[31] The season is set to air in 2019.[7]", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed to about 52.[20] The season's budget was reported to be around 50 million U.S. dollars.[21]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of A Clash of Kings, the second novel of the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April 19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be \"six one-hour movies\" on television. He continued, \"The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental.\"[26] Filming officially began on October 23, 2017.[27]", "Game of Thrones. The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu-ray box set on March 6, 2012. The box set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material but no deleted scenes, since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show.[147] The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release, the largest first-week DVD sales ever for an HBO series, and the series set an HBO-series record for digital-download sales.[148] A collector's-edition box set was released in November 2012, combining the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two. A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set.[149]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been criticized. The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016, more than any other primetime scripted television series. Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation (2012–2014), a 2011 Peabody Award, and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama (2012 and 2015–2017). Of the ensemble cast, Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2011 and 2015) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2012) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister. Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Kit Harington, Maisie Williams, Diana Rigg, and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series.", "Game of Thrones (season 4). The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes.[1] The season is adapted primarily from the second half of A Storm of Swords, along with elements of A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, all novels from the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin.[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the fourth season on April 2, 2013, which began filming in July 2013. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Croatia.", "George R. R. Martin. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-Ray[56] for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe.[57] Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.[58][59] Like the previous season, it would largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels: The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[60]", "Game of Thrones. The series began development in January 2007.[2] HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels, with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers, and Martin as a co-executive producer. The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth of episodes.[2] Initially, Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes.[2][37] Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season.[4]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons. Series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, the showrunners, write most of the episodes each season.[59]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release.[67]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, in 1991 and had it published in 1996. Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011, A Dance with Dragons, took Martin six years to write. He is still writing the sixth novel, The Winds of Winter." ]

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[ "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. After Darius's death, his son Xerxes spent several years planning for the second invasion, mustering an enormous army and navy. The Athenians and Spartans led the Greek resistance. About a tenth of the Greek city-states joined the 'Allied' effort; most remained neutral or submitted to Xerxes.", "Greco-Persian Wars. Seeking to secure his empire from further revolts and from the interference of the mainland Greeks, Darius embarked on a scheme to conquer Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria for the burning of Sardis. The first Persian invasion of Greece began in 492 BC, with the Persian general Mardonius successfully re-subjugating Thrace and Macedon before several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign.[4] In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece, this time across the Aegean Sea, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. This expedition subjugated the Cyclades, before besieging, capturing and razing Eretria. However, while en route to attack Athens, the Persian force was decisively defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, ending Persian efforts for the time being.", "First Persian invasion of Greece. This defeat prevented the successful conclusion of the campaign, and the task force returned to Asia. Nevertheless, the expedition had fulfilled most of its aims, punishing Naxos and Eretria, and bringing much of the Aegean under Persian rule, as well as the full inclusion of Macedon. The unfinished business from this campaign led Darius to prepare for a much larger invasion of Greece, to firmly subjugate it, and to punish Athens and Sparta. However, internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition, and Darius then died of old age. It was thus left to his son Xerxes I to lead the second Persian invasion of Greece, beginning in 480 BC.", "First Persian invasion of Greece. Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.[91] Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I.[92] Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece.[93] This expedition was finally ready by 480 BC, and the second Persian invasion of Greece thereby began, under the command of Xerxes himself.[94]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale, the second Persian invasion of Greece was over. Moreover, the threat of future invasion was abated; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again, over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished.[164]", "First Persian invasion of Greece. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier.", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The invasion began in spring 480 BC, when the Persian army crossed the Hellespont and marched through Thrace and Macedon to Thessaly. The Persian advance was blocked at the pass of Thermopylae by a small Allied force under King Leonidas I of Sparta; simultaneously, the Persian fleet was blocked by an Allied fleet at the straits of Artemisium. At the famous Battle of Thermopylae, the Allied army held back the Persian army for seven days, before they were outflanked by a mountain path and the Allied rearguard was trapped and annihilated. The Allied fleet had also withstood two days of Persian attacks at the Battle of Artemisium, but when news reached them of the disaster at Thermopylae, they withdrew to Salamis.", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The Greek city-states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494 BC. The Persian Empire was still relatively young, and prone to revolts among its subject peoples.[13][14] Moreover, Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule.[13] The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire, and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved (especially those not already part of the empire).[15][16] Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece.[16] A preliminary expedition under Mardonius, in 492 BC, to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re-conquest of Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate kingdom part of Persia.[17][18] It had previously been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC, but remained having autonomy and not fully subordinate yet.[18]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. Darius thus put together an ambitious task force under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC, which attacked Naxos, before receiving the submission of the other Cycladic Islands. The task force then moved on Eretria, which it besieged and destroyed.[20] Finally, it moved to attack Athens, landing at the bay of Marathon, where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army. At the ensuing Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won a remarkable victory, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia.[21]", "Battle of Marathon. In the meanwhile, Darius began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.[17] Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I.[101] Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece.[102] The epic second Persian invasion of Greece finally began in 480 BC, and the Persians met with initial success at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium.[103] However, defeat at the Battle of Salamis would be the turning point in the campaign,[104] and the next year the expedition was ended by the decisive Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea.[105]", "First Persian invasion of Greece. The second Persian campaign, in 490 BC, was under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. The expedition headed first to the island Naxos, which it captured and burnt. It then island-hopped between the rest of the Cycladic Islands, annexing each into the Persian empire. Reaching Greece, the expedition landed at Eretria, which it besieged, and after a brief time, captured. Eretria was razed and its citizens enslaved. Finally, the task force headed to Attica, landing at Marathon, en route for Athens. There, it was met by a smaller Athenian army, which nevertheless proceeded to win a remarkable victory at the Battle of Marathon.", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. Herodotus tells us that a Persian general, Artabazus, having escorted Xerxes to the Hellespont with 60,000 men, began the return journey to Mardonius in Thessaly.[141] However, as he neared Pallene,", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. In 481 BC, after roughly four years of preparation, Xerxes began to muster the troops for the invasion of Europe. Herodotus gives the names of 46 nations from which troops were drafted.[26] The Persian army was gathered in Asia Minor in the summer and autumn of 481 BC. The armies from the Eastern satrapies was gathered in Kritala, Cappadocia and were led by Xerxes to Sardis where they passed the winter.[27] Early in spring it moved to Abydos where it was joined with the armies of the western satrapies.[28] Then the army that Xerxes had mustered marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges.[29]", "First Persian invasion of Greece. The first campaign in 492 BC, led by Mardonius, re-subjugated Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate client kingdom part of Persia, after being a vassal to Persia as early as the late 6th century BC.[1] However, further progress was prevented when Mardonius's fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Mount Athos. The following year, having demonstrated his intentions, Darius sent ambassadors to all parts of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, except Athens and Sparta, both of whom executed the ambassadors. With Athens still defiant, and Sparta now effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year.", "Greco-Persian Wars. Darius then began to plan to completely conquer Greece, but died in 486 BC and responsibility for the conquest passed to his son Xerxes. In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led the second Persian invasion of Greece with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled. Victory over the allied Greek states at the famous Battle of Thermopylae allowed the Persians to torch an evacuated Athens and overrun most of Greece. However, while seeking to destroy the combined Greek fleet, the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the Battle of Salamis. The following year, the confederated Greeks went on the offensive, decisively defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea, and ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire.", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The second Persian invasion of Greece was an event of major significance in European history. A large number of historians hold that, had Greece been conquered, the Ancient Greek culture that lies at the basis of Western civilization would have never developed (and by extension Western civilization itself).[209][210][211] While this may be an exaggeration, it is clear that even at the time the Greeks understood that something very significant had happened.[212]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.[14] Darius then died while preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I.[22] Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece.[23]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The main source for the Great Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus. Herodotus, who has been called the 'Father of History',[3] was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor (then under Persian overlordship). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek—Historia; English—(The) Histories) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been relatively recent history (the wars finally ending in 450 BC).[4] Herodotus's approach was entirely novel, and at least in Western society, he does seem to have invented 'history' as we know it.[4] As Holland has it: \"For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally.\"[4]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece. Five major food depots had been set up along the path: at White Headland on the Thracian side of the Hellespont, at Tyrodiza in Perinthian territory, at Doriskos at the Evros river estuary where the Asian army was linked up with the Balkan allies, at Eion on the Strymon river, and at Therme, modern-day Thessaloniki. There, food had been sent from Asia for several years in preparation for the campaign. Animals had been bought and fattened, while the local populations had, for several months, been ordered to grind the grains into flour.[107] The Persian army took roughly three months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to Therme, a journey of about 600 km (360 mi). It paused at Doriskos where it was joined by the fleet. Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march.[108]", "Ionian Revolt. Therefore, the first Persian invasion of Greece effectively began in the following year, 492 BC, when Mardonius was dispatched (via Ionia) to complete the pacification of the land approaches to Greece and push on to Athens and Eretria if possible.[85] Thrace was re-subjugated, having broken loose from Persian rule during the revolts and Macedon compelled to become a vassal of Persia. However, progress was halted by a naval disaster.[85] A second expedition was launched in 490 BC under Datis and Artaphernes, son of the satrap Artaphernes. This amphibious force sailed across the Aegean, subjugating the Cyclades, before arriving off Euboea. Eretria was besieged, captured and destroyed, and the force then moved onto Attica. Landing at the Bay of Marathon, they were met by an Athenian army and defeated in the famous Battle of Marathon, ending the first Persian attempt to subdue Greece.[88]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus from Sicily, writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca Historica, also provides an account of the Greco-Persian wars, partially derived from the earlier Greek historian Ephorus. This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus's.[11] The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch, Ctesias, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright Aeschylus. Archaeological evidence, such as the Serpent Column, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims.[12]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The numbers of troops that Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece have been the subject of endless dispute, because the numbers given in ancient sources are very large indeed. Herodotus claimed that there were, in total, 2.5 million military personnel, accompanied by an equivalent number of support personnel.[30] The poet Simonides, who was a contemporary, talks of four million; Ctesias, based on Persian records, gave 800,000 as the total number of the army (without the support personnel) that was assembled by Xerxes.[31] While it has been suggested that Herodotus or his sources had access to official Persian Empire records of the forces involved in the expedition, modern scholars tend to reject these figures based on knowledge of the Persian military systems, their logistical capabilities, the Greek countryside, and supplies available along the army's route.[1]", "First Persian invasion of Greece. The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt, the earliest phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. However, it was also the result of the longer-term interaction between the Greeks and Persians. In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionist, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples.[12][13][14] Moreover, the Persian king Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule.[12] Even before the Ionian Revolt, Darius had begun to expand the Empire into Europe, subjugating Thrace, expanding past the Danube river, conquering Paeonia,[15] and forcing Macedon to become a client kingdom to Persia; though the latter retaining an amount of autonomy up to 492 BC.[16] Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of Ancient Greece may have been inevitable.[13][17] However, the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian empire, and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability.[18] Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean, and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt.[18][19]", "First Persian invasion of Greece. Moving on, the Persian fleet approached Delos, whereupon the Delians also fled from their homes.[76] Having demonstrated Persian power at Naxos, Datis now intended to show clemency to the other islands, if they submitted to him.[74] He sent a herald to the Delians, proclaiming:", "Delian League. In the next two decades there would be two Persian invasions of Greece, occasioning, thanks to Greek historians, some of the most famous battles in history. During the first invasion, Thrace, Macedon and the Aegean Islands were added to the Persian Empire, and Eretria was duly destroyed.[14] However, the invasion ended in 490 BC with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon.[15] Between the two invasions, Darius died, and responsibility for the war passed to his son Xerxes I.[16]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. Since this was to be a full-scale invasion, it required long-term planning, stock-piling and conscription.[23] It was decided that Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges were to be set up to allow his army to cross the Hellespont to Europe, and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of Mount Athos (rounding which headland, a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC).[24] These were both feats of exceptional ambition, which would have been beyond any contemporary state.[24] However, the campaign was delayed one year because of another revolt in Egypt and Babylonia.[25]", "Battle of Marathon. The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt, the earliest phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. However, it was also the result of the longer-term interaction between the Greeks and Persians. In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples.[15][16][17] Moreover, the Persian King Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule.[15] Even before the Ionian Revolt, Darius had begun to expand the empire into Europe, subjugating Thrace, and forcing Macedon to become a vassal of Persia.[18] Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of ancient Greece may have been inevitable.[16] However, the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian empire, and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability.[19] Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean, and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt.[19][20]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. Herodotus tells us that the army and navy, while moving through Thrace, was halted at Doriskos for an inspection by Xerxes, and he recounts the numbers of troops found to be present:[33]", "Greco-Persian Wars. After having reconquered Ionia, the Persians began to plan their next moves of extinguishing the threat to their empire from Greece; and punishing Athens and Eretria.[71] The resultant first Persian invasion of Greece consisted of two main campaigns.[71]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. In 491 BC, Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city-states, asking for a gift of 'earth and water' in token of their submission to him.[19] Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year, the majority of Greek cities duly obliged. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well.[19] This meant that Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia.[19]", "First Persian invasion of Greece. In the spring of 492 BC an expeditionary force, to be commanded by Darius's son-in-law Mardonius, was assembled, consisting of a fleet and a land army.[38] Whilst the ultimate aim was to punish Athens and Eretria, the expedition also aimed to subdue as many of the Greek cities as possible.[38][39] Departing from Cilicia, Mardonius sent the army to march to the Hellespont, whilst he travelled with the fleet.[38] He sailed round the coast of Asia Minor to Ionia, where he spent a short time abolishing the tyrannies that ruled the cities of Ionia. Ironically, since the establishment of democracies had been a key factor in the Ionian Revolt, he replaced the tyrannies with democracies.[38]", "Second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persians had now captured most of Greece, but Xerxes had perhaps not expected such defiance from the Greeks; his priority was now to complete the war as quickly as possible;[130] the huge invasion force could not be supplied indefinitely, and probably Xerxes did not wish to be at the fringe of his empire for so long.[131] Thermopylae had shown that a frontal assault against a well defended Greek position had little chance of success;[132] with the Allies now dug in across the isthmus, there was therefore little chance of the Persians conquering the rest of Greece by land. However, if the isthmus's defensive line could be outflanked, the Allies could be defeated.[133][134] Such an outflanking of the isthmus required the use of the Persian navy, and thus the neutralisation of the Allied navy.[131][134] In summary, if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season.[131] Conversely by avoiding destruction, or as Themistocles hoped, by destroying the Persian fleet, the Greeks could avoid conquest. In the final reckoning, both sides were prepared to stake everything on a naval battle, in the hope of decisively altering the course of the war.[135]" ]

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[ "The Big Sick. Surgery is ineffective and the infection spreads to Emily's kidneys. Beth wants to transfer Emily to a different hospital, but Kumail and Terry disagree. Beth and Terry argue, and she brings up Terry's past. That night, Terry stays with Kumail and reveals that he cheated on Beth and regrets it. Terry's story helps Kumail realize that he cares deeply about Emily. Kumail's parents visit his apartment, angry that he is not taking their marriage suggestions seriously. Kumail tells them that he does not want an arranged marriage and reveals his relationship with Emily; as he feared, his parents disown him. As Kumail prepares for an audition for the Montreal Comedy Festival, he learns that the infection has reached Emily's heart. Emotionally distraught, Kumail fails the audition because all he can talk about is his fear that Emily will die.", "The Big Sick. Kumail learns that Emily has been taken to the hospital after fainting. A doctor tells him that Emily has a serious lung infection and must be immediately placed in a medically induced coma with tracheal intubation. He signs the permission form and calls her parents, Beth and Terry. Aware that Kumail hurt their daughter they assure him that he is no longer needed, but Kumail chooses to stay and the three become close as they deal with Emily's illness.", "The Big Sick. Emily awakens from her coma. The doctors explain she has adult-onset Still's disease, a very rare but treatable illness which Kumail inadvertently helped them diagnose. Still bitter from their break-up, Emily tells Kumail to leave. Beth invites Kumail to Emily's welcome home party. In private, Kumail asks Emily to take him back, but she again says no.", "The Big Sick. Though not part of the original script, a real-life incident involving Holly Hunter heckling an unnamed player during a US Open tennis match inspired a similar scene in the film where Nanjiani's character is heckled during one of his stand-up sets.[25]", "The Big Sick. Kumail decides to move to New York City with two comedian friends. Before he leaves, he again performs the one-man show on Pakistani culture, then tells his family about his plans to leave but refuses to allow them to disown him. Emily discovers the video of Kumail's disastrous performance and visits him after his one-man show, where he tells her about New York. Although disappointed, she tells Kumail she appreciates everything he did for her while she was in a coma.", "The Big Sick. At a performance in New York, Kumail is heckled by someone in the crowd; he sees that it is Emily.", "The Big Sick. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 219 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Funny, heartfelt, and intelligent, The Big Sick uses its appealing leads and cross-cultural themes to prove the standard romcom formula still has some fresh angles left to explore.\"[39] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received an average score of 86 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim.\"[40] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.[36] According to a poll conducted by AwardsDaily in July 2017, polling one hundred critics, The Big Sick was voted the second best film of 2017 so far, behind Get Out.[41]", "The Big Sick. Anupam Kher's casting in the film was reported in June 2016. He was directly contacted by Kumail Nanjiani himself, as Nanjiani's own father had recommended Kher play the role. According to Kher himself, his character's last scene in the film was the first scene he had filmed for the production. The Big Sick marks Kher's 500th appearance in a feature film.[15][16][17][18]", "The Big Sick. In a review for the Toronto Star, Peter Howell gave The Big Sick four stars out of four, praising the film as \"hilarious and heartbreaking\", as well as applauding the performances of the entire cast.[42] Richard Roeper similarly gave the film four stars out of four in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, labeling it as \"without a doubt one of the best romantic comedies I have seen in a long time.\"[43] The Big Sick was also selected as an \"NYT Critic's Pick\" by Manohla Dargis of The New York Times. In her review, Dargis praised Michael Showalter's direction and the screenplay by Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani for \"revitalizing an often moribund subgenre with a true story of love, death and the everyday comedy of being a 21st-century American.[44]", "The Big Sick. During the credits, photos are shown from the actual courtship and wedding of Emily Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani, including photos of his family attending the ceremony.", "The Big Sick. While praising the lead performances of Nanjiani and Kazan, Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph wrote a mixed review for The Big Sick. Collin contends that director Showalter \"never comes close to dampening down its leading couple's inextinguishable appeal.\"[45] In a negative review for The New Yorker, Richard Brody claims that the film \"suffers from an excess of pleasantness, and this very pleasantness thins out its substance, blands out its tone, weakens its comedy.\"[46]", "The Big Sick. The Big Sick is a 2017 American romantic comedy film directed by Michael Showalter and written by Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani. It stars Nanjiani, Zoe Kazan, Holly Hunter, Ray Romano, Adeel Akhtar, and Anupam Kher, and follows an interracial couple that has to deal with their cultural differences, loosely based on the real-life romance between Nanjiani and Gordon.[4]", "The Big Sick. The screenplay for The Big Sick is written by Emily V. Gordon and her husband Kumail Nanjiani and is loosely based on the real-life courtship between them before their marriage in 2007. According to Nanjiani, the idea to make a script about them was first inspired by the film's eventual co-producer Judd Apatow when the two met while appearing in a 2012 episode of the You Made It Weird podcast.[19] Developed over the course of three years, the script has been called semi-autobiographical because, in addition to the two lead characters modeled after them, many of the events occurring during Gordon and Nanjiani's relationship are noted as being portrayed to an extent in the film. [20][21][22][23][24]", "The Big Sick. Kumail has a complicated relationship with his family and native culture, uninterested in Islam or arranged marriage but insisting on performing a poorly received one-man show about his early life in Pakistan. He does not tell his family about Emily, as they would disapprove and disown him, and avoids meeting her parents. Emily finds pictures of the women Kumail's parents have set him up with; when Kumail says he cannot lose his family so does not see a long-term future with her, Emily ends their relationship.", "Kumail Nanjiani. In 2017, Nanjiani starred in the semi-autobiographical romantic comedy film The Big Sick, which he wrote with his wife Emily V. Gordon. He was nominated with his wife for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 90th Academy Awards.", "The Big Sick. In December 2015, it was announced Kumail Nanjiani would star in the film from a screenplay written by him and wife Emily V. Gordon, while Judd Apatow would produce alongside Barry Mendel, under their Apatow Productions banner, while FilmNation Entertainment would finance the film.[6] Michael Andrews composed the film's score.[7]", "The Big Sick. The Big Sick premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2017.[27] Shortly after, Amazon Studios acquired distribution rights to the film, after bids from Sony Pictures and Fox Searchlight Pictures.[28] The $12 million acquisition marked the second-largest deal of the 2017 festival.[29][30] Lionsgate partnered with Amazon on the U.S. release, and spent around $20 million on marketing the film.[31][32] It also screened at South by Southwest on March 16, 2017, where it won an Audience Award in the category Festival Favorites.[33] The film began a limited release on June 23, 2017, before going wide on July 14, 2017.[34]", "White Heat. On the outside, \"Big Ed\" Somers, Cody's ambitious right-hand man, takes leadership of the gang. Verna betrays Cody and joins Ed, feeling assured Cody will never make it out of prison because Big Ed has paid Roy Parker, an associate, to kill Cody. In the prison workshop, Parker drops a heavy piece of machinery on Cody, but Hank pushes him out of the way, saving his life. Ma visits and vows to take care of Big Ed, despite Cody's frantic attempts to dissuade her. He starts worrying and decides to break out, but before he can, he learns of Ma's death and goes berserk in the mess hall, hitting a number of guards before being overpowered and dragged to the infirmary. He concocts a plan to escape by feigning a psychosis. In the infirmary, he's diagnosed as having a \"homicidal psychosis\" and is recommended for a transfer to an asylum.", "It Comes at Night. The next morning, Travis overhears a distraught Kim telling Will that they need to leave. Travis informs his parents that Andrew might be infected and, as such, he may be infected himself. Paul and Sarah don protective masks and gloves and take weapons to confront Kim and Will, fearing that they may steal their food and water, or return later by force. When Paul asks to be let in to see if Andrew is sick, Will draws a gun and takes Paul captive. Will insists that his family is healthy and demands Paul give him a fair share of food and water so that they can leave. Paul and Sarah overwhelm Will and force him and his family outside. Will and Paul get into a brutal fight before Sarah shoots and kills Will. Kim flees into the woods with Andrew. Paul fires after them, killing Andrew. Kim hysterically begs Paul to kill her to end her misery, and he does. Having witnessed it all, the dazed Travis vomits blood in the bathroom. Later, he spots signs of illness in the mirror.", "The Big Sick. In the film's limited opening weekend, it made $421,577 from five theaters (a per-theater gross of $84,315, the best of 2017), finishing 17th at the box office.[35] The film expanded to 2,597 theaters on July 14, 2017, and was projected to gross $9–11 million over the weekend.[32] It grossed $7.6 million over the weekend, finishing fifth at the box office.[36] On July 25 the film crossed $26 million, becoming the second highest-grossing independent film of 2017.[37][38]", "The Big Sick. Principal photography began on May 11, 2016.[26]", "The Big Sick. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2017. It began a limited theatrical release on June 23, 2017, by Amazon Studios and Lionsgate, before going wide on July 14, 2017. It received positive reviews, becoming one of the most critically acclaimed films of 2017. With a budget of $5 million, it has grossed more than $52 million worldwide, becoming one of the highest-grossing independent films of 2017.[5]", "The Squid and the Whale. After a heated argument between Bernard and Joan over custody, Bernard collapses on the street outside their home and is taken to the hospital. Bernard asks for Walt to stay by his side, but Walt instead runs to visit the squid and whale. The film concludes with him pondering the exhibit.", "The Big Chill (film). The next morning Nick, Sam and Harold go jogging, and the subject of Alex's suicide comes up again. Harold's surprise arrives: sneakers for everyone to wear during the upcoming Michigan football game. The group, minus Nick, watches the game on TV, while Sarah tells Karen about her brief affair with Alex and how it affected their friendship negatively.", "A Big Hand for the Little Lady. The game builds to a climactic hand; the gamblers raise and re-raise until more than $20,000 is in the pot. Meredith, out of cash, is unable to call the latest raise. Under the strain, he collapses. The town physician, Joseph \"Doc\" Scully (Burgess Meredith), is called to care for the stricken man. Barely conscious, Meredith signals for his wife to play out the hand.", "The Big Lebowski. The affair apparently over, the Dude and his bowling teammates return to the bowling alley. As they leave, they are confronted in the parking lot by the nihilists, who have set the Dude's car on fire. They, once again, demand the ransom money. Even after the Dude and Walter explain they don't have the money, the nihilists try to rob them anyway. Walter violently beats all three, biting the ear off of one. However, in the excitement, Donny suffers a fatal heart attack.", "Kumail Nanjiani. In 2017, Nanjiani starred in the romantic comedy film The Big Sick, which he wrote with his wife Emily V. Gordon.[20] The film is about their relationship, with Nanjiani playing himself and Zoe Kazan playing Gordon (renamed Emily Gardner).", "The Big Sick. In February 2016, Zoe Kazan joined the cast,[8] along with Holly Hunter and Ray Romano in April 2016.[9] Unlike many of the other portrayals in The Big Sick, Romano's and Hunter's roles in the film were not modeled after Emily V. Gordon's actual parents. Instead, Hunter revealed that she never contacted or met Gordon's mother in preparing for her role, explaining: \"I never even met [co-writer] Emily [V. Gordon]'s mother. I never spoke with her on the phone... I wanted to feel my own freedom with the character.[10] In May 2016, Aidy Bryant, Bo Burnham, and Kurt Braunohler also joined the cast of the film.[11] That same month, Adeel Akhtar joined the cast of the film.[12] David Alan Grier was cast in The Big Sick after he met with Emily V. Gordon when she was a writer for The Carmichael Show. Grier's role was part of a larger subplot that was ultimately cut from the film's release.[13][14]", "Big Fish. Religion and film scholar Kent L. Brintnall observes how the father-son relationship resolves itself at the end of the film. As Edward dies, Will finally lets go of his anger and begins to understand his father for the first time:", "The Big Sick. As of September 24, 2017[update], The Big Sick has grossed over $42.7 million in the United States and Canada, and over $9.4 million in other territories, for a total gross of over $52.1 million.[3]", "The Big Sick. Kumail is a young Chicago standup comedian who drives for Uber and performs at night. His traditional Pakistani Muslim immigrant parents set their son up with many Pakistani women to encourage him to follow their example of an arranged marriage. During a show Kumail is heckled by Emily, a non-Muslim woman in the audience. After the show he approaches her, and what begins as a one-night stand soon blossoms into a relationship.", "It Comes at Night. Later, Travis awakens in bed, visibly sick. His mother comforts him as he dies. Some time later, Paul and Sarah sit at the dinner table in silence. They share a shattered, devastated look as the film ends." ]

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[ "Jennifer Hudson. Hudson auditioned for the third season of American Idol in Atlanta commenting that she had been singing on Disney Cruise Lines (aboard the Disney Wonder) for the past few months (as one of the Muses from Hercules); and contestant judge Randy Jackson said, \"We're expecting more than a cruise ship performance from you.\"[19] Hudson received the highest number of votes in the \"Top 9\" after her performance of Elton John's \"Circle of Life\" on April 6, 2004, but two weeks later was eliminated during the \"Top 7\" show after performing Barry Manilow's, \"Weekend in New England.\" The bottom three consisting of three African-American females led to controversy.[20][21] In May 2009, MTV listed Hudson as the sixth greatest American Idol and noted her exit was the most shocking of all time.[22] In May 2010, the Los Angeles Times claimed Hudson to be the third greatest Idol contestant in the history of the show, placing behind season one winner Kelly Clarkson and season four winner Carrie Underwood.[23]", "Jennifer Hudson. Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981) is an American singer, actress and spokesperson.[1] She rose to fame in 2004 as a finalist on the third season of American Idol, coming in seventh place.", "American Idol (season 3). The third season of American Idol premiered on Monday, January 19, 2004 and continued until May 26, 2004. The third season was won by Fantasia Barrino, who defeated Diana DeGarmo by an approximate margin of 2% (1.3 million votes); the vote total (65 million votes) was the highest recorded vote total in the show's history until the May 23, 2007, finale of the sixth season. This season also featured Jennifer Hudson, who would subsequently win the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. This was the last season to be aired in standard definition, with the only exception being the grand finale.", "Jennifer Hudson. In January 2002, Hudson signed her first recording contract with Righteous Records, a Chicago-based independent record label. She was released from her five-year contract with Righteous Records so that she could appear on American Idol in 2004.", "Jennifer Hudson. In February 2009, Hudson made her first public appearance since the murders when she sang the Star-Spangled Banner at Super Bowl XLIII.[50][51][52] She toured the United States with Robin Thicke in 2009.[53] In early May 2009, Hudson suffered \"throat fatigue\" and had to reschedule her May 16–19, 2009, tour dates.[54] She sang \"Will You Be There\" at the Michael Jackson memorial service in July 2009.[55] Hudson recorded \"Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye),\" originally by Gladys Knight & the Pips, for American Idol Season 3: Greatest Soul Classics — the official American Idol album for the third season. She also performed the song \"Easy to be Hard\" on the Actors' Fund benefit recording of the musical Hair;[citation needed] and she is featured on Ne-Yo's second album, Because of You, on the track, \"Leaving Tonight\". Hudson sang \"Dancing a Catchy Rhythm\" with Brooke White.[citation needed] Hudson performed a Christmas special in December 2009 called Jennifer Hudson: I'll Be Home for Christmas. During the special, she relived her childhood Christmases with musical performances filmed at her favorite locations in her native Chicago. Hudson also visited family members, friends and other childhood influences during the broadcast.[56] On January 22, 2010, Hudson appeared on the telethon \"Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief\", performing the Beatles' \"Let it Be\". The telecast generated $61 million in donations as of January 26, 2010.[57] Also, that year, Hudson recorded the song \"One Shining Moment\" for the 2010 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.", "American Idol controversies. At top seven, the three African American singers Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas, all unexpectedly landed at the bottom three. Jennifer Hudson was eliminated, prompting much discussion and criticism.[10] Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes \"incredibly racist\"[11] (though Barrino went on to win the competition). Criticisms were also voiced about the voting system that resulted in survival of contestants such as John Stevens over Jennifer Hudson, or Jasmine Trias over LaToya London. It was claimed that Jasmine Trias' fans were able to vote early and often outside of the 2-hour voting window,[12] and a disproportionate number of votes came from Jasmine Trias' home state of Hawaii.[13]", "American Idol. The impact of American Idol was also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on.[250][251] The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd,[252] won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance.", "American Idol (season 3). The elimination of both Hudson and London has been pointed out as a classic demonstration of vote-splitting in the American Idol vote, in which the presence of similar choices reduces the votes for each of the similar choices. Hudson, London and Barrino (who would eventually go on to win the competition) were female, African-American, highly praised singers—all appealing to the same demographic bloc of voters. All three of these previously popular singers ended up in the \"bottom three\" the night Hudson was eliminated—the three having the lowest individual vote counts.[19]", "Jennifer Hudson. In October 2008, after Hudson's mother, brother and nephew were killed in a shooting, Hudson stepped out of the public eye for three months. Hudson resumed her public appearances in 2009, with high-profile performances at Super Bowl XLIII, the Grammy Awards, American Idol, and The Oprah Winfrey Show.[2] Hudson has been described as a friend of former President Barack Obama, who invited her to appear with him at a fundraiser in Beverly Hills during his first term in May 2009.[3] She also performed at the White House at the \"Celebration of Music from the Civil Rights Movement\" event.[4] In 2013, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[5] In 2016, Hudson was announced as a coach on the 2017 Series of The Voice UK, where she became the first female coach to win.[6] The following year, Hudson was announced as a coach on the thirteenth season of The Voice (U.S.).[7]", "Jennifer Hudson. As Effie White, Hudson has garnered 29 awards from film critics as Best Supporting Actress and Breakthrough Performer of 2006. She won the Golden Globe Award as Best Actress in a Supporting Role. In addition, she has been named Best Supporting Actress by the Broadcast Film Critics Association and also by the Screen Actors Guild. After seeing Hudson's performance in Dreamgirls, Simon Cowell taped a congratulatory message to her, which aired on The Oprah Winfrey Show.[31] With the March 2007 issue, Jennifer Hudson became the third African-American celebrity and the first African-American singer to grace the cover of Vogue magazine.[32] On February 11, 2007, the 60th British Academy Film Awards were held in London, but Hudson was not there to accept her BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. The BAFTA Award went missing and Hudson did not receive her award until April 22, 2011, when it was presented to her on the Graham Norton Show. On February 25, 2007, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film. During her acceptance speech, Hudson said: \"Oh, my God, I have to just take this moment in. I cannot believe this. Look what God can do. I didn't think I was going to win. [...] If my grandmother was here to see me now. She was my biggest inspiration.\" She also concluded her speech by thanking Jennifer Holliday.[33] Later in 2007, the mayor of her home town, Chicago, Richard M. Daley, declared March 6 as \"Jennifer Hudson Day\".[34][35] She was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences on June 18, along with 115 other individuals for 2007.[36][37] Entertainment Weekly put her performance on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Sure, Beyoncé's performance was great. And Eddie Murphy's was impressive. But there was really only one reason we all rushed to see 2006's Dreamgirls: Jennifer Hudson's soul-to-the-rafters rendition of the classic 'And I'm Telling You I'm Not Going'. When she sang 'You're gonna love me,' it wasn't just a lyric — it was a fact.\"[38]", "American Idol (season 3). Both Jennifer Hudson and LaToya London, part of final twelve, were eliminated, despite high praises from the judges. After Hudson was eliminated, Elton John, who was a mentor for that season, criticized the vote as 'incredibly racist' in a press conference.[18]", "American Idol. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated.[62] Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes \"incredibly racist\".[63] The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'.[64]", "Jennifer Hudson. As a singer, Hudson has released three studio albums. Her debut album Jennifer Hudson, released in 2008, debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA, with sales exceeding a million copies worldwide. The record was nominated for four Grammy Awards, winning the 2009 Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. Her second album I Remember Me, released in 2011, also debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA. Her third and most recent album JHUD peaked in the top ten and featured the Grammy-nominated track \"It's Your World\". She also became the principal singer of The Color Purple musical album, which earned her the 2017 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Musical Performance in a Daytime Program (shared with the cast of The Color Purple).", "Jennifer Hudson. In January 2008, Hudson returned to the studio to record new songs for her debut studio album. Her label was reportedly unhappy with the direction they were sending Hudson musically and decided it would be best to scrap the older songs and instead focus on new ones. Hudson worked with Ryan Tedder and Timbaland on a number of songs. Her debut single, \"Spotlight\" was released on June 10, 2008 and became Hudson's first top 40 hit peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a top 20 hit in the United Kingdom and Turkey. Her debut studio album, Jennifer Hudson, was released on September 30, 2008 on Arista and was written by Ne-Yo, who co-produced along with Stargate. Additional contributors on the album include Timbaland, Missy Elliott, Robin Thicke, Harvey Mason, Jr., Diane Warren, Earl Powell, and Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, among others.[47] The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with 217,000 copies in the US and opened to positive reviews. As of August 2009, the album has sold 739,000 copies in the US, receiving a Gold certification for surpassing sales of 500,000. She has performed the song, \"All Dressed in Love\" for the Sex and the City soundtrack, which was released on May 27, 2008.[48] Hudson performed the national anthem at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. The album's second single was to be released in October 2008, and was originally set to be \"My Heart\" before \"If This Isn't Love\" was chosen as the official second single. After three of her family members were brutally murdered, the single was rescheduled for a January 2009 release. However, in January 2009, her label decided to postpone the release of the second single once more until, choosing a February 2009 release date. After the release of \"If This Isn't Love\", the single eventually peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 37 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single was announced as \"Pocketbook\" featuring Ludacris in April 2009, for a June 2009 release, despite speculation that the third single would be \"My Heart\" after it was canceled as the second single. In May 2009, \"Pocketbook\" was canceled as the third single due to negative reception from fans and critics alike. The third single was then rescheduled as \"Giving Myself\" and was released on June 2, 2009 to the US. Her debut album garnered Hudson three nominations at the 2009 Grammy Awards; Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Spotlight\", Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"I'm His Only Woman\" with Fantasia Barrino, and Best R&B Album for Jennifer Hudson. She won the last of these and performed at the awards ceremony.[49]", "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was recorded in 2006 by former American Idol contestant Jennifer Hudson, who portrayed Effie White in the DreamWorks/Paramount motion picture adaptation of Dreamgirls. Her recording of the song, the Dreamgirls film soundtrack's second single, peaked at number 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number 14 on the R&B chart. Hudson won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Dreamgirls; she thanked Holliday in her acceptance speech. The song can be heard on her debut album Jennifer Hudson (2008).", "American Idol (season 1). The finale was between Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini, and Kelly Clarkson was declared the winner with 58% out of 15.5 million votes cast.[10] Over 110 million votes were cast over the entire season.[9]", "Jennifer Hudson. In November 2005, Hudson was cast in the role of Effie White for the film adaptation of the musical Dreamgirls, which also starred Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy. The role, originally created in a Broadway performance by Jennifer Holliday,[citation needed] marked Hudson's debut screen performance. She won the role over hundreds of professional singers and actresses, including Fantasia Barrino.[27] Filming of Dreamgirls began on January 9, 2006, and the film went into limited release on December 25, 2006, and national release on January 12, 2007. Hudson has won particular praise for her show-stopping onscreen rendition of the hit song, \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", the signature song of the role, which had earlier been recorded, and had already reached the status of musical standard, because of the definitive performance of Jennifer Holliday. The New York Observer described Hudson's performance of the song as \"five mellifluous, molto vibrato minutes that have suddenly catapulted Ms. Hudson... into the position of front-runner for the best supporting actress Oscar\".[28] Newsweek said that when moviegoers hear Hudson sing the song, she, \"is going to raise goose bumps across the land.\"[29] Variety magazine wrote that Hudson's performance \"calls to mind debuts like Barbra Streisand in Funny Girl or Bette Midler in The Rose, with a voice like the young Aretha\".[30] Hudson's version of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" debuted at number 98 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the January 13, 2007, issue.[citation needed] The Dreamgirls track became Hudson's first top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Adult R&B Airplay chart on February 24, 2007.[citation needed] \"Love You I Do\" was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song and won the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.", "Jennifer Hudson. Hudson played a nun in the Farrelly brothers film The Three Stooges (2012).[79] The day after the death of Whitney Houston, Hudson paid tribute to her by singing Houston's iconic \"I Will Always Love You\" during the 54th Grammy Awards held on February 12, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California.[80] Hudson guest-starred for a multi-episode arc on the second season of Smash.[81] She sang \"America the Beautiful\" with the Sandy Hook Elementary School chorus at Super Bowl XLVII.[82] Hudson sang at the 85th Academy Awards in a tribute to musical films.[83] She performed \"Same Love\" with Macklemore, Ryan Lewis, and Mary Lambert at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards.[84]", "You Give Good Love. Monica performed \"You Give Good Love\" as part of a tribute to Houston, the recipient of the Quincy Jones Award in that year, along with Ronald Isley, Terry Ellis and Kenny Lattimore at The 12th Soul Train Music Awards held on February 27, 1998.[44] Jennifer Hudson covered the song as one of the setlist during her first US tour with Robin Thicke in April – May, 2009.[45] Karen Rodriguez, one of Top 13 finalists on the tenth season of American Idol, auditioned on MySpace first and then in front of the judges in Los Angeles with the song in 2010.[46]", "Jennifer Hudson. Hudson was born on September 12, 1981, in Chicago, Illinois.[8][9] She is the third and youngest child of Darnell Donnerson (November 7, 1950 – October 24, 2008)[10] and Samuel Simpson[11] (died 1999).[12] She was raised as a Baptist[13] in Englewood[14] and attended Dunbar Vocational High School, from which she graduated in 1999.[15] She cites Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, and Patti LaBelle as her overall biggest influences and inspiration.[16] At the age of 7, she got her start in performing by singing with the church choir and doing community theater with the help of her late maternal grandmother, Julia.[17] She enrolled at Langston University but she left after a semester due to homesickness and unhappiness with the weather, and registered at Kennedy–King College.[18]", "List of American Idol finalists. In season one, Jim Verraros, an openly gay contestant, was told by Fox to remove all mentions of his homosexuality from his online journal as producers \"thought [he] was trying to gain more votes\".[1] During the second season, finalist Corey Clark was disqualified when it was revealed that he had been arrested and charged with resisting arrest, battery upon his sister, and criminal restraint. In season five, voters claimed that phone calls dialed for Chris Daughtry during the first few minutes of voting were misrouted to Katharine McPhee's lines, when they heard her recorded message thanking them for voting for McPhee.[2] In season seven, it was revealed that Carly Smithson held a prior label record deal with MCA Records. Reports suggested that MCA spent over $2 million promoting Smithson's previous album which she made under the name Carly Hennessy. The album sold fewer than 400 copies.[3] Smithson remained on the show, and placed sixth in her season. Jermaine Jones of season eleven was disqualified for having theft cases and outstanding warrants on Top 11 week.", "Jennifer Hudson. On September 21, 2013, a new single from Hudson's forthcoming third studio album was released via her website. The 70s stylized uptempo ballad, titled \"I Can't Describe (The Way I Feel)\", features T.I. with production by Pharrell, she performed this song alongside Chaka Khan, Evelyn Champagne King, and T.I. at the 2013 Soul Train Awards.[85] In October 2013, Hudson starred in the coming of age drama The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete alongside Jordin Sparks as well as the drama/musical Black Nativity. Furthermore, she appears alongside Amy Adams in the drama Lullaby. On November 13, 2013, Hudson was awarded with the 2,512th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[5]", "Jennifer Hudson. As an actress, she made her film debut portraying Effie White in Dreamgirls, for which she gained worldwide acclaim and won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress. She has also appeared in such films as Sex and the City, The Secret Life of Bees and Black Nativity. She has made numerous television appearances, including guest roles on Smash, Empire and Inside Amy Schumer. In 2015, she made her Broadway debut in the role of Shug Avery in the revival of The Color Purple.", "List of American Idol episodes. Jennifer Hudson performs \"Where You At\", Sugarland performs \"Stuck Like Glue\".", "American Idol. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender,[52] but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.", "American Idol (season 15). Former contestants who performed on the April 7 finale included Clay Aiken, Lauren Alaina, Kris Allen, David Archuleta, Fantasia Barrino, Clark Beckham, Bo Bice, Kelly Clarkson, David Cook, Bucky Covington, Chris Daughtry, Diana DeGarmo, Lee DeWyze, Colton Dixon, Melinda Doolittle, James Durbin, Nick Fradiani, Candice Glover, Danny Gokey, Mikalah Gordon, Tamyra Gray, Justin Guarini, Kree Harrison, Taylor Hicks, Amber Holcomb, Jennifer Hudson, George Huff, Allison Iraheta, Casey James, Caleb Johnson, Skylar Laine, Joshua Ledet, Blake Lewis, Kimberley Locke, LaToya London, Sanjaya Malakar, Constantine Maroulis, Scotty McCreery, Katharine McPhee, Phillip Phillips, Kellie Pickler, Brandon Rogers, Jessica Sanchez, Carly Smithson, Jordin Sparks, Ruben Studdard, Pia Toscano, Jasmine Trias, Carrie Underwood, Elliott Yamin, and Ace Young.[59][62][63][64]", "Dreamgirls (film). For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.[82]", "American Idol (season 6). Mentor: Jennifer Lopez", "American Idol. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label.[107]", "American Idol. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget.[85] Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart.[86] This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.[87]", "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going. American Idol runner-up Jessica Sanchez performed the song as one of her two songs in the Top 4. Her performance during the Top 4 was praised by Jennifer Holliday.[8] She later performed the song with Holliday during the finale of the show's eleventh season in 2012.[9]", "List of American Idol episodes. James Durbin performs \"Higher Than Heaven\" and Jennifer Hudson & Ne-Yo perform \"Think Like a Man\"." ]

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[ "New Orleans Saints. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and much of the Gulf Coast region. The Superdome was used as an emergency temporary shelter for displaced residents. The stadium suffered damage from the hurricane (notably from flooding and part of the roof being torn off as well as internal damage), and from lack of available facilities. The Saints were forced to play their first scheduled home game against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (the Giants' home stadium); other home games were rescheduled at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas or Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. During the season, it was rumored that Saints' owner Tom Benson might deem the Superdome unusable and seek to legally void his contract and relocate the team to San Antonio, where he has business interests. Ultimately, however, the Superdome was repaired and renovated in time for the 2006 season at an estimated cost of US$185 million. The New Orleans Saints' first post-Katrina home game was an emotionally charged Monday Night Football game versus their division rival, the Atlanta Falcons. The Saints, under rookie head coach Sean Payton and new quarterback Drew Brees, defeated the Falcons 23–3, and went on to notch the second playoff win in franchise history.", "Hurricane Katrina effects by region. The New Orleans Saints NFL football team, who were displaced from their home facility at the Superdome, moved temporarily to San Antonio. The Saints' 2005 home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio and Louisiana State University's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge. On December 30, 2005, the team and the league announced that the club would play a split schedule again in 2006.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. After the events surrounding Katrina, the Superdome was not used during the 2005 NFL season. The New Orleans Saints played four of their scheduled home games at LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, three at the Alamodome in San Antonio, and one at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[9]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005 and caused extensive damage to the Louisiana Superdome. The New Orleans Saints professional American football team were unable to play any home games at the Superdome for the entire 2005 NFL regular season as a result. The stadium was also used to temporarily house victims of the storm.", "New Orleans Saints. Due to the damage Hurricane Katrina caused to the Superdome and the New Orleans area, the Saints' scheduled 2005 home opener against the New York Giants was moved to Giants Stadium. The remainder of their 2005 home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, and LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. On December 5, Tagliabue met with Benson and New Orleans officials to tour the city and assess the viability of playing in New Orleans in 2006. On January 11, 2006, at a press conference in New Orleans, Tagliabue announced that the Saints would likely play all eight home games at the Superdome.[10] Superdome officials said January 12 that the Dome would be ready by September 1, 2006.[11] The NFL announced on February 5, 2006, that the Superdome would reopen on September 24 when the Saints were to host the Atlanta Falcons.[12]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. On October 21, 2005, Benson issued a statement saying that he had not made any decision about the future of the Saints.[10] The San Antonio Express-News reported that sources close to the Saints' organization said that Benson planned to void his lease agreement with New Orleans by declaring the Superdome unusable.[11] Ultimately, the Saints announced that they would be returning to New Orleans, with the first home game on September 25, 2006 against the Atlanta Falcons on Monday Night Football. Before that first game, the team announced it had sold out its entire home schedule to season ticket holders — a first in franchise history.[12]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. After practicing for approximately a week in San Jose, California, where they had evacuated in conjunction with a pre-season game against the Oakland Raiders, the team set up temporary headquarters and arranged for practice facilities in San Antonio, Texas.", "History of the New Orleans Saints. Going into the 2005 season, the Saints were optimistic that they could build on their good results at the end of 2004. But when Hurricane Katrina struck, the Saints were thrown into chaos with the rest of their city. The Saints relocated their headquarters to San Antonio, Texas. The Saints managed to provide an emotional lift for their hometown when they defeated the Panthers 23-20 in Week 1. The NFL decreed that the Saints' first home game would be played in Giants Stadium, adding insult to injury as the Saints were forced to play a \"home\" game against the New York Giants in front of a hostile crowd. The Saints struggled and lost 27-10, feeling aggrieved at the situation. The rest of the Saints' home games would be played either in San Antonio's Alamodome or Baton Rouge's Tiger Stadium. The Saints lost to Minnesota in Week 3, but won in the Alamodome the next week over Buffalo to bring their record to 2-2. They then proceeded to be blown out 52-3 in Green Bay by a team which came into the game 0-4. The loss to the Packers was even worse for the Saints due to a season-ending injury suffered by star running back Deuce McAllister. The Saints would eventually finish the season with a 3-13 record; the last few games of the season saw quarterback Aaron Brooks being benched (and later traded to the Oakland Raiders), giving playing time for backup quarterback Todd Bouman and even third-stringer Adrian McPherson and, eventually, the season ended with head coach Jim Haslett losing his job.", "Alamodome. In 2005, the NFL announced that the Alamodome would host three of the New Orleans Saints regular season \"home\" games due to the damage caused to the Louisiana Superdome by Hurricane Katrina. The Saints played the Buffalo Bills (week 4), the Atlanta Falcons (week 6), and the Detroit Lions (week 16) at the Alamodome. Although there have been many NFL preseason games held in San Antonio over the years, these games were the first NFL regular season games played in the city. The Saints also played one 2005 season \"home\" game in Giants Stadium (against the New York Giants) in East Rutherford, New Jersey, and four others in LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Overall, the Saints averaged 62,665 fans in the 64,000-seat Alamodome for the three games held there, a solid showing despite the short notice to sell tickets due to the hurricane. The Saints and the NFL announced that the team would return to Louisiana for the 2006 season even though at the time the NFL was uncertain where they would play their home games.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. Starting in the fall of 2006, the Saints returned to playing all of their regular home games of the 2006 season in New Orleans at the Superdome. Their first game back in New Orleans, on September 25, 2006, was marked by a dramatic blocked punt early in the first quarter, with Steve Gleason blocking the punt and Curtis Deloatch recovering the ball in the Falcons' end zone for a touchdown. It was the first score in the Saints' first game in New Orleans in nearly 21 months. The Saints won the game and, unexpectedly, went on to have the most successful season in their history up to that time, reaching the NFC Championship Game for the first time in franchise history.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. The league then announced that although the Saints' first home game on September 18 against the New York Giants would be played at Giants Stadium at 7:30 p.m. EDT on September 19, other home games would be split between Tiger Stadium (the stadium of the LSU Tigers football) at LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (80 miles/130 km from New Orleans), and the Alamodome in San Antonio (540 miles/869 km from New Orleans); offices and practice would remain in San Antonio throughout the season.", "Tiger Stadium (LSU). Tiger Stadium at LSU served as a temporary relocation site for the New Orleans Saints for four games of the 2005 NFL season after Hurricane Katrina damaged the Superdome and left much of New Orleans under water. The Saints, however, utilized only 79,000 of Tiger Stadium's seats (the new west side upper deck, which was still under construction, was closed for Saints games). The Saints' first two games in Baton Rouge came on the Sunday immediately following an LSU home game, meaning field crews had to repaint the field to NFL standards immediately following the completion of LSU's games, both of which kicked off at 7 p.m. Due to the time crunch, the NFL granted LSU's request to start the Saints' games in the late slot (3:05 p.m. CST). Although none of the Saints' four Baton Rouge dates sold out due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina, the NFL exempted the Saints from the league's blackout rules, and the games were televised locally by WAFB and WGMB.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue met with Benson and Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco at the Saints' first home game in Baton Rouge on October 30 against the Miami Dolphins. After the meeting, he stopped just short of making a formal commitment to keep the Saints in New Orleans. Said Tagliabue: \"The Saints are Louisiana's team and have been since the late '60s when my predecessor Pete Rozelle welcomed them to the league as New Orleans' team and Louisiana's team. Our focus continues to be on having the Saints in Louisiana.\" He dispelled rumors that had the Saints relocating to Los Angeles. Tagliabue appointed an eight-owner advisory committee to help decide the team's future.[5] Benson left the game with five minutes left in the fourth quarter. A WWL-TV camera crew recorded him leaving the stadium. Benson angrily pushed the camera away and then got into an argument with a fan. Video of the altercation was obtained by WWL-TV.[6] Three days later, Benson issued a statement that he would no longer go to Baton Rouge for Saints home games because he felt he and his family were in danger from abuse at the game.[7]", "New Orleans Saints. Temporary stadiums in 2005 due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina:", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The Superdome gained international attention of a different type in 2005 when it housed thousands of people seeking shelter from Hurricane Katrina. The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm, and was closed for many months afterward. It was eventually decided the building would be fully refurbished and reopened in time for the Saints' 2006 home opener on September 25.", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. First Saints game\nThe New Orleans Saints opened the 1975 NFL season at the Superdome, losing 21–0 to the Cincinnati Bengals in the first regular-season game in the facility. Tulane Stadium, the original home of the Saints, was condemned for destruction on the day the Superdome opened.", "New Orleans Saints. On March 23, the Saints announced that the team's two 2006 preseason games were to be played at Shreveport, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. After a $185 million renovation of the historic stadium, on April 6 the Saints released their 2006 schedule, with all home games scheduled to be played at the Superdome. On September 19, Saints owner Tom Benson announced that the team had sold out the Louisiana Superdome for the entire season with season tickets alone (68,354 seats), a first in franchise history.[12]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. Tagliabue said the team's preseason games would likely be played elsewhere in the region. He also stated that the Saints and the NFL were committed to New Orleans for the long haul.", "History of the New Orleans Saints. In 1975, the Saints moved from Tulane Stadium into the Louisiana Superdome. Despite the new home, they went just 2-12; North was fired after six games, and Ernie Hefferle was named interim head coach for the final eight games of the season.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. In April 2009, the franchise reached a deal that would keep the Saints in New Orleans until at least 2025.[13] In the 2009 season, the Saints finished 13–3 and defeated the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV. In July 2012, \"Rebirth\", a statue depicting Gleason blocking the punt, was erected outside the Superdome; a news report commented that the blocked punt \"etched Steve Gleason into Saints lore and became symbolic of New Orleans' resilience in the face of disaster\".[14]", "National Football League television blackout policies. In 2005, for the first time in its history, the NFL lifted the blackout policies for a team: the New Orleans Saints. Due to damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, the Saints split their home games between Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, Tiger Stadium at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, and the Alamodome in San Antonio, with most home games being played in Baton Rouge. Baton Rouge is a secondary market for the Saints and is subject to blackouts when games held at the Superdome carried by over-the-air networks do not sell out, since CBS affiliate WAFB and Fox affiliate WGMB reach within 75 miles of the Superdome, even though the city limits of Baton Rouge are more than 75 miles from the stadium (the Baton Rouge DMA is not subjected to a blackout when Saints games televised by ESPN or the NFL Network do not sell out).", "AFL–NFL merger. The state of Louisiana has been making cash payouts to the New Orleans Saints since 2001 in order to keep the team from moving. The state received over $185 million from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and other sources to repair and renovate the Superdome following damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Louisiana then began a five-year, $320 million renovation project for the stadium in 2006.", "Astrodome. The entire Reliant Park complex was scheduled to be emptied of hurricane evacuees by September 17, 2005. Originally, the Astrodome was planned to be used to house evacuees until December. However, the surrounding parking lots were needed for the first Houston Texans home game. Arrangements were made to help Katrina evacuees find apartments both in Houston and elsewhere in the United States. By September 16, 2005, the last of the hurricane evacuees living in the Astrodome had been moved out either to the neighboring Reliant Arena or to permanent housing north of Houston.[23] As of September 20, 2005, the remaining Katrina evacuees were relocated to Arkansas due to Hurricane Rita.[24]", "New Orleans Saints. The September 25, 2006 home opener, the first home game in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, was won by the Saints 23–3 against the Atlanta Falcons, who were undefeated in the 2006 season at that time. The attendance for the game was a sellout crowd of 70,003. Meanwhile, the broadcast of the game was ESPN's highest-ever rated program to date, with an 11.8 rating, and viewership by 10,850,000 homes. It was the most-watched program for the night, broadcast or cable, and was the second-highest rated cable program of all time at the time. Green Day and U2 performed \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\" and \"The Saints Are Coming\", respectively, before the game. The game received a 2007 ESPY award for \"Best Moment in Sports.\" The game is remembered by Saints fans for Steve Gleason's blocked punt on the opening series that resulted in a touchdown for New Orleans.", "Falcons–Saints rivalry. The series was rarely noted by the national media during the teams' first decades of existence, probably due to both teams' long stretches of futility. However, the September 25, 2006 match-up, which served as the Louisiana Superdome's official reopening after Hurricane Katrina, was considered a major milestone in New Orleans' and the Gulf Coast's recovery from the effects of the storm as well as the Saints' return to the city after their own year-long exile after the storm; the Saints later erected a statue outside the Superdome to commemorate their win in that game.", "NFL regular season. Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters. A few days before the start of the 2005 NFL Season, the Louisiana Superdome was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina, and much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed. The New Orleans Saints' eight scheduled home games were moved to other locations, including Giants Stadium, the Alamodome in San Antonio, and Tiger Stadium on the campus of Louisiana State University. On September 14, 2008, the Houston Texans were scheduled to host the Baltimore Ravens. The game was postponed until November 9 because of Hurricane Ike (which caused some damage to Reliant Stadium) and several other changes had to be made to the schedule. The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome collapsed on December 12, 2010 after a severe heavy snowstorm, resulting in the stadium being unusable for the remainder of the season. The last two of the Minnesota Vikings' home games had to be moved: one to Ford Field in Detroit (which also led to the game being postponed the following Monday night) and another to TCF Bank Stadium, the University of Minnesota's college football stadium.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. On October 21, 2005, Benson issued a statement saying that he had not made any decision about the future of the Saints.[3] However, the San Antonio Express-News reported that sources close to the Saints' organization said that Benson planned to void his lease agreement with New Orleans by declaring the Louisiana Superdome unusable.[4]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. In April 2005, Tom Benson, owner of the New Orleans Saints, halted lease negotiations with the state of Louisiana until after the completion of the 2005 NFL Season, due to a stadium dispute.[1] Rumors quickly began to spread that San Antonio, Texas, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Los Angeles, California were being considered as possible destinations for the team. It was reported that Benson had strong interest in relocating to San Antonio due to owning a substantial amount of property in the region and having strong business interests within the city, specifically related to his car dealership empire.[2]", "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Although the Superdome suffered damage by water and wind to the overall interior and exterior structures, as well as interior damage from human waste and trash, the facility was repaired at a cost of US$140 million and was ready for games by the autumn of 2006.[75]", "Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina. Katrina was directly related to the controversial National Basketball Association Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City. New Orleans' NBA franchise was forced to move temporarily; the Hornets (now known as the Pelicans after Saints owner Tom Benson purchased the team in 2013) chose a mix of the Pete Maravich Assembly Center in Baton Rouge, and the Ford Center in Oklahoma City while New Orleans Arena was being rebuilt. The success of the Hornets in the Ford Center (which the Hornets had a deal where the team would split its games for two years) directly led to Oklahoma City interests purchasing the Seattle SuperSonics, which was for sale, and move to become the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008.", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. On Super Bowl XL Sunday (February 5, 2006), the NFL announced that the Saints would play their home opener on September 24, 2006 in the Superdome against the Atlanta Falcons. The game was later moved to Monday night, September 25." ]

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[ "Guiana Space Centre. Originally built in the 1960s under the name of CECLES (French: Conférence Européenne de Construction de Lanceurs et d'Engins Spatiaux, English: European conference on construction of launchers and spacecraft), the ELV pad (French: l'Ensemble de Lancement Vega) located at 5°14′10″N 52°46′30″W / 5.236°N 52.775°W / 5.236; -52.775 was designed for the Europa-II rocket. One Europa-II was launched from the site, before the programme was cancelled.[citation needed]", "Equator. Sites near the Equator, such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, are good locations for spaceports as they have a faster rotational speed than other latitudes; the added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft. Because the Earth spins to the east, spacecraft must also launch to the east (or to the southeast or northeast) to take advantage of this Earth-boost of speed.[citation needed]", "Guiana Space Centre. It was again refurbished for the Vega rocket with the first launch performed on 13 February 2012.[12]", "Guiana Space Centre. ESA has built ELS (French: l'Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz) at 5°18′18″N 52°50′02″W / 5.305°N 52.834°W / 5.305; -52.834 for launching Russian-built Soyuz-2 rockets. The first Soyuz launch from ELS was postponed several times, but launched on October 21, 2011.[15]", "Guiana Space Centre. The pad was demolished, and subsequently rebuilt as the first launch complex for Ariane rockets. Renamed ELA (later redesignated ELA-1), it was used for Ariane 1 and Ariane 2 and 3 launches until being retired in 1989.[11]", "Guiana Space Centre. The ELA-2 pad (French: l'Ensemble de Lancement Ariane 2), located at 5°13′55″N 52°46′34″W / 5.232°N 52.776°W / 5.232; -52.776 had been used for Ariane 4 launches until 2003.[citation needed]", "Guiana Space Centre. ELS is located on the territory of Sinnamary commune, 27 km (17 mi) from Kourou harbor.[16] It is 10 km (6.2 mi) north of the site used for the Ariane 5 launches. Under the terms of the Russo-European joint venture, ESA will augment its own launch vehicle fleet with Soyuz rockets—using them to launch ESA or commercial payloads—and the Russians will get access to the Kourou spaceport for launching their own payloads with Soyuz rockets. Russia will use the Guiana Space Centre in addition to Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Guiana location has the significant benefit of greatly increased payload capability, owing to the near equatorial position. A Soyuz rocket with a 1.7 tonnes to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) performance from Baikonur, will increase its payload potential to 2.8 tonnes from the Guiana launch site.[17]", "Guiana Space Centre. ELA-4 (French: l'Ensemble de Lancement Ariane 4) is presently under construction, intended for future Ariane 6 launches. This facility is located at 5°15′45″N 52°47′27″W / 5.26258°N 52.79074°W / 5.26258; -52.79074.[14]", "Satish Dhawan Space Centre. SDSC SHAR has infrastructure for launching satellites into low earth orbit, polar orbit and geo-stationary transfer orbit. The launch complexes provide support for vehicle assembly, fuelling, checkout and launch operations. The Centre also has facilities for launching sounding rockets for atmospheric studies. The mobile service tower, launch pad, preparation facilities for different launch stages & spacecraft, storage, transfer and servicing facilities for liquid propellants, etc., are the principal parts of the PSLV/GSLV launch complex.", "Guiana Space Centre. ELA-3 (French: l'Ensemble de Lancement Ariane 3) has been active for Ariane 5 launches since 1996 (Ariane 501). This facility is located at 5°14′20″N 52°46′05″W / 5.239°N 52.768°W / 5.239; -52.768 and covers an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).[13]", "Guiana Space Centre. The Guiana Space Centre (as per CNES) also contains the Îles du Salut, a former penal colony including the infamous Devil's Island. Now a tourist site, the islands are under the launching trajectory for geosynchronous orbit and have to be evacuated during launches.", "Guiana Space Centre. The European Space Agency (ESA), the French space agency CNES (National Centre for Space Studies), and the commercial companies Arianespace and Azercosmos conduct launches from Kourou.[1][2][3] This was the spaceport used by the ESA to send supplies to the International Space Station using the Automated Transfer Vehicle.", "Andhra Pradesh. Satish Dhawan Space Centre, also known as Sriharikota Range (SHAR), at barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is a satellite launching station operated by Indian Space Research Organisation.[180] It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.[181]", "Guiana Space Centre. Kourou is located approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) north of the equator, at a latitude of 5°. It is a common misconception that the main advantage of launching a rocket from the equator is the extra boost provided by the speed of the Earth's rotation. For example, the eastward boost provided by the Earth's rotation is about 463 m/s (1,035 miles per hour) at the Guiana Space Centre, as compared to about 406 m/s (908 miles per hour) at the United States east coast Cape Canaveral and Kennedy Space Center spaceports which are at 28°27′N latitude in Florida. This means that rockets need around 60 m/s more delta-v to reach Low Earth Orbit (LEO) from Cape Canaveral, which is an insignificant disadvantage.[7][8]", "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. PSLV was designed and developed in the early 1990s at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The inertial navigation systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control systems are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) at Mahendragiri near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. The solid propellant motors are processed at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR)at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh which also carries out launch operations.", "Guiana Space Centre. As of 2017[update], Kourou counts amongst the spaceports with the highest percentage of successful launches, both successive and overall. Here is a chronology of all orbital launches from the Kourou spaceport since 1970, under the French and European space programmes.", "Guiana Space Centre. Astrium assembles each Ariane 5 launcher in the Launcher Integration Building. The vehicle is then delivered to the Final Assembly Building for payload integration by Arianespace.[22] The Final Assembly Building is located 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) from the ELA-3 launch zone. The mobile launch table completes the trip with an Ariane 5 in about one hour. It is then secured in place over the launch pad's flame ducts.[23]", "Guiana Space Centre. On October 21, 2011, two Galileo IOV-1 & IOV-2 satellites were launched using a Soyuz-ST rocket, in the \"first Russian Soyuz vehicle ever launched from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.\"[21]", "Guiana Space Centre. In reality, the main benefit of Kourou is that the near-equatorial launch location provides an advantage for launches to low-inclination (or geostationary) Earth orbits compared to launches from spaceports at higher latitude. This is because rockets can be launched into orbits of with an inclination of ~6°. The lowest inclination a rocket from Cape Canaveral could be launched to is 34°. Inclination change burns already require significant amounts of delta-v, so needing to change inclination by 34° seriously affects a rocket's capability to send satellites into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). As a result of these phenomena, similarly sized Proton and Ariane 5 rockets can send similar payloads to LEO. However, the Proton, launched from high latitudes in Russia, can only send 6,270 kg to GTO while a Kourou-launched Ariane 5 can send more than 10,000 kg to GTO.[9][10]", "Guiana Space Centre. Charts include all orbital launches from Kourou; sounding rockets are excluded.\nHistorical data: launch tables from List of Ariane launches, Soyuz ST, Vega and Encyclopedia Aeronautica.\nLast updated on 25 January 2018.[41] · [42]", "Sricity. The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR), India's satellite/rocket launching centre is located at Sriharikota, on the eastern side of the Pulicat Lake which separates Sri City and the satellite launching station.[4][5]", "Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Originally known as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR)[1] and later named after Satish Dhawan, it is India's primary orbital launch site to this day. The first flight-test of 'Rohini-125', a small sounding rocket which took place on 9 October 1971 was the first ever spaceflight from SHAR. Since then technical, logistic and administrative infrastructure have been enhanced. Together with the northerly Balasore Rocket Launching Station, the facilities are operated under the ISRO Range Complex (IREX) headquartered at SHAR.[7]", "Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The range became operational when three Rohini 125 sounding rockets were launched on 9 and 10 October 1971. Previously, India used Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), at Thiruvananthapuram, on the south-western coast of India, to launch sounding rockets. The first test launch of the complete SLV-3 rocket occurred in August 1979 but it was only partially successful following a malfunction in the second-stage guidance system. SHAR facilities worked satisfactorily during the SLV-3 preparation and launch. On 18 July 1980 the SLV-3 successfully launched India's third satellite. Out of the four SLV launches from SHAR, two were successful.", "Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The Centre has two operational orbital launch pads. SHAR is ISRO's satellite launching base and additionally provides launch facilities for the full range of Rohini sounding rockets. The Vehicle Assembly, Static Test and Evaluation Complex (VAST, previously STEX) and the Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) are located at SHAR for casting and testing solid motors. The site also has a Telemetry Tracking & Control centre, Liquid Propellant Storage and Servicing Facilities (LSSF), the Management Service Group and Sriharikota Common Facilities. The PSLV launch complex was commissioned in 1990. It has a 3,000 tonne, 76.5 m high Mobile Service Tower (MST) which provides the SP-3 payload clean room.[8]", "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. As of 31 August 2017[update] the PSLV has made 41 launches, with 38 successfully reaching their planned orbits, two outright failures and one partial failure, yielding a success rate of 7001930000000000000♠93% (or 7001950000000000000♠95% including the partial failure).[21] All launches have occurred from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), known before 2002 as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR).", "Animals in space. On 23 December 1969, as part of the 'Operación Navidad' (Operation Christmas), Argentina launched Juan (a cai monkey, native of Argentina's Misiones Province) using a Canopus II rocket.[19] It ascended 82 kilometers[20] and then was recovered successfully. Later, on 1 February 1970 the experience was repeated with a female monkey of the same species using a X-1 Panther rocket. It reached a higher altitude than its predecessor, but it was lost after the capsule's parachute failed.", "Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station. The Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) is an Indian spaceport operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation. It is located in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram which is near the southern tip of mainland India, very close to earth's magnetic equator. It is currently used by ISRO for launching sounding rockets.", "Argentina. Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina. Argentine built satellites include LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),[233] and those developed by CONAE, the Argentine space agency, of the SAC series.[234] Argentina has its own satellite programme, nuclear power station designs (4th generation) and public nuclear energy company INVAP, which provides several countries with nuclear reactors.[235] Established in 1991, the CONAE has since launched two satellites successfully and,[236] in June 2009, secured an agreement with the European Space Agency for the installation of a 35-m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the Pierre Auger Observatory, the world's foremost cosmic ray observatory.[237] The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes, as well as CONAE's own, domestic research projects. Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world, the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock[238]", "National Space Agency (Malaysia). For performing of starts of future indigenous space launchers and foreign operators of space launch services (usual launch pads or air-space systems like Russian air launch etc.), Malaysia is planning to found energy-advantageous near-Equatorial spaceport in Tawau in Sabah in Malaysian part of Borneo island.[9]", "Southern Ocean. Major operational ports include: Rothera Station, Palmer Station, Villa Las Estrellas, Esperanza Base, Mawson Station, McMurdo Station, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica.", "Quito. The long triangular La Alameda is located at the beginning of street Guayaquil, where the historic centre begins. It has an impressive monument of Simón Bolívar at the apex. There are several other interesting monuments in this park. In the centre of the park is the Quito Observatory, which was opened by President García Moreno in 1873 and is the oldest observatory in Latin America.[citation needed] It is used for both meteorology and astronomy. At the north end of the park are two ornamental lakes, where rowboats can be rented.", "Thiruvananthapuram. With the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.[38]" ]

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[ "The Lego Batman Movie. The Lego Batman Movie is a 2017 3D computer-animated superhero comedy film, produced by Warner Animation Group. It was directed by Chris McKay, and written by Seth Grahame-Smith, Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Jared Stern and John Whittington, and produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. Based on the Lego Batman toy line, the film is an international co-production of the United States, Australia, and Denmark, and the first spin-off installment of The Lego Movie. The story focuses on the DC Comics character Batman as he attempts to overcome his greatest fear to stop the Joker's latest plan, with Will Arnett reprising his role as Batman for the film, along with Zach Galifianakis, Michael Cera, Rosario Dawson, and Ralph Fiennes.", "Batman. Since 2008, Batman has also starred in various direct-to-video animated films under the DC Universe Animated Original Movies banner. Kevin Conroy has reprised his voice role of Batman for several of these films, while others have featured celebrity voice actors in the role; including Jeremy Sisto, William Baldwin, Bruce Greenwood, Ben McKenzie, and Peter Weller.[177] A Lego-themed version of Batman was also featured as one of the protagonists in the animated film The Lego Movie (2014), with Will Arnett providing the voice.[178] Arnett reprised the voice role for the spin-off film The Lego Batman Movie (2017).[179]", "The Lego Movie (franchise). In October 2014, Warner Bros. scheduled the release of The Lego Batman Movie, a spin-off starring Batman, for 2017, moving the release date for The Lego Movie 2 (later titled as The Lego Movie Sequel) to 2018.[1][2] Will Arnett returned to voice Batman, with Chris McKay, who was earlier attached to the sequel, directing the film, the story written by Seth Grahame-Smith, and the film produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller.[3] On April 20, 2015, Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Batman Movie for a February 10, 2017 release.[4] In July 2015, Arnett's Arrested Development co-star Michael Cera was cast to voice Robin.[5] In August 2015, Zach Galifianakis entered final negotiations to voice the Joker.[6] In October 2015, Rosario Dawson was cast to voice Barbara Gordon, the daughter of police commissioner James Gordon who later becomes the crime-fighting heroine Batgirl.[7] The following month, Ralph Fiennes was cast as Alfred Pennyworth,[8] Bruce Wayne's butler. Mariah Carey, although initial reports indicated she was playing Commissioner Gordon,[9] was actually cast as Mayor McCaskill.[10] The first trailer for the film was released on March 24, 2016, followed by a second on March 28 the same year. The film was released in the United States on February 10, 2017.", "The Lego Batman Movie. After the success of The Lego Movie, Warner Bros. gave the green light to further multiple Lego movies being produced, including The Lego Batman Movie; Chris McKay, who co-directed The Lego Movie, was brought on board to direct the film, marking this as his solo directorial debut.[23] In an interview about his work on the film, McKay stated that working on the film was \"a very mixed blessing\" owing partly to the film's hectic time schedule for its production, remarking that the two and half years allocated to the film made it difficult to fit in everything that he wanted for the movie, considering his earlier work on The Lego Movie.[23][24] His work on The Lego Batman Movie was influenced by the comedy portrayed in both The Naked Gun and Airplane! film series, with his pitch for the film to the studios being described as like \"Jerry Maguire as directed by Michael Mann\".[24] His proposal to combine all the Batman eras featured in the comic book series and various media formats, including movies and comic series, despite a couple of issues—the total inconsistency inherent to such a task, and Lego rejecting some of the characters he proposed to include in the film—was based on his desire of how to portray Robin within the film's setting. In an interview regarding his version of the superhero duo, McKay stated:[24]", "Dick Grayson. Robin appears in The LEGO Batman Movie, voiced by Michael Cera. This version was adopted by Batman as a teenager and his Robin outfit is actually a modified Reggae outfit for Batman with the pants taken off. He has large, green glasses similar to the Carrie Kelley version. During the climax, he briefly dons a Batman armor labeled \"Nightwing\" when attempting to save Barbara Gordon and Alfred Pennyworth.", "Lego Batman: The Videogame. Characters's vocal effects were provided by Steve Blum (as Batman, Joker, Killer Moth, Killer Croc and Two-Face), James Arnold Taylor (as Robin and Nightwing), Tom Kenny (as Riddler and Penguin), Fred Tatasciore (as Bane and Hush), Grey DeLisle (as Harley Quinn and Batgirl), Dave Wittenberg (as Scarecrow and Ra's al Ghul), Ogie Banks (as Mr. Freeze and Clayface), Vanessa Marshall (as Poison Ivy and Catwoman) with Chris Edgerly (as Mad Hatter and Man-Bat) and Keith Ferguson (as Alfred Pennyworth and James Gordon). Collette Sunderman voice directs this game.", "The Lego Batman Movie. Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, praising its comedy, and saying: \"The LEGO Batman Movie isn’t the same experience as watching The LEGO Movie, but I also don’t think it's trying to be. It’s trying to be a fun superhero movie with clever callbacks to previous Batman films (every single Batman movie all the way back to the 1940s serials are referenced) that can, at least, provide DC superhero fans with a taste of fun amidst all the doom and gloom. (That can either be a reference to 'the real world' or the current DC Cinematic Universe films, you can choose either one you want or both.) And at that, The LEGO Batman Movie succeeds.\"[56] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a \"B+\" and wrote, \"LEGO Batman revs so fast and moves so frenetically that it becomes a little exhausting by the end. It flirts with being too much of a good thing. But rarely has corporate brainwashing been so much fun and gone down with such a delightful aftertaste.\"[57] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times was positive in his review, saying, \"In its best moments, this gag-a-minute Bat-roast serves as a reminder that, in the right hands, a sharp comic scalpel can be an instrument of revelation as well as ridicule.\"[58] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film for its heart, humor, and action which, \"snap together, with a satisfying click.\"[59]", "The Lego Movie. By June 2012, Chris Pratt had been cast as the voice of Emmet, the lead Lego character, and Will Arnett voicing Lego Batman; the role of Lego Superman was offered to Channing Tatum.[19] By August 2012, Elizabeth Banks was hired to voice Lucy (later getting the alias \"Wyldstyle\")[8] and Morgan Freeman to voice Vitruvius, an old mystic.[19][20] In October 2012, Warner Bros. shifted the release date for the film, simply titled Lego, to February 7, 2014.[21] In November 2012, Alison Brie, Will Ferrell, Liam Neeson, and Nick Offerman signed on for roles. Brie voices Unikitty, a member of Emmet's team; Ferrell voices the antagonist President/Lord Business; Neeson voices Bad Cop; and Offerman voices Metal Beard,[22] a pirate seeking revenge on Business.[21]", "Robin in other media. Michael Cera voices Dick Grayson in The Lego Movie spin-off The Lego Batman Movie. This version was adopted by Batman as a teenager and his Robin outfit is actually a modified Reggae outfit for Batman with the pants taken off. He has large, green glasses similar to the Carrie Kelley version. During the climax, he briefly dons a Batman armor labeled \"Nightwing\" when attempting to save Barbara and Alfred.[15]", "The Lego Batman Movie. \"I was thinking that we were basically taking the Burt Ward Robin and sticking him in the Batmobile with the Zack Snyder/Ben Affleck Batman, or the Frank Miller Batman. And putting these two different energies together. Somebody who’s like the grumpiest, dark grittiest, broodiest Batman with the most positive, indefatigable kid.\"", "The Lego Batman Movie. The Lego Batman Movie was released on Digital HD on May 19, 2017. The release included the theatrical short film The Master: A Lego Ninjago Short, as well as four new short films: Dark Hoser, Batman is Just Not That Into You, Cooking with Alfred and Movie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That?.[43] The Lego Batman Movie was released on DVD, Blu-ray (2D and 3D), and Ultra HD Blu-ray by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on June 13, 2017.[43] The film debuted at No. 3 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart.[44]", "Everything Is Awesome. A third version appears in The Lego Batman Movie, performed by Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine.", "The Lego Movie (franchise). On March 23, 2018, it was confirmed that Tiffany Haddish was cast in the film as a new lead character while returning actors would be Pratt as regular guy turned Master Builder Emmet Brickowski, Elizabeth Banks as Wyldstyle, Arnett as Batman, Channing Tatum as Superman and Jonah Hill as Green Lantern.[29]\nOn May 21, 2018, Warner Bros. officially renamed the film The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part along with releasing the first teaser poster.[30][31]", "Robin in other media. Robin (Tim Drake) is a playable character in Lego Batman: The Videogame, Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, and Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham. Charlie Schlatter voices Robin in the second and third titles. The Robin from the Lego Batman series appears in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Scott Menville. He is kidnapped early in the game's narrative, forcing Batman to find and rescue him. The game also features the Lego Batman Movie version of Robin as a playable character, with bonus story chapters adapting his role in the events of the film; using this Robin in the Teen Titans Go! world transforms him into the version of the character from that series, reprised by Scott Menville.", "The Lego Batman Movie. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 263 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"The Lego Batman Movie continues its block-buster franchise's winning streak with another round of dizzyingly funny—and beautifully animated—family-friendly mayhem.\"[53] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[54] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A–\" on an A+ to F scale.[55]", "The Lego Batman Movie. As part of its production, the movie was designed to make numerous references to previous Batman movies, cartoons and comics. These include: the 1940s Batman serials; the films Batman (1966), Batman (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), Batman & Robin (1997), Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Suicide Squad (2016); the television shows Batman (1960s), Batman: The Animated Series (1990s), Batman Beyond (2000s), and The Batman (2000s); and the comics Detective Comics #27 (Batman's introductory story), The Dark Knight Returns, and Gotham by Gaslight.[25] Other references include previous costumes worn by Batman and Robin, and the various Batmobiles used. In most cases, their appearances in the movie are done in a Lego style, with the exception being footage from a live-action shot of Adam West's depiction of Batman in the 1960s Batman show and a picture of Batman's suit from Batman and Robin. Climactic events from past Batman films including the Joker have been mentioned, including \"the one with the parade and the Prince music\" (1989's Batman) and \"the two boats\" (The Dark Knight).[25]", "The Lego Batman Movie. The Lego Batman Movie premiered in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017,[4] and was released in the United States on February 10, 2017.[8] Internationally, the film was released in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, and IMAX 3D. The film received positive reviews from critics, who praised its animation, vocal performances, musical score, visual style and humor and grossed $312 million worldwide.", "The Lego Movie. The Lego Movie is a 2014 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film written for the screen and directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a story by Lord, Miller and Dan and Kevin Hageman. Based on the Lego line of construction toys, the story focuses on an ordinary Lego minifigure who finds himself being the only one to help a resistance stop a tyrannical businessman from gluing everything in the Lego worlds into his vision of perfection. Chris Pratt, Will Ferrell, Elizabeth Banks, Will Arnett, Nick Offerman, Alison Brie, Charlie Day, Liam Neeson and Morgan Freeman provide their voices for the film's main characters.", "Will Arnett. In 2009, he voiced the title character in Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard, a video game developed by Vicious Cycle Games and starred as an out of work former video game protagonist hoping to make a comeback, versus a greedy game executive played by Neil Patrick Harris. In the Fox animated comedy series Sit Down, Shut Up, he voiced Ennis Hofftard, a bodybuilder who teaches English and always attempts to chase women.[38] The show premiered on April 19, 2009 but was eventually cancelled after several months due to poor ratings. It aired its last episode on free-to-air television on November 21, 2009.[38] Arnett lent his voice to Batman in the film The Lego Movie, making him the second Canadian actor to portray Batman in a film, after Bruce Greenwood first did so in the animated film Batman: Under the Red Hood; Arnett reprised the role in The Lego Batman Movie, a spin-off of The Lego Movie released in 2017.[39]", "The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Even before the critical acclaim and blockbuster success of The Lego Movie, plans for a sequel had already been set in motion. On February 3, 2014, Jared Stern was hired to write the sequel, along with Michelle Morgan.[12] On March 12, 2014, Deadline reported that animation co-director Chris McKay would direct the sequel with Phil Lord and Christopher Miller as producers.[13] On April 10, 2014, it was reported that McKay wanted to have more women in the sequel than men.[14] On July 28, 2014, it was reported that Chris Pratt wants to return to reprise his role as Emmet. It was also reported that Will Arnett might return to reprise his role as Batman, but had not decided yet.[15]", "The Lego Batman Movie. The first teaser trailer for The Lego Batman Movie was released on March 24, 2016, and features the song \"Black and Yellow\" by Wiz Khalifa.[33] It was attached to showings of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in theatres. A second teaser trailer was released on March 28, 2016, and features references to all live-action iterations of Batman, from the 1960s Batman TV series to Batman v Superman. A third trailer was released on July 23, 2016.[34] A fourth trailer was released on November 4, 2016.[35][36] Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including two sets of Collectible Minifigures. A Story Pack for the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions based on The Lego Batman Movie was released on February 10, 2017, alongside the film. The pack adds a six-level story campaign adapting the events of the film, and includes playable figures of Robin and Batgirl, a driveable Batwing, and a constructible gateway model based on the Batcomputer. A Fun Pack including Excalibur Batman and his Bionic Steed was also released the same day.[37]", "The Lego Movie (franchise). Even before the critical acclaim and blockbuster success of The Lego Movie, talks for a sequel were already in motion. On February 3, 2014, Jared Stern and Michelle Morgan were tasked to write a screenplay.[13] On February 21, 2014, the studio scheduled the sequel for a May 26, 2017, release.[14] On March 12, 2014, Deadline reported that the first film's animation co-director Chris McKay would direct the sequel with Phil Lord and Christopher Miller as producers.[15] Warner Bros. did not invite co-producer of the first film, Village Roadshow Pictures, to return as a participant in the sequel, due to Warner Bros. having now more confidence in the film and trying to keep as much profit as possible for itself.[16] On April 10, 2014, McKay expressed that he would like to introduce more women in the sequel than men.[17] On July 28, 2014, it was reported that on the internet, Chris Pratt expressed interest in reprising his role as Emmet for the sequel.[18] It was also reported that Will Arnett might return as Batman, but had not decided yet.[citation needed]", "Sauron. The Lego Batman Movie portrays Sauron in his eye form, voiced by comedian Jemaine Clement. He appears as one of the villains imprisoned in the Phantom Zone who join with Joker to take over Gotham City. The Eye of Sauron causes mayhem in the city by spreading lava, and supports the takeover by being able to find anyone anywhere. He is accidentally destroyed by fire blast from the Kraken from Clash of the Titans when it was trying to shoot down the Batwing. Joker was devastated at this loss while Kraken sheepishly slips away quoting \"Nothing to see here.\"", "Will Arnett. William Emerson Arnett (/ɑːrˈnɛt/; born May 4, 1970)[1] is a Canadian-American actor, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as George Oscar \"Gob\" Bluth II in the Fox/Netflix series Arrested Development (2003–2006, 2013-present). He has appeared in films such as Blades of Glory (2007), Hot Rod (2007) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014). He is a prolific voice actor with film roles including Ratatouille (2007), Monsters vs. Aliens (2009), Despicable Me (2010), The Nut Job (2014) and Batman in the Lego Movie franchise. He also plays the titular character in the Netflix series BoJack Horseman (2014–present).", "Jemaine Clement. In 2017, Clement played Oliver Bird in the FX TV series Legion. He also plays Sauron in The Lego Batman Movie.", "The Lego Batman Movie. On January 14, 2017, at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Chevrolet unveiled a life-sized Lego Batmobile inspired by the design featured in the film, constructed from around 350,000 Lego pieces. As a related promotion, a Bat-Signal (alternating between Batman's emblem and the Chevrolet logo) was projected on the Renaissance Center over the weekend, and Chevrolet released a new television commercial tying into the film, featuring the Batmobile as a crossover with its ongoing \"Real People, Not Actors\" campaign.[38][39]", "Everything Is Awesome. As one of the songs nominated for Best Original Song at the 2015 Oscars, \"Everything is Awesome\" was performed as a large-scale musical number featuring not only Tegan and Sara and The Lonely Island, but also on-stage appearances by Mothersbaugh (paying homage to his 1970s group Devo by wearing a LEGO version of the distinctive Devo energy dome), DJ Questlove, and comic actor Will Arnett dressed as Batman (in the film, Arnett provides the voice of Batman and sings the mocking heavy metal composition \"Untitled Self Portrait\", an excerpt of which was incorporated into the \"Everything Is Awesome\" performance).[18] According to LEGO Movie co-director Christopher Miller, for this on-stage appearance, Arnett wore the Batman costume originally worn by Val Kilmer in the 1995 film Batman Forever.[19] Arnett also lip-synced to the song on the Reality TV Show Lip Sync Battle, while dressed as Emmet, the character voiced by Chris Pratt in The Lego Movie.", "Chad Smith. Smith performs drums on the Lorne Balfe composed score for The Lego Batman Movie. The soundtrack for the animated film was released on February 3, 2017.[24][25]", "Lord Voldemort. Outside of the Harry Potter video games, Voldemort is also playable in Lego Dimensions, with archive audio of Ralph Fiennes's portrayal in the films used for his voiceovers. Voldemort also appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Eddie Izzard as one of the prisoners in the Phantom Zone that the Joker recruits to take over Gotham City.", "The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. On March 23, 2018, it was reported that Tiffany Haddish had been cast in the film to voice a new lead character, while returning actors would be Pratt as Emmet, Elizabeth Banks as Wyldstyle, Arnett as Batman, Channing Tatum as Superman, and Jonah Hill as Green Lantern.[7] On May 21, 2018, Warner Bros. officially renamed the film The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part along with releasing the first teaser image of the logo.[22][23] Stephanie Beatriz and Arturo Castro were announced to be part of the film on June 4, 2018.[9]", "The Lego Batman Movie. Within the Lego Universe, Batman continues to protect Gotham City and fight crime. During his latest mission to stop The Joker from destroying the city, he hurts his arch-rival's feelings by telling him he is not as important in his life as he thinks he is, leading Joker to seek the ultimate revenge on him. The following day, Batman's alter ego, Bruce Wayne, attends the city's winter gala, which is celebrating both the retirement of Commissioner Gordon and the ascension of his daughter Barbara as the city's new police commissioner, only to be infuriated by Barbara's plans to restructure the police to function without the need of Batman. Without warning, Joker crashes the party with the city's other villains, all of whom surrender, with the exception of Harley Quinn, who disappears during the confusion.", "The Lego Batman Movie. The Lego Batman Movie grossed $175.8 million in the United States and Canada and $136.2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $312 million, against a production budget of $80 million.[7]" ]

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[ "Supreme Court of the United States. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789. Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress. Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of \"justice\" to its members, who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as \"judge\", even though it is the term used in the Constitution.[4]", "History of the Supreme Court of the United States. The following is a history of the Supreme Court of the United States, organized by Chief Justice. The Supreme Court of the United States is the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789; under the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Court was to be composed of six members—though the number of justices has been nine for most of its history, this number is set by Congress, not the Constitution. The court convened for the first time on February 2, 1790.[1]", "Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the United States and the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789.", "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States. Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote, the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House.[18] The President then prepares and signs a commission, and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office.[19] The date of commission determines a Justice's seniority.[20] A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath, which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President, and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office.", "Article Three of the United States Constitution. Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress.", "Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS)[2] is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution, but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions, and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government.", "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States. Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:", "Supreme court. The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest Federal court in the United States, with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court.", "List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the Court was organized by the 1st United States Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789, which specified its original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the size of the Supreme Court at six – one chief justice and five associate justices.[1] During the 19th century, Congress changed the size of the Court on seven occasions, concluding with the Judiciary Act of 1869 which stipulates that the Court consists of the chief justice and eight associate justices.[2]", "List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulated that the \"judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court\" together with any lower courts Congress may establish.[3] Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. It specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[7][8]", "Magna Carta. The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until well into the 19th century. It influenced the early American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies and the formation of the American Constitution in 1787, which became the supreme law of the land in the new republic of the United States.[c] Research by Victorian historians showed that the original 1215 charter had concerned the medieval relationship between the monarch and the barons, rather than the rights of ordinary people, but the charter remained a powerful, iconic document, even after almost all of its content was repealed from the statute books in the 19th and 20th centuries. Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today, often cited by politicians and campaigners, and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities, Lord Denning describing it as \"the greatest constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot\".[4]", "Chief Justice of the United States. The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: \"When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside.\" Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as \"judges.\" The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.", "Writ of prohibition. A \"writ of prohibition\", in the United States, is an official legal document drafted and issued by a supreme court, superior court or an appeals court to a judge presiding over a suit in an inferior court. The writ of prohibition mandates the inferior court to cease any action over the case because it may not fall within that inferior court's jurisdiction. The document is also issued at times when it is deemed that an inferior court is acting outside the normal rules and procedures in the examination of a case. In another instance, the document is issued at times when an inferior court is deemed headed towards defeating a legal right.", "Federal government of the United States. Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise. Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office. Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate.", "History of the Supreme Court of the United States. For intending to establish three departments, co-ordinate and independent, that they might check and balance one another, it has given, according to this opinion, to one of them alone, the right to prescribe rules for the government of the others, and to that one too, which is unelected by, and independent of the nation.", "Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States. The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author; occasionally, the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam. The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century. This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice, whether in the majority or the minority, issued a separate opinion. The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States.", "List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Nominations the Supreme Court of the United States are considered to be official when the Senate receives a signed nomination letter from the president naming the nominee, which is then entered in the Senate's record. Since 1789, there have been 163 formal nominations of 144 persons to the Supreme Court. Through August 2018, 125 nominations have been successful; there is also one nomination pending before the Senate. Of the 37 that were unsuccessful, 11 nominees were rejected in Senate roll-call votes, 11 were withdrawn by the president, and 15 lapsed at the end of a session of Congress. Six of these unsuccessful nominees were subsequently nominated and confirmed to other seats on the Court.[3] Additionally, although confirmed, seven nominees either declined office or (in one instance) died before assuming office.", "Supreme Court of the United States. Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed, before the new justice can take office.[80] The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing-in date.[81]", "Judiciary Act of 1789. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the supreme court of the United States shall consist of a chief justice and five associate justices, any four of whom shall be a quorum, and shall hold annually at the seat of government two sessions, the one commencing the first Monday of February, and the other the first Monday of August.", "Coram nobis. \"The Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.\"[16]", "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States. Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that:", "Presidency of George Washington. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established a six-member Supreme Court. The court was composed of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. It was given exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions between states, or between a state and the United States, as well as over all suits and proceedings brought against ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel; and original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction over all other cases in which a state was a party and any cases brought by an ambassador. The Court was given appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the federal circuit courts as well as decisions by state courts holding invalid any statute or treaty of the United States; or holding valid any state law or practice that was challenged as being inconsistent with the federal constitution, treaties, or laws; or rejecting any claim made by a party under a provision of the federal constitution, treaties, or laws.[46]", "Supreme Court of the United States. The Court's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court (1801–35).[12] Under Marshall, the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress,[13] including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)[14][15] and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states (prominently, Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden).[16][17][18][19]", "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States. The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution, which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition. Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate. Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court.", "Article Three of the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court is the only federal court that is explicitly mandated by the Constitution. During the Constitutional Convention, a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court, having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today. Under this provision, the Congress may create inferior (i.e., lower) courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8. The Article III courts, which are also known as \"constitutional courts\", were first created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Article I courts, which are also known as \"legislative courts\", consist of regulatory agencies, such as the United States Tax Court. Article III courts are the only ones with judicial power, and so decisions of regulatory agencies remain subject to review by Article III courts. However, cases not requiring \"judicial determination\" may come before Article I courts. In the case of Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. 59 U.S. 272 (1855), the Supreme Court ruled that cases involving \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty\" inherently involve judicial determination and must come before Article III courts. Other cases, such as bankruptcy cases, have been held not to involve judicial determination, and may therefore go before Article I courts. Similarly, several courts in the District of Columbia, which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress, are Article I courts rather than Article III courts. This article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. This transformed the article IV United States territorial court in Puerto Rico, created in 1900, to an Article III federal judicial district court.", "Supreme Court of the United States. The Court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a slip opinion is made available on the Court's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of United States Reports, the official series of books in which the final version of the Court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued. The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports—or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations—to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily.", "Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court. The number of justices on the Supreme Court changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869.[1] A total of 113 justices have served on the Supreme Court since 1789; as of August 2018, there is one nomination before the Senate. Justices have life tenure, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are impeached and removed from office.", "Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution. February 2 • Supreme Court of the United States convenes", "United States Supreme Court Building. In 1929, Chief Justice William Howard Taft argued successfully for the Court to have its own headquarters to distance itself from Congress as an independent branch of government, but he did not live to see it built. The court was finally designed by Cass Gilbert, who created many other structures in the United States.[5]", "History of the Supreme Court of the United States. To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail; that this intention must be collected from its words; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into insignificance, nor extended to objects not comprehended in them, nor contemplated by its framers; -- is to repeat what has been already said more at large, and all that can be necessary.", "Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices. As established by the Judiciary Act of 1869, the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The justices base their decisions on their interpretation of both legal doctrine and the precedential application of laws in the past. In most cases, interpreting the law is relatively clear-cut and the justices decide unanimously. However, in more complicated or controversial cases, the Court is often divided.", "Supreme Court of the United States. The U.S. Constitution states that the President \"shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court.\"[74] Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views, although a justice's decisions may end up being contrary to a president's expectations. Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, a president may nominate anyone to serve, subject to Senate confirmation." ]

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[ "Fred Thompson. After the retirement of Supreme Court Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in 2005, President George W. Bush appointed Thompson to an informal position to help guide the nomination of John Roberts through the United States Senate confirmation process.[66] Roberts was subsequently confirmed as Chief Justice.", "Chief Justice of the United States. The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and thus the head of the United States federal court system, which functions as the judicial branch of the nation's federal government. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight have the title Associate Justice.", "Chief Justice of the United States. The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they \"shall hold their Offices during good Behavior\". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once in office, a justice's tenure ends only when they die, retire, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process.", "Chief Justice of the United States. In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president.", "Chief Justice of the United States. The Chief Justice, as the highest judicial officer in the country, serves as a spokesperson for the federal government's judicial branch, and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts. The Chief Justice is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. By law, the Chief Justice is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and by custom is elected chancellor of the board.", "John Roberts. John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is an American lawyer who serves as the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States. He took his seat on September 29, 2005, having been nominated by President George W. Bush after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist. He has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy in his jurisprudence.", "Chief Justice of the United States. The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: \"When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside.\" Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as \"judges.\" The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.", "Chief Justice of the United States. Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other \"office of trust or profit\" of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions. Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so-called Jay Treaty (also known as the Treaty of London of 1794), Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis, and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy. As described above, the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.", "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The power to appoint the chief justice lies with the president, who makes the selection from a list of three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. There is no material difference in the process of selecting a chief justice from that in the selection of associate justices. As with the other justices of the Supreme Court, the chief justice is obliged to retire upon reaching the age of 70; otherwise there is no term limit for the chief justice. In the 1935 constitution, any person appointed by the president has to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments; in the 1973 constitution, the person whom the president has appointed won't have to go confirmation under the Commission on Appointments.", "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Like the chief justice, associate justices are nominated by the President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate by majority vote. This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution, which states that the president \"shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court.\" Although the Constitution refers to them as \"Judges of the Supreme Court\", the title actually used is \"Associate Justice\", introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789.[1] Associate justices were traditionally styled \"Mr. Justice\" in court opinions, but the title was shortened to \"Justice\" in 1980, a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice.[2]", "Chief Justice of India. Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice, who, as a result, is appointed like the other judges[7] conventionally, the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge (i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court) for appointment by the President of India, as his successor.[8][9]", "Chief Justice of the United States. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Four—Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist—were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately.", "Chief Justice of the United States. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments. When the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the court's meetings. In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate. Additionally, the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice (although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular).", "Chief Justice of the United States. In 1866, at the urging of Salmon P. Chase, Congress restyled the chief justice's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States. The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888.[1] The associate justices' title was not altered in 1866, and remains as originally created.", "John Roberts. As Chief Justice, Roberts also serves in a variety of non-judicial roles, including Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution and leading the Judicial Conference of the United States. Perhaps the best known of these is the custom of the Chief Justice administering the oath of office at Presidential inaugurations. Roberts debuted in this capacity at the inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009. (As a Senator, Obama had voted against Roberts's confirmation to the Supreme Court, making the event doubly a first: the first time a president was sworn in by someone whose confirmation he opposed.[65]) Things did not go smoothly. According to columnist Jeffrey Toobin:", "Antonin Scalia. Antonin Gregory Scalia (/ˈæntəˌnɪn skəˈliːə/ ( listen); March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016)[1][n 1] was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016. Appointed to the Court by President Ronald Reagan in 1986, Scalia was described as the intellectual anchor for the originalist and textualist position in the Court's conservative wing.[9]", "Sonia Sotomayor. Sonia Maria Sotomayor (/ˈsoʊtəmaɪ.ər/; Spanish: [ˈsonja sotomaˈʝoɾ];[2] born June 25, 1954)[3] is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, appointed by President Barack Obama in May 2009 and confirmed in August 2009. She has the distinction of being its first justice of Hispanic descent and the first Latina.[4]", "Chief Justice of the United States. Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices. Traditionally, the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares (first among equals)—that is, the chief justice is the highest-ranking and foremost member of the Court, regardless of that officeholder's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice. This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court's culture and norms, and thus influence how it functions. The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. Nonetheless, a chief justice's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices' understanding of legal principles; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari.[4][5]", "Chief Justice of India. It has been an unbroken convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI.[6]", "Chief Justice of the United States. Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill.", "Chief Justice of the United States. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice:[16][17]", "George W. Bush. Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush nominated John Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005.", "John Adams. Adams appointed two U.S. Supreme Court associate justices during his term in office: Bushrod Washington, the nephew of American founding father and President George Washington, to succeed James Wilson; and Alfred Moore, who succeeded James Iredell. He also named John Marshall as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, replacing Oliver Ellsworth, who had retired due to ill health. Marshall's long tenure represents the most lasting influence of the Federalists, as he infused the Constitution with a judicious and carefully reasoned nationalistic interpretation and established the Judicial Branch as the equal of the Executive and Legislative branches.[125]", "Chief Justice of the United States. If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President.[9] Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an associate justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding.[10] This, however, was contested upon Coolidge's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.[11] John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.[12] Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane.", "Chief Justice of Kenya. Under the new Constitution, the Chief Justice is formally appointed by the President but is selected by the Judicial Service Commission following a competitive process involving a vacancy announcement, shortlisting of applicants and interviews. In order to be appointed as the Chief Justice, a person must have at least fifteen years experience as a legal practitioner. At the end of the interviews, the Judicial Service Commission selects one individual whose name is forwarded to Parliament for vetting and approval. If Parliament gives the candidate the green light, he is then formally appointed by the President.", "William Rehnquist. Rehnquist's death, just over two months after O'Connor announced her impending retirement, left two vacancies to be filled by President George W. Bush. On September 5, 2005, Bush withdrew the nomination of Judge John Roberts of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to replace O'Connor as associate justice, and instead nominated him to replace Rehnquist as chief justice. Roberts was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and sworn in as the new chief justice on September 29, 2005. Roberts had clerked for Rehnquist in 1980–1981.[107] O'Connor, who had made the effective date of her resignation the confirmation of her successor, continued to serve on the Supreme Court until the confirmation and swearing in of Samuel Alito in January 2006.", "John Marshall. Marshall was thrust into the office of Chief Justice in the wake of the presidential election of 1800. With the Federalists soundly defeated and about to lose both the executive and legislative branches to Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, President Adams and the lame duck Congress passed what came to be known as the Midnight Judges Act, which made sweeping changes to the federal judiciary, including a reduction in the number of Justices from six to five (upon the next vacancy in the court) so as to deny Jefferson an appointment until two vacancies occurred.[45] As the incumbent Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth was in poor health, Adams first offered the seat to ex-Chief Justice John Jay, who declined on the grounds that the Court lacked \"energy, weight, and dignity.\"[46] Jay's letter arrived on January 20, 1801, and as there was precious little time left, Adams surprised Marshall, who was with him at the time and able to accept the nomination immediately.[47] The Senate at first delayed, hoping that Adams would make a different choice, such as promoting Justice William Paterson of New Jersey. According to New Jersey Senator Jonathan Dayton, the Senate finally relented \"lest another not so qualified, and more disgusting to the Bench, should be substituted, and because it appeared that this gentleman [Marshall] was not privy to his own nomination\".[48] Marshall was confirmed by the Senate on January 27, 1801, and received his commission on January 31, 1801. While Marshall officially took office on February 4, at the request of the President he continued to serve as Secretary of State until Adams' term expired on March 4.[49] President John Adams offered this appraisal of Marshall's impact: \"My gift of John Marshall to the people of the United States was the proudest act of my life.\"[50]", "Chief Justice of Pakistan. The Chief Justice is the chief administrative officer of country's court system and a highest judicial officer, supervising federal judicial policies and conducting judicial business in the Supreme Court.[4][5] Nominations for the appointment of Chief Justice is made by Prime Minister of Pakistan and final appointments are confirmed by the President of Pakistan.[6][7] Presiding over the oral arguments before the court, the Chief Justice leads significant agenda-setting power over the court's meeting. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice has the ceremonial duty of administering the oath of office of the President of Pakistan.[8]", "Chief Justice of the United States. The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a tradition, rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public (such as John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.), to administer oaths and affirmations.", "Chief Justice of India. As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law.[5] In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966, the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her (for re-allocation) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges.", "Martin Van Buren. Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States:[184]", "Article Three of the United States Constitution. Article III authorizes one Supreme Court, but does not set the number of justices that must be appointed to it. Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 refers to a Chief Justice (who shall preside over the impeachment trial of a President). The number of justices is fixed by statute at nine: the one chief justice, and eight associate justices.[1]" ]

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[ "Cat. The domestic cat is believed to have evolved from the Near Eastern wildcat, whose range covers vast portions of the Middle East westward to the Atlantic coast of Africa.[27][28] Between 70,000 and 100,000 years ago the animal gave rise to the genetic lineage that eventually produced all domesticated cats,[29] having diverged from the Near Eastern wildcat around 8,000 BC in the Middle East.[14][17]", "Cat. The domestic cat is a member of the cat family, the felids, which are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago[24] and include lions, tigers, cougars and many others. Within this family, domestic cats (Felis catus) are part of the genus Felis, which is a group of small cats containing about seven species (depending upon classification scheme).[1][25] Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat (Felis chaus) of southeast Asia, European wildcat (F. silvestris silvestris), African wildcat (F. s. lybica), the Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti), and the Arabian sand cat (F. margarita), among others.[26]", "Domestic long-haired cat. The first modern, formal breeds of long-haired cats were the Persian and the Angora (after Ankara, Turkey) and were said to have come from those two areas.[6]", "Pet door. In rural areas, cat doors (often simple holes) in the walls, doors or even roofs of grain and flour storage spaces have long been used to welcome feral cats to hunt rodent pests that feed on these stores. Human semi-domestication of wildcats dates back to at least 7,500 BC in Cyprus,[5] and the domestic cat was a part of everyday life in grain-dependent ancient Egypt (ca. 6,000 BC onward). Nowadays, this function is mostly lost, but in some rural areas, such as Valencia, Spain, and Vaunage, France, farm cat doors and holes (Spanish: gateras, French: chatières) are still common.", "Domestic long-haired cat. Domestic long-haired cats have been kept as pets around the world – apparently originating in Western Asia – for several centuries, and admired for their elegant looks and rugged nature. During the 16th century, the crusaders returning from the Holy Wars, having already brought back plague and pestilence from the East, also imported the first long-haired cats into Europe. In the mid-17th century, as the plague destroyed much of London's population, the cat made its first strides of recovery from centuries of persecution. Despite having been outlawed by the Roman Catholic church, during this time cats were encouraged as protectors from flea-carrying rats.[6]", "Cat. Because cats were venerated in ancient Egypt, they were commonly believed to have been domesticated there,[14] but there may have been instances of domestication as early as the Neolithic from around 9,500 years ago (7500 BC).[15] Results of a genetic study in 2007 showed that all domestic cats descended from the Near Eastern wildcat and diverged around 8000 BC in the Middle East.[16][14][17] The leopard cat was domesticated independently in China around 5500 BC, though this line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domesticated populations of today.[18][19] A 2017 study confirmed that domestic cats are descendants of those first domesticated by farmers in the Near East around 9,000 years ago.[20][21]", "Cat. The cat (Felis catus, or Felis silvestris catus, literally \"woodland cat\"),[4][1][5] often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish from other felids and felines, is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. It is often called house cat[6] when kept as indoor pet or feral/feral domestic cat when wild.[7] It is often valued by humans for companionship and for its ability to hunt vermin. There are more than seventy cat breeds recognized by various cat registries.", "British Shorthair. It is one of the most ancient cat breeds known, probably originating from European domestic cats imported into Britain by the invading Romans in the first century AD. In modern times it remains the most popular pedigreed breed in its native country, as registered by the UK's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF).", "Cat. Traditionally, historians tended to think ancient Egypt was the site of cat domestication, owing to the clear depictions of house cats in Egyptian paintings about 3,600 years old.[30] However, in 2004, a Neolithic grave excavated in Shillourokambos, Cyprus, contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline–human association significantly.[17][267][268] The cat specimen is large and closely resembles the African wildcat, rather than present-day domestic cats. This discovery, combined with genetic studies, suggests cats were probably domesticated in the Middle East, in the Fertile Crescent around the time of the development of agriculture, and then were brought to Cyprus and Egypt.[16][21] Direct evidence for the domestication of cats 5,300 years ago in Quanhucun, China has been published by archaeologists and paleontologists from the University of Washington and Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cats are believed to have been attracted to the village by rodents, which in turn were attracted by grain cultivated and stored by humans.[269]", "Cat. The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1758.[1][2] Because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, F. silvestris.[1][30][31] This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, Felis silvestris catus.[1][30][31] Wildcats have also been referred to as various subspecies of F. catus,[31] but in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as F. silvestris.[32] The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains F. catus. Sometimes, the domestic cat has been called Felis domesticus[33] as proposed by German naturalist J. C. P. Erxleben in 1777,[34] but these are not valid taxonomic names and have been used only rarely in scientific literature.[35] A population of Transcaucasian black feral cats was once classified as Felis daemon (Satunin 1904) but now this population is considered to be a part of the domestic cat.[36]", "Cat. All the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that is believed to have lived around 6–7 million years ago in the Near East (the Middle East).[37] The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain,[38][39] e.g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes classified (under the name Felis silvestris bieti) as a subspecies of the wildcat, like the North African variety F. s. lybica.[30][38]", "Manx cat. Tailless cats, then called stubbin[1][2] (apparently both singular and plural) in colloquial Manx language, were known by the early 19th century[3] as cats from the Isle of Man (Mann), hence the name, where they remain a substantial but declining percentage of the local cat population. The taillessness arose as a natural mutation on the island,[citation needed] though folklore persists that tailless domestic cats were brought there by sea.[3] They are descended from mainland stock of obscure origin.[4] Like all house cats, including nearby British and Irish populations, they are ultimately descended from the African wildcat (F. silvestris lybica)[5] and not from native European wildcats (F. s. silvestris), of which the island has long been devoid.[6]", "Felidae. The 41 known cat species in the world today are all descended from a common ancestor.[9] Cats originated in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. Testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA revealed that the ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and the Isthmus of Panama, with the Panthera genus being the oldest and the Felis genus being the youngest. About 60% of the modern cat species are estimated to have developed within the last million years.[10]", "Maine Coon. The Maine Coon is one of the largest domesticated breeds of cat. It has a distinctive physical appearance and valuable hunting skills. It is one of the oldest natural breeds in North America, specifically native to the state of Maine,[3] where it is the official state cat.", "British Shorthair. The origins of the British Shorthair most likely date back to the first century AD, making it one of the most ancient identifiable cat breeds in the world.[citation needed] It is thought that the invading Romans initially brought Egyptian domestic cats to Great Britain; these cats then interbred with the local European wildcat population. Over the centuries, their naturally isolated descendants developed into distinctively large, robust cats with a short but very thick coat, the better to withstand conditions on their native islands. Based on artists' representations, the modern British Shorthair is basically unchanged from this initial type.[2]", "Cat. The origin of the English word cat (Old English catt) and its counterparts in other Germanic languages (such as German Katze), descended from Proto-Germanic *kattōn-, is controversial. It has traditionally thought to be a borrowing from Late Latin cattus, 'domestic cat', from catta (used around 75 AD by Martial),[46][47] compare also Byzantine Greek κάττα, Portuguese and Spanish gato, French chat, Maltese qattus, Lithuanian katė, and Old Church Slavonic kotъ (kot'), among others.[48] The Late Latin word is generally thought to originate from an Afro-Asiatic language, but every proposed source word has presented problems. Many references refer to \"Berber\" (Kabyle) kaddîska, 'wildcat', and Nubian kadīs as possible sources or cognates, but M. Lionel Bender suggesets the Nubian term is a loan from Arabic قِطَّة qiṭṭa.[49] Jean-Paul Savignac suggests the Latin word is from an Ancient Egyptian precursor of Coptic ϣⲁⲩ šau, 'tomcat', or its feminine form suffixed with -t,[50] but John Huehnergard says \"the source [...] was clearly not Egyptian itself, where no analogous form is attested.\"[49] Huehnergard opines it is \"equally likely that the forms might derive from an ancient Germanic word, imported into Latin and thence to Greek and to Syriac and Arabic\". Guus Kroonen also considers the word to be native to Germanic (due to morphological alternations) and Northern Europe, and suggests that it might ultimately be borrowed from Uralic, cf. Northern Sami gáđficode: sme promoted to code: se , 'female stoat', and Hungarian hölgy, 'stoat'; from Proto-Uralic *käďwä, 'female (of a furred animal)'.[51] In any case, cat is a classic example of a Wanderwort.", "Cat. Housecats seem to have been extremely rare among the ancient Greeks and Romans;[273] Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats.[273] Even during later times, weasels were far more commonly kept as pets[273] and weasels, not cats, were seen as the ideal rodent-killers.[273] The usual ancient Greek word for \"cat\" was ailouros, meaning \"thing with the waving tail\",[272]:57[273] but this word could also be applied to any of the \"various long-tailed carnivores kept for catching mice\".[273] Cats are rarely mentioned in ancient Greek literature,[273] but Aristotle does remark in his History of Animals that \"female cats are naturally lecherous.\"[272]:74[273] The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis.[272]:77–79 In Ovid's Metamorphoses, when the gods flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana (the Roman equivalent of Artemis) turns into a cat.[272]:79 Cats eventually displaced ferrets as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice.[274] During the Middle Ages, many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary.[274] Cats are often shown in icons of Annunciation and of the Holy Family[274] and, according to Italian folklore, on the same night that Mary gave birth to Jesus, a virgin cat in Bethlehem gave birth to a kitten.[274] Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as ships' cats were carried on sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms.[270]:223", "Maine Coon. No records of the Maine Coon's exact origins and date of introduction to the United States exist, so several competing hypotheses have been suggested. The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century, but its existence became threatened when long-haired breeds from overseas were introduced in the early 20th century. The Maine Coon has since made a comeback and is now one of the more popular cat breeds in the world.", "Cat. In ancient Egypt, cats were sacred animals, with the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness.[270]:220 Killing a cat was absolutely forbidden[266] and the Greek historian Herodotus reports that, whenever a household cat died, the entire family would mourn and shave their eyebrows.[266] Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis,[266] where they were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories.[266] Domestic cats were probably first introduced to Greece and southern Italy in the fifth century BC by the Phoenicians.[271] The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats.[272]:57–58[273]", "Serval. On 7 April 1986, a healthy hybrid kitten between a male serval and a female domestic cat was born; this kitten was larger than a typical domestic kitten and resembled its father in its coat pattern. It appeared to have inherited a few domestic traits, such as tameness, from its mother. The hybrid cat may have a doglike habit of following its owner about, and can be a good swimmer. Over the years, savannah cats have gained popularity as pets.[33][34]", "Domestic long-haired cat. In the late 18th century, Peter Simon Pallas had advanced the hypothesis that the manul (also known as Pallas's cat) might be the ancestor of the long haired domestic cat.[7] He had anecdotal evidence that established even though the male offspring would be sterile hybrids, the female offspring could again reproduce with domestic cats and pass on a small proportion of the manul's genes.[8] In 1907, zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock refuted this claim, citing his work on the skull differences between the manul and the Angoras or Persians of his time.[8] This early hypothesis overlooked the potential for cross breeding within the family Felidae. For example, the Savannah Cat is a cross-breed between a DSH-Bengel and a wild African Serval—both of which have different skulls and evolutionary lineage. Furthermore, hybrid females in the related Panthera genus, such as ligers and tigons, have successfully mated in many documented cases, producing liligers and titigons.", "Tabby cat. A tabby is any domestic cat that has a coat featuring distinctive stripes, dots, lines or swirling patterns, usually together with a mark resembling an 'M' on its forehead. Tabbies are sometimes erroneously assumed to be a cat breed.[1] In fact, the tabby pattern is found in many breeds, as well as among the general mixed-breed population. The tabby pattern is a naturally occurring feature that may be related to the coloration of the domestic cat's direct ancestor, the African wildcat, which (along with the European wildcat and Asiatic wildcat) has a similar coloration.", "Manx cat. The Manx cat (/ˈmæŋks/, in earlier times often spelled Manks), is a breed of domestic cat (Felis catus) originating on the Isle of Man, with a naturally occurring mutation that shortens the tail. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated hind legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the Cymric. Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred ship's cat breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats on their home island is stubbin. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.", "Felidae. Domestic cat lineage", "Cat. A veterinarian and columnist for Mercola Healthy Pets, Karen Shaw Becker, has compiled a list of the fastest and most athletic cat breeds. First is the Egyptian Mau, which can clock up to 30 miles per hour, faster than any other domestic cat breed in the world.[185][unreliable source] In descending order, Becker lists the other swift domestic cats: the Abyssinian cat, the Somali cat, the Bengal cat, the Savannah cat, the Manx cat (\"He can jump and accelerate through the house like there's no tomorrow. Watch for his sharp turns and quick stops – you'll think he's a mini sports car in the shape of a cat.\"), the Siamese cat, the Ocicat, and the Oriental Shorthair.", "Maine Coon. A myth which is trait-based, though genetically impossible,[9] is the idea that the modern Maine Coon descended from ancestors of semi-feral domestic cats and raccoons. This myth is likely based on the common color of the breed (brown tabby) and its bushy tail.[10] Another idea is that the Maine Coon originated from the matings of domestic cats and wild bobcats, which could explain the tufts of hair that are so commonly seen on the tips of the ears.[8]", "House mouse. Many studies have been done on mouse phylogenies to reconstruct early human movements. For example, one study suggests the possibility of a previously unsuspected early link between Northern Europe and Madeira on the basis of the origin of Madeiran mice.[59] House mice were thought to be the primary reason for the taming of the domestic cat.", "Norwegian Forest cat. The Norwegian Forest cat is adapted to survive Norway's cold weather.[2][3] Its ancestors may include black and white shorthair cats brought to Norway from Great Britain some time after 1000 AD by the Vikings, and longhaired cats brought to Norway by Crusaders. These cats could have reproduced with farm and feral stock and may have eventually evolved into the modern-day Norwegian Forest breed.[4][5][6] The Siberian and the Turkish Angora, longhaired cats from Russia and Turkey, respectively, are also possible ancestors of the breed.[4] Norse legends refer to the skogkatt as a \"mountain-dwelling fairy cat with an ability to climb sheer rock faces that other cats could not manage.\"[7] Since the Norwegian Forest cat is a very adept climber,[8][9] author Claire Bessant believes that the skogkatt folktale could be about the ancestor of the modern Norwegian Forest breed.[7] The name Norse skogkatt is used by some breeder and fancier organisations for the modern breed.", "Norwegian Forest cat. The Norwegian Forest cat (Norwegian: Norsk skogkatt or Norsk skaukatt) is a breed of domestic cat originating in Northern Europe[1]. This natural breed is adapted to a very cold climate, with a top coat of glossy, long, water-shedding hairs and a woolly undercoat for insulation. Although this is uncertain, the breed's ancestors may have been a landrace of short-haired cats brought to Norway by the Vikings around 1000 AD, who may also have brought with them long-haired cats, like those ancestral to the modern Siberian and Turkish Angora breeds. During World War II, the breed became nearly extinct until efforts by the Norwegian Forest Cat Club helped the breed by creating an official breeding program. It was registered as a breed with the European Fédération Internationale Féline in the 1970s, when a local cat fancier, Carl-Fredrik Nordane, took notice of the breed and made efforts to register it. Currently, the Norwegian Forest breed is very popular in Norway, Sweden, Iceland and France.", "Maine Coon. The ancestral origins of the Maine Coon are unknown[6] — there are only speculation and folk tales. One such folk tale involves Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France, who was executed in 1793. The story goes that before her death, Antoinette attempted to escape France with the help of Captain Samuel Clough. She loaded Clough's ship with her most prized possessions, including six of her favorite Turkish Angora cats. Although she did not make it to the United States, her pets safely reached the shores of Wiscasset, Maine, where they bred with other short-haired breeds and developed into the modern breed of the Maine Coon.[7]", "Maine Coon. The generally accepted hypothesis among breeders is that the Maine Coon is descended from the pairings of local short-haired domestic cats and long-haired breeds brought overseas by English seafarers (possibly by Captain Charles Coon) or 11th-century Norsemen.[10][11] The connection to the Norsemen is seen in the strong resemblance of the Maine Coon to the Norwegian Forest Cat, another breed that is said to be a descendant of cats that traveled with the Norsemen.[12][13]", "Cats in ancient Egypt. Cats (Felis silvestris catus), known in ancient Egypt as \"Mau\",[1] were considered sacred in ancient Egyptian society. Based on recent DNA comparisons of living species, it has been estimated that cats were first domesticated from the Middle Eastern subspecies of the wildcat about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent.[2][3] Thousands of years later, the peoples in what would later be Upper and Lower Egypt had a religion centering on the worship of animals, including cats.[not verified in body]" ]

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[ "Military history of the United States during World War II. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed for a second front against the Germans. General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa, and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca.", "Causes of World War II. Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe.[70]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944, when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall.\nSupreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather, but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The war in Europe came to an official end on V-E Day, 8 May 1945.[22]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy.[17]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. On 27 March 1944, the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued orders granting control of all the Allied air forces in Europe, including strategic bombers, to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, who delegated command to his deputy in SHAEF Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder. There was resistance to this order from some senior figures, including Winston Churchill, Harris, and Carl Spaatz, but after some debate, control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944. When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April, Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe. While they continued some strategic bombing, the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion. It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. Unable to push north into the Netherlands, the Allies in western Europe were forced to consider other options to get into Germany. In the summer of 1944, the Allies suffered from a large supply crisis, due to the long supply route. But by the fall of 1944, this has largely been resolved (Red Ball Express). As part of the Siegfriend Line Campaign, the Allies tried to push into Germany towards the Rhine. As a first step, Aachen was captured during a heavy battle. The Germans now had the advantage of their old fortification system, the Siegfried line. During the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, the Allies fought a long battle of attrition with the Germans, which ended initially in a stalemate, with the Allies unable to take the complete forest. The battle of the Hürtgen Forrest was later absorbed by a larger offensive, Operation Queen. During this offensive, the Allies intended to push towards the Rur River, as a staging point for a subsequent thrust over the river to the Rhine into Germany. However, against underestimated and stiffened German resistance, the Allies were only able to make slow progress. By mid-December the Allies were finally at the Rur, but by then the Germans had prepared their own offensive through the Ardennes, which was launched in the midst of an unsuccessful Allied attack against the Rur dams.", "World War II by country. The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.[112]Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later.", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor. On December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, and the United States reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The year 1940 marked a change in attitude in the United States. The German victories in France, Poland and elsewhere, combined with the Battle of Britain, led many Americans to believe that the United States would be forced to fight soon. In March 1941, the Lend-Lease program began shipping money, munitions, and food to Britain, China, and (by that fall) the Soviet Union.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the \"soft underbelly\" of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943, Operation Husky was, at the time, the largest amphibious operation ever undertaken. The American seaborne assault by the U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of Sicily between the town of Licata in the west, and Scoglitti in the east and units of the 82nd airborne division parachuted ahead of landings. Despite the elements, the operation was a success and the Allies immediately began exploiting their gains. On 11 August, seeing that the battle was lost, the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy. On 17 August, the Allies were in control of the island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured).", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland. In the Pacific Theater, there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers.", "Allies of World War II. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre.", "Axis powers. Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was a serious blunder made by Germany and Italy, as it allowed the United States to join the war in Europe and North Africa without any limitation.[189] On the other hand, American destroyers escorting convoys had already been de facto at war for months with German and Italian ships and submarines in the Atlantic, and the immediate war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats.[190] The US had officially abandoned its neutral stance in March 1941 with the beginning of Lend-Lease. Franklin D. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941 that Germany and Italy considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States.[191] The US destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine U-552 on 31 October 1941. Plans for Rainbow Five had been published by the press early in December 1941,[192] and Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR.[193] Americans played key roles in financing and supplying the Allies, in the strategic bombardment of Germany, and in the final invasion of the European continent.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. American warships escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic had several hostile encounters with U-boats. On 4 September, a German U-Boat attacked the destroyer USS Greer off Iceland. A week later Roosevelt ordered American warships to attack U-boats on sight. A U-boat shot up the USS Kearny as it escorted a British merchant convoy. The USS Reuben James was sunk by U-552 on 31 October 1941.[16]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The war against Germany involved aid to Britain, her allies, and the Soviet Union, with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force. U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943–45, where U.S. forces, representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed, bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over. Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants, as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944. With the Soviets unstoppable in the east, and the Allies unstoppable in the west, Germany was squeezed to death. Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945, and with Adolf Hitler dead, the Germans surrendered.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC-1 conference, the Americans and British agreed that their strategic objectives were: (1) \"The early defeat of Germany as the predominant member of the Axis with the principal military effort of the United States being exerted in the Atlantic and European area; and (2) A strategic defensive in the Far East.\"\nThus, the Americans concurred with the British in the grand strategy of \"Europe first\" (or \"Germany first\") in carrying out military operations in World War II. The UK feared that, if the United States was diverted from its main focus in Europe to the Pacific (Japan), Hitler might crush both the Soviet Union and Britain, and would then become an unconquerable fortress in Europe. The wound inflicted on the United States by Japan at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, did not result in a change in U.S. policy. Prime Minister Winston Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor for the Arcadia Conference to ensure that the Americans didn't have second thoughts about Europe First. The two countries reaffirmed that, \"notwithstanding the entry of Japan into the War, our view remains that Germany is still the prime enemy. And her defeat is the key to victory. Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and the defeat of Japan must follow.\"", "Timeline of United States military operations. 1941–1945: World War II: On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war against Japan in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war against the United States.[5]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. On 31 December, the Germans launched their last major offensive of the war on the Western Front, Operation Nordwind, in Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France. Against weakened American forces there, the Germans were able to push the Americans back to the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. On 25 January, Allied reinforcements from the Ardennes arrived, the German offensive was stopped and in fierce fighting the so-called Colmar Pocket was eliminated.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. Following the Allied victory in Sicily, Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. He was deposed in a coup, and the Allies struck quickly, hoping resistance would be slight. The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September, however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards. The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943, by U.S. 5th Army, however German troops in Italy were prepared and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead, The Germans launched fierce counterattacks. However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy. The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines (Volturno and the Barbara Line) in October and November 1943. As winter approached, the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line, they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January 1944. By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino. The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough. After slow progress, the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies, after months of stalemate, the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. By early 1945, events favored the Allied forces in Europe. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge. The failure of this last major German offensive exhausted much of Germany's remaining combat strength, leaving it ill-prepared to resist the final Allied campaigns in Europe. Additional losses in the Rhineland further weakened the German Army, leaving shattered remnants of units to defend the east bank of the Rhine. On 7 March, the Allies seized the last remaining intact bridge across the Rhine at Remagen, and had established a large bridgehead on the river's east bank. During Operation Lumberjack and Operation Plunder in February–March 1945, German casualties are estimated at 400,000 men, including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany. Early in 1943, the U.S. Army suffered a near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February. The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication, causing inadequate troop placements.[18] The defeat could be considered a major turning point, however, because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton.", "Military history of the United States. Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii.[48]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. By 1941 the United States was taking an active part in the war, despite its nominal neutrality. In spring U-boats began their \"wolf-pack\" tactics which threatened to sever the trans- Atlantic supply line; Roosevelt extended the Pan-American Security Zone east almost as far as Iceland. The US Navy's \"neutrality patrols\" were anything but, as in practice their function was to report Axis ship and submarine sightings to the British and Canadian navies, and from April the US Navy began escorting Allied convoys from Canada as far as the \"Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point\" (MOMP) south of Iceland, where they handed off to the RN.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. On 16 June 1941, after negotiation with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces. On 22 June 1941, the US Navy sent Task Force 19 (TF 19) from Charleston, South Carolina to assemble at Argentia, Newfoundland. TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego, California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston.[15] Task Force 19 (TF 19) sailed from Argentia on 1 July. On 7 July, Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S.-Icelandic defense agreement, and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening. U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July, and disembarkation was completed on 12 July. On 6 August, the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP-73 PBY Catalinas and VP-74 PBM Mariners. U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August, and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942.[15] Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the island, outnumbering adult Icelandic men (at the time, Iceland had a population of about 120,000.) The agreement was for the US military to remain until the end of the war (although the US military presence in Iceland remained through 2006, as postwar Iceland became a member of NATO).", "Military history of the United States during World War II. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine (German navy) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) against the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, the United States Navy, and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. Prior to America's entry into World War II in December 1941, individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations' armed forces. Although under American law, it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so, they lost their citizenship, many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian. However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944.[6]\nAmerican mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force, however France fell before this was implemented.[6] During the Battle of Britain, 11 American pilots flew in the RAF, one of whom was killed. Charles Sweeney's nephew, also called Charles formed a Home Guard unit from American volunteers living in London.[6]", "American entry into World War I. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary.[5][6]", "Military history of the United States during World War II. Following the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, the equivalent of seven US and French divisions were pulled out of Italy to Participate in Operation Dragoon: the allied landings in southern France, despite this the remaining US forces in Italy with other Allied forces pushed up to the Gothic line in northern Italy, the last major defensive line. From August 1944 to March 1945 the Allies managed to breach the formidable defenses but they narrowly failed to break out into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather closed in and made further progress impossible. In April 1945 the Allies broke through the remaining Axis positions in Operation Grapeshot ending the Italian Campaign on 2 May 1945, US forces in mainland Italy suffered between 114,000 and over 119,000 casualties.", "Normandy landings. After the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe.[14] In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a \"... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942.\"[15] However, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill persuaded American President Franklin D. Roosevelt to postpone the promised invasion as, even with American help, the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity.[16]", "European theatre of World War II. From 1942 onwards, the efforts of Bomber Command were supplemented by the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces, U.S. Army Air Forces units being deployed to England to join the assault on mainland Europe on July 4, 1942. Bomber Command raided by night and the US forces by day. The \"Operation Gomorrah\" raids on Hamburg (July 24, 1943 – July 29, 1943) caused a firestorm leading to massive destruction and loss of life.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. On 16 December 1944, the Germans launched a massive attack westward in the Ardennes forest, along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach, hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Allies responded slowly, allowing the German attack to create a large \"bulge\" in the Allied lines. In the initial stages of the offensive, American POW's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger." ]

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[ "Economy of the United States. In the United States, the corporation has emerged as an association of owners, known as stockholders, who form a business enterprise governed by a complex set of rules and customs. Brought on by the process of mass production, corporations, such as General Electric, have been instrumental in shaping the United States. Through the stock market, American banks and investors have grown their economy by investing and withdrawing capital from profitable corporations. Today in the era of globalization, American investors and corporations have influence all over the world. The American government is also included among the major investors in the American economy. Government investments have been directed towards public works of scale (such as from the Hoover Dam), military-industrial contracts, and the financial industry.", "Economy of the United States. A central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces. This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement,[343] as well as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts. Today, the United States is home to 29.6 million small businesses, 30% of the world's millionaires, 40% of the world's billionaires, as well as 139 of the world's 500 largest companies.[344][154][85][345]", "Economy of the United States. At the beginning of the century new innovations and improvements in existing innovations opened the door for improvements in the standard of living among American consumers. Many firms grew large by taking advantage of economies of scale and better communication to run nationwide operations. Concentration in these industries raised fears of monopoly that would drive prices higher and output lower, but many of these firms were cutting costs so fast that trends were towards lower price and more output in these industries. Lots of workers shared the success of these large firms, which typically offered the highest wages in the world.[65]", "Economy of the United States. American society highly emphasizes entrepreneurship and business. Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as \"one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods\". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity.[352]", "Economy of the United States. The United States has been the world's largest national economy in terms of GDP since at least the 1920s.[41] For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s, when danger of recession appeared most serious, the government strengthened the economy by spending heavily itself or cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more, and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply, which also encouraged more spending. Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1930s and the 1980s. From the New Deal era that began in 1933, to the Great Society initiatives of the 1960s, national policy makers relied principally on fiscal policy to influence the economy.[citation needed]", "Economy of the United States. The U.S. economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.[37] It has the second-highest-total-estimated value of natural resources, valued at $45 trillion in 2016.[38] Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2010 had the fourth-highest median household income, down from second-highest in 2007.[39][40] It has been the world's largest national economy (not including colonial empires) since at least the 1890s.[41] The U.S. is the world's third-largest producer of oil[42] and natural gas.[43] In 2016, it was the largest trading nation in the world[44] as well as the world's second-largest manufacturer, representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output.[45] The U.S. also has not only the largest economy, but also the largest industrial sector, at 2005 prices according to the UNCTAD.[46] The U.S. not only has the largest internal market for goods, but also dominates the trade in services. U.S. total trade amounted to $4.92 trillion in 2016.[47] Of the world's 500 largest companies, 134 are headquartered in the US.[48]", "Economy of the United States. The economy of the United States is a highly developed mixed economy.[27][28] It is the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and the second-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[29] It has the world's seventh-highest per capita GDP (nominal) and eleventh-highest per capita GDP (PPP) in 2016.[30][31] The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by its science and technology, its military, the full faith of the U.S. government to reimburse its debts, its central role in a range of international institutions since World War II and the petrodollar system.[32][33] Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency.[34][35] Its largest trading partners are China, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany, South Korea, United Kingdom, France, India and Taiwan.[36]", "Economy of the United States. The economic history of the United States began with American settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. The American colonies went from marginally successful colonial economies to a small, independent farming economy, which in 1776 became the United States of America.", "Economy of the United States. In 180 years, the U.S. grew to a huge, integrated, industrialized economy that made up around one-fifth of the world economy. As a result, the U.S. GDP per capita converged on and eventually surpassed that of the UK, as well as other nations that it previously trailed economically. The economy maintained high wages, attracting immigrants by the millions from all over the world.[citation needed]", "Economy of the United States. The number of workers and, more importantly, their productivity help determine the health of the U.S. economy. Consumer spending in the U.S. rose to about 62% of GDP in 1960, where it stayed until about 1981, and has since risen to 71% in 2013.[54] Throughout its history, the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force, a phenomenon that is both cause and effect of almost constant economic expansion. Until shortly after World War I, most workers were immigrants from Europe, their immediate descendants, or African Americans who were mostly slaves taken from Africa, or their descendants.[348]", "United States. Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry, homes, and for street lighting. Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status.[151] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[152] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[153][154][155]", "Economic history of the United States. The economic history of the United States is about characteristics of and important developments in the U.S. economy from colonial times to the present. The emphasis is on economic performance and how it was affected by new technologies, especially those that improved productivity, which is the main cause of economic growth. Also covered are the change of size in economic sectors and the effects of legislation and government policy. Specialized business history is covered in American business history.", "Economy of the United States. The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's laboratory developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera. Nikola Tesla pioneered the AC induction motor and high frequency power transmission used in radio. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[351]", "Modern liberalism in the United States. Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals.[19] Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy, in order to keep unemployment low, inflation in check, and growth high.[19] They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality. In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes: \"I believe in a relatively equal society, supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty. I believe in democracy, civil liberties, and the rule of law. That makes me a liberal, and I'm proud of it.\"[20] Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II.[21][22] They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all,[23] and they champion the protection of the environment.[24][25]", "History of the United States. The OPEC oil embargo marked a long-term economic transition since, for the first time, energy prices skyrocketed, and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles, clothing, electronics, and consumer goods. By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis, slow economic growth, high unemployment, and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates (the term stagflation was coined). Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation, many of the New Deal era regulations were ended, such as in transportation, banking, and telecommunications.[201]", "Economy of the United States. The federal government attempts to use both monetary policy (control of the money supply through mechanisms such as changes in interest rates) and fiscal policy (taxes and spending) to maintain low inflation, high economic growth, and low unemployment. A private central bank, known as the Federal Reserve, was formed in 1913 to supposedly provide a stable currency and monetary policy. The U.S. dollar has been regarded as one of the more stable currencies in the world and many nations back their own currency with U.S. dollar reserves.[32][34]", "Economic history of the United States. The U.S. economy of the early 19th century was characterized by labor shortages, as noted by numerous contemporary observers. The labor shortage was attributed to the cheapness of land and the high returns on agriculture. All types of labor were in high demand, especially unskilled labor and experienced factory workers. Labor prices in the U.S. were typically between 30 and 50 percent higher than in Britain. Women factory workers were especially scarce. The elasticity of labor was low in part because of lack of transportation and low population density. The relative labor scarcity and high price was an incentive for capital investment, particularly in machinery.[71]", "Economic history of the United States. In the last third of the 19th century the United States entered a phase of rapid economic growth which doubled per capita income over the period. By 1895, the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output.[193] For the first time, exports of machinery and consumer goods became important. For example, Standard Oil led the way in exporting kerosene; Russia was its main rival in international trade.[194] Singer Corporation led the way in developing a global marketing strategy for its sewing machines.[195]", "Economic history of the United States. Critics of economic policies favored by Republican and Democratic administrations since the 1960s, particularly those expanding \"free trade\" and \"open markets\" (see Neoliberalism) say that these policies, though benefiting trading as well as the cost of products in the U.S., could have taken their own on the prosperity of the America middle-class. But in this period, consumers were buying as never before with so many products and goods at such low costs and in high quantities. Critics however argued that this consumer behavior was giving a false reading of the health of the economy, because it was being paid for by taking on rapidly increasing levels of indebtedness, thus covering up the stagnating wages and earnings of most of the workforce.", "Mixed economy. The American School (also known as the National System) is the economic philosophy that dominated United States national policies from the time of the American Civil War until the mid-twentieth century.[22] It consisted of three core policy initiatives: protecting industry through high tariffs (1861–1932) (changing to subsidies and reciprocity from 1932–1970s), government investment in infrastructure through internal improvements, and a national bank to promote the growth of productive enterprises. During this period the United States grew into the largest economy in the world, surpassing the UK (though not the British Empire) by 1880.[23][24][25]", "Economy of the United States. In the 19th century, recessions frequently coincided with financial crises. The Panic of 1837 was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and then-record-high unemployment levels.[62] Because of the great changes in the economy over the centuries, it is difficult to compare the severity of modern recessions to early recessions.[63] Recessions after World War II appear to have been less severe than earlier recessions, but the reasons for this are unclear.[64]", "Economy of the United States. The U.S. produces approximately 18% of the world's manufacturing output, a share that has declined as other nations developed competitive manufacturing industries.[246] The job loss during this continual volume growth is the result of multiple factors including increased productivity, trade, and secular economic trends.[247] In addition, growth in telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, aircraft, heavy machinery and other industries along with declines in low end, low skill industries such as clothing, toys, and other simple manufacturing have resulted in some U.S. jobs being more highly skilled and better paying. There has been much debate within the United States on whether the decline in manufacturing jobs are related to American unions, lower foreign wages, or both.[248][249][250]", "Politics of the United States. At the time of the United States' founding, agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy, and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative. Laissez-faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Between the 1930s and 1970s, fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus, a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged. Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, laissez-faire ideology, as explained especially by Milton Friedman, has once more become a powerful force in American politics.[12] While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II, it has been at 20% of GDP since the late 1970s.[13][14] As of 2014[update] modern American liberalism, and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political battle, characterized by what The Economist describes as \"greater divisiveness [and] close, but bitterly fought elections.\"[15]", "New economy. After a nearly 25-year period of unprecedented growth, the United States experienced a much discussed economic slowdown beginning in 1972. However, around 1995, U.S. economic growth accelerated, driven by faster productivity growth. From 1972 to 1995, the growth rate of output per hour, a measure of labor productivity, had only averaged around one-percent per year. But by the mid 1990s, growth became much faster: 2.65 percent from 1995–99.[7] America also experienced increased employment and decreasing inflation. The economist Robert J. Gordon referred to this as a Goldilocks economy—-the result of five positive \"shocks\"—–\"the two traditional shocks (food-energy and imports) and the three new shocks (computers, medical care, and measurement)\"[8]", "Economy of the United States. The development of the United States' GDP according to World Bank:[79] US real GDP grew by an average of 1.7% from 2000 to the first half of 2014, a rate around half the historical average up to 2000.[80]", "Economy of the United States. The worst recession in recent decades, in terms of lost output, occurred during the financial crisis of 2007–08, when GDP fell by 5.0% from the spring of 2008 to the spring of 2009. Other significant recessions took place in 1957–58, when GDP fell 3.7%, following the 1973 oil crisis, with a 3.1% fall from late 1973 to early 1975, and in the 1981–82 recession, when GDP dropped by 2.9%.[71][72] Recent, mild recessions have included the 1990–91 downturn, when output fell by 1.3%, and the 2001 recession, in which GDP slid by 0.3%; the 2001 downturn lasted just eight months.[72] The most vigorous, sustained periods of growth, on the other hand, took place from early 1961 to mid-1969, with an expansion of 53% (5.1% a year), from mid-1991 to late in 2000, at 43% (3.8% a year), and from late 1982 to mid-1990, at 37% (4% a year).[71]", "Economy of the United States. The U.S. economy grew by an average of 3.8% from 1946 to 1973, while real median household income surged 74% (or 2.1% a year).[69][70]", "Economy. The contemporary concept of \"the economy\" wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s.[14]", "Modern history. The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase \"restraint of trade\" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an \"unreasonable\" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.[74]", "Economic history of the United States. The colonial economy of what would become the United States was pre-industrial, primarily characterized by subsistence farming. Farm households also were engaged in handicraft production, mostly for home consumption, but with some goods sold.[6]", "Economy of the United States. The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is fortunate to have a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from far within the continent and the Great Lakes—five large, inland lakes along the U.S. border with Canada—provide additional shipping access. These extensive waterways have helped shape the country's economic growth over the years and helped bind America's 50 individual states together in a single economic unit.[347]", "Economy of the United States. The United States is the world's second-largest trading nation.[279] There is a large amount of U.S. dollars in circulation all around the planet; about 60% of funds used in international trade are U.S. dollars. The dollar is also used as the standard unit of currency in international markets for commodities such as gold and petroleum.[280]" ]

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[ "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG; the Vienna Convention)[1] is a treaty that is a uniform international sales law. It has been ratified by 89 states that account for a significant proportion of world trade, making it one of the most successful international uniform laws. The State of Palestine is the most recent state to ratify the Convention, having acceded to it on 29 December 2017.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The CISG applies to contracts of the sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States, when the States are Contracting States (Article 1(1)(a)). Given the significant number of Contracting States, this is the usual path to the CISG's applicability.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Nevertheless, because the U.S. has ratified the CISG, the CISG in the U.S. has the force of federal law and supersedes UCC-based state law under the Supremacy Clause. Among the U.S. reservations to the CISG is the provision that the CISG will apply only as to contracts with parties located in other CISG Contracting States, a reservation permitted by the CISG in Article 95. Therefore, in international contracts for the sale of goods between a U.S. entity and an entity of a Contracting State, the CISG will apply unless the contract's choice of law clause specifically excludes CISG terms. Conversely, in \"international\" contracts for the sale of goods between a U.S. entity and an entity of a non-Contracting State, to be adjudicated by a U.S. court, the CISG will not apply, and the contract will be governed by the domestic law applicable according to private international law rules.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Generally, the goods must be of the quality, quantity, and description required by the contract, be suitably packaged and fit for purpose.[56] The seller is obliged to deliver goods that are not subject to claims from a third party for infringement of industrial or intellectual property rights in the State where the goods are to be sold.[57] The buyer is obliged to promptly examine the goods and, subject to some qualifications, must advise the seller of any lack of conformity within 'a reasonable time' and no later than within two years of receipt.[58]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Articles 25–88; sale of goods, obligations of the seller, obligations of the buyer, passing of risk, obligations common to both buyer and seller.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Other criticisms of the Convention are that it is incomplete, there is no mechanism for updating the provisions, and no international panel to resolve interpretation issues. For example, the CISG does not govern the validity of the contract, nor does it consider electronic contracts.[93] However, legal matters relating to the use of electronic communications in relation to contracts for international sale of goods have been eventually dealt with in a comprehensive manner in the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts. Moreover, it is not to be forgotten that the CISG is complemented by the Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods with respect to the limitation of actions due to passage of time.[94]", "Contract. Most countries have statutes which deal directly with sale of goods, lease transactions, and trade practices. In the United States, prominent examples include, in the case of products, an implied warranty of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, and in the case of homes an implied warranty of habitability.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Importantly, parties to a contract may exclude or vary the application of the CISG.[38]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The CISG allows exporters to avoid choice of law issues, as the CISG offers \"accepted substantive rules on which contracting parties, courts, and arbitrators may rely\".[3] Unless excluded by the express terms of a contract,[4] the CISG is deemed to be incorporated into (and supplant) any otherwise applicable domestic law(s) with respect to a transaction in goods between parties from different Contracting States.[5]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Articles 89–101 (final provisions) include how and when the Convention comes into force, permitted reservations and declarations, and the application of the Convention to international sales where both States concerned have the same or similar law on the subject.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The CISG also applies if the parties are situated in different countries (which need not be Contracting States) and the conflict of law rules lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.[30] For example, a contract between a Japanese trader and a Brazilian trader may contain a clause that arbitration will be in Sydney under Australian law[31] with the consequence that the CISG would apply. A number of States have declared they will not be bound by this condition.[32]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The CISG has been regarded as a success for the UNCITRAL, as the Convention has been accepted by states from \"every geographical region, every stage of economic development and every major legal, social and economic system\".[6] Countries that have ratified the CISG are referred to within the treaty as \"Contracting States\". Of the uniform law conventions, the CISG has been described as having \"the greatest influence on the law of worldwide trans-border commerce\".[7] It has been described as a great legislative achievement,[8] and the \"most successful international document so far\" in unified international sales law,[9] in part due to its flexibility in allowing Contracting States the option of taking exception to certain specified articles. This flexibility was instrumental in convincing states with disparate legal traditions to subscribe to an otherwise uniform code. While certain State parties to the CISG have lodged declarations,[10] the vast majority – 68 of the current 89 Contracting States – have chosen to accede to the Convention without any declaration.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. An offer to contract must be addressed to a person, be sufficiently definite – that is, describe the goods, quantity, and price – and indicate an intention for the offeror to be bound on acceptance.[44] The CISG does not appear to recognise common law unilateral contracts[45] but, subject to clear indication by the offeror, treats any proposal not addressed to a specific person as only an invitation to make an offer.[46] Further, where there is no explicit price or procedure to implicitly determine price, then the parties are assumed to have agreed upon a price based upon that 'generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances'.[47]", "Contractual term. The rules by which many contracts are governed are provided in specialized statutes that deal with particular subjects. Most countries, for example, have statutes which deal directly with sale of goods, lease transactions, and trade practices. For example, each American state except Louisiana has adopted Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which regulates contracts for the sale of goods.[25] The most important legislation implying terms under United Kingdom law are the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. CISG advocates are also concerned that the natural inclination of judges is to interpret the CISG using the methods familiar to them from their own State[86] rather than attempting to apply the general principles of the Convention or the rules of private international law.[82] This is despite the comment from one highly respected academic that 'it should be a rare, or non-existent, case where there are no relevant general principles to which a court might have recourse' under the CISG.[87] This concern was supported by research of the CISG Advisory Council which said, in the context of the interpretation of Articles 38 and 39,[88] there is a tendency for courts to interpret the articles in the light of their own State's law, and some States have 'struggled to apply [the articles] appropriately'.[89] In one of a number of criticisms[90] of Canadian court decisions to use local legislation to interpret the CISG, one commentator said the CISG was designed to 'replace existing domestic laws and caselaw,' and attempts to resolve gaps should not be by 'reference to relevant provisions of [local] sales law'.[91]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. A key point of controversy was whether or not a contract requires a written memorial to be binding. The CISG allows for a sale to be oral or unsigned,[40] but in some countries, contracts are not valid unless written. In many nations, however, oral contracts are accepted, and those States had no objection to signing, so States with a strict written requirement exercised their ability to exclude those articles relating to oral contracts, enabling them to sign as well.[41]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Depending on the country, the CISG can represent a small or significant departure from local legislation relating to the sale of goods, and in this can provide important benefits to companies from one contracting state that import goods into other states that have ratified the CISG.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The CISG was developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and was signed in Vienna in 1980. The CISG is sometimes referred to as the Vienna Convention (but is not to be confused with other treaties signed in Vienna). It came into force as a multilateral treaty on 1 January 1988, after being ratified by 11 countries.[2]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The Convention has been signed, but not ratified, by Ghana and Venezuela.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The CISG describes when the risk passes from the seller to the buyer[59] but it has been observed that in practice most contracts define the 'seller's delivery obligations quite precisely by adopting an established shipment term,[52] such as FOB and CIF.[60]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. It has been remarked that the CISG expresses a practice-based, flexible and \"relational\" character. It places no or very few restrictions of form on formation or adjustment of contracts; in case of non-performance (or over-performance) it offers a wide array of interim measures before the aggrieved party must resort to avoiding the contract (e.g. unilateral pro-rated price reduction (Art. 50); suspension of performance (art. 71); the availability of cure as a matter of right of the defaulting party (subject to some reservations, Art. 48); choice between expectation and market-based damages, etc.); additionally, the CISG does not operate under a \"perfect tender\" rule and its criteria for conformity are functional rather than formal (art. 35).[75] Additionally, its rules of interpretation rely heavily on custom as well as on manifest acts rather than on intent (Art. 8). The CISG does include a so-called Nachlass rule, but its scope is relatively limited. On the other hand, its good faith obligation may seem relatively limited and in any case obscure (Art. 7). All communications require \"reasonable time.\"", "Implied warranty. In international sales law, merchantability forms part of the ordinary purpose of the goods. According to Article 35(2)(a) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, a seller must provide goods fit for their ordinary purpose.", "Australian contract law. Most States have effected statutes relating to the sale of goods, such as the Sale of Goods Act 1896, (Qld)[191] which imply conditions and warranties in relation to fitness and merchantibility.[192] However, in many instances such implied terms can be displaced by the contrary intention appearing in the contract between the parties. This has meant that, in practice, in many sale of goods contracts these provisions are displaced.[citation needed]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Rwanda[23] and Guatemala[24] have concluded the domestic procedure of consideration of the CISG and adopted laws authorising its adoption; the CISG will enter into force for it once the instrument of accession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. A number of other countries, including Kazakhstan,[25] have made progress in the adoption process.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Interpretation of the CISG is to take account of the 'international character' of the Convention, the need for uniform application, and the need for good faith in international trade. Disputes over interpretation of the CISG are to be resolved by applying the 'general principles' of the CISG, or where there are no such principles but the matters are governed by the CISG (a gap praeter legem) by applying the rules of private international law.[39]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Although the Convention has been accepted by a large number of States, it has been the subject of some criticism. For example, the drafting nations have been accused of being incapable of agreement on a code that \"concisely and clearly states universal principles of sales law\", and through the Convention's invitation to interpret taking regard of the Convention's \"international character\"[76] gives judges the opportunity to develop \"diverse meaning\".[77] Put more bluntly, the CISG has been described as \"a variety of vague standards and compromises that appear inconsistent with commercial interests\".[78]", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. As of 2018, the following 89 states have ratified, acceded to, approved, accepted, or succeeded to the Convention:[11]", "Implied warranty. In international sales law, the obligation is found in Article 35(2)(b) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In the U.S., all 50 states have, to varying degrees, adopted common legislation referred to as the Uniform Commercial Code (\"UCC\"). UCC Articles 1 (General Provisions) and 2 (Sales) are generally similar to the CISG. However, the UCC differs from the CISG in some respects, such as the following areas that tend to reflect more general aspects of the U.S. legal system:", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Writing Requirement – Unless otherwise specified by a ratifying State, the CISG does not require that a sales contract be reduced to a writing. Under the UCC's statute of frauds (inherited from the common law), contracts selling goods for a price of $500 or more are generally not enforceable unless in writing.", "United States contract law. The law governing transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide through widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. There remains significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.", "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The Part IV Articles, along with the Preamble, are sometime characterized as being addressed 'primarily to States',[73] not to business people attempting to use the Convention for international trade. They may, however, have a significant impact upon the CISG's practical applicability,[74] thus requiring careful scrutiny when determining each particular case." ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released on a single and double disc DVD and 3-disc Blu-ray combo pack on 11 April 2011 in the UK and on 15 April 2011 in the US.[53] On 28 January 2011, it was announced by Emma Watson on the Harry Potter UK Facebook page that the page's fans will get to vote for their preferred cover for the Part 1 Blu-ray. The cover with the most votes will be the cover for the disc. Voting started that same day.[54] The DVD and Blu-ray include eight deleted scenes, with the Blu-ray Combo Pack containing an opening scene from Part 2 featuring Harry and Ollivander discussing the Deathly Hallows.[55][56] Deathly Hallows – Part 1 performed well in DVD sales, selling 7,237,437 DVD units and adding $86,932,256 to the gross revenue of the film,[57] bringing the total to $1,043,331,967.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is the first part of a two-part action-adventure video game developed by EA Bright Light and published by Electronic Arts. It was released on November 16, 2010 in the United States, November 18, 2010 in Australia and on November 19, 2010 in Europe and India and is based on the film of the same name.[3][2][4] Part 2 was released to coincide with the second film. The game was released on the Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Mobile platforms.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. The first official picture from the first film was released on 1 December 2009 (2009-12-01), showing Harry, Ron and Hermione in a London street. A clip was officially released on 8 December 2009 (2009-12-08) with the release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince on Blu-ray and DVD.[29] At the 2010 ShoWest convention, Alan F. Horn premiered unfinished footage from both films.[30] The 2010 MTV Movie Awards premiered more footage from Deathly Hallows.[31] Following this was the release of the official teaser poster, which shows the release date of both Part 1 and Part 2 and a destroyed Hogwarts castle.[32] ABC Family broadcast interviews and additional scenes from both parts during their Harry Potter weekend, which began on 8 July 2010.[33] A two-minute trailer for the film was released worldwide on 22 September 2010.[34]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game). On February 8, 2010 EA announced their title line-ups for the year with a Harry Potter title slated for the third quarter of the year.[27] On June 1, 2010 EA and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment officially announced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was in development to be released alongside the film in autumn of 2010.[28] Prior to the game's announcement, EA had launched a campaign through the social networking website, Facebook, where users could \"like\" the page and therefore eventually reveal the first image which depicted the characters Harry, Ron and Hermione in a forest with their wands pointed at the Snatchers.[29][30] A teaser trailer was released online after the game's announcement in a build-up to the E3 Conference showcasing the battle sequences and gameplay.[31] The first box art to be released for the video game depicted an empty foggy forest with the title in the middle but the official box art depicted the same image but with Harry Potter running with his wand pointed in front of him and Voldemort's eyes peering over the top .[32][33]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. The world premiere for Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was held in Leicester Square in London on 11 November 2010, with fans from across the world turning up – some of whom had camped for days in the square. This was followed by the Belgian premiere on 12 November and the US premiere in New York City on 15 November.[49]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). The score for Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is composed by Golden Globe award-winning and Academy Award-nominated film composer Alexandre Desplat.[3] Desplat follows John Williams, Patrick Doyle, and Nicholas Hooper in composing music for the Harry Potter series. Williams composed the first three films, Doyle scored the fourth film, while Hooper worked on the soundtracks for the fifth and sixth films.[4][5] Desplat stated that he would compose until September 2010, with the soundtrack being released on 16 November 2010, three days before the film's release date. A three-disc Limited Edition Collector's Box Set was also released on 21 December 2010.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[3] It is the first of two cinematic parts based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling and features an ensemble cast.[4] The film, which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron, and Rowling.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. The story follows Harry Potter who has been tasked by Dumbledore with finding and destroying Lord Voldemort's secret to immortality – the Horcruxes. Filming began on 19 February 2009 (2009-02-19) and was completed on 12 June 2010 (2010-06-12).[5] Part 1 was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats worldwide on 19 November 2010.[6][7][8][9]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. On 26 August 2010, director David Yates, producers David Heyman and David Barron, and with Warner Bros. president Alan F. Horn attended a test screening for Deathly Hallows – Part 1 in Chicago.[45][46] The unfinished film gained rave reviews from test screeners, some of whom labelled it \"amazing and dark\" and \"the most perfect Harry Potter film\". Others expressed that the film faithfully adapted the novel, which led to an inheritance of the \"book's own problems\".[47]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). The reception for the soundtrack of Part 1 was overall positive. The first review of the soundtrack was released on 31 October 2010 by Jonathan Broxton, who rated the score 5/5, saying that \"This score is one of Desplat’s greatest achievements and highlights everything I love about his work; the orchestral textures, the intricate use of unexpected instruments in unexpected settings, the crystal clarity of his orchestrations.\"[17] Jorn Tillnes of Soundtrackgeek.com gave the score a 9/10 and remarked, \"When challenged, Desplat brings out some great stuff as he proved with New Moon last year. It is a well-written score that fits perfectly with the darker Harry Potter.\"[18] Caleb Leland of Shadowlocked.com gave the soundtrack 4/5 stars, stating that \"While this is a good soundtrack, there’s something about it that keeps it from being great. But it did make me more excited to see the new film.\"[19]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released on 11 November 2011 in the United States in four formats: a one-disc standard DVD, a two-disc standard DVD special edition, a one-disc standard Blu-ray, and three-Disc Blu-ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy).[13] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released on 2 December 2011 in three formats: a two-disc standard DVD, a three-disc Blu-ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy), and a four-disc Blu-ray 3D Combo Pack (Blu-ray 3D + Blu-ray 2D + DVD + Digital Copy).[14] The film set the record for fastest-selling pre-order DVD and Blu-ray on Amazon.com, just two days into the pre-order period.[46]", "Harry Potter. In March 2008, Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, would be released in two cinematic parts: Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011. Production of both parts started in February 2009, with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010.[185][186]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows − Part 1 is a motion picture soundtrack to the 2010 film of the same name, written and conducted by the French film composer Alexandre Desplat.[2] The soundtrack was nominated for the 2010 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Fantasy Film and the 2010 Satellite Award for Best Original Score.", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts.[7] Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011.[8][9]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. The Blu-ray and DVD sets were released on 11 November 2011 in the United States[13] and on 2 December 2011 in the United Kingdom.[14] The film was also released in the Harry Potter: Complete 8-Film Collection box set on DVD and Blu-ray, which included all eight films and new special features. Part 1 and Part 2 were released as a combo pack on DVD and Blu-ray on 11 November 2011 in Canada.", "Warner Bros.. In the late 1990s, Warner obtained rights to the Harry Potter novels and released feature film adaptations of the first in 2001. Subsequently, they released the second film in 2002, the third in June 2004, the fourth in November 2005, the fifth in July 2007, and the sixth in July 2009.[181] The seventh (and at that time, final) book was released as two movies; Deathly Hallows - Part 1 in November 2010 and Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in July 2011.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. On 15 October 2010, tickets began selling on Fandango for the US release of Part 1, and on 19 October, a 50-second clip featuring never-before-seen footage was aired at the 2010 Scream Awards. On 16 October, the second TV spot was released on Cartoon Network during a premiere of Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster.[39] On 25 October 2010, Yahoo! Movies released an exclusive featurette of the film.[40] On 30 October 2010, Entertainment Weekly released two new featurettes titled \"Horcruxes\" and \"The Story\", featuring a large amount of never-before-seen footage. On the same day, the Warner Bros. Harry Potter website was updated to reveal twelve miniature clips from the film.[41]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. A two-part film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is directed by David Yates, written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron and J. K. Rowling. Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010, and Part 2 on 15 July 2011.[105][106] Filming began in February 2009, and ended on 12 June 2010.[107] However, the cast confirmed they would reshoot the epilogue scene as they only had two days to shoot the original.[108] Reshoots officially ended around December 2010.[note 1][109] Part 1 ended at Chapter 24 of the book, when Voldemort regained the Elder Wand.[110] However, there were a few omissions, such as the appearances of Dean Thomas and Viktor Krum, and Peter Pettigrew's death.[111] James Bernadelli of Reelviews said that the script stuck closest to the text since Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets,[112] yet this was met with negativity from some audiences as the film inherited \"the book's own problems\".[113]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. On 7 April 2011, Part 1 ended its run with $295,983,305 in the United States and Canada, making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 2010 in these regions,[77] and $664,300,000 from other countries around the world, for a worldwide total of $960,283,305,[3] making it the third highest-grossing film of 2010 worldwide behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland,[78] as well as the 38th highest-grossing film of all time worldwide and the third highest grossing Harry Potter film in the series behind The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and The Philosopher's Stone.[79]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released simultaneously on 21 July 2007, in both the UK and the United States.[114][115] The UK edition features the voice of Stephen Fry and runs about 24 hours[116] while the U.S. edition features the voice of Jim Dale and runs about 21 hours.[117] Both Fry and Dale recorded 146 different and distinguishable character voices, and was the most recorded by an individual on an audiobook at the time.[118]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. In the film's worldwide opening weekend, Part 1 grossed $330 million, the third-highest in the series, and the highest opening of 2010, as well as the eighth-highest of all time.[10] With a worldwide gross of $960 million, Part 1 is the third highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland,[11] and the third-highest-grossing Harry Potter film in terms of worldwide totals, behind Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and Philosopher's Stone,[12] and the 39th highest-grossing film of all-time.[13] The film received two nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards: Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Part 1 was filmed back-to-back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010.[14][15] Director David Yates, who shot the film alongside director of photography Eduardo Serra, described Part 1 as \"quite real\"; a \"road movie\" that's \"almost like a vérité documentary\".[16][17]", "Harry Potter (film series). The final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was split into two cinematic parts: Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010, and Part 2, the conclusion to both the final film and the series, was released on 15 July 2011.[75] Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D,[76] but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process, Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas. However, Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned.[77]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Warner Bros. Pictures was originally going to release Part 1 of Deathly Hallows in 2D and 3D formats. On 8 October 2010, it was announced that plans for a 3D version of Part 1 had been scrapped. \"Warner Bros. Pictures has made the decision to release Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 in 2D, in both conventional and IMAX cinemas [because] we will not have a completed 3D version of the film within our release date window. Despite everyone's best efforts, we were unable to convert the film in its entirety and meet the highest standards of quality.\" Part 1 of Deathly Hallows was released on Blu-ray 3D as a Best Buy Exclusive. Part 2 was still released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX formats.[48]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. In March 2011, the first preview for Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released revealing new footage and new interviews from the starring cast.[34] The first United States poster was released on 28 March 2011, with the caption \"It All Ends 7.15\" (referring to its international release date).[35] On 27 April 2011 the first theatrical trailer for Part 2 was released. The trailer revealed a range of new and old footage.[36] The IMAX trailer for the film was released with IMAX screenings of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides on 20 May 2011. During the MTV Movie Awards on 5 June 2011, Emma Watson presented a sneak peek of the film.[37]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. On 28 March 2017, Deathly Hallows – Part 2 made its Ultra HD Blu-ray debut, along with Deathly Hallows - Part 1, The Half-Blood Prince, and Order of the Phoenix.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). The recording sessions started on 14 August 2010. Conrad Pope, one of the orchestrators on the first three Potter films and the supervising orchestrator on Deathly Hallows, commented that Desplat's music is \"exciting and vigorous\". He added on his Facebook profile that \"Harry flies, fights and conjures. All accompanied by the distinctive, definitely non-generic voice of Desplat. Those who love melodies, harmonies and emotions in their film scores should be pleased. Reminds one of the old days.\"[8]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is the second part of a two-part third-person shooter video game developed by EA Bright Light and published by Electronic Arts. It was released on July 12, 2011 in North America and July 15, 2011 in Europe. It is based on the film of the same name.[2]", "Evanna Lynch. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, the first of two films adapted from the seventh and final Harry Potter book, was released in 2010. The film was a success at the box office and drew generally favourable reviews from critics.[32][33] James Verniere of The Boston Herald commented that Luna \"is still delightfully lunar,\"[34] while Simon Miraudo of Quickflix criticised the film commenting that \"the delightful Evanna Lynch is brutally underutilized as the loopy Luna Lovegood\".[35] She reprised her role in the film's tie-in video game.[36]", "Emma Watson. Watson's filming for the final instalment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, began on 18 February 2009[69] and ended on 12 June 2010.[70] For financial and scripting reasons, the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively.[71][72] Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series. The book was released on 21 July 2007, ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in the United Kingdom, in the United States by Scholastic, and in Canada by Raincoast Books. The novel chronicles the events directly following Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005), and the final confrontation between the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort.", "Harry Potter (film series). On 12 June 2010, filming of the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account, \"The end of an Era – today is officially the last day of principal photography on 'Harry Potter' – ever. I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time. Farewell Harry & Hogwarts, it's been magic!\".[71] However, reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010. The filming was completed on 21 December 2010, marking the official closure of filming the Harry Potter franchise.[72] Exactly four years earlier on that day, author J. K. Rowling's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[73]" ]

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[ "List of The Last Ship episodes. On August 11, 2015, The Last Ship was renewed for a 13-episode third season,[4] which was scheduled to premiere on June 12, 2016, but postponed following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting due to the plot of the episode also containing a mass shooting in a nightclub.[5][6] As of October 8, 2017,[update] 46 episodes of The Last Ship have aired. In September 2016, TNT renewed the series for a 10-episode fifth season.[7]", "The Last Ship (TV series). On July 31, 2016, The Last Ship was renewed for a 10-episode fourth season, which premiered on August 20, 2017.[11][12] On September 8, 2016, TNT renewed the series for a 10-episode fifth and final season, which was filmed immediately after season four and premiered on September 9, 2018.[13][14][15] The final episode will air on November 11, 2018.", "List of The Last Ship episodes. The Last Ship is an American post-apocalyptic drama television series based on a novel of the same name by William Brinkley. In May 2013, the cable network TNT placed a 10-episode order for the series.[1] The series premiered on June 22, 2014, at 9:00 p.m. EDT.[2][3]", "The Last Ship (TV series). On July 18, 2014, The Last Ship was renewed for a 13-episode second season.[21] The second season started airing on June 21, 2015.[22] On August 11, 2015, The Last Ship was renewed for a 13-episode third season, stated to premiere June 12, 2016.[23] The season 3 premiere was postponed following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting because the episode also included a mass shooting in a nightclub.[24]", "The Last Ship (TV series). In May 2013, the cable network TNT placed a 10-episode order for the series.[4] The series premiered on June 22, 2014, at 9:00 p.m. EDT.[9][10]", "The Last Ship (TV series). The Last Ship is an American action-drama television series, loosely based on the 1988 novel of the same name by William Brinkley. It debuted on June 22, 2014, and is planned to conclude with the close of its fifth season on November 11, 2018.", "The Last Ship (TV series). After a global viral pandemic wipes out over 80% of the world's population, the crew (consisting of 218 people) of a lone unaffected U.S. Navy Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer, the fictional USS Nathan James (DDG-151), must try to find a cure, stop the virus, and save humanity.[1]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. The Last Ship (2014) is an American action-drama television series, based on the 1988 novel of the same name by William Brinkley. After a global viral pandemic wipes out over 80% of the world's population, the crew (consisting of 218 people) of a lone unaffected U.S. Navy Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer, the fictional USS Nathan James (DDG-151), must try to find a cure, stop the virus, and save humanity.", "The Last Ship (TV series). On Metacritic, the first season has an average score of 60 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[25] Rotten Tomatoes gives the show 66%, with an average rating of 6/10 based on 29 reviews, as of October 2015. The website consensus states: \"Movie-sized action sequences and a pretty cast provide smooth sailing for The Last Ship, though it's not anything that hasn't been seen before.\"[26]", "The Last Ship (TV series). In July 2015, Entertainment Weekly's Ray Rahman said of the second season, \"The story is getting more interesting as we get an on-the-ground sense of how the pandemic-ravaged US has fared.\"[27]", "The Last Ship (TV series). The series is produced by Channel Road Productions and Platinum Dunes, with Michael Bay, Brad Fuller, Andrew Form, Steinberg, and Kane. Steinberg and Kane serve as executive producers and day-to-day showrunners.[20][citation needed]", "The Last Ship (TV series). In July 2012, TNT ordered a pilot episode for a potential series based on William Brinkley's novel The Last Ship (1988).[16] Hank Steinberg and Steven Kane wrote the pilot script, and Jonathan Mostow directed the pilot.[17] It was filmed at a number of locations across San Diego including aboard USS Halsey and USS Dewey, which stands in for the show's fictional USS Nathan James, and the museum ship USS Iowa located in San Pedro.[18][19]", "List of The Last Ship episodes. The ship reaches Norfolk and makes contact with several teams of Navy pilots and SEALs and scattered remnants of other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces and civilian medical and scientific experts. It is found that several labs are up and running throughout the world, several planes are sent to deliver and spread the cure. Several crew teams are dispatched to search for their families, with some success. Chandler is torn between his family and his duty.", "Eric Dane. In April 2017, The Last Ship halted production through Memorial Day to allow Dane to deal with the depression he was suffering.[24]", "List of The Last Ship characters. Garnett did not appear in the fourth season and was replaced as executive officer by Captain Joseph Meylan (portrayed by Emerson Brooks). It was explained in the first episode of the fourth season that Meylan was waiting for a new ship to command, but replacement ships were not being recommissioned due to budgetary constrains. No explanation for Garnett's absence during Season 4 is given. In the trailer for Season 5, she is shown to be Captain of the new ship the USS Jeffery Michener", "List of The Last Ship characters. Commander James Fletcher is a MI6 intelligence officer and a member of the Royal Navy. He has past personal and professional experience with Sasha Cooper, and joins the team aboard the USS Nathan James between the events of Season 3 and 4. He later receives orders from the UK government and Captain Harry Sinclair to steal the seeds, with the British government having made a deal with Paul Vellek and betray the American government. He reluctantly goes ahead with the plan, revealing the ships location to the Vellek family and killing a Master-at-arms before escaping. After attempting to assist the USS Nathan James when he realises the error of his ways, he is shot and killed by Giorgio Vellek. He is portrayed by Jonathan Howard.", "List of The Last Ship characters. By 2014, Slattery held the rank of Commander in the United States Navy and was the Executive Officer of the Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer USS Nathan James (DDG-151). That year, the Nathan James took on paleomicrobiologists Dr. Rachel Scott (Rhona Mitra) and Dr. Quincy Tophet (Sam Spruell) as the Nathan James conducted operations at the Arctic. However, their mission, unknown to even them, was just a cover for Drs. Scott and Tophet, who were actually collecting samples of a deadly virus that has infected 80 percent of the human population while they have been at sea, including his own son, Lucas.[2]", "List of The Last Ship characters. An off-the-grid helicopter pilot who is a former acquaintance of Sasha Cooper. She leaves the Nathan James after Peng was defeated and they head back to America.[27] Portrayed by: Dichen Lachman.", "List of The Last Ship characters. In the official TNT The Last Ship Season 5 trailer that was released on October 8, 2017, Green address the audience as the commanding officer of USS Nathan James while wearing the collar insignia of a full Commander.[4]", "List of The Last Ship characters. Captain Harry Sinclair is a MI6 intelligence officer who previously served with Jame Fletcher. He boards the USS Nathan James under the guise of a Middle Eastern refugee, and informs Fletcher that the UK government has deal with Paul Vellek, and they are to steal the seeds from the Americans. He harbours a large level of resentment towards the United States, revealing people in the UK were ravaged by anarchy and chaos (he personally had to resort to eating dog meat) during the Immune Wars whilst waiting for the cure for the Red Flu to be delivered by the United States, and are now starving due to the Red Rust. He kills several sailors aboard the Nathan James in the process of retrieving the seeds, including O'Connor, but is fatally shot by Tom Chandler. He is portrayed by George Georgiou.", "List of The Last Ship characters. Originally from Chicago, Mike Slattery is a former homicide detective with the Chicago Police Department (during which time he was presumably a member of the United States Navy Reserve). He is married to Christine Slattery (Ele Keats), with whom he has three children, two daughters and a son, Lucas.", "Bridget Regan. In 2016, Regan was added to the cast of the TNT drama series The Last Ship for the show's third season, playing the role of Sasha Cooper, a current diplomat in Asia and a former Navy Intelligence Officer.[12]", "List of The Last Ship characters. Captain Joseph Meylan is the former commanding officer of the USS Hayward, who joins the Nathan James after his ship was severely damaged by the Chinese Navy. He briefly takes command of the Nathan James in S03E10 after he is ordered by the St. Louis White House to place Captain Chandler under arrest and relieve Captain Slattery of his command of the ship. He loses his command at the end of the episode after a team of Nathan James sailors led by Slattery gain access to the ship's armory and sequester sailors aligned with Meylan, including Meylan himself. In Season 4 he replaces Andrea Garnett as the Executive Officer of the USS Nathan James under Captain Mike Slattery. In the season 5 trailer, Meylan wore the collar insignia of a full four-star admiral.[4] He is portrayed by Emerson Brooks.", "List of The Last Ship characters. Executive Officer, USS Nathan James (DDG-151) (Seasons 1-2)", "List of The Last Ship characters. Captain Michael \"Mike\" Slattery is the former executive officer and current captain of the USS Nathan James (DDG-151). He is portrayed by Adam Baldwin.", "List of The Last Ship characters. This is an overview of the regular, recurring, and other characters of the TV series The Last Ship.", "USS Callister. Additionally, Proma Khosla of Mashable reviewed each of the 19 episodes by tone, ranking \"USS Callister\" as 3rd least pessimistic.[47] Other critics compared the six episodes of series four in isolation, with \"USS Callister\" placing as follows:", "List of The Last Ship characters. Commander Andrea Garnett is the former chief engineer and executive officer of the USS Nathan James (DDG-151). LCDR Garnett is initially third in the chain of command on the ship, behind the Captain and XO. At the beginning of Season 3, she is promoted to full Commander and is Captain Slattery's replacement as Executive Officer of the Nathan James. She was captured by Japanese pirates and held as a P.O.W along with several other crew members of the USS Nathan James[19], but has now been rescued. She lost her husband and children during the Red Flu crisis.", "List of The Last Ship characters. A computer expert who sought refuge from the Red Flu outbreak on an oil rig off the coast of New Orleans. She created the Valkyrie Network, a system used by 6 million people which uses Bluetooth to enable global communication through an app called Dead Man. She is tricked to working with the Immunes by Sean Ramsey, allowing them exclusive use of the network to broadcast doctored video footage to survivors in the United States to turn their trust away from the crew of the USS Nathan James. It is mentioned she has a Masters in Computer Science from MIT and a PhD in Engineering Physics from Tulane University. Raymond is killed when her plane blows up in mid air. She is played by Tania Raymonde.", "Eric Dane. In October 2012, Dane joined the main cast of the Michael Bay-produced TNT drama series The Last Ship.[17] He is also credited as a producer on the show.", "List of The Last Ship characters. A skilled scientist regarded as one of fathers of modern bio-infomatics and computational biology. However, his obsessive desires to reshape human evolution led to him being classed as \"ethically dangerous\" by the National Security Agency. He was indicted, but fled the United States to Greece. In the aftermath of the Red Flu, he works towards engineering crops resistant to its successor, the Red Rust. He controls a large army of fighters, in addition to remnants of the Hellenic Navy, including Hydra class battle ship HS Triton, where his laboratory is located. It is later revealed he plans on synthesising a drug from the mutated Nostros weed (which acts as an inhibitor to the brains stress and aggression positive feedback group, rendering those effected by it docile and unable to fight), and use it in conjunction with controlling the food supply with the cure for the Red Rust. He further plans to dose the healthy crops with the Nostros drug, allowing him to control the majority of the population, who will have no choice but to eat the food or starve. Born in Minnesota, he is the father of Giorgio and Lucia. He frequently hallucinates and speaks to his youngest son, Christos, who was killed in a violent mugging years prior, drinking diluted Nostros tea to maintain the illusions. After the crew of the USS Nathan James foil his plans, he kills himself by jumping off the HS Triton. He is portrayed by Peter Weller.", "List of The Last Ship characters. Quincy Tophet's wife and daughter who are living in captivity on the Russian vessel RFS Vyerni. They are later rescued by the Nathan James, and departed the ship at Norfolk, where they now reside with the Chandler family.[7][25] Kelly is portrayed by Alice Coulthard and Ava is portrayed by Jade Pettyjohn." ]

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[ "Respiratory center. Depression of the respiratory centre can be caused by: brain trauma, brain damage, a brain tumour, or ischemia. A depression can also be caused by drugs including opioids, and sedatives.", "Hypoventilation. As a side effect of medicines or recreational drugs, hypoventilation may become potentially life-threatening. Many different central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs such as ethanol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB, sedatives and opioids produce respiratory depression when taken in large or excessive doses, or mixed with other depressants. Strong opiates (such as fentanyl, heroin, or morphine), barbiturates, and certain benzodiazepines (short acting ones and alprazolam) are known for depressing respiration. In an overdose, an individual may cease breathing entirely (go into respiratory arrest) which is rapidly fatal without treatment. Opioids, in overdose or combined with other depressants, are notorious for such fatalities.", "Opioid. Respiratory depression is the most serious adverse reaction associated with opioid use, but it usually is seen with the use of a single, intravenous dose in an opioid-naïve patient. In patients taking opioids regularly for pain relief, tolerance to respiratory depression occurs rapidly, so that it is not a clinical problem. Several drugs have been developed which can partially block respiratory depression, although the only respiratory stimulant currently approved for this purpose is doxapram, which has only limited efficacy in this application.[98][99] Newer drugs such as BIMU-8 and CX-546 may be much more effective.[100][101][102][non-primary source needed]", "Buprenorphine. The most severe side effect associated with buprenorphine is respiratory depression (insufficient breathing).[3] It occurs more often in those who are also taking benzodiazepines, alcohol, or have underlying lung disease.[3] The usual reversal agents for opioids, such as naloxone, may be only partially effective and additional efforts to support breathing may be required.[3] Respiratory depression may be less than with other opioids, particularly with chronic use.[7] However, in the setting of acute pain management, buprenorphine appears to cause the same rate of respiratory depression as other opioids such as morphine [15]", "Hypoventilation. Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning \"below\") to perform needed gas exchange.[1] By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity.", "Respiratory disease. Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease. Examples of benign tumors are:", "Respiratory failure. This type of respiratory failure is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation such as:", "Benzodiazepine. Because of their muscle relaxant action, benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression in susceptible individuals. For that reason, they are contraindicated in people with myasthenia gravis, sleep apnea, bronchitis, and COPD.[73][74] Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with personality disorders or intellectual disability because of frequent paradoxical reactions.[73][74] In major depression, they may precipitate suicidal tendencies[75] and are sometimes used for suicidal overdoses.[74] Individuals with a history of alcohol, opioid and barbiturate abuse should avoid benzodiazepines, as there is a risk of life-threatening interactions with these drugs.[76]", "Purple drank. Purple drank is confirmed or suspected to have caused the deaths of several prominent users. Respiratory depression is a potentially serious or fatal adverse drug reaction associated with the use of codeine, but mainly the danger lies in the much more potent and CNS-depressing phenothiazine-related antihistamine promethazine. This depression is dose-related and is the mechanism for the potentially fatal consequences of overdose: respiratory or cardiac arrest. As with most CNS depressants, mixing with alcohol greatly increases the risk of respiratory failure and other complications.[17]", "Respiratory system. If these homeostats are compromised, then a respiratory acidosis, or a respiratory alkalosis will occur. In the long run these can be compensated by renal adjustments to the H+ and HCO3− concentrations in the plasma; but since this takes time, the hyperventilation syndrome can, for instance, occur when agitation or anxiety cause a person to breathe fast and deeply thus causing a distressing respiratory alkalosis through the blowing off of too much CO2 from the blood into the outside air.[20]", "Respiratory disease. The most common lower respiratory tract infection is pneumonia, an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries. Worldwide, tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis pneumonia. A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the pleural cavity.", "Central nervous system depression. Central nervous system depression or CNS depression refers to physiological depression of the central nervous system that can result in decreased rate of breathing, decreased heart rate, and loss of consciousness possibly leading to coma or death. CNS depression is specifically the result of inhibited brain activity.[1]", "Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute (or Adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a medical condition occurring in critically ill patients characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs. ARDS is not a particular disease; rather, it is a clinical phenotype which may be triggered by various pathologies such as trauma, pneumonia and sepsis.", "Midazolam. Midazolam is known to cause respiratory depression. In healthy humans, 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam may cause respiratory depression, which is postulated to be a central nervous system (CNS) effect.[39] When midazolam is administered in combination with fentanyl, the incidence of hypoxemia or apnea becomes more likely.[40]", "Major depressive disorder. Depression may also come secondary to a chronic or terminal medical condition such as HIV/AIDS, or asthma and may be labeled \"secondary depression\".[49][50] It is unknown if the underlying diseases induce depression through effect on quality of life, of through shared etiologies (such as degeneration of the basal ganglia in parkinson's disease or immune dysregulation in asthma).[51] Depression may also be iatrogenic (the result of healthcare), such as drug induced depression. Therapies associated with depression include interferon therapy, beta-blockers, Isotretinoin, contraceptives,[52] cardiac agents, anticonvulsants, antimigraine drugs, antipsychotics, and hormonal agents agents such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.[53] Drug abuse in early age is also associated with increased risk of developing depression later in life.[54] Depression that occurs as a result of pregnancy is called postpartum depression, and is thought to be the result of hormonal changes associated with pregnancy.[55] Seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression associated with seasonal changes in sunlight, is thought to be the result of decreased sunlight.[56]", "Hypoventilation. If the respiratory depression occurs from opioid overdose, usually an opioid antagonist, most likely naloxone, will be administered. This will rapidly reverse the respiratory depression unless complicated by other depressants. However an opioid antagonist may also precipitate an opioid withdrawal syndrome in chronic users.", "Major depressive episode. Some persons who have a fatal illness or are at the end of their life may experience depression, although this is not universal.[14]", "Respiratory disease. Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately 1 billion \"common colds\" occur each year.[6] A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18.[7] In 2012, respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children.[8]", "Pneumonia. Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results from a combination of infection and inflammatory response. The lungs quickly fill with fluid and become stiff. This stiffness, combined with severe difficulties extracting oxygen due to the alveolar fluid, may require long periods of mechanical ventilation for survival.[35] Other causes of circulatory failure are hypoxemia, inflammation, and increased coagulability.[32]", "Atypical pneumonia. Known viral causes of atypical pneumonia include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B, parainfluenza, adenovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)[15] and measles.[5]", "Respiratory failure. There are multiple causes for respiratory failure for a single reason to be defined", "Respiratory disease. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung. They are characterized by a high inflammatory cell recruitment (neutrophil) and/or destructive cycle of infection, (e.g. mediated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Some of the most common are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. CRDs are not curable; however, various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve shortness of breath can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life for people with the diseases.[2]", "Respiratory disease. Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, acute asthma and lung cancer.[1]", "Respiratory rate. It has also been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate.[citation needed] As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited.", "Infant respiratory distress syndrome. Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS),[1] respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, or increasingly surfactant deficiency disorder (SDD),[2] and previously called hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs. It can also be a consequence of neonatal infection.[3][4] It can also result from a genetic problem with the production of surfactant associated proteins. IRDS affects about 1% of newborn infants and is the leading cause of death in preterm infants.[5] The incidence decreases with advancing gestational age, from about 50% in babies born at 26–28 weeks, to about 25% at 30–31 weeks. The syndrome is more frequent in males, Caucasians, infants of diabetic mothers, and the second born of premature twins.[6][7]", "2009 flu pandemic. Unlike most strains of influenza, H1N1 does not disproportionately infect adults older than 60 years; this was an unusual and characteristic feature of the H1N1 pandemic.[4] Even in the case of previously very healthy people, a small percentage will develop pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This manifests itself as increased breathing difficulty and typically occurs 3–6 days after initial onset of flu symptoms.[5][6] The pneumonia caused by flu can be either direct viral pneumonia or a secondary bacterial pneumonia. In fact, a November 2009 New England Journal of Medicine article recommends that flu patients whose chest X-ray indicates pneumonia receive both antivirals and antibiotics.[7] In particular, it is a warning sign if a child (and presumably an adult) seems to be getting better and then relapses with high fever, as this relapse may be bacterial pneumonia.[8]", "Melancholic depression. The causes of melancholic-type major depressive disorder are believed to be mostly biological factors; some may have inherited the disorder from their parents. Sometimes stressful situations can trigger episodes of melancholic depression, though this is a contributing cause rather than a necessary or sufficient cause. People with psychotic symptoms are also thought to be more susceptible to this disorder. It is frequent in old age and often unnoticed by some physicians who perceive the symptoms to be a part of dementia. Major depressive disorder, melancholic or otherwise, is a separate condition that can be comorbid with dementia in the elderly.[5]", "Central nervous system depression. CNS depression is treated within a hospital setting by maintaining breathing and circulation. Individuals with reduced breathing may be given supplemental oxygen, while individuals who are not breathing can be ventilated with bag valve mask ventilation or by mechanical ventilation with a respirator. Sympathomimetic drugs may be used to attempt to stimulate cardiac output in order to maintain circulation. CNS Depression caused by certain drugs may respond to treatment with an antidote.[citation needed]", "Respiratory tract. The common cold/flu is the most common cause for the upper respiratory tract infection, which can cause more serious illness that can develop in the lower respiratory tract. Pneumonia is the most common, and frequent lower respiratory tract infection. This can be either viral, bacterial, or fungal. This infection is very common, because pneumonia can be airborne, and when you inhale this infection in the air, the particles enter the lungs and move into the air sacs. This infection quickly develops in the lower part of the lung, and fills the lung with fluid, and excess mucus. This causes difficulty in breathing, and coughing as the lower respiratory tract tries to get rid of the fluid in the lungs. You can be more prone to developing this infection if you have asthma, flu, heart disease, or cancer[8][dead link]", "Infant respiratory distress syndrome. IRDS is distinct from pulmonary hypoplasia, another leading cause of neonatal death that involves respiratory distress.", "Gas exchange. If these homeostats are compromised, then a respiratory acidosis, or a respiratory alkalosis will occur. In the long run these can be compensated by renal adjustments to the H+ and HCO3− concentrations in the plasma; but since this takes time, the hyperventilation syndrome can, for instance, occur when agitation or anxiety cause a person to breathe fast and deeply[20] thus blowing off too much CO2 from the blood into the outside air, precipitating a set of distressing symptoms which result from an excessively high pH of the extracellular fluids.[21]", "Central nervous system depression. CNS depression is generally caused by the use of depressant drugs such as ethanol, opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, general anesthetics, and anticonvulsants such as pregabalin used to treat epilepsy. [2] [3] Drug overdose is often caused by combining two or more depressant drugs, although overdose is certainly possible by consuming a large dose of one depressant drug. CNS depression can also be caused by the accidental or intentional inhalation or ingestion of certain volatile chemicals such as Butanone (contained in Plastic Cement) or Isopropyl Alcohol. Other causes of CNS depression are metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycaemia.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Better Than Ezra. Better Than Ezra was formed in 1988[4] by its four original members – vocalist and guitarist, Kevin Griffin; lead guitarist, Joel Rundell; bassist, Tom Drummond; and drummer, Cary Bonnecaze.[4] All four members were attending Louisiana State University at the time of Better Than Ezra's formation.[4] Better Than Ezra's first public performance was at Murphy's in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, also in 1988.[5] Though many theories abound, the band refuses to disclose the origin of its name.[5] One theory is that it comes from a line in Ernest Hemingway's memoir A Moveable Feast, in which Hemingway describes a particularly annoying sound as \"...no worse than other noises, certainly better than Ezra learning to play the bassoon.\" Drummond once told a reporter that the meaning of the band’s name is “so lame you wouldn’t even want to print it.” It has also been said that the name came into being when the then nameless band entered a battle of the bands in competition with a group named Ezra. Needing a name to register they simply said that they were better.[6] Fans of the group often refer to themselves as Ezralites.", "Better Than Ezra. Better Than Ezra is an American alternative rock band based in New Orleans, Louisiana, and signed to The End Records.[3] The band formed in 1988 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The current band consists of Kevin Griffin (vocals and guitar), Tom Drummond (bass guitar), and Michael Jerome (drums). The band has released 8 studio albums, the most recent one being 2014's All Together Now. They are best known for their 1993 platinum album Deluxe and the 1995 single \"Good\", which hit no. 1 on the Hot Modern Rocks Tracks charts.", "Bassoon. The rock band Better Than Ezra took their name from a passage in Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast in which the author comments that listening to an annoyingly talkative person is still “better than Ezra learning how to play the bassoon,” referring to Ezra Pound.", "Better Than Ezra. Better Than Ezra, now no longer with Elektra Records, signed with the Beyond Records label and began work on new material.[12] Drummond explained the reasoning for choosing a smaller label, \"We decided we wanted to be big fish in a small pond instead of a little fish in a big pond. We just wanted to be with a label who wanted success as much as we did.\"[12]", "Better Than Ezra. Better Than Ezra released their second major label album, Friction, Baby, in 1996 through Elektra Records. Friction, Baby produced the hits \"Desperately Wanting\" and \"King of New Orleans.\" Their sophomore release was not as commercially successful as Deluxe, but, as of 1999, sold almost 500,000 units.[7]", "Better Than Ezra. Success came quickly to Better Than Ezra. Tom Drummond commented later in a 1998 interview with CNN, \"It took us seven years to get signed, and then seven weeks to get to No. 1.\" when describing the overnight success of Deluxe and its single \"Good.\"[7]", "Better Than Ezra. The band released its first nationally distributed album Deluxe in 1993 on its own indie label,[7] Swell Records, which caught the attention of major record labels and radio. Better Than Ezra signed with Elektra Records in 1995.[7] Elektra Records rereleased Deluxe in 1995 and the single, \"Good\", reached the No. 1 position on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart which helped push the album to platinum record status by the end of 1995.[8]", "Better Than Ezra. Better Than Ezra circulated a demo cassette tape later in 1988, the Chimes Street Demo. While not an official release, this demo is sought-after by the band's fans, and traded by collectors. In 1990 the band released a cassette-only album, Surprise.", "Better Than Ezra. Better Than Ezra's sixth studio album entitled Before the Robots (Artemis Records), was released on May 31, 2005. In 2005 Desperate Housewives creator Marc Cherry used the band's song \"Juicy\" as the background music for the second season of the show's promotional advertisements, which Griffin credited with bringing attention to the album.[16] The song \"Juicy\" has also been heard in the background in commercials for Applebee's restaurants.", "Better Than Ezra. In June 2001 Better Than Ezra filmed a series of commercials for ESPN's College GameDay.[13] The promo features the band while sports analyst Lee Corso crowd surfs to the stage, where he continues his sports reporting.[13]", "Better Than Ezra. Joel Rundell, the band's lead guitarist, committed suicide on August 8, 1990.[4] The remaining three members of the band took some time off to reassess its future following Rundell's death.[4] However, Griffin, Drummond and Bonnecaze reunited Better Than Ezra as a trio by the end of 1990.[4] The trio continued playing house parties and fraternity shows across southern United States during the early 1990s.", "Ezra–Nehemiah. The Hebrew Ezra–Nehemiah was translated into Greek by the mid-2nd century BC. The Greek and Roman rendering of Ezra's name is Esdras, and there are two versions of the Greek Ezra–Nehemiah, Esdras alpha (Ἔσδρας Αʹ) and Esdras beta (Ἔσδρας Βʹ).[21] Esdras beta, which is still used in churches of the Greek-speaking and other Orthodox Christian traditions, is close to the standard Hebrew version, but Esdras alpha (or 1 Esdras) is very different: it reproduces only the material that pertains to Ezra, and ignores Nehemiah; while including additional material in the form of the 'Tale of the Three Guardsmen' (1 Esdras 3:4 to 4:4). When Early Christian authors cite the 'Book of Ezra\" it is always ' Esdras alpha' to which they refer; 'Esdras beta' (Ezra-Nehemiah) was included in Christian bibles from the 4th century onwards, but appears rarely to have been read as scripture. The earliest Christian commentary on Ezra-Nehemiah is that of Bede in the early 8th century.[22]", "Better Than Ezra. Longtime drummer Travis McNabb left Better Than Ezra in February 2009 and their last performance together was Family Gras in Metairie, Louisiana.[17] The primary reason given for his departure was the demand on his time by country and bluegrass group, Sugarland, with whom McNabb had previously been touring for some time. The split was amicable, with bassist Tom Drummond saying, \"It's bittersweet. He's fantastic. We're still good friends, and there are no hard feelings. We'll miss him. But this is an opportunity he needed to take.\" Announced at the same time was McNabb's replacement, New Orleans-based drummer Michael Jerome, formerly of the band Pleasure Club. In addition, Better Than Ezra announced the May 12, 2009 release date for their seventh studio album, entitled Paper Empire, which is produced by Warren Huart and singer Kevin Griffin. The first single, \"Absolutely Still\" was released for iTunes purchase on March 17.", "Better Than Ezra. Closer was released on August 7, 2001.[13] Better Than Ezra launched a tour in support of the album on July 26, 2001.[13] The first single off the album, \"Extra Ordinary,\" which had been mixed by DJ Swamp, was inspired by an AC/DC song.[13] The album's promotion hit a snag after its record label, Beyond Records, went out of business in 2002 shortly after Closer's release.[14] Beyond Record's bankruptcy left Closer out of print for several years.[14] In June 2009, Better Than Ezra announced that it had acquired the rights to Closer and would re-release it in the Fall of 2009 with two new previously unreleased tracks, \"Simple Song\" and \"Screwed Up and Beautiful.\"[14]", "Better Than Ezra. Former touring members", "Casper. The name is derived from Gaspar which in turn is from an ancient Chaldean word, \"Gizbar\", which according to Strong's Concordance means \"Treasurer\". The word \"Gizbar\" appears in the Hebrew version of the Old Testament Book of Ezra (1:8). In fact, the modern Hebrew word for \"Treasurer\" is still \"Gizbar\" (גזבר). By the 1st century B.C. the Septuagint gave a Greek translation of \"Gizbar\" in Ezra 1:8 as \"Gasbarinou\" (literally, \"son of Gasbar\"). The transition from \"Gizbar\" to \"Caspar\"and \"Kaspar\" can thus be summarized as: Gizbar>Gasbar>Gaspar>Caspar>Kaspar...with \"C\" being a misreading of the manuscript \"G\" and \"K\" having the same phonetic value as \"C\".", "Better Than Ezra. After Deluxe's major label release, original drummer Cary Bonnecaze left the band in 1996.[4] He was replaced by drummer Travis McNabb,[4] formerly of the band Vigilantes of Love, who was tapped to play on the band's upcoming album, Friction, Baby. Bonnecaze's departure set off a series of lawsuits and counter-suits between Bonnecaze and Better Than Ezra.[7] Bonnecaze, who brought his suit to the United States District Court in New Orleans, argued that the band owed him money \"based on his role in fortifying the band's reputation,\" according to Rolling Stone.[9] He asked for approximately $1 million in damages.[9] A settlement was reached between the band and Bonnecaze on August 5, 1999.[9] The exact terms of the settlement were not released at the time, though Better Than Ezra's manager John Isbell was quoted as saying that Bonnecaze received \"way less\" than the one million dollars he had originally requested.[9]", "Better Than Ezra. On February 10, 2014, it was announced that the band had signed with The End Records for the release of their eighth studio album. The album, \"All Together Now\", was released on September 9, 2014.[19]", "Better Than Ezra. On September 28, 2004, the band simultaneously released their first live concert DVD, as well as an official live album, both entitled Live at the House of Blues, New Orleans through Sanctuary Records.[15] The DVD and album were filmed and recorded at two separate shows at the House of Blues in New Orleans during the summer of 2004.[15]", "Ezra–Nehemiah. It was proposed that Ezra's Artaxerxes was Artaxerxes II (404–359 BC), and that the sequence should be reversed, with Nehemiah arriving in 445 and Ezra in 398 BC.", "Ezra–Nehemiah. In Ezra 4:8 the text changes from Hebrew to Aramaic, therefore the king's name in Ezra 4:7, also used in the following letter, possibly is the Aramaic version of the king's name AhaSuerus mentioned in Ezra 4:6.", "Better Than Ezra. The band released the B-Sides and rarities collection Artifakt on its own \"Ezra Dry Goods/Fudge\" label in 2000. Artifakt was only sold online[12] and at concerts. Tom Drummond, the band's bassist, noted in 2002, \"It's basically an album full of rarities.\" [12]", "Ezra–Nehemiah. In the 19th century and for much of the 20th, it was believed that Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah came from the same author or circle of authors (similar to the traditional view which held Ezra to be the author of all three), but the usual view among modern scholars is that the differences between Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah are greater than the similarities, and that Ezra–Nehemiah itself had a long history of composition from many sources, stretching from the early 4th century down to the Hellenistic period.[4]", "Better Than Ezra. Griffin, Drummond and McNabb spent 18 months working on Closer, their follow-up album to 1998's How Does Your Garden Grow? and their first new material since being dropped by Elektra Records.[12][13] The album was recorded in New Orleans in the band's own studio, which allowed the members to focus on creating music rather than rental costs per day.[13] Closer was mixed in Los Angeles by Better Than Ezra and the album's producer, Brad Wood.[13] However, the band felt that some tracks needed scratching. Producer Brad Wood's management company recommended DJ Swamp, who had previously worked with Beck, to mix several tracks.[13] The use of a DJ for two of the album's tracks, the first single \"Extra Ordinary\" and \"Recognize,\" marked a departure for the band, who hadn't previously employed a DJ before.[13]", "2 Esdras. The Ethiopian Church considers 4 Ezra to be canonical, written during the Babylonian captivity, and calls it Izra Sutuel (ዕዝራ ሱቱኤል). It was also often cited by the Fathers of the Church. In the Eastern Armenian tradition it is called 3 Ezra. It is conjectured by Protestant scholars to have been written in the late 1st century CE following the destruction of the Second Temple.[11]", "Book of Nehemiah. The combined book Ezra–Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to Ezra himself; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.[6]", "Ezra–Nehemiah. Ezra 1–6", "Ezra–Nehemiah. Kores of Ezra 1:1 is called \"king of Persia\", which title was introduced not by Cyrus the Great but by his grandson and probable namesake Xerxes (486–465 BC).[33]", "Better Than Ezra. A Greatest Hits collection was released on March 15, 2005, through Rhino Entertainment, a division of the Warner Music Group.", "Ezra–Nehemiah. Ezra 7–10", "Better Than Ezra. The single \"At the Stars\" debuted, and peaked, at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100.[7] The band was dropped by Elektra Records following the release of How Does Your Garden Grow? in 1999.[12]", "Book of Ezra. Ezra is written to fit a schematic pattern in which the God of Israel inspires a king of Persia to commission a leader from the Jewish community to carry out a mission; three successive leaders carry out three such missions, the first rebuilding the Temple, the second purifying the Jewish community, and the third sealing the holy city itself behind a wall. (This last mission, that of Nehemiah, is not part of the Book of Ezra.) The theological program of the book explains the many problems its chronological structure presents.[3] It probably appeared in its earliest version around 399 BC, and continued to be revised and edited for several centuries before being accepted as scriptural in the early Christian era.[4]" ]

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[ "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[87] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[88][89] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[51][90] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[52] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, \"Episode VIII\" was included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[91]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. Episode IX is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.[36] It had originally been scheduled for May 24, 2019.[26]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. The film was announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012, with Colin Trevorrow announced as the film's director in August 2015. In September 2017, Trevorrow left the project due to creative differences; he was replaced by Abrams, who previously directed The Force Awakens. Filming began in August 2018 at Pinewood Studios in London. Episode IX is set to be released on December 20, 2019.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Rian Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII,[181] later titled The Last Jedi.[400] It was released on December 15, 2017.[401] Some second-unit filming took place in September 2015 in Ireland,[402][403] with principal photography beginning in February 2016 at Pinewood Studios.[404][405][406] Hamill, Fisher, Driver, Ridley, Boyega, Isaac, Serkis, Nyong'o, Gleeson, Daniels, Christie, Vee, and Suotamo reprised their roles in the film, and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro.[407][38][38]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Episode IX is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[408] Abrams will direct the film and co-write it with Chris Terrio.[409]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12] Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018.[131] Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film, on September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down.[132] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies, with elements from the previous two films.[133][134]", "Star Wars. Production on Episode IX is scheduled to begin sometime in 2017.[88] Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX.[89] Now, Lucasfilm, Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character's role.[90][91][92] In January 2017, Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher's performance for the film.[93] In April 2017, Fisher's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film,[94] but later that month, Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film.[95][96] Principal photography of Star Wars: Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018.[97]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 6th-highest-grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10][11] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Williams and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. The film features the final film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and it is dedicated to her memory. The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker, in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order.", "Star Wars: Episode IX. In August 2017, it was announced that Jack Thorne would rewrite the script.[29] On September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm released a statement stating that Trevorrow had parted ways with the production, due to creative differences,[30] with it reported that Trevorrow and Kennedy's relationship had become \"unmanageable\" after Trevorrow had been given multiple opportunities to work on multiple drafts of the script.[31] Johnson was seen as the top choice to replace him as director,[32] but he stated \"it was never in the plan for me to direct Episode IX\".[33] A week later, it was announced that J. J. Abrams, director of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, would return to direct Episode IX. Abrams will also co-write the film with Chris Terrio, in addition to producing the film through his company Bad Robot Productions, with Kennedy and Michelle Rejwan.[34][35] Disney also moved the film's release date to December 20, 2019.[36] In July 2018, Keri Russell was in talks to play a part for some \"action-heavy fight scenes\" in the film,[37] along with the confirmation that Billy Dee Williams will return as Lando Calrissian.[5] At the end of the month, Russell was confirmed to have been cast,[4] along with the announcement of returning and additional new cast members. Carrie Fisher will appear in the film using unreleased footage she filmed for The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi.[1][6]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. The first two films have grossed a combined $3.4 billion worldwide and were both well-received by critics. The third and final installment, Episode IX, was to be directed by Colin Trevorrow, but he was replaced in September 2017 by Abrams, who is to co-write it with Chris Terrio. The film is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.", "Star Wars: Episode IX. Star Wars: Episode IX is an upcoming American epic space opera film co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is intended to be the third and final installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the ninth installment of the main Star Wars film franchise, following The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi. The film is produced by Lucasfilm and Bad Robot Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Much of the filming for Episode VIII took place at Pinewood Studios near London.[78][79] In September 2015, some pre-production filming took place on the island of Skellig Michael, Ireland to take advantage of better weather conditions.[80] In a November 2015 interview with Wired, Abrams stated that the film's script was completed.[81] In December 2015, Hamill,[82] Isaac,[83] Christie,[84] and Boyega were confirmed to reprise their roles as Luke Skywalker, Poe Dameron, Captain Phasma, and Finn, respectively.[85] Kennedy announced on December 17, 2015, at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that most of the cast would return for Episode VIII.[86] On January 20, 2016, Lucasfilm and Disney announced that the release of the film would be delayed to December 15, 2017.[87] Principal photography began in February 2016.[88] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16, 2016,[89][90] as well as in Ireland.[91] Principal photography wrapped in July 2016.[92][93][94] On December 27, 2016, Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier. Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa before her death.[95] On January 23, 2017, the film was given a confirmed release date of December 15, 2017 with the title Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[96]", "Star Wars. The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.", "Star Wars: Episode IX. Principal photography began on August 1, 2018, at Pinewood Studios in London, England.[1] Filming is expected to be completed by February 2019.[38]", "John Williams. Williams wrote the music for Star Wars: The Last Jedi,[59] the eighth episode of the saga, released on December 15, 2017, and is presumed to be working on Star Wars Episode IX. Also in 2017, he composed the score for Steven Spielberg's drama film The Post.[60]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. In December 2016, following Carrie Fisher's death, Variety and Reuters reported that Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX.[18] Lucasfilm, Disney and others involved with the film have not revealed how they plan to address Fisher's death and what will become of her character in the film.[19][20][21] In January 2017, Lucasfilm stated that there were no plans to digitally generate Fisher's performance for the film.[22] The following April, Fisher's brother Todd revealed that he and Fisher's daughter Billie Lourd granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in the film, with the thought again not to have her appear via CGI.[23] Despite this, Kennedy stated that Fisher would not appear in the film.[24][25] At the end of the month, Disney announced the film would be released on May 24, 2019.[26] A month later, filming was expected to begin in January 2018.[27][28]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. On January 10, 2018, it was reported that John Williams, who composed the eight previous saga films, will return to compose and conduct the music for Episode IX.[39][40] The next month, Williams announced that Episode IX will be the last Star Wars film he will be composing.[41]", "All the Money in the World. The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California on December 18, 2017. In the United States, the film was originally slated for a release on December 22, 2017, but two weeks prior to its debut, it was pushed to December 25, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[8]", "John Williams. In March 2018, Williams announced that following Star Wars: Episode IX, which is due for release on December 20, 2019, that he will retire from composing music for the Star Wars franchise: \"We know J. J. Abrams is preparing one Star Wars movie now that I will hopefully do next year for him. I look forward to it. It will round out a series of nine, that will be quite enough for me.\"[66]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Unlike the previous two trilogies, whose films were released approximately three years apart and released on Memorial Day weekend, the sequel films are planned to be released two years apart in December. Star Wars: The Last Jedi was released in December 2017, with Rian Johnson as screenwriter and director, and most of the cast returning.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. Originally, Disney had intended for the film to be released in December, as with the other sequel films The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi, but then chose a release date of May 24, 2019, a time frame more common to Star Wars releases prior to the Disney purchase.[110] However, after Abrams took over the film from Trevorrow, the film's release date was moved back to the winter holiday season. The film is now scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.[43][111] Principal photography began on August 1, 2018.[112]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. In October 2012, Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films.[12] In August 2015, Colin Trevorrow was announced as the director of Star Wars: Episode IX.[13] Trevorrow, along with Derek Connolly, would be writing the script.[13][14] It was also announced that Rian Johnson, director and writer of Star Wars: The Last Jedi, would be creating a story treatment for the film;[15] however, by April 2017, Johnson stated he would not be involved with writing the film, claiming it was \"old info\".[16] In February 2016, Disney chief executive officer Bob Iger confirmed that pre-production of Episode IX had begun.[17]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Star Wars: The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14, 2015 before its wide release in the United States on December 18. The film received highly positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at its ensemble cast, Abrams' direction, musical score, visual effects, and action sequences, although it received criticism for being derivative of the original trilogy. The film broke various box office records and became, unadjusted for inflation, the highest-grossing installment in the franchise, the highest-grossing film in North America, the highest-grossing film of 2015, and the third-highest-grossing film of all time, with a worldwide gross of over $2 billion and a net profit of over $780 million.[6][7] It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, where it won the award for Best Special Visual Effects. It was followed by The Last Jedi in December 2017, with a third film scheduled for release in 2019.", "Star Wars. A third Anthology film will be released in 2020.[115] A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016.[116]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In January 2016, production of Episode VIII was delayed until February 2016, due to script rewrites.[63] Additionally, filming was potentially in danger of being delayed further due to an upcoming strike between the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television and the Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union.[64] On February 10, 2016, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that principal photography had begun,[65] under the working title Space Bear.[37] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik, Croatia from March 9 to 16, 2016,[66][67] as well as in Ireland in May.[68] Malin Head in County Donegal and a mountain headland, Ceann Sibeal in County Kerry, served as additional filming locations.[69] To increase the scenes' intimacy Driver and Ridley were both present when filming Kylo and Rey's Force visions.[70] Location filming for the battle scenes on the planet Crait took place in July 2016 at the Salar de Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia.[71]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars: The Force Awakens via download and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 1, 2016, with a Blu-ray and DVD release on April 5.[285] The home media release contains additional footage.[286] As with the videodisc releases of all of the first six films in the saga, the videodisc release of The Force Awakens splits the film into fifty chapters.[287] On March 23, 2016, the film was leaked online prior to its original Blu-ray release and was downloaded more than two million times in twelve hours.[288]", "Star Wars. On March 12, 2015, Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions.[74] Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX, but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment.[75][76] Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old, and he's not involved with the writing of that film.[77] When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview, Johnson said \"it's boring to talk about, because the only thing I can really say is, I'm just happy. I don't have the terror I kind of expected I would, at least not yet. I'm sure I will at some point.\"[78]", "Tropic Thunder. The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13.[82] As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot.[82] The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school.[83] Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunder's release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: \"For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?\"[83]", "Star Wars (film). The film's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983. Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas' behest, incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks, and added scenes. A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999, continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002, and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005. The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015. A direct prequel, Rogue One, was released in 2016. The film's fourth sequel, The Last Jedi, will be released in December 2017.", "Adventure Time (season 8). Warner Home Video released several DVD compilations that contain episodes from the eighth season. The first was Card Wars, released on July 12, 2016.[105] The second release, Islands—which included all of the titular miniseries—was released on DVD on January 24, 2017.[106] This release was notable because it marked the second time that Adventure Time episodes had been released on DVD before officially airing on Cartoon Network. The first instance was the release of the episode \"Princess Day\" on the DVD of the same name on July 29, 2014, before it first aired on TV on July 31, 2014).[86][107]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that \"we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet\". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[50] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[51] Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[52]" ]

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[ "Love Yourself. On September 29, 2015, Justin Bieber announced in an interview with Australia's Sunrise morning show that British singer and songwriter Ed Sheeran had written a song for his then-upcoming album.[4] Later, during an interview for Capital FM, Bieber revealed details about the song, saying: \"It's just me and a guitar. Basically that’s how I started, playing on the street with a guitar.\" About Sheeran, he said: \"I think he’s one of the most talented writers in the game right now, so just to have his input and his stories and our stories and match them up together and say ’What have you been through?,’ and telling the same story.\"[5][6] In another interview for the same radio network, he commented about the collaboration, stating: \"It was a process. Just getting us together, you know, in the same room cause we did a lot of it separate. He is a good guy, super talented. Really good songwriter so just to be able to work with that calibre of songwriter was really, really awesome.\"[7] In 2017, Sheeran revealed that \"Love Yourself\" was written for his album ÷. He said in an interview that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song.[8]", "Ed Sheeran. In September 2015, Sheeran wrote \"Love Yourself\" for Justin Bieber's fourth album.[94] Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song.[95] On 26 September, Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park's Great Lawn in New York, an event organised by Coldplay lead singer, Chris Martin, that advocates an end to extreme global poverty. Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyoncé, Coldplay, and Pearl Jam. The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September.[96] Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan, Italy. He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage;[97] the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England.[98] Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards.[99] His single from x, \"Thinking Out Loud\", earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. In May 2016, x was named the second best selling album worldwide in 2015, behind 25 by Adele.[100]", "Purpose (Justin Bieber album). In a July interview, he talked about working with Skrillex, saying: \"Skrillex is a genius. He's super futuristic and I just love his sounds. I think being able to incorporate that sound with what I’m doing has been super cool because it's like new and fresh, and I feel like no one's done it before.\"[32] Skrillex also commented about working with Bieber, explaining: \"I heard some well-written songs that were really good that they wanted me to do production on and from there, we wrote some new songs. It was an opportunity to try some stuff that I had never done before and we ended up making something really unique.\"[33] Bieber also commented about West, declaring: \"I've been in the studio with him for the past month or so. I think that he just pushes you. He definitely wants it to be my way and my direction and he doesn't want to steal what I want...that's why artists love to go to him, because he pulls something out of you that other people don't.\"[34] In August 2015, Billboard reported that Bieber was also working with Mason \"MdL\" Levy and Semi Precious Weapons' Justin Tranter.[35] In October 2015, his manager teased a possible collaboration with American singer Halsey,[36] while Bieber confirmed that British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote a song for the album.[37]", "Love Yourself. \"Love Yourself\" was written by Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco and Justin Bieber, with production being done by Benny Blanco, who was also responsible for the song's instrumentation and programming. It features background vocals by Sheeran. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is composed in the key of E major with a moderately tempo of 100 beats per minute and a time signature of 4\n4. Bieber's vocals range from the note of B3 to B4.[12] It is an acoustic pop song, featuring just vocals, an electric guitar,[1][13] and a brief flurry of trumpets,[14] which was considered \"the most subdued and least electronic of Bieber's new tracks.\"[1]", "Love Yourself. \"Love Yourself\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose (2015). The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8, 2015, and later was released as the album's third single. It was written by Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco and Bieber, and produced by Blanco. An acoustic pop song, \"Love Yourself\" features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation. During the song, Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers. Lyrically, the song is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong.", "Love Yourself. For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults, \"all the credit goes to Sheeran’s cherubic magic powers. Refreshingly, just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber’s coy delivery.\"[24] Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track \"sounds exactly what you’d expect from a meeting of these two minds,\" considering it \"'Thinking Out Loud' crossed with low-key, lovelorn Bieber.\"[25] Kitty Empire, writing for The Observer, aprecciated the song for \"strip[ping] everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal.\"[26] Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed, noting that \"despite being a nicely deadpan kiss-off to a snobby ex, is generic acoustic-pop.\"[27] In a less favorable review, Pitchfork's Brad Nelson wrote that, lyrically, \"it's needlessly mean, neither funny nor clever, and it doesn't do much to justify the severity of its perspective.\"[28] Al Horner of NME noted that the song is \"more traditionally Bieber, and [its] big pop hook [is] out of place amidst the forward-thinking electronic scuttle.\"[29] Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics \"unintentionally hilarious.\"[20] Alex Macpherson of The National called it \"a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration.\"[30] Billboard ranked \"Love Yourself\" at number 34 on their \"100 Best Pop Songs of 2016\" list.[31]", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). \"Photograph\" is a song recorded by the English singer-songwriter, Ed Sheeran, for his second studio album, × (2014). Sheeran wrote the song with Snow Patrol member, Johnny McDaid, who had a piano loop from which the composition developed. After recording several versions with other producers, Sheeran eventually solicited help from Jeff Bhasker; the collaboration generated a version that Bhasker further enhanced for months. The ballad derives its music primarily from an acoustic guitar, piano and programmed drums. With visually descriptive lyrics, it discusses a long-distance relationship inspired by Sheeran's own experience of being away from his then-girlfriend while he was on tour.[disambiguation needed]", "Category:Songs written by Ed Sheeran. Songs written or co-written by Ed Sheeran.", "Don't (Ed Sheeran song). \"Don't\" is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter, Ed Sheeran, for his second studio album, × (2014). Written by Sheeran and Benny Blanco and produced by Blanco and Rick Rubin, the song samples \"Don't Mess with My Man\" by Lucy Pearl.[1] It was initially planned as the album's lead single, but was passed over in favour of \"Sing\". It was instead released to iTunes on 13 June 2014 as the second \"instant grat\" promotional single from ×. \"Don't\" officially impacted US contemporary hit radio on 15 July 2014 and was released independently on 24 August 2014 as the album's second single.", "Despacito. In an interview with Billboard magazine in March 2017, Luis Fonsi stated that there are several remixes for \"Despacito\", including an urban and a club version, mentioning that \"there are some great DJs who have shown interest.\"[18] He also expressed his desire to perform an acoustic version.[18] In June 2017, English musician Ed Sheeran revealed that he wanted to record a remix version of \"Despacito\" but Justin Bieber \"advantaged him.\"[242][243] He also stated that he likes reggaeton music, saying that it has a \"good rhythm\" and that \"everyone enjoys it.\"[243]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). \"Perfect\" was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album รท.[9] The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn, whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York.[10][11] Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt's house in Ibiza, where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future's music at six in the morning.[12] He said: \"Barefoot on the grass, dancing to our favorite song, which happened to be Future's \"March Madness\"... I booked the studio for the day, and I had that and I was like, right, let me just flesh that out. And the song happened and was sort of finished that day. I knew it was special.\"[12][13]", "I See Fire. \"I See Fire\" is a song recorded and produced by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. The song was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2013 film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, where it played over the closing credits. The Hobbit director, Peter Jackson, asked Sheeran to write a song for the movie, after Jackson's daughter, Katie, suggested Sheeran. Sheeran saw the film, wrote the song, and recorded most of the track elements on the same day.", "Justin Bieber. On August 17, 2017, Bieber released the single \"Friends\" with American record producer and songwriter BloodPop. Songwriters Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter reunited with Bieber to construct the song, just as they helped create his single \"Sorry\" in 2015 on his studio album \"Purpose\".[122] It is his first single credited as lead artist since \"Company\", which was released in March, 2016.", "Don't (Ed Sheeran song). On 13 June 2014, \"Don't\" was made available to customers, who pre-ordered ×, as the second \"instant grat\" promotional single,[20] following \"One\", and an official audio stream was released on Sheeran's YouTube page.[5] An extended play accompanied the release of the single, featuring a remix by Rick Ross, a live cover of Nina Simone's \"Be My Husband\", and a non-album song, \"Everything You Are\". Notably, Sheeran's lyrics aren't censored on the Rick Ross remix, but are on the album version. \"Don't\" officially impacted US contemporary hit radio on 15 July 2014.[21]", "Ed Sheeran. On 4 December, Sheeran was named Spotify's most streamed artist of 2017 with 6.3 billion streams. He has Spotify's biggest album of the year with ÷ streamed 3.1 billion times, and the top song with \"Shape of You\" with 1.4 billion streams.[125] On 5 December 2017, hip-hop artist Eminem announced that Sheeran had collaborated on the song \"River\" for his ninth studio album Revival.[126] On working with Eminem, Sheeran stated, \"He is one of the reasons I started writing songs, and was such a pleasure to work with him.\"[126] Speaking on The Late Late Show on Irish television on 15 December, Sheeran stated he has a theme song written for a James Bond film in case he gets the call from producers of the film series.[127] On 3 January 2018, \"Shape of You\" was named the best selling single of 2017 in the UK,[128] and the best selling single of 2017 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US.[129] The same day, ÷ was named the best selling album of 2017 in the UK,[130] and the US.[131]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). \"Perfect\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album, ÷ (2017).[3] After the album's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart.[4] On 21 August 2017, Billboard announced that \"Perfect\" would be the fourth single from the album.[5] The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017, as the third single from the album in the United States (fourth overall).[6] The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017. It also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries, including Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. A version of \"Perfect\", titled \"Perfect Duet\", with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017.[7] Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, titled \"Perfect Symphony\", was released on 15 December 2017.[8] \"Perfect\" also became the UK Christmas number-one song for 2017.", "Don't (Ed Sheeran song). The song developed from a riff, which Sheeran had on his phone for a year.[2] Sheeran first recorded the track with producer Benny Blanco,[3] who was also credited as co-writer under his real name, Benjamin Levin. Sheeran recorded it again with Rick Rubin. The two producers coming together to produce the final cut. \"Don't\" is an R&B song[4][5] with a \"blue-eyed soul hymn\".[6]", "Sorry (Justin Bieber song). On October 18, 2015, Bieber announced the release of \"Sorry\", and a day later, the song was promoted through a Vine video that played the song in the background and featured King Bach and Michelle Obama.[7] On October 21, 2015, Bieber posted an acoustic 13-second sample of the song,[8] while on October 23, 2015, the song was officially released as Purpose second single.[9] In the same day, Bieber posted a video on his Instagram, where he appeared in the studio with BloodPop and Skrillex, listening to the song and riding around on hoverboards.[10] A \"Latino remix\" of the song, featuring Colombian singer J Balvin, was released worldwide on November 6, 2015.[11][12]", "The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote and recorded \"I See Fire\", which plays during the end credits.[21] The song was released on iTunes on 5 November 2013.[22]", "Sorry (Justin Bieber song). \"Sorry\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album, Purpose (2015). Written by Bieber, Julia Michaels, Justin Tranter, Sonny Moore, and Michael Tucker; the song was produced by Skrillex and BloodPop. It was released on October 23, 2015, as the second single from the album. A dancehall-pop, tropical house and moombahton song, \"Sorry\" contains in its instrumentation \"brassy horn bleats\", warm island rhythms and a dembow riddim beat. Lyrically, \"Sorry\" is a plea for a chance to apologize to a lover, with Bieber asking forgiveness and a second chance to redeem himself.", "Don't (Ed Sheeran song). About his other songs, Sheeran has openly stated who inspired the lyrical content.[10] But since the release of \"Don't\", he had remained silent to whom the song is directed to.[11] In a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, Sheeran articulated that he had dated a few singers, but friend, Taylor Swift, was not among them, and in fact, he played the track to her. Tabloids linked the singers, Selena Gomez and Ellie Goulding, to Sheeran.[8] On 31 October 2015, Fuse posted an interview in which Sheeran says, \"'Don't' is just a song that’s close to the bone and definitely opened up a door that I probably shouldn't have opened up. [...] I just won't say who it's about because... I mean everyone, everyone fucking knows anyway. But like I just won't say who it's about cause it's quite a negative song.\"[10]", "Category:Songs written by Ed Sheeran. The following 65 pages are in this category, out of 65 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In an interview with Zane Lowe, Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with \"Perfect\". He said: \"I need to do it 100% me, so everyone will listen to that will be like, \"Ah! He can actually do it!\" ... I wanted to beat \"Thinking Out Loud\", 'cause I know that song was going to define me.\"[12] He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks, and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran.[12] This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died. A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song.[9][12] The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli.[14]", "Love Yourself. Lyrically, \"Love Yourself\" is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong,[15][9] with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone[16] while \"hating on a girl for loving herself too much.\"[17] In the pre-chorus, he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers:[16] \"My mama don't like you, and she likes everyone,\" \"in a style that molds well to Sheeran's,\" according to Rolling Stone's Brittany Spanos.[1] \"And I [never] like to admit that I was wrong. And I've been so caught up in my job, didn't see what's going on, and now I know, I'm better sleeping on my own,\" he continues.[1] In the chorus, Bieber sings, \"Cause if you like the way you look that much, oh baby you should go and love yourself,\"[17] which according to Digital Spy's Amy Davidson, \"'love yourself' means 'go f**k yourself' in this context.\"[18] On March 7, 2017, composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first, and the original lyric was indeed \"fuck yourself.\" [19] In the song's bridge, Bieber uses a \"brass-and-vocalese\" style.[20]", "Thinking Out Loud. \"Thinking Out Loud\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, recorded for his second studio album, × (2014). It was written by Sheeran and Amy Wadge,[2] and produced by frequent collaborator Jake Gosling. It was released in the US on 24 September 2014 as the album's third single.", "Lay It All on Me (song). Prior \"Lay It All on Me\", Rudimental had previously collaborated with Sheeran, co-writing the song \"Bloodstream\" which appeared on the latter's 2014 album, x. The track was re-worked and released as the fourth single from x as well as the lead single from We the Generation.", "Love Me (Justin Bieber song). \"Love Me\" is a song by Canadian recording artist, Justin Bieber. The track was written by Bruno Mars, Ari Levine, and Philip Lawrence, and produced by DJ Frank E. It was released exclusively to iTunes as the first promotional single from his debut studio release, My World, on October 26, 2009.", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In March 2017, Sheeran broke the record set by Frankie Laine in 1953, occupying all of the top five positions in the United Kingdom, and placing nine songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart.[16] Also, every single one of the sixteen tracks from his new album ÷ entered the top twenty. \"Perfect\" debuted at number four, selling 62,599 copies.[16] After Sheeran's performance of \"Perfect\" on The X Factor on 26 November 2017, the song reached a new peak in the UK, advancing to number three and selling 32,507 units.[17] The Beyoncé version, released on 1 December 2017, drove consumption of the track to 89,359 sales (including 45,460 from sales-equivalent streams) as it became Sheeran's second number-one song from ÷, following \"Shape of You\" – and his fourth number-one single in total.[18] With UK sales of 1,048,313, \"Perfect\" became Sheeran's tenth million-selling single.[18] It was the Christmas number-one song for 2017,[19] and held the summit for six consecutive weeks before being displaced by Eminem's \"River\", which features Sheeran as a guest artist.[20]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In November 2017, Sheeran released an acoustic version of \"Perfect\" and two remixes by Mike Perry and Robin Schulz.[41][42][43] A version of \"Perfect\", titled \"Perfect Duet\", with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017.[7] The song is a stripped down, acoustic version of the original, with Beyoncé singing the second verse from a female perspective. Sheeran stated the song was Beyoncé's favorite from the album, and reached out to her to re-record the song. Beyoncé agreed, and the two recorded the song in May 2017.[44] An operatic version of \"Perfect\" with Andrea Bocelli, titled \"Perfect Symphony\" and sung partly in Italian, was released on 15 December 2017.[45]", "Songs I Wrote with Amy. All songs written by Ed Sheeran and Amy Wadge.", "Sorry (Justin Bieber song). While working on his then-upcoming fourth studio album, Justin Bieber enlisted American DJ Skrillex to produce songs for the record after successfully working with him on \"Where Are Ü Now\", which he sent to Skrillex and Diplo for their project Jack Ü and that became a worldwide hit and helped to revamp his career.[2] Regarding his will to work with the producer, Bieber commented: \"Skrillex is a genius. He’s super futuristic and I just love his sounds. I think being able to incorporate that sound with what I’m doing has been super cool because it’s like new and fresh, and I feel like no one’s done it before.\"[3] Skrillex, on other hand, commented about his involvement on the album, saying: \"I heard some well-written songs that were really good that they wanted me to do production on and from there, we wrote some new songs. It was an opportunity to try some stuff that I had never done before and we ended up making something really unique.\"[4] Skrillex also invited Michael Tucker, under his producer name BloodPop, to help him produce some tracks for the album.[5] The producer wrote \"Sorry\" with other songwriters and immediately felt it was a relatable song. Later, he needed to convince Bieber's team that \"Sorry\" was \"the song\".[6]", "Ed Sheeran. He has also cited The Beatles, Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences.[135][136] According to Sheeran, he had a stutter in his speech when he was younger, and he credited rapping along to Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP for helping him get rid of it.[137] He was also inspired by \"Cannonball\" singer-songwriter Damien Rice in 2002, with Sheeran stating, \"seeing him play this small club in Ireland, I was able to meet him, and he was unbelievably cool. I went straight home and started writing songs. I would not be doing what I'm doing now if he'd been a jerk.\"[138] Sheeran collaborated with his idol Eric Clapton in April 2016, with Sheeran stating to People magazine, \"I sang on Eric Clapton's album [I Still Do]. It's one thing having him on mine, but being his, that's an honour that you can't ever pinpoint on how great that is. I did something for his record, and I was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso,' [appearing as a guest on Clapton's \"I Will Be There\", in addition to performing the song with Clapton on stage], and he did something for my record [performing a guitar solo on \"Dive\" on Sheeran's album รท] and was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso.'\"[133]" ]

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[ "Robert Reed. From 1961 to 1965, he portrayed Kenneth Preston on the popular legal drama The Defenders, alongside E. G. Marshall. He is best known as the father Mike Brady, opposite Florence Henderson's Carol Brady, on the ABC sitcom The Brady Bunch, which aired from 1969 to 1974. He reprised the role of Mike Brady in several later reunion programs. In 1976, he earned two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his guest-starring role in a two-part episode of Medical Center and for his work on the miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man. The following year, Reed earned a third Emmy nomination for his role in the miniseries Roots.", "List of The Brady Bunch characters. Michael Paul \"Mike\" Brady (bottom center in picture above), portrayed by Robert Reed in the TV show and Gary Cole in movies, is the male head of the Brady household. In episode #4 of The Bradys, \"Hat in the Ring\", when Mike is sworn in as City Councilman, his full name is given as Michael Thomas Brady. Mike, a widowed architect, brought three sons to his marriage with Carol Martin and became the stepfather to her three daughters. He was named \"Father of the Year\" by a local newspaper after his stepdaughter Marcia submitted an essay in his honor. The character's parents were sometimes mentioned but never seen (unless depicted without identification at the wedding in the pilot), but his paternal grandfather, Judge Hank Brady (Robert Reed in a dual role) appears in one episode.", "Barry Williams (actor). Barry William Blenkhorn (born September 30, 1954),[4] known professionally as Barry Williams, is an American actor and singer best known for his role as the eldest of the Brady sons, Greg Brady, on the ABC television series The Brady Bunch.", "List of The Brady Bunch characters. Greg Brady (top right), portrayed by Barry Williams in the TV show, Christopher Daniel Barnes in theatrical films, and Chad Doreck in the TV movie, is the oldest Brady son. Greg is a Westdale High School student who plays football, plays guitar, surfs, and aspires to be a singer. Greg is portrayed as self-confident and brassy at times, and generally acts as leader and spokesman for the other kids. Being the oldest of the Brady children, Greg is usually the one who devises their plans. As the series went on, Greg became somewhat of a \"ladies' man\" at school. Also as the character got older, Greg often attempted to disassociate himself from the younger siblings, eventually getting his own room in the attic. Greg is also the only one of the children to appear in every episode of the series.", "Burt Mustin. During the 1970s, Mustin continued with guest roles on The Brady Bunch, Love, American Style, Adam-12, Emergency! and Sanford and Son (episode \"Home Sweet Home for the Aged\".)", "Christopher Daniel Barnes. In the 1986–87 TV series Starman, he played the teenage boy Scott, the son of the Starman. He starred in the short-lived NBC sitcom Day by Day. In one episode's dream sequence which included many guest stars from The Brady Bunch, he played a fourth Brady son, \"Chuck Brady\". He later played Greg Brady in the Brady Bunch parody movies. He starred as Leonard Rickets in the sitcom Malcolm & Eddie.", "Gary Cole. He played The Brady Bunch patriarch Mike Brady in the 1995 film The Brady Bunch Movie, the 1996 sequel A Very Brady Sequel, and the 2002 television film The Brady Bunch in the White House.", "Eve Plumb. Several episodes of the sitcom featured the Brady kids singing and as a result, Plumb and the rest of the younger cast recorded several albums. Plumb would also provide a monologue for the Pat Williams Orchestra's 1974 recording of \"California Love Story\". The single was co-produced by Plumb's recording executive father, Neely Plumb.", "List of The Brady Bunch characters. In 2004, TV Guide ranked him number 14 on its 50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time list.[2]", "Ken Berry. In 1973 Sherwood Schwartz wrote a Brady Bunch spin-off called Kelly's Kids, which featured Berry as the adoptive father of three diverse boys (black, white, and Asian). The pilot failed to interest ABC.", "The Brady Bunch. A final-season Brady Bunch episode, \"Kelly's Kids\", was intended as a pilot for a prospective spin-off series of the same name. Ken Berry starred as Ken Kelly, a friend and neighbor of the Bradys, who with his wife Kathy (Brooke Bundy) adopted three orphaned boys of different racial backgrounds. One of the adopted sons was played by Todd Lookinland, the younger brother of Mike Lookinland. While Kelly's Kids was not subsequently picked up as a full series, producer Sherwood Schwartz reworked the basic premise for the short-lived 1980s sitcom Together We Stand starring Elliott Gould and Dee Wallace.[29]", "List of The Brady Bunch characters. Robert \"Bobby\" Brady (bottom right), portrayed by Michael Lookinland in the TV show, Jesse Soffer (credited as Jesse Lee) in theatrical films, and Max Morrow in the TV movie, is the youngest Brady son. The precocious and often overlooked youngest boy, Bobby was often portrayed as a whimsical dreamer, fantasizing about having various adventurous lifestyles, such as being a race car driver, a cowboy, and an astronaut. On one occasion, one of his fantasies came true when he got to play football with Joe Namath.", "List of The Brady Bunch episodes. Guest stars: Steve Dunne (in his second appearance, having previously played Mark Millard on season two's \"Alice's September Song\") as Pete Sterne, Robert Nadder as Alfred Baily, and Harold Peary as Mr. Goodbody.", "Mike Lookinland. Michael Paul \"Mike\" Lookinland[1] (born December 19, 1960) is an American former actor. He is best known for his role as the youngest brother, Bobby Brady, on The Brady Bunch from 1969 until 1974.", "Barry Williams (actor). Williams has appeared in various Brady Bunch TV movie reunions, including the 1988 Christmas movie, A Very Brady Christmas.", "Robert Reed. In November 1991, Reed was diagnosed with colon cancer.[38] When he became ill, he allowed only his daughter and his close friends, actress Anne Haney and Josh Miller, to visit him.[37][38] Haney later said of Reed, \"He came from the old school, where people had a sense of decorum. He went the way he wanted to, without publicity.\"[37] Weeks before his death, Reed called Henderson and asked her to inform the rest of The Brady Bunch cast that he was terminally ill.[23] He died on May 12, 1992 at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California, at age 59.[7]", "The Brady Bunch. Mike Brady (Robert Reed), a widowed architect with three sons, Greg (Barry Williams), Peter (Christopher Knight), and Bobby (Mike Lookinland), marries Carol Martin (Florence Henderson), who herself has three daughters: Marcia (Maureen McCormick), Jan (Eve Plumb), and Cindy (Susan Olsen). The wife and daughters take the Brady surname. Included in the blended family are Mike's live-in housekeeper, Alice Nelson (Ann B. Davis), and the boys' dog, Tiger. (In the pilot episode, the girls also have a pet: a cat named Fluffy. Fluffy never appeared in any episodes following the pilot.) The setting is a large, suburban, two-story house designed by Mike, in a Los Angeles suburb.[9]", "List of The Brady Bunch episodes. The Brady Bunch is a sitcom created by Sherwood Schwartz.[1] The show follows Mike Brady (Robert Reed), a widowed architect with sons Greg (Barry Williams), Peter (Christopher Knight) and Bobby (Mike Lookinland). Mike marries Carol Martin (Florence Henderson), whose daughters from her previous marriage are Marcia (Maureen McCormick), Jan (Eve Plumb) and Cindy (Susan Olsen). They all move into the house designed by Mike in southern California.[1] Also living with them is the housekeeper, Alice (Ann B. Davis), and the dog, Tiger. Most of the episodes revolved around the kids and their misadventures that often led to Mike's \"lectures.\"", "Robert Reed. Despite his dislike of The Brady Bunch, Reed continued to appear in Brady Bunch spin-offs and sequels for the remainder of his career. In 1976, Reed reprised the role of Mike Brady in the variety show The Brady Bunch Hour, the television film, The Brady Girls Get Married (1981), and the television film A Very Brady Christmas (1988).[22] In 1989, he guest-starred as Mike Brady in \"A Very Brady Episode\" of the NBC sitcom Day by Day. Also in 1989, Reed reteamed with his Brady Bunch co-star Henderson in a guest-starring role on the sitcom Free Spirit.[33] In 1990, he reprised the role of Mike Brady for the final time in the drama series, The Bradys.[22] The series was canceled after six episodes. Reed made his last onscreen appearance in the April 1992 episode of Jake and the Fatman, \"Ain't Misbehavin'\".[2]", "List of The Brady Bunch episodes. Guest stars: Bobby Cramer as Johnny, Gary Marsh as Phil, Craig Hundley as Tommy Johnson, Marie Denn as Mrs. Johnson", "List of The Brady Bunch characters. Both Gene Hackman and Jeffrey Hunter were considered for the role of Mike Brady. Hackman was Sherwood Schwartz's first choice, but was rejected by Paramount for not having enough experience. Jeffrey Hunter approached Schwartz to play Mike Brady, but Schwartz felt Hunter was too attractive to play a down-to-earth architect.[1]", "Mike Lookinland. Lookinland reprised his role as Bobby Brady in the 1988 Christmas special A Very Brady Christmas and again in the 1990 sequel series The Bradys, in which Bobby Brady was involved in a racing-car accident, which made him a wheelchair user throughout the series. Lookinland spent several years as a television camera operator and made an uncredited appearance in the 2000 TV movie Growing Up Brady as Shorr, the camera operator during the Brady Bunch episode \"Room at the Top\".", "Barry Williams (actor). Williams continued to be cast in guest roles on other TV series including Adam-12, The Invaders, That Girl, Mission: Impossible, The Mod Squad, Here Come the Brides and Bartleby, the Scrivener[7] before being cast in 1969 as Greg Brady on The Brady Bunch.", "List of The Brady Bunch characters. Peter Brady (center right), portrayed by Christopher Knight in the TV show, Paul Sutera in theatrical films, and Blake Foster in the TV movie, is the middle Brady son. Peter often thinks badly of himself, such as believing he has no personality in the episode \"The Personality Kid\". The clumsiest of the bunch, he sometimes gets overexcited and acts before thinking. Nevertheless, he is a fun-loving boy whom girls adored later in the original series. He has a non-related lookalike named Arthur Owens (also played by Christopher Knight), who is shown in the episode \"Two Petes in a Pod\". Peter is also the only one in the family with brown eyes—all the others had blue or green eyes.", "Susan Olsen. Susan Marie Olsen (born August 14, 1961) is an American former child actress, animal welfare advocate, artist, and former radio host. Olsen is known for her role as Cindy Brady, the youngest Brady child in the sitcom The Brady Bunch for the full run of the show, from 1969 to 1974. In 1995 she had a minor role in the Brady bunch Movie as a reporter.", "Barry Williams (actor). In late 2011, Williams started appearing in a show at the Yakov Smirnoff theater in Branson, Missouri, where he resides. He then moved to the Americana Theatre in Branson, where he performs his 70s Music Celebration! musical variety show, which showcases his singing and guitar playing ability along with clips, videos, and stories from his time on The Brady Bunch.", "Barry Williams (actor). With the death of Florence Henderson on November 24, 2016, Williams became the oldest surviving cast member from The Brady Bunch.", "List of The Brady Bunch episodes. Guest stars: Jeff Davis as Hal Barton, Paul Cavonis as Buddy Berkman", "Alan Thicke. In 2008, Thicke appeared in a major supporting role as Jim Jarlewski in the television series adaptation of Douglas Coupland's jPod.[32] That same year, he had a cameo appearance in the How I Met Your Mother episode \"Sandcastles in the Sand\" as the dad in Robin Scherbatsky's second \"Robin Sparkles\" music video.[33] He guest starred as himself in the episodes \"The Rough Patch\", \"Glitter\", \"Old King Clancy\", \"P.S. I Love You\", and \"The Rehearsal Dinner\".[34]", "Mike Lookinland. Lookinland was a TV-commercial actor before he was cast in The Brady Bunch, having done around thirty commercials. He has naturally sandy-colored, wavy hair. Because his hair color did not match Peter's or Greg's natural dark brown color, his was dyed dark brown and straightened. Occasionally, the lights on set were so hot that his dye would run down his face.[citation needed] During the last two seasons of The Brady Bunch, his natural hair color was allowed to show.", "The Brady Bunch Movie. Cameos by original Brady Bunch actors", "Barry Williams (actor). Following the cancellation of The Brady Bunch in 1974, Williams continued to appear in guest roles on television, and became involved in musical theater, touring with productions such as Grease, The Sound of Music, and West Side Story." ]

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[ "It's Gonna Be Me. \"It's Gonna Be Me\" is a song by American boy band NSYNC. It was released on June 13, 2000 as the second single in the United States and third in Europe from their second studio album No Strings Attached. The song was NSYNC's only Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit, making it their highest-charting single. It topped the chart for two consecutive weeks and has been certified Gold by the RIAA. The song serves as the opening track of the 2000 compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 5.", "It's Gonna Be Me. U.S. single 2", "It's Gonna Be Me. U.S. single 1 limited edition", "NSYNC. The second single, \"It's Gonna Be Me\", became the group's first No. 1 single in the U.S. and peaked at No. 1 on The Billboard Hot 100 from July 29 to August 11, 2000.[35] The third and final single, \"This I Promise You\" reached the Top-5 on Billboard's Top-100 single chart. They performed the Spanish version of this song, \"Yo Te Voy Amar\" at the Latin Grammys in 2001. The group also embarked on a World No Strings Attached Tour that year. The adventures of preparing for the tour were featured on an MTV special \"Making the Tour\", which was later released on DVD. The tour was then featured on a HBO special, which aired the same week the group's song \"It's Gonna Be Me\" hit No. 1 on the charts. The group then went on the second leg of the tour in the fall and performed one last show in 2001 for the \"Rock in Rio\" concert. The group also released Live From Madison Square Garden, a home video release of its HBO Special.", "I've Gotta Be Me. Other artists who have recorded or performed \"I've Gotta Be Me\" include Ella Fitzgerald, Michael Jackson, Gilbert Price, Della Reese, Stevie Wonder, Tony Bennett, Cory Monteith as his Glee character Finn Hudson,[3] and The Temptations.", "It's Gonna Be Me. The music video was directed by Wayne Isham. It was shot from April 27–28, 2000. The video debuted on MTV's TRL on May 23, 2000. It was released on MTV's \"Making the Video\". Joji Tani, known by Screaming Mad George, provided make-up work for the video.", "Let It Be Me (The Everly Brothers song). January 1966. A cover released by Merseyside group The Escorts. Can be heard on YouTube. [4]", "It's Gonna Be Me. The lyrics are addressed to a woman who apparently had bad experiences in previous relationships. The man who shows interest in her assures the woman that he is nothing like her past lovers, and that he is prepared to wait for her. When she is ready to love someone again, he maintains that \"It's gonna be me\".[2] It is written in the key of C minor.[3]", "It's Gonna Be Me. In 2016, Fall Out Boy created a follow-up music video for their song \"Irresistible\" featuring Demi Lovato, which is also directed by Isham and featured cameos from Chris Kirkpatrick as a toy factory worker and Joey Fatone as a toy store employee.", "It's Gonna Be Me. The video was released on the group YouTube's Vevo channel on October 24, 2009. As of January 2017, the video has received over 51 million views.[4]", "It's Gonna Be Me. The video begins in a large toy store, with \"Bye Bye Bye\" playing in the background. Each group member is an animated plastic doll version of themselves in a box similar to their album cover. They punch through the plastic front of their boxes and try to attract the attention of the girl shopping (Kim Smith, who also appears as the puppeteer in \"Bye Bye Bye\") so that they can be bought. Army men abseil down from a higher shelf, destroy their boxes, and laugh at them when they are purchased. Next, the boys spot a set of Barbie-like dolls and go hang out with them. The Barbies drop a net on them, and again tease them when they are bought and NSYNC is not. Finally, the group gets back to their shelf and does a dance for the shopping girl. She buys them, and upon scanning, each doll becomes the real-life version of each group member. All of this is interspersed with the band in a color-lit room singing and dancing with the lights changing colors.", "Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me. \"Remembering,\" sung by Campbell's daughter Ashley Campbell, was released as a single in late 2015.", "Let It Be Me (The Everly Brothers song). The English language version used lyrics by Manny Curtis and was performed in 1957 by Jill Corey in the television series Climax!. Corey's version, with orchestration by Jimmy Carroll, was released as a single and was moderately successful.", "It's Gotta Be You. \"It's Gotta Be You\" is the debut and winner's single by Isaiah, the series eight winner of The X Factor Australia. \"It's Gotta Be You\" was written by Anthony Egizii and David Musumeci[1] and was released digitally immediately after it was announced he had won, on 21 November 2016 as the lead single from his self-titled debut album. The song debuted and peaked at number 26 on the ARIA Singles Chart.[2] As of June 2017 the song has gained over 90 million streams on Spotify.", "The Drug in Me Is You. The Drug in Me Is You is the debut studio album by American rock band Falling in Reverse. Production for the album took place following lead singer Ronnie Radke's departure from Escape the Fate in 2008. Recording took place in December 2010 and lasted until February 2011 at Paint it Black Studios in Orlando, Florida. Michael Baskette, who worked with Radke on Escape the Fate's Dying is Your Latest Fashion, returned as the executive producer for the album, alongside former bandmate Omar Espinosa and others as additional composers and production aids in the studio. The Drug in Me Is You was released on July 25, 2011, in Europe and Japan, and on July 26, 2011, in the United States.", "Grace Phipps. In 2015, her song \"Gotta Be Me\" from Teen Beach 2 was nominated in the Teen Choice Awards as the Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show; she sang the song with Ross Lynch, Maia Mitchell, Garrett Clayton, John Deluca, and Jordan Fisher.[42]", "You Can Count On Me (Panda Bear song). \"You Can Count on Me\" is the second single to be released by Panda Bear from Tomboy. It was released October 19, 2010 by Domino Records.", "Hello It's Me. \"Hello It's Me\" was the first original song by Todd Rundgren.[7] It was first recorded in 1968 by Rundgren's band Nazz and was included on their self-titled debut album.", "It's Gonna Be Me. Following the release of the video, dolls like those portrayed by the band were created, with strings attached as a reference to the group's smash hit video \"Bye Bye Bye\".", "Cody Johnson. The sixth album, Gotta Be Me, was released on August 5, 2016.[12] The album debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200,[13] and at No. 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 23,000 copies in the US in its first week.[14] This was Johnson's most successful release yet, achieved without major label support or widespread radio play.[2]", "You to Me Are Everything. \"You to Me Are Everything\" was covered by Sonia in 1991. The song was released in November 1991, the third and final single from her second album. This song's B-side \"Be My Baby\" was also on the album. This single reached #13 in UK and #14 in Ireland.", "I'll Be (Edwin McCain song). It was covered by Dean Geyer on his debut album Rush.", "Hello It's Me. \"Hello It's Me\" is a song composed, recorded, and performed by Todd Rundgren. Released as a single in September 1973, it reached no. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "I'm Gonna Be Somebody. \"I'm Gonna Be Somebody\" is a song written by Jill Colucci and Stewart Harris, and recorded by American country music artist Travis Tritt. It released in May 1990 as the third single from his debut album Country Club. It reached number 2 in the United States, behind Shenandoah's \"Next to You, Next to Me\", while it became his second number-one hit in Canada.", "It Ain't Me. \"It Ain't Me\" is a song by Norwegian DJ Kygo and American singer Selena Gomez. It was released by Interscope Records, Sony and Ultra on 17 February 2017 as the lead single from Kygo's first EP, Stargazing. The song was written by Kygo, Gomez, Andrew Watt, Brian Lee and Ali Tamposi. It was produced by Kygo, Watt, Ben Rice and Louis Bell. A dance-pop, electropop and tropical house song, \"It Ain't Me\" comprises an acoustic guitar line, and a build-drop arrangement in its chorus featuring pulsing piano notes, bass, synthesizers, finger-snap claps and pan flute melodies. Gomez sings the track in a husky tone, while in the chorus her vocals are reduced to recurring syllables. The lyrics are nostalgic and narrate a past relationship ruined by alcoholism and partying too often.", "Let It Be (song). \"Let It Be\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, released in March 1970 as a single, and (in an alternate mix) as the title track of their album Let It Be. At the time, it had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100, beginning its chart run at number 6. It was written and sung by Paul McCartney. It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band. Both the Let It Be album and the US single \"The Long and Winding Road\" were released after McCartney's announced departure from and the subsequent break-up of the group.", "Karen David. David released her first single, \"It's Me (You're Talking To)\", in 2003, when she was signed to BMG Music. This single was a top 10 airplay hit in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.[20]", "It's Gotta Be You. Isaiah performed \"It's Gotta Be You\" live for the first time during The X Factor grand final announcement show on 21 November 2016. He reprised the song after he was announced as the winner. \"This has been my dream, and I can't believe it came true on my birthday,\" Firebrace said after the announcement.[3][4] Isaiah performed the song live on The Morning Show on 22 November 2016.[5]", "Bebe Rexha. Songs of hers performed by artists include Eminem's and Rihanna's single \"The Monster\" which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, and songs for Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas.[2][5] In 2015 she released her first solo EP, I Don't Wanna Grow Up. In October 2016, \"I Got You\" was released as the lead single from her EP All Your Fault: Pt. 1. In August 2017, her third EP All Your Fault: Pt. 2 was released, which spawned the hit single \"Meant to Be\" with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which peaked at two on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is also included on her debut studio album, Expectations, which will be released on June 22, 2018.[6]", "Let It Be Me (The Everly Brothers song). – on 2015 the version of Angelo Seretti & George Aaron stay 5 weeks on Italian Radio Chart (M.E.I)", "Let It Be. The album's songs have been covered by numerous performers including Aretha Franklin, John Denver, Brooke White, Katie Stevens, Boney M., Joan Baez, George Michael, Willie Nelson, Pearl Jam, David Bowie, Fiona Apple, Billy Ocean, Bill Withers, Elvis Presley, Diana Ross, Jackson 5, Status Quo, Seether, Soundgarden, Stereophonics, Rod Stewart, Jennifer Hudson, B5, and Widespread Panic. In addition, the Slovenian group Laibach covered the entire album except for the title track.[39]", "Finn Hudson. Finn sings lead more frequently in the second half of the first season, as he is featured in over a dozen songs, including several with Rachel. However, in Glee's second season, he sings lead in fewer songs than in the first, though he again sings a significant proportion with Rachel, including the duets \"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\",[44] \"With You I'm Born Again\",[45] \"Last Christmas\",[46] and the one ostensibly written by Finn at the end of the season, \"Pretending\".[47] His first solo performance of the second season, in the episode \"Grilled Cheesus\", is R.E.M.'s \"Losing My Religion\". Monteith said he and series music producer Adam Anders \"had a bit of a different idea\" about how the song should be performed. While Anders \"always brings the songs in very positive, very upbeat\", he felt the song \"was expressing a betrayal\", and with Finn feeling both betrayal and anger, Monteith wanted his performance to reflect that.[48] Anthony Benigno of the Daily News commented positively on the arrangement of Monteith's song, and graded the performance an \"A\",[49] but Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone was critical of the arrangement, and said Monteith's performance was \"more awkward than inspired.\"[50] Finn's other solo is \"I've Gotta Be Me\" in the episode \"Born This Way\".[51]" ]

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[ "It (2017 film). In October 1988, stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven-year-old brother, Georgie, a paper sailboat. Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry, and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain. As he attempts to retrieve it Georgie sees a clown in the sewer, who introduces himself as \"Pennywise the Dancing Clown\". The clown entices Georgie to come closer, then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer.", "It (2017 film). The first official image for It debuted on July 13, 2016, introducing the first look at Skarsgård's Pennywise The Dancing Clown,[213] as well as an interview with Skarsgård, conducted by Anthony Breznican.[214][215] Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote \"... Skarsgard in full, terrifying costume, ... he's clearly got what it takes to fill King's most macabre, nightmare-inducing creation.\"[216] Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively, stating the image to be \"... an appropriately macabre look that doesn't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry's Pennywise ... dare I say, a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard's version that was absent from Curry's interpretation.\"[217]", "It (2017 film). The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown, respectively, with Jeremy Ray Taylor, Sophia Lillis, Finn Wolfhard, Wyatt Oleff, Chosen Jacobs, Jack Dylan Grazer, Nicholas Hamilton, and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles.[11][6] Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27, 2016, and ended on September 21, 2016.[12][13] Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa.[14][15][16]", "It (2017 film). On May 7, 2017, a second teaser trailer, this one lasting 137 seconds, was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles, California,[250][251][252] with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the \"Losers' Club\" search for Pennywise's many victims.[253][254][255] Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film \"was initially ... similar to Stand by Me (1986), with the Losers' Club playfully bantering about \"gray water\" ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim.\"[256] Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer, and stated: \"This new trailer really plays up the kids' role and their fears. It's a smart move, because if a sequel does come along, it's going to be looking at the kids as adults, so that aspect will be lost.\"[257] Digital Spy's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti's film will carry on down the \"creepy as hell\" vibe he gave the first trailer.[258] On July 13, 2017, Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise's lair to promote It, including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti.[259][260][261][262] On July 19, 2017, New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It, by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic-Con,[263][264][265] before an advanced screening of Annabelle: Creation (2017).[266]", "It (2017 film). It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8, 2017.[17][18] Upon release, the film set numerous box office records and grossed $700 million worldwide.[19] Unadjusted for inflation, it is the highest-grossing horror film and the third highest-grossing R-rated film of all-time (after Deadpool and The Matrix Reloaded).[20][21] It received positive reviews, with critics praising the performances, direction, cinematography and musical score, with many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations.[22]", "It (2017 film). It was released in North America on September 8, 2017.[198] In Europe, the film was released in Belgium on September 6, 2017, Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7, 2017,[199][200] and Norway and Finland on September 8, 2017.[201] On March 7, 2017, the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 – The Losers’ Club.[202][203] In addition to the conventional 2D format, It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally, including 389 domestically.[204]", "It (2017 film). On February 9, 2017, at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie (2017), Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA, and stated to Collider.com's Steve Weintraub, \"If you're going to make a \"Rated-R movie\", you have to fully embrace what it is, and you have to embrace the source material. It is a scary clown that's trying to kill kids. ... They do have a scary clown that’s taken over the town of Derry, so it’s going to be rated R.\"[137] On March 11, 2017, Muschietti, at the SXSW festival, spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film's child actors, wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise's first encounter with the children:[138] \"It was something that we agreed on, and that's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage, they f*cking freaked out. Bill is like, seven-foot high, and I can't describe how scary he looks in person. He's a wiry man, crouching, making sounds, snotting, drooling, speaking in Swedish sometimes. Terrifying.\"[139] Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward, with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s, while also describing the plot as \"getting much wider\", with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries.[140] However, Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it: \"It's all about trying to hit the core and the heart.\"[140]", "It (2017 film). On July 16, 2015, it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It, with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti's vision.[123][124] The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti's sister, Barbara Muschietti, as a producer, and Richard Brener joining Hamada, Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project.[123] On April 22, 2016, it was indicated that Will Poulter, who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga's version, had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist.[125] Also that day, New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8, 2017.[126][127]", "It (2017 film). On August 16, 2016, Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of SkarsgÃ¥rd's Pennywise to promote It,[179] including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant.[223][224] JoBlo.com's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design, though was understanding of others being dismissive of it. Damaske also stated, \"One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary, and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children.\"[225] Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that \"This one's going to divide some folks. It's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ..., but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation.\"[226] Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of \"... [drawing] attention and curiosity\". Barkan then stated \"I don't know if it's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive!\"[227]", "It (novel). The first of a two-part feature film adaptation, It, was released on September 8, 2017.[10] It is directed by Andy Muschietti, with a screenplay by Chase Palmer, Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman. Instead of a dual narrative, the first film is an adaptation of the section that features the characters as children, and stars Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise and Jaeden Lieberher as Bill Denbrough. Supporting roles are played by Finn Wolfhard, Sophia Lillis, Jack Dylan Grazer, Wyatt Oleff, Chosen Jacobs, Jeremy Ray Taylor, Owen Teague, Nicholas Hamilton, Logan Thompson and Jake Sim. The second film, yet to be produced, will adapt the modern day \"Adults\" section.", "It (2017 film). On August 16, 2016, in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise's form-fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from – involving a number of eras – among them Medieval, Renaissance, Elizabethan, and Victorian.[176] Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives, highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time.[177] In designing Pennywise's costume, Bryant included a Fortuny pleating, which gives the costume an almost crepe-like effect,[178] to which Bryant remarked, \"It's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do. It's more organic, it's more sheer. It has a whimsical, floppy quality to it. It's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk, which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period.\"[179]", "It (2017 film). On September 25, 2017, New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6, 2019,[303] with Gary Dauberman writing the script.[304] Later in December 2017, Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter.[305]", "Bill Skarsgård. Skarsgård played horror villain Pennywise the Dancing Clown in the 2017 film It, and is scheduled to reprise his role in the sequel in 2019. His role was met with praise from fans and critics alike.[12] In July 2017, it was announced that Skarsgård had been cast as a series regular in Castle Rock as a young man with an unusual legal problem.[13]", "It (2017 film). A sequel, It: Chapter Two, is scheduled to be released on September 6, 2019.[23]", "It (2017 film). On October 30, 2015, Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It, while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise: \"[Poulter] would be a great option. For me he is at the top of my list ....\"[128] He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting. It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film.[129] Muschietti went on to say that \"King described 50s' terror iconography\", adding that he feels there is a whole world now to \"rediscover, to update\". He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the \"terrors are going to be a lot more surprising\".[130] On February 19, 2016, at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016, producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer's original script had been rewritten, remarking, \"It will hopefully be shooting later this year. We just got the California tax credit ... [Dauberman] wrote the most recent draft working with [Muscetti], so it's being envisioned as two movies.\"[131]", "It (character). A spokesperson for New Line Cinema (distributor of the 2017 film adaptation) released a statement claiming that \"New Line is absolutely not involved in the rash of clown sightings.\"[35]", "It (2017 film). On March 28, 2017, New Line released a 139-second teaser trailer to promote It,[236] following a 19-second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day,[237][238][239] and for exhibitors at CinemaCon.[240][241] Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating: \"Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom, even in the scenes where the creature isn't looming. That projector scene! Christ!\"[242] Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer, and stated: \"There's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack, and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness.\"[243] Wired's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer, to which he stated, \"The teaser's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha-ness; instead, it involves a misfiring slide-projector and a barely discernible clown-grin. Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill, which is all the more thrilling.\"[244] IndieWire's William Earl reacted positively to the \"top-notch\" production design of Derry, Maine within the trailer.[245] The trailer was viewed 197 million times in the first 24 hours after it was released, setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day.[246][247] In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious (2017), the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Fifty Shades Darker (2017), and Beauty and the Beast (2017).[248][249]", "It (2017 film). On May 25, 2015, it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It.[116] According to TheWrap, Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line, which greenlit the first film at $30 million.[117] However, Fukunaga maintained that was not the case, stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story, \"I was trying to make an unconventional horror film. It didn't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience.\"[118] He made mention that the budget was fine, as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown.[118] Fukunaga concluded by stating, \"We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it. Chase and I both put our childhood in that story. So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script. I wouldn't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King's spirit of it, but I needed to update it. King saw an earlier draft and liked it.\"[118][119] On Fukunaga's departure, King wrote, \"The remake of IT may be dead—or undead—but we'll always have Tim Curry. He's still floating down in the sewers of Derry.\"[120][121]", "It (2017 film). On January 31, 2016, Muschietti, on his Instagram, posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise's final look, to celebrate pre-production getting underway.[206][207][208] Beginning from July 11, 2016, Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area, including Betty Ripsom, Richie Tozier, Paul Greenberg, Jonathan Chan, and Tania McGowan.[209][210][211][212]", "Will Poulter. Poulter was initially cast as Pennywise the Clown in the 2017 remake of the Stephen King miniseries It. However, it was announced in June 2016 that Bill Skarsgård was cast instead, since Poulter was forced to drop out, due both to scheduling conflicts (the film was set to shoot at the same time as Poulter was set to begin work on Detroit), as well as the departure of its initial director, Cary Fukunaga.[21]", "It (2017 film). The film was released on digital download on December 19, 2017, and was released on 4K, Blu-ray and DVD on January 9, 2018.[205]", "It (miniseries). The story revolves around a predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey's worst fears, allowing it to exploit the phobias of its victims. It mostly takes the form of a sadistic, wisecracking clown called Pennywise. The protagonists are The Lucky Seven, or The Losers Club, a group of outcast kids who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary. The series takes place over two different time periods, the first when the Losers first confront Pennywise as children in 1960, and the second when they return as adults in 1990 to defeat him a second time after he resurfaces.", "It (2017 film). Now calling themselves \"The Losers Club\", they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity. They determine that Pennywise (or \"It\") assumes the appearance of what they fear, awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation, and moves about by using sewer lines—which all lead to a well currently under the creepy, abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street. After an attack by Pennywise, the group ventures to the house to confront him, only to be separated and terrorized. Eddie breaks his arm, while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie. As they regroup, Beverly impales Pennywise through the head, forcing the clown to retreat. However, after the encounter the group begins to splinter, with only Bill and Beverly resolute in fighting It.", "It (novel). Pennywise Circus is first mentioned in the book NOS4A2 by Joe Hill, the son of Stephen King. In the 2017 film version of The Dark Tower, Pennywise Circus reappears as a decrepit, long-rotten ammusement park and is one of the landmarks that Roland and Jake notice and even make camp next to during a portion of the film.", "It (2017 film). On August 11, 2016, at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency, producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece's comparison to Netflix's Stranger Things, describing It being an \"homage to 1980s movies\", while remarking: \"I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things, and we're seeing it on Netflix right now. It's very much an homage to '80s movies, whether it's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg. Think about Stand by Me (1986) as far as the bonding amongst the kids. But there is a really scary element in Pennywise.\"[50] Lin continued, speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting, \"We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids. Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you're casting kids who don't have a ton of experience, but it ended up being really natural. Each kid, like a The Goonies (1985) or Stand by Me (1986), has a very specific personality and they're forming the loser's club obviously ... We've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they're going to fight this evil, scary clown.\"[50]", "It (2017 film). On March 9, 2017, Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled, Face Your Fears, to share footage from It, while discussing his inspirations and influences.[228][229] On March 11, 2017, New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival.[230][231] Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer: \"It was maybe 90 seconds of footage, but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go, it's one of the best that I've ever seen.\"[232][233] Dread Central's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene, and stated, \"The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another. There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it’s obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable.\"[234] Eric Vespe of Ain't It Cool News remarked that \"... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence. I loved it for that reason.\"[235]", "It (2017 film). The following summer, Bill and his friends (loudmouth Richie Tozier, hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak, and timid Stan Uris) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang. Bill, still haunted by Georgie's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief-stricken parents, discovers that his brother's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens. He recruits his friends to check it out, believing his brother may still be alive.", "It (character). Several media outlets such as The Guardian have spoken of the character, ranking it as one of the scariest clowns in film or pop culture.[6][7][8] The Atlantic said of the character; \"the scariest thing about Pennywise, though, is how he preys on children's deepest fears, manifesting the monsters they're most petrified by (something J. K. Rowling would later emulate with boggarts).\"[9] British scholar Mikita Brottman has also said of Pennywise; \"one of the most frightening of evil clowns to appear on the small screen\" and that it \"reflects every social and familial horror known to contemporary America\".[10] Critics such as Mark Dery have drawn connections between the character of Pennywise and serial killer John Wayne Gacy,[11][12][13] who would dress up at community children's parties as \"Pogo the Clown\";[13][12] Dery has stated that the character \"[embodied] our primal fears in a sociopathic Ronald McDonald who oozes honeyed guile\".[14] On his website, however, King makes no mention of Gacy in discussing his inspiration.[15]", "It (2017 film). It (also known as It: Chapter One) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film[5] directed by Andy Muschietti, based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King. The screenplay is by Chase Palmer, Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman.[6][7] The film tells the story of seven children in Derry, Maine, who are terrorized by the eponymous being, only to face their own personal demons in the process. The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries.[8][9][10]", "It (character). It, also known as Pennywise the Dancing Clown or Bob Gray, is the title character of Stephen King's 1986 horror novel It. The character is a monster which preys upon the children of Derry, Maine, roughly every twenty-seven years, using a variety of powers that include the ability to shapeshift, manipulate, and go unnoticed by adults.", "It (novel). In July 1984 at the annual Derry carnival, three youths brutally attack a young gay man named Adrian Mellon and throw him off a bridge. They are arrested and charged with murder when Mellon's mutilated corpse is found. One of the murderers claims that he saw a clown dressed in a silver suit kill Mellon underneath the bridge. Adrian's partner, the other victim in the attack, had also noticed the clown but the prosecutors convince him not to mention it during the trial.", "It (novel). It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. It was his 22nd book and 18th novel written under his own name. The story follows the experiences of seven children as they are terrorized by a being that exploits the fears and phobias of its victims to disguise itself while hunting its prey. \"It\" primarily appears in the form of a clown to attract its preferred prey of young children." ]

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[ "Come Go with Me. \"Come Go with Me\" is a song written by C. E. Quick (a.k.a. Clarence Quick), an original member (bass vocalist) of the American doo-wop vocal group The Del-Vikings[1] (also spelled Dell Vikings on Dot records releases, with no dash). The song was originally recorded by The Del-Vikings in 1956 and was released on Fee Bee Records. Norman Wright was the lead vocalist on this song. When the group signed with Dot Records in 1957, the song became a hit, peaking at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[2] and becoming the group's highest-charting song. The song was later featured in the films American Graffiti (1973), Diner (1982), Stand by Me (1986) and Joe Versus the Volcano (1990).", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Come Fly with Me is a British mockumentary television comedy series created by and starring Matt Lucas and David Walliams. Narrated by Lindsay Duncan, the series launched on 25 December 2010 on BBC One and BBC One HD. A spoof of British documentaries Airport and Airline, the series follows the activity at a fictional airport and three fictional airlines: FlyLo (a low cost airline), Our Lady Air (an Irish low cost airline) and Great British Air (a major international British airline).", "Come Fly with Me (Modern Family). \"Come Fly with Me\" received positive reviews.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). The programme was broadcast on BBC One on 8 February 2011.[19][20]", "Fly (Sugar Ray song). \"Fly\" is a song by American rock band Sugar Ray. It appears on their 1997 album Floored twice: one version with reggae artist Super Cat (Track 4) and the other without (Track 13).", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Come Fly with Me has received mixed reviews, with the Daily Express calling it \"the worst sketch show, or sitcom to have ever gone out on a Christmas Day\" and expressed concern over its screening on the day, considering the lack of quality.[30] The Daily Mirror, however, claimed it was a resounding success and the claims of racism and lack of humour made by the Express were unfounded.[31] The show was the most watched comedy of 2010, with ten million viewers,[32] but also had thousands of viewer complaints, and criticism for perceived racist content.[33] It was also the third most watched show on Christmas Day in the United Kingdom.[34]", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Omar Baba creates a new FlyLo advert with dwarves in after reports that there is no leg room. Flylo ground crew Taaj Manzoor bumps into Harry Potter actor Rupert Grint, and tries to show him his movie script. Customs Officers Roberts and Stewart try to work out what to do with a truly massive drugs haul. Ian Foot road tests his new board game 'Keep Em Out'. We also meet Penny, Great British Air's snobbiest employee, as she attempts to throw some people she deems unworthy to use the cabin out for First Class.", "Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959)", "Fly on the Wings of Love. It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 2001 contest by Rollo & King with \"Never Ever Let You Go\". The Olsen Brothers have additionally performed \"Fly On The Wings Of Love\" at the Romanian national Final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, on 6 March.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). The series began airing in the United States on BBC America on 18 June 2011, edited to fit a thirty-minute time slot with commercials.[18]", "Bill Moseley. Moseley (as Chop Top) was the lead singer of Cornbugs, a three-man band he had between 1999 and 2007 with avant-garde rock/metal guitarist Buckethead and Deli Creeps' drummer, Pinchface. He also contributed vocal parts to the songs I Come in Peace (as a news reporter) and Onions Unleashed (as Onions) from Buckethead's album Giant Robot (1994) and Jowls from Buckethead's album Monsters and Robots (1999), also as Chop Top.", "David Schwimmer. On January 1, 2011, Schwimmer guest-starred on the British comedy series Come Fly With Me starring Matt Lucas and David Walliams, whom he directed in Little Britain USA.[66]", "Rupert Grint. In January 2011, Grint made a cameo appearance in BBC popular comedy show Come Fly with Me starring comedy duo Matt Lucas and David Walliams (Little Britain).[56] In March 2011, Grint was cast as the lead character in the small-budget anti-war Norwegian film Into the White, which was directed by Petter Næss.[57] Principal photography started in April, and the project, which was shot on location,[58] was released in 2012. Into the White is based on a real incident that took place on 27 April 1940, when German Luftwaffe pilot Horst Schopis’s bomber was shot down at Grotli by a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skua, which then crash-landed. The several German and British crew members found shelter by chance during a harsh winter there.[58]", "I'll Fly Away. In 1956, the Kossoy Sisters included \"I'll Fly Away\" on the album, Bowling Green, which featured instrumental backing by Erik Darling. The Kossoys, actually twin sisters Irene Saletan and Ellen Christenson, are known for their close harmony singing, which is exemplified on this track. Their recording was introduced to a wider audience when it was included in the 2000 Coen Brothers film, O Brother, Where Art Thou?.[15][16]", "Come Fly with Me (Modern Family). \"Come Fly with Me\" is the third episode of the first season of the ABC sitcom Modern Family and the third episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 7, 2009. The episode was written by Dan O'Shannon and directed by Reginald Hudlin.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Melody must enforce FlyLo's new baggage allowances and Keeley acquaints a passenger with the company website. Mickey and Buster receive a tip-off that Queen Elizabeth II is at the airport. Fearghal works with trainee steward Lee Lodge. Tommy has ambitions to be a pilot, and tries to work his way up from the airport burger bar.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). In conjunction with the television episodes, a selection of extra online content was published on the programme website.[27] The extra content, featuring some of the main characters played by Matt Lucas and David Walliams, was presented as spoof versions of real life airline websites, for example an on line check in service for fictional airline FlyLo, with Melody and Keeley.[28] The content was written by Kevin Cecil, who also contributed to the television scripts. Cecil was inspired by his own work on comedy tie in books over the years [29]", "Sally Rogers. In one of her first roles after The Bill, Rogers appeared in Matt Lucas and David Walliams' new comedy show Come Fly with Me, which debuted on the BBC on Christmas Day 2010. She plays FlyLo check-in desk manager Helen Baker.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). A Dutch version of the show was created, using an almost exact copy of the script and characters (translated to Dutch). It was broadcast on RTL 4 from August 2011.", "Fly (Sugar Ray song). The song became the band's first hit, holding the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart for four consecutive weeks and spending eight weeks at the No. 1 spot on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart. A physical CD-single was not released commercially in the US, although it was a huge hit on American radio. The song also reached No. 1 on Canada's Singles Chart.[1] \"Fly\" did not sound anything at all like the rest of the tracks on the album, being the only reggae fusion track. It also sampled a line from Gilbert O'Sullivan's 1972 hit \"Alone Again (Naturally).\" Sugar Ray's lead singer Mark McGrath explained that this song had a bouncy beat, yet it was about death; \"Fly\" too seemed like a bright, up-tempo song but \"there is this stark imagery in there. There's loss in it. There is loss of a mother, obviously. I thought it was a good way to juxtapose the lyrics with the melody on that, similar to what Gilbert O’Sullivan did on “Alone Again (Naturally).”[2]", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Series One of Come Fly with Me began airing on Christmas Day 2010, and received mixed reviews from critics, and viewers over 12.47 million.[12] Episode Two, which aired on New Year's Day 2011, gained viewers over 8.80 million,[13] and the remaining four episodes averaged around seven million viewers throughout the rest of the series.[14][15][16][17]", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Come Fly on the Wall discussed the making of Come Fly with Me with Walliams and Lucas. The programme featured clips from filming, outtakes and interviews with the show's creators as they developed the series. It featured pre production discussions and rehearsals, and showed the actors filming at some of the United Kingdom’s busiest airports. It also showed Walliams and Lucas transforming into their new characters in the make up chair, and bringing them to life in front of the camera.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). On a Great British Air flight to Orlando, Penny settles in for a relaxing flight with no First Class passengers, but to her irritation, she is made to work in economy. Omar fires all his staff after the strike, and replaces them with Vietnamese children. Judith and Peter have another 'Holiday from Hell', and are disgusted to find because of the FlyLo strike, there is nobody manning the complaints desk, except Peter goes back to the island where they practised Voodoo art.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). A man that doesn't work at the airport is caught 'patting down' the passengers. Ian Foot investigates a case of an elderly gentleman attempting to enter the country using the passport of a 12-year-old girl. Taaj Manzoor describes his duties on an airport buggy, which he sees as a chick magnet.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Battle re enactors Colin and Gavin are furious with Francoise when they are disallowed to bring their swords to a reenactment of the Battle of Agincourt, and baggage handler John believes he has psychic powers. Ian Foot does a spot check on Taaj Manzoor. Omar Baba denies sexually harassing Helen, Melody and Taaj, so he calls Keeley to come to the rescue at a press conference.", "Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me. Other sources have credited Billy Reeves (lyrics) and Frank Campbell, or Rollin Howard, with the song.[4] The first group to popularize the song was Bryant's Minstrels in 1869-70.[2][5] An early publication appeared as \"Shew! Fly, Don't Bother Me. Comic Song and Dance or Walk Round. Sung by Cool Burgess and Rollin Howard, melody by Frank Campbell, words by Billy Reeves, arr. by Rollin Howard.\" [6][7]", "David Walliams. Their later series was Come Fly with Me, a six-part series airing on BBC One.[20] The first episode was the third most-watched programme of Christmas Day 2010, and the most watched comedy of the year.[21] The duo have not worked or made any public appearances together since early 2011 (although they each make separate cameo appearances in Michael Winterbottom's 2013 film The Look of Love).", "David Schwimmer. Television Short 2010 Come Fly With Me (U.K. BCC) Himself Season 1 Ep.2", "Come Go with Me. Israeli artist Danny Sanderson sings a Hebrew a cappella version of the song entitled \"Bo'ee Motek/בואי מותק\" (\"Come, my Darling\"); this was released on his 1984 album חף מפשע (Not Guilty), on the CBS International label.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). The stewardess that Simon had an affair with acts as cabin crew on Jackie and Simon's latest flight. Moses is challenged with a Chinese man, and tries to get Barbara Windsor to have him knighted. The water in Precious' coffee stall has mysteriously been cut off, so she has to close the stall early, and decides to go and see Dirty Dancing with her sisters. The plumber then fixes the pipe, annoying Precious.", "Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series). Melody and Keeley deal with a large man, and end up giving him two separate seats on the plane. Omar Baba goes green by planting a single tree on a roundabout, but insults Daybreak in the process. Baba also shows us inside the new FlyLo 'Loveatory'. Peter and Judith's next 'Holiday from Hell' ended with Peter facing a twelve year minimum prison sentence.", "Fly (Sugar Ray song). The song was included on VH1's countdown of the \"100 Greatest Songs of the '90s\" at number 52.[3]" ]

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[ "Corona Borealis. The brightest star is the magnitude 2.2 Alpha Coronae Borealis. The yellow supergiant R Coronae Borealis is the prototype of a rare class of giant stars—the R Coronae Borealis variables—that are extremely hydrogen deficient, and thought to result from the merger of two white dwarfs. T Coronae Borealis, also known as the Blaze Star, is another unusual type of variable star known as a recurrent nova. Normally of magnitude 10, it last flared up to magnitude 2 in 1946. ADS 9731 and Sigma Coronae Borealis are multiple star systems with six and five components respectively. Five star systems have been found to have Jupiter-sized exoplanets. Abell 2065 is a highly concentrated galaxy cluster one billion light-years from the Solar System containing more than 400 members, and is itself part of the larger Corona Borealis Supercluster.", "Corona Borealis. Corona Borealis is a small constellation in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its brightest stars form a semicircular arc. Its Latin name, inspired by its shape, means \"northern crown\". In classical mythology Corona Borealis generally represented the crown given by the god Dionysus to the Cretan princess Ariadne and set by him in the heavens. Other cultures likened the pattern to a circle of elders, an eagle's nest, a bear's den, or even a smokehole. Ptolemy also listed a southern counterpart, Corona Australis, with a similar pattern.", "Corona Borealis. The seven stars that make up the constellation's distinctive crown-shaped pattern are all 4th-magnitude stars except for the brightest of them, Alpha Coronae Borealis. The other six stars are Theta, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon and Iota Coronae Borealis. The German cartographer Johann Bayer gave twenty stars in Corona Borealis Bayer designations from Alpha to Upsilon in his 1603 star atlas Uranometria. Zeta Coronae Borealis was noted to be a double star by later astronomers and its components designated Zeta1 and Zeta2. John Flamsteed did likewise with Nu Coronae Borealis; classed by Bayer as a single star, it was noted to be two close stars by Flamsteed. He named them 20 and 21 Coronae Borealis in his catalogue, alongside the designations Nu1 and Nu2 respectively.[8] Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis.[9] Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.[b][4]", "Corona Borealis. Corona Borealis is home to two remarkable variable stars.[30] T Coronae Borealis is a cataclysmic variable star also known as the Blaze Star.[31] Normally placid around magnitude 10—it has a minimum of 10.2 and maximum of 9.9—it brightens to magnitude 2 in a period of hours, caused by a nuclear chain reaction and the subsequent explosion. T Coronae Borealis is one of a handful of stars called recurrent novae, which include T Pyxidis and U Scorpii. An outburst of T Coronae Borealis was first recorded in 1866; its second recorded outburst was in February 1946. T Coronae Borealis is a binary star with a red-hued giant primary and a white dwarf secondary, the two stars orbiting each other over a period of approximately 8 months.[32] R Coronae Borealis is a yellow-hued variable supergiant star, over 7000 light-years from Earth, and prototype of a class of stars known as R Coronae Borealis variables. Normally of magnitude 6, its brightness periodically drops as low as magnitude 15 and then slowly increases over the next several months.[33] These declines in magnitude come about as dust that has been ejected from the star obscures it. Direct imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope shows extensive dust clouds out to a radius of around 2000 AU from the star, corresponding with a stream of fine dust (composed of grains 5 nm in diameter) associated with the star's stellar wind and coarser dust (composed of grains with a diameter of around 0.14 µm) ejected periodically.[34]", "Corona Borealis. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days.[11] The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun (M☉) and 57 times as luminous (L☉), and is surrounded by a debris disk out to a radius of around 60 astronomical units (AU).[12] The secondary companion is a yellow main-sequence star of spectral type G5V that is a little smaller (0.9 times) the diameter of the Sun.[13] Lying 75±0.5 light-years from Earth,[14] Alphecca is believed to be a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of stars that have a common motion through space.[15]", "Corona Borealis. Located 112±3 light-years away,[14] Beta Coronae Borealis or Nusakan is a spectroscopic binary system whose two components are separated by 10 AU and orbit each other every 10.5 years.[16] The brighter component is a rapidly oscillating Ap star, pulsating with a period of 16.2 minutes. Of spectral type A5V with a surface temperature of around 7980 K, it has around 2.1 M☉, 2.6 solar radii (R☉), and 25.3 L☉. The smaller star is of spectral type F2V with a surface temperature of around 6750 K, and has around 1.4 M☉, 1.56 R☉, and between 4 and 5 L☉.[17] Near Nusakan is Theta Coronae Borealis, a binary system that shines with a combined magnitude of 4.13 located 380±20 light-years distant.[14] The brighter component, Theta Coronae Borealis A, is a blue-white star that spins extremely rapidly—at a rate of around 393 km per second. A Be star, it is surrounded by a debris disk.[18]", "Corona Borealis. Zeta Coronae Borealis is a double star with two blue-white components 6.3 arcseconds apart that can be readily separated at 100x magnification. The primary is of magnitude 5.1 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0.[24] Nu Coronae Borealis is an optical double, whose components are a similar distance from Earth but have different radial velocities, hence are assumed to be unrelated.[25] The primary, Nu1 Coronae Borealis, is a red giant of spectral type M2III and magnitude 5.2, lying 640±30 light-years distant,[14][26] and the secondary, Nu2 Coronae Borealis, is an orange-hued giant star of spectral type K5III and magnitude 5.4, estimated to be 590±30 light-years away.[14][27] Sigma Coronae Borealis, on the other hand, is a true multiple star system divisible by small amateur telescopes.[11] It is actually a complex system composed of two stars around as massive as the Sun that orbit each other every 1.14 days, orbited by a third Sun-like star every 726 years. The fourth and fifth components are a binary red dwarf system that is 14,000 AU distant from the other three stars.[28] ADS 9731 is an even rarer multiple system in the constellation, composed of six stars, two of which are spectroscopic binaries.[29][c]", "Corona Borealis. Flanking Alpha to the east is Gamma Coronae Borealis, yet another binary star system, whose components orbit each other every 92.94 years and are roughly as far apart from each other as the Sun and Neptune.[19] The brighter component has been classed as a Delta Scuti variable star,[20] though this view is not universal.[19] The components are main sequence stars of spectral types B9V and A3V.[21] Located 170±2 light-years away,[14] 4.06-magnitude Delta Coronae Borealis is a yellow giant star of spectral type G3.5III that is around 2.4 M☉ and has swollen to 7.4 R☉. It has a surface temperature of 5180 K.[22] For most of its existence, Delta Coronae Borealis was a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B before it ran out of hydrogen fuel in its core. Its luminosity and spectrum suggest it has just crossed the Hertzsprung gap, having finished burning core hydrogen and just begun burning hydrogen in a shell that surrounds the core.[23]", "List of proper names of stars. Also known as Gemma,[citation needed] Gnosia (Gnosia Stella Coronae),[citation needed] and Asteroth (or Ashtaroth).[citation needed] As the brightest star in Corona Borealis, it lent its name to Alphekka Meridiana, the brightest in the constellation of Corona Australis.", "Corona Borealis. There are several other variables of reasonable brightness for amateur astronomer to observe, including three Mira-type long period variables:[30] S Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 5.8 and 14.1 over a period of 360 days.[35] Located around 1946 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity 16,643 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3033 K.[36] One of the reddest stars in the sky,[30] V Coronae Borealis is a cool star with a surface temperature of 2877 K that shines with a luminosity 102,831 times that of the Sun and is a remote 8810 light-years distant from Earth.[36] Varying between magnitudes 6.9 and 12.6 over a period of 357 days,[37] it is located near the junction of the border of Corona Borealis with Hercules and Bootes.[30] Located 1.5° northeast of Tau Coronae Borealis, W Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 7.8 and 14.3 over a period of 238 days.[38] Another red giant, RR Coronae Borealis is a M3-type semiregular variable star that varies between magnitudes 7.3 and 8.2 over 60.8 days.[39] RS Coronae Borealis is yet another semiregular variable red giant, which ranges between magnitudes 8.7 to 11.6 over 332 days.[40] It is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion (greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year).[41] Meanwhile, U Coronae Borealis is an Algol-type eclipsing binary star system whose magnitude varies between 7.66 and 8.79 over a period of 3.45 days[42]", "Corona Borealis. The Skidi people of Native Americans saw the stars of Corona Borealis representing a council of stars whose chief was Polaris.[69] The constellation also symbolised the smokehole over a fireplace, which conveyed their messages to the gods, as well as how chiefs should come together to consider matters of importance.[70] The Shawnee people saw the stars as the Heavenly Sisters, who descended from the sky every night to dance on earth. Alphecca signifies the youngest and most comely sister, who was seized by a hunter who transformed into a field mouse to get close to her. They married though she later returned to the sky, with her heartbroken husband and son following later.[67] The Mi'kmaq of eastern Canada saw Corona Borealis as MskegwÇ’m, the den of the celestial bear (Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta Ursae Majoris).[71]", "Corona Borealis. TY Coronae Borealis is a pulsating white dwarf (of ZZ Ceti) type, which is around 70% as massive as the Sun, yet has only 1.1% of its diameter.[43] Discovered in 1990, UW Coronae Borealis is a low-mass X-ray binary system composed of a star less massive than the Sun and a neutron star surrounded by an accretion disk that draws material from the companion star. It varies in brightness in an unusually complex manner: the two stars orbit each other every 111 minutes, yet there is another cycle of 112.6 minutes, which corresponds to the orbit of the disk around the degenerate star. The beat period of 5.5 days indicates the time the accretion disk—which is asymmetrical—takes to precess around the star.[44]", "Corona Borealis. Corona Borealis contains few galaxies observable with amateur telescopes.[58] NGC 6085 and 6086 are a faint spiral and elliptical galaxy respectively close enough to each other to be seen in the same visual field through a telescope.[59] Abell 2142 is a huge (six million light-year diameter), X-ray luminous galaxy cluster that is the result of an ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters. It has a redshift of 0.0909 (meaning it is moving away from us at 27,250 km/s) and a visual magnitude of 16.0. It is about 1.2 billion light-years away.[d][60] Another galaxy cluster in the constellation, RX J1532.9+3021, is approximately 3.9 billion light-years from Earth.[61] At the cluster's center is a large elliptical galaxy containing one of the most massive and most powerful supermassive black holes yet discovered.[61] Abell 2065 is a highly concentrated galaxy cluster containing more than 400 members, the brightest of which are 16th magnitude; the cluster is more than one billion light-years from Earth.[31] On a larger scale still, Abell 2065, along with Abell 2061, Abell 2067, Abell 2079, Abell 2089, and Abell 2092, make up the Corona Borealis Supercluster.[62] Another galaxy cluster, Abell 2162, is a member of the Hercules Superclusters.[63]", "Corona Borealis. The discovery of a Jupiter-sized planetary companion was announced in 1997 via analysis of the radial velocity of Rho Coronae Borealis, a yellow main sequence star and Solar analog of spectral type G0V,[52] around 57 light-years distant from Earth.[53] More accurate measurement of data from the Hipparcos satellite subsequently showed it instead to be a low-mass star somewhere between 100 and 200 times the mass of Jupiter.[54] Possible stable planetary orbits in the habitable zone were calculated for the binary star Eta Coronae Borealis,[55] which is composed of two stars—yellow main sequence stars of spectral type G1V and G3V respectively—similar in mass and spectrum to the Sun.[56] No planet has been found, but a brown dwarf companion about 63 times as massive as Jupiter with a spectral type of L8 was discovered at a distance of 3640 AU from the pair in 2001.[57]", "Corona Borealis. Extrasolar planets have been confirmed in five star systems, four of which were found by the radial velocity method. The spectrum of Epsilon Coronae Borealis was analysed for seven years from 2005 to 2012, revealing a planet around 6.7 times as massive as Jupiter (MJ) orbiting every 418 days at an average distance of around 1.3 AU.[45] Epsilon itself is a 1.7 M☉ orange giant of spectral type K2III that has swollen to 21 R☉ and 151 L☉.[46] Kappa Coronae Borealis is a spectral type K1IV orange subgiant nearly twice as massive as the Sun; around it lie a dust debris disk,[12] and one planet with a period of 3.4 years.[47] This planet's mass is estimated at 2.5 MJ. The dimensions of the debris disk indicate it is likely there is a second substellar companion.[48] Omicron Coronae Borealis is a K-type clump giant with one confirmed planet with a mass of 0.83 MJ that orbits every 187 days—one of the two least massive planets known around clump giants.[47] HD 145457 is an orange giant of spectral type K0III found to have one planet of 2.9 MJ. Discovered by the Doppler method in 2010, it takes 176 days to complete an orbit.[49] XO-1 is a magnitude 11 yellow main-sequence star located approximately 560 light-years away,[50] of spectral type G1V with a mass and radius similar to the Sun. In 2006 the hot Jupiter exoplanet XO-1b was discovered orbiting XO-1 by the transit method using the XO Telescope. Roughly the size of Jupiter, it completes an orbit around its star every three days.[51]", "Ursa Minor. Polaris, the brightest star in the constellation, is a yellow-white supergiant and the brightest Cepheid variable star in the night sky, ranging from an apparent magnitude of 1.97 to 2.00. Beta Ursae Minoris, also known as Kochab, is an aging star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant with an apparent magnitude of 2.08, only slightly fainter than Polaris. Kochab and magnitude 3 Gamma Ursae Minoris have been called the \"guardians of the pole star\".[3] Planets have been detected orbiting four of the stars, including Kochab. The constellation also contains an isolated neutron star—Calvera—and H1504+65, the hottest white dwarf yet discovered, with a surface temperature of 200,000 K.", "Leo (constellation). The carbon star CW Leo (IRC +10216) is the brightest star in the night sky at the infrared N-band (10 μm wavelength).", "Ursa Minor. Marking the Little Bear's tail,[13] Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days.[22] Located around 432 light-years away from Earth,[23] it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib,[22] and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest Cepheid variable star visible from Earth. It is a triple star system, the supergiant primary star having two yellow-white main-sequence star companions that are 17 and 2,400 astronomical units (AU) distant and take 29.6 and 42,000 years respectively to complete one orbit.[24]", "Corona Borealis. Covering 179 square degrees and hence 0.433% of the sky, Corona Borealis ranks 73rd of the 88 modern constellations by area.[4] Its position in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers north of 50°S.[4][a] It is bordered by Boötes to the north and west, Serpens Caput to the south, and Hercules to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'CrB'.[5] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of eight segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 15h 16.0m and 16h 25.1m, while the declination coordinates are between 39.71° and 25.54°.[6] It has a counterpart—Corona Australis—in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere.[7]", "Supergiant star. Supergiants are rare and short-lived stars, but their high luminosity means that there are many naked-eye examples, including some of the brightest stars in the sky. Rigel, the brightest star in the constellation Orion is a typical blue-white supergiant; Deneb is the brightest star in Cygnus, a white supergiant; Delta Cephei is the famous prototype Cepheid variable, a yellow supergiant; and Betelgeuse, Antares and UY Scuti are red supergiants. μ Cephei is one of the reddest stars visible to the naked eye and one of the largest in the galaxy. Rho Cassiopeiae, a variable, yellow hypergiant, is one of the most luminous naked-eye stars.", "Corona. Coronal stars are ubiquitous among the stars in the cool half of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.[17] These coronae can be detected using X-ray telescopes. Some stellar coronae, particularly in young stars, are much more luminous than the Sun's. For example, FK Comae Berenices is the prototype for the FK Com class of variable star. These are giants of spectral types G and K with an unusually rapid rotation and signs of extreme activity. Their X-ray coronae are among the most luminous (Lx ≥ 1032 erg·s−1 or 1025W) and the hottest known with dominant temperatures up to 40 MK.[17]", "Corona Borealis. In Greek mythology, Corona Borealis was linked to the legend of Theseus and the minotaur. It was generally considered to represent a crown given by Dionysus to Ariadne, the daughter of Minos of Crete, after she had been abandoned by the Athenian prince Theseus. When she wore the crown at her marriage to Dionysus, he placed it in the heavens to commemorate their wedding.[31] An alternate version has the besotted Dionysus give the crown to Ariadne, who in turn gives it to Theseus after he arrives in Crete to kill the minotaur that the Cretans have demanded tribute from Athens to feed. The hero uses the crown's light to escape the labyrinth after disposing of the creature, and Dionysus later sets it in the heavens. The Latin author Hyginus linked it to a crown or wreath worn by Bacchus (Dionysus) to disguise his appearance when first approaching Mount Olympus and revealing himself to the gods, having been previously hidden as yet another child of Jupiter's trysts with a mortal, in this case Semele. Corona Borealis was one of the 48 constellations mentioned in the Almagest of classical astronomer Ptolemy.[8]", "Canis Major. Canis Major contains Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, known as the \"dog star\". It is bright because of its proximity to the Solar System. In contrast, the other bright stars of the constellation are stars of great distance and high luminosity. At magnitude 1.5, Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara) is the second-brightest star of the constellation and the brightest source of extreme ultraviolet radiation in the night sky. Next in brightness are the yellow-white supergiant Delta (Wezen) at 1.8, the blue-white giant Beta (Mirzam) at 2.0, blue-white supergiants Eta (Aludra) at 2.4 and Omicron1 at 3.0, and white spectroscopic binary Zeta (Furud), also at 3.0. The red hypergiant VY Canis Majoris is one of the largest stars known, while the neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 has a radius of a mere 5 km.", "Corona Borealis. In Australian Aboriginal astronomy, the constellation is called womera (\"the boomerang\") due to the shape of the stars.[73] The Wailwun people of northwestern New South Wales saw Corona Borealis as mullion wollai \"eagle's nest\", with Altair and Vega—each called mullion—the pair of eagles accompanying it.[74] The Wardaman people of northern Australia held the constellation to be a gathering point for Men's Law, Women's Law and Law of both sexes come together and consider matters of existence.[75]", "Corona Borealis. Polynesian peoples often recognized Corona Borealis; the people of the Tuamotus named it Na Kaua-ki-tokerau and probably Te Hetu. The constellation was likely called Kaua-mea in Hawaii, Rangawhenua in New Zealand, and Te Wale-o-Awitu in the Cook Islands atoll of Pukapuka. Its name in Tonga was uncertain; it was either called Ao-o-Uvea or Kau-kupenga.[72]", "Polaris. Polaris, designated Alpha Ursae Minoris (α Ursae Minoris, abbreviated Alpha UMi, α UMi), commonly the North Star or Pole Star, is the brightest star in the constellation of Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole, making it the current northern pole star. The revised Hipparcos parallax gives a distance to Polaris of about 433 light-years (133 parsecs), while calculations by other methods derive distances around 30% closer.", "Aquarius (constellation). At apparent magnitude 2.9, Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in the constellation.", "Betelgeuse. Betelgeuse has a color index (B–V) of 1.85—a figure which points to its advanced \"redness\". The photosphere has an extended atmosphere, which displays strong lines of emission rather than absorption, a phenomenon that occurs when a star is surrounded by a thick gaseous envelope (rather than ionized). This extended gaseous atmosphere has been observed moving away from and towards Betelgeuse, depending on radial velocity fluctuations in the photosphere. Betelgeuse is the brightest near-infrared source in the sky with a J band magnitude of −2.99.[54] As a result, only about 13% of the star's radiant energy is emitted in the form of visible light. If human eyes were sensitive to radiation at all wavelengths, Betelgeuse would appear as the brightest star in the sky.[27]", "Regulus. Regulus, also designated Alpha Leonis (α Leonis, abbreviated Alpha Leo, α Leo), is the brightest star in the constellation of Leo and one of the brightest stars in the night sky, lying approximately 79 light years from the Sun.[1] Regulus is a multiple star system composed of four stars that are organized into two pairs. The spectroscopic binary Regulus A consists of a blue-white main-sequence star and its companion, which has not yet been directly observed, but is probably a white dwarf.[5] Located farther away are Regulus B, C, and D, which are dim main-sequence stars.", "Betelgeuse. Betelgeuse, also designated Alpha Orionis (α Orionis, abbreviated Alpha Ori, α Ori), is the ninth-brightest star in the night sky and second-brightest in the constellation of Orion. Distinctly reddish, it is a semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude varies between 0.0 and 1.3, the widest range of any first-magnitude star. Betelgeuse is one of three stars that make up the Winter Triangle asterism, and it marks the center of the Winter Hexagon. It would be the brightest star in the night sky if the human eye could view all wavelengths of radiation.", "Sagittarius (constellation). α Sgr (Rukbat, meaning \"the archer's knee\"[4]) despite having the \"alpha\" designation, is not the brightest star of the constellation, having a magnitude of only 3.96 (not shown on the main map as it is located below the map's southeastern corner, north is up). Instead, the brightest star is Epsilon Sagittarii (ε Sgr) (\"Kaus Australis,\" or \"southern part of the bow\"), at magnitude 1.85.[5]", "Proxima Centauri. From Proxima Centauri, the Sun would appear as a bright 0.4-magnitude star in the constellation Cassiopeia.[nb 8]" ]

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[ "Riparian water rights. In determining the contours of riparian rights, there is a clear distinction between navigable (public) waters and non-navigable waters. The land below navigable waters is the property of state,[3] and subject to all the public land laws and in most states public trust rights. Navigable waters are treated as public highways with any exclusive riparian right ending at the ordinary high water mark. Like a road, any riparian right is subordinate to the public's right to travel on the river, but any public right is subject to nuisance laws and the police power of the state. It is not an individual right or liberty interest. Because a finding of navigability establishes state versus federal property, navigability for purposes of riverbed title is a federal question determined under federal law; the states retain residual power to define navigability for the purposes of defining the public trust over water within their borders.[4] A non-navigable stream is synonymous with private property, or jointly-owned property if it serves as a boundary.", "Riparian water rights. Ownership of lands submerged by navigable waters was resolved by Congress passing the Submerged Lands Act,[12] which confirmed state title to the beds of all tidal and navigable bodies of water. While the act conveyed land title to the states, non-navigable stream beds remained treated like dry lands and contiguous to the adjoining estates. Waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tides, even if non-navigable, also passed to the states, but the continued ownership and public use of these tidal/marsh lands are based on state laws.", "Water right. Public Trust Rights to access and recreate upon navigable-in-fact waters may also exist. These rights are often based on local laws over property held in trust for the public. In the United States, each States holds the land submerged by navigable waters in trust for the public and can establish a public right to access or recreate within these public waterways. Again, this 'water right' is not an individual right, but rather a public right and individual privilege which may include restrictions and limitations based on local laws.", "Commerce Clause. This power to regulate navigation confers upon the United States a dominant servitude, FPC v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 347 U.S. 239, 249 (1954), which extends to the entire stream and the stream bed below ordinary high-water mark. The proper exercise of this power is not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it, for the damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian owners have always been subject. United States v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. R. Co., 312 U.S. 592, 596–597 (1941); Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269, 275–276 (1897). Thus, without being constitutionally obligated to pay compensation, the United States may change the course of a navigable stream, South Carolina v. Georgia, 93 U.S. 4 (1876), or otherwise impair or destroy a riparian owner's access to navigable waters, Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269 (1897); Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U.S. 141 (1900); United States v. Commodore Park, Inc., 324 U.S. 386 (1945), even though the market value of the riparian owner's land is substantially diminished.", "Riparian water rights. Federal courts have long recognized that state laws establish the extent of the riparian and public right. In the case of navigable waters, title goes to the average low water mark. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court defined it as the \"ordinary low water mark, unaffected by drought; that is, the height of the water at ordinary stages.\"[6] Land below the low water mark on navigable rivers belongs to the state government in the case of the 13 original states.", "Merrimack River. The Merrimack is listed as one of the Navigable Waters of the United States, subject to Section 10, Rivers and Harbors Act Jurisdiction.[13]", "River Wey. During the seventeenth century the river was made navigable to Guildford and extended in the eighteenth century to Godalming. The Basingstoke Canal and Wey and Arun Junction Canal were later connected to the river. The navigable sections are now owned by the National Trust.", "Oswego Lake. The ability of the corporation to restrict access to the water has been questioned on numerous occasions.[19][20] According to recent independent assessments of the legal situation, including a 2005 Oregon Attorney General opinion regarding the public's right to use navigable waterways in Oregon,[21] the waters are publicly owned, though the ground beneath the lake is owned by the shareholders of the corporation, including 690 lakefront property owners and another 515 families who belong to one of 20 waterfront easement associations.[16][22][23][24]", "Yadkin River. In 1859 the NC Supreme court noted \"it is certain that the Yadkin river is capable of private ownership and that some parts of the riverbed have been granted to private individuals.\" State v. Glen 52 N.C. 321( 1956). The court determined that the owners of the dam across the Yadkin could not have his property taken without just compensation.", "Commerce Clause. The commerce clause provides comprehensive powers to the United States over navigable waters. These powers are critical to understanding the rights of landowners adjoining or exercising what would otherwise be riparian rights under the common law. The Commerce Clause confers a unique position upon the Government in connection with navigable waters. \"The power to regulate commerce comprehends the control for that purpose, and to the extent necessary, of all the navigable waters of the United States... For this purpose they are the public property of the nation, and subject to all the requisite legislation by Congress.\" United States v. Rands, 389 U.S. 121 (1967). The Rands decision continues:", "Riparian water rights. Lands between the high and low water marks on navigable rivers are subject to the police powers of the states.[7] In the case of the original 13 states, upon ratification of the US Constitution, title to these submerged lands remained vested in the several states similar to the public or common roads.", "Kwajalein Atoll. Under the constitution of the Republic of the Marshall Islands the government can only own land under limited circumstances.[58] Practically, all land is private and inherited through one's matriline and clan. Since the United States began leasing land, the issue of proper land payments has been a major issue of contention for landowners which continues today. \"Landowners\" here refers to the consortium of irooj (chiefs), alaps (clan heads) and rijerbal (workers) who have land rights to the places used for military purposes by the United States. In the case of Kwajalein Atoll in particular, a \"senior rijerbal\" is assigned a role to represent families who have claims to land as \"workers\" of that location.", "United States Army Corps of Engineers. Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (codified in Chapter 33, Section 403 of the United States Code) gave the Corps authority over navigable waters of the United States, defined as \"those waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide and/or are presently being used, or have been used in the past, or may be susceptible for use to transport interstate or foreign commerce.\" Section 10 covers construction, excavation, or deposition of materials in, over, or under such waters, or any work that would affect the course, location, condition or capacity of those waters. Actions requiring section 10 permits include structures (e.g., piers, wharfs, breakwaters, bulkheads, jetties, weirs, transmission lines) and work such as dredging or disposal of dredged material, or excavation, filling or other modifications to the navigable waters of the United States. The Coast Guard also has responsibility for permitting the erection or modification of bridges over navigable waters of the U.S.", "Canal du Midi. For historical reasons, the Canal du Midi has a unique legal status, which was codified in 1956[5] in the Public Code of waterways and inland navigation, then in the General code of the property of public persons. Under Article L. 2111-11 of the Code, the public domain of the canal is determined by reference to the fief once granted to Pierre-Paul Riquet and limits were set by the official report drawn up in 1772. The staff quarters and warehouses as well as the Lampy reservoir were also added. Articles L. 2124-20 to L. 2124-25 set out the rules relating to the maintenance of the canal which is generally the responsibility of the public entity that owns it, with participation of communes and, in some cases, waterside residents.", "River Welland. The Environment Agency is the navigation authority for the river, which is navigable as far upstream as Crowland, and with very shallow draught to West Deeping Bridge, where further progress is hindered by the derelict lock around the weir. The traditional head of navigation was Wharf Road in Stamford.[4] The management of the lower river has been intimately tied up with the drainage of Deeping Fen, and the river remains important to the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board,[5] for whom it provides the final conduit to the sea for pumped water.", "Water in California. A landowner who has their property border a river has a right to use that land.Under the riparian doctrine, \"the owner of land has the right to divert the water flowing by his land for use upon his land, without regard to the extent of such use or priority in time\".[74] \"Riparians on a stream system are vested with a common ownership such that in times of water shortage all riparians must reduce their usage proportionately.\"[75]", "Water right. Often, water rights are based on ownership of the land upon which the water rests or flows. Under English Common law, any rights asserted to 'moveable and wandering' water must be based upon rights to the 'permanent and immovable' land below.[2]", "River Avon, Warwickshire. Ownership of the navigation was formally divided into the Upper and Lower Avon in 1717, with Evesham being the dividing point. The Lower Avon Navigation between Evesham and the River Severn was leased by George Perrott in 1758, who spent over £4,000 upgrading the locks and weirs to enable 40-ton barges to navigate the river. The work was completed by 1768.[6] Perrott then intended to sell the navigation, but when the Stratford Canal was being promoted, he had a clause inserted into the Bill to force the Worcester and Birmingham Canal to make payments to him in view of the expected drop in tolls that the Navigation would experience. Once the Stratford Canal was completed, there was fierce competition between the Upper and Lower Avon companies, with coal from the Worcester and Birmingham coming up-river to Evesham, and coal coming down-river from Stratford. As the tolls dropped, Perrott leased the Lower river to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal company from 1830 until 1851.[9]", "River Thames. In 1751 the Thames Navigation Commission was formed to manage the whole non-tidal river above Staines. The City of London long claimed responsibility for the tidal river. A long running dispute between the City and the Crown over ownership of the river was not settled until 1857, when the Thames Conservancy was formed to manage the river from Staines downstream. In 1866 the functions of the Thames Navigation Commission were transferred to the Thames Conservancy, which thus had responsibility for the whole river.", "Riparian water rights. As new lands were acquired by the United States, either by purchase or treaty, title to the highways and the beds of all navigable, or tidal, water bodies became vested in the United States unless they had been validly conveyed into private ownership by the former sovereign.[8] During the territorial period, the United States held these title \"in trust\" for the benefit of the future states that would be carved out of the territory.[9] Each of the states were to come into the Union on an \"equal footing\" with the original 13 states. Under the equal footing doctrine, territorial states are vested with the same sovereign title rights to navigable submerged lands as the original 13 states.[10] However, during the territorial period, the United States could convey certain of these lands under the limited circumstances of promoting commerce.[11]", "Riparian water rights. The state could choose to divest themselves of title to the streambed, but the waters and use of the waters remains subject to the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution which holds an easement or servitude, benefiting the federal government for the purpose of regulating commerce on navigable bodies of water.[5]", "Coeur d'Alene people. The Coeur d'Alene have sovereign control of their Coeur d'Alene Reservation, which includes a significant portion of Lake Coeur d'Alene and its submerged lands. In Idaho v. United States (2001), the United States Supreme Court ruled against the state's claim of the submerged lands of the lower third of Lake Coeur d'Alene and related waters of the St. Joe River. It said that the Coeur d'Alene were the traditional owners and that the Executive Branch and Congress had clearly included this area in their reservation, with compensation for ceded territory. This area was designated in 1983 by the Environmental Protection Agency as Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex, the nation's second-largest Superfund site for cleanup.", "Twelve-Mile Circle. New Jersey has often disputed this claim, as the rest of its territorial boundaries along the Delaware River are determined by the midline and thalweg methods. In 1813, Delaware's legislature passed an act deeding Pea Patch Island to the United States government, and in 1820 New Jersey disputed that they owned the island since it was primarily on the New Jersey side of the river. Attorney General William Wirt sided with Delaware.[7] In the 1840s, the Pea Patch Island disagreement led to two conflicting circuit court decisions—the circuit of Delaware ruling that the entirety of the river (and its islands) belonged to Delaware, and the circuit in New Jersey ruling that the island had belonged to New Jersey, which had deeded it to Dr. Henry Gale, a citizen of New Jersey. At the recommendation of President James K. Polk, the parties agreed to arbitration, which resulted in a confirmation of Delaware's claim.[8]", "Waikato River. For many years Tainui tribe have sought to re-establish their links to the river after the New Zealand Wars (see Invasion of Waikato) and the subsequent confiscations of the 1860s, and are continuing negotiations with the New Zealand government. The Tainui iwi was advised not to bring a case for the river before the Waitangi Tribunal as they would not win. An out of court settlement was arranged and the deed of settlement signed by the Crown and Waikato-Tainui in August 2008 settled the raupatu claim to the Waikato River, although other claims for land blocks and harbours are still outstanding. Waikato-Tainui now have joint management of the river with the Waikato Regional Council.", "Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers. The SWANCC site ponds are known in section 404 parlance as \"isolated waters\"- waters that are not traditionally navigable or interstate, nor tributaries thereof, nor adjacent to any of these. Long ago, the Supreme Court in United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc. upheld the Corps' authority under section 404 to regulate wetlands (and other waters) adjacent to navigable and interstate waters, and their tributaries.[2] It expressly left open the question, however, whether isolated waters, not being adjacent, lie within the reach of section 404, or, for that matter, within Congress' power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.[3] Both before and after Riverside Bayview, the lower courts have wrestled with these questions.", "Rupert's Land. In 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) was granted a charter by King Charles II, giving it a trading monopoly over the watershed of all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay, an area known as \"Rupert's Land\" (named in honour of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the king's cousin and the company's first governor). This covered an area of 3.9 million km2 (1.5 million sq mi), over one-third the area of Canada today.", "Bow River. The EID, diverting its water at the Bassano and Newell dams, is the largest private land owner in Alberta.[16] Recently the EID began promoting the recreational possibilities that have developed alongside the district's irrigation development. The EID currently owns and operates the Rolling Hills Reservoir Campground.[17] In 1951, the Province of Alberta also established Kinbrook Island Provincial Park on the eastern bank of the Newell reservoir, which has also been stocked with native species of fish.[18]", "Water law in the United States. The primary natural asset was land, and the run-off in streams or rivers was incidental. Since access to flowing waters was possible only over private lands, access became a right annexed to the shore. The law followed the principle of equality which requires that the corpus of flowing water become no one's property and that, aside from rather limited use for domestic and agricultural purposes by those above, each riparian owner has the right to have the water flow down to him in its natural volume and channels unimpaired in quality. The riparian system does not permit water to be reduced to possession so as to become property which may be carried away from the stream for commercial or nonriparian purposes. In working out details of this egalitarian concept, the several states made many variations, each seeking to provide incentives for development of its natural advantages.", "River Yare. The River Yare is a river in the English county of Norfolk. In its lower reaches it is one of the principal navigable waterways of The Broads and connects with the rest of the network.", "Oswego Lake. The corporation argues that the federal Water Resources Development Act of 1976 specifically classified the lake as non-navigable; therefore, the Attorney General opinion—which states that waterways over private land are only public if they are \"navigable-for-public-use\"—does not apply.[21][24][25] The corporation also asserts that the lake is an artificially-expanded power reservoir and not a natural body of water.[19][26]", "Red River of the South. In April 1815, Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat, the Enterprise, up the Red River. Fulton and Livingston, who claimed the exclusive right to navigate Louisiana waters by steamboat, sued Shreve in the District Court of New Orleans. The judge ruled that the monopoly claimed by the plaintiffs was illegal. That decision, along with a similar outcome in Gibbons v. Ogden freed navigation on every river, lake or harbor in the United States from interference by monopolies.[9]", "River Severn. There is a public right of navigation between Pool Quay, near Welshpool, and Stourport. However this stretch of the river has little traffic, other than small pleasure boats, canoes and some tour boats in Shrewsbury. Below Stourport, where the river is more navigable for larger craft, users must obtain permits from the Canal & River Trust, who are the navigation authority. During spring freshet the river can be closed to navigation." ]

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[ "Photic sneeze reflex. The photic sneeze effect has been documented for many centuries. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to contemplate this strange phenomenon in 350 BCE, exploring why looking at the sun causes a person to sneeze in The Book of Problems: \"Why does the heat of the sun provoke sneezing?\"[15][16] He hypothesized that the sun’s heat caused sweating inside the nose, which triggered a sneeze in order to remove the moisture.[17] In the 17th century, English philosopher Francis Bacon disproved Aristotle’s theory by facing the sun with his eyes closed, which did not elicit the ordinary sneeze response. Bacon therefore guessed that the eyes played a vital part in triggering photic sneezing. He assumed that looking at the sun's light made the eyes water, and then that moisture proceeded to seep into the nose and irritate it, causing a sneeze.[16] Although plausible, scientists later determined this theory to also be incorrect because sun-induced sneezing occurs too quickly after sunlight exposure; watering of the eyes is a slower process, so it could not play a vital part in triggering the reflex.[16]", "Photic sneeze reflex. The photic sneeze reflex (also known as photoptarmosis, Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst Syndrome (ACHOO)[1] and colloquially sun sneezing) is a condition that causes variable difficulty to control sneezing in response to numerous stimuli, such as looking at bright lights or periocular (surrounding the eyeball) injection. The condition affects 18-35% of the population in the United States,[2] but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood.[3]", "Photic sneeze reflex. The photic sneeze effect is a genetic tendency to begin sneezing, sometimes many times consecutively (due to naso-ocular reflex[13]), when suddenly exposed to bright light. This condition tends to occur more severely after one has emerged into the light after spending time in a dark environment.[14] Although the syndrome is thought to affect about 18-35% of the human population, it is relatively harmless and not widely studied.[3]", "Photic sneeze reflex. When the trigeminal nerve is directly stimulated, there is the possibility that increased light sensitivity in the ocular nerve could result. An example of directly stimulating would be plucking an eyebrow or pulling hair. In many people who show the photic sneeze reflex, even this direct stimulation can lead to a photic sneeze which is why we find it easier to sneeze while looking at a bright light. [9]", "Photic sneeze reflex. A fit of sneezing while operating a vehicle can cause the operator to lose control of that vehicle, resulting in injury to the person, and damage to the vehicle and/or surroundings. In particular, photic sneezing poses a considerable risk to pilots, due to the frequent presence of bright sunlight and the precise reactions needed to successfully control the aircraft. For the pilot of a fighter aircraft, if an uncontrollable fit of sneezing were to occur during aerial combat, the pilot could be incapacitated when his or her situational awareness needs to be greatest. A plane landing on an aircraft carrier or shoreline also requires precise movements and quick reflexes. The reflection of the sun from surrounding water has a high probability of producing at least one photic sneeze for pilots who have the reflex. Any amount of sneezing while attempting to land could cause the pilot to lose control, potentially resulting in disaster.[3]", "Photic sneeze reflex. A photic sneeze is the most common manifestation of the photic sneeze reflex. A photic sneeze results from exposure to a bright light. The photic sneeze reflex seems to be caused by a change in light intensity rather than due to a specific wavelength of light.[3] Photic sneezes are harmless annoyances for the most part, but can pose physical risk to people who are operating vehicles or machinery that involve precise movement and reactions.", "Photic sneeze reflex. The most helpful way to avoid the risks stated above is to be aware of any inclination to sneeze in response to strange stimuli. If a pilot knows he or she is at risk for experiencing a photic sneeze during a flight, he or she can wear polarized goggles to block the sun, or at the very least be prepared for a sneeze and have measures planned to minimize the risk from such a sneeze. Any patient with a history of uncontrollable sneezing who requires periocular surgery should tell the doctor or anesthesiologist, so that they can take appropriate measures to minimize the risk of injury in case of a sneeze during the surgical procedure. People who know they have a tendency to experience sneezing fits after consuming a large meal can make an effort to reduce the size of their meals, since snatiation seems to occur only as a result of an extremely full stomach.", "Photic sneeze reflex. Those affected by photic sneezing may find relief by shielding their eyes and/or faces with hats, scarves, and sunglasses.[1]", "Photic sneeze reflex. Stimulation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve may enhance the irritability of the maxillary branch, resulting in an increased probability of sneezing. This is similar to the mechanism by which photophobia develops by persistent light exposure relaying signals through the optic nerve and trigeminal nerve to produce increased sensitivity in the ophthalmic branch. If this increased sensitivity occurred in the maxillary branch instead of the ophthalmic branch, a sneeze could result instead of photophobia.[9]", "Photic sneeze reflex. There is currently no definitive way to cure the sneezing fits brought on by the photic sneeze reflex. Photic sneezing can be combated by shielding one's eyes with hats or sunglasses. There are many remedial fixes for sneezing, such as placing a finger horizontally below the nose or holding the nose closed when the beginnings of a sneeze are felt.[citation needed]", "Photic sneeze reflex. The parasympathetic nervous system has many neighboring fibers that respond to different stimuli. When one stimulus activates multiple nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic generalization is occurring. There is a possibility that sensory input from the eyes could travel to the neurons in the cortex that interpret such signals, but neighboring neurons which are involved in sneezing are also activated, due to the generalization. This could lead to a sneeze in response to a stimulus other than nasal irritation.[9]", "Photic sneeze reflex. There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity, which results in an afferent signal propagating through the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve to the trigeminal nerve nuclei in the brainstem. The signal is interpreted in the trigeminal nerve nuclei, and an efferent signal goes to different parts of the body, such as mucous glands and the diaphragm, thus producing a sneeze.[9] The most obvious difference between a normal sneeze and one caused by the photic sneeze reflex is the stimulus – normal sneezes occur due to irritation in the nasal cavity, while the latter can result from a wide variety of stimuli. Some of the theories regarding the mechanism of a sneeze resulting from an unusual stimulus are below. There is also a genetic factor that increases the probability of photic sneeze reflex [19]. The C allele on the rs10427255 SNP is particularly implicated in this [19], although the mechanism by which this gene increases the probability of this response is unknown.", "Photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing generally does not present any particular risks to the individual, and is usually more of an annoyance than a risk of injury. The fits of sneezing brought about by the photic sneeze reflex can, however, have dangerous implications during certain scenarios and activities, such as operating a vehicle, or while undergoing operations (dental, optical) and having bright lights directed towards the patient's face.", "Phosphene. Another common phosphene is \"seeing stars\", from a sneeze, laughter, a heavy and deep cough, blowing of the nose, a blow on the head or low blood pressure (such as on standing up too quickly or prior to fainting). It is possible these involve some mechanical stimulation of the retina, but they may also involve mechanical and metabolic (such as from low oxygenation or lack of glucose) stimulation of neurons of the visual cortex or of other parts of the visual system.", "Sun. During sunrise and sunset, sunlight is attenuated because of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth's atmosphere,[212] and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics (provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds). Hazy conditions, atmospheric dust, and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation.[213]", "Photic sneeze reflex. Today, scientific attention has mainly focused on a hypothesis proposed in 1964 by Henry Everett, who was the first to call light-induced sneezing “The Photic Sneeze Effect.” Since the nervous system transmits signals at an extremely fast pace, Dr. Everett hypothesized that the syndrome was linked to the human nervous system, and was perhaps caused by the confusion of nerve signals.[18] The genetic basis of photic sneezing still remains unclear, and single genes for this condition have not been found and studied. However, the condition often occurs within families, and it has been suggested that light-induced sneezing is a heritable, autosomal-dominant trait.[19] A 2010 study demonstrated a correlation between photic sneezing and a single-nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 2.[20]", "Sun. The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye; however, doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes.[202][203] Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness. It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina, slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that cannot respond properly to the brightness.[204][205] UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years, and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts, but this depends on general exposure to solar UV, and not whether one looks directly at the Sun.[206] Long-duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV-induced, sunburn-like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds, particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused;[207][208] conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants (which admit more UV than aging natural eyes), Sun angles near the zenith, and observing locations at high altitude.", "Responses to sneezing. правду говорю (pravdu govor'u) if someone sneezes while talking.", "Photic sneeze reflex. Uncontrollable sneezing during a periocular injection while sedated by propofol is likely caused by the drug. Propofol has been shown to temporarily suppress inhibitory neurons in the brainstem, which is also where the trigeminal nucleus – the \"sneeze center\" of the brain – lies. This chain of events leads to increased sensitivity to stimulation and reduced threshold for involuntary responses. In this hypersensitive state, the periocular injection stimulates the ophthalmic and/or maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve, which results in summation in the trigeminal nuclei. This summation can lead to a sneeze in the unconscious patient.[10]", "Transverse nasal crease. In addition to cases caused by heredity, physical injury, the transverse nasal crease is common in children and adults with chronic nasal allergies. Allergy sufferers often use their hands to remove mucus from a runny nose or rub an itchy nose. As the hand slides upward, the tip of the nose is pressed up, thus creating the crease.[3]", "God bless you. In Greek culture, sneezing was widely recognized as a divine omen. In Book 17 of Homer’s Odyssey, Penelope speaks to Eumaeus in private about the suitors feasting in the halls of the king's palace, and how surely Odysseus will return and kill them. Suddenly her son Telemachus sneezes and Penelope laughed. A sneeze meant the intercession of the gods to make her statement come true. It was a blessing from the gods, connecting the sneeze to the \"God Bless You.\"", "God bless you. In some cultures, sneezing is seen as a sign of good fortune or God's beneficence.[9][14] As such, alternative responses to sneezing are the French phrase à vos souhaits (meaning \"to your wishes\"), the German word Gesundheit (meaning \"health\") sometimes adopted by English speakers, the Irish word sláinte (meaning \"good health\"), the Spanish salud (also meaning \"health\") and the Hebrew laBri'ut (colloquial) or liVriut (classic) (both spelled: \"לבריאות\") (meaning \"to health\").", "Photic sneeze reflex. Another related condition is sonar sneezing, in which exposure to loud noises or loud environments triggers a sneeze response.", "Photic sneeze reflex. Uncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under propofol sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection. A sneeze by a sedated patient often occurs upon insertion of a needle into or around their eye. The violent and uncontrollable movement of the head during a reflexive sneeze has potential to cause damage within the patient's eye if the needle is not removed before the sneeze occurs.[10]", "God bless you. The practice of blessing someone who sneezes dates as far back as at least AD 77, although it is far older than most specific explanations can account for.[9] Some have offered an explanation suggesting that people once held the folk belief that a person's soul could be thrown from their body when they sneezed,[9] that sneezing otherwise opened the body to invasion by the Devil or evil spirits,[10][11] or that sneezing was the body's effort to force out an invading evil presence.[9] In these cases, \"God bless you\" or \"bless you\" is used as a sort of shield against evil.[12] The Irish Folk story \"Master and Man\" by Thomas Crofton Croker, collected by William Butler Yeats, describes this variation.[13] Moreover, in the past some people may have thought that the heart stops beating during a sneeze, and that the phrase \"God bless you\" encourages the heart to continue beating.[9][10][11]", "Responses to sneezing. or Háíshį́į́ naa ntsékees / naa yáłti'", "Photic sneeze reflex. While this phenomenon is poorly understood, recent research has shown that antihistamines being used to treat rhinitis due to seasonal allergies may also reduce the occurrence of photic sneezes in people affected by both conditions.[12]", "Sunrise. Air molecules and airborne particles scatter white sunlight as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This is done by a combination of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering.[6]", "Photic sneeze reflex. Perhaps the most universal risk of sneezing is the spread of disease. Bacterial infections can spread to susceptible uninfected people via the spread of microscopic organisms suspended in the droplets expelled by a sneeze. Bacteria which commonly spread by sneezing include bacterial meningitis, strep throat, and tuberculosis. Viral infections can also be spread by sneezing. When a virus is expelled by a sneeze, its mucous membrane evaporates, and the virus becomes a droplet nucleus which can be inhaled by another person, thus spreading the virulent infection. Examples of virulent infections that spread by sneezing include measles, mumps, rubella, and influenza.[11]", "Responses to sneezing. فرج (Faraj), صحة (Sahha)", "Responses to sneezing. 2) Pis Maco mostly used with children", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Dr. Avnish Deobhakta, an ophthalmologist in New York, states that, \"“If you’re looking at the sun you’re actually focusing, intentionally, the light of the sun onto the spot [fovea] where you want the most precise vision.”[109]" ]

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[ "Red Sea. Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα), Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally \"Arabian Gulf\"), Arabic: البحر الأحمر‎, translit. Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (alternatively بحر القلزم Baḥr Al-Qulzum, literally \"the Sea of Clysma\"), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[5] A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[6] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[7]", "Red Sea. The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Yam Suph (Hebrew: ים סוף‎, lit. 'Sea of Reeds') is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.", "Red Sea. The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.", "Red Sea. Historically, it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca (Sea of Mecca), and Sinus Arabicus (Gulf of Arabia).[8] Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf[9] or Gulf of Arabia.[10][11]", "Red Sea. The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[12] Historically, scholars argued whether these trips were possible.[13] The biblical Book of Exodus tells the tale of the Israelites' crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph (Hebrew: יַם סוּף‬). Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al-Qulzum, meaning the Gulf of Suez.[14]", "Persian Gulf. Before being given its present name, the Persian Gulf was called many different names. The classical Greek writers, like Herodotus, called it \"the Red Sea\". In Babylonian texts, it was known as \"the sea above Akkad\".[citation needed]", "Red Sea. The Red Sea is between arid land, desert and semi-desert. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.", "Red Sea. The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the west shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-el-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.", "Crossing the Red Sea. The Hebrew term for the place of the crossing is \"Yam Suph\". Although this has traditionally been thought to refer to the salt water inlet located between Africa and the Arabian peninsula, known in English as the Red Sea, this is a mistranslation from the Greek Septuagint, and Hebrew suph never means \"red\" but rather \"reeds\".[10] (While it is not relevant to the identification of the body of water, suph also puns on the Hebrew suphah (\"storm\") and soph (\"end\"), referring to the events of the Exodus).[11]", "Land of Israel. Only the \"Red Sea\" (Exodus 23:31) and the Euphrates are mentioned to define the southern and eastern borders of the full land promised to the Israelites. The \"Red Sea\" corresponding to Hebrew Yam Suf was understood in ancient times to be the Erythraean Sea, as reflected in the Septuagint translation. Although the English name \"Red Sea\" is derived from this name (\"Erythraean\" derives from the Greek for red), the term denoted all the waters surrounding Arabia—including the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf, not merely the sea lying to the west of Arabia bearing this name in modern English. Thus, the entire Arabian peninsula lies within the borders described. Modern maps depicting the region take a reticent view and often leave the southern and eastern borders vaguely defined. The borders of the land to be conquered given in Numbers have a precisely defined eastern border which included the Arabah and Jordan.", "Red Sea. The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.", "Red Sea. In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[30][31]", "Red Sea. The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:", "Red Sea. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 (169,100 mi2),[1][2] is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft) in the central Suakin Trough,[3] and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.", "Black Sea. Previously, it was erroneously suggested that the name had to be derived from the color of the water, or at least were to be related to climatic particulars.[14] Black (or dark), in this context however, referred to a system in which colors represented the various \"cardinal points\" of the known world.[14] Black, or dark represented the north, red the south, white for the west, and green or light blue for the east.[14] This symbolism based on cardinal points was used in a plethora of different occasions, and is therefore widely attested.[14] For example, the \"Red Sea\", a body of water reported since the time of Herodotus (c. 484–c. 425 BC) in fact designated the Indian Ocean, together with bodies of water known as the Persian Gulf and the \"actual\" Red Sea.[14] According to the same explanation and reasoning, it is therefore considered to be impossible for the Scythians (who principally roamed in what is present-day Ukraine and Russia) to have given the designation as they lived to the north of the sea, and it would be therefore a southern antipodal body of water for them.[14] As the name could have only been given by a people that were well aware of both the northern \"black/dark\" and southern \"red\" seas, it is therefore considered probable that it was given its name by the Achaemenids (550–330 BC).[14]", "Red Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[4]", "Red Sea. The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening, and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[21]", "Black Sea. The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms—the others being the Red Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea.", "Ocean fisheries. The Red Sea occupies a part of the Great Rift Valley, and has a surface area of 438,000 km2. It is 2250 km long and, at its widest point, 355 km wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m in the central median trench and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 feet ), but there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species and 200 soft and hard corals and is the world's most northern tropical sea.", "Mediterranean Sea. In ancient Syrian texts, Phoenician epics and in the Hebrew Bible, it was primarily known as the \"Great Sea\" (הַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל, HaYam HaGadol, Numbers 34:6,7; Joshua 1:4, 9:1, 15:47; Ezekiel 47:10,15,20), or simply \"The Sea\" (1 Kings 5:9; comp. 1 Macc. 14:34, 15:11); however, it has also been called the \"Hinder Sea\" (הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן), due to its location on the west coast of Greater Syria or the Holy Land, and therefore behind a person facing the east, sometimes translated as \"Western Sea\", (Deut. 11:24; Joel 2:20). Another name was the \"Sea of the Philistines\" (יָם פְּלִשְׁתִּים, Exod. 23:31), from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites.", "Mediterranean Sea. In Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon (הַיָּם הַתִּיכוֹן), \"the Middle Sea\", reflecting the Sea's name in ancient Greek (Mesogeios), Latin Mare internum (Inner Sea) or Mare Nostrum (Our Sea), and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East (Mediterranean, etc.).[8]", "Sedimentary basin. Another expression of lithospheric stretching results in the formation of ocean basins with central ridges; The Red Sea is in fact an incipient ocean, in a plate tectonic context. The mouth of the Red Sea is also a tectonic triple junction where the Indian Ocean Ridge, Red Sea Rift and East African Rift meet. This is the only place on the planet where such a triple junction in oceanic crust is exposed subaerially. The reason for this is twofold, due to a high thermal buoyancy of the junction, and a local crumpled zone of seafloor crust acting as a dam against the Red Sea.", "Red Sea. In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (\"Periplus of the Red Sea\"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[15] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.", "Red Sea. The sea is known for its recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone Reef, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef, St.John's Reef, Rocky Island in Egypt[29] and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.", "Dead Sea. In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is  Yām ha-Melaḥ (help·info) (ים המלח‬), meaning \"sea of salt\" (Genesis 14:3). The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Sea of the Arabah (Yām ha-‘Ărāvâ ים הערבה‬), and the Eastern Sea (Yām ha-Mizraḥî ים המזרחי‬). The designation \"Dead Sea\" never appears in the Bible.", "Mediterranean Sea. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer) or Erythrean invasion. The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species.", "Red Sea. The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and 41 ‰ in the northern part, owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts.)", "Red Sea Rift. The Red Sea Rift is a spreading center between two tectonic plates, the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It extends from the Dead Sea Transform fault system, and ends at an intersection with the Aden Ridge and the East African Rift, forming the Afar Triple Junction in the Afar Depression of the Horn of Africa.", "Suez Canal. The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries, its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah[15][16] and the Great Bitter Lake.[9][10] Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt, maintenance and repair of Ptolemy's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century.", "Great Rift Valley. Off the southern tip of Sinai in the Red Sea, the Dead Sea Transform meets the Red Sea Rift which runs the length of the Red Sea. The Red Sea Rift comes ashore to meet the East African Rift and the Aden Ridge in the Afar Depression of East Africa. The junction of these three rifts is called the Afar Triple Junction.[3]", "Red Sea. The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[16]", "Crossing the Red Sea. The Crossing of the Red Sea (Hebrew: קריעת ים סוף Kriat Yam Suph - Crossing of the Red Sea or Sea of Reeds[1]) is part of the biblical narrative of the Exodus, the escape of the Israelites, led by Moses, from the pursuing Egyptians in the Book of Exodus.[2] This story is also mentioned in the Quran in Surah 26: Al-Shu'ara' (The Poets) in verses 60-67.[3]" ]

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[ "Battle of Hastings. The Battle of Hastings[a] was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 miles (11 kilometres) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.", "Battle of Hastings. In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided south-eastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire. He was driven back to his ships by the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Deserted by most of his followers, he withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the middle of the year recruiting fresh forces.[21] Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Hardrada's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who supported the Norwegian king's bid for the throne. Advancing on York, the Norwegians occupied the city after defeating a northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the Battle of Fulford.[22]", "Battle of Hastings. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went.", "Battle of Hastings. More is known about the Norman deployment.[94] Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or \"battles\", which roughly corresponded to their origins. The left units were the Bretons,[95] along with those from Anjou, Poitou and Maine. This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count.[90] The centre was held by the Normans,[95] under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party.[90] The final division, on the right, consisted of the Frenchmen,[95] along with some men from Picardy, Boulogne, and Flanders. The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne.[90] The front lines were made up of archers, with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind.[95] There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers.[90] The cavalry was held in reserve,[95] and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting.[90]", "Bayeux Tapestry. The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 less than three weeks after the Battle of Stamford Bridge but the tapestry does not provide this context. The English fight on foot behind a shield wall, whilst the Normans are on horses.[note 5] Two fallen knights are named as Leofwine and Gyrth, Harold's brothers, but both armies are shown fighting bravely.[21] Bishop Odo brandishes his baton or mace and rallies the Norman troops in battle.(scene 54)[note 6][21] To reassure his knights that he is still alive and well, William raises his helmet to show his face.[22] The battle becomes very bloody with troops being slaughtered and dismembered corpses littering the ground. King Harold is killed.(scene 57) This scene can be interpreted in different ways, as the name \"Harold\" appears above a number of knights, making it difficult to identify which character is Harold, since one character appears with an arrow shot in his head under the name \"Harold\" while another character is slain by a sword underneath the words \"he is slain\". The final remaining scene shows unarmoured English troops fleeing the battlefield. The last part of the tapestry is missing but it is thought that the story contained only one additional scene.[21]", "Battle of Hastings. William's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat. The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.[90]", "Battle of Hastings. Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade. The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet.[27] Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north, gathering forces as he went, and took the Norwegians by surprise, defeating them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Harald Hardrada and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors. The English victory came at great cost, as Harold's army was left in a battered and weakened state.[28]", "Battle of Hastings. The English army was organised along regional lines, with the fyrd, or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff.[23] The fyrd was composed of men who owned their own land, and were equipped by their community to fulfil the king's demands for military forces. For every five hides,[24] or units of land nominally capable of supporting one household,[25] one man was supposed to serve.[24] It appears that the hundred was the main organising unit for the fyrd.[26] As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the fyrd, when it was called out. The fyrd usually served for two months, except in emergencies. It was rare for the whole national fyrd to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065.[24] The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as housecarls, who formed the backbone of the royal forces. Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls. Thegns, the local landowning elites, either fought with the royal housecarls or attached themselves to the forces of an earl or other magnate.[23] The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarls' superior armour. The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers.[26]", "Harold Godwinson. On 12 September 1066 William's fleet sailed from Normandy.[e] Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex. Harold's army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. Harold established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, Harold was killed and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[26][non-primary source needed]", "Battle of Hastings. William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead Edgar the Ætheling[z] was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York.[128] William therefore advanced on London, marching around the coast of Kent. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.[129]", "Battle of Hastings. King Edward's death on 5 January 1066[9][c] left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England.[11] Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin, Edward's earlier opponent. Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Archbishop of York Ealdred, although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by Stigand, the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury.[11][12] Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this.[13] Harald III of Norway, commonly known as Harald Hardrada, also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus I of Norway and the earlier King of England Harthacanute, whereby, if either died without heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway.[14] William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions.[15][d]", "Battle of Hastings. The battle opened with the Norman archers shooting uphill at the English shield wall, to little effect. The uphill angle meant that the arrows either bounced off the shields of the English or overshot their targets and flew over the top of the hill.[95][q] The lack of English archers hampered the Norman archers, as there were few English arrows to be gathered up and reused.[96] After the attack from the archers, William sent the spearmen forward to attack the English. They were met with a barrage of missiles, not arrows but spears, axes and stones.[95] The infantry was unable to force openings in the shield wall, and the cavalry advanced in support.[96] The cavalry also failed to make headway, and a general retreat began, blamed on the Breton division on William's left.[97] A rumour started that the duke had been killed, which added to the confusion. The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders, but William rode through his forces, showing his face and yelling that he was still alive.[98] The duke then led a counter-attack against the pursuing English forces; some of the English rallied on a hillock before being overwhelmed.[97]", "Battle of Hastings. William mustered his forces at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August.[36] But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force, and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September.[30][g][h] A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local fyrd.[32] After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area.[30] More fortifications were erected at Pevensey.[51]", "Battle of Hastings. The exact number of soldiers in Harold's army is unknown. The contemporary records do not give reliable figures; some Norman sources give 400,000 to 1,200,000 men on Harold's side.[k] The English sources generally give very low figures for Harold's army, perhaps to make the English defeat seem less devastating.[69] Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5,000 and 13,000 for Harold's army at Hastings,[70] and most modern historians argue for a figure of 7,000–8,000 English troops.[26][71] These men would have been a mix of the fyrd and housecarls. Few individual Englishmen are known to have been at Hastings;[31] about 20 named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including Harold's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine and two other relatives.[58][l]", "Harrying of the North. After the defeat of the English army and death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, English resistance to the conquest was centred on Edgar Ætheling, the grandson of Edmund Ironside. Ironside was half-brother to Edward the Confessor.[4] It is said the English conceded defeat, not at Hastings, but at Berkhamsted two months later when Edgar and his supporters submitted to William in December 1066.[4] However, of all the men who submitted to William at Berkhamsted it was only Ealdred, Bishop of York, who would remain loyal to the Norman king.[5] William faced a series of rebellions and border skirmishes in Dover, Exeter, Hereford, Nottingham, Durham, York and Peterborough.[6]", "Battle of Hastings. Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years.[131] There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Harold's sons in mid-1068, and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068.[132] In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet, and rebellions in the south and west of England. He ruthlessly put down the various risings, culminating in the Harrying of the North in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England.[133] A further rebellion in 1070 by Hereward the Wake was also defeated by the king, at Ely.[134]", "Battle of Hastings. Most of the blame for the defeat probably lies in the events of the battle.[113] William was the more experienced military leader,[116] and in addition the lack of cavalry on the English side allowed Harold fewer tactical options.[114] Some writers have criticised Harold for not exploiting the opportunity offered by the rumoured death of William early in the battle.[117] The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defensive, for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack. Whether this was due to the inexperience of the English commanders or the indiscipline of the English soldiers is unclear.[116][u] In the end, Harold's death appears to have been decisive, as it signalled the break-up of the English forces in disarray.[114] The historian David Nicolle said of the battle that William's army \"demonstrated – not without difficulty – the superiority of Norman-French mixed cavalry and infantry tactics over the Germanic-Scandinavian infantry traditions of the Anglo-Saxons.\"[119]", "Battle of Hastings. The English army consisted entirely of infantry. It is possible that some of the higher class members of the army rode to battle, but when battle was joined they dismounted to fight on foot.[m] The core of the army was made up of housecarls, full-time professional soldiers. Their armour consisted of a conical helmet, a mail hauberk, and a shield, which might be either kite-shaped or round.[72] Most housecarls fought with the two-handed Danish battleaxe, but they could also carry a sword.[73] The rest of the army was made up of levies from the fyrd, also infantry but more lightly armoured and not professionals. Most of the infantry would have formed part of the shield wall, in which all the men in the front ranks locked their shields together. Behind them would have been axemen and men with javelins as well as archers.[74]", "Battle of Hastings. William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, where he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the north-west,[aa] fighting further engagements against forces from the city. The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in Westminster Abbey.[129]", "Battle of Hastings. Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation at the top of steep slope,[84] with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them.[88] The line may have extended far enough to be anchored on a nearby stream.[89] The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack.[90] Sources differ on the exact site that the English fought on: some sources state the site of the abbey,[91][92][93] but some newer sources suggest it was Caldbec Hill.[89][84]", "Battle of Hastings. Harold's death left the English forces leaderless, and they began to collapse.[101] Many of them fled, but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold's body and fought to the end.[103] The Normans began to pursue the fleeing troops, and except for a rearguard action at a site known as the \"Malfosse\", the battle was over.[101] Exactly what happened at the Malfosse, or \"Evil Ditch\", and where it took place, is unclear. It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being defeated by the Normans.[112]", "Battle of Hastings. Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy.[66] Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings.[67]", "Battle of Hastings. In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo.[1] Their settlement proved successful,[2][b] and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity,[3] and intermarrying with the local population.[4] Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west.[5] In 1002, King Æthelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.[6] Their son Edward the Confessor spent many years in exile in Normandy, and succeeded to the English throne in 1042.[7] This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.[8]", "Battle of Hastings. The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body.[v] His personal standard was presented to William,[120] and later sent to the papacy.[103] The bodies of the English dead, including some of Harold's brothers and housecarls, were left on the battlefield,[121] although some were removed by relatives later.[122] The Norman dead were buried in a large communal grave, which has not been found.[123][w] Exact casualty figures are unknown. Of the Englishmen known to be at the battle, the number of dead implies that the death rate was about 50 per cent of those engaged, although this may be too high. Of the named Normans who fought at Hastings, one in seven is stated to have died, but these were all noblemen, and it is probable that the death rate among the common soldiers was higher. Although Orderic Vitalis's figures are highly exaggerated,[x] his ratio of one in four casualties may be accurate. Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings.[124] Reports stated that some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside years later. Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable, due to the acidic soil, recent finds have changed this view.[125] One skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally was thought to be associated with the 13th century Battle of Lewes now is thought to be associated with Hastings instead.[126][y]", "Battle of Hastings. There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.", "Anglo-Saxons. Then came William, the Earl of Normandy, into Pevensey on the evening of St.Michael's mass, and soon as his men were ready, they built a fortress at Hasting's port. This was told to King Harold, and he gathered then a great army and come towards them at the Hoary Apple Tree, and William came upon him unawares before his folk were ready. But the king nevertheless withstood him very strongly with fighting with those men who would follow him, and there was a great slaughter on either side. Then Harald the King was slain, and Leofwine the Earl, his brother, and Gyrth, and many good men, and the Frenchmen held the place of slaughter.[109]", "Battle of Hastings. After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion.[62] It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about 27 miles (43 kilometres) per day,[63] for the approximately 200 miles (320 kilometres).[64] Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near what was described as a \"hoar-apple tree\". This location was about 8 miles (13 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings.[65][j] Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely. Nothing came of these efforts.[66]", "Battle of Hastings. Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute.[75] The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk.[76] Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm. Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield.[77] William of Jumièges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before.[75] The battle took place 7 miles (11 km) north of Hastings at the present-day town of Battle,[78] between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south. The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby.[79] The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle called it the battle \"at the hoary apple tree\". Within 40 years, the battle was described by the Anglo-Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis as \"Senlac\",[n] a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word \"Sandlacu\", which means \"sandy water\".[o] This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield.[p] The battle was already being referred to as \"bellum Hasestingas\" or \"Battle of Hastings\" by 1087, in the Domesday Book.[83]", "Battle of Hastings. Coordinates: 50°54′43″N 0°29′15″E / 50.91194°N 0.48750°E / 50.91194; 0.48750", "Battle of Hastings. Battle Abbey was founded by William at the site of the battle. According to 12th-century sources, William made a vow to found the abbey, and the high altar of the church was placed at the site where Harold had died.[101] More likely, the foundation was imposed on William by papal legates in 1070.[135] The topography of the battlefield has been altered by subsequent construction work for the abbey, and the slope defended by the English is now much less steep than it was at the time of the battle; the top of the ridge has also been built up and levelled.[78] After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbey's lands passed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house.[136] In 1976 the estate was put up for sale and purchased by the government with the aid of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence.[137] The battlefield and abbey grounds are currently owned and administered by English Heritage and are open to the public.[138] The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered narrative of the events leading up to Hastings probably commissioned by Odo of Bayeux soon after the battle, perhaps to hang at the bishop's palace at Bayeux.[139][ab] In modern times annual reenactments of the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle.[141][142]", "Age of Empires II: The Conquerors. The Battle of Hastings shows William the Conqueror launching his invasion of England in 1066 to defeat Harold the Saxon, as well as Harald Hardraade's defeat at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Vindlandsaga shows Erik the Red's expedition to Newfoundland, showcasing raids on the British coastline, the subjugation of Greenland, and the fending off of Skraelings in the New World as the Vikings found a settlement. The Battle of Agincourt shows Henry V asserting his claim to the throne of France as he retreats from Harfleur, goes through Voyeni, Amiens, and Frévent before facing the French knights with his longbowmen and sailing back to England. The battle of Manzikert shows the Seljuk Turks defeating Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV and conquering eastern Anatolia by extracting resources from the themes of Cappadocia, Pisidia, and Galatia, before defeating the Byzantine Army proper. The Battle of Kyoto (Yamazaki) shows the death of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's taking of Osaka, Hyogo, and destruction of all the castles in Kyoto. The Battle of Lepanto shows John of Austria's forces keeping Turkish ships and transports at bay as they defend a wonder constructed quite close to the shoreline. The Battle of Tours shows Charles Martel capturing the Moors' baggage train after the latter had already overrun Poitiers. The Battle of Noryang Point shows Admiral Yi Sun-Shin's invention of the turtle ship as his last stand against the Japanese forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi sees the Japanese defeated in their desire to expand into Korea.", "Battle of Hastings. Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright.[84] The weather conditions are not recorded.[85] The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely. Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876. Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield.[75] Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumièges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before.[86] Most historians incline towards the former view,[67][84][87][88] but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumièges's account is correct.[86]" ]

[ 5.78515625, 3.046875, 5.16015625, 2.119140625, 1.6923828125, 0.70263671875, 3.28125, 2.966796875, -1.1884765625, 1.5927734375, 2.162109375, 2.212890625, 2.701171875, 1.9443359375, -2.341796875, 0.54931640625, 1.3212890625, 2.859375, 1.6875, 1.9140625, 2.990234375, 1.0439453125, 1.4228515625, 2.63671875, 1.4150390625, -0.701171875, 0.78125, 1.3759765625, -3.95703125, -0.86962890625, -0.74462890625, 2.2578125 ]

[ "Geography of Mongolia. Mongolia is a landlocked country in Central Asia and East Asia, located between China and Russia. The terrain is one of mountains and rolling plateaus, with a high degree of relief. The total land area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 square kilometres. Overall, the land slopes from the high Altay Mountains of the west and the north to plains and depressions in the east and the south. The Khüiten Peak in extreme western Mongolia on the Chinese border is the highest point (4,374 metres). The lowest is 518 metres, an otherwise undistinguished spot in the eastern Mongolian plain. The country has an average elevation of 1,580 metres. The landscape includes one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes (Lake Khövsgöl), many salt lakes, marshes, sand dunes, rolling grasslands, alpine forests, and permanent mountain glaciers. Northern and western Mongolia are seismically active zones, with frequent earthquakes and many hot springs and extinct volcanoes. The nation's closest point to any ocean is approximately 645 kilometres (401 mi) from the country's easternmost tip bordering northern China to Jinzhou in Liaoning province, China along the coastline of the Bohai Sea.", "Mongolia. Mongolia /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ ( listen) (Mongolian: Монгол Улс in Mongolian Cyrillic; ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ\nᠤᠯᠤᠰ[mɔŋˈɢɔɮ ʊɮs] in Mongolian script; literally: Mongol State) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the Mongolian People's Republic. It is located between China to the south and Russia to the north. While it does not share a border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia is separated from it by only 36.76 kilometers (22.84 mi).", "Mongolia. At 1,564,116 km2 (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's 18th-largest country (after Iran).[43] It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes 41° and 52°N (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes 87° and 120°E. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi) from Kazakhstan.", "Mongolia. At 1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the 18th largest country in the world by land mass and has a population of around three million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 40%-45% of the country's population.", "Mongolia. The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland steppe, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area,[44] a higher percentage than the Republic of Ireland (10%).[45] The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft). The basin of the Uvs Lake, shared with Tuva Republic in Russia, is a natural World Heritage Site.", "Geography of Mongolia. Mongolia has two major mountain ranges. The highest is the Altai Mountains, which stretch across the western and the southwestern regions of the country on a northwest-to-southeast axis. The range contains the country's highest peak, the 4734 metre high Khüiten Peak.[2]", "Mongolia. The area that is now Mongolia was ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Turkic Khaganate, among others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China to establish the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan.", "East Asia. Ulaanbaatar is the largest city in Mongolia with a population of 1 million as of 2008.", "Mongolia. Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces (aimags), which are in turn divided into 329 districts (sums).[79] The capital Ulaanbaatar is administrated separately as a capital city (municipality) with provincial status. The aimags are:", "Mongols. The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.", "Mongolia. Mongolia has embassies in Almaty, Ankara, Bangkok, Berlin, Beijing, Brussels, Budapest, Cairo, Canberra, Warsaw, Washington, D.C., Vienna, Vientiane, Havana, New Delhi, Kuwait City, London, Moscow, Ottawa, Paris, Prague, Pyongyang, Rome, Seoul, Sofia, Stockholm, Tokyo, Hanoi, and Singapore, consulates in Irkutsk, Breda and Ulan-Ude, and diplomatic missions to the United Nations in New York City and in Geneva.[74]", "Mongols. Today, the majority of Mongols live in the modern state of Mongolia, China (mainly Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang), Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan.", "Geography of Mongolia. Land boundaries:\ntotal:\n8,220 km\nborder countries:\nChina 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km", "Geography of Mongolia. Much of central and western Mongolia, including Ulaanbaatar, is antipodal to southern Patagonia. See Geography of Chile#Antipodes and Geography of Argentina#Antipodes for details.", "Mongolia. Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the Copper Age has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west.[21] Tocharians (Yuezhi) and Scythians inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found in the Altai, Mongolia.[23] As horse nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the Eurasian Steppe also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century CE. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g., Guifang, Shanrong, Donghu) into China during the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC) and Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) presaged the age of nomadic empires.", "Mongolia. Since prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of the Khan, the Kurultai (Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army (Keshig) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, the Xiongnu of undetermined ethnicity, were brought together by Modu Shanyu to form a confederation in 209 BC. Soon they emerged as the greatest threat to the Qin Dynasty, forcing the latter to construct the Great Wall of China. It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during marshal Meng Tian's tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC–93 AD) was followed by the Mongolic Xianbei empire (93–234 AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330–555), of Xianbei provenance was the first to use \"Khagan\" as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the Göktürks (555–745) whose empire was even bigger.", "Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren  listen (help·info); Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн; [mɔŋɡ(ɔ)ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ]; also Орда (\"Horde\") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.[2] Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant.", "Mongolia. Mongolia was never listed among the emerging market countries until February 2011 when Citigroup analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the \"global growth generating\" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.[87] The Mongolian Stock Exchange, established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest stock exchanges by market capitalisation.[88][89] In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2 billion after quadrupling from US$406 million in 2008.[90] Mongolia made a significant improvement on the ease of doing business in 2012, moving up to rank 76 compared with 88 last year in the \"Doing Business\" report by the International Finance Corporation (IFC).[91]", "Mongolia. Homo erectus inhabited the territory of Mongolia 850,000 years ago.[20] Modern humans reached Mongolia approximately 40,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic. The Khoit Tsenkher Cave[21] in Khovd Province shows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) of mammoths, lynx, bactrian camels, and ostriches, earning it the nickname \"the Lascaux of Mongolia\". The venus figurines of Mal'ta (21,000 years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is now part of Russia.", "Mongolia. Mongolia is ranked as lower middle income economy by the World Bank.[83] Some 22.4% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 a day.[84] In 2011, GDP per capita was $3,100.[16] Despite growth, the proportion of the population below the poverty line was estimated to be 35.6% in 1998, 36.1% in 2002–2003, and 32.2% in 2006.[85]", "Mongolia. In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between Manchuria and the Altai Mountains. In 1206, he took the title Genghis Khan, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day Ukraine in the west to Korea in the east, and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south, covering some 33,000,000 square kilometres (13,000,000 sq mi),[26] (22% of Earth's total land area) and having a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of Pax Mongolica also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height.[27][28]", "Mongolia. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism began to spread in Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 1900s, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks.[17][18] After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty, and in 1921 established de facto independence from the Republic of China. Shortly thereafter, the country came under the control of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared as a Soviet satellite state.[19] After the anti-Communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.", "Geography of Mongolia. Mongolia is high, cold, and dry. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north, which averages 200 to 350 millimeters (7.9 to 13.8 in) per year, and lowest in the south, which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (3.9 to 7.9 in). The extreme south is the Gobi Desert, some regions of which receive no precipitation at all in most years. The name Gobi is a Mongol word meaning desert, depression, salt marsh, or steppe, but which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support marmots but with enough to support camels. Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even Bactrian camels can survive.", "Geography of Mongolia. The Khangai Mountains, mountains also trending northwest to southeast, occupy much of central and north-central Mongolia. These are older, lower, and more eroded mountains, with many forests and alpine pastures. Much of eastern Mongolia is occupied by a plain, and the lowest area is a southwest-to-northeast trending depression that reaches from the Gobi Desert region in the south to the eastern frontier.", "Mongolia. Mongolia is known as the \"Land of the Eternal Blue Sky\" or \"Country of Blue Sky\" (Mongolian: \"Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron\") because it has over 250 sunny days a year.[46][47][48][49]", "Mongolia. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division[54] estimates Mongolia's total population (mid-2007) as 2,629,000. UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.).[54] About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively young and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy.", "Mongol Empire. As the empire grew, Ögedei established a Mongol capital at Karakorum in northwestern Mongolia.[46]", "Geography of Mongolia. Area – comparative:\nslightly smaller than Quebec, slightly larger than Alaska", "Mongolia. The concept of Mongolia as an independent power north of China is expressed in a letter sent by Emperor Wen of Han to Laoshang Chanyu in 162 BC (recorded in the Hanshu):", "Geography of Mongolia. Coastline:\n0 km (landlocked)", "Mongolia. Mongolia is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, where the President is directly elected.[3][4][5] The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the State Great Khural. The President appoints the Prime Minister, and nominates the Cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The constitution of Mongolia guarantees a number of freedoms, including full freedom of expression and religion. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party. The non-governmental organisation Freedom House considers Mongolia to be free.[68]", "Post-classical history. The Mongol Empire which existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, was the largest continuous land empire in history.[89] Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia." ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. It follows Harry Potter, a wizard in his fourth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and the mystery surrounding the entry of Harry's name into the Triwizard Tournament, in which he is forced to compete.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Harry learns that he is a wizard when he is 11 years old, and enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is confronted by Lord Voldemort who is trying to regain power. In Harry's first year he has to protect the Philosopher's Stone from Voldemort and one of his faithful followers at Hogwarts. After returning to the school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the \"Chamber of Secrets\" after the chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and defeating another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength. The following year, Harry hears that he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry is confronted by Black at the end of his third year of schooling, and Harry learns that Black was framed and is actually Harry's godfather. He also learned that it was his father's old school friend Peter Pettigrew who actually betrayed his parents.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth book in the Harry Potter series. The first, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997; the second, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published on 2 July 1998; and the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, followed on 8 July 1999.[1] Goblet of Fire is considerably longer than the first three; almost twice the size (the paperback edition was 636 pages). Rowling stated that she \"knew from the beginning it would be the biggest of the first four\". She said there needed to be a \"proper run-up\" for the conclusion and rushing the \"complex plot\" could confuse readers. She also stated that \"everything is on a bigger scale\" which was symbolic, as Harry's horizons widened both literally and metaphorically as he grew up. She also wanted to explore more of the magical world.[2]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Harry Potter awakens from a nightmare wherein Frank Bryce is killed after overhearing Lord Voldemort conspiring with Peter Pettigrew and another man. Harry attends the Quidditch World Cup between Ireland and Bulgaria with the Weasleys. After the game, Death Eaters terrorise the camp, and the man who appeared in Harry's dream summons the Dark Mark.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The book opens with Harry seeing Frank Bryce being killed by Lord Voldemort in a vision, and is awoken by his scar hurting. The Weasleys then take Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, using a Portkey, to watch Ireland versus Bulgaria, with Ireland emerging victorious. There, Harry meets Cedric Diggory, who is attending the match with his father. After the match, Voldemort's followers attack the site, destroying spectators' tents and wreaking havoc. The Dark Mark gets fired into the sky, which leads to a panic since it is the first time the sign has been seen in 13 years. Winky, Barty Crouch Senior's house elf, is falsely accused of casting the Mark after she is found holding Harry's wand, which is revealed to have been used to cast the Mark, as Harry had lost it during the chaos of the Death Eaters' attack. Hermione, angry at this injustice, forms a society to promote the rights of house elves known as S.P.E.W. (Society for the Promotion of Elvish Welfare).", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[4] It is based on the 2000 novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. The story follows Harry Potter's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Principal photography for Goblet of Fire began on 4 May 2004.[7] Scenes involving the film's principal actors began filming on 25 June 2004 at England's Leavesden Studios.[8][9]", "Harry Potter. During Harry's fourth year of school (detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire), Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament, a dangerous yet exciting contest where three \"champions\", one from each participating school, must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup. This year, Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard \"champion\" from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as another Hogwarts student, causing Harry's friends to distance themselves from him.[17] Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Alastor \"Mad-Eye\" Moody, who turns out to be an impostor – one of Voldemort's supporters named Barty Crouch, Jr. in disguise. The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict. Voldemort's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds. Although Harry manages to escape, Cedric Diggory, the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament, is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. In 1992, while the Dursley family—his uncle Vernon, aunt Petunia, and cousin Dudley—entertain a potential client for Vernon’s drill-manufacturing company Grunnings, Harry Potter reminisces upon the events of the previous year, including his enrolment in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and confrontation with Lord Voldemort (the Dark wizard whose reign seemingly ended when he killed Harry’s parents and attempted but failed to kill Harry himself), and laments the fact that the best friends he made at the institution have not written to him, even for his birthday, on which the novel opens.", "Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery. Upon visiting Hogwarts, Albus Dumbledore announces that Harry Potter is safe and that the events of the game are set in the year of his escape from Voldemort as a child. After being sorted into a house,[b] daily life in Hogwarts starts. During a Potions lesson with Professor Snape, the player character is docked house points, after a Slytherin called Merula Snyde sabotaged the character's cauldron. A fake letter is sent to the House, supposedly by Snape that an errand run would win the player back their house points; however, it is in fact written by Merula and leads the player into a room with a Devil's Snare, forcing them to escape from the snare. Following this, the player character attempts to learn how to duel by searching for a book on duelling and hears voices, and premonitions of the Cursed Vaults. Later on, the player character confronts Merula when she starts to harass Ben Copper, a first-year Muggle-born Gryffindor boy, and challenges them to a wizard's duel. The duel ends with Snape and Professor Flitwick finding them fighting.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. In Philosopher's Stone, Harry re-enters the wizarding world at age 11 and enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He makes friends with fellow students Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is mentored by the school's headmaster, Albus Dumbledore. He also meets Professor Severus Snape, who intensely dislikes and bullies him. Harry fights Voldemort several times while at school, as the wizard tries to regain a physical form. In Goblet of Fire, Harry is mysteriously entered in a dangerous magical competition called the Triwizard Tournament, which he discovers is a trap designed to allow the return of Lord Voldemort to full strength. During Order of the Phoenix, Harry and several of his friends face off against Voldemort's Death Eaters, a group of Dark witches and wizards, and narrowly defeat them. In Half-Blood Prince, Harry learns that Voldemort has divided his soul into several parts, creating \"horcruxes\" from various unknown objects to contain them; in this way he has ensured his immortality as long as at least one of the horcruxes still exists.[3] Two of these had already been destroyed, one a diary destroyed by Harry in the events of Chamber of Secrets and one a ring destroyed by Dumbledore shortly before the events of Half-Blood Prince. Dumbledore takes Harry along in the attempt to destroy a third horcrux contained in a locket. However, the horcrux had been taken by an unknown wizard, and upon their return Dumbledore is ambushed and disarmed by Draco Malfoy who cannot bring himself to kill him. Dumbledore is subsequently killed by Snape, who finishes what Malfoy started.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). The film was released in most countries within a two-week period starting on 18 November 2005 in the United Kingdom and United States, with a 1 December 2005 release in Australia. In the United States, the film opened in a maximum of 3,858 cinemas that included several IMAX screens.[4]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). The world premiere of the film took place in London, England on 6 November 2005.[39] One of the features of the premiere was an animatronic, fire-breathing Hungarian Horntail.[40] The 40-foot-long dragon, used during the scene where Hagrid leads Harry into the forest a night before the first task, was designed and built by the film's special effects supervisor John Richardson and creature effects & makeup supervisor Nick Dudman.[11]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. At Hogwarts, Professor Dumbledore announces that Alastor \"Mad-Eye\" Moody will be the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher for the year, and also that Hogwarts will host the Triwizard Tournament, with a prize of one thousand gold Galleons. However, only those over 17—the age of majority in the wizarding world—will be allowed to enter. It is the first time in 202 years that the Triwizard Tournament will be held. Students from Beauxbatons Academy and the Durmstrang Institute, other wizarding academies, will travel to Hogwarts, where they will stay for the year, in hopes of competing. At Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy; Viktor Krum (who is also the Seeker on Bulgaria's Quidditch team) from Durmstrang Institute; and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. However, it additionally gives a fourth name—Harry Potter—leading to suspicion and indignation from everyone and magically binding Harry to compete. Ron is jealous that Harry is once again in the limelight and refuses to speak to Harry.", "Fictional universe of Harry Potter. The entire Harry Potter series is set from 1991 to 1998 aside from the opening chapter of the first book, which takes place on 1 November 1981, and the epilogue of the seventh book, which takes place on 1 September 2017. The depiction of the Wizarding World is centred on magic, which not only imbues objects such as wands, but is portrayed as an inborn ability. It is also centred on the separation of the wizarding world from the non-wizarding (Muggle) world. Despite being an inherent talent, magic is honed through study of various branches of magic and practical training into a skill.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Goblet of Fire was the first book in the Harry Potter series to be released in the United States on the same date as the United Kingdom, on 8 July 2000, strategically on a Saturday so children did not have to worry about school conflicting with buying the book.[1] It had a combined first-printing of over five million copies.[1] It was given a record-breaking print run of 3.9 million. Three million copies of the book were sold over the first weekend in the US alone.[6] FedEx dispatched more than 9,000 trucks and 100 planes to fulfill book deliveries.[7] The pressure in editing caused a mistake which shows Harry's father emerging first from Voldemort's wand; however, as confirmed in Prisoner of Azkaban, James died first, so then Harry's mother ought to have come out first.[8] This was corrected in later editions.[9]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Eleven-year-old Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold uncle and aunt, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Vernon and Petunia. Hagrid explains Harry's hidden past as the wizard son of James and Lily Potter, who are a wizard and witch respectively, and how they were murdered by the most evil and powerful dark wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, which resulted in the one-year-old Harry being sent to live with his aunt and uncle. The strangest bit of the murder was how Voldemort was unable to kill him, but instead had his powers removed and blasted away, sparking Harry's immense fame among the magical community.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Goblet of Fire is the first film adaptation not to begin at Privet Drive; after the opening sequence, Harry awakens at the Burrow on the morning of the Quidditch World Cup.[22]", "Harry Potter (film series). During Harry's fourth year, Hogwarts plays host to a legendary event: the Triwizard Tournament. Three European schools participate in the tournament, with three 'champions' representing each school in the deadly tasks. The Goblet of Fire chooses Fleur Delacour, Viktor Krum, and Cedric Diggory to compete against each other. However, curiously, Harry's name is also produced from the Goblet thus making him a fourth champion, which results in a terrifying encounter with a reborn Lord Voldemort.", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry's fifth year begins with him being attacked by Dementors in Little Whinging. Later, he finds out that the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort's return. Harry is also beset by disturbing and realistic nightmares, while Professor Umbridge, a representative of Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge, is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Harry becomes aware that Voldemort is after a prophecy which reveals: \"neither can live while the other survives\". The rebellion involving the students of Hogwarts, secret organisation Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry of Magic, and the Death Eaters begins.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Much of the plot of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child involves a revisiting scenes from Goblet of Fire, with younger protagonists born long after these events travelling back in time in a misguided effort to change history and save Cedric Diggory - which only leads to them damaging events in the present and worsening the situation.", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry Potter is an orphaned boy brought up by his unkind Muggle (non-magical) aunt and uncle. At the age of eleven, half-giant Rubeus Hagrid informs him that he is actually a wizard and that his parents were murdered by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort. Voldemort also attempted to kill one-year-old Harry on the same night, but his killing curse mysteriously rebounded and reduced him to a weak and helpless form. Harry became extremely famous in the Wizarding World as a result. Harry begins his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and learns about magic. During the year, Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher's Stone which is being kept within the school.", "Harry Potter (character). As a result, Harry is written as an orphan living with his only remaining family, the Dursleys, who are neglectful and abusive. On his eleventh birthday in 1991, Harry learns he is a wizard when Rubeus Hagrid arrives to tell him that he is to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. There he learns about the wizarding world, his parents, and his connection to the Dark Lord. When he is sorted into Gryffindor House, he becomes fast friends with classmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and foils Voldemort's attempt to steal the Philosopher's Stone. He also forms a rivalry with characters Draco Malfoy, a classmate from an elitist wizarding family, and the cold, condescending Potions master, Severus Snape, Draco's mentor and the head of Slytherin House. Both feuds continue throughout the series and are settled at the series's end (Draco's in the West End play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child and Snape's on his deathbed in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. In a 1999 interview, Rowling stated that Draco is based on several prototypical schoolyard bullies she encountered[8] and Snape on a sadistic teacher of hers who abused his power.[8]", "Harry Potter. Each novel chronicles one year in Harry's life[11] during the period from 1991 to 1998.[12] The books also contain many flashbacks, which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. During another summer with his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon, Harry Potter and Dudley are attacked by Dementors. After using magic to save Dudley and himself, Harry is expelled from Hogwarts, but the decision is later reversed after a hearing at the Ministry of Magic. Harry is whisked off by a group of wizards (including the real Mad-Eye Moody, Professor Lupin, and several new faces, including Nymphadora Tonks, a bubbly young witch who is a Metamorphmagus [a wizard who can change his/her appearance without a potion or spell], and Kingsley Shacklebolt, a senior Auror with egalitarian views) to Number 12, Grimmauld Place, the childhood home of his godfather, Sirius Black. The building also serves as the headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix, of which Mr. and Mrs. Weasley and Sirius are also members. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger explain that the Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation led by Hogwarts headmaster Albus Dumbledore, dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters. From the members of the Order, Harry and the others learn that Voldemort is seeking an object that he did not have prior to his first defeat, and assume this object to be a weapon of some sort. Harry learns that the Ministry of Magic, led by Cornelius Fudge, is refusing to acknowledge Voldemort's return because of the panic and chaos that doing so would cause, and has been running a smear campaign against him and Dumbledore.", "Harry Potter. Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, only acting as producer. Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job, and after shooting in 2003, the film was released on 4 June 2004. Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third's release, Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, released on 18 November 2005.[179] Newell became the first British director of the series, with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007.[180] After executives were \"really delighted\" with his work on the film, Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which was released on 15 July 2009.[181][182][183][184]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a fantasy novel written by J. K. Rowling and the fifth novel in the Harry Potter series. It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort, O.W.L. exams, and an obstructive Ministry of Magic. The novel was published on 21 June 2003 by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom, Scholastic in the United States, and Raincoast in Canada. Five million copies were sold in the first 24 hours of publication.[1] It is the longest book of the series.", "Harry Potter (film series). In Harry's sixth year at Hogwarts, Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters are increasing their terror upon the Wizarding and Muggle worlds. Headmaster Albus Dumbledore persuades his old friend Horace Slughorn to return to Hogwarts as a professor as there is a vacancy to fill. There is a more important reason, however, for Slughorn's return. While in a Potions lesson, Harry takes possession of a strangely annotated school textbook, inscribed 'This is the property of the Half-Blood Prince'. Draco Malfoy struggles to carry out a deed presented to him by Voldemort. Meanwhile, Dumbledore and Harry secretly work together to discover the method on how to destroy the Dark Lord once and for all.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Filming began in early 2004. The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios. Five days after its release, the film had grossed over US$102 million at the North American box office, which is the third-highest first-weekend tally for a Harry Potter film behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2. Goblet of Fire enjoyed an immensely successful run at the box office, earning $896 million worldwide, which made it the highest-grossing film of 2005 and the eighth-highest-grossing film of all-time at that time and the sixth-highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on July 2, 1998 and in the US on June 2, 1999.[56][57] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999.[56][57] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[58] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[59] It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003.[60] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on July 16, 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[61][62] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on July 21, 2007.[63] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[64]", "Harry Potter. The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school. Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus's diary, Tom Marvolo Riddle, later revealed to be Voldemort's younger self, who is bent on ridding the school of \"mudbloods\", a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage. The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary, Voldemort is able to possess her. Through the diary, Ginny acts on Voldemort's orders and unconsciously opens the \"Chamber of Secrets\", unleashing an ancient monster, later revealed to be a basilisk, which begins attacking students at Hogwarts. It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly. The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Gilderoy Lockhart, a highly cheerful, self-conceited wizard with a pretentious facade, later turning out to be a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school's history, and learns that Voldemort's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles. Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts. When Hermione is attacked and petrified, Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets, with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny, and also destroying a part of Voldemort's soul. The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy, Draco's father and rival of Ron and Ginny's father, to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts." ]

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[ "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. During the time period that Sillitoe wrote \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" the idea of the runner was changing dramatically.[11] The purity of running was taken away when Smith entered the race because the race dehumanised him.[5] The race made Smith a commodity for nationalisation that he was uncomfortable with. When the sport of running became professional it lost its sense of purity and became a commodity.[11] Sillitoe rejects the commoditisation of running in \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" (Small 142). This is why Smith chooses to forfeit the race. Helen Small states, “…the weight of literary attention seems to be focused on a ‘pre-professional era’—either written at that time or looking back at it for inspiration”.[11] The professional runner becomes commercialised and loses the clarity of thought that comes with running for pure passion and pleasure. Sillitoe was an author who believed in the unadulterated sport of running.", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. \"The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner\" is a short story by Alan Sillitoe, published in 1959 as part of a short story collection of the same name. The work focuses on Smith, a poor Nottingham teenager from a dismal home in a working class area, who has bleak prospects in life and few interests beyond petty crime. The boy turns to long-distance running as a method of both an emotional and a physical escape from his situation. The story was adapted for a 1962 film of the same title, with Sillitoe writing the screenplay and Tony Richardson directing. The part of Smith (now called Colin) was played by Tom Courtenay.", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. On 9 January 2009, impeached Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich referred to the story: \"Let me simply say, I feel like the old Alan Sillitoe short story 'The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner'... and that's what this is, by the way, a long-distance run.\"[13]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. Literature about running has changed over the course of history. The short story \"\"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\"\" by Alan Sillitoe gave this genre a political perspective that changed the vision of a literary \"runner\".[11] Sillitoe's character Smith uses running as a way to mentally reflect. Running gives him pleasure through reflection, which helps him take the athleticism out of the sport (Small 136). The action of running allows Smith to give clarity to his political insights.[11] The training of long-distance running gives Smith the ability to share his political insights with his readers. Sillitoe uses running as a metaphor for living and the tension that comes from living in the working class society of Britain. Running is used as a metaphor in \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" for a way to run away from society but also as an activity that allows the narrator to reflect on the society he is living in.[12]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. Sillitoe uses running in his story as a means of isolation. Running is a solitary action and therefore allows Smith to begin to understand and become aware of the class divisions in Britain.[11] Smith, the narrator of the story, is also a writer and he is an allegoric version of Sillitoe and the isolation that all authors suffer from.[11] Smith is a solitary runner who gets political clarity through running and isolation, just as an author writes alone and thinks alone. The long distance runner and the writer are both individualistic and isolated so that they are able to produce their commodities.[11] The metaphor used to compare both the author and the runner is similar to the author losing his purity when he publishes a work just as Smith loses his purity when he enters the race.[11]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Inc., mentions in his book iWoz about how much he thinks like Smith and was influenced by Sillitoe's story.[citation needed]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. In response to this categorisation, Sillitoe once regarded this connection by commenting on a pretend book called “Hurry on Jim by Kingsley Wain that started by someone with eighteen pints and fifteen whiskies in him falling downstairs on this way to the top”.[2] It is suggested that Sillitoe was never simply an “angry young man” but someone who would continue to be bitter despite youth, due to his deep hatred for class. The \"Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" was only the beginning of his “revolutionary philosophy” that became clear in his other works.[2] \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" suggests a revolution to combat class issues of the time. Smith says “in the end the governor is going to be doomed while blokes like me will take the pickings of his roasted bones and dance like maniacs around his Borstal’s ruins”.[2] While it was suggested at the time that Sillitoe created a character to express extreme views, as time passed it has become clear that Sillitoe and Smith’s views are not very different.[2]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. It is suggested that due to the way in which Smith’s character in \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" and Seaton in \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\" express sheer anger at the post-war changes in culture in Britain, that Sillitoe be put at the “end of the continuum” that is the 'angry young men' movement.[9]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. Alan Sillitoe is considered to be a member of the 'angry young men' movement by critics and colleagues.[2] Others in the group included Kingsley Amis, John Wain, Keith Waterhouse and John Braine. This term was associated with writers who created main characters that were \"belligerent and opinionated\".[9] Sillitoe’s main character Smith in \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\" is an example of this character type. He has class loyalty, which is the product of both “the sense of belonging and suffocation”.[9] When there is mention of escape by Smith, it is not up the class ladder, but temporarily in the form of vacation.[9] Unlike many of the other well-known authors of the time, Sillitoe was born and brought up in the working class where writing acted as his personal escape from reality.[9] Also, like most of the other members of the movement, in his writing, Sillitoe reinforced traditional gender roles.[10]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. In \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\", Smith's mother represents the disloyalty towards what the working class stood for.[1] She is described as being extremely materialistic; spending the pension money she receives from her husband's death on new clothing and house furnishings.[1]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. Running is also used as a metaphor by Sillitoe to give Smith the ability to escape from the reality of his class level in society.[5] The use of this sport gives Smith the ability to escape from his life as a member of the working class poor. Sillitoe has used running to give his character a chance to reflect upon his social status and also to escape from the reality that the poor in Britain are faced with.[5] Long-distance running gives the character an ability to freely escape from society without the pressures of a team, which may be found in other athletic stories.[5]", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. When he is caught by the police for robbing a bakery, Smith is sentenced to be confined in Ruxton Towers in Essex, a borstal (prison school) for delinquent youths. Taken there in handcuffs and detained in bleak and highly restrictive circumstances, he seeks solace in long-distance running, attracting the notice of the school's authorities for his physical prowess. Long-distance running offers Smith a welcome distraction from the brutal drudgery of the borstal regime and he is offered a light workload for his last six months at Ruxton Towers, if he wins in an important cross-country competition against a prestigious public school. For Ruxton Towers to win the cross-country race would be a major public relations boost for the establishment, and Smith has an obvious incentive to co-operate.", "Tom Courtenay. Courtenay's film debut was in 1962 with Private Potter, directed by Finnish-born director Caspar Wrede, who had first spotted Courtenay while he was still at RADA. This was followed by The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, directed by Tony Richardson and Billy Liar, two highly acclaimed films and performances which helped usher in the British New Wave of the early-to-mid-1960s. For these performances Courtenay was awarded the 1962 BAFTA Award for most promising newcomer and the 1963 BAFTA Award for best actor respectively. He also was the first to record the song Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter, doing so for the TV play The Lads. The song was released by Decca on a 45 rpm record.", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. The creation of the welfare state after the Second World War gave the working class full employment and improved living standards.[1] The Labour Party was in power during Sillitoe's work on \"The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner\".[2] The Second World War had destroyed many of the most populated and industrialised centres of Britain and in the fifteen years following the war 300,000 homes were built a year by the government.[3] In the UK home ownership became a right in the 1950s rather than a luxury.[4] This was due to the housing projects. The state sought to maintain gender roles and they did so by mass marketing material commodities and making them available to the working class population.[4] The post-war period allowed for the working class to work hard while leading a life of consumption that was unknown in pre-war Britain.[4] This widespread availability of consumption and material wealth had the Labour party concerned that it would lose votes in future elections.[4] Due to this factor the Labour party continued to want to maintain a division of labour in Britain.[4]", "J. R. R. Tolkien. While waiting to be summoned to his unit, Tolkien sank into boredom. To pass the time, he composed a poem entitled The Lonely Isle, which was inspired by his feelings during the sea crossing to Calais. To evade the British Army's postal censorship, he also developed a code of dots by which Edith could track his movements.[54]", "Speed of the Sound of Loneliness. \"Speed of the Sound of Loneliness\" is a song written by John Prine. It was released as a track on Prine's 1986 album German Afternoons.", "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. However, when the day of the race arrives Smith throws victory away: after speeding ahead of the other runners he deliberately stops running a few metres short of the finishing line, even though he is well ahead and could easily win. Seconds tick by as Smith stands there, in full view of the amazed race spectators who shout at him to finish the race. However, he deliberately lets the other runners pass him and cross the finishing line, thereby losing the race in a defiant gesture aimed against his Ruxton Towers administrators, and the repressive forces that they represent. In deliberately losing the race, Smith demonstrates his free spirit and independence. The response of the borstal authorities to Smith's action is heavy-handed. With the prospect of a light workload gone, Smith resigns himself to the drudgery of the soul-destroying manual labour he is forced to do. However, looking back on his actions he has no regrets. This helps show independence in his life as he breaks away from the thoughts of the borstal.", "Paavo Nurmi. Nurmi felt that he got too much credit as an athlete and too little as a businessman,[8] but his interest in running never died.[89] He even returned to the track himself a few times. In 1946, he faced his old rival Edvin Wide in Stockholm in a benefit for the victims of the Greek Civil War.[90] Nurmi ran for the last time on 18 February 1966 at the Madison Square Garden, invited by the New York Athletic Club.[91] In 1962, Nurmi predicted that welfare countries would start to struggle in the distance events: \"The higher the standard of living in a country, the weaker the results often are in the events which call for work and trouble. I would like to warn this new generation: 'Do not let this comfortable life make you lazy. Do not let the new means of transport kill your instinct for physical exercise. Too many young people get used to driving in a car even for small distances.'\"[92] In 1966, he took the microphone in front of 300 sports club guests and criticised the state of distance running in Finland, reproaching the sports executives as publicity seekers and tourists, and demanding athletes sacrifice everything to accomplish something.[93] Nurmi lived to see the renaissance of Finnish running in the 1970s, led by athletes such as the 1972 Olympic gold medalists Lasse Virén and Pekka Vasala.[89] He had complimented the running style of Virén, and advised Vasala to concentrate on Kipchoge Keino.[8]", "Roger Bannister. Bannister was inspired by miler Sydney Wooderson's remarkable comeback in 1945. Eight years after setting the mile record and seeing it surpassed during the war years by the great Swedish runners Arne Andersson and Gunder Hägg, Wooderson regained his old form and challenged Andersson over the distance in several races.[7] Wooderson lost to Andersson but set a British record of 4:04.2 in Gothenburg on 9 September.", "Tom Courtenay. Sir Thomas Daniel Courtenay (/ˈkɔːrtni/; born 25 February 1937) is an English actor who came to prominence in the early 1960s with a succession of films, including The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962), Billy Liar (1963), and Doctor Zhivago (1965). Since the mid-1960s, he has been known primarily for his work in the theatre, although he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for the film adaptation of The Dresser (1983), which he had performed on the West End and on Broadway. He received a knighthood in February 2001 for his service to cinema and theatre.", "Gerard Manley Hopkins. Hopkins spent the last five years of his life as a classics professor at University College Dublin. Hopkins’ isolation in 1885 was multiple: a Jesuit distanced from his Anglican family and his homeland, an Englishman teaching in Dublin during a time of political strife, an unpublished poet striving to reconcile his artistic and religious callings.[17] The poem \"To seem the stranger\" was written in Ireland between 1885-1886, and is a poem of isolation and loneliness.[35]", "Look Back in Anger. Alan Sillitoe, author of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (both of which are also part of the \"angry young men\" movement), wrote that Osborne \"didn't contribute to British theatre, he set off a landmine and blew most of it up\".", "Georg Simmel. Simmel’s concept of distance comes into play where he identifies a stranger as a person that is far away and close at the same time.", "Roger Bannister. Like Wooderson, Bannister would ultimately set a mile record, see it broken, and then set a new personal best slower than the new record.", "Works of Rabindranath Tagore. The time that my journey takes is long and the way of it long.\nI came out on the chariot of the first gleam of light, and pursued my voyage through the wildernesses of worlds leaving my track on many a star and planet.\nIt is the most distant course that comes nearest to thyself, and that training is the most intricate which leads to the utter simplicity of a tune.\nThe traveller has to knock at every alien door to come to his own, and one has to wander through all the outer worlds to reach the innermost shrine at the end.\nMy eyes strayed far and wide before I shut them and said 'Here art thou!'\nThe question and the cry 'Oh, where?' melt into tears of a thousand streams and deluge the world with the flood of the assurance 'I am!'", "Asian carp. A long tradition of Asian carp exists in Chinese culture and literature. A popular lyric circulating as early as 2000 years ago in the late Han period includes an anecdote which relates how a man far away from home sent back to his wife a pair of carp (Chinese: 鲤鱼; pinyin: Liyu), in which, when the wife opened the fish to cook, she found a silk strip that carried a love note of just two lines: “Eat well to keep fit” (first line) and “Missing you and forget me not” (second line).", "Paavo Nurmi. Nurmi introduced the \"even pace\" strategy to running, pacing himself with a stopwatch and spreading his energy uniformly over the race.[120] He reasoned that \"when you race against time, you don't have to sprint. Others can't hold the pace if it is steady and hard all through to the tape.\"[111] Archie Macpherson stated that \"with the stopwatch always in his hand, he elevated athletics to a new plane of intelligent application of effort and was the harbinger of the modern scientifically prepared athlete.\"[121] Nurmi was considered a pioneer also in regards to training; he developed a systematic all-year-round training program that included both long-distance work and interval running.[122][123] Peter Lovesey wrote in The Kings of Distance: A Study of Five Great Runners that Nurmi \"accelerated the progress of world records; developed and actually came to personify the analytic approach to running; and he was a profound influence not only in Finland, but throughout the world of athletics. Nurmi, his style, technique and tactics were held to be infallible, and really seemed so, as successive imitators in Finland steadily improved the records.\"[74] Cordner Nelson, founder of Track & Field News, credited Nurmi for popularizing running as a spectator sport: \"His imprint on the track world was greater than any man’s before or after. He, more than any man, raised track to the glory of a major sport in the eyes of international fans, and they honored him as one of the truly great athletes of all sports.[104]", "Ernest Hemingway. Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day.[130][note 7]", "What I Talk About When I Talk About Running. What I Talk About When I Talk About Running (走ることについて語るときに僕の語ること, Hashiru Koto ni Tsuite Kataru Toki ni Boku no Kataru Koto) is a memoir by Haruki Murakami in which he writes about his interest and participation in long-distance running. The book is translated by Philip Gabriel. Murakami started running in the early 1980s and since then has competed in over twenty marathons and an ultramarathon.", "Herbert Hoover. Hoover liked to drive his car, accompanied by his wife or a friend (former presidents did not get Secret Service protection until the 1960s), and drive on wandering journeys, visiting Western mining camps or small towns where he often went unrecognized, or heading up to the mountains, or deep into the woods, to go fishing in relative solitude. A year before his death, his own fishing days behind him, he published Fishing For Fun—And To Wash Your Soul, the last of more than sixteen books in his lifetime.", "Augustan literature. These hints at the solitary poet were carried into a new realm with Thomas Gray, whose Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard (1750) set off a new craze for poetry of melancholy reflection. It was written in the \"country,\" and not in or as opposed to London, and the poem sets up the solitary observer in a privileged position. It is only by being solitary that the poet can speak of a truth that is wholly individually realized. After Gray, a group often referred to as the Churchyard Poets began imitating his pose and almost as often his style. Alternative models were adopted by Oliver Goldsmith (The Deserted Village), Thomas Warton, and even Thomas Percy (The Hermit of Warkworth), who, also conservative by and large and Classicist (Gray himself was a professor of Greek), took up the new poetry of solitude and loss.", "Michael Landon. Stress overload from the suicide attempts of his mother caused Landon to battle the childhood problem of bedwetting, which was documented in the unauthorized biography, Michael Landon: His Triumph and Tragedy. His mother put his wet sheets on display outside his window for all to see. He ran home every day and tried to remove them before his classmates could see. These events later inspired Landon to write and direct the 1976 made-for-television movie The Loneliest Runner.[6]" ]

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[ "Yoda. In the final arc of the final season, Yoda hears Qui-Gon Jinn speaking to him from beyond the grave. Yoda flees the Jedi Temple with R2-D2 to travel to Dagobah, the planet he would make his home when he enters exile after events of Revenge of the Sith, to find answers. Shown cryptic visions of the fall of the Jedi, Yoda learns he has been \"chosen\" to learn how to manifest his consciousness after death as a Force ghost. Yoda is tested by a group of spirit priestesses in order to overcome trials and temptations on his pilgrimage; one of these tests is to face an illusion of ancient Sith lord Darth Bane. Yoda's final test is to resist an attempt by Darth Sidious and Dooku to lure him to the dark side with a false vision of deceased Jedi Master Sifo Dyas. Yoda engages in a metaphysical battle with Sidious, and appears to sacrifice his life in order to save Anakin's - only to awaken and discover that the battle was merely a vision, and that he has passed the test. The priestesses inform Yoda that his training will resume in time.", "Yoda. In Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Yoda appears to Luke as a force ghost as Luke debates whether to burn down the tree storing the only remaining copies of the Sacred Texts of the Jedi.[21] As Luke makes his way to the tree, Yoda appears behind him and talks to Luke about the inner conflicts going on inside him and reminds him that a Jedi must always be sure of his path. When Luke decides against burning down the tree and destroying the texts, Yoda summons a lightning bolt down upon the tree, setting it ablaze while Luke steps back in horror at the sight of the texts seemingly being lost forever (unaware that Rey had taken them earlier as she left the island.) When confronting Yoda as to why he did it, Yoda tells Luke that the true Jedi knowledge is within Jedi themselves and it is their responsibility, not books, to pass that knowledge on and continue the way of the Jedi. As Luke takes in the message, he sits with Yoda and shares a quiet moment with his former master.", "Yoda. Yoda makes a brief appearance in Return of the Jedi, set a year after The Empire Strikes Back. Yoda, now sick and frail, informs Luke that he has completed his training but will not be a Jedi until he confronts Darth Vader; he also confirms that Vader is Luke's father, something Vader had told Luke in the previous film. Yoda then peacefully dies at the age of 900, his body disappearing as he becomes \"one with the Force\". He leaves Luke with the knowledge that \"there is another Skywalker\". Moments later, Obi-Wan's ghost helps Luke come to the realization that the \"other\" of whom Yoda spoke is Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), who is his twin sister.", "Yoda. Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual, deliberately provoking both Luke and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker). Luke is shocked when he finally realizes that this small, elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking. Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his father's downfall, Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force, and agrees only at Obi-Wan's behest. Before finishing his training, however, Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader and save his friends at Bespin. Yoda and Obi-Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap, but Luke leaves anyway, promising to return. When Obi-Wan laments that Luke is their \"last hope,\" Yoda reminds him that \"there is another\".", "Dagobah. In The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker is directed by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi, to seek Yoda on Dagobah. After training with Yoda, Skywalker leaves Dagobah early to rescue his friends Han Solo, Princess Leia, and Chewbacca, whom he senses are in danger on the planet Bespin. Skywalker also briefly returns to Dagobah in Return of the Jedi, in which he has a final conversation with Yoda before Yoda's death. Luke then speaks to Obi-Wan Kenobi's ghost about the conflicting stories of Luke's parentage.", "Yoda. Yoda was heard in the Star Wars Rebels episode \"Path of the Jedi\" with Frank Oz reprising the role for the first time since Revenge of the Sith.[26] He communicates with Padawan Ezra Bridger and his master Kanan Jarrus during their experience in an ancient temple on Lothal, and helps the pair do some soul-searching to analyze their true motivations. He appears physically for the first time, in the season 2 episode \"Shroud of Darkness\", in which he tells Ezra he should find Malachor and reunites with Ahsoka after nearly 20 years.", "Qui-Gon Jinn. In Revenge of the Sith, Yoda reveals to Obi-Wan that Qui-Gon has returned from the \"netherworld of the Force\" in order to teach both of them how to retain one's consciousness after death. In a deleted scene, Yoda mentally hears his voice before the arriving of senator Bail Organa. In the novelization, Yoda finally admits that Qui-Gon was indeed a great Jedi Master.", "Yoda. Yoda (/ˈjoʊdə/)[5] is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas, first appearing in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back. In the original films, he trains Luke Skywalker to fight against the Galactic Empire. In the prequel films, he serves as the Grand Master of the Jedi Order and as a high-ranking general of Clone Troopers in the Clone Wars. Before his death in Return of the Jedi at the age of 900, Yoda was the oldest living character in the Star Wars franchise in canon, until the introduction of Maz Kanata in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.", "Jedi. In the sequel Star Wars: The Last Jedi, the scavenger Rey discovers Luke on Ahch-to and convinces him to train her in the ways of the Force. During her training, Luke describes the hubris of a full-fledged Jedi order, one that allowed Darth Sidious to rise to power and eliminate nearly all of them. She also discovers several ancient Jedi texts hidden away in a tree. Rey learns the truth about Ben's fall to the Dark Side and believes herself to be his only chance of redemption. Luke does not go with her, staying on Ahch-To. Luke attempts to burn the tree down, but cannot bring himself to do so. However, Yoda appears as a Force Ghost to mentor Luke one more time, burning the tree and teaching him that failure is just as important as success, and that Masters are defined by those who surpassed them. When the First Order launches an attack on the Resistance on Crait, Luke appears to stall the oncoming forces. He and Kylo Ren engage in a duel on the battlefield, Ren apparently striking him down. Luke reveals to Ren that he has been projecting an image of himself across the galaxy. On Ahch-To, an exhausted Luke meditates, facing the sunset. He hallucinates a binary sunset and fades away, becoming one with the Force. Rey has stolen the Jedi texts and loads them onto the Millennium Falcon to continue her training.", "Jedi. The five tests are usually known as Trial of Skill, the Trial of Courage, the Trial of the Flesh, the Trial of Spirit, and the Trial of Insight (or Knowledge). In Return of the Jedi, Master Yoda gives his apprentice, Luke Skywalker, the trial of confronting Darth Vader for a second time so he might become a full-fledged Knight. Occasionally, performing an extraordinary (usually heroic) act can earn a Padawan learner Jedi status, such as when Obi-Wan Kenobi defeats the Sith Lord Darth Maul. By the time of the movies distinct \"battle classes\" were not necessary as the Republic had not seen war in over a thousand years, and the title of Knight was simply a rank once again.", "Obi-Wan Kenobi. In The Empire Strikes Back, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force. On the planet Hoth, he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda. Despite Yoda's skepticism, Obi-Wan convinces his old master to continue Luke's training. He appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City, although Luke ignores this advice.[2]", "Yoda. When Qui-Gon is mortally wounded in a duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul (played by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz), his dying request to his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) is that Anakin be trained as a Jedi. Obi-Wan, determined to fulfill his promise to his master, tells Yoda that he will train the boy, even without the Council's approval. Yoda makes Obi-Wan a Jedi Knight, and reluctantly gives his blessing to Anakin's training.[18]", "Yoda. The films and expanded universe reveal that he had a hand in training almost every Jedi Master in the galaxy, including Count Dooku, who is identified in Attack of the Clones as Yoda's old Padawan Learner; Mace Windu; Obi-Wan Kenobi (partially, before Qui-Gon Jinn takes over as Obi-Wan's master);[citation needed] Ki-Adi-Mundi, Kit Fisto and eventually Luke Skywalker. During the animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars, set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, he mentions that he trained another one of the leaders on the Jedi Council, Master Oppo Rancisis. In the Star Wars prequel films, he instructs several younglings in the Jedi Temple before they are assigned to a master. This was displayed in a scene in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. In The Empire Strikes Back he mentioned that he had been training Jedi \"for 800 years\", which means he must have been a Master Jedi for quite some time before that.", "Yoda. Yoda makes his first film appearance in The Empire Strikes Back. Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) arrives on Dagobah to seek his guidance, having been instructed to do so by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness).", "Yoda. Yoda returns as a younger version of himself in the prequel trilogy beginning with The Phantom Menace. The film marked the final time Oz would portray the character as a puppet, until the release of The Last Jedi (2017).[17] However, in the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace, the Yoda puppet was replaced by a CGI character to match the later depiction of the character. In the film, which is set 35 years before The Empire Strikes Back, Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) brings the young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) to the Jedi Council. Qui-Gon is convinced that Anakin is the \"Chosen One\" of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force, and requests the boy be trained as a Jedi. Yoda senses great fear in Anakin, especially in regards to his attachment to his mother, and foresees \"grave danger\" in his training. The Council, led at the time by Yoda's former padawan Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson), rejects Qui-Gon's request.", "Yoda. Yoda appears in the 2003 Cartoon Network animated television series Star Wars: Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the show, Yoda is made a General, like many of the Jedi Knights and Masters. Yoda escorts Padmé on their journey to an unspecified planet, but Yoda senses several Jedi in distress on Ilum. Using the Jedi mind trick to convince Captain Typho to take them to Ilum, Yoda saves two Jedi Knights and finds a message from Count Dooku giving orders to destroy the Jedi Temple on Ilum. In the animated series' final episode, Yoda fights side by side with Mace Windu to defend Coruscant, which is under attack from the Separatists. The two Jedi Masters realize too late that the battle is a distraction; Separatist leader General Grievous truly intends to kidnap Palpatine. The Jedi Master's effort to stop Grievous fails, and Palpatine is taken hostage, thus setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith.", "Jedi. Yoda was a wise, experienced, and powerful Grand Master of the Jedi of an unknown species and the oldest known prophet (at least 900+ years) in existence, considered the wisest and most powerful Jedi Master within the Star Wars universe. He was knighted at age 100, and spent the next eight centuries mentoring several generations of Jedi, about 20,000 of which he took as Padawans. During this period, the green Jedi Master formed good relations with the Wookies of Kashyyyk on numerous occasions, such as when he saved their Terentatek.", "Yoda. Subsequently, Yoda battles Palpatine in a lightsaber duel that wrecks the Senate Rotunda. In the end, neither is able to overcome the other and Yoda is forced to retreat. He goes into exile on Dagobah so that he may hide from the Empire and wait for another opportunity to destroy the Sith. At the end of the film, it was revealed that Yoda has been in contact with Qui-Gon's spirit, learning the secret of immortality from him and passing it on to Obi-Wan.", "Yoda. In The Force Awakens, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, Yoda's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley) after she discovers Luke Skywalker's lightsaber.[20]", "Yoda. Anakin seeks Yoda's counsel about his prophetic visions that someone close to him will die. Yoda, unaware of the person Anakin speaks of is Padmé, or that she is Anakin's wife and pregnant with his child, tells him to \"train himself to let go of everything that he fears to lose\". Unsatisfied, Anakin turns to Palpatine, who then reveals himself as Darth Sidious. Palpatine manipulates the young Jedi into becoming his Sith apprentice, Darth Vader, with the promise that the dark side holds the power to save Padmé from dying in childbirth.", "Dagobah. In the Star Wars storyline, after the Great Jedi Purge and his subsequent failure to defeat Darth Sidious, Jedi Master Yoda went into voluntary exile on Dagobah. Here, Yoda lived near a cave infused with the dark side of the Force, which kept him from detection by Emperor Palpatine.", "Yoda. Yoda makes his first CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones. Set a decade after The Phantom Menace, Yoda, now in direct control of the Order's policy as Master of the High Council in addition to his traditional position as Grandmaster, is one of the many Jedi who are concerned about the emergence of the Separatists, a group of systems rebelling against the Galactic Republic. After the first attempted assassination of Senator Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) \"suggests\" that she be put under the protection of Obi-Wan, who is training Anakin (now played by Hayden Christensen). At the climax of the film, Yoda arrives in time to save Obi-Wan and Anakin from the Separatists and defeats his former apprentice, Count Dooku (Christopher Lee), in a lightsaber duel.", "Yoda. Yoda appears in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the prequel film Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Yoda assigns Anakin Skywalker his own Padawan, Ahsoka Tano, as he believes that she will help Anakin grow as a Jedi and as a person. Throughout most of the series, Yoda spends his time on Coruscant with the Jedi Council, but he occasionally leaves for certain tasks, such as negotiations with King Katuunko on Rugosa, and a confrontation with Asajj Ventress' droid army. Yoda also watches over Anakin and Ahsoka throughout the series, pleased that they are both maturing due to each other's influence. However, in the final arc of season five, Ahsoka is framed for a crime she didn't commit, and Yoda and the Jedi Council expel her, at the demand of Admiral Tarkin, and turn her over to the Republic military. Along with other members of the Council, Yoda observes Ahsoka's trial, but Anakin bursts in with the true culprit, Barriss Offee, before the verdict can be read. Afterwards Yoda, Anakin and the Council personally invite Ahsoka to rejoin the Order, but to their shock, she refuses and leaves. According to Dave Filoni, Yoda blames himself for Ahsoka's departure, as he had made her Anakin's padawan in the first place.", "Count Dooku. In Sean Stewart's Yoda: Dark Rendezvous, Dooku attempts to trap Yoda by offering to negotiate an end to the Clone Wars. Dooku attempts unsuccessfully to sway Yoda to his cause, while Yoda nearly convinces Dooku to return to the Jedi Order. When Anakin and Obi-Wan appear unexpectedly, Dooku believes that Yoda was trying to set him up to be captured, and renounces his former master once and for all. In the novel, it is also revealed that Dooku always resented his parents for \"giving him away\" to the Jedi Order.", "Dagobah. Star Wars: The Clone Wars featured Dagobah in a sixth season episode, in which Yoda traveled to the planet as part of his own training to gain immortality through the Force.", "Yoda. Grand Master of the Jedi Order (Episodes I-VI)\nMember of the High Jedi Council (Episodes I-III)", "Yoda. In the film's final scene, after the Empire has been defeated, Luke sees Yoda's spirit looking upon him with pride, alongside Obi-Wan and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker (Vader's former Jedi self).[16]", "Luke Skywalker. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), set three years after the previous installment, Luke is now a lieutenant commander in the Rebel Alliance. While on a mission on the ice planet Hoth, he is captured by a Wampa, but manages to escape. In the frozen wasteland, he sees Obi-Wan's spirit, telling him to travel to the planet Dagobah and complete his training with the Jedi Master Yoda, before he is rescued by Han. When the Empire discovers the Rebel base on Hoth, Luke leads his squadron to battle a swarm of AT-AT Walkers, but the situation turns out to be serious enough, that he and the others participating in the Battle of Hoth have to retreat. Escaping in his X-wing, he travels to Dagobah, and meets Yoda. He undergoes rigorous Jedi training, quickly increasing his power in the Force.", "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side. Soon after, the Empire discovers the Rebel base, and Darth Vader (Stewie) orders an attack. The Imperial fleet exits hyperspace too early, giving the Rebels time to evacuate the base while Luke leads his squadron of snowspeeders to hold off the Empire's battalion of Imperial Walkers. Imperial stormtroopers break into the base, forcing Han to escape in the Millennium Falcon with Leia, C-3PO (Quagmire) and Chewbacca (Brian), while Luke escapes in his X-wing with R2-D2 (Cleveland), stopping to see R2's niece's violin recital. The Millennium Falcon enters an asteroid field and Han decides to dock inside a cave to repair the ship. They flee when they discover they have actually landed in the belly of a space slug (Meg). Meanwhile, Luke crash-lands in the swamps of Dagobah and finds Yoda (Carl) amid the foggy landscape. Yoda trains Luke, guiding him through a series of training exercises, including watching \"sweet-ass DVD releases\", and a training montage that parodies Rocky IV.", "Yoda. In Revenge of the Sith, Yoda leads the Jedi Council in pursuing the mysterious Sith Lord Darth Sidious. Palpatine has by now amassed near-dictatorial emergency powers, and begins interfering in Jedi affairs by appointing Anakin as his personal representative on the Council. The Council grants Anakin a Council seat, but denies him the rank of Master, feeling that doing so would amount to giving Palpatine a vote in the Council. Additionally, they order him to spy on Palpatine, whom Anakin considers a friend and mentor. Confused and angered by the perceived snub and the instructions to commit what he believes to be treason, Anakin continues to lose faith in the Jedi Order.", "Count Dooku. Once a respected Jedi Master, he falls to the dark side of the Force after the death of his former Padawan, Qui-Gon Jinn, and becomes Darth Sidious' second apprentice under the name Darth Tyranus. As the founder of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, he is instrumental in the Clone Wars. Dooku was trained by Yoda as a Padawan learner.", "Return of the Jedi. Yoda was originally not meant to appear in the film, but Marquand strongly felt that returning to Dagobah was essential to resolve the dilemma raised by the previous film.[21] The inclusion led Lucas to insert a scene in which Yoda confirms that Darth Vader is Luke's father because, after a discussion with a children's psychologist, he did not want younger moviegoers to dismiss Vader's claim as a lie.[19] Many ideas from the original script were left out or changed. For instance, the Ewoks were going to be Wookiees,[24] the Millennium Falcon would be used in the arrival at the forest moon of Endor, and Obi-Wan Kenobi would return to life from his spectral existence in the Force.[25]" ]

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[ "Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song). At the 2000 convention, he ended his speech by saying, \"Keep putting people first. Keep building those bridges. And don't stop thinking about tomorrow!\" Immediately after the final sentence, the song began playing over the loudspeakers. The song was also played for Clinton's appearances at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 conventions.", "Come Tomorrow (album). The longest-tenured songs on the album, however, are \"Cant Stop\" and \"Idea of You\", both of which had been in the band's rotation since 2006.[15] An extended version of \"bkdkdkdd\" was previously performed live under the title \"Be Yourself\".", "Thinkin Bout You. Electronic artist SBTRKT released a remixed version of the track onto his own personal SoundCloud account, announcing \"did this whilst on tour...not mixed or official\".[47] Pop artists Justin Bieber and Jaden Smith recorded a cover version of the track. MTV reported, \"in his smooth, pop and R&B way Justin fantasizes about Selena Gomez delivers Frank's sexy verse like a boss: \"Do you not think so far ahead?/'Cause I've been thinking 'bout forever.\"[48] American singer ZZ Ward performed a version of the song in April 2013 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.[49]", "The Four Seasons (band). More Top 20 singles followed in 1965, 1966, and 1967, including \"Let's Hang On!\", \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\" (as the Wonder Who?), \"Working My Way Back to You\", \"Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'bout Me)\", \"I've Got You Under My Skin\", \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" (released under Valli's name as a \"solo\" single), \"Beggin'\", \"Tell It to the Rain\", \"C'mon Marianne\", and \"I Make a Fool of Myself\" (Frankie Valli \"solo\"). In addition, other Crewe/Gaudio songs that did not become hits for either Valli or the Four Seasons became international hits in cover versions, such as \"Silence Is Golden\" (the Tremeloes) and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\" (the Walker Brothers). However, 1968's \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" was the band's last Top 40 hit for seven years (reaching #24), just after Valli's last \"solo\" hit of the 1960s, the #29 charted \"To Give (The Reason I Live)\".", "Just the Way I'm Feeling. The song was once used on New Zealand's TV2 stingers. \"Just the Way I'm Feeling\" as a single release, also gave drummer Mark Richardson his first UK top 10 single appearance. When \"Forget About Tomorrow\" was released to radio only two months after the release of this single, it passed a total of 15,000 plays on UK national radio allowing it under current rules, to be certified for that number of plays by Nielsen via their MusicAwards scheme.", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). \"Tomorrow\" is a song from the musical Annie, with music by Charles Strouse and lyrics by Martin Charnin, published in 1977. The number was originally written as \"The Way We Live Now\" for the 1970 short film Replay, with both music and lyrics by Strouse.", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). The song pronounces an optimistic view of life through its main themes and the phrases 'hang on until tomorrow' and 'when I'm stuck with a day that's gray and lonely, I just stick out my chin and grin'. It appears to be in unison with another song in the score, \"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile\", which again pronounces the importance of smiling, though in a much lighter and cheerful tone.", "Erasure. On 20 June 2011, it was confirmed via their official website that their new studio album was to be called Tomorrow's World. This album was released on 3 October 2011 (11 October 2011 in the US). The first single from the album was \"When I Start To (Break It All Down)\". The album reached number 29 in the UK, number 35 in Germany and number 61 in the US. The second single from Tomorrow's World, \"Be with You\", peaked in the top 10 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs, making it their highest peak since \"Breathe\" in 2005. The third and final single from the album Fill Us with Fire was released on 12 March 2012.", "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right. \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\" has been covered by Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard, Peter, Paul and Mary (1963),[7] Dick and Dee Dee, Bobby Darin, Glen Campbell, Dolly Parton, The Seekers, John Anderson, Randy Travis, Arnaldo Baptista, The Georgia Satellites, Cher, Melanie, Kesha, Johnny Cash, Ed Sheeran, Bobby Bare, Jackie DeShannon, Gordon Lightfoot, Davey Graham, Odetta, Ralph McTell, Rory Gallagher, Stone the Crows, Heinz, Elvis Presley, Burl Ives, Waylon Jennings, Flatt and Scruggs, Steve Young, Donavon Frankenreiter, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Jerry Reed, Joan Baez (who, in addition to covering it alone, also recorded it as a trio with the Indigo Girls), Joshua Radin, Doc Watson, The Waifs, Vonda Shepard, John Martyn, Metric, Elliott Smith, Billy Bragg, Frank Turner & Mark McCabe, Nick Drake, Sandi Thom, Susan Tedeschi, Emily Haines, Susanna and the Magical Orchestra, Boris Grebenshchikov, Jackie Greene, Bryan Ferry, Julie Felix, Wolfgang Ambros, Arlo Guthrie, Tristan Prettyman, Bree Sharp, Gavin Castleton, The Folkswingers, O.A.R. with Matt Nathanson and Mike Ness, The Kingston Trio, David Wiffen, Billy Paul, guitarist Lenny Breau, Ryan Montbleau, John Mayer, Albert Hammond Jr., The Allman Brothers Band, Emilie-Claire Barlow, Cock Robin, Gregory and the Hawk, Eddie from Ohio, Barbara Dickson, Chris Thile, Brad Mehldau, Kronos Quartet, Drew Holcomb and The Neighbors, Milky Chance, Eastern Conference Champions, Post Malone, Jess & Matt, Lill Lindfors, and Nick Takenobu Ogawa. The Peter, Paul and Mary cover was the definitive single, reaching #9 pop Billboard Hot 100, #2 easy listening on Billboard's charts.[7]", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). In 2013, the song became the official campaign song for the charity Save the Children, sung by Liverpool chorister Jack Topping.[2]", "Don't Stop Believin'. On May 17, 2013 singer Fatin Shidqia along with Novita Dewi performed this song during the Grand Final of X Factor Indonesia.[60]", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). In 2015, the song was performed by New Zealand pop singer Gin Wigmore for a series of television commercials advertising Air New Zealand.", "Find Tomorrow (Ocarina). \"Find Tomorrow (Ocarina)\" is a song by Belgian electronic DJ duo Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike and Wolfpack. It was co-written by Kinetics & One Love, Erin Beck, and Belgian musician Sammy Merayah, and features vocals from UK recording artist Katy B. The single was released in Belgium as a digital download on 29 November 2013. The song peaked at number 2 in Belgium. The song is a vocal version of Vegas & Mike's previous collaboration with Wolfpack, \"Ocarina\" (The TomorrowWorld Anthem), which was released two months earlier.[1]", "When I Start To (Break It All Down). \"When I Start To (Break It All Down)\" is a single by English synthpop duo Erasure, released as the lead single from their 2011 album Tomorrow's World.[1] The song was written by Andy Bell and Vince Clarke, whilst it was produced by electropop musician Frankmusik who produced the rest of the Tomorrow's World album.[2]", "If Tomorrow Never Comes. \"If Tomorrow Never Comes\" served as the first single from Irish singer Ronan Keating's second studio album, Destination. The song was produced by Steve Mac. The song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart,[7] as well as making the Top 10 in Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, France and Australia. The song was declared as the second highest-selling single of 2002.", "Peter Cetera. In 1982, David Foster was brought in as producer and the resulting group effort was Chicago 16. The album, which peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 chart,[51] represented a major comeback for Chicago, and leading the way was the hit single co-written by Cetera and Foster and featuring Cetera on lead vocals, \"Hard to Say I'm Sorry\". It went to number one on the charts,[7] was certified Gold by the RIAA in September of that year,[52] and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.[53] It was also featured in the movie Summer Lovers starring Daryl Hannah.[54][55] The second single, \"Love Me Tomorrow\", was also co-written (again with Foster) and sung by Cetera, reaching number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[7] The third single, \"What You're Missing\", was yet again sung by Cetera.[citation needed]", "Memories Don't Die. Memories Don't Die was supported by three singles: \"Shooters\", \"Skrt Skrt\" and \"Real Thing\" featuring Future.", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). The song was covered by the Rock-afire Explosion animatronic band of ShowBiz Pizza Place in the 1982 \"Tribute to Abbey Road\" showtape. It, sung by Mitzi Mozzarella, was combined with Maybe and was the first major song sung by Mitzi's current voice actress, Shalisa Sloan, at the age of 11.", "Ben Rector. Rector released his first full-length album Twenty Tomorrow in 2007 and its follow-up Songs That Duke Wrote in 2008.[6] During his college career at the University of Arkansas he played approximately 200 shows.", "Thinkin Bout You. Rolling Stone named the song the 4th best song of 2012, calling it \"the year's deepest love song [that] won us all.\"[32] Complex named the track the fourth best song of 2011, writing that \"Ocean's voice explores those awkward spaces in a new relationship, making the eternal lover's questions sound new and urgent. Whatever it is, Frank Ocean's \"Thinking About Forever\" is one of those songs that will never get old.\"[23] Beyoncé reportedly cried while listening to the song, and wrote Ocean a poem of support.[30][33] Knowles and Ocean had previously collaborated on the track \"I Miss You\".[34] The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked \"Thinkin Bout You\" at number four to find the best music of 2012.", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). The lyrics were likely influenced by the song \"There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow\", written by the Sherman Brothers for Disney's Carousel of Progress attraction for the 1964 New York World's Fair. They have very similar themes, stressing the importance of looking forward optimistically to a shining future, and in some places use almost identical lyrical phrases (compare \"just a dream away\" and \"only a day away,\" for example).", "Just the Way I'm Feeling. The single itself charted at number 10 at the end of its release week, and gained over 15,000 plays on UK radio.[1] It was also a minor hit in Europe reaching number 34 on the Eurochart top 40. The single also helped the parent album Comfort in Sound, sell over 300,000 units in the UK enabling it to certified platinum. The record reached this required number, when follow-up \"Forget About Tomorrow\" was released. However, frontman Grant Nicholas once said in an interview that it was this single that helped the album become successful.[2]", "Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title. Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title is a 1966 American comedy film directed by Harmon Jones and written by Morey Amsterdam, John Davis Hart, William Marks and George Schenck. The film stars Morey Amsterdam, Rose Marie, Richard Deacon, Joey Adams and Andy Albin. Besides the credited cast, there are uncredited cameo appearances by Steve Allen, Milton Berle, Carl Reiner, Irene Ryan, Danny Thomas, Forrest Tucker and others, as well as a rare non-Stooge appearance by Moe Howard. The film was released in May 1966, by United Artists.[1][2]", "If Tomorrow Never Comes. \"'If Tomorrow Never Comes\" will probably always be my signature song. I ran the idea for this song by what seemed like a thousand writers and no one really seemed to understand what I was looking for. On the day that Bob Doyle, my co-manager, introduced me to Kent Blazy, I passed this idea by Kent and he had the first verse down within fifteen seconds. I could tell he just felt it. Kent Blazy is a wonderful man, full of love and energy, and if we never write again, I hope that we are always friends first. Thank you Ireland for this moment.\"[1]", "When I Start To (Break It All Down). In a review for the Tomorrow's World album, Allmusic.com wrote \"Fans get to experience Vince Clarke's fingerprints on \"Fill Us with Fire\" and \"When I Start To (Break It All Down),\" as the recent reunion of his Yaz project is reflected in the nocturnal synth pop and soul muscle driving these highlights.\"[18]", "Dreamland Express. Dreamland Express is the 18th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver released in June, 1985. The singles from this album were \"Dreamland Express\" and \"Don't Close Your Eyes Tonight\".", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). Since 2016, the song has been used in television commercials for the heart failure medication Entresto.", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). Grace Jones recorded a disco version of the song on her debut album Portfolio, in 1977. The song was recorded by Barbra Streisand on her 1978 album Songbird; by The Manhattans on their 1978 album There's No Good in Goodbye; and by Lou Rawls on his 1979 album Let Me Be Good to You. It was also sung by Petula Clark with the Muppets in the background near the end of \"The Muppet Show\" episode of her own name. Patricia Paay from The Star Sisters also recorded and released her version in 1982. Elaine Paige recorded an up-tempo version for her 1983 album Stages, and a live version from her 40th-anniversary tour is included on the 2008 live album Elaine Paige Live. Lea Salonga recorded it on her album, I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing. Me First and the Gimme Gimmes recorded a punk rock version for their 1999 album Are a Drag. It is featured as a hidden track on the 2002 compilation album Land by Patti Smith. Amy Diamond recorded a pop version on her debut album This Is Me Now, in 2005.", "Tomorrow (song from Annie). Former Los Angeles Dodgers organist Nancy Bea Hefley would play the song following a Dodgers loss as an inspirational message. Anaheim Ducks organist Gil Imber has continued the tradition.[1]", "Love Like There's No Tomorrow. \"Love Like There's Tomorrow\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Aaron Tippin and his wife Thea Tippin. It was released in December 2002 as the third single from the album Stars & Stripes. The song reached #35 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1]", "Come Tomorrow (album). All songs written by David J. Matthews except where noted. [18]", "Thinkin Bout You. \"Thinkin Bout You\" received highly positive reviews from music critics. Pitchfork Media called the song \"bewitching\" and complimented its crossover potential. Sputnikmusic's Sobhi Youssef praised the track, commenting that Ocean's ability to \"emote within the confines of a ballad without making it saccharine or cheesy is nearly unparalleled by any of his contemporaries\", citing \"Thinkin Bout You\" as the framework of most of the album.[15] Pitchfork Media critic Jordan Sargent praised the song, and wrote \"this isn't a tale of bedroom triumph; instead it's a beguiling sketch of a relationship just out of his reach. Like many of his songs, the magnetism of \"Thinking About You\" lies not in the details, but in the lack thereof.\"[11] Billboard stated that the \"Odd Future member tries out different singing styles, showing off his beautiful falsetto vocal range in certain sections.\"[13] MTV journalist Jenna Hally commented that Ocean had a \"surprisingly gorgeous falsetto\" and \"retains Frank's classic laid-back and relaxed R&B vibe.\"[16] Katherine Asaph of Popdust wrote that the track \"might as well be Ocean’s final audition for R&B stardom\" and that it was a \"smooth ballad version of \"Novacane\" without the sleaze getting in the way of its purpose is just about the best thing possible for Ocean’s burgeoning fame. The track shatters no earth, and nobody will use it as a (flawed) example about how Ocean’s changing the R&B game, but in everyone’s career is a time for a solid ballad.\"[25]" ]

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[ "History of the Great Wall of China. The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476 BC)[1] and Warring States periods (475–221 BC) were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. The walls were built of rammed earth, constructed using forced labour, and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria.", "History of the Great Wall of China. Nevertheless, records show that in the Kaiyuan era (713–742) of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li (48 kilometres (30 mi)) to the north of Huairong (懷戎; present-day Huailai County, Hebei), although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls.[86]", "History of the Great Wall of China. After the Tang dynasty ended in 907, the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368. During this period, non-Han \"conquest dynasties\" ruled the north: the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia (1038–1227) in the west, all of which had built walls against the north.", "History of the Great Wall of China. Yu Zijun (余子俊; 1429–1489) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471,[126] but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan. The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake (紅鹽池) by Wang Yue (王越) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474. This wall, a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue, stretched from present day Hengcheng (橫城) in Lingwu (northwestern Ningxia province) to Huamachi town (花馬池鎮) in Yanchi County, and from there to Qingshuiying (清水營) in northeastern Shaanxi, a total of more than 2000 li (about 1,100 kilometres (680 mi)) long. Along its length were 800 strong points, sentry posts, beacon-fire towers, and assorted defences. 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort, which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels. This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482, when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals. This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun's strategy of wall-building by the people of the border areas.[127] By the mid-16th century, Yu's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system. It contained two defence lines: Yu's wall, called the \"great border\" (大邊, dàbiān), and a \"secondary border\" (二邊, èrbiān) built by Yang Yiqing (楊一清; 1454–1530) behind it.[128]", "History of the Great Wall of China. Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s. Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India.[159] Ivan Petlin's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first-hand encounter with the Great Wall, and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days.[160]", "Great Wall of China. The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC;[2] these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall.[3] Especially famous is the wall built in 220–206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced over various dynasties; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).", "Ming Great Wall. The Ming Great Wall (明長城; Ming changcheng), built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), forms the most visible parts of the Great Wall of China today. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi) from Jiayu Pass in the west to the sea in Shanhai Pass, then looping over to terminate in Manchuria at the Hushan Great Wall.[1] This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[1]", "History of the Great Wall of China. Following the success of the Ordos walls, Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass (四海冶口; in present-day Yanqing County) near the capital Beijing, running a distance of more than 1300 li (about 700 kilometres (430 mi)).[129] The project received approval in 1485, but Yu's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year. For more than 50 years after Yu's resignation, political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu's Ordos project.[130]", "History of the Great Wall of China. As the Han–Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han, the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines. In 127 BC, General Wei Qing invaded the much-contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian. In this way, Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe.[60] In addition to rebuilding the walls, archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu's reign.[61] The fortifications here include embankments, beacon stations, and forts, all constructed with a combination of tamped-earth cores and stone frontages.[62] From the Ordos Loop, the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei, Zhangye, and Jiuquan, leading into the Juyan Lake Basin, and terminating in two places: the Yumen Pass in the north, or the Yang Pass to the south, both in the vicinity of Dunhuang.[63] Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications – further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass, about 460 kilometres (290 mi) to the east. The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian. Behind this line of fortifications, the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia, generally secure from attacks from the north.[64]", "History of the Great Wall of China. One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem, dated from the seventh century BC, recorded in the Classic of Poetry. The poem tells of a king, now identified as King Xuan (r.  827 – 782 BC) of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 – 771 BC), who commanded General Nan Zhong (南仲) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun.[22] The Xianyun, whose base of power was in the Ordos region, were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes,[23] and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan's response.[22] Nan Zhong's campaign was recorded as a great victory. However, only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people, the Quanrong, responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital. The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan's successor King You (795–771 BC), forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou (成周, later known as Luoyang) a year later, and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BC). Most importantly, the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou's nominal rulership. The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy. With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another, many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders. Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu's wall of 656 BC, 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era. The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC, and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi. The State of Wei built two walls, the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC, with the extant western wall found in Hancheng, Shaanxi.[24] Even non-Chinese peoples built walls, such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong (義渠), whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin.[25]", "History of the Great Wall of China. Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe, the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei, and started to use Chinese methods of defence. In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River.[91] When the Jurchens, once Liao vassals, rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty, they continued Liao's wall-building activities with extensive work begun before 1138.[92] Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong, and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong.[91]", "History of the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty, as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick, often extending its line through challenging terrain.[2] Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated, while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons,[3] deconstructed for their building materials,[3] or lost due to the ravages of time.[4] For long an object of fascination for foreigners, the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination.[5]", "Great Wall of China. Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the \"Tartars\" (i.e. Mongols), may be the one contained in João de Barros's 1563 Asia.[42] Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goes, Matteo Ricci, and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza.[43] In 1559, in his work \"A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions,\" Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall.[43] Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India.[44] Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall,[45] although later they slid into hyperbole,[46] including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC.[46]", "History of the Great Wall of China. The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea. The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus (330?–395?) mentioned \"summits of lofty walls\" enclosing the land of Seres, the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road.[156] In legend, the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel. Later Arab writers and travellers, such as Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1248–1318) and Ibn Battuta (1304–1377), would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances.[157] Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century. The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz (c. 1520–70) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted, \"a Wall of an hundred leagues in length. And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues.\"[158] Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza (1550–1620) reported a wall five hundred leagues long, but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man-made, with the rest natural rock formations.[158] The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary, noting the existence of \"a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long\" that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire.[158]", "History of the Great Wall of China. In the west, the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region, where they established the Western Xia dynasty.[98] Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls, in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres (62 mi) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory. Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160. The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres (9 ft 0 in) at places when they were discovered, and may have been around 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) taller originally. They were built with mud and saxaul (a desert shrub) in one section, and dark basalt blocks in another, suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site. Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall, which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use.[4]", "History of the Great Wall of China. Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD), the Northern Qi (550–574), the Sui (589–618), and particularly the Ming (1369–1644) were among those that rebuilt, re-manned, and expanded the Walls, although they rarely followed Qin's routes. The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west, the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) of new walls, while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall-building efforts. Conversely, the Tang (618–907), the Song (960–1279), the Yuan (1271–1368), and the Qing (1644–1911) mostly did not build frontier walls, instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy.", "Great Wall of China. The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.[20] During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan, and Zhongshan[21][22] all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames.", "History of the Great Wall of China. The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589. Sui's founding emperor, Emperor Wen of Sui (r. 581–604), carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks. The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers.[78] Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains (between Suide and Lingwu) and Inner Mongolia. In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction.[79] Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang (r. 604–618) continued to build walls. In 607–608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot[72] to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang.[80] Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) high with towers rising to double that.[80] The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall,[81] adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang, the Grand Canal, and two ill-fated campaigns against Goguryeo. With the economy strained and the populace resentful, the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618.[82]", "History of the Great Wall of China. In China, one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th-century scholar Gu Yanwu. More recently, in the 1930s and 1940s, Wang Guoliang (王國良) and Shou Pengfei (壽鵬飛) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls. However, these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references.[183]", "History of the Great Wall of China. The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall, either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it. However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall's history, as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity (220–589) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall.[183]", "History of the Great Wall of China. Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall.[161] However, when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape still recognizable today, foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole.[162] In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665, the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier. Furthermore, Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC, thereby exaggerating both the Wall's antiquity and its size. This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher (1602–80), which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator.[162] All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century, in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently. The French philosopher Voltaire (1694–1774), for example, frequently wrote about the Great Wall, although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a \"monument to fear\".[163] The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde, who was there for the annual imperial hunt. One of the embassy's members, John Barrow, later founder of the Royal Geographical Society, spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to \"all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland\" and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice.[164] The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom's 1845 China, in a series of views.[165]", "History of the Great Wall of China. In 1368, the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang, r. 1368–98) ousted the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty. The Mongols fled back to Mongolia, but even after numerous campaigns, the Mongol problem remained.[116]", "History of the Great Wall of China. In the 13th century, the Mongol leader Genghis Khan, once a vassal of the Jurchens, rose up against the Jin dynasty.[109] In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications. Instead, when they could, the Mongols simply rode around the walls; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211, when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling.[110] The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls, such as those in Gubeikou, often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them.[111] The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass: instead of laying siege, the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates.[111] In 1215, Genghis Khan besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (modern-day Beijing). The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234. Western Xia had already fallen in 1227, and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279.", "History of the Great Wall of China. From 1544 to 1549, Weng Wanda (翁萬達; 1498–1552) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history.[133] Troops were re-deployed along the outer line, new walls and beacon towers were constructed, and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines. Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time, for both defence and signalling purposes.[134] The project's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548. At its height, the Xuan–Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres (530 miles) of wall, with some sections being doubled-up with two lines of wall, some tripled or even quadrupled. The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the \"outer border\" (外邊, wàibiān) that extended 380 kilometres (240 mi) from the Yellow River's edge at the Piantou Pass (偏頭關) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province; the \"inner border\" wall (內邊, nèibiān) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres (250 mi), ending at the Pingxing Pass; a \"river wall\" (河邊, hébiān) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres (43 mi).[135]", "History of China. In 1449 Esen Tayisi led an Oirat Mongol invasion of northern China which culminated in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu. Since then, the Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier, which led to the Ming Great Wall being built. Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming. The brick and granite work was enlarged, the watchtowers were redesigned, and cannons were placed along its length.", "Ming Great Wall. On 6 July 1576, a minor Mongol raid broke through a small gap in the Wall and resulted in the death of several high ranking border officials in the vicinity of Simatai, 8 miles (13 km) east of Gubeikou. After this incident and starting in 1577, the Ming became committed to closing all gaps along the frontier around Beijing whilst strengthening the walls. As a result, the earthen defences around Beijing were torn down and replaced by ones built with stone bricks and sanhetu (三合土), an early sort of concrete made of lime, clay tiles, and sand.[33] Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off, leading to the well-known vistas of a stone-faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today.[34]", "History of the Great Wall of China. During his early reign, Hongwu set up the \"eight outer garrisons\" close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence. The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall.[117] In 1373, as Ming forces encountered setbacks, Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong's (華雲龍) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area.[118] More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu's death in 1398, and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes.[118][119] These positions, however, were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily, and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time.[118] In 1421, the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north, partly to better manage the Mongol situation. Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing, where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes.[120] A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442.[121] In 1467–68, expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast.[122]", "History of the Great Wall of China. Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644.[143] In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty, the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions. In addition to their conquest of Liaodong, the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629,[144] and again in 1634,[145] 1638,[146] and 1642.[147] Meanwhile, the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength. In the early months of 1644, Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi. His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall, in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons.[148] The crucial defences of Datong, Xuanfu, and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight, and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing.[149] At this point, the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass, where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea. Its defender Wu Sangui, wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without, decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them.[150] The Manchus, having thus entered through the Great Wall, defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5. They eventually defeated both the rebel-founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty.[151]", "History of the Great Wall of China. The State of Yan, the easternmost of the three northern states, began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back \"a thousand li\" during the reign of King Zhao (燕昭王; r. 311–279 BC).[26] The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula, through Chifeng, and into northern Hebei, possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls.[27] Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao; it was southwest of present-day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles.[28]", "Great Wall of China. The Great Wall stretches from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi).[4] This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[4] Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km (13,171 mi).[5] Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.[6]", "Great Wall of China. The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca. 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China.[39] He wrote that the wall is \"sixty days' travel\" from Zeitun (modern Quanzhou) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an,[40] which Dhul-Qarnayn (commonly associated with Alexander the Great) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they weren't significant.[41]", "Great Wall of China. King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty (\"Qin Shi Huang\") in 221 BC. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states. To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north, however, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands,[23] if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall.[24][25] Later, the Han,[26] the Sui, and the Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.[27] The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region.[27] The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself.[28]" ]

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[ "United States Declaration of Independence. Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation, but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence. In February 1776, colonists learned of Parliament's passage of the Prohibitory Act, which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels. John Adams, a strong supporter of independence, believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to. Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the \"Act of Independency\", calling it \"a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire\".[30] Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects.[31]", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the \"United States of America,\" and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers’ names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south.", "United States Declaration of Independence. By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year. Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767. Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire.[13]", "United States Declaration of Independence. The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation – the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence.", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. In 1884, historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution, and had not been signed by Congress until August 2.[9] Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4, and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2.[10] Both Jefferson and Adams never wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4, yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams: \"No such scene, with all the delegates present, ever occurred at Philadelphia.\"[11]", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, although the date of its signing has long been disputed. Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2, 1776, nearly a month after its adoption, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.", "United States Declaration of Independence. Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain, even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.[21] The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775, and some delegates hoped for eventual independence, but no one yet advocated declaring it.[22] Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them, yet they still professed loyalty to King George, who they hoped would intercede on their behalf. They were disappointed in late 1775, when the king rejected Congress's second petition, issued a Proclamation of Rebellion, and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering \"friendly offers of foreign assistance\" to suppress the rebellion.[23] A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence.[24]", "United States Declaration of Independence. In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions, many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence. Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776.[36] These \"declarations\" took a variety of forms. Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations, such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12, with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence.[37] Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies, such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4, the first colony to do so.[38] Many \"declarations\" were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence. A few came in the form of jury instructions, such as the statement issued on April 23, 1776, by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina: \"the law of the land authorizes me to declare...that George the Third, King of Great Britain...has no authority over us, and we owe no obedience to him.\"[39] Most of these declarations are now obscure, having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2, and signed July 4.[40]", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining. The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Within a decade after the event, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress the day it was adopted on July 4, 1776.[1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress, the official public record of the Continental Congress. The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777, and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date (the official copy was handwritten).[2]", "Independence Day (United States). Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]", "Decolonization of the Americas. The United States of America declared independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776 (although the event is now commemorated on July 4, the date when the Declaration of Independence was officially adopted by Congress), in so doing becoming the first independent, foreign-recognized nation in the Americas and the first European colonial entity to break from its mother country. Britain formally acknowledged American independence in 1783 after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War.", "Independence Hall. The United States Declaration of Independence was approved there on July 4, 1776, and the Declaration was read aloud to the public in the area now known as Independence Square. This document unified the colonies in North America who declared themselves independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained their justifications for doing so. These historic events are celebrated annually with a national holiday for U.S. Independence Day.", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and that the others signed on or after August 2.[12] Ritz argued that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4, as Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin had stated, and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken.[13] Ritz believed that McKean's testimony was questionable,[14] and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution. According to Ritz, this resolution did not call for a new document to be created, but rather for the existing one to be given a new title, which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence. Ritz reasoned that the phrase \"signed by every member of Congress\" in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so.[15]", "United States Declaration of Independence. The issue of Parliament's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts (known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773. Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response. Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts. These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy. As the king wrote to North in November 1774, \"blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent\".[20]", "United States Declaration of Independence. The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government, that the British have produced such conditions and, by necessity, the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states. The conclusion contains, at its core, the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2.", "United States Declaration of Independence. Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776. On June 14, the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and, the following day, the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence.[57] In Pennsylvania, political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly, and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania's delegates to declare independence on June 18.[58] The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was \"an enemy to the liberties of this country\" and had him arrested.[59] On June 21, they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence.[60]", "United States Declaration of Independence. The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official. The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4, 1776. The signatures of fifty-six delegates are affixed; however, the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate. Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4.[103] But in 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not then present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.[104]", "Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence. The United States Declaration of Independence, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were no longer a part of the British Empire, exists in a number of drafts, handwritten copies, and published broadsides.", "United States Declaration of Independence. A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812, thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution.[160] In 1817, Congress commissioned John Trumbull's famous painting of the signers, which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol.[161] The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time, offering many Americans their first view of the signed document.[162] Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s,[163] giving birth to what Garry Wills called the \"cult of the signers\".[164] In the years that followed, many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time.", "Continental Congress. Although the delegates were divided early on as to whether to break from Crown rule, the second Continental Congress on July 2, 1776, passed a resolution asserting independence, with no opposing vote recorded. The Declaration of Independence was issued two days later declaring themselves a new nation: the United States of America. It established a Continental Army, giving command to one of its members, George Washington of Virginia. It waged war with Great Britain, made a militia treaty with France, and funded the war effort with loans and paper money.", "Modern history. The American Revolution began with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. In 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.[3] \"[N]o person signed it on that day nor for many days after\", he later wrote.[4] His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821.[5] The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration.", "Independence Day (United States). During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:", "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. On July 15, New York's delegates heard that they'd gotten permission from their convention to agree to the declaration.[6] The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads:", "American Revolution. The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress. Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778, significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence. On February 6, 1778, a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France.[63] William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France, while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain's international rival and enemy.[64]", "United States Declaration of Independence. Historians have generally accepted McKean's version of events, arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19, and was not signed by Congress until August 2, 1776.[106] In 1986, legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean, who had not been present in Congress on July 4.[107] According to Ritz, about thirty-four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and the others signed on or after August 2.[108] Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2, and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later.[109]", "Print culture. The Declaration of Independence is a very important written document that was drafted by the original thirteen colonies, as a form of print culture that would declare their independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained the justifications for doing so. While it was explicitly documented on July 4, 1776, it was not recognized by Great Britain until September 3, 1783, by the Treaty of Paris.", "United States Declaration of Independence. Despite this growing popular support for independence, Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it. Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments, which included extralegal conventions, ad hoc committees, and elected assemblies, and they were bound by the instructions given to them. Regardless of their personal opinions, delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action.[32] Several colonies, in fact, expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain, while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue.[33] As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain, advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised. For Congress to declare independence, a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence, and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct (or grant permission for) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress. Between April and July 1776, a \"complex political war\"[34] was waged to bring this about.[35]", "Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence. \"There is evidence it was done quickly, and in excitement—watermarks are reversed, some copies look as if they were folded before the ink could dry and bits of punctuation move around from one copy to another,\" according to Ted Widmer, author of Ark of the Liberties: America and the World. \"It is romantic to think that Benjamin Franklin, the greatest printer of his day, was there in Dunlap's shop to supervise, and that Jefferson, the nervous author, was also close at hand.\"[17] John Adams later wrote that, \"We were all in haste.\"[17] The Dunlap broadsides were sent across the new United States over the next two days, including to Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, George Washington, who directed that the Declaration be read to the troops on July 9. Another copy was sent to England.[17]", "United States Declaration of Independence. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for this printing has been lost, and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson's hand.[5] Jefferson's original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and Jefferson's notes of changes made by Congress, are preserved at the Library of Congress. The best-known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and which is popularly regarded as the official document. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2.[6][7]", "United States Declaration of Independence. The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence, but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration, like Magna Carta, is not a single document. Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts, as well. The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia. Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides, of which 26 are known to survive. The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009.[132]", "American Revolutionary War. In the colonies, the success of Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence.[127][128] On July 2, Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention,[129] issuing its declaration on July 4.[130] Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9,[131] invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King and melting it to make bullets.[132] British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves." ]

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[ "2018 Asian Cycling Championships. The 2018 Asian Track Cycling Championships took place at the Velodrom Nasional Malaysia in Nilai, Malaysia from 16 to 20 February 2017. while the Asian Road Cycling Championships were held in Naypyidaw, Myanmar from 8 February to 10 February 2018.", "2018 Asian Cycling Championships. Asian records were set in the following track events:", "2018 ACC Asia Cup. The 2018 Asia Cup will be a One Day International (ODI) cricket tournament scheduled to be held in India in September 2018.[1][2] It will be the 14th edition of the Asia Cup, and the second time the tournament will be hosted by India, after the 1990–91 tournament. India are the defending champions.", "2018 Asia Cup. The 2018 Asia Cup will be a One Day International (ODI) cricket tournament scheduled to be held in the United Arab Emirates in September 2018.[1] It will be the 14th edition of the Asia Cup and the third time the tournament will be played in the United Arab Emirates, after the 1984 and 1995 tournaments. India are the defending champions.[2]", "2018 Asia Cup. On 29 October 2015, following the Asian Cricket Council (ACC) meeting in Singapore, Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) secretary stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India.[5] In August 2017, the BCCI sought government clearance to host the tournament, after the 2017 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup was moved to Malaysia.[6] In April 2018, Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, asked if the BCCI and ACC would consider hosting the tournament in Abu Dhabi, in a bid to ensure Pakistan's participation.[7]", "2018 ACC Asia Cup. On 29 October 2015, following the Asian Cricket Council (ACC) meeting in Singapore, Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) secretary stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India.[3] In August 2017, the BCCI sought government clearance to host the tournament, after the 2017 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup was moved to Malaysia.[4] Ahead of the tournament, Pakistan will host the 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup in April.[5]", "2018 Asia Cup Final. The 2018 Asia Cup started on 15 September 2018 and was hosted by United Arab Emirates across 2 venues. Five full member national teams and an associate team from the qualifier were split into two groups of three.[4] The top two teams from each of the groups progressed to the Super Four section of the tournament.[4] From there, the top two teams of the Super Four section played each other in the final.[4] Initially, the team that finishes second in Group A were scheduled to play their first Super Four game in Abu Dhabi. However, BCCI later announced that India would be based in Dubai, irrespective of their standing in Super Four.[5]", "Asia Cup. On 29 October 2015, following the Asian Cricket Council meeting in Singapore, BCCI secretary Anurag Thakur stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India. It will follow the ODI format.[16] However, in April 2018, the tournament was moved to the United Arab Emirates, due to political tensions between India and Pakistan.[17] India were the defending champions,[18] and retained their title, after beating Bangladesh by three wickets in the final.[19] India did not suffer a single defeat in the tournament, with 2 wins each against Pakistan & Bangladesh, a solitary win against Hong Kong, and a tie with Afghanistan.\nShikhar Dhawan was the top run getter with 342 runs in 5 matches, was awarded Man of the Series.", "2018 Asia Cup. Originally, the tournament was scheduled to be played in India.[3][4] It was moved to the United Arab Emirates, following ongoing political tensions between India and Pakistan.[1]", "2018 Asia Cup. Pakistan were scheduled to host the 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup ahead of the tournament in April.[8] With the announcement that the Asia Cup would be played in the United Arab Emirates, the Emerging Teams Asia Cup was moved to December 2018, with Sri Lanka scheduled to co-host the tournament with Pakistan.[1]", "2018 Thomas & Uber Cup. The matches were played at IMPACT Arena. It will be the first time that Thailand has hosted the tournament and the first time this event has been held in Southeast Asia since 2010 in Malaysia.", "2019 AFC Asian Cup. United Arab Emirates (81) (hosts)\n Iran (36) \n Australia (40) \n Japan (60) \n South Korea (61) \n Saudi Arabia (70)", "2018 Asian Games. *   Host nation (Indonesia)[120]", "2017 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup. The 2017 Under-19 Asia Cup was an international cricket tournament was held in Malaysia from 10 to 19 November 2017.[1] It was originally scheduled to be held in India, but it was moved after the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) refused to travel to India.[2]", "2018 Asian Games. On 5 May 2014, the OCA visited some Indonesian cities including Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Palembang. At this time Surabaya decided to drop their bid to host the Games and instead focus on hosting the already scheduled 2021 Asian Youth Games.[22] On 25 July 2014, during a meeting in Kuwait City, the OCA appointed Jakarta as the host of the Games with Palembang as the supporting host. Jakarta was chosen because of its well-equipped sports facilities, adequate transportation networks, and other facilities such as hotels and lodgings for guests.[23] On 20 September 2014, Indonesia signed the host city contract,[24] and during the closing ceremony of 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, Indonesia was appointed symbolically by the OCA to host the next Games.[25][26][27]", "2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships. This international tournament will be held at Jaya Raya Sport Hall Training Center in South Tangerang, Indonesia.[2]", "2018 Thomas & Uber Cup. The 2018 Thomas & Uber Cup (officially known as the 2018 BWF Thomas & Uber Cup) was the 30th edition of the Thomas Cup and the 27th edition of the Uber Cup, the biennial international badminton championship contested by the men and women's national teams of the member associations of Badminton World Federation (BWF). The tournament will be hosted by Bangkok, Thailand.[1]", "2018 Asia Cup. The schedule and format of the tournament was announced on 24 July 2018, with the six teams split into two groups of three.[9] The top two teams from each of the groups will then progress to the Super Four section of the tournament.[9] From there, the top two teams of the Super Four section will then play each other in the final.[9] Bangladesh will take on Sri Lanka in the opening game of the tournament at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium.[10]", "2018 Thomas & Uber Cup. Japan \n China \n South Korea \n Thailand", "2018 Asian Games. After Hanoi's withdrawal, the OCA said that Indonesia, China, and the United Arab Emirates were major candidates under consideration to host.[17] Indonesia was widely regarded as a favourite, since Surabaya was the runner-up of the previous bid,[18] and willing to do so if selected.[19] The Philippines[20] and India expressed their interest about hosting the Games, but India failed to submit a late bid because it was unable to get an audience with Prime Minister Narendra Modi after being given an extended deadline by the OCA.[21]", "2018 Thomas & Uber Cup. Bangkok and New Delhi submitted bids for this championships.[2] Bangkok was named as the host on March 2017 during BWF Council meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,[1] where BWF also decided the host for 2018 BWF World Championships, 2019 Sudirman Cup and 2019 BWF World Championships.", "India at the 2018 Asian Games. The Rowing Federation of India named the squad for the Asian Games to be held in August–September as follows:[26]", "2018 Asia Cup Final. The 2018 Asia Cup Final was the final of the 2018 Asia Cup, a One Day International cricket tournament, and was played between India and Bangladesh on 28 September 2018 in Dubai.[1] India were the defending champions,[2] and retained their title by beating Bangladesh by three wickets in the final over.[3]", "2018 Thomas & Uber Cup. Denmark are the defending men's champions, and China are the defending women's champions.", "Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup. The 2018 FIFA World Cup, held in Russia, marked the first time five Asian teams qualified for the FIFA World Cup. Only Japan advanced past the group stage, a feat aided by fair-play points in tie-breaking. Aside from Australia, who only got a draw and two defeats, the other three had at least one win: Saudi Arabia got a 2-1 comeback over Egypt, Iran defeated Morocco, and in the biggest upset, South Korea beat defending champions Germany.[34] In the round of 16, Japan surprised a favored Belgium team and got a 2-0 lead, only to suffer a 3-2 comeback that ended with a Belgian goal in the last minute of stoppage time.[35]", "2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup. The 2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup was the seventh edition of the ACC Women's Asia Cup, organized by the Asian Cricket Council (ACC). It took place between 3 and 10 June 2018 in Malaysia,[1] and was the third edition played as a 20-over tournament.[2] The tournament was contested between Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand.[3] India were the defending champions.[4]", "2018 Asian Games. Hanoi, Vietnam was originally selected to be the host after they won the bid against two other candidates, Surabaya and Dubai. They were awarded the winning bid on 8 November 2012, with 29 votes against Surabaya's 14 votes.[8] Dubai pulled out at the last minute, instead announcing their intention to focus on future bids. The UAE's National Olympic Committee's vice-president denied any pullout and claimed that Dubai \"did not apply for hosting 2019 Asian Games\" and had \"only considered\" doing so.[9][10][11]", "India at the 2018 Asian Games. The Table Tennis Federation of India (TTFI) announced the list of the following players for the Asian Games to be held in Jakarta, Indonesia:[30]", "2018 Asia Cup Final. The match was played at Dubai International Cricket Stadium in UAE.", "2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships. The 2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships is the 21st edition of the Asia continental junior championships to crown the best U-19 badminton players across Asia. This tournament was held in Bintaro, Jakarta, Indonesia between 14–22 July 2018.[1]", "2018 Asian Games. As part of the Games preparation, the construction of the Jakarta MRT and Jakarta LRT was accelerated, though neither were ready for general commercial operation at the time of the opening ceremonies.[66] A line of Jakarta LRT connected the athletes' village at Kemayoran in Central Jakarta to the Velodrome at Rawamangun in East Jakarta. City bus operator TransJakarta added 416 buses to serve the officials,[67] and also provide free rides on selected days during the Games.[68]", "2019 AFC Asian Cup. China PR (73)\n Syria (76)\n Uzbekistan (88)\n Iraq (88)\n Qatar (101)\n Thailand (122)" ]

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[ "Color depth. Color depth or colour depth (see spelling differences), also known as bit depth, is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel, in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel.[1][2][3][4] For consumer video standards, such as High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265), the bit depth specifies the number of bits used for each color component.[1][2][3][4] When referring to a pixel, the concept can be defined as bits per pixel (bpp), which specifies the number of bits used. When referring to a color component, the concept can be defined as bits per component, bits per channel, bits per color (all three abbreviated bpc), and also bits per pixel component, bits per color channel or bits per sample (bps).[1][2][5] Color depth is only one aspect of color representation, expressing how finely levels of color can be expressed (a.k.a. color precision); the other aspect is how broad a range of colors can be expressed (the gamut). The definition of both color precision and gamut is accomplished with a color encoding specification which assigns a digital code value to a location in a color space.", "Color depth. Deep color consists of a billion or more colors,[14] 230 is 1.073 billion. Color depths of 30, 36, and 48 bits per pixel are in use, also referred to as 10, 12, or 16 bits per RGB channel/sample/component. Often an alpha channel of the same size is added, resulting in 40, 48, or 64 bits used for each pixel.", "Color depth. Do not confuse with an indexed color depth of 8bpp (although it can be simulated in such systems by selecting the adequate table).", "Image scanner. Color depth varies depending on the scanning array characteristics, but is usually at least 24 bits. High quality models have 36-48 bits of color depth.", "Line length. In typography, line length is the width of a block of typeset text, usually measured in units of length like inches or points or in characters per line (in which case it is a measure). A block of text or paragraph has a maximum line length that fits a determined design. If the lines are too short then the text becomes disjointed; if they are too long the content loses rhythm as the reader searches for the start of each line.", "Color depth. The term \"high color\" has recently been used to mean color depths greater than 24 bits.", "Pixel. For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components. Highcolor, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity (for purposes of combining with another image).", "Color depth. At WinHEC 2008, Microsoft announced that color depths of 30 bits and 48 bits would be supported in Windows 7, along with the wide color gamut scRGB.[22][23]", "Color depth. 32 bit.png\n4,294,967,296 colors98 KB", "Color depth. Almost all of the least expensive LCDs (such as typical twisted nematic types) provide 18-bit color (64 × 64 × 64 = 262,144 combinations) to achieve faster color transition times, and use either dithering or frame rate control to approximate 24-bit-per-pixel true color,[9] or throw away 6 bits of color information entirely. More expensive LCDs (typically IPS) can display 24-bit or greater color depth.", "Color depth. More bits also encouraged the storage of light as linear values, where the number directly corresponds to the amount of light emitted. Linear levels makes calculation of light (in the context of computer graphics) much easier. However, linear color results in disproportionately more samples near white and fewer near black, so the quality of 16-bit linear is about equal to 12-bit sRGB.", "Color depth. High color supports 15/16-bit for three RGB colors. In 16-bit direct color, there can be 4 bits (16 possible levels) for each of the R, G, and B components, plus optionally 4 bits for alpha (transparency), enabling 4,096 (16 × 16 × 16) different colors with 16 levels of transparency. Or in some systems there can be 5 bits per color component and 1 bit of alpha (32,768 colors, just fully transparent or not); or there can be 5 bits for red, 6 bits for green, and 5 bits for blue, for 65,536 colors with no transparency.[7] These color depths are sometimes used in small devices with a color display, such as mobile telephones, and is sometimes considered sufficient to display photographic images.[8]", "Color depth. 24 bits almost always uses 8 bits of each of R, G, B. As of 2018 24-bit color depth is used by virtually every computer and phone display and the vast majority of image storage formats. Almost all cases where there are 32 bits per pixel mean that 24 are used for the color, and the remaining 8 are the alpha channel or unused.", "Line length. Line length is determined by typographic parameters based on a formal grid and template with several goals in mind; balance and function for fit and readability with a sensitivity to aesthetic style in typography. Typographers adjust line length to aid legibility or copy fit. Text can be flush left and ragged right, flush right and ragged left, or justified where all lines are of equal length. In a ragged right setting line lengths vary to create a ragged right edge of lines varying in length. Sometimes this can be visually satisfying. For justified and ragged right settings typographers can adjust line length to avoid unwanted hyphens, rivers of white space, and orphaned words/characters at the end of lines (e.g.: \"The\", \"I\", \"He\", \"We\").", "Color depth. 4 bit.png\n16 colors13 KB (-87%)", "Color depth. 8 bit.png\n256 colors37 KB (-62%)", "Color depth. The palette itself has a color depth (number of bits per entry). While the best VGA systems only offered an 18-bit (262,144 color) palette from which colors could be chosen, all color Macintosh video hardware offered a 24-bit (16 million color) palette. 24-bit palettes are pretty much universal on any recent hardware or file format using them.", "Elements of art. Lines and curves are marks that span a distance between two points (or the path of a moving point). As an element of visual art, line is the use of various marks, outlines, and implied lines in artwork and design. A line has a width, direction, and length.[1] A line's width is sometimes called its \"thickness\". Lines are sometimes called \"strokes\", especially when referring to lines in digital artwork.", "Contour line. Line weight is simply the darkness or thickness of the line used. This choice is made based upon the least intrusive form of contours that enable the reader to decipher the background information in the map itself. If there is little or no content on the base map, the contour lines may be drawn with relatively heavy thickness. Also, for many forms of contours such as topographic maps, it is common to vary the line weight and/or color, so that a different line characteristic occurs for certain numerical values. For example, in the topographic map above, the even hundred foot elevations are shown in a different weight from the twenty foot intervals.", "Line art. Line art or line drawing is any image that consists of distinct straight or curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art can use lines of different colors, although line art is usually monochromatic.\nLine art emphasizes form and outline, over color, shading, and texture. However, areas of solid pigment and dots can also be used in addition to lines. The lines in a piece of line art may be all of a constant width (as in some pencil drawings), of several (few) constant widths (as in technical illustrations), or of freely varying widths (as in brush work or engraving).[citation needed]", "RGB color model. The RGB color model is one of the most common ways to encode color in computing, and several different binary digital representations are in use. The main characteristic of all of them is the quantization of the possible values per component (technically a Sample (signal) ) by using only integer numbers within some range, usually from 0 to some power of two minus one (2n – 1) to fit them into some bit groupings. Encodings of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 and 16 bits per color are commonly found; the total number of bits used for an RGB color is typically called the color depth.", "Color depth. If pixels contain more than 12 bits, an indexed palette takes more memory than the pixels (for typical screen sizes and palette depths), so such systems tend to directly specify the color directly in the pixel.", "Color depth. Macintosh systems refer to 24-bit color as \"millions of colors\". The term \"True color\" is sometime used to mean what this article is calling \"Direct color\".[13] It is also often used to refer to all color depths greater or equal to 24.", "Color depth. Virtually all television displays and computer displays form images by varying the strength of just three primary colors: red, green, and blue. For example, bright yellow is formed by roughly equal red and green contributions, with no blue contribution.", "Color depth. With the relatively low color depth, the stored value is typically a number representing the index into a color map or palette (a form of vector quantization). The colors available in the palette itself may be fixed by the hardware or modifiable by software. Modifiable palettes are sometimes referred to as pseudocolor palettes.", "Code 128. The widths value is derived by counting the length of each run of 1's then 0's in the pattern, starting from the left. There will always be 6 runs and the lengths of these 6 runs form the Widths value. For example, using the pattern 10100011000, the run lengths are 1 (digit 1), 1 (digit 0), 1 (digit 1), 3 (digit 0), 2 (digit 1), 3 (digit 0). Reporting just the lengths of each run gives 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 3, thereby producing a widths value of 111323.", "Color depth. 2 bit.png\n4 colors6 KB (-94%)", "Color depth. The DisplayPort specification also supports color depths greater than 24 bpp in version 1.3 through \"VESA Display Stream Compression, which uses a visually lossless low-latency algorithm based on predictive DPCM and YCoCg-R color space and allows increased resolutions and color depths and reduced power consumption.\"[21]", "Nintendo DS. 62 mm × 46 mm (2.4 in × 1.8 in), 77 mm (3.0 in) diagonal, 0.24 mm dot pitch, 18-bit depth (262,144 colors), 21 mm gap between screens (≈92 lines).", "Depth–slope product. where \n\n\n\nb\n\n\n{\\displaystyle b}\n\n is the width (breadth) of the channel, and", "Color depth. The HDMI 1.3 specification defines bit depths of 30 bits (1.073 billion colors), 36 bits (68.71 billion colors), and 48 bits (281.5 trillion colors).[16]\nIn that regard, the Nvidia Quadro graphics cards manufactured after 2006 support 30-bit deep color[17] as do some models of the Radeon HD 5900 series such as the HD 5970.[18][19] The ATI FireGL V7350 graphics card supports 40-bit and 48-bit color.[20]", "Color depth. 224 gives 16,777,216 color variations. The human eye can discriminate up to ten million colors[10] and since the gamut of a display is smaller than the range of human vision, this means this should cover that range with more detail than can be perceived. However displays do not evenly distribute the colors in human perception space so humans can see the changes between some adjacent colors as color banding. Monochromatic images set all three channels to the same value, resulting in only 256 different colors and thus more visible banding. Some software attempts to dither the gray level into the color channels to increase this, although in modern software this is much more used for subpixel rendering to increase the space resolution on LCD screens where the colors have slightly different positions." ]

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[ "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. \"How Are Things in Glocca Morra?\" is a popular song about a fictional village in Ireland, with themes of nostalgia and homesickness. It was introduced by Ella Logan in the original Broadway production of Finian's Rainbow.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. The music was composed by Burton Lane and the lyrics were written by E. Y. Harburg. The song was published in 1946 and introduced in the 1947 musical Finian's Rainbow. There is no actual Glocca Morra in Ireland (though there is a Glockamara). In a television interview late in his life, Harburg revealed that the name \"Glocca Morra\" was made up by composer Lane, who had devised a dummy lyric beginning with the line, \"There's a glen in Glocca Morra\". Harburg liked the name but insisted on changing the line to, \"How are things in Glocca Morra?\", as this is more personal and immediately evocative of nostalgia and homesickness.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Numerous others have recorded the song, including Bing Crosby in 1975 for his album At My Time of Life, Barbra Streisand, and Julie Andrews. In 1969 it was recorded by Irish singer Moria Anderson.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Many versions of this song were recorded in 1946 and 1947, including a version by Dick Haymes, recorded on December 29, 1946 and released by Decca Records as catalog number 23830. The record reached the Billboard charts on March 29, 1947 peaking at #9, and spent 5 weeks on the chart.[1]", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. The song, performed by Petula Clark, is also part of the soundtrack of the 1968 film version of the stage musical. She has included the number in her concert repertoire ever since.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Violinist Vov Dylan recorded this with Pianist Glenn Amer for the album release \"Cocktail Classics\" (2016)[2]", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Gracie Fields first recorded this in 1947 and re-recorded it in 1956 and 1970. This song was regularly performed in her cabaret acts and live performances, often with a trademark headscarf. She also performed this during her famous two-week run at The Batley Variety Club in 1965.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. The song was parodied by Scotland the What? about their fictional Aberdeenshire village Auchterturra in \"How Are Things in Auchterturra?\"", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Indie rock band Glocca Morra named their group after the phrase.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. In the publication Cash Box, which combined sales of all artists into a single position. the song reached #4.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. The song is referenced in the Sports Night episode \"Celebrities\" (Season 2, Episode 15) and the song title is directly used as the title of an episode from Season 1 (Episode 17).", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Other early versions included the Buddy Clark version, recorded on October 14, 1946 and released by Columbia Records as catalog number 37223. It spent eight weeks on the chart, peaking at #6; the Ella Logan/Albert Sharpe version, recorded on April 3, 1947 and released by Columbia Records as catalog number MM 686 (the original cast album of the Broadway production); the Stuart Foster/Tommy Dorsey version, recorded on December 30, 1946 and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-2122; the Martha Tilton version, recorded on November 25, 1946 and released by Capitol Records as catalog number 345; and the Harry Babbitt version recorded on January 20, 1947 and released by Mercury Records as catalog number 3056. In addition, legendary jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins recorded this tune for his Blue Note Records debut, Sonny Rollins, Volume One.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. The title was parodied on comedians Abbott and Costello's radio show[3] as \"How are things in Glocca, moron?\"", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. Jazz guitarist Gene Bertoncini recorded a memorable solo guitar arrangement of this song on his 1999 release, Body and Soul.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. The song was a particular favorite of President John F. Kennedy, as was Finian's Rainbow.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. In Mad Men: \"For Immediate Release\", Roger Sterling asks his airline ticket attendant girlfriend, Daisy, \"How are things in Gloccamora?\"", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. In the movie Party Monster, Seth Green's character, James Saint James, makes a reference to the perfect sentence: \"Last night, I dreamt of Glocca Morra...again.\" (The reference parodies: \"Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again\", the famous first line of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca.)", "Dumb Things. A music video, directed by Larry Williams, was provided for the single – a still from the clip is used as the single's cover.[9][10] The sepia coloured video, features Kelly and his band performing in a sideshow at a carnival. In May 1992 Kelly recorded a live version for his solo concert performance at the Athenaeum Theatre for the VHS album Paul Kelly Live at the Athenaeum, May 1992 (1992).[10] It was directed and produced by Mat Humphrey. A related 2× CD album Live, May 1992 also included \"Dumb Things\".[11] In September 1994 Kelly, with a new backing band, performed the song live at the Continental Hotel in Prahran, which was issued on Live at the Continental and the Esplanade in late 1995.[12] In 2004 Paul Kelly and the Boon Companions performed the track for the DVD Ways & Means, in the section subtitled Live in Boston.[13][14] Kelly and his nephew Dan Kelly recorded the song as part of Kelly's A – Z Tours from 2004 to 2010, it was issued on the 8× CD album, The A – Z Recordings (2010).[6]", "Finian's Rainbow. An original cast recording released as a six-disc 78 rpm set by Columbia Records was the label's first recording of a Broadway musical. The label used the album to introduce its new LP format in June 1948. In 1988, the album was released on CD, and in 2000, a second CD version appeared that was remastered from the original acetates and restored some material originally recorded but cut from the show, including three bonus tracks in which Harburg discusses the writing of and sings \"How Are Things in Glocca Morra?\" and \"When I'm Not Near the Girl I Love,\" as well as singing \"Don't Pass Me By,\" a song cut from the show.[19]", "Dumb Things. \"Dumb Things\" was covered by alternative rockers Lash on the Paul Kelly tribute album Women at the Well (2002), and by Paul Dempsey (from Something for Kate) on Before Too Long – A Tribute to Paul Kelly (2009). The Cat Empire performed a live version for the various artists' release Live at the Wireless (May 2005) which was also issued on their own live album Live on Earth (2009).", "Grandpa Jones. In 1969, Jones became a charter cast member on the long-running television show Hee Haw, often responding to the show's skits with his trademark phrase \"Outrageous\". He also played banjo, by himself or with banjo player David \"Stringbean\" Akeman. A musical segment featured in the early years had Jones and \"his lovely wife Ramona\" singing while ringing bells held in their hands and feet. A favorite skit had off-camera cast members ask, \"Hey Grandpa, what's for supper?\" in which he would describe a delicious, country-style meal, often in a rhyming talking blues style. Sometimes he would describe something not so good; i.e. \"Because you were bad, thawed out TV dinners!\"", "Blackfire (American band). For the following 5 years, the sibling trio of Blackfire decided to do some interesting renditions of songs and traveled to some exotic places. In 2003, they journeyed to Essakne, Mali in northern Africa. Their performance was included in the compilation album Festival in the Desert, alongside performances by local Tuareg musicians, African musicians like Ali Farka Toure, and Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin. That same year their political activism attracted the attention of Nora Guthrie, daughter of legendary folk singer Woody Guthrie (1912–1967). She allowed them to set music to some of his unreleased and unpublished lyrics. By next year, they released a two-track EP titled Woody Guthrie Singles. The songs on the EP are called \"Mean Things Happenin' in this World,\" a protest song dealing with issues like wars waged for fortune and encroachment of rights by the federal government, and \"Indian Corn Song,\" a song about \"political and big business corruption, the poor economy, and ends with a plea to feed the homeless and orphans.\"[4]", "Must Be the Music. Fidel Lea, Guitar / vocals\nChristina Hizon, Keyboard and vocals\nMax Coghlan, Drummer\nWhitnie Parkes, Vocals\nBeatrice Anderson, Vocals\nBen Soan, Bass\nBen Lochrie, Guitar", "Must Be the Music. Scarlet Gabriel, Singer\nCathy Murphy, Singer,\nTremaine Dawkins, Singer,\nSheyi Martins, Singer,\nAdeola Ranson, Singer,\nJunior Abanulo, Singer,\nBrian Ingram, Keyboard,\nMalika Wilson-Muir, Singer,\nHannah Ledwidge, Drummer\nLaura Edwards, Singer,\nSarah Blake, Singer,\nLawrence Insula, Bass,\nMichael Jablonka, Guitarist,\nT.J. Weekes, Singer", "The Tremeloes. All members shared vocals, though most of the songs featured either Hawkes or drummer Dave Munden as the lead singer. Guitarist Rick Westwood sang falsetto co-lead vocal with Hawkes' lower range vocal and group harmonies also featured on \"Silence Is Golden\". Their regular hits were accompanied by frequent appearances on BBC's Top of the Pops TV programme. Their songs were popular with younger music fans and parents rather than rock music fans, although their albums and 'B' sides included more rock-styled tracks such as band compositions \"Try Me\" and the instrumental \"Instant Whip\". Their more commercial songs, such as \"Even The Bad Times Are Good\" (UK no. 4, 1967), \"Helule Helule\" (UK no. 14, 1967), \"Suddenly You Love Me\" and \"My Little Lady\" (both UK no. 8 in 1968), proved to be more popular than the falsetto-led \"Be Mine\" sung by Rick Westwood, which stalled in the lower top 40, or a string accompanied cover of Bob Dylan's \"I Shall Be Released\" (UK no. 29, 1969), but the more ambitious group-composed \"(Call Me) Number One\" reached no. 2 in the UK in 1969. Altogether, without Poole the group had nine UK Top 20 hits.", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. In an episode of All in the Family, Archie Bunker refers to New York City as a \"regular Sodom and Glocca Morra.\"", "Coatbridge. Thomas McAleese (alias Dean Ford) was the lead singer of The Marmalade who had a UK number one single in 1969 with a cover of The Beatles' \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\" and co-wrote \"Reflections of My Life\", Marmalade's biggest world wide success. Coatbridge brothers Greg Kane and Pat Kane are the band Hue and Cry. Coatbridge born Alan Frew is the ex-pat lead singer of Canadian group Glass Tiger. Cha Burns (deceased), Jimme O'Neill and JJ Gilmour of The Silencers are from Coatbridge. Coatbridge sisters Fran and Anna were a famous duo on the Scottish traditional music scene.", "All These Things That I've Done. Australian/European Maxi CD", "Dumb Things. During the late 1980s, Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls often toured with folk rockers Weddings Parties Anything, and both groups combined for the B-side \"Deportees\", a Woody Guthrie cover,[6] which was recorded in the studio of Perth radio station 96fm by Steve Gordon and Bob Vogt.[7] At the same session they also recorded a version of \"Beggar on the Street of Love\", which was subsequently released as a B side to Kelly's 1990 release \"Most Wanted Man in the World\". From 1993 to 1998 Coloured Girls' drummer Barclay was a member of Weddings Parties Anything.[8]", "How Are Things in Glocca Morra?. When Goody Rickles (Don Rickles' sillier look-alike) comically mangles the name of the deadly compound \"Pyrogranulate\" in the comic book Jimmy Olsen 139, by Jack Kirby, what comes out is \"Pyro-Glocca-Morra\".", "Matt Monro. At the 1964 Eurovision Song Contest, singing \"I Love the Little Things,\" Monro finished second behind Italy's 16-year-old Gigliola Cinquetti, despite an \"excellent performance of the only English language song of the night.\"[9] The Austrian entry \"Warum nur warum?\", performed by songwriter Udo Jürgens, caught Monro's ear, despite its sixth-place finish, and he recorded an English version titled \"Walk Away\" (lyric by Monro's manager Don Black), earning him another hit single late in 1964. He also had a hit with the Beatles' \"Yesterday\" in 1965, releasing the first single of the most recorded song of all time, predating even the Beatles' own.", "Dumb Things. Hip-hop duo A.B. Original performed a cover of \"Dumb Things\" for Like a Version in 2016. The cover featured Kelly himself singing and playing harmonica, Dan Sultan on guitar, and Lowrider's John and Paul Bartlett on keys and drums, while A.B. Original's Briggs and Trials performed original rap verses criticising racism towards Indigenous Australians over the song. The performance was ranked 45th on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2016." ]

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[ "Running Wild with Bear Grylls. Running Wild with Bear Grylls is a survival skills reality television series starring Bear Grylls. In each episode, Grylls brings a different celebrity along on his adventures.[1] The crew consists of host Bear Grylls, a story producer, two camera cinematographers, two field recordists, and a mountain guide.[2] Celebrities such as Zac Efron, Channing Tatum, and Ben Stiller made appearances on the first season of the show. In season 2, Kate Winslet, Michael B. Jordan, Kate Hudson, Michelle Rodriguez, James Marsden, and then sitting President Obama appeared.[3] The series' fourth season premiered on May 7, 2018.[4]", "Running Wild with Bear Grylls. The series received a fourth season renewal and returned on May 7, 2018. The celebrities featured will be Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Roger Federer, Lena Headey, Uzo Aduba, Keri Russell, Don Cheadle, Scott Eastwood and Derek Hough, with the locations including Kenya, Switzerland, Spain and the Canary Islands.[43]", "Running Wild with Bear Grylls. The show is based on the same survivalist concept as the rest of Grylls shows, such as Man vs Wild, but with a celebrity joining him for the journey. The journeys include skydiving into the Catskill Mountains and climbing the cliffs in Utah.[5]", "Running Wild with Bear Grylls. On August 31, 2015, NBC and the White House announced that President Barack Obama will appear as a guest, hike through Exit Glacier and discuss conservation as well as the impact of climate change on the Alaska wilderness.[8][9]", "Running Wild with Bear Grylls. Season one began July 28, 2014 and ended September 8, 2014, receiving generally good reviews that improved week by week.[6] For three weeks it was the highest rated unscripted new show of the summer.[citation needed] A second season was announced on March 26, 2015 and began airing in July 2015.[7]", "Deion Sanders. In 2014, Sanders was featured in an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls, where he and Grylls hiked in the desert of southern Utah for two days, rappelling down canyon walls and later climbing up a mesa.[38]", "Running Wild with Bear Grylls. Ben Stiller joined Bear Grylls on his journey into the Isle of Skye of Northern Scotland. The two of them began by climbing down a slippery terrain, using ropes and surrounding rocks. Grylls made sure to move at Stiller’s pace, while asking questions about Stiller’s background and career. They then gathered food at a seashore and sheltered themselves inside a cave, where they found clean water to drink. The next day, Stiller struggled to wake up energized, but he still managed to follow Grylls to the edge of a cliff. Similarly to Efron’s trip, the two of them dove into the water and swam to the plane.", "The Island with Bear Grylls. It was announced at the end of the fourth series that The Island with Bear Grylls would be renewed for a fifth series to air in 2018.", "Derek Hough. For season 18, Hough was paired with paralympic snowboarder, Amy Purdy.[63] In the finale on May 20, 2014, the couple was runner-up for the season, behind Meryl Davis and her partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy.[64]", "The Island with Bear Grylls. The American version of the show was announced on 28 January 2015,[39] and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC.[40]", "Runaways (TV series). In February 2017, Marvel announced the casting of the Runaways, with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru, Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean, Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes, Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein, and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez.[3] Shortly after, Marvel announced the casting of the Pride, with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder, Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder, Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru, James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru, Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes, Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes, Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean, Kip Pardue as Frank Dean, James Marsters as Victor Stein, and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein.[2] Loeb praised casting director Patrick Rush, explaining that all of the series regulars for Runaways were the producers' first choice for the role. The majority of the children are portrayed by \"fresh faces\", which was an intentional choice.[32]", "The Island with Bear Grylls. The fourth series was broadcast from 23 April 2017.", "The Island with Bear Grylls. The fourth series, which aired from April 2017, focused primarily on age rather than gender, featuring initially separate tribes of older people (30 to 66 years) vs younger people (18 to 30 years). On 14 May 2017, it was announced that The Island with Bear Grylls had been renewed for a fifth series to air in 2018.[2]", "Kate Winslet. Winslet supports ageing naturally and has always spoken against plastic surgery and botox.[184][185] In 2015, Winslet appeared in Running Wild with Bear Grylls and talked about being bullied at school by her classmates, saying that \"I was chubby, always had big feet, the wrong shoes, bad hair\".[186] The same year, she narrated anti-bullying animated short film Daisy Chain, about a victim of cyber-bullying.[187]", "Wild 'n Out. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season will resume in June 2018.", "Olivia Munn. Munn served as a correspondent in \"True Colors,\" the May 12, 2014 episode of the Showtime documentary series Years of Living Dangerously, in which she interviewed Washington State Governor Jay Inslee about his efforts to reduce CO2 emissions in his home state. As of June 2014, Munn has been hired as the main promoter of Proactiv acne cleanser products starring in several commercials and one infomercial for the product. The commercials show Munn experiencing acne herself. Since January 2015, she has been the voice of the character Phoebe Callisto on the Disney Junior animated series Miles from Tomorrowland. In 2016, Munn was cast as Elizabeth Braddock / Psylocke (one of Apocalypse's Four Horsemen) in X-Men: Apocalypse and will reprise the role in 2018's X-Men: Dark Phoenix.", "Tom Williamson (actor). In 2013, Williamson appeared in the horror film All Cheerleaders Die, a remake of Lucky McKee's 2001 film.[6] The film marked his featured film debut.[2] In October 2014, Williamson was one of 20 actors to participate in the ABC Network's 34th annual Talent Showcase.[7] In April 2015, it was announced that Williamson had been cast in the recurring role of AJ in the ABC Family series, The Fosters.[8] Williamson appeared opposite Sharon Stone in the 2017 release, Running Wild.[9]", "Wild 'n Out. The 12th season will be filming in Atlanta from June 30 to July 14, 2018.", "Nick Cannon. On August 4, 2016, Wild 'N Out returned for its 8th season after three record-breaking seasons.[19]", "Snow Patrol. On 28 January 2018, the band's social media announced the upcoming release of their seventh studio album, entitled Wildness, which was released on 25 May 2018. The promotional video[76] simply showed lead singer Gary Lightbody floating on a raft with a piano and seemingly trying to phone someone who is engaged.", "The Island with Bear Grylls. The Island with Bear Grylls is a British reality television series which premiered on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014. Four series have aired since 2014. Narrated by Bear Grylls, it features participants placed on remote uninhabited Pacific islands as a test of their survival skills. They are left completely alone, filming themselves, and with only the clothes they were wearing and some basic tools and training.[1] Pitched as an assessment of the capabilities of British men in the 21st Century, the first series featured thirteen male participants. Following accusations of sexism, the second series used two islands, with 14 men on one, and 14 women on the other. The third series continued the gender divide theme and featured eight men and eight women abandoned on opposite sides of a single island.", "Wild Kratts. Season 5 is due to start on November 7th, 2017", "Tim Riggins. Tim also begins to more seriously pursue Lyla, showing up at her church and vowing to do whatever it takes to get her to go out with him.", "Ryan O'Neal. In between the film's production and release. O'Neal appeared in a TV movie written by Eric Ambler, Love Hate Love, which received good ratings. He also made a Western, Wild Rovers with William Holden for director Blake Edwards.", "The Island with Bear Grylls. A celebrity spin off version, Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls, was first broadcast as part of a charity campaign for Stand Up to Cancer UK in September 2016.[3][4]", "Live with Kelly and Ryan. In July 2012, People magazine reported that Meyers, Groban and Strahan were the top three contenders in the running to replace Philbin.[30]", "Glenn Close. In 2017, Close appeared alongside Noomi Rapace and Willem Dafoe in What Happened to Monday a Netflix original movie which premiered in August.[45] Also that year, she was reunited with actors John Malkovich (her co-star in Dangerous Liaisons) and Patrick Stewart (co-star in The Lion in Winter) in the romantic comedy The Wilde Wedding. In 2017, Close starred in an adaptation of novelist Meg Wolitzer's The Wife,[46] which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival;[47] The film is set to be released in 2018.[48]", "Peta Murgatroyd. In 2014, Murgatroyd was again featured as a professional dancer competing on season 18 partnered with Big Time Rush member James Maslow. They made it to the finale but came in fourth place.", "The Island with Bear Grylls. A celebrity version of The Island was first broadcast as part of a charity campaign for Stand Up to Cancer UK in September 2016.[37][38] It was confirmed on 3 May 2017 that a second series of Celebrity Island with Bear Grylls, which would air later in August 2017 and will be raising money for Stand Up to Cancer as the first series did.", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series. In August 2016, Marvel announced Marvel's Runaways had received a pilot order, along with additional scripts, from the streaming service Hulu, based on the team of the same name. The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series.[175] In February 2017, Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways, with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru, Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean, Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes, Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein, and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez.[177] Shortly after, they announced the cast of the Pride, the parents of the Runaways, with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder, Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder, Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru, James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru, Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes, Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes, Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean, Kip Pardue as Frank Dean, James Marsters as Victor Stein, and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein.[178] Hulu ordered the series in May 2017.[179] Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017,[180][181] and concluded in October 2017.[182] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on November 21, 2017.[183] Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8, 2018.[176]", "Jon Bernthal. Bernthal will star in the films The Peanut Butter Falcon, drama Viena and the Fantomes, the crime thriller Widows, and the Damien Chazelle-directed biopic First Man, all which are expected to be released in 2018. Cast in October 2016, Bernthal will also star in the film Stingray opposite Joel Edgerton which is expected to begin filming in 2018.[46]", "Peta Murgatroyd. In February 2017, Murgatroyd and her fiancé Maksim Chmerkovskiy announced they would both return. She is partnered with The Bachelor star Nick Viall." ]

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[ "Gwen Stacy. The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider-Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider-Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider-Man 2. In the upcoming 2018 film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld.", "Emma Stone. In 2014, Stone reprised the role of Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. In an interview with Total Film, the actress explained that her character was not dependent on the film's protagonist. \"She saves him more than he saves her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-Man ... He's the muscle, she's the brains.\"[79] Her performance was well received by critics;[80] an Empire reviewer praised her for standing out in the film: \"Stone is the Heath Ledger of this series, doing something unexpected with an easily dismissed supporting character.\"[81] The role earned her the Favorite Movie Actress award at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards.[82] Later that year, Stone took on a role in Woody Allen's romantic comedy Magic in the Moonlight, a modest commercial success.[83] A. O. Scott criticized her role, and pairing with Colin Firth, describing it as \"the kind of pedantic nonsense that is meant to signify superior intellect\".[84]", "Emma Stone. Stone gained wider recognition for playing Gwen Stacy in the 2012 superhero film The Amazing Spider-Man, and its sequel in 2014. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role of a recovering drug addict in the black comedy-drama Birdman (2014). Her Broadway debut came in a revival of the musical Cabaret (2014–2015). Stone won an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing an aspiring actress in the highly successful musical film La La Land (2016), following which she portrayed Billie Jean King in the biographical sports film Battle of the Sexes (2017).", "Mary Jane Watson. In October 2012, Shailene Woodley was confirmed to be playing Mary Jane Watson in The Amazing Spider-Man 2.[49] Her scenes were later cut from the film, with director Marc Webb explaining this as \"a creative decision to streamline the story and focus on Peter and Gwen and their relationship\".[50]", "Emma Stone. Stone declined a role in the action comedy film 21 Jump Street after signing on to Marc Webb's 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man, a reboot of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series.[61][62] She portrayed Gwen Stacy, the love interest of the title character (played by Andrew Garfield).[63] Stone returned to a blond hair color for the role, having dyed it red previously.[64][65] She told The Vancouver Sun that she felt responsible to educate herself about Spider-Man and admitted that she had not read the comics: \"My experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love\",[66] adding that she was only familiar with Stacy's character from Bryce Dallas Howard's portrayal in Spider-Man 3.[67][68] The Amazing Spider-Man was a commercial success and was the seventh highest-grossing film of 2012 with global revenues of $757.9 million.[69] Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum found Stone \"irresistible\",[70] and Ian Freer of Empire magazine was particularly impressed with Stone's and Garfield's performances.[71] At the annual People's Choice Awards ceremony, she was nominated for three awards, including Favorite Movie Actress.[72] Later that year, Stone voiced a role in the crime-based video game, Sleeping Dogs, which earned her a Spike Video Game Award for Best Performance by a Human Female nomination.[73]", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). It was reported originally that the film would feature both Mary Jane Watson and Gwen Stacy as love interests,[72] but the website The Wrap later reported that only Gwen Stacy would appear.[73] In August 2010, the list of candidates included Lily Collins, Ophelia Lovibond, and Imogen Poots, with Teresa Palmer, Emma Roberts, and Mary Elizabeth Winstead cited by The Hollywood Reporter as \"potentially in the mix\".[74] In September 2010, Variety reported that the shortlist had expanded to include Stone and Mia Wasikowska.[75] The shortlist was reported to then include Dianna Agron, Georgina Haig and Dominique McElligott.[76] On October 5, 2010, the choice of Stone was confirmed.[20] Webb noted that the chemistry between Stone and Garfield made her the clear choice.[20] That chemistry inspired their off-screen romance.[8]", "Bryce Dallas Howard. In 2007, Howard starred in her first blockbuster, Spider-Man 3 as Peter Parker's classmate Gwen Stacy, a fan favorite.[22] A challenge that came with playing Gwen was reminding fans of the good-intentioned character who was Peter's first love in the comics, yet came off as \"the other woman\" in the movie.[22] Howard dyed her naturally red hair blonde for the role and performed many of her own stunts, unaware that she was several months pregnant.[23] Grossing $890 million.[24][25]Terminator Salvation was her next project.[26] Cast in June 2008, she replaced Claire Danes as Kate Connor.[27] Howard was already a fan of the series.[28] It grossed a total of $370 million,[26] but was not well received critically.[29]", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The sequel's villain was teased in the 2012 film.[19] Webb stated that the origin story would further unfold in the second installment.[20] In June 2012, Webb said he was unsure whether he would return,[21] though it was confirmed on September 28, 2012, that he would return to direct the sequel.[22][23] He stated that he \"wanted to create a universe that not only can withstand but anticipate future storylines\" while also \"working in and of itself for one movie.\"[24] Andrew Garfield had also expressed hope to reprise his role,[25] and in September 2012, it was confirmed that he would do so.[22][23] Emma Stone was later confirmed to be reprising her role as Gwen Stacy, having signed a contract for two Amazing Spider-Man sequels.[10][26][27] The original costume and mask from The Amazing Spider-Man was altered and has lens in the mask, making the eyes bigger. The web shooters were also modified.[28]", "Georgina Haig. In 2010 she won a Best Actress Scream Festival award for her performance in thriller Crawl. She was considered for the role of Andromeda in the film Wrath of the Titans alongside several other actresses. The part ultimately went to Rosamund Pike.[3][4] Haig was also considered for the role of Gwen Stacy in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man, but lost the part to Emma Stone.[5]", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (also released as The Amazing Spider-Man 2: Rise of Electro in some markets)[5] is a 2014 American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. The film was directed by Marc Webb and was produced by Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach. It is the fifth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, and is the sequel to 2012's The Amazing Spider-Man. It is also the second and final film in The Amazing Spider-Man franchise. The studio hired James Vanderbilt to write the screenplay and Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci to rewrite it.[6][7] The film stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Dane DeHaan as Green Goblin / Harry Osborn, Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz as Peter's parents, and Sally Field as Aunt May, with the addition of Paul Giamatti as Rhino / Aleksei Sytsevich and Jamie Foxx as Electro / Max Dillon.", "Gwen Stacy. Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #399 (March 1995). This clone believes she is the real Gwen.[volume & issue needed] She dies from clone degeneration in Spider-Man #56 (March 1995), the next issue of the story arc.[volume & issue needed]", "Gwen Stacy. In the reality seen in the \"House of M\" storyline, in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans, Gwen was never killed. Instead, she married Peter Parker, and the couple had a young son. She had become a scientist, a savvy businesswoman, and a peace activist – and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn. Mary Jane Watson, a popular actress in this reality, played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider-Man's life story. Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe, though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker, who is suffering from mental health issues.[38]", "Gwen Stacy. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965).[3]", "The Amazing Spider-Man 2. By October 10, 2012, Shailene Woodley was in talks for the role of Mary Jane Watson.[40][41] By March 14, 2013, Woodley had concluded filming her small role.[42] Garfield recalled, \"I think all of [those scenes] were in our backyards. We had two or three scenes with me talking over the fence, and there was one with us riding together on a motorcycle that we never got to shoot.\"[43] By mid-June, Mary Jane was cut from the film, with director Webb explaining it as \"a creative decision to streamline the story and focus on Peter and Gwen and their relationship.\"[44][45]", "Gwen Stacy. In the alternate reality designated Earth-65, Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider, and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider-Woman. She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson, simply called the Mary Janes. Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime, Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him, becoming this universe's version of the Lizard. Gwen subdues him, but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used. Spider-Woman is blamed for his death, causing an outcry for her arrest, led by J. Jonah Jameson. Her father, who is also a police chief in this world, begins a hunt for her. This follows Gwen into college, where she is still a member of the Mary Janes. At a gig of theirs, an assassin is sent after Gwen's father, who is in the audience. Gwen defeats the assassin, the audience and band clearing out during the battle. While they are alone, Captain Stacy holds Spider-Woman at gun point, with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is. Shocked upon learning Spider-Woman's identity, he tells her to run before he changes his mind. In the distance, the Captain Britain from Earth-833, called Spider-UK, is watching, saying that Gwen will \"do quite nicely.\"[46]", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). Gwen's father and a New York City Police Department captain who hunts both Spider-Man out of distrust and the Lizard for his rampage.[28] Leary explained that he did not know much about Spider-Man in the comics and was \"more of a Batman guy. Not the '60s [TV version] but the really dark Batman. But my wife was a Spider-Man nut, which was why I went to Tobey Maguire ones.\"[29] He added that long before he was cast as George Stacy his friend Jeff Garlin, a Spider-Man fan, \"said to me, 'The first time I met you, I thought you were George Stacy!' This was like 30 years ago. I was like, 'What?!'\"[29] Director Webb said of his casting, \"[W]e all trust Denis Leary. He's got this attitude, but you love him. In this movie, he puts pressure on Peter Parker. He's on Spider-Man's case, but you understand him. I've said this before, but good drama comes from competing ideas of what's good.\"[30]", "Gwen Stacy. In the Ultimate Marvel continuity, Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider-Man #14 (December 2001) as a teenage girl at Peter's high school. In this continuity, Gwen, whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early-career Madonna,[55] has amber eyes, wears punk-style clothing, and harbors a rebellious personality.[56] In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on 'super powers'; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong, a classmate who was bullying Peter. She is suspended from school temporarily. Gwen becomes friends with Peter, which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections.[volume & issue needed]", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, and sharing the title of the character's longest-running comic book. It is the fourth theatrical Spider-Man film produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Entertainment, and a reboot of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 2002-2007 trilogy preceding it. The film was directed by Marc Webb. It was written by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and it stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors, Denis Leary as NYPD Captain George Stacy, along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker, Ben Parker and May Parker. The film tells the story of Peter Parker, a teenager from New York who becomes Spider-Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider. Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated lizard, from spreading a mutation serum to the city's human population.", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). Campbell Scott and Embeth Davidtz portray Peter's parents, Richard and Mary Parker.[43][44] Leif Gantvoort plays the burglar who robs the convenience store. Hannah Marks portrays Missy Kallenback, an unpopular girl who has a crush on Peter.[45] Kelsey Asbille's brief role is simply credited as \"Hot Girl\" during the end credits of the film, but the actress revealed to media outlets around the time of the film's release that her character is in fact Sally Avril.[46] Similarly, C. Thomas Howell's character is credited as \"Jack's Father\" at the end of the film (Jack being a boy that Spider-Man rescues on the Williamsburg Bridge) but he is referred to as Troy by one of his fellow construction workers in the film itself. Unlike the previous films, J. Jonah Jameson does not appear.[47] Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance, as he did in the previous films. At the 2011 Dallas Comic Con, Lee detailed that he plays a librarian listening to music on his headphones while stamping books, oblivious to the ongoing battle.[48] Michael Massee plays the mysterious man in the shadows who talks with Connors in his prison cell in a teaser scene during the end credits.[49] As to the man's identity, director Marc Webb said, \"It's intentionally mysterious. And I invite speculation...\"[50] In The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the character was revealed to be Gustav Fiers.[51] Michael Papajohn, who played Uncle Ben's killer in the 2002 film, has a cameo as Alfred, Dr. Ratha's limo driver.[52] Kari Coleman, Charlie DePew, Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family: Helen Stacy, Philip Stacy, Howard Stacy and Simon Stacy respectively.", "Adina Porter. Porter began her screen career playing guest starring roles on television dramas include Law & Order, New York Undercover, Brooklyn South, and NYPD Blue. She had a recurring role as housekeeper Gwen Walker in the NBC period drama American Dreams from 2002 to 2003.[4] In film, she made her debut in 1992 Leopold/Loeb New Queer Cinema feature, Swoon. She went to appear in small roles in films The Peacemaker (1997), Gia (1998), Body Shots (1999), The Fluffer (2001), and The Salon (2005). In 2005, Porter played Ricky in the film adaptation of Ruben Santiago-Hudson's play Lackawanna Blues for HBO. She received Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress: Television Movie/Cable for her role. She went to appear ER, Prison Break, Without a Trace, House, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.", "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. In June, Sony confirmed the full cast for the film, with Schreiber revealed to be voicing Kingpin. Announced as joining the cast then were Hailee Steinfeld as Spider-Gwen, Luna Lauren Velez as Morales's mother Rio, and Lily Tomlin as Parker's Aunt May.[4] A month later, Nicolas Cage was revealed to be voicing the character Spider-Man Noir,[8] and John Mulaney and Kimiko Glenn were announced as voicing Spider-Ham and Peni Parker, respectively.[9]", "Ramona Marquez. In 2009, Marquez appeared as Imogen Pollock in the made-for-TV movie Enid, detailing the life of children's writer Enid Blyton. Later in 2009, Marquez became the first child to win the British Comedy Award for 'Best Female Comedy Newcomer'. Outnumbered also won two other comedy awards on the night, including 'Best TV Comedy'. Marquez has also appeared in The King's Speech as Princess Margaret and Arthur Christmas as the voice of Gwen.", "Gwen Stacy. In the Powerless mini-series, Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker. Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter. In a twist, the powerless Peter (with a limb crippled from a spider bite) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death.[volume & issue needed]", "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film). While Webb introduced a few elements from Ultimate Spider-Man, he wanted to keep the mainstream version of Gwen Stacy instead of that world's punk rocker, though he states that the \"texture\" of the romantic relationship between her and Peter is based on that of the Ultimate versions of Peter and Mary Jane.[86]", "Gwen Stacy. Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor, respectively, of The Amazing Spider-Man. Together with inker John Romita, Sr., they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off.[10] It was Romita who first suggested the idea, during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider-Man.[11] Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront,[11][12] as he shared Lee's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy: \"[Mary Jane] hadn't lost the edge that made her an interesting character. Gwen didn't have an edge. She was just a nice person.\"[13]", "Gwen Stacy. In the limited series, Marvel Zombies Return, Gwen of 'Earth Z' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn. The zombified Spider-Man travels to this earth and, despite his best intentions, turns the Sinister Six. They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends. To stop the spread of the virus, Spider-Man obliterates the bodies.[45]", "Zoey Deutch. From 2011 to 2012, she played recurring role of Juliet Martin on The CW's thriller Ringer.[16] She debuted on the big screen in Mayor Cupcake (2011) alongside her mother and sister.[17] Deutch booked a small scene in The Amazing Spider-Man but director Marc Webb cut the scene, although it is included on the DVD.[18]", "Mary Jane Watson. Mary Jane Watson appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Vanessa Marshall.[47] Despite May Parker's \"wonderful personality\" description due to this description given on those who are unattractive, Peter Parker finally meets her, and is stunned by her beauty even as she speaks the famous line; \"Face it, Tiger... you just hit the jackpot!\" where it is arranged for them to attend a school dance together.[episode needed] Mary Jane later appears to attend the same school as Peter and Gwen Stacy. She later enters a short romantic relationship with Liz Allan's brother Mark Allan. This iteration of the character did not express any romantic feelings for Peter or an interest in Spider-Man.", "Gwen Stacy. Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #5. She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker. In Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #9, Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss, much to the dismay of Mary Jane. They date for a time, though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves. MJ, attempting to fix this, breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry. Peter cannot commit to Gwen. She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend.[volume & issue needed]", "Gwen Stacy. She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider-Verse event with Spider-Ham, Spider-Girl, Spider-UK, Spider-Man Noir, and Spider-Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn. They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider-Men and Women in various dimensions. A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date. She rejects him because he's a kid with a goatee and mustache. Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's's A-Force. On Earth-8, she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers.[52]", "Gwen Stacy. After the events of Spider-Verse, Gwen returns to her home of Earth-65 where she continues her career as Spider-Woman in her own solo series, Spider-Gwen. She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him.[50] Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence.[51]", "Jane Wiedlin. Wiedlin has also provided voices for several characters in television and film animation. Her voice acting credits include one of Bruce Wayne's girlfriends in an episode of The New Batman Adventures, Gwen on Mission Hill, and Dusk, a recurring character in the Scooby-Doo franchise.[13]" ]

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[ "Amur River. Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 kilometres (2,761 mi) (including its two attributaries), from the mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert, steppe, tundra, and taiga, eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin.", "Amur River. The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the Bureya River, then does not receive another significant tributary for nearly 250 kilometres (160 mi) before its confluence with its largest tributary, the Songhua River, at Tongjiang. At the confluence with the Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards Khabarovsk, where it joins the Ussuri River and ceases to define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The valley narrows after about 200 kilometres (120 mi) and the river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun River. Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary.", "Amur River. The Amur River (Even: Тамур, Tamur; Russian: река́ Аму́р, IPA: [ɐˈmur]) or Heilong Jiang (Chinese: 黑龙江; pinyin: Hēilóng Jiāng, \"Black Dragon River\"; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨᡠᠯᠠorᡥᡝᠯᡠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ[2]; Möllendorff: sahaliyan ula/helung giyang; Abkai: sahaliyan ula/helung giyang, \"Black Water\") is the world's tenth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China (Inner Manchuria). The largest fish species in the Amur is the kaluga, attaining a length as great as 5.6 metres (18 ft).[3] The Amur River is the only river in the world in which subtropical Asian fish such as snakehead, coexist with Arctic Siberian fish, such as pike. The river is home to a variety of other large predatory fish such as Taimen, Amur Catfish, and yellowcheek.", "Amur River. The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at the confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka River and the Ergune (or Argun) River, at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft).[5] It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma River. Afterwards it continues to flow south until between the cities of Blagoveschensk (Russia) and Heihe (China), it widens significantly as it is joined by the Zeya River, one of its most important tributaries.", "Amur River. The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussury and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860).", "Amur River. Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with the Argun.[12]\nThe Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur River was viewed as a threat by the Qing.[13]", "Amu Darya. The Amu Darya, also called the Amu or Amo River, and historically known by its Latin name Oxus, is a major river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between Greater Iran and Turan.[2]", "Amur River. Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons.", "Amur River. The Amur Bridge Project was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[15]", "Amur River. The Amur has always been closely associated with the island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: \"Sakhalin\" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan (\"black\", as in sahaliyan ula, \"Black River\"), while Ainu and Japanese \"Karaputo\" or \"Karafuto\" is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described the Amur River in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890.", "Amur River. In many historical references these two geopolitical entities are known as Outer Manchuria (Russian Manchuria) and Inner Manchuria, respectively. The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river is named after it, as is the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The name Black River (sahaliyan ula) was used by the native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred.", "Amur River. The Amur River is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations. The Amur was especially important in the period following the Sino–Soviet political split in the 1960s.[citation needed]", "Amu Darya. People began to settle along the lower Amu Darya and the Uzboy in the 5th century, establishing a thriving chain of agricultural lands, towns, and cities. In about 985 CE, the massive Gurganj Dam at the bifurcation of the forks started to divert water to the Aral. Genghis Khan's troops destroyed the dam in 1221, and the Amu Darya shifted to distributing its flow more or less equally between the main stem and the Uzboy.[15] But in the 18th century, the river again turned north, flowing into the Aral Sea, a path it has taken since. Less and less water flowed down the Uzboy. When Russian explorer Bekovich-Cherkasski surveyed the region in 1720, the Amu Darya did not flow into the Caspian Sea anymore.[16]", "Amur River. For many centuries the Amur Valley was populated by the Tungusic (Evenki, Solon, Ducher, Jurchen, Nanai, Ulch) and Mongol (Daur) people, and, near its mouth, by the Nivkhs. For many of them, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century, these people were not known to the Europeans, and little known to the Han Chinese, who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens. The term Yupi Dazi (\"Fish-skin Tatars\") was used for the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins.", "Amur River. Numerous river steamers, built in England, plied the Amur by the late 19th century. Tsar Nicolas II, then Tsarovitch, visited Vladivostok and then cruised up the river. Mining dredges were imported from America to work the placer gold of the river. Barge and river traffic was greatly hindered by the Civil War of 1918–22. The Soviet Reds had the Amur Flotilla which patrolled the river on sequestered riverboats. In the 1930s and during the War the Japanese had their own flotilla on the river. In 1945 the Soviets again put their own flotilla on the river. The ex-German Yangtse gunboats Vaterland and Otter, on Chinese Nationalist Navy service, patrolled the Amur in the 1920s.", "Amur River. The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty, established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13–14th centuries; ruins of a Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr.[6]", "Siberian River Routes. To the Amur: From 1643 to 1689 the Russians attempted to penetrate from the Lena south to the Amur region but were driven back by the Manchus. See Russian-Manchu border conflicts. From 1689 to 1859 the Russo-Chinese border was the Argun River and the Stanovoy Mountains. In 1859 Russia annexed the Amur region. From the west, the Russians penetrated to Ulan-Ude (1666), Chita (1653) and Nerchinsk (1654) toward the Argun. From 1727 much Russo-Chinese trade shifted to Kyakhta near where the Selenge River crosses the current Russo-Mongol border.", "Amur River. The acquisition of the lands on the Amur and the Ussury was followed by the migration of Russian settlers to the region and the construction of such cities as Blagoveshchensk and, later, Khabarovsk.", "Amur River. At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering the region; but a few decades later, during the Kangxi era, they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was reestablished near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions was sent upstream to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers from the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise.[11] Albazin fell during a short military campaign in 1685. The hostilities were concluded in 1689 by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, which left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands.", "Amur River. During the Yongle and Xuande eras (early 15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur as well in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which were later to become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and the early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government.[7][8] Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was relocated during the Qing Dynasty.[9] In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria.[citation needed]", "Amu Darya. The name Amu is said to have come from the medieval city of Āmul, (later, Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as Türkmenabat), in modern Turkmenistan, with Darya being the Persian word for \"river\". Medieval Arabic and Islamic sources call the river Jayhoun (Arabic: جَـيْـحُـوْن‎, translit. Jayḥūn; also Jaihun, Jayhoon, or Dzhaykhun) which is derived from Gihon, the biblical name for one of the four rivers of the Garden of Eden.[3][4]", "Amu Darya. A glacier turns into the Wakhan River and joins the Pamir River about 50 kilometres (31 mi) downstream.[8] Bill Colegrave's expedition to Wakhan in 2007 found that both claimants 2 and 3 had the same source, the Chelab stream, which bifurcates on the watershed of the Little Pamir, half flowing into Lake Chamaktin and half into the parent stream of the Little Pamir/Sarhad River. Therefore, the Chelab stream may be properly considered the true source or parent stream of the Oxus.[9] The Panj River forms the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It flows west to Ishkashim where it turns north and then north-west through the Pamirs passing the Tajikistan–Afghanistan Friendship Bridge. It subsequently forms the border of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), passing Termez and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge. It delineates the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan for another 100 kilometres (62 mi) before it flows into Turkmenistan at Atamurat. It flows across Turkmenistan south to north, passing Türkmenabat, and forms the border of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan from Halkabat. It is then split by the Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex into many waterways that used to form the river delta joining the Aral Sea, passing Urgench, Daşoguz, and other cities, but it does not reach what is left of the sea any more and is lost in the desert. Use of water from the Amu Darya for irrigation has been a major contributing factor to the shrinking of the Aral Sea since the late 1950s. Historical records state that in different periods, the river flowed into the Aral Sea (from the south), into the Caspian Sea (from the east), or both, similar to the Syr Darya (Jaxartes, in Ancient Greek).", "Amur River. The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second (420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000 cu ft/s) whereas the minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere 514 cubic metres per second (18,200 cu ft/s).[14]", "Amur River. Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed.", "Geography of Russia. A number of other rivers drain Siberia from eastern mountain ranges into the Pacific Ocean. The Amur River and its main tributary, the Ussuri, form a long stretch of the winding boundary between Russia and China. The Amur system drains most of southeastern Siberia. Three basins drain European Russia. The Dnieper, which flows mainly through Belarus and Ukraine, has its headwaters in the hills west of Moscow. The 1,860-kilometer |Don originates in the Central Russian Upland south of Moscow and then flows into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea at Rostov-on-Don. The Volga is the third and by far the largest of the European systems, rising in the Valdai Hills west of Moscow and meandering southeastward for 3,510 kilometers before emptying into the Caspian Sea. Altogether, the Volga system drains about 1.4 million square kilometers. Linked by several canals, European Russia's rivers long have been a vital transportation system; the Volga system still carries two-thirds of Russia's inland water traffic.", "Amur River. Historically, it was common to refer to a river simply as \"water\". The word for \"water\" is similar in a number of Asiatic languages: mul (물) in Korean, muren (mörön) in Mongolian, and mizu (みず) in Japanese. The name \"Amur\" may have evolved from a root word for water, coupled with a size modifier for \"Big Water\".[4]", "Amur River. The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge, elevation 2,590 metres (8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Transsiberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of the river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well.", "Amur leopard. The distribution of the Amur leopard has been reduced to a fraction of its original range. It once extended throughout northeastern China, including Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces, and throughout the Korean Peninsula. Its range in Russia was dramatically reduced during the 1970s, losing about 80% of its former range. The northern boundary of its occurrence commenced on the coast of the Sea of Japan at 44°N and ran south at a distance of 15–30 km (9.3–18.6 mi) from the coast to 43°10'N. There its range turned steeply westward, north of the Suchan River basin, then north to encompass the source of the Ussuri River and two right bank tributaries in the upper reaches of the Ussuri, and westward toward the bank of Khanka Lake. In the 1950s, leopards were observed 50 km (31 mi) north of Vladivostok and in Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. The association of Amur leopard with mountains is fairly definite, and to snow-free south-facing rocky slopes in winter. The species is confined more to places where wild sika deer live or where deer husbandry is practiced.[10]", "Age of Discovery. In 1649–50 Yerofey Khabarov became the second Russian to explore the Amur River. Through Olyokma, Tungur and Shilka Rivers he reached Amur (Dauria), returned to Yakutsk and then back to Amur with a larger force in 1650–53. This time he was met with armed resistance. He built winter quarters at Albazin, then sailed down Amur and found Achansk, which preceded the present-day Khabarovsk, defeating or evading large armies of Daurian Manchu Chinese and Koreans on his way. He charted the Amur in his Draft of the Amur river.[144] Subsequently, Russians held on to the Amur Region until 1689, when by the Treaty of Nerchinsk this land was assigned to Chinese Empire (it was returned, however, by the Treaty of Aigun in 1858).", "Amur River. The Chinese name for the river, Heilong Jiang, means Black Dragon River in Chinese, and its Mongolian name, Khar mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн), means Black River.[1]", "Amu Darya. The ancient Greeks called the Amu Darya the Oxus. In ancient times, the river was regarded[by whom?] as the boundary between Greater Iran and Ṫūrān (Persian: تُوران‬‎.[2] The river's drainage lies in the area between the former empires of Genghis Khan and Alexander the Great, although they occurred at very different times. When the Mongols came to the area, they used the water of the Amu Darya to flood Konye-Urgench.[14] One southern route of the Silk Road ran along part of the Amu Darya northwestward from Termez before going westwards to the Caspian Sea.", "Amur leopard. The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is a leopard subspecies native to the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and the Jilin Province of northeast China. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. In 2007, only 19–26 wild Amur leopards were estimated to survive.[1] As of 2015, fewer than 60 individuals were estimated to survive in Russia and China.[2] As of 2018, the population in the wild has climbed to around 103 individuals thanks to intense conservation efforts.[3] The Amur leopard is the rarest big cat on Earth.[4][5]" ]

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[ "Alex Zanardi. In his most competitive race of 2001, the 2001 American Memorial, he suffered a violent accident at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz on 15 September. Zanardi started from the back of the grid and was gaining ground on his rivals. The crash occurred while Zanardi was leading the race in the closing laps. After a late pit stop, Zanardi was attempting to merge back onto the track when he accelerated abruptly and spun into the path of Patrick Carpentier. Carpentier was able to avoid him, but Alex Tagliani, who was just behind Carpentier at the time, could not and Zanardi's car was impacted from the side, behind the front wheel, severing the nose of the car.[10] Zanardi lost both legs (one at the thigh and one at the knee) in the impact and nearly three-quarters of his blood volume, though rapid medical intervention saved his life. Further portions of his legs were amputated during three hours of surgery to clean and facilitate closing the wounds.[11] This was the end of his open-wheel racing career.", "Alex Zanardi. Zanardi was fitted with two prosthetic limbs and began an ambitious rehabilitation program. Dissatisfied with the limitations of legs available commercially, Zanardi designed and built his own custom legs, to allow him to compare the weight and stiffness of various feet in order to find the ones most suitable for racing. In 2002, CART honoured Zanardi by giving him the privilege of waving the checkered flag in Toronto, Canada. In 2003, Zanardi was racing again, with the aid of hand-operated brake and accelerator controls. He ceremonially drove thirteen laps at the Lausitzring, having crashed 13 laps before the end in 2001. He lapped fast enough that had he been qualifying for the race that weekend, he would have been fifth. It persuaded him that a race return was something to pursue.", "Jackie Stewart. At Spa-Francorchamps in 1966, Stewart ran off the track while driving at 165 mph (266 km/h) in heavy rain, and crashed into a telephone pole and a shed before coming to rest in a farmer's outbuilding. His steering column pinned his leg, while ruptured fuel tanks emptied their contents into the cockpit. There were no track crews to extricate him, nor were proper tools available. There were no doctors or medical facilities at the track, and Stewart was put in the bed of a pickup truck, remaining there until an ambulance arrived. He was first taken to the track's first aid centre, where he waited on a stretcher, which was placed on a floor strewn with cigarette ends and other rubbish. Finally, another ambulance crew picked him up, but the ambulance driver got lost driving to a hospital in Liège. Ultimately, a private jet flew Stewart back to the UK for treatment.", "John Surtees. On 25 September 1965, Surtees had a life-threatening accident at the Mosport Circuit (Ontario, Canada) while practising in a Lola T70 sports racing car.[2] A front upright casting had broken. A.J. Baime in his book Go Like Hell says Surtees came out of the crash with one side of his body four inches shorter than the other.[11] Doctors set most of the breaks nonsurgically, in part by physically stretching his shattered body until the right-left discrepancy was under an inch – and there it stayed.", "Tony Stewart. The day after the Pocono race, on August 5, while leading a sprint car race at Southern Iowa Speedway in Oskaloosa, Iowa, Stewart was involved in a multi-car crash when a lapped car spun in front of him. The hit was hard enough that Stewart broke both the tibia and fibula bones in his lower right leg. He was taken by ambulance to a local hospital where surgery was performed on his broken leg.[31][32] A second surgery was performed on August 8, in which a metal rod was inserted into the tibia.[33] The injuries were bad enough that Stewart's streak of 521 consecutive Sprint Cup starts, dating back to the 1999 Daytona 500, ended. A replacement driver for the August 11 race at Watkins Glen International was not immediately named,[34] though it was eventually announced that road veteran Max Papis would fill in for Watkins Glen.[35] Stewart was eventually released from the hospital on August 11.[36]", "Charles R. Drew. Beginning in 1939, Drew traveled to Tuskegee, Alabama to attend the annual free clinic at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital.[17] For the 1950 Tuskegee clinic, Drew drove along with three other black physicians. Drew was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still fatigued from spending the night before in the operating theater, he lost control of the vehicle. After careening into a field, the car somersaulted three times. The three other physicians suffered minor injuries. Drew was trapped with serious wounds; his foot had become wedged beneath the brake pedal. When reached by emergency technicians, he was in shock and barely alive due to severe leg injuries.", "Alex Zanardi. He won the CART championship in 1997 and 1998 in North America. He also had a less successful career as a Formula One driver. More recently, he has attracted widespread praise for his return to competition in the aftermath of a crash in 2001 that resulted in the amputation of his legs. He returned to racing less than two years after the accident, competing in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for BMW Team Italy-Spain between 2003 and 2009.", "Talladega Superspeedway. During the 1974 Winston 500, Roger Penske crewman Don Miller lost part of his leg in a pit lane accident. Miller was helping service his team's AMC Matador, driven by Gary Bettenhausen. The car was hit by another driver in pit lane, pinning Miller between the pit wall and Bettenhausen's car. In the Talladega 500 a few months later, ten of the top eleven qualifying drivers found that their cars had been mechanically - and elaborately - sabotaged the night before the race. While the majority of the damage was quietly repaired before the race, the culprit was never found.[13][17]", "Tony Stewart. Before the season it was announced that Stewart had been medically cleared to race. Stewart mentioned during Pre-Season Thunder that his leg would be about 65% healed going into Daytona.[41] Stewart ran the Sprint Unlimited, but was collected in a nine-car crash. This was something that Stewart had dreaded, but exited his race car under his own power, and without any pain. Stewart entered the Daytona 500 in his backup car, starting from the rear of the field. After the 6 hour and 22 minute rain delay, the race resumed, but just shy of half way, Stewart's fuel pickup began to fail. He and his crew took his race car behind the wall, got the problem fixed, and finished the race 27 laps down.", "Paralympic Games. In 2008 Oscar Pistorius, a South African sprinter, attempted to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Pistorius had both his legs amputated below the knee and races with two carbon fibre blades manufactured by Ossur. He holds Paralympic world record in the 400 meter event.[43] Pistorius missed qualifying for the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400 meter race, by 0.70 seconds. He qualified for the 2008 Summer Paralympics where he won gold medals in the 100, 200, and 400 meter sprints.[44] In 2011, Pistorius qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics and competed in two events: he made the semi-final in the 400 metres race; and his team came 8th in the final of the 4 × 400 metres relay race.[45] Even though all athletes are given equal opportunities to participate in these events, such as the 400 meter race, there has been a growing conspiracy that the games may not be fair to all athletes. For example, athletes running a race with a left prosthetic leg may have the disadvantage than those with a right side prosthesis because the races are run in an anticlockwise direction, giving some athletes an advantage. [46]", "Goodwood Festival of Speed. In 2000, driver John Dawson-Damer lost control of his Lotus 63, and crashed into the finish line gantry, killing himself and marshal Andrew Carpenter. Another marshal, Steve Tarrant, survived but sustained serious injuries to the lower part of his right leg.[11]", "Ron Santo. As part of the publicity surrounding \"Ron Santo Day\" at Wrigley Field on August 28, 1971, he revealed his struggle with diabetes. He was diagnosed with this disease at the age of 18, and was given a life expectancy of 25 years. Santo had both his legs amputated below the knee as a result of his diabetes: the right in 2001 and the left in 2002.", "Don Garlits. On March 8, 1970, at Lions Drag Strip,[2] Garlits was driving Swamp Rat XIII, also called the Wynnscharger, a slingshot rail, when the vehicle suffered a catastrophic failure. The two-speed transmission Garlits was developing exploded and took a piece out of his right foot, while the car broke in half in front of the cockpit;[3] he was out for the remainder of the season. In an interview by Florida Trend, Garlits said this of the incident: \"In 1970, the transmission exploded in my dragster on the final run, and it cut my foot off and cut the car in two. That’s when I drew up plans for what I thought would be a championship rear-engine car. I would go out to the shop in Seffner on my wheelchair, saw stuff out on the band saw and make the parts.\"[4]", "Michael Schumacher. Schumacher's efforts helped Ferrari win the Constructors title in 1999. He lost his chance to win the Drivers' Championship at the British Grand Prix at the high-speed Stowe Corner, his car's rear brake failed, sending him off the track and resulting in a broken leg.[67] During his 98-day absence, he was replaced by Finnish driver Mika Salo. After missing six races he made his return at the inaugural Malaysian Grand Prix, qualifying in pole position by almost a second. He then assumed the role of second driver, assisting teammate Eddie Irvine's bid to win the Drivers' Championship for Ferrari.[68] In the last race of the season, the Japanese Grand Prix, Häkkinen won his second consecutive title. Schumacher would later say that Häkkinen was the opponent he respected the most.[69]", "Parnelli Jones. Jones won races in many types of vehicles: sports cars, IndyCars, sprint cars, midget cars, off-road vehicles, and stock cars. He is also remembered for bringing the stock block engine to USAC Sprint car racing as one of the \"Chevy Twins\" with Jim Hurtubise.[1] He is associated with the famous Boss 302 Mustang with his wins using the engine in the 1970s. Jones' son P. J. Jones was also a diverse driver, with IndyCar and NASCAR starts and a championship in IMSA prototype sports cars. His other son Page Jones was an up-and-coming driver before suffering career ending (and life-threatening) injuries in a sprint car at the 4-Crown Nationals, and has been in rehabilitation, working with his father-in-law. Following the death of 1960 Indianapolis 500 winner Jim Rathmann,[2] Jones is now the oldest living \"500\" winner.", "Michael McDowell (racing driver). While performing a qualifying attempt for the 2008 Samsung 500 at Texas Motor Speedway on April 4, 2008 McDowell had an accident that was strikingly similar to that of another racer with a road-racing background; Gordon Smiley (who died in a crash during Indianapolis 500 time trials in 1982). McDowell's right front sway bar broke entering Turn 1, which caused the car to hit the SAFER barrier almost head on at approximately 185 miles per hour (298 km/h), according to data obtained and reported by SPEED channel (185 mph to zero mph in one foot, as reported by SPEED's Bob Dillner, before reaccelerating the other direction). The car spun around once while tipping onto its roof, and then barrel-rolled eight times with fire coming out of the engine compartment, shedding debris in all directions, until coming to a stop back onto its tires.[3] A huge dark mark was seen on the SAFER barrier, which showed how hard the car hit the barrier, which had to be repaired (the barrier moved inward when the car hit it), and as a result, qualifying for the race was delayed by an hour. The safety features of the barrier, the HANS device and the Car of Tomorrow racecar protected him.[3] Because of this, he walked away from the crash without injury, and waved to the stunned crowd.[3] Since his old car was destroyed, he had to switch to a backup, and ended up starting at the back of the pack in the race.", "Silverstone Circuit. 1973 was the year that Jody Scheckter lost control of his McLaren at the completion of the first lap, spinning into the pit wall and setting in motion the biggest accident ever seen on a British motor racing circuit. The race was stopped on lap two and the carnage cleared away; it speaks highly for the construction of the cars that only one driver was injured. The race was won Scheckter’s teammate, Peter Revson (McLaren M23-Cosworth) from Peterson (Lotus 72E) and Denny Hulme (McLaren M23). The race average speed had risen again to 131.75mph.[13]", "Gerry Bertier. On December 11, 1971, Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the players of the 1971, T.C. Williams Titans football team for their undefeated season. After the banquet, Bertier borrowed his mother's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro. Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed. The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the motor mount of the engine. Gerry was moved to the operating room when he was stabilized.[4] Although doctors tried to relieve pressure on his spine to help him regain some feeling, it was unsuccessful. Bertier coordinated with Junior Colleges in Alexandria to set up a \"Walk for Mankind,\" and he encouraged students, adults, company executives to donate. Bertier occasionally met with others who suffered similar injuries, helping them with their rehabilitation. Outside of his hometown, Gerry made speeches across the country for rights for the handicapped. He addressed subjects such as making buildings handicapped accessible. Bertier worked for Abbey Medical selling medical equipment to the handicapped, a position which allowed him to attend wheelchair sporting events held nationally.", "Tony Stewart. Stewart got off to a scary start for the 2001 season: during the Daytona 500, he was involved in an 18-car crash on lap 173. The crash began on the back straightaway and also collected Bobby Labonte and his brother Terry, Rusty Wallace, Steve Park, Jason Leffler, Jerry Nadeau, Buckshot Jones, Andy Houston, Ward Burton, Mark Martin, Kenny Wallace, Jeff Gordon, Elliot Sadler, Dale Jarrett, Jeff Burton, John Andretti, and Robby Gordon. Stewart took the worst of it, as his car turned backwards after being hit by W. Burton, pushed over R. Gordon, then flipped twice in midair, hooked B. Labonte's hood, and came to a stop in the infield. Stewart was transported to Halifax Medical Center after complaints of discomfort in his shoulder. Stewart's crash was greatly overshadowed by Dale Earnhardt's fatal crash on the last lap. Stewart recovered to win three more races at Richmond, Infineon, and Bristol and, as he had done before, he ran near the front most of the season. Statistically, he had a worse season than 2000, but he finished 2nd to Gordon in the final points standings.", "1942 Rose Bowl. Oregon State's Gene Gray flew more than 30 bombing missions over Germany and continued to serve after the war. In 1948, his plane crashed after a flameout on takeoff in the jungles of Panama. He later likened his body to burnt steak. He had severe burns over most of his body and both his arms had to be amputated. Gray, whose arms hauled in the touchdown catch which proved the deciding margin, wound up with no arms at all.[20]", "Grand National. Two years before the 1981 Grand National, jockey Bob Champion had been diagnosed with testicular cancer and given only months to live by doctors. But by 1981 he had recovered and was passed fit to ride in the Grand National. He rode Aldaniti, a horse deprived in its youth and which had only recently recovered from chronic leg problems.[42] Despite a poor start, the pair went on to win four-and-a-half lengths ahead of the much-fancied Spartan Missile, ridden by amateur jockey and 54-year-old grandfather John Thorne.[43] Champion and Aldaniti were instantly propelled to celebrity status, and within two years, their story had been re-created in the film Champions, starring John Hurt.[44]", "Tony Stewart. In July 2014, Stewart returned to sprint car racing in his No. 14 sprint car; the very car that broke his leg in 2013. When asked why he returned, Stewart said he loved racing sprint cars too much to leave. Stewart silenced his critics by dominating and winning a sprint car race at Tri-City Motor Speedway in a huge comeback story. After the race Stewart said:", "Walter Payton. Payton pursued various business ventures in retirement, including becoming co-owner of Dale Coyne Racing in the CART IndyCar World Series. He also drove in several Trans-Am Series events, including a 1993 race at Road America in which his car overturned and caught fire. He suffered burns but escaped serious injury.[42]", "Steven Bradbury. During a 1994 World Cup event in Montreal, another skater's blade sliced through Bradbury's right thigh after a collision; it cut through to the other side and he lost four litres of blood.[9] Bradbury's heart rate had been up near 200 at the end of the race and this meant that blood was being pumped out fast. All four of his quadriceps muscles had been sliced through and Bradbury thought that if he lost consciousness, he would die. He needed 111 stitches and could not move for three weeks. His leg needed 18 months before it was back to full strength.[10]", "Denny Hamlin. Although Hamlin climbed out of the car right after the crash, he immediately collapsed and lay on the track. He was airlifted to the hospital as a precaution. When lying in the hospital Hamlin interpreted Logano's post race words about their battle as Logano saying that he held a grudge against Hamlin and retaliated against Hamlin. It was announced the next day that Hamlin had suffered a massive L1 compression fracture, or a collapsed vertebra.[9] Dr. Petty, Hamlin's JGR doctor reported on Tuesday that Hamlin's back would heal in six weeks and Hamlin would need time off. Two of Michael Waltrip Racing's Part-time drivers stepped in to replace Hamlin, with Mark Martin filling in at Martinsville and Brian Vickers filling in for four races. He made his return at Talladega in the Aaron's 499, and told reporters that since he was not ready to run a full race, he would switch with Brian Vickers during the first caution and pit stop by a special exit on the roof attached to the car.", "Ryan Newman (racing driver). At Dover, Newman was running well until a pit road accident. There, he nearly tapped Jimmie Johnson after locking up his wheels when coming into pit road. He was penalized for a speeding violation resulting from the locked wheels and was one lap down after the penalty. Not long after the penalty, Newman was involved in an accident with David Gilliland, ending his race.[14]", "Tom Pryce. In that race at Brands Hatch, Pryce took an unfancied Royale RP11 to first place in the Formula Three support race for the 1972 Formula One Race of Champions against many established Formula Three drivers such as Roger Williamson, Jochen Mass and James Hunt.[15] So large was Pryce's advantage at the end of the race, many of the other teams voiced an opinion that Pryce's car had run the race underweight; it turned out that the circuit's weighbridge certificate had expired and everyone's cars had been underweight.[16] Pryce retired from the leading group in the following two rounds at Oulton Park and Zandvoort, and then during practice for the support race of the 1972 Monaco Grand Prix his car came to a stop at Casino Square after a wire had come loose. He had exited his car to correct the problem when Peter Lamplough lost control of his car and struck the Royale RP11. Pryce was knocked into a shop window and broke a leg.[14]", "Pawan Kalyan. Pawan Kalyan helped a biker, Gota Satish Kumar with 5 lakh rupees who lost his legs in an accident.[43]", "Tom Pryce. The impact with the fire extinguisher wrenched Pryce's helmet upward sharply. Death was almost certainly instantaneous. Pryce's Shadow DN8, now with its driver dead at the wheel, continued at speed down the main straight towards the first corner, called Crowthorne. The car left the track to the right, scraping the metal barriers, hitting an entrance for emergency vehicles, and veering back onto the track. It then hit Jacques Laffite's Ligier, sending both Pryce and Laffite head-on into the barriers. Jansen van Vuuren's injuries were so extensive that, initially, his body was identified only after the race director had summoned all of the race marshals and he was not among them.[54]", "Tony Stewart. On lap 109 of the UAW-Dodge 400, Stewart's car cut a tire and slammed hard into the turn 3 retaining wall. Although he climbed out under his own power, Stewart was transported by ambulance to the infield care center. Stewart had complained about a sore foot from a wreck that occurred the day before the Nationwide Series race at Las Vegas. Stewart was later announced that he was okay and ripped on Goodyear for not bringing any quality tires.", "Joey Logano. At Kansas on May 13, Logano had a rough race that saw him fall from second on the start to mid-pack. Logano battled setbacks such as a speeding penalty, and a cut tire which caused him to stay mid-pack for the rest of his race. Logano was charging towards the top ten, when his car's brakes broke, causing him to crash Danica Patrick and cause a fiery accident. The accident led to Aric Almirola being injured and airlifted to a local hospital for evaluation. Logano was visibly shaken following the wreck in a post-race interview.", "Bobby Leach. In 1926, while on a publicity tour in New Zealand, Leach injured his leg when he slipped on an orange peel. The leg became infected, and eventually gangrene necessitated the amputation of the leg. Despite this extreme procedure, Bobby Leach died of complications two months later. [2]" ]

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[ "Ravens of the Tower of London. The Ravens of the Tower of London are a group of at least six captive ravens which live at the Tower of London.[2] Their presence is traditionally believed to protect the Crown and the tower; a superstition holds that \"if the Tower of London ravens are lost or fly away, the Crown will fall and Britain with it\".[3][4][5]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Yet another legend attributes the appearance of ravens in the Tower to the Great Fire of London in 1666. Wild ravens, as well as pigs and kites, were the biggest scavengers in medieval London.[15] Allegedly after the fire, survivors started persecuting ravens for scavenging, but Flamsteed explained to Charles II that killing all ravens would be a bad omen, and that the kingdom would not outlive the last killed raven. Charles II then ordered six birds to be kept at the Tower.[16]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Geoff Parnell, the official Tower of London historian, and a member of the Royal Armouries staff, also believes that the allegedly ancient history of captive ravens at the Tower is just a legend that was created during the Victorian era. And during Parnell's research, despite the superstition that the Crown depends on the continued presence of the ravens, \"[he] has found the blunt statement in the records 'there are none left' – and yet the monarchy and the tower have more or less survived\".[6] This alludes to a period right before the reopening of the Tower after World War II, when the only surviving ravens, the mated pair Mabel and Grip, disappeared from the Tower, perhaps eloping to a nearby wood. The story of their escape appeared in several local American papers.[23]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Each Tower raven has a different coloured band on one leg, to make it easier to identify individual birds.[29] Ravens in captivity in the Tower grounds have had lifespans of over 40 years.[30]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Historically, wild ravens were common throughout Britain, even in towns, the tower being within their natural range. When they were exterminated from much of their traditional range, including London, they could only exist at the tower in captivity and with official support. Local legend puts the origin of the captive raven population at the time of King Charles II (reigned 1660–85). Some historians believe the \"tower's raven mythology is likely to be a Victorian flight of fantasy\".[6] Some of the ravens at the tower were specially bred in Somerset.[1][7]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Wild ravens are native to Britain (and most other parts of the Northern Hemisphere) although in recent times breeding populations are mostly restricted to the wilder western upland areas of the British Isles.[17] It is quite likely that ravens lived in and around the Tower centuries ago,[18] because until the 16th century, ravens lived in close proximity to people as well as in wild areas; they were welcomed in towns because their scavenging habits of feeding helped keep the streets clean. However, in later years wild ravens were viewed as a threat to livestock, and during the 19th century they were eliminated in many areas by systematic hunting and shooting.[19] The last time ravens nested in the wild in London was in Hyde Park in 1826, but the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reported in 2004 that ravens had been observed nesting in the Home Counties around London, as close as 30 miles from the Tower.[20]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. According to folklore, wild ravens are thought to have inhabited the Tower for many centuries, supposedly first attracted there by the smell of the corpses of the executed enemies of the Crown.[10] Allegedly, at the execution of Anne Boleyn in 1535, \"Even the ravens of the Tower sat silent and immovable on the battlements and gazed eerily at the strange scene. A Queen about to die!\"[11] The ravens of the Tower supposedly behaved much worse during the execution of Lady Jane Grey in 1554, allegedly \"pecking the eyes from the severed head\" of the queen.[12]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. In 1996, two more ravens fell out of favour and were dismissed from the Tower for \"conduct unbecoming Tower residents.\"[33]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. One legend attributes the start of the tradition of keeping ravens with clipped wings in the Tower of London to Charles II and to his royal astronomer John Flamsteed, although there are versions of the legend that differ in their details.[14] According to one legend, John Flamsteed complained to Charles II that wild ravens were flying past his telescope and making it harder for him to observe the sky from his observatory in the White Tower. Flamsteed requested that the birds be removed, but Charles II refused to comply with this request.[12][14]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Despite having their flight feathers clipped on one wing, sometimes the Tower ravens desert their duties. In 1981, Grog the raven decided to leave the surroundings of the Tower for those of a pub, after 21 years of faithful service to the Crown.[4][14] In contrast, a raven named Mabel was kidnapped from the Tower soon after World War II, a mystery that has never been solved.[3]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Since 1987, the Tower ravens have been the subject of a successful captive breeding programme. For example, over time, 17 chicks were successfully hatched and raised by a pair of ravens known as \"Charlie\" and \"Rhys\".[3] Charlie came to an unhappy end: he bit a bomb-sniffing dog (who was also named Charlie), and the dog grabbed the raven with his teeth. This dog bite killed the bird.[4]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Sax found the one early mention of importation of captive ravens in the 1918 book The Tower from Within by George Younghusband. Younghusband stated that the ravens were provided by the 4th Earl of Dunraven (1841–1926). The second Earl of Dunraven had been a patron of the Druidic scholar, poet, and forger Iolo Morganwg, who convinced the family that their castle in Glamorgan had been the original residence of the raven-god Bran, actually an early king. The Earls may have thought of the ravens as avatars of Bran, and wished to assert a spiritual claim over the Tower.[22]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. During the global spread of H5N1 virus (\"bird flu\") in 2006, the ravens of the Tower were taken inside, and lived in \"custom-built aviaries\".[27]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. In 1990 a chaplain named Norman Hood died in his chamber on the Tower grounds. Former Assistant Ravenmaster Tom Trent has reported that the ravens appeared to be aware of the death, for they soon gathered on the Tower Green near the chapel, called out, and then became quiet, as though to pay their respects. The idea should not be discounted, as corvids have been widely reported to hold \"funerals,\" in which they mourn and then cluster around a dead bird in silence.[34]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. The Tower's ravens are given individual names, and are all under the care of the Yeomen Warders. The diet of the ravens is carefully maintained; it includes fresh fruit, cheese and fresh meat, as well as vitamins and other supplements.[31] In 2007, the Ravenmaster Derek Coyle commented: \"I buy fresh meat from Smithfield – liver, lamb, beef, chicken. And occasionally when I’m at my own place in Suffolk someone will give me some rabbit that’s been killed. If I see roadkill on the road, and it’s not been too badly mangled, I normally put it in a black bag and bring it back here. I give them biscuits as well, soaked in blood from the meat that I buy. And in winter I get them capsules of cod liver oil. I know they’re getting as much vitamins and oil as they possibly can. That’s why they look so healthy.\" He also says, \"Every day they’ve all had at least 8 oz of meat. Every other day they’ll get a boiled egg and I’ll give them chopped apple, grapes – they love cheese by the way.\"[31]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Most Londoners are fond of the ravens, but sometimes an individual bird will fall out of favour because of inappropriate behaviour. For example, \"Raven George\" lost his appointment to the Crown, and was retired to Wales for attacking and destroying TV aerials. A special decree was issued about the incident:", "Ravens of the Tower of London. During World War II, only one raven was able to survive the hardships of the bombing during the Blitz, so the Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, ordered more ravens to be brought in, in order to bring the flock up to the correct size. The Tower ravens are enlisted as soldiers of the Kingdom, and were issued attestation cards in the same way as soldiers and police. As is the case with soldiers, the ravens can be dismissed for unsatisfactory conduct.[4][15][24]", "Yeomen Warders. It is not known how long the ravens have been living in the Tower of London, but they were resident by the time of King Charles II. Legend maintains that should the ravens ever leave the Tower, the White Tower will fall and disaster will befall the kingdom.[15] When he received complaints that the ravens interfered with observatory work, Charles ordered the re-siting of the Royal Observatory to Greenwich rather than remove the ravens.[15] In order to prevent the ravens from flying away, their flight feathers are trimmed so that they cannot fly in a straight line for any appreciable distance. The ravens are free, however, to roam the Tower grounds.[15]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. The ravens cannot fly because the flight feathers on one wing are clipped. With a single wing clipped, they can only fly short distances to perch. Otherwise, as Boria Sax writes, tongue-in-cheek:", "Ravens of the Tower of London. In his article \"How Ravens Came to the Tower of London\", American author Boria Sax came to the conclusion that \"the ravens were originally brought in to dramatise the alleged site of executions at the Tower\".[13]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. The first reference to an early version of the legend that Britain will fall if the ravens leave the Tower comes from July, 1944, when ravens were being used as unofficial spotters for enemy bombs and planes during the Blitz.[25]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. The ravens are now treated almost like royalty. Like the Royals, the ravens live in a palace and are waited on by servants. They are kept at public expense, but in return they must show themselves to the public in settings of great splendour. So long as they abide by certain basic rules, neither Royals nor ravens have to do anything extraordinary. If the power in question is political and diplomatic, the Royals now have hardly more than the ravens. But the word \"power\" here can also mean the aura of glamour and mystery which at times envelops both ravens and monarchs.[28]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Today the Tower's ravens are one of the attractions for tourists visiting the City of London.[6] Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, is reported to have been impressed by the birds' verbal skills; one of the ravens greeted each person in his entourage with a \"Good morning!\".[26] However, visitors are advised not to feed the birds, and warned that a raven will bite if it feels threatened.[14]", "Common raven. A legend developed that England would not fall to a foreign invader as long as there were ravens at the Tower of London; although this is often thought to be an ancient belief, the official Tower of London historian, Geoff Parnell, believes that this is actually a romantic Victorian invention.[128]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. The first two depictions of ravens in the Tower of London both date from the year 1883. One is in a special edition of the newspaper The Pictorial World, and the other is from the children's Book London Town, written by Felix Leigh and illustrated by Thomas Crane and Elizabeth Houghton.[21]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Dr Parnell also believes that the first captive ravens may have been introduced to the Tower as pets of the staff. After \"The Raven\" the famous narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe was first published in January 1845, the Western world became fascinated with the birds.[6]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. \"These ravens must go!\" he said. \"But, Sire, it is very unlucky to kill a raven,\" replied Flamstead, \"If you do that the Tower will fall and you will lose your kingdom, having only just got it back!\" Charles, being a pragmatist, thought for a moment and said: \"The Observatory must go to Greenwich and the ravens can stay in the Tower.\"[12]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. On Saturday 13th September 1986, Raven George, enlisted 1975, was posted to the Welsh Mountain Zoo. Conduct unsatisfactory, service therefore no longer required.[32]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. One of the earliest legends that connects the Tower with a raven is the tale of the euhemerised mutually destructive battle against the Irish leader Matholwch who had mistreated the British princess Branwen. Branwen's brother Br창n the Blessed (King of the Britons) ordered his followers to cut off his head and bury it beneath the White Hill (where the Tower now stands) facing out towards France as a talisman to protect Britain from foreign invasion.[8] Please note that Br창n is the Welsh word for Raven. This fact makes clear the link between Br창n's head being buried beneath the site of today's tower and the importance of the continued presence of ravens.", "Tower of London. Since 1990, the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown.[143] In 1988, the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site.[144][145] However, recent developments, such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby, have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations' Heritage in Danger List.[146] The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006. Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory, once used by past kings and queens.[147] Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower,[148] the responsibility of day-to-day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor.[149] At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times, in accordance with the belief that if they are absent, the kingdom will fall.[150] They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders. The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883.[151] As well as having ceremonial duties, the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower.[105][112] Over 2.8 million people visited the Tower of London in 2017.[1]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Another story concerns the two ravens named \"James Crow\" and \"Edgar Sopper\". James Crow was a much-loved and long-lived raven. After noticing the commotion surrounding the other raven's death, Edgar Sopper decided he could \"play dead\" in order to bring more attention to himself. His trick was so convincing that the ravenmaster fully believed that Edgar Sopper had died. When the ravenmaster picked up the \"corpse\", Edgar bit the man's finger and \"flapped off croaking huge raven laughs\".[24]", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Another variation of this legend says that it was Charles II himself who disliked the wild ravens' droppings falling onto the telescope. The conversation with his astronomer that supposedly followed decided the fate not only of the ravens, but also of Greenwich, where the Greenwich Observatory was commissioned by the King in 1675. In this version of the legend the King complained:" ]

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[ "Four-minute mile. New Zealand's John Walker, the first man to run the mile under 3:50, managed to run 135 sub-four-minute miles during his career (during which he was the first person to run over 100 sub-four-minute miles), and American Steve Scott has run the most sub-four-minute miles, with 136. Algeria's Noureddine Morceli was the first under 3:45. Currently, the mile record is held by Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj, who ran a time of 3:43.13 in Rome in 1999.", "Four-minute mile. In 1997, Daniel Komen of Kenya ran two miles in less than eight minutes, doubling up on Bannister's accomplishment.[17] He did it again in February 1998, falling just 0.3 seconds behind his previous performance, and is still the only individual to accomplish the feat.[18]", "Four-minute mile. Some sources (including Olympic medalist Peter Radford[19]) contend the first successful four-minute mile was run in London by James Parrott on 9 May 1770.[20][21] Parrott's route began on Goswell Road, before turning down Old Street, finishing at St Leonard's, Shoreditch. Although timing methods at this time were – following the invention of the chronometer by John Harrison – accurate enough to measure the four minutes correctly, the record is not recognised by modern sporting bodies.[22] Neal Bascomb notes in The Perfect Mile that \"even nineteenth-century historians cast a skeptical eye on the account.\"[23]", "Four-minute mile. In the sport of athletics, a four-minute mile means completing a mile run (1,760 yards, or 1,609.344 metres) in less than four minutes. It was first achieved in 1954 by Roger Bannister in 3:59.4.[1] The \"four-minute barrier\" has since been broken by many male athletes, and is now the standard of all male professional middle distance runners. In the last 50 years the mile record has been lowered by almost 17 seconds, and currently stands at 3:43.13.[2] Running a mile in four minutes translates to a speed of 15 miles per hour (24.14 km/h, or 2:29.13 per kilometre, or 14.91 seconds per 100 metres)[3].", "Middle-distance running. Historically, the mile took the place that the 1500 m has today. It is still raced on the world class level, but usually only at select occasions, like the famous Wanamaker Mile, held annually at the Millrose Games. Running a mile in less than four minutes is a famously difficult achievement, long thought impossible by the scientific community.[citation needed] The first man to break the four-minute barrier was Englishman Roger Bannister at Oxford in 1954.", "Roger Bannister. After his relative failure at the 1952 Olympics, Bannister spent two months deciding whether to give up running. He set himself on a new goal: to be the first man to run a mile in under four minutes.[7] Accordingly, he intensified his training and did hard intervals.[8]", "Four-minute mile. Then in 1796, the Sporting Magazine reported that on 10 October of that year a young man called Weller, \"undertook for a wager of three guineas (about 5 months' pay at that time) to run one mile on the Banbury road, in four minutes, which he performed two seconds within the time.\"[24]", "Roger Bannister. At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Bannister set a British record in the 1500 metres and finished in fourth place. This achievement strengthened his resolve to become the first athlete to finish the mile run in under four minutes. He accomplished this feat on 6 May 1954 at Iffley Road track in Oxford, with Chris Chataway and Chris Brasher providing the pacing. When the announcer, Norris McWhirter, declared \"The time was three...\", the cheers of the crowd drowned out Bannister's exact time, which was 3 minutes and 59.4 seconds. He had attained this record with minimal training, while practising as a junior doctor. Bannister's record lasted just 46 days.", "Mile run world record progression. Progression of the mile record accelerated in the 1930s as newsreel coverage greatly popularized the sport, making stars out of milers such as Jules Ladoumègue, Jack Lovelock, and Glenn Cunningham. In the 1940s, Swedes Arne Andersson and Gunder Hägg lowered the record to just over four minutes (4:01.4) while racing was curtailed during World War II in the combatant countries. After the war, John Landy of Australia and Britain's Roger Bannister vied to be the first to break the fabled four-minute mile barrier. Roger Bannister did it first on May 6, 1954, and John Landy followed 46 days later. By the end of the 20th century, the record had been lowered to the time of 3:43.13 run by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1999.[2]", "Four-minute mile. Breaking the four-minute barrier was first achieved on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University's Iffley Road Track, by Englishman Roger Bannister,[4] with the help of fellow-runners as pacemakers.[5]", "Roger Bannister. Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister CH CBE (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was a British middle-distance athlete and neurologist who ran the first sub-4-minute mile.", "Roger Bannister. But other runners were making attempts at the four-minute barrier and coming close as well. American Wes Santee ran 4:02.4 on 5 June, the fourth-fastest mile ever. And at the end of the year, Australian John Landy ran 4:02.0.[16]", "Roger Bannister. On 2 May 1953, he made an attempt on the British record at Oxford. Paced by Chris Chataway, Bannister ran 4:03.6, shattering Wooderson's 1945 standard.[8] \"This race made me realise that the four-minute mile was not out of reach,\" said Bannister.[14]", "Four-minute mile. Another illustration of the progression of performance in the men's mile is that, in 1994, forty years after Bannister's breaking of the barrier, the Irish runner Eamonn Coghlan became the first man over the age of 40 to run a sub-four-minute mile.[14] Because Coghlan surpassed the mark indoors and before the IAAF validated indoor performances as being eligible for outdoor records, World Masters Athletics still had not recognised a sub-4-minute-mile performance as a record in the M40 division. Many elite athletes made the attempts to extend their careers beyond age 40 to challenge that mark. Over 18 years after Coghlan, that was finally achieved by UK's Anthony Whiteman, running 3:58.79 on 2 June 2012.[15]", "Four-minute mile. It is also reputed that Glenn Cunningham achieved a four-minute mile in a workout in the 1920s. In addition to being unsubstantiated, a workout run would not count as a record.[28]", "Roger Bannister. The reason the myth took hold was that four minutes was a round number that lay slightly out of reach of the world record (by just 1.4 seconds) for nine years, which was longer than it might otherwise have been due to the effect of the Second World War in interrupting athletic progress in the combatant countries. The Swedish runners, Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson, in a series of head-to-head races in the period 1942–45, had already lowered the world mile record by five seconds to the pre-Bannister record. Knowledgeable track fans are still most impressed by the fact that Bannister ran a four-minute mile on very low-mileage training by modern standards.", "Sport in New Zealand. Athletics is New Zealand's second-most successful Olympic sport with 24 medals, of which 10 have been gold. Arthur Porritt was New Zealand's first Olympic athletic medallist, winning bronze in the 100 metres at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The race was later immortallised in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire, although at Porritt's request his character in the film was renamed \"Tom Watson\".", "New Zealand–United States relations. The 92nd Indianapolis 500-Mile Race was run on Sunday, 25 May 2008 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It was won by Scott Dixon of New Zealand, the first New Zealander ever to do so.[53]", "Four-minute mile. Two months later, during the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games hosted in Vancouver, B.C., two competing runners, Australia's John Landy and Bannister, ran the distance of one mile in under four minutes. The race's end is memorialised in a statue of the two (with Landy glancing over his shoulder, thus losing the race) placed in front of the Pacific National Exhibition entrance plaza.", "Middle-distance running. Historically, the two mile took the place that the 3000 m and the 3200 m have today. The first man to break the four-minute barrier for both miles was Daniel Komen (Kenya) at Hechtel, Belgium on 19 July 1997, and his time of 7:58.61 remains a world record. Meseret Defar (Ethiopia) is the fastest woman: 8:58.58, Brussels, Belgium, 14 September 2007.", "Oxford. On 6 May 1954, Roger Bannister, a 25-year-old medical student, ran the first authenticated sub-four-minute mile at the Iffley Road running track in Oxford. Although he had previously studied at Oxford University, Bannister was studying at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London at the time.[29]", "Roger Bannister. On the 50th anniversary of running the mile in under four minutes, Bannister was interviewed by the BBC's sports correspondent Rob Bonnet. At the conclusion of the interview, Bannister was asked whether he looked back on the sub-4-minute mile as the most important achievement of his life. Bannister replied that he instead saw his subsequent forty years of practising medicine and some of the new procedures he introduced as being more significant. He also said that, in terms of athletic achievement, he felt his performances at the 1952 Olympics and the 1954 Commonwealth Games were more significant than running the sub-4-minute mile.", "Four-minute mile. In other words, the magazine reports that he ran a mile in three minutes, fifty eight seconds. By that time, a mile could be routinely measured to within a few inches; [25] watches, thanks to John Harrison, could measure 4 minutes to within 0.0009 sec (i.e. gain or lose 10 seconds a month),[26] and after about 1750 the mass production of highly accurate watches was well underway.[27]", "Roger Bannister. On 7 August, at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, B.C., Bannister, running for England, competed against Landy for the first time in a race billed as \"The Miracle Mile\". They were the only two men in the world to have broken the 4-minute barrier, with Landy still holding the world record.", "Mo Farah. On 19 August 2010, at a Diamond League meeting in Zürich, Farah ran 5000 m in 12:57.94, breaking David Moorcroft's long-standing British record and becoming the first ever British athlete to run under 13 minutes.[55]", "Four-minute mile. In July 2016 the BBC broadcast the documentary Bannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Story with firsthand interviews from Bannister and various other figures on the first sub-4 minute mile.[30][31]", "Four-minute mile. In 1964, America's Jim Ryun became the first high-school runner to break four minutes for the mile, running 3:59.0 as a junior and a then American record 3:55.3 as a senior in 1965.[6] Tim Danielson (1966) and Marty Liquori (1967) also came in under four minutes, but Ryun's high-school record stood until Alan Webb ran 3:53.43 in 2001.[7] Ten years later, in 2011, Lukas Verzbicas became the fifth high-schooler under four minutes.[8] In 2015, Matthew Maton and Grant Fisher became the sixth and seventh high-schoolers to break four minutes, both running 3:59.38 about a month apart.[9] Webb was the first high schooler to run sub-4 indoors, running 3:59.86 in early 2001. On 6 February 2016, Andrew Hunter significantly improved upon Webb's mark, running 3:58.25 on the same New York Armory track[10] and 3:57.81 two weeks later.[11] Hunter achieved the 4 minute mile mark outdoors later in the season at the Prefontaine Classic. At that same meet Michael Slagowski ran his second sub-4 minute of the season.[12] Reed Brown and Sam Mansfield both dipped under the barrier on June 1st, 2017, running the 4th fastest high school mile times ever recorded in a race: 3:59.30. [13]", "Derek Redmond. Redmond first broke the British record for the 400 metres in 1985 with a run of 44.82 seconds. This record was subsequently broken by Roger Black, but Redmond reclaimed the record in 1987.", "Pacemaker (running). Pacemaking gained much usage after Chris Brasher and Chris Chataway successfully paced Roger Bannister to break the four-minute mile for the first time in 1954.[2][3]", "Four-minute mile. No woman has yet run a four-minute mile. As of 2015[update], the women's world record is held by retired Russian Svetlana Masterkova, with a time of 4:12.56 in 1996.[16]", "Four-minute mile. In 2004, Neal Bascomb wrote a book entitled The Perfect Mile about Roger Bannister, John Landy, and Wes Santee, portraying their individual attempts to break the four-minute mile and the context of the sport of mile racing. A second film version (entitled Four Minutes) was made in 2005, starring Jamie Maclachlan as Bannister.", "Ashrita Furman. Furman has managed a health food store in Jamaica, Queens, New York City,[9] New York since 1982. He is also a tour manager for his meditation group and is therefore able to travel extensively. As of 2014, Furman has set records in 40 countries. He completed his goal of breaking a record in all seven continents when he set the mile hula hoop record at Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock) in the Australian desert in 2003.[10] Furman has also set records at such famous landmarks as the Egyptian pyramids (distance pool cue balancing), Stonehenge (standing on a Swiss ball), the Eiffel Tower (most sit ups in an hour), the Great Wall of China (hopping on a kangaroo ball), Borobudur (Fastest time to run a mile while balancing a milk bottle on the head) and Angkor Wat (jumping rope on a pogo stick). While in China, Furman broke the record for running 8 km (4.97 mi) on stilts in the fastest time (39 min. 56 sec.), a record which had stood since 1982." ]

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[ "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). The Day was first celebrated in 1995 in the United Kingdom. The original, global World Book Day event is generally observed on 23 April - it was changed in the UK to avoid clashes with Easter school holidays and with St George's Day. Conversely, a separate event World Book Night organized by independent charity The Reading Agency is held on 23 April.", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). The United Kingdom's own version of World Book Day began in 1998, launched by Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Globe Theatre in London.[citation needed] Several million schoolchildren in the UK were given a special £1 World Book Day Book Token (€1.50 in Ireland) which could be redeemed against any book in any UK bookshop. A specially created WBD anthology priced at £1 (€1.50 in Ireland) was also published. All World Book Day point of sale and the £1 book carried the special World Book Day logo to help unify the initiative through all outlets.", "World Book Day. World Book Day[1] or World Book and Copyright Day (also known as International Day of the Book or World Book Days) is a yearly event on April 23rd, organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), to promote reading, publishing and copyright. In the United Kingdom, the day is recognized on the first Thursday in March. World Book Day was celebrated for the first time on 23 April 1995.", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). In 2006, World Book Day began its support of and association with the Quick Reads[1] initiative for adult emergent readers.", "World Book Day. In the United Kingdom, World Book Day is held annually on the first Thursday in March, as 23 April sometimes clashes with Easter school holidays; 23 April is also the National Saint's Day of England, St George's Day. A separate event, World Book Night, organized by independent charity The Reading Agency, is held on 23 April.", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). World Book Day is a charity event held annually in the United Kingdom and Ireland on the first Thursday in March. It is the local manifestation of World Book and Copyright Day (also known as International Day of the Book or World Book Days) organized by UNESCO to promote reading, publishing and copyright. On World Book Day, every child in full-time education in the UK is given a voucher to be spent on books.", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). In 2007, World Book Day celebrated its 10th anniversary with the publication of 10 £1 books. Since then every child in full-time education in the UK and Ireland is entitled to receive a £1 World Book day Book token every year. They can swap their WBD token for one of specially-produced £1 WBD books or they can get £1 off a full-price book or audio book priced £2.99 or more.", "World Book Day. The connection between 23 April and books was first made in 1923 by booksellers in Catalonia, Spain[Book 1] The original idea was of the Valencian writer Vicente Clavel Andrés as a way to honour the author Miguel de Cervantes, first on October 7, his birth date, then on April 23, his death date. In 1995 UNESCO decided that the World Book and Copyright Day would be celebrated on 23 April, as the date is also the anniversary of the death of William Shakespeare and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, as well as that of the birth or death of several other prominent authors.[2] (In a historical coincidence, Shakespeare and Cervantes died on the same date — 23 April 1616 — but not on the same day, as at the time, Spain used the Gregorian calendar and England used the Julian calendar; Cervantes actually died 10 days before Shakespeare died.)", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). Since then, World Book Day UK has followed a similar pattern, gradually growing each year to encompass more initiatives, such as Spread The Word, Quick Reads Initiative and Books for Hospitals. Every year, the number of children receiving a World Book Day Book Token has increased.", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). World Book Day is a registered charity.[2] It does not raise funds for itself but does support Book Aid International[3] and Readathon as its nominated charities, encouraging schools to hold special fundraising events for children less fortunate than themselves. World Book Day is not funded by the British Government although the Quick Reads element does receive support from ACE, DIUS and NIACE. The funding for World Book Day activities comes principally from the major sponsor, National Book Tokens[4] and the UK book trade (publishers and booksellers).", "World Book Day (UK and Ireland). In 2000, instead of a single £1 special anthology, four separate £1 books were published, covering a wider age-range. Since then, each year has seen a new set of special £1 books published.", "World Book Day. In Sweden, the day is known as Världsbokdagen (\"World Book Day\") and the copyright aspect is seldom mentioned. Normally celebrated on 23 April, it was moved to April 13 in the year 2000[4] and 2011 to avoid a clash with Easter.[5]", "World Book Day. In Catalonia, Spain, St. George's Day has been 'The Day of the Rose' since 1436, and involves the exchange of gifts between loved ones and respected people—it is analogous to Valentine's Day. Although World Book and Copyright Day has been celebrated since 1995 internationally, books were exchanged on 'The Day of the Rose' in Catalonia since 1929, in memory of Cervantes.[3]", "British literature. The Poetry Society publishes and promotes poetry, notably through an annual National Poetry Day. World Book Day is observed in Britain and the Crown Dependencies on the first Thursday in March annually.", "World Book Day. In Kensington, Maryland the International Day of the Book is celebrated with a street festival on the Sunday closest to April 26.", "World Book Capital. The success of World Book and Copyright Day, launched in 1996, encouraged UNESCO to develop the concept of World Book Capital City, selecting Madrid as the Capital for 2001. This was again a success, and so UNESCO's General Conference resolved to make the designation of a World Book Capital City an annual event.", "J. R. R. Tolkien. Since 2003 The Tolkien Society has organized Tolkien Reading Day, which takes place on 25 March in schools around the world.[213]", "Gregorian calendar. Shakespeare and Cervantes seemingly died on exactly the same date (23 April 1616), but Cervantes predeceased Shakespeare by ten days in real time (as Spain used the Gregorian calendar, but Britain used the Julian calendar). This coincidence encouraged UNESCO to make 23 April the World Book and Copyright Day.", "Children's Day. Universal Children's Day takes place annually on 20 November.[8] First proclaimed by the United Kingdom in 1954, it was established to encourage all countries to institute a day, firstly to promote mutual exchange and understanding among children and secondly to initiate action to benefit and promote the welfare of the world's children.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Created in 1969, the Man Booker Prize is the highest profile British literary award. It is awarded each year in early October for the best original novel, written in English and published in the UK. Devised in 1988, the Hay Festival is an annual literature festival held in Hay-on-Wye in Wales for ten days from May to June. In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled The Big Read in order to find the \"nation's best-loved novel\" of all time, with works by English novelists J. R. R. Tolkien, Jane Austen, Philip Pullman, Douglas Adams and J. K. Rowling making up the top five on the list.[25]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. A pioneer of children's publishing, John Newbery made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market.[96] The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes was published by Newbery in 1765.[96] Founded by Sir Allen Lane in 1935, Penguin Books revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive paperbacks, bringing high-quality paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.[97] Formed four years later, Puffin Books is the children's imprint of Penguin Books: Barbara Euphan Todd's 1936 story about the scarecrow Worzel Gummidge was the first Puffin story book in 1941.[98]", "World Book Day. To celebrate this day, Cervantes's Don Quixote is read during a two-day \"readathon\" and the Miguel de Cervantes Prize is presented by the Spanish king in Alcalá de Henares.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The Guinness Book of Records was the brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver. On 10 November 1951 he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe, and realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated throughout the world, but there was no book with which to settle arguments about records. He realised that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question may prove successful. His idea became reality when an acquaintance of his recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter who were then commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954.[102] E. L. James' erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, have sold over 125 million copies globally, and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback.[103]", "Children's Day. Children's Day was established in the United Kingdom in 1954 by the United Nations General Assembly, so as to create \"a day of worldwide fraternity and understanding between children.\"[52] The next UK Children's Day will occur on Sunday, May 13 2018. According to the National Children's Day UK website, Children's Day in the UK is not celebrated on the United Nation's nominated date of November 20, so as to allow children the chance to go outside during summer on the day they are celebrated.[52]", "World Youth Day. In November 2008, a 200-page book, Receive the Power, was launched to commemorate World Youth Day 2008.[11]", "J. K. Rowling. In 2005, Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded the Children's High Level Group (now Lumos).[179] In January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the use of caged beds in mental institutions for children.[180] To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a series of fairy tales referred to in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The book was purchased for £1.95 million by on-line bookseller Amazon.com on 13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction.[181][181][182] Rowling gave away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the Harry Potter books.[181] In 2008, Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds going to Lumos.[123] On 1 June 2010 (International Children's Day), Lumos launched an annual initiative – Light a Birthday Candle for Lumos.[183] In November 2013, Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, totalling nearly £19 million.[184]", "John le Carré. In 2010, le Carré donated his literary archive to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The initial 85 boxes of material deposited included handwritten drafts of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and The Constant Gardener. The library hosted a public display of these and other items to mark World Book Day in March 2011.[52][53]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. In 1476, William Caxton was the first person to introduce a printing press into England, and he became the first English retailer of printed books. The UK has remained among the largest publishers of books. As of 2017, six firms in the United Kingdom rank among the world's biggest publishers of books in terms of revenue: Bloomsbury, Cambridge University Press, Informa, Oxford University Press, Pearson, and RELX Group.[28]", "Children's Day. In 1996, author Pat Mora, after learning about the annual Mexican tradition of celebrating 30 April as El día del niño, the Day of the Child, proposed an annual celebration in the U.S. of El día de los niños, El día de los libros/Children's Day, Book Day, thus honoring children and connecting them to literacy, essential in a democracy. Assistance starting this community-based, family literacy initiative was provided by REFORMA, the National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking. Often known as Día, because it is both a daily commitment and an annual April celebration, Children's Day, Book Day, has grown to link all children to books, languages and cultures. A major partner is the Association for Library Services to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). Every year, across the country, hundreds of libraries, schools, and community organizations, etc. hold culminating April Children's Day, Book Day celebrations that unite communities, creating an annual tradition much like Mother's Day and Father's Day.", "Literacy. Dia! Which stand for Diversity in Action and is also known as \"El Dia de los Ninos/El dia de los libros (Children's Day/Book Day)\" is a program which celebrates the importance of reading to children from all cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Dia! is celebrated every year on 30 April in schools, libraries, and homes and this website provides tools and programs to encourage reading in children. Parents, caregivers, and educators can even start a book club.[67]", "Children's literature. Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes appeared in 1857, and is considered to be the founding book in the school story tradition.[35]:7–8 However, it was Lewis Carroll's fantasy, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published in 1865 in England, that signaled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one. Regarded as the first \"English masterpiece written for children\"[9]:44 and as a founding book in the development of fantasy literature, its publication opened the \"First Golden Age\" of children's literature in Britain and Europe that continued until the early 1900s.[35]:18 Another important book of that decade was The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby, by Reverend Charles Kingsley (1862), which became extremely popular in England, and remains a classic of British children's literature.", "J. K. Rowling. In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser Comic Relief asked three best-selling British authors – cookery writer and TV presenter Delia Smith, Bridget Jones creator Helen Fielding, and Rowling – to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication.[176] Rowling's two booklets, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the Hogwarts library. Since going on sale in March 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million for the fund. The £10.8 million they have raised outside the UK have been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.[177] In 2002 Rowling contributed a foreword to Magic, an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families.[178]" ]

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[ "Seven Sisters (colleges). The name Seven Sisters is also a reference to the Greek myth of The Pleiades, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione. The daughters (Maia, Electra, Taygete, Alcyone, Celaeno, Sterope, and Merope) were collectively referred to as The Seven Sisters. In the field of astronomy a star cluster, in the constellation of Taurus, is also referred to as The Pleiades or the Seven Sisters.", "Green Grow the Rushes, O. The seven are probably the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades star cluster. Other options include Ursa Major,[1] or the seven traditional planets. Alternatively, they could be the seven stars of Revelation chapter 1, verse 16, which are held in the right hand of Christ and explained as referring to seven angels of the seven early Christian churches. Another possibility is the Jewish cross, a constellation over Israel.", "Pleiades. The Pleiades (/ˈplaɪədiːz/ or /ˈpliːədiːz/, also known as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45), are an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars located in the constellation of Taurus. It is among the nearest star clusters to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky.", "Mars. Images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter have revealed seven possible cave entrances on the flanks of the volcano Arsia Mons.[131] The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the \"seven sisters\".[132] Cave entrances measure from 100 to 252 m (328 to 827 ft) wide and they are estimated to be at least 73 to 96 m (240 to 315 ft) deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is possible that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. \"Dena\" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 m (430 ft) deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, solar flares and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.[133]", "Seven Heavens. The cross-cultural focus on the number seven may correspond to the seven classical planets: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. These were the only objects in the sky visible to ancient astronomers (who had no telescopes) that move in predictable, repeated patterns (in contrast to comets) against the daily rotation of the fixed stars.", "Seven Heavens. In religious or mythological cosmology, the seven heavens refer to the seven divisions of the Heaven, the abode of immortal beings, or the visible sky, the expanse containing the Sun, Moon and the stars.[1] This concept dates back to ancient Mesopotamian religions and can be found in the Abrahamic religions such as Islam, Judaism and Christianity, a similar concept is also found in some Indian religions such as Hinduism.[2] Some of these traditions, including Jainism, also have a concept of seven earths or seven underworlds.", "Seven Sisters (colleges). Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe were given the name \"the Seven Sisters\" in 1927, because of their relative affiliations with the Ivy League men’s colleges.[1][5] The schools are sometimes referred to as \"the Daisy Chain\" or \"the Heavenly Seven.\"", "Pleiades. The nine brightest stars of the Pleiades are named for the Seven Sisters of Greek mythology: Sterope, Merope, Electra, Maia, Taygeta, Celaeno, and Alcyone, along with their parents Atlas and Pleione. As daughters of Atlas, the Hyades were sisters of the Pleiades. The English name of the cluster itself is of Greek origin (Πλειάδες), though of uncertain etymology. Suggested derivations include: from πλεῖν plein, \"to sail\", making the Pleiades the \"sailing ones\"; from πλέος pleos, \"full, many\"; or from πελειάδες peleiades, \"flock of doves\". The following table gives details of the brightest stars in the cluster:", "Big Dipper. In South Korea, the constellation is referred to as \"the seven stars of the north\". In the related myth, a widow with seven sons found comfort with a widower, but to get to his house required crossing a stream. The seven sons, sympathetic to their mother, placed stepping stones in the river. Their mother, not knowing who put the stones in place, blessed them and, when they died, they became the constellation.", "Three Sisters (Australia). The Three Sisters are an unusual rock formation in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia, on the north escarpment of the Jamison Valley. They are close to the town of Katoomba and are one of the Blue Mountains' best known sites, towering above the Jamison Valley.[1] Their names are Meehni (922 m), Wimlah (918 m), and Gunnedoo (906 m).[2]", "Seven Sisters (colleges). Vassar College in an engraving from 1862.", "Chinese folk religion. Altars of goddess worship are usually arranged with Bixia at the center and two goddesses at her sides, most frequently the Lady of Eyesight and the Lady of Offspring.[208] A different figure but with the same astral connections as Bixia is the Qixing Niangniang (七星娘娘 \"Goddess of the Seven Stars\"). There is also the cluster of the Holy Mothers of the Three Skies (三霄聖母 Sanxiao Shengmu; or \"Ladies of the Three Skies\", 三霄娘娘 Sanxiao Niangniang), composed of Yunxiao Guniang, Qiongxiao Guniang and Bixiao Guniang.[209] In southeastern provinces the cult of Chen Jinggu (陳靖姑) is identified by some scholars as an emanation of the northern cult of Bixia.[210]", "Ursa Major. In South Korea, the constellation is referred to as \"the seven stars of the north\". In the related myth, a widow with seven sons found comfort with a widower, but to get to his house required crossing a stream. The seven sons, sympathetic to their mother, placed stepping stones in the river. Their mother, not knowing who put the stones in place, blessed them and, when they died, they became the constellation.", "Moscow. Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, comprising seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world’s seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto.[72]", "Orion (constellation). Orion's seven brightest stars form a distinctive hourglass-shaped asterism, or pattern, in the night sky. Four stars—Rigel, Betelgeuse, Bellatrix and Saiph—form a large roughly rectangular shape, in the centre of which lie the three stars of Orion's Belt—Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka. Coincidentally, these seven stars are among the most distant that can easily be seen with the naked eye. Descending from the 'belt' is a smaller line of three stars (the middle of which is in fact not a star but the Orion Nebula), known as the hunter's 'sword'.", "Seven Sisters (colleges). All seven schools were founded between 1837 and 1889. Four are in Massachusetts, two are in New York, and one is in Pennsylvania.", "Seven Sisters (colleges). Bryn Mawr College's Pembroke Hall", "Taurus (constellation). In the northeastern quadrant of the Taurus constellation lie the Pleiades (M45), one of the best known open clusters, easily visible to the naked eye. The seven most prominent stars in this cluster are at least visual magnitude six, and so the cluster is also named the \"Seven Sisters\". However, many more stars are visible with even a modest telescope.[22] Astronomers estimate that the cluster has approximately 500-1,000 stars, all of which are around 100 million years old. However, they vary considerably in type. The Pleiades themselves are represented by large, bright stars; also many small brown dwarfs and white dwarfs exist. The cluster is estimated to dissipate in another 250 million years.[23] The Pleiades cluster is classified as a Shapley class c and Trumpler class I 3 r n cluster, indicating that it is irregularly shaped and loose, though concentrated at its center and detached from the star field.[24]", "Seven Archangels. Various occult systems associate each archangel with one of the traditional \"seven luminaries\" (the seven naked-eye moving objects in the sky: the seven classical planets): the sun, the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn;[13] but there is disagreement as to which archangel corresponds to which body.", "Three Sisters (Northern Cape). The Three Sisters are a land formation near Victoria West, Northern Cape, South Africa, comprising three distinctively shaped hills. The farm on which they are situated and the nearby railway siding are also named Three Sisters.", "Seven Sisters (colleges). The seven colleges explored the issue of coeducation in a variety of ways.", "Three Sisters (Oregon). The Three Sisters are at the boundary of Lane and Deschutes counties and the Willamette and Deschutes national forests in the U.S. state of Oregon, about 10 miles (16 km) south of the nearest town of Sisters.[10] The three peaks are the third-, fourth-, and fifth-highest in Oregon,[11] and contain 16 named glaciers.[12] Their ice volume totals 5.6 billion cubic feet (160×10^6 m3).[13] The Sisters were named Faith, Hope and Charity by early settlers, but are now known as North Sister, Middle Sister and South Sister, respectively.[14][15]", "Three Sisters (Northern Cape). The hills (or \"koppies\" as they are known locally) are topped with dolorite, and are nearly identical in appearance. They can be seen just to the east of the N1 highway, roughly 75 km outside Beaufort West, north of the junction of the N1 and the N12 highways. Due to the open and mountainous Karoo scenery, the area has become a relatively well-known landmark.[1]", "Orion's Belt. Orion's Belt or the Belt of Orion, also known as the Three Kings or Three Sisters, is an asterism in the constellation Orion. It consists of the three bright stars Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka.", "Classical planet. In classical antiquity, the sacred Seven Luminaries or what we now call the Seven Classical Planets are the seven non-fixed objects visible in the sky with the naked-eye: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The word planet comes from the Greek word πλανήτης, planētēs \"wanderer\" (short for asteres planetai \"wandering stars\"), expressing the fact that these objects move across the celestial sphere relative to the fixed stars.[1]", "Seven Sisters (colleges). The 1978 film National Lampoon's Animal House satirizes a common practice (until the mid-1970s), when women attending Seven Sister colleges were connected with or to students at Ivy League schools. The film, which takes place in 1962, shows fraternity brothers from Delta House of the fictional Faber College (based on Dartmouth College) taking a road trip to the fictional Emily Dickinson College (based on Mount Holyoke College) to obtain dates.[21]", "Three Sisters (Oregon). The Three Sisters are volcanic peaks that form a complex volcano in the U.S. state of Oregon. They are part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Cascade Range in western North America extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. Each more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in elevation, they are the third-, fourth- and fifth-highest peaks in Oregon. Located in the Three Sisters Wilderness at the boundary of Lane and Deschutes counties and the Willamette and Deschutes national forests, they are about 10 miles (16 km) south of the nearest town, Sisters. Diverse species of flora and fauna inhabit the area, which is subject to frequent snowfall, occasional rain, and extreme temperature variation between seasons. The mountains, particularly South Sister, are popular destinations for climbing and scrambling.", "Northeast India. The Seven Sister States[20] is a popular term for the contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura prior to inclusion of the state of Sikkim into the North Eastern Region of India. The sobriquet 'Land of the Seven Sisters' was coined to coincide with the inauguration of the new states in January 1972 by Jyoti Prasad Saikia,[21] a journalist in Tripura, in the course of a radio talk show. He later compiled a book on the interdependence and commonness of the Seven Sister States, and named it the Land of Seven Sisters. It has been primarily because of this publication that the nickname has caught on.", "Three Sisters (Oregon). The Three Sisters join several other volcanoes in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades, which trends north–south.[30] Constructed towards the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting in the surrounding region.[31]", "Pleiades. The name of the Pleiades comes from Ancient Greek. It probably derives from plein (\"to sail\") because of the cluster's importance in delimiting the sailing season in the Mediterranean Sea: \"the season of navigation began with their heliacal rising\".[10] However, in mythology the name was used for the Pleiades, seven divine sisters, the name supposedly deriving from that of their mother Pleione and effectively meaning \"daughters of Pleione\". In reality, the name of the star cluster almost certainly came first, and Pleione was invented to explain it.[11]", "Orion (constellation). Just southwest of Alnitak lies Sigma Orionis, a multiple star system composed of five stars that have a combined apparent magnitude of 3.7 and lying 1150 light years distant. Southwest of Mintaka lies the quadruple star Eta Orionis.", "Seven Sleepers. As the earliest versions of the legend spread from Ephesus, an early Christian catacomb came to be associated with it, attracting scores of pilgrims. On the slopes of Mount Pion (Mount Coelian) near Ephesus (near modern Selçuk in Turkey), the grotto of the Seven Sleepers with ruins of the church built over it was excavated in 1927–1928. The excavation brought to light several hundred graves dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. Inscriptions dedicated to the Seven Sleepers were found on the walls of the church and in the graves. This grotto is still shown to tourists." ]

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[ "Road train. Australian road trains have horizontal signs front and back with 180 mm (7.1 in) high black uppercase letters on a reflective yellow background reading \"ROAD TRAIN\". The sign(s) must have a black border and be at least 1.02 m (3.3 ft) long and 220 mm (8.7 in) high and be placed between 500 mm (19.7 in) and 1.8 m (5.9 ft) above the ground on the fore or rearmost surface of the unit.", "Road train. A road train or land train is a trucking vehicle of a type used in rural and remote areas of Australia, Europe, and the United States, to move freight efficiently.[citation needed] The term road train is mainly used in Australia. A road train has a relatively normal tractor unit, but instead of towing one trailer or semi-trailer, it pulls three or more of them.", "Road train. Triple (three-trailer) road trains operate in western New South Wales, western Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, with the last three states also allowing AB-quads (B double with two additional trailers coupled behind). Darwin is the only capital city in the world where triples and quads are allowed to within 1 km (0.62 mi) of the central business district (CBD).[13]", "Road train. The Australian national heavy vehicle speed limit is 100 km/h (62 mph), excepting:", "Road train. Australian Kurt Gerhardt Johannsen is recognised as the inventor of the modern road train.[9][dubious – discuss] After transporting stud bulls 200 mi (320 km) to an outback property, Johannsen was challenged to build a truck to carry 100 head of cattle instead of the original load of 20. Provided with financing of about 2000 pounds and inspired by the tracking abilities of the Government roadtrain, Johannsen began construction. Two years later his first road train was running.[10]", "Road train. In South Australia, B-triples up to 35.0 metres (114.8 ft) and two-trailer road trains to 36.5 metres (120 ft) are only permitted to travel on approved routes in the north and west of the state, including access to Adelaide's north-western suburban industrial and export areas such as Port Adelaide, Gillman and Outer Harbour via Salisbury Highway, Port Wakefield Road and Augusta Highway.[11]", "Road train. Double (two-trailer) road train combinations are allowed on some roads in most states of Australia, including specified approaches to the ports and industrial areas of Adelaide, South Australia[11] and Perth, Western Australia.[12] A double road train should not be confused with a B-double, which is allowed access to most of the country and in all major cities.[13]", "Road train. Strict regulations regarding licensing, registration, weights, and experience apply to all operators of road trains throughout Australia.", "Truck. Australia has complex regulations over weight and length, including axle spacing, type of axle/axle group, rear overhang, kingpin to rear of trailer, drawbar length, ground clearance, as well as height and width laws. These limits are some of the highest in the world, a B-double can weigh 62.5 t (138,000 lb) and be 25 m (82 ft) long, and road trains used in the outback can weigh 172 t (379,000 lb) and be 53.5 m (176 ft) long.[14][15]", "Road train. This first example of the modern road train, along with the AEC Government Roadtrain, forms part of the huge collection at the National Road Transport Hall of Fame in Alice Springs, Northern Territory.", "Speed limit. Australia - Road Train speed limit", "Road train. In the case of B-triples in Western Australia, they are signed front and rear with \"Road-Train\" until they cross the WA/SA border where they are then signed with \"Long Vehicle\" in the front and rear.", "Road train. Johannsen's first road train consisted of a U.S. Army World War II surplus Diamond-T tank carrier, nicknamed \"Bertha\", and two home-built self-tracking trailers. Both wheel sets on each trailer could steer, and therefore could negotiate the tight and narrow tracks and creek crossings that existed throughout Central Australia in the earlier part of the 20th century. Freighter Trailers in Australia viewed this improved invention and went on to build self-tracking trailers for Kurt and other customers, and went on to become innovators in transport machinery for Australia.", "Road train. Same as a B-double but with an additional lead trailer behind the prime mover.[21] These are run in most states of Australia where double road trains are allowed. There is one exception to that rule: B-triples are operated in Victoria, but by one operator, under a strict permit and on a dedicated route, between the Ford plants at Geelong and Campbellfield.[22][23][24] Australia's National Transport Commission proposed a national framework for B-triple operations that includes basic vehicle specifications and operating conditions that the commission anticipates will replace the current state-by-state approach, which largely discourages the use of B-triples for interstate operation.[25]", "Rail transport in Australia. Rail transport in Australia is a crucial aspect of the Australian transport network. Rail in Australia is to a large extent state-based. As at 2014, the Australian rail network consists of a total of 32,784 kilometres (20,371 mi) of track on three major track gauges.[1]", "Road train. Early road trains consisted of traction engines pulling multiple wagons. The first identified road trains operated into South Australia's Flinders Ranges from the Port Augusta area in the mid 19th century.[1] They displaced bullock teams for the carriage of minerals to port and were, in turn, superseded by railways.", "Train wheel. Wheels used for road-rail vehicles are normally smaller than those found on other types of rolling stock (such as locomotives or carriages). This is because the wheel has to be stored clear of the ground when the vehicle is in road-going mode - Such wheels can be as small as 245 mm (9.65 in) in diameter. In Australia, wheels for Road-rail vehicles should comply with the requirements of AS7514.4 which is the standard for infrastructure maintenance vehicle wheels.", "GE AC6000CW. On June 21, 2001, all eight of the Australian railroad BHP Billiton's GE AC6000s combined to set the world record for the heaviest and longest train. They hauled 99,734 tonnes (98,159 long tons; 109,938 short tons) and 682 wagons for 275 kilometres (171 miles) between Yandi mine and Port Hedland. The train was 7.3 kilometres (4.536 miles) long and carried 82,000 tonnes (81,000 long tons; 90,000 short tons) of iron ore.[3] The record still stands.", "Road train. In Finland, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, and some roads in Norway, trucks with trailers are allowed to be 25.25 m (82.8 ft) long.[17] Elsewhere in the European Union, the limit is 18.75 m (61.5 ft) (Norway 19.5 m or 64 ft). The trucks are of a cab-over-engine design. These have a flat front and a high floor about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) above ground with the engine below. The Scandinavian countries are less densely populated than the other EU countries; and distances, especially in Finland and Sweden, are long. Until the late 1960s, vehicle length was unlimited, giving rise to long vehicles to handle goods cost effectively. As traffic increased, lengths became more of a concern and they were limited, albeit at a more generous level than in the rest of Europe. In the United Kingdom in 2009, a two-year desk study of Longer Heavier Vehicles (LHVs) including options up to 11-axle, 34-meter (111.5 ft) long, 82-tonne (81-long-ton; 90-short-ton) combinations, ruled out all road train type vehicles for the foreseeable future. In 2010, Sweden was performing tests on log hauling trucks, weighing up to 90 t (89 long tons; 99 short tons) and measuring 30 meters (98.4 ft) and haulers for two 40 ft containers, measuring 32 meters (105 ft) in total.[18][19]", "Road train. In the United States, trucks on public roads are limited to two trailers (two 28 ft or 8.5 m and a dolly to connect; the limit is 63 ft or 19 m end to end). Some states allow three trailers, although triples are usually restricted to less populous states such as Idaho, Oregon, and Montana, plus the Ohio Turnpike [14] and Indiana East-West Toll Road. Triples are used for long-distance less-than-truckload freight hauling (in which case the trailers are shorter than a typical single-unit trailer) or resource hauling in the interior west (such as ore or aggregate). Triples are sometimes marked with \"LONG LOAD\" banners both front and rear. \"Turnpike doubles\"—tractors towing two full-length trailers—are allowed on the New York Thruway and Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90), Florida's Turnpike, Kansas Turnpike (Kansas City - Wichita route) as well as the Ohio and Indiana toll roads.[15] The term \"road train\" is not commonly used in the United States; \"turnpike train\" has been used, generally in a pejorative sense.[16]", "Transport in Australia. The railway network is large, comprising a total of 33,819 km (2,540 km electrified) of track: 3,719 km broad gauge, 15,422 km standard gauge, 14,506 km narrow gauge and 172 km dual gauge. Rail transport started in the various colonies at different dates. Privately owned railways started the first lines, and struggled to succeed on a remote, huge, and sparsely populated continent, and government railways dominated. Although the various colonies had been advised by London to choose a common gauge, the colonies ended up with different gauges.", "Trans-Australian Railway. The Trans-Australian Railway originally had crossing loops (passing sidings) 400 m (1,300 ft) long every 100 km (62 mi) or so. As traffic increased the number of crossing loops increased. To handle longer trains, crossing loops were lengthened so that in 2008 they are all at least 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long and spaced about 30 km (19 mi) to 60 km (37 mi) apart.", "Road train. Below is a list of longest road trains driven in the world. Most of these had no practical use, as they were put together and driven across relatively short distances for the express purpose of record-breaking.", "Semi-trailer truck. A road train in Australia", "Transport in Australia. There are 3 different categories of Australian roads. They are federal highways, state highways and local roads. The road network comprises a total of 913,000 km broken down into:[4]", "Road train. In the 1930s/40s, the government of South Australia operated an AEC 8×8 military truck to transport freight and supplies into the Northern Territory, replacing the Afghan camel trains that had been trekking through the deserts since the late 19th century. This truck pulled two or three 6 m (19 ft 8 in) Dyson four-axle self-tracking trailers. At 130 hp (97 kW), the AEC was grossly underpowered by today's standards, and drivers and offsiders (a partner or assistant) routinely froze in winter and sweltered in summer due to the truck's open cab design and the position of the engine radiator, with its 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) cooling fan, behind the seats.", "Highway 1 (Australia). Australia's Highway 1 is a network of highways that circumnavigate the country, joining all mainland state capitals. At a total length of approximately 14,500 km (9,000 mi) it is among the longest national highways in the world, a list including the Trans-Siberian Highway (over 11,000 km or 6,800 mi) and the Trans-Canada Highway (8,030 km or 4,990 mi). Every day more than a million people travel on a part of it.[1]", "Road train. In 1991, at a Special Premiers Conference, Australian heads of government signed an inter-governmental agreement to establish a national heavy vehicle registration, regulation and charging scheme, otherwise known as FIRS.[26]", "Trans-Australian Railway. The Trans-Australian Railway crosses the Nullarbor Plain of Australia from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. It includes a 478 kilometres (297 mi) stretch of dead-straight track, the world's longest, between the 797 km (495 mi) post west of Ooldea and the 1,275 km (792 mi) post west of Loongana.[1]", "The Ghan. The Ghan is an Australian passenger train service between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin on the Adelaide–Darwin railway. Operated by Great Southern Rail, it takes 54 hours to travel the 2,979 kilometres (1,851 mi) with a four-hour stopover in Alice Springs.[1]", "Nevada. The state is one of just a few in the country to allow semi-trailer trucks with three trailers—what might be called a \"road train\" in Australia. But American versions are usually smaller, in part because they must ascend and descend some fairly steep mountain passes.", "Road train. With the registration identification; the first letter of the 6 digit identified the home state: W, Western Australia; S, South Australia; V, Victoria; N, New South Wales; Q, Queensland; T, Tasmania; A, Australian Capital Territory and C, Northern Territory." ]

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[ "Parliamentary system. A parliamentary system may be either bicameral, with two chambers of parliament (or houses) or unicameral, with just one parliamentary chamber. In the case of a bicameral parliament, this is usually characterised by an elected lower house that has the power to determine the executive government and an upper house which may be appointed or elected through a different mechanism from the lower house.", "Law of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of the United Kingdom is bicameral, with an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual (the senior bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal (members of the Peerage); its members are not elected by the population at large. The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster (commonly known as the \"Houses of Parliament\"), in the City of Westminster in London. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or House of Lords.", "Law. In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller constituencies. The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a federal system (as in Australia, Germany or the United States) or different voting configuration in a unitary system (as in France). In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a house of review. One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another. The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review. This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action.[104]", "Politics of the United Kingdom. The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom (i.e., there is parliamentary sovereignty), and Government is drawn from and answerable to it. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There is also a devolved Scottish Parliament and devolved Assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland, with varying degrees of legislative authority.", "Bicameralism. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from country to country. This can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members.", "Bicameralism. The relationship between the two chambers varies; in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, one chamber is clearly superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments. The latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems.", "Bicameralism. A bicameral legislature divides the legislators into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group, and from some legislatures that have three or more separate assemblies, chambers, or houses. As of 2015, fewer than half the world's national legislatures are bicameral.[1]", "Constitution of the United Kingdom. Parliament is bicameral, with two houses — the House of Commons and the House of Lords; the monarch formally forms a third element of Parliament (see Queen-in-Parliament). The House of Commons, which unlike the House of Lords is democratically elected, has supremacy by virtue of the Parliament Act 1911 and Parliament Act 1949. An Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom is primary legislation and Parliament can (and does) alter the British constitution by passing such Acts.", "Parliament of the United Kingdom. The parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house (the House of Lords) and a lower house (the House of Commons).[4] The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature (the Queen-in-Parliament).[5][6] The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual, consisting of the most senior bishops of the Church of England, and the Lords Temporal, consisting mainly of life peers, appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister,[7] and of 92 hereditary peers, sitting either by virtue of holding a royal office, or by being elected by their fellow hereditary peers. Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords.", "Legislature. In bicameral legislatures, one chamber is usually considered the upper house, while the other is considered the lower house. The two types are not rigidly different, but members of upper houses tend to be indirectly elected or appointed rather than directly elected, tend to be allocated by administrative divisions rather than by population, and tend to have longer terms than members of the lower house. In some systems, particularly parliamentary systems, the upper house has less power and tends to have a more advisory role, but in others, particularly presidential systems, the upper house has equal or even greater power.", "Bicameralism. Enactment of primary legislation often requires a concurrent majority – the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an example of perfect bicameralism. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house and may be regarded as an example of imperfect bicameralism. Some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house only able to overrule the other under certain circumstances.", "Constitution of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom comprises four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[24] Nevertheless, it is a unitary state, not a federation (like Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Russia or the United States), nor a confederation (like pre-1847 Switzerland or the former Serbia and Montenegro). Parliament contains no chamber comparable to the United States Senate (which has equal representation from each state of the USA), the Brazilian Senate, which has three senators from each state, or the German Bundesrat (whose membership is selected by the governments of the States of Germany).", "Bicameralism. The best known example is the British House of Lords, which includes a number of hereditary peers. The House of Lords is a vestige of the aristocratic system that once predominated in British politics, while the other house, the House of Commons, is entirely elected. Over the years, some have proposed reforms to the House of Lords, some of which have been at least partly successful. The House of Lords Act 1999 limited the number of hereditary peers (as opposed to life peers, appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister) to 92, down from around 700. Of these 92, one is the Earl Marshal, a hereditary office always held by the Duke of Norfolk, one is the Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary office held by turns, currently by the Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the other 90 are elected by all sitting peers. Hereditary peers elected by the House to sit as representative peers sit for life; when a representative peer dies, byelections occur to fill the vacancy. The ability of the House of Lords to block legislation is curtailed by the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. Peers can introduce bills except Money Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both Houses of Parliament. If not passed within two sessions, the House of Commons can override the Lords delay by invoking the Parliament Act. Certain legislation, however, must be approved by both Houses and can't be forced through by the Commons under the Parliament Act. These include any bill that would extend the time length of a Parliament, private bills, bills sent to the House of Lords less than one month before the end of a session, and bills that originated in the House of Lords.", "Bicameralism. There have been a number of rationales put forward in favour of bicameralism, federal states have often adopted it, and the solution remains popular when regional differences or sensitivities require more explicit representation, with the second chamber representing the constituent states. Nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived.[citation needed]", "Bicameralism. Growing awareness of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multifunctional nature of modern legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for second chambers, though these do generally remain contested institutions in ways that first chambers are not. An example of political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Senate of Canada or the election of the Senate of France.[6]", "Bicameralism. Many bicameral countries like the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Ireland and Romania are examples of bicameral systems existing in unitary states. In countries such as these, the upper house generally focuses on scrutinizing and possibly vetoing the decisions of the lower house.", "Bicameralism. Norway had a kind of semi-bicameral legislature with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected body, the Storting. These were called the Odelsting and were abolished after the general election of 2009. According to Morten Søberg, there was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the Batavian Republic.[16]", "Parliament of the United Kingdom. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections to 650 single member constituencies held at least every five years under the first-past-the-post system.[8] The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster (commonly known as the Houses of Parliament) in London. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less commonly, the House of Lords and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most cabinet ministers (Secretaries of State) are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. However, the Leader of the House of Lords must be a peer and is a cabinet position, usually combined with a paid position.", "Bicameralism. The British Parliament is often referred to as the Mother of Parliaments (in fact a misquotation of John Bright, who remarked in 1865 that \"England is the Mother of Parliaments\") because the British Parliament has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments.[3] Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British \"three-tier\" model. Most countries in Europe and the Commonwealth have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial head of state who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house, and a smaller upper house.[4][5]", "Act of Parliament. In bicameral parliaments, a bill that has been approved by the chamber into which it was introduced then sends the bill to the other chamber. Broadly speaking, each chamber must separately agree to the same version of the bill. Finally, the approved bill receives assent; in most territories this is merely a formality, and is often a function exercised by the head of state.", "Upper house. An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house.[1] The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. Examples of upper houses in countries include the United Kingdom's House of Lords, India's Rajya Sabha, Russia's Federation Council, Ireland's Seanad, Malaysia's Dewan Negara, Germany's Bundesrat, Switzerland's Council of States and the United States Senate.", "Antigua and Barbuda. Executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two Chambers of Parliament. The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17 members appointed by members of the government and the opposition party, and approved by the Governor-General), and the House of Representatives (17 members elected by first past the post) to serve five-year terms.", "Westminster system. In the UK, the lower house is the de facto legislative body, while the upper house practices restraint in exercising its constitutional powers and serves as a consultative body. In other Westminster countries, however, the upper house can sometimes exercise considerable power.", "Legislature. A legislature may debate and vote upon bills as a single unit, or it may be composed of multiple separate assemblies, called by various names including legislative chambers, debate chambers, and houses, which debate and vote separately and have distinct powers. A legislature which operates as a single unit is unicameral, one divided into two chambers is bicameral, and one divided into three chambers is tricameral.", "Bicameralism. On the other hand, in Italy the Parliament consists of two chambers that have the same role and power: the Senate (Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (considered the lower house).", "Westminster system. The Westminster system has a very distinct appearance when functioning, with many British customs incorporated into day-to-day government function. A Westminster-style parliament is usually a long, rectangular room, with two rows of seats and desks on either side. The chairs are positioned so that the two rows are facing each other. This arrangement is said to have derived from an early Parliament which was held in a church choir. Traditionally, the opposition parties will sit in one row of seats, and the government party will sit in the other. Of course, sometimes a majority government is so large that it must use the \"opposition\" seats as well. In the lower house at Westminster (the House of Commons) there are lines on the floor in front of the government and opposition benches that members may cross only when exiting the chamber. It is often rumoured that the distance between the lines is that of the length of two swords although no documentary evidence exists to support this and, in fact, weapons have never been allowed in the Palace of Westminster at any time.", "Government of the United Kingdom. Parliament is split into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Commons is the lower house and is the more powerful. The House of Lords is the upper house and although it can vote to amend proposed laws, the House of Commons can usually vote to overrule its amendments. Although the House of Lords can introduce bills, most important laws are introduced in the House of Commons – and most of those are introduced by the government, which schedules the vast majority of parliamentary time in the Commons. Parliamentary time is essential for bills to be passed into law, because they must pass through a number of readings before becoming law. Prior to introducing a bill, the government may run a public consultation to solicit feedback from the public and businesses, and often may have already introduced and discussed the policy in the Queen's Speech, or in an election manifesto or party platform.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. From its appearance in the fourteenth century Parliament has been a bicameral legislature consisting of the Commons and the Lords. Members of the Commons are elected; those in the Lords are not. Most Lords are called \"Temporal\" with titles such as Duke, Marquess, Earl and Viscount. The balance are Lords Spiritual (prelates of the Anglican Church).", "Politics of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a unitary state with devolution, that is governed within the framework of a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state while the prime minister of the United Kingdom, currently Theresa May, is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the British government, on behalf of and by the consent of the monarch, as well as by the devolved governments of Scotland and Wales, and the Northern Ireland Executive. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.", "Politics of the United Kingdom. Though the UK parliament remains the sovereign parliament, Scotland has a parliament and Wales and Northern Ireland have assemblies. De jure, each could have its powers broadened, narrowed or changed by an Act of the UK Parliament. The UK is a unitary state with a devolved system of government. This contrasts with a federal system, in which sub-parliaments or state parliaments and assemblies have a clearly defined constitutional right to exist and a right to exercise certain constitutionally guaranteed and defined functions and cannot be unilaterally abolished by Acts of the central parliament.", "Bicameralism. A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the complete command of a dominant assembly by some chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to have a second chamber of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not rule.", "Parliament. Many parliaments are part of a parliamentary system of government, in which the executive is constitutionally answerable to the parliament. Some restrict the use of the word parliament to parliamentary systems, while others use the word for any elected legislative body. Parliaments usually consist of chambers or houses, and are usually either bicameral or unicameral although more complex models exist, or have existed (see Tricameralism)." ]

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[ "Apple menu. The Apple menu is a drop-down menu that is on left side of the menu bar in the classic Mac OS, macOS and A/UX operating systems. The Apple menu's role has changed throughout the history of Apple Inc.'s operating systems, but the menu has always featured a version of the Apple logo.", "Apple menu. The Apple menu is now dedicated to managing features of the Macintosh computer, with commands to get info on the system, update software, launch the Mac App Store, open System Preferences, set Dock preferences, set the location (network configuration), view recent items (applications, documents and servers), Force Quit applications, power management (sleep, restart, shut down), log out, etc.", "Apple menu. System 7.5 added an Apple Menu Options control panel, which added submenus to folders and disks in the Apple Menu, showing the contents of the folder or disk. Prior versions of System 7 showed only a standard menu entry that opened the folder in Finder. Apple Menu Options also added Recent Applications, Recent Documents, and Recent Servers to the Apple Menu; the number of Recent Items was editable by the user.", "Apple menu. macOS (previously Mac OS X and OS X) features a completely redesigned Apple menu. System management functions from the Special menu have been merged into it. The Apple menu was missing entirely from the Mac OS X Public Beta, replaced by a nonfunctional Apple logo in the center of the menu bar, but the menu was restored in Mac OS X 10.0. The quick file access feature implemented in System 7 was removed, although a third-party utility, Unsanity's FruitMenu, restored the Apple menu to its classic functionality until it stopped working with the advent of OS 10.6 (Snow Leopard).", "Menu bar. In the Macintosh operating systems, the menu bar is a horizontal \"bar\" anchored to the top of the screen. In macOS, the left side contains the Apple menu, the Application menu (its name will match the name of the current application) and the currently focused application's menus (e.g. File, Edit, View, Window, Help). On the right side, it contains menu extras (for example the system clock, volume control, and the Fast user switching menu (if enabled) and the Spotlight icon. All of these menu extras can be moved horizontally by command-clicking and dragging left or right. If an icon is dragged and dropped vertically it will disappear with a puff of smoke, much like the icons in the dock. In the Classic Mac OS (versions 7 through 9), the right side contains the application menu, allowing the user to switch between open applications. In Mac OS 8.5 and later, the menu can be dragged downwards, which would cause it to be represented on screen as a floating palette.", "Apple menu. In System 6.0.8 and earlier, the Apple menu featured a Control Panel manager, as well as Desk Accessories such as a Calculator, the Scrapbook and Alarm Clock. If MultiFinder (an early implementation of computer multitasking) was active, the Apple menu also allowed the user to switch between multiple running applications. The Macintosh user could add third-party Desk Accessories via the System Utility \"Font/DA Mover\". However, there was a limitation on the number of Desk Accessories that could be displayed in the Apple menu. Third-party shareware packages such as OtherMenu added a second customizable menu (without the trademarked Apple logo[1]) that allowed users to install Desk Accessories beyond Apple's limitations.", "Apple menu. System 7.0 introduced the Apple Menu Items folder in the System Folder. This allowed users to place Alias(es) to their favorite software and documents in the menu. The Menu Manager forced these additions into alphabetical order, which prompted users to rename their aliases with leading spaces, numbers and other characters in order to get them into the order that suited them the best. Several third-party utilities provided a level of customization of the order of the items added to the Apple menu without having to rename each item. The Apple menu also featured a Shut Down command, implemented by a Desk Accessory. An alias to the Control Panels folder was also present. System 7.0 was also the first version to feature the rainbow striped logo, as opposed to the black logo found in previous versions. In System 7.0, the black logo was retained in grayscale modes, and was used when the Monitors control panel was set to display \"Thousands\" or \"Millions\" of grays, though the rest of the display was in color.", "Menu bar. There is only one menu bar, so the application menus displayed are those of the application that is currently focused. Therefore, for example, if the System Preferences application is focused, its menus are in the menu bar, and if the user clicks on the Desktop which is a part of the Finder application, the menu bar will then display the Finder menus.", "Menu bar. Even before the advent of the Macintosh, the universal graphical menu bar appeared in the Apple Lisa in 1983. It has been a feature of all versions of the Classic Mac OS since the first Macintosh was released in 1984, and is still used today in macOS.", "Apple menu. System 7.0 featured built-in multitasking, so MultiFinder was removed as an option. The feature allowing users to switch between multiple running applications as in System 6 was given its own menu (appearing as the icon of the active application) on the opposite side of the menubar. Beginning in Mac OS 8.5, this new menu was given a unique \"tear-off\" capability, which detached the menu from the menu bar to become a free-floating window when the user dragged the cursor downwards off the bottom of the menu. In this case, it ran the application called \"Application Switcher\".", "Taskbar. The right side of macOS's Menu bar also typically contains several notification widgets and quick access functions, called Menu extras.", "Option key. The Option key is a modifier key (ALT) present on Apple keyboards. It is located between the Control key and Command key on a typical Mac keyboard. There are two option keys on modern Mac desktop and notebook keyboards, one on each side of the space bar.", "Menu bar. This assumes that the desired menu is currently enabled, however. If another application has \"focus\", the menu will belong to that application instead, requiring the user to check and see which menu is active before \"throwing\" the mouse, and often perform an extra step of focusing the desired application before using the menu, which is completely separate from the application it controls. The effectiveness of this technique is also reduced on larger screens or with low mouse acceleration curves, especially due to the time required to travel back to a target in the window after using the menu.[6] On systems with multiple displays, the menu bar may either be displayed on a single \"main\" display, or on all connected displays. The classic Mac OS, and versions of macOS prior to OS X Mavericks displayed only a single menu bar on the main display; Mavericks added the option to show the bar on all displays.", "Menu bar. In both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems, in other similar desktop environments and in some applications, common functions are assigned keyboard shortcuts (e.g. Control-C or Command-C copies the current selection).", "iPad. Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program, but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a \"back\" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder.", "Command key. When the Macintosh was introduced in 1984, the keyboard had a single command key with a Looped square symbol (⌘, U+2318), because Steve Jobs said that showing the Apple logo throughout the menus as a keyboard shortcut was \"taking [it] in vain\".[3] Thus, the ⌘ symbol appears in the Macintosh menus as the primary modifier key symbol. The original Macintosh also had an Option key which was used primarily for entering extended characters.", "Command key. The Command key (⌘), also historically known as the Apple key, clover key,[1] open-Apple key, splat key, pretzel key,[1] quad-copter key[citation needed], or propeller key,[1] is a modifier key present on Apple keyboards. The Command key's purpose is to allow the user to enter keyboard commands in applications and in the system. An \"extended\" Macintosh keyboard — the most common type — has two command keys, one on each side of the space bar; some compact keyboards have one only on the left.", "iPhone. Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program, but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a \"back\" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder.", "Option key. Apple commonly uses the symbol U+2325 ⌥ option key[1] to represent the Option key. From 1980 to 1984, on the Apple II family, this key was known as the closed apple key, and had a black line drawing of a filled-in apple on it. (See command key for information about the history and the \"open apple\".)", "Menu bar. The NeXTstep OS for the NeXT machines would display a \"menu palette\", by default at the top left of the screen. Clicking on the entries in the menu list would display submenus of the commands in the menu. The contents of the menu change depending on whether the user is \"in\" the Workspace Manager or an application. The menus and the sub-menus can easily be torn off and moved around the screen as individual palette windows.", "Command key. Apple's computers up through the 1979 Apple II Plus did not have a command key. The first model on which it appeared was the 1980 Apple III, where there are two monochrome Apple keys, both to the left of the space bar on the lowest row of the keyboard. Two other early Apple computers, the 1982 Apple IIe and the 1984 Apple IIc, also had two such keys, one to the left and one to the right of the space bar; in these models, they mapped to the first two fire buttons of an attached joystick. This allowed for flexible combinations of a modifier key and base key (such as Open-Apple with C for Copy) with just a few extra wires and no ROM changes, since the Apple II could only register one key press at a time (Shift and Control keys were handled in the keyboard encoding hardware which generated ASCII codes). In all these cases, the left Apple key had an outlined \"open\" Apple logo, and the one on the right had an opaque, \"closed\" or \"solid\" Apple logo key. The Apple Lisa had only the closed Apple logo.", "Fn key. Apple also place the Fn key at the bottom left of the keyboard, displacing and shrinking the left Control key, though this is less controversial as macOS, the main operating system for most Apple laptops, is much less reliant on the Control key for shortcuts and modifiers than Windows or Unix-like operating systems.", "Taskbar. Classic Mac OS did not display a taskbar onscreen by default. Application switching prior to Mac OS 8.5 was done by clicking on an application's window or via a pull-down menu at the right end of the menu bar. Prior to version 8.5 the menu's title was the icon of the foreground application. Version 8.5 introduced the ability to optionally also display the application name and to \"tear off\" the menu by dragging the title with the mouse. The torn off menu was displayed as a palette. The palette window could be configured using AppleScript to appear much like a taskbar, with no title bar and fixed to one edge of the screen. No control panel was provided by Apple to access this functionality, but third-party developers quickly wrote applications that allowed users unfamiliar with AppleScript to customize their application palettes. Third party taskbars such as DragThing were a popular category of shareware on these systems.", "Menu bar. Microsoft-style bars are physically located in the same window as the content they are associated with. However, Bruce Tognazzini, former employee of Apple Inc. and Human–computer interaction professional, claims[5] that the Mac OS's menu bars can be accessed up to five times faster due to Fitts's law: because the menu bar lies on a screen edge, it effectively has an infinite height — Mac users can just \"throw\" their mouse pointers toward the top of the screen with the assurance that it will never overshoot the menu bar and disappear.", "macOS Sierra. The user can access the Siri intelligent assistant via the Dock, the menu bar or a keyboard shortcut and results are shown in a window in the upper-right corner.[8] Siri can send messages, search the web, find files and adjust settings. Results can be dropped into other applications or pinned to Notification Center.[8] For instance, pictures from search results can be dragged into a document.", "Menu bar. The TOS operating system for the Atari ST would display menu bars at the top of the screen like Mac OS. Rather than being 'pulled-down' by holding the mouse button, the menu would appear as soon as the pointer was over its heading. This was done to get around an Apple patent on pull-down menus.", "Keyboard layout. Instead of the Alt and AltGr keys, Apple Keyboards have ⌘ Cmd (command) and ⌥ Option keys. The ⌥ Option key is used much like the AltGr, and the ⌘ Cmd key like the Ctrl on IBM PCs, to access menu options and shortcuts. Macs have a Ctrl key for compatibility with programs that expect a more traditional keyboard layout. It is especially useful when using a terminal, X11 (a Unix environment included with OS X as an install option) or MS Windows. The key can generally be used to produce a secondary mouse click as well. There is also a Fn key on modern Mac keyboards, which is used for switching between use of the F1, F2, etc. keys either as function keys or for other functions like media control, accessing dashboard widgets, controlling the volume, or handling exposé. Fn key can be also found on many IBM PC laptops, where it serves a similar purpose.", "Macintosh operating systems. Although they have different architectures, the Macintosh operating systems share a common set of GUI principles, including a menu bar across the top of the screen; the Finder shell, featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like folders and a trash can; and overlapping windows for multitasking.", "Function key. In the classic Mac OS, the function keys could be configured by the user, with the Function Keys control panel, to start a program or run an AppleScript. macOS assigns default functionality to F9, F10, and F11 (Exposé); F12 (Dashboard); and F14/F15 (decrease/increase contrast). On newer[when?] Apple laptops, all the function keys are assigned basic actions such as volume control, brightness control, NumLock (since the laptops lack a keypad), and ejection of disks. Software functions can be used by holding down the Fn key while pressing the appropriate function key, and this scheme can be reversed by changing the macOS system preferences.", "Apple Remote. This is the internal page table (command page 0x00):", "Apple Remote. This is the command page table (command page 0x0e):", "Command key. In 1986, the Apple IIGS was introduced. Like the newer Macintosh computers to come, such as the Macintosh SE, it used the Apple Desktop Bus for its keyboard and mouse. However, it was still an Apple II. Apple changed the keys on the IIGS's keyboard to Command and Option, as on Mac keyboards, but added an open-Apple to the Command key, for consistency with applications for previous Apple II generations. (The Option key did not have a closed-Apple, probably because Apple II applications used the closed-Apple key much more rarely than the open-Apple key; thus there was less need to keep it around.) Because any ADB keyboard could be used with the IIGS, all of Apple's ADB keyboards — even those intended for the Mac — also required the open-Apple, and it stuck for more than twenty years, causing confusion long after the Apple II series went out of production." ]

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[ "Adhan. The adhan recites the Takbir (God is great)[2] followed by the Shahada (There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God).[3] This statement of faith, called the Kalimah, is the first of the Five Pillars of Islam.", "Five Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam (arkān al-Islām أركان الإسلام; also arkān al-dīn أركان الدين \"pillars of the religion\") are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel.[1][2][3][4]", "Abrahamic religions. The followers of Islam (Muslims) are to observe the Five Pillars of Islam. The first pillar is the belief in the oneness of Allah, and in Muhammad as his final and most perfect prophet. The second is to pray five times daily (salat) towards the direction (qibla) of the Kaaba in Mecca. The third pillar is almsgiving (Zakah), a portion of one's wealth given to the poor or to other specified causes, which means the giving of a specific share of one's wealth and savings to persons or causes, as is commanded in the Quran and elucidated as to specific percentages for different kinds of income and wealth in the hadith. The normal share to be paid is two and a half percent of one's earnings: this increases if labour was not required, and increases further if only capital or possessions alone were required (i.e. proceeds from renting space), and increases to 50% on \"unearned wealth\" such as treasure-finding, and to 100% on wealth that is considered haram, as part of attempting to make atonement for the sin, such as that gained through financial interest (riba).", "Shahada. Recitation of the shahādah is the most common statement of faith for Muslims. In Sunni Islam, it is counted as the first of the Five Pillars of Islam,[9] while the Shi'i Twelvers and Isma'ilis also have the shahada as among their pillars of faith.[19] It is whispered by the father into the ear of a newborn child,[9] and it is whispered into the ear of a dying person.[20] The five canonical daily prayers each include a recitation of the shahada.[17] Recitation of the shahada in front of witnesses is also the first and only formal step in conversion to Islam.[9] This occasion often attracts more than the two required witnesses and sometimes includes a party-like celebration to welcome the convert into their new faith.[11] In accordance with the central importance played by the notion of intention (Arabic: نیّة‎‎, niyyah) in Islamic doctrine, the recitation of the shahada must reflect understanding of its import and heartfelt sincerity.[21][22] Intention is what differentiates acts of devotion from mundane acts and a simple reading of the shahada from invoking it as a ritual activity.[21][22]", "Spirituality. The Pillars of Islam (arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, \"pillars of religion\") are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all believers. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the shahadah (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. The Shia and Sunni sects both agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts.[43]", "Meaning of life. The Five Pillars of Islam are duties incumbent to every Muslim; they are: Shahadah (profession of faith); salat (ritual prayer); Zakah (charity); Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).[99] They derive from the Hadith works, notably of Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. The five pillars are not mentioned directly in the Quran.", "Religious conversion. There are five pillars, or foundations, of Islam but the primary, and most important is to believe that there is only one God and creator, referred to as Allah (the word for God in Arabic) and that the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, is God's final messenger. The time of a person's conversion is counted from the moment they sincerely make this declaration of faith, called the shahadah in front of witnesses.[19]", "Abraham. Islam regards Abraham as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.[30]\nIbr훮h카m is mentioned in 35 chapters of the Quran, more often than any other biblical personage apart from Moses.[31] He is called both a hanif (monotheist) and muslim (one who submits),[32] and Muslims regard him as a prophet and patriarch, the archetype of the perfect Muslim, and the revered reformer of the Kaaba in Mecca.[33] Islamic traditions consider Ibr훮h카m (Abraham) the first Pioneer of Islam (which is also called millat Ibrahim, the \"religion of Abraham\"), and that his purpose and mission throughout his life was to proclaim the Oneness of God. In Islam, Abraham holds an exalted position among the major prophets and he is referred to as \"Ibrahim Khalilullah\", meaning \"Abraham the Beloved of Allah\".", "Islam and Sikhism. The Five Pillars of Islam are duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahada (testimony that \"There is no god but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God\"),[8] Salat (prayers), Zakat (Giving of Alms), Sawm (Fasting during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). These five practices are essential to Sunni Islam; Shi'a Muslims subscribe to eight ritual practices which substantially overlap with the five Pillars.[30][31]", "Five Pillars of Islam. The Shia, Ahmadiyya, and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts,[5][6] but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name (see Ancillaries of the Faith, for the Twelvers, and Seven pillars of Ismailism). They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self-purification, and the pilgrimage,[7][8] if one is able.[9]", "Five Pillars of Islam. Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al-Din and ten Furu al-Din, i.e., the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices. The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al-Din, equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars, are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam, and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above.[30] They are:", "Five Pillars of Islam. Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[10] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh (لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله) \"There is no god but God (and) Muhammad is the messenger of God.\" It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam.[11]", "Five Pillars of Islam. Isma'ilis have their own pillars, which are as follows:", "Shia–Sunni relations. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic: أركان الإسلام) is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahada (profession of faith), salat (prayers), Zakāt (giving of alms), Sawm (fasting, specifically during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). These five practices are essential to Sunni and Shia Muslims. Shia theology has two concepts that define religion as a whole. There are Roots of Religion (Usūl al-Dīn) and Branches of Religion (Furu al Din).", "Caliphate. The Khilafah is the pillar upon which other pillars rest", "Five Pillars of Islam. In addition to these five pillars, there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform, called the Ancillaries of the Faith[31] (Arabic: furūʿ al-dīn).", "Five Pillars of Islam. Salah (ṣalāh) is the Islamic prayer. Salah consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna; the names are according to the prayer times: Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (noon), ʿAṣr (afternoon), Maghrib (evening), and ʿIshāʾ (night). The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise, Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point, Asr is the evening prayer before sunset, Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer. All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah. Muslims must wash before prayer; this washing is called wudu (\"purification\"). The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks). A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere, such as in offices, universities, and fields. However, the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship.", "Islam. There are five basic religious acts in Islam, collectively known as 'The Pillars of Islam' (arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, \"pillars of religion\"), which are considered obligatory for all believers. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the creed (Shahada), (2) daily prayers (Salah), (3) almsgiving (Zakat), (4) fasting during Ramadan (Sawm) and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[94] Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts.[95] Apart from these, Muslims also perform other religious acts. Notable among them are charity (Sadaqah) and recitation of the Quran.", "Five Pillars of Islam. Other Shia concepts of Aqidah", "Five Pillars of Islam. Sunni theological traditions", "Adhan. The fundamental phrase lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh is the foundation stone of Islam along with the belief in it. It declares that \"there is no god but the God\". This is the confession of Tawhid or the \"doctrine of Oneness [of God]\".", "Five Pillars of Islam. Seven pillars of Ismailism4", "Shahada. In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but God), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[10] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[11] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlÄ«l.[12]", "Islam. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus.[9][10][11] Muslims consider the Quran to be the unaltered and final revelation of God.[12] Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell.[13][14] Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment.[15][16] The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.[17]", "Five Pillars of Islam. The pilgrim, or the haji, is honoured in the Muslim community. Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God, not a means to gain social standing. The believer should be self-aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage. This should lead to constant striving for self-improvement.[29] A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah, and while not mandatory is strongly recommended. Also, they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms-giving feast.", "Shia Islam. In Ja'fari jurisprudence, there are ten ancillary pillars, known as Furu' ad-Din, which are as follows:[157]", "Allahabad pillar. The Ashokan inscriptions suggest that the pillar was first erected at Kaushambi, an ancient town some 30 kilometres west of its current location which was then the capital of the kingdom of Koshala. It was moved to Allahabad much later when the region came under Muslim rule.[1][2] The presence of another broken pillar at Kaushambi near the ruins of the Ghoshitarama monastery[8] has led some to believe that the Allahabad Pillar might have been one of a pair, not unlike the ones discovered at Rampurva.[7]", "Shia Islam. Ismailis have categorized their practices which are known as seven pillars:", "Predestination in Islam. Seven pillars of Ismailism4", "Hajj. In pre-Islamic Arabia, a time known as jahiliyyah, the Kaaba became surrounded by pagan idols.[22] In 630 CE, Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, cleansed the Kaaba by destroying all the pagan idols, and then reconsecrated the building to Allah.[23] In 632 CE, Muhammad performed his only and last pilgrimage with a large number of followers, and instructed them on the rites of Hajj.[24] It was from this point that Hajj became one of the five pillars of Islam.", "Abrahamic religions. For Muslims, Abraham is a prophet, the \"messenger of God\" who stands in the line from Adam to Muhammad, to whom God gave revelations,[Quran 4:163], who \"raised the foundations of the House\" (i.e., the Kaaba)[Quran 2:127] with his first son, Isma'il, a symbol of which is every mosque.[124] Ibrahim (Abraham) is the first in a genealogy for Muhammad. Islam considers Abraham to be \"one of the first Muslims\" (Surah 3)—the first monotheist in a world where monotheism was lost, and the community of those faithful to God,[125] thus being referred to as ابونا ابراهيم or \"Our Father Abraham\", as well as Ibrahim al-Hanif or \"Abraham the Monotheist\". Also, the same as Judaism, Islam believes that Abraham rejected idolatry through logical reasoning. Abraham is also recalled in certain details of the annual Hajj pilgrimage.[126]", "Five Pillars of Islam. Three types of fasting (Siyam) are recognized by the Quran: Ritual fasting,[15] fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara),[16] and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab).[17][18]" ]

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[ "The Americans (season 5). The fifth season of the American television drama series The Americans, comprising 13 episodes, aired on FX from March 7 to May 30, 2017.[1][2] The show moved to Tuesdays, having aired on Wednesdays for its first four seasons.", "The Americans (season 5). In May 2016, FX renewed the series for a 13-episode fifth season to air in 2017; and a sixth and final 10-episode season to air in 2018.[1][6] The season began principal photography on October 11, 2016;[7] and completed on March 13, 2017.[8]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Season 5 was released on DVD in Region 1 on March 27, 2018. Special features include deleted scenes and a gag reel.[117]", "The Americans (season 5). The fifth season has received widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 95% approval rating with an average score of 9.09 out of 10 based on 37 reviews, with a critics consensus of: \"In its penultimate season, The Americans brings long-simmering storylines to a boil while heightening the spy-thriller stakes and deepening the domestic drama—all brought vividly to life by superb performances from its veteran cast.\"[22] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 94 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[23] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave it a highly positive review and wrote, \"The drama remains as tense as ever, with strong, careful writing and an abundance of fine performances\".[24] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter also lauded the series, \"It's extremely well-constructed, with slow-burning storylines that are paying off in superb dramatic depth\" and praised its \"top-tier acting\" and \"artfully crafted visuals\".[25]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). On Rotten Tomatoes, season five received a 95% approval rating with an average score of 9.08 out of 10 based on 37 reviews, with a critics' consensus of: \"In its penultimate season, The Americans brings long-simmering storylines to a boil while heightening the spy-thriller stakes and deepening the domestic drama—all brought vividly to life by superb performances from its veteran cast.\"[84] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 94 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[85] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave it a highly positive review and wrote, \"The drama remains as tense as ever, with strong, careful writing and an abundance of fine performances.\"[86] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter also lauded the series, \"It's extremely well-constructed, with slow-burning storylines that are paying off in superb dramatic depth\" and praised its \"top-tier acting\" and \"artfully crafted visuals\".[87]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Season five opens with Philip and Elizabeth, disguised as airline pilot and flight attendant respectively, beginning a new assignment with Tuan, their Vietnamese \"adopted son\". They investigate a defected Soviet agriculture expert Alexei Morozov, befriending his wife Evgheniya and their son Pasha. Oleg finds himself back home in Moscow with a new task to investigate corruption in the state food supply system. Stan balances a new romance with a woman he met at the gym named Renee, while hearing worrisome details concerning the CIA's unfolding plans for Oleg. Exfiltrated Martha tries to adjust to life in Moscow. Henry is romantically interested in a girl and wants to attend a prestigious boarding school with her and some of his new friends; Philip initially agrees, but later refuses. The Center arranged an attractive position for Pastor Tim in Buenos Aires. Paige tries to deal with her complicated existence; Elizabeth teaches Paige calming techniques as well as offers fighting training. Philip and Elizabeth are secretly married by a Russian Orthodox priest. Philip and Elizabeth make their final decision to return home to the USSR with their children, who have not been told. However, new information requires them to stay in the U.S. to continue the Kimmy operation.", "The Americans (season 5). The events of the fifth season take place between February 1984 and August 1984, shown by the reference to the TV broadcasts of the 1984 Winter Olympics in episode 1 and the coverage of Ronald Reagan's \"We begin bombing in five minutes\" joke in episode 13.[3]", "The Americans (season 6). The sixth and final season of the American television drama series The Americans, comprising 10 episodes, premiered on FX on March 28, 2018.[1] The final season was announced in May 2016, when the series received a two-season renewal to conclude the series.[2] The series moved back to its original time slot, Wednesdays at 10:00 pm, after airing on Tuesdays the previous season.", "List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager episodes. A total of 121 episodes of The Secret Life of the American Teenager have aired over fifth seasons, between July 1, 2008 and June 3, 2013.", "Ally McBeal (season 5). The fifth and final season of the television series Ally McBeal commenced airing in the United States on October 29, 2001, concluded on May 20, 2002, and consisted of 22 episodes. The entire season originally aired Mondays at 9pm, just like the seasons before. Following the episode that aired March 4, 2002, the show went on a six-week hiatus and was replaced by The American Embassy. The show returned on April 15, 2002, to air the final 7 episodes.", "The Americans (2013 TV series). The Americans premiered in the United States on January 30, 2013, and ended on May 30, 2018, after six seasons.[4] The series has received widespread critical acclaim.[4][5][6][7][8]", "Mad Men (season 5). The fifth season of the American television drama series Mad Men premiered on March 25, 2012, with a two-episode premiere,[1][2] and concluded on June 10, 2012. It consisted of thirteen episodes, each running approximately 48 minutes in length.[3] AMC broadcast the fifth season on Sundays at 10:00 pm in the United States. The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on October 16, 2012.[4]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5). The number in the \"No. in series\" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the \"No. in season\" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. \"U.S. viewers in millions\" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. The fifth season's episodes are altogether 1080 minutes in length.", "The Americans (season 5). The fifth season was criticized for becoming too slow, turning the show from \"slow burn\" into just \"warm embers\". According to Fields and Weisberg, they wanted the fifth season \"to feel different as it unspooled\", harvesting the story pieces created in the fourth season.[29] The fifth season was not meant as a set-up for the sixth season. With pacing of the fifth season slowed down intentionally, Weisberg and Fields admitted that they did not expect \"this much of a backlash\" for \"hitting the brakes too hard\".[30] They were upset by criticism, but suggested waiting until the series is over, hoping for the response to become more muted in context of the sixth and final season.[30]", "The Americans (season 5). For the 33rd TCA Awards, The Americans received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Drama.[31] For the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received four nominations–Matthew Rhys for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Keri Russell for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, Alison Wright for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, and Joel Fields and Joe Weisberg for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for \"The Soviet Division\".[32][33]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Some critics expected the fifth season to culminate in a \"disastrous eruption\".[67] Instead as the season progressed, it became criticized for turning \"slow burn\" into just \"warm embers\",[88] morphing into a show about \"people staring off into the distance, stirring tea, keeping their thoughts to themselves and worrying quite a lot about grain supply\".[89] According to Fields and Weisberg, they wanted the fifth season \"to feel different as it unspooled\",[88] harvesting the story pieces created in the fourth season. Pacing of the fifth season was slowed down intentionally, but was not meant as a set-up for the sixth season. Weisberg and Fields admitted that they did not expect \"this much of a backlash\" for \"hitting the brakes too hard\".[90] They were upset by criticism, but suggested waiting until the series is over, hoping for the response to become more muted in context of the sixth and the final season.[90]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Season 4 was released on DVD in Region 1 on March 7, 2017. Special features include extended and deleted scenes.[116]", "The Office (U.S. TV series). The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII.[77]", "Breaking Bad (season 5). The fifth and final season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad premiered on July 15, 2012, and concluded on September 29, 2013 on AMC in the United States and Canada. The 16-episode season is split into two parts, each containing eight episodes. The first part of the season was broadcast from July 15 to September 2, 2012, and aired on Sundays at 10:00 pm ET. The second part was broadcast from August 11 to September 29, 2013, aired on Sundays at 9:00 pm.[1] It debuted in the UK and Ireland on Netflix, showing one day after the episodes aired in the U.S. and Canada.[2] Part 1 was released on region 1 DVD and region A Blu-ray on June 4, 2013,[3] and part 2 was released on November 26, 2013.[4]", "The Office (U.S. season 5). The fifth season of the American television comedy The Office premiered in the United States in the 2008–2009 television season on NBC on September 25, 2008 and concluded on May 14, 2009.[1] The fifth season consisted of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes. The Office is an American adaptation of the British TV series of the same name, and is presented in a mockumentary format, portraying the daily lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mifflin Paper Company.", "America's Got Talent (season 5). The auditions lasted for ten episodes and 88 acts advanced.", "The Americans (2013 TV series). On Rotten Tomatoes, the sixth season received a 99% approval rating with an average score of 9.05 out of 10 based on 24 reviews, with a critics consensus of: \"The Americans' powerful final season pumps up the volume on an already intense show, concluding the complex series arc with epic familial conflict... and a high body count.\"[91] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 18 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[92]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Season 2 was released on DVD only, because the Blu-ray release of season 1 did not have enough sales to justify the format.[113] The Region 1 version was released on December 16, 2014.[113] The Region 2 version was released on January 26, 2015.[114] Special features include two featurettes: \"Operation Ghost Stories: The Real Directorate 'S'\" and \"Shades of Red: The Mortality of the Americans\"; gag reel; and deleted scenes.[113]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). The Americans aired internationally in Australia on Network Ten,[102][103] Canada on FX Canada,[104] Ireland on RTÉ Two,[105] and the United Kingdom on ITV.[106][107] ITV dropped the series in January 2015 and did not acquire the third season.[108] On July 20, 2015, ITV acquired seasons three and four for their subscription channel ITV Encore.[109]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5). The fifth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, created by Shonda Rhimes, commenced airing on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 25, 2008 and concluded on May 14, 2009 with twenty-four aired episodes. The season follows the story of a group of surgeons as they go through their residency, while they also deal with the personal challenges and relationships with their mentors. Season five had thirteen series regulars with twelve of them returning from the previous season. The season aired in the Thursday night timeslot at 9:00 pm. The season was officially released on DVD as seven-disc boxset under the title of Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Fifth Season – More Moments on September 9, 2009 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment.", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Season one follows Stan Beeman turning Nina Krilova into an American spy in the Rezidentura. Philip has to kill FBI counterintelligence agent Amador after Amador catches him with Gadd's secretary Martha. Beeman then kills Vlad, a young and inexperienced KGB officer, in retaliation for his partner's murder. Nina becomes a re-doubled agent, confessing to the Rezident. Elizabeth and Philip's marriage implodes after Philip briefly reunites with his former Soviet lover Irina, who tells him that they have a son named Mischa serving in the Soviet military. The Jennings reconcile after the death of Elizabeth's former lover Gregory. The season ends after Nina blows up an FBI operation to capture Elizabeth while she picks up a dead drop that is under surveillance, but Elizabeth is shot and badly wounded during the escape.", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Over the course of the series, The Americans received 18 Emmy nominations. For its fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons, the series was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series; and Keri Russell and Matthew Rhys were each nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress and Actor in a Drama Series, respectively, for those seasons.[93] The prior omissions that the show had received at the Emmys were considered to be snubs by the Emmys in the drama and acting categories by critics.[94][95] Margo Martindale was nominated four times and won twice for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, and Alison Wright received a nomination in the same category for the fifth season. The show received four nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series, for \"Do Mail Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?\" written by Joshua Brand; and Joel Fields and Joe Weisberg were nominated for the award three consecutive years for the fourth, fifth, and sixth season finales. Nathan Barr also received a nomination for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music for the first season.[93]", "Chuck (season 5). The fifth and final season of the American action-comedy television series Chuck was announced on May 13, 2011. It included 13 episodes. The season premiered on October 28, 2011 and concluded January 27, 2012 with a two-hour finale.", "The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 5). The fifth and final season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 11, 2012 at 8:00 PM. During its fourth season's hiatus, ABC Family announced on February 2, 2012, that the show would be renewed for a fifth season. The fifth season premiered on June 11, 2012, one week after the season 4 finale.", "American Woman (TV series). In November 2016, American Woman received a series order from TV Land for a first season consisting of 12 episodes, but a premiere date had not been set.[13][14]", "The Americans (2013 TV series). Over the course of its run, the series has received critical acclaim,[49][50][51][52][53][54] with several publications in 2014 naming it one of the best shows on television.[55][56][57]", "Homeland (season 5). The fifth season of the American television drama series Homeland, premiered on October 4, 2015, and concluded on December 20, 2015, on Showtime, consisting of 12 episodes.[1] The series started as a loosely based variation of the two-season run of the Israeli television series Hatufim (English: Prisoners of War) created by Gideon Raff and is developed for American television by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa.[2] The fifth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 10, 2017.[3]" ]

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[ "Dominion of New Zealand. New Zealand became a separate British Crown colony in 1841 and received responsible government with the Constitution Act in 1852. New Zealand chose not to take part in Australian Federation and became the Dominion of New Zealand on 26 September 1907, Dominion Day, by proclamation of King Edward VII. Dominion status was a public mark of the political independence that had evolved over half a century through responsible government.", "Dominion. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 gave New Zealand its own Parliament (General Assembly) and home rule in 1852.[48] In 1907 New Zealand was proclaimed the Dominion of New Zealand.[49] New Zealand, Canada, and Newfoundland used the word Dominion in the official title of the nation, whereas Australia used Commonwealth of Australia and South Africa Union of South Africa. New Zealand adopted the Statute of Westminster in 1947[49] and in the same year legislation passed in London gave New Zealand full powers to amend its own constitution. In 1986, the New Zealand parliament passed the Constitution Act 1986, which repealed the Constitution Act of 1852 and the last constitutional links with the United Kingdom and thus formally ended it Dominion status.[50]", "Dominion of New Zealand. In the post-war period, the term ‘Dominion’ has fallen into disuse. Full independence was granted with the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and adopted by the New Zealand Parliament in 1947.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The change in style did not otherwise affect the legal status of New Zealand or the government of New Zealand; the 1907 royal proclamation of Dominion status has never been revoked and remains in force today.[21][30] Nevertheless, the opinion of the New Zealand government is that New Zealand became a sovereign state in 1947: \"…both in terms of gaining formal legal control over the conduct of its foreign policy and the attainment of constitutional and plenary powers by its legislature\".[4] In passing the Constitution Act 1986 (effective 1 January 1987), New Zealand \"unilaterally revoked all residual United Kingdom legislative power\".[31]", "Dominion. The Colony of New Zealand, which chose not to take part in Australian federation, became the Dominion of New Zealand on 26 September 1907; Newfoundland became a Dominion on the same day. The Union of South Africa was referred to as a Dominion upon its creation in 1910.", "Dominion of New Zealand. Ironically, the National opposition prompted the adoption of the statute in 1947 when its leader, and future prime minister, Sidney Holland introduced a private member's bill to abolish the Legislative Council.[25] Because New Zealand required the consent of the British Parliament to make the necessary amendments to the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, Peter Fraser, now Prime Minister, had a reason to finally adopt the statute.[27] It was formally adopted on 25 November 1947 with the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, along with consenting legislation from the British Parliament—New Zealand was the last Dominion listed in the statute to adopt it.[26]", "Dominion of New Zealand. The country joined the United Nations as simply ‘New Zealand’.[5] And in 1946, Prime Minister Peter Fraser instructed government departments not to use the term ‘Dominion’ any longer.[28]", "Colony of New Zealand. The Colony of New Zealand continued until 26 September 1907, when, as a result of a decision by the 1907 Imperial Conference and by request of the New Zealand government, King Edward VII declared New Zealand to be a Dominion. On the same day, the King issued another Royal Proclamation granting the Colony of Newfoundland the status of Dominion of Newfoundland. The 1907 change from Colony to Dominion was largely symbolic, and New Zealand did not become independent until the General Assembly of New Zealand enacted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which applied the Statute of Westminster 1931 to the Dominion of New Zealand (although the United Kingdom retained the right to legislate for New Zealand at its request); certain colonial enactments survived for sometime after—the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 was finally replaced by the Constitution Act 1986.", "Independence of New Zealand. In 1901 New Zealand did not ratify the Australian Constitution, and did not partake in the Federation of Australia. Prime Minister Joseph Ward determined that New Zealand should become a dominion, and parliament passed a resolution to that effect.[2] On 26 September 1907 the United Kingdom granted New Zealand (along with Newfoundland, which later became a part of Canada) \"Dominion\" status within the British Empire. New Zealand became known as the Dominion of New Zealand. The date was declared Dominion Day, but never reached any popularity as a day of independence. As a potential national day, Dominion Day never possessed any emotional appeal, although the term \"Dominion\" was popular. The Dominion newspaper began on Dominion Day, 1907. To regard it as a national independence day is incorrect, the change to dominion status was seen as \"purely cosmetic.\"[2]", "Dominion of New Zealand. Letters patent were issued to confirm New Zealand's change in status, declaring that: \"there shall be a Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over Our Dominion of New Zealand\".[9] Dominion status allowed New Zealand to become virtually independent, while retaining the British monarch as head of state, represented by a governor-general appointed in consultation with the New Zealand government. Control over defence, constitutional amendments, and (partially) foreign affairs remained with the British government until the Statute of Westminster was adopted in 1947.[9]", "Dominion of New Zealand. The Antarctic territory of the Ross Dependency, previously under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, is today regarded by New Zealand as having become part of the Dominion of New Zealand on 16 August 1923.[15] The legality of that contemporary assertion has been questioned[16] but is nonetheless the position of New Zealand.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The alteration in status was stirred by a sentiment on the part of the prime ministers of the self-governing colonies of the British Empire that a new term was necessary to differentiate them from the non-self-governing colonies. At the 1907 Imperial Conference, it was argued that self-governing colonies that were not styled ‘dominion’ like Canada, or ‘commonwealth’ like Australia, should be designated by some such title as ‘state of the empire’.[3] After much debate over lexicon, the term ‘Dominion’ was decided upon.[3]", "Dominion. The Commonwealth of Australia was recognised as a Dominion in 1901, and the Dominion of New Zealand and the Dominion of Newfoundland were officially given Dominion status in 1907, followed by the Union of South Africa in 1910.", "Dominion of New Zealand. Following the 1907 conference, the New Zealand House of Representatives passed a motion respectfully requesting that King Edward VII \"take such steps as he may consider necessary\"[4] to change the designation of New Zealand from the ‘Colony of New Zealand’ to the ‘Dominion of New Zealand’. Dominion status was anticipated to be a halfway house between colonial status and full independence.[5]", "Dominion of New Zealand. Ward had thought that New Zealanders would be \"much gratified\" with the new title. However, Dominion status was received with limited enthusiasm and indifference from the general public.[7] The shift from colony to Dominion was viewed as a change of name only. The general public were unable to discern any practical difference.[10] Dominion status was symbolic and recognised the country's shift to self-governance,[10] but this change had been accomplished with the first responsible government in the 1850s.", "Dominion of New Zealand. Despite the new status, there was some apprehension in 1919 when Prime Minister Bill Massey signed the Treaty of Versailles (giving New Zealand membership of the League of Nations). This act was a turning point in New Zealand's diplomatic history, indicating that the dominion had a degree of control over its foreign affairs.[14] Massey himself did not view it as a symbolic act and would have preferred New Zealand to maintain a deferential role within the empire.[14]", "Dominion of New Zealand. To mark the granting of Dominion status, 26 September was declared ‘Dominion Day’. The first Dominion Day was celebrated on 25 September 1907, when one politician said it would be remembered as New Zealand's Fourth of July.[3]", "New Zealand. In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a Dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status.[54] In 1947 the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.[46]", "Dominion of New Zealand. A royal proclamation granting New Zealand the designation of ‘Dominion’ was issued on 9 September 1907. On 26 September the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, read the proclamation from the steps of Parliament:", "Monarchy of New Zealand. The Crown was further separated amongst its Dominions by the Statute of Westminster in 1931, an act of the British Parliament, which gave New Zealand and other Dominions the authority to make their own laws in all matters, while requiring them all to seek each other's assent for changes to monarchical titles and the common line of succession.[126] Governors-general were now selected on the advice of the Dominion's prime minister and the British Parliament specifically gave up any claim to legislate for a Dominion, save at its own request. New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1947, after the passing of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.[127]", "Monarchy of New Zealand. In 1907, New Zealand achieved the status of 'Dominion', which meant it was a country of the British Empire and later the Commonwealth of Nations, with autonomy in domestic and foreign affairs.[122] In 1917, letters patent of King George V set out the powers, duties and responsibilities of the governor-general and the Executive Council.[123] The governor-general remained an appointee of the British Crown on the advice of the British government.[124] At an Imperial Conference in 1926, the Balfour Declaration provided that the United Kingdom and the Dominions were to be considered as \"autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate to one another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown\",[125] effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated virtually independently in each separate Dominion.", "Dominion of New Zealand. In 1931, the British (Imperial) Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster, which gave effect to resolutions passed by the imperial conferences of 1926 and 1930. It essentially gave legal recognition to the \"de facto independence\" of the Dominions by removing Britain's ability to make laws for the Dominions without their consent:[22]", "Dominion of New Zealand. Just under one million people lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland and Wellington were growing rapidly.[2] The Dominion of New Zealand allowed the British government to shape its foreign policy and it followed Britain into the First World War. The 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. When the Second World War broke out in 1939 the New Zealand government made its own decision to enter the war.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The Cook Islands and Niue each already formed part of the Dominion of New Zealand on the date it was proclaimed. Both had become part of the Colony of New Zealand on 11 June 1901.[17] Western Samoa was never part of New Zealand, having instead been the subject of a League of Nations Mandate and subsequently a United Nations Trusteeship Agreement.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a constitutional monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire.", "Colony of New Zealand. A Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued on 26 September 1907.", "Dominion of New Zealand. This event passed relatively unheralded. It attracted little comment. This illustrates that what may appear as a constitutional landmark, particularly from this point in time needs to be seen in its context. And so, although new Letters Patent and Royal Instructions were issued in 1907, and the requirement to reserve certain classes of Bill for His Majesty’s pleasure was omitted, New Zealand certainly didn’t embrace dominion status with the vigour of a young nation intent on independence.[11]", "Dominion of New Zealand. The 1926 Imperial Conference devised the ‘Balfour formula’ of Dominion status, stating that:", "Constitution of New Zealand. The Imperial Conference of 1907 resolved to allow certain colonies to become independent states, termed 'Dominions'. Following the Conference, the House of Representatives passed a motion requesting that King Edward VII \"take such steps as he may consider necessary; to change New Zealand's official name from 'The Colony of New Zealand' to 'The Dominion of New Zealand'. Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward prompted to move to \"…raise up New Zealand\" and assured that it would \"have no other effect than that of doing the country good\". On 9 September, a Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued by King Edward VII. The proclamation took effect on the 27 September. As a result, the Office of Governor became Governor-General under the Letters Patent 1917 to reflect New Zealand's status as a dominion more fully. The Letters Patent also removed a number of powers the Governor previously held while New Zealand was a colony.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The adoption of the designation of ‘Dominion’ would, \"raise the status of New Zealand\" stated Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward and \"… have no other effect than that of doing the country good\".[6] Ward also had regional imperial ambitions. He hoped the new designation would remind the world that New Zealand was not part of Australia. It would dignify New Zealand, a country he thought was \"the natural centre for the government of the South Pacific\".[7]", "Dominion of New Zealand. New Zealand initially viewed the Statute of Westminster as an \"unnecessary legal complication that it perceived would weaken imperial relations.\"[24] The New Zealand government only allowed the Dominion of New Zealand to be cited in the statute provided that the operative sections did not apply unless adopted by the New Zealand Parliament.[25] Preferring the British government to handle most of its foreign affairs and defence, New Zealand held back from adopting the Statute of Westminster Act.[26]", "Colony of New Zealand. In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand, with a more explicit recognition of self-government within the British Empire." ]

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[ "Battle of Bunker Hill. The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in the battle. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed's Hill.[7][8]", "Israel Putnam. In the planning for the Battle of Bunker Hill Putnam was likely the one who argued in favor of also fortifying the adjacent hill, which later became known as \"Breed's Hill.\"[20][21] This hill was closer to Boston, and from the hill cannons could fire on the British forces in Boston, forcing them to come out and attack the hill.[22] The British soldiers were mowed down as they marched toward the American fortifications. However, the Americans ran out of powder, and were eventually forced to retreat. American casualties were 449, while British casualties were 1054. By the standard of the day the Americans lost, since they gave up the ground. However, Continental Army Brigadier General Nathaniel Greene wrote to his brother that \"I wish we could sell them another hill, at the same price.\"[23][24][25]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city, which would give them control of Boston Harbor. In response, 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill. During the night, the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breed's Hill, as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula.[9]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. The Charlestown Peninsula, lying to the north of Boston, started from a short, narrow isthmus (known as the Charlestown Neck) at its northwest and extended about 1 mile (1.6 km) southeastward into Boston Harbor. Bunker Hill, with an elevation of 110 feet (34 m), lay at the northern end of the peninsula. Breed's Hill, at a height of 62 feet (19 m), was more southerly and nearer to Boston.[17] The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula. At its closest approach, less than 1,000 feet (305 m) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula, where Copp's Hill was at about the same height as Breed's Hill. While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown, General Gage, rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula, had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle, turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man's land.[18]", "Hill. Hills have become sites for many noted battles, such as the first recorded military conflict in Scotland known as the battle of Mons Graupius. Modern conflicts include the Battle of Bunker Hill (which was actually fought on Breed's Hill) in the American War for Independence and Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in the Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War.", "Siege of Boston. On June 17, in the Battle of Bunker Hill, British forces under General Howe took the Charlestown peninsula.[28] The British succeeded in their tactical objective of taking the high ground on the Charlestown peninsula, but they suffered significant losses. With some 1,000 men killed or wounded, including 92 officers killed, the British losses were so heavy that there were no further direct attacks on American forces.[29] The Americans, while losing the battle, had again stood against the British regulars with some success, as they had successfully repelled two assaults on Breed's Hill during the engagement.[30] From this point, the siege essentially became a stalemate.", "Battle of Bunker Hill. The colonial forces, while nominally under the overall command of General Ward, with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field, often acted quite independently.[87] This was evident in the opening stages of the battle, when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications. After deliberating with General Putnam and Colonel Gridley, Colonel Prescott and his staff, apparently in contravention of orders, decided to fortify Breed's Hill rather than Bunker Hill.[88] The fortification of Breed's Hill was more provocative; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston.[89] It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped, as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck. If the British had taken that step, they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties.[90]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. The works on Breed's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British. General Clinton, out on reconnaissance that night, was aware of them, and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight. British sentries were also aware of the activity, but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm.[31] Then, in the early predawn, around 4 a.m., a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification, and notified her captain. Lively opened fire, temporarily halting the colonists' work. Aboard his flagship HMS Somerset, Admiral Samuel Graves awoke, irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered.[32] He stopped it, only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning. He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor, as well as batteries atop Copp's Hill in Boston, to fire on the colonial position, which had relatively little effect.[33] The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt – it could easily be flanked on either side.[31] He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east, deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt.[34]", "Battles of Lexington and Concord. On Brooks Hill (also known as Hardy's Hill) about 1 mile (1.6 km) past Meriam's Corner, nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road, awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below.[88] Smith's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off, but the colonists did not withdraw, inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill, and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln, at Brooks Tavern, where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road.", "Battle of Bunker Hill. The British leadership, for its part, acted slowly once the works on Breed's Hill were spotted. It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault, roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire. This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces time to reinforce the flanking positions that had been poorly defended.[94] Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter, when an encircling move (gaining control of Charlestown Neck), would have given them a more resounding victory.[90] (This move would not have been without risks of its own, as the colonists could have made holding the Neck expensive with fire from the high ground in Cambridge.) But the British leadership was excessively optimistic, believing that \"two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province\".[95]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. On June 13, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified, by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter, New Hampshire, that a New Hampshire gentleman \"of undoubted veracity\" had, while visiting Boston, overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown.[22] On June 15, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected.[23] General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula, specifically on Bunker Hill.[24][25]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. Boston, situated on a peninsula,[12] was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it, which were dominated by British warships. In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the colonial militia, a force of about 15,000 men,[13] had surrounded the town, and effectively besieged it. Under the command of Artemas Ward, they controlled the only land access to Boston itself (the Roxbury Neck), but, lacking a navy, were unable to even contest British domination of the waters of the harbor. The British troops, a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage, occupied the city, and were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea.[14] In theory, they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely.", "Battles of Lexington and Concord. Colonel Barrett's troops, upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages, and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them, decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower, closer flat hilltop about 300 yards (274 m) from the North Bridge. As the militia advanced, the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett's men.[70]", "Siege of Boston. The siege began on April 19 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, when the militia from surrounding Massachusetts communities blocked land access to Boston. The Continental Congress formed the Continental Army from the militia, with George Washington as its Commander in Chief. In June 1775, the British seized Bunker and Breed's Hills, from which the Continentals were preparing to bombard the city, but their casualties were heavy and their gains were insufficient to break the Continental Army's hold on land access to Boston. The Americans laid siege to the British-occupied city. Military actions during the remainder of the siege were limited to occasional raids, minor skirmishes, and sniper fire.", "Battle of Bunker Hill. In nearby Cambridge, a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription: \"Here assembled on the night of June 16, 1775, 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott. After prayer by President Langdon, they marched to Bunker Hill.\" See footnote for picture.[128] (Samuel Langdon, a Congregational minister, was Harvard's 11th president.)[129] Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety, which had become the Patriots' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge.[130] These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard's Littaeur Center, which is itself the west of Harvard's huge Science Center. See footnote for map.[131]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. Throughout May, in response to orders from Gage requesting support, the British received reinforcements, until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men. On May 25, three generals arrived on HMS Cerberus: William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. Gage began planning with them to break out of the city,[19] finalizing a plan on June 12.[20] This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck, fortifying the Dorchester Heights, and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury. Once the southern flank had been secured, the Charlestown heights would be taken, and the forces in Cambridge driven away. The attack was set for June 18.[21]", "William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe. Along with fellow British Army Generals Clinton and Burgoyne, Howe arrived at Boston aboard the HMS Cerberus on 25 May 1775, having learned en route that war had broken out with the skirmishes at the marches to Lexington and Concord in April.[18] It provided naval reinforcement at the Battle of Bunker Hill.[18] He led a force of 4,000 troops sent to reinforce the 5,000 troops under General Thomas Gage who were besieged in the city after those battles.[16] Gage, Howe, and Generals Clinton and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege. They formulated a plan to seize high ground around Boston and attack the besieging colonial militia forces, setting its execution for 18 June.[19] However, the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of Breed's Hill and nearby Bunker Hill on the Charlestown peninsula across the Charles River from Boston on the night of 16–17 June,[20] forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy.", "Siege of Boston. When British forces were sent to seize military supplies from the town of Concord on April 19, 1775, militia companies from surrounding towns opposed them in the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[10] At Concord, some of the British forces were routed in a confrontation at the North Bridge. The British troops, on their march back to Boston, were then engaged in a running battle, suffering heavy casualties.[11] All of the New England colonies (and later colonies further south) raised militias in response to this alarm, and sent them to Boston.[12]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. By daybreak of June 17, the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them that day. Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties; the third and final attack carried the redoubt after the defenders ran out of ammunition. The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill, leaving the British in control of the Peninsula.[10]", "Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[9] The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.", "Battle of Ramsour's Mill. The Battle of Ramsour's Mill took place on June 20, 1780 in present-day Lincolnton, North Carolina, during the British campaign to gain control of the southern colonies in the American Revolutionary War. The number of fighters on each side of the battle is still an issue of contention, but Loyalist militiamen (many of them German Palatine emigrants and settlers in the local area) outnumbered Patriot militia and had captured a group of Patriots who they were planning to hang on the morning of June 20.", "Siege of Boston. The plan decided on by the British command was to fortify both Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights. They fixed the date for taking Dorchester Heights at June 18. On June 15, the colonists' Committee of Safety learned of the British plans. In response, they sent instructions to General Ward to fortify Bunker Hill and the heights of Charlestown; he ordered Colonel William Prescott to do so. On the night of June 16, Prescott led 1,200 men over the Charlestown Neck, and constructed fortifications on Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill.[27]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. On the night of June 16, colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston.[26] This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott, Putnam (the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton), James Frye, and Ebenezer Bridge.[27] At first, Putnam, Prescott, and their engineer, Captain Richard Gridley, disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. Some work was performed on Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible. Arguably against orders, they decided to build their primary redoubt there.[28] Prescott and his men, using Gridley's outline, began digging a square fortification about 130 feet (40 m) on a side with ditches and earthen walls. The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet (1.8 m) high, with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls.[29][30]", "Battle of Bunker Hill. Bunker Hill Day, observed every June 17, is a legal holiday in Suffolk County, Massachusetts (which includes the city of Boston), as well as Somerville in Middlesex County. Prospect Hill, site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck, is now in Somerville, which was previously part of Charlestown.[132][133] State institutions in Massachusetts (such as public institutions of higher education) in Boston also celebrate the holiday.[134][135] However, the state's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day.[136]", "New England. After the Glorious Revolution in 1689, Bostonians overthrew royal governor Sir Edmund Andros. They seized dominion officials and adherents to the Church of England during a popular and bloodless uprising.[41] These tensions eventually culminated in the American Revolution, boiling over with the outbreak of the War of American Independence in 1775. The first battles of the war were fought in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, later leading to the Siege of Boston by continental troops. In March 1776, British forces were compelled to retreat from Boston.", "Battle of Agincourt. The battle remains an important symbol in popular culture. For example, a mock trial of Henry V for the crimes associated with the slaughter of the prisoners was held in Washington, D.C. in March 2010, drawing from both the historical record and Shakespeare's play. Participating as judges were Justices Samuel Alito and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The trial ranged widely over whether there was just cause for war and not simply the prisoner issue. Although an audience vote was \"too close to call\", Henry was unanimously found guilty by the court on the basis of \"evolving standards of civil society\".[101][102][103]", "Joseph Warren. Warren was commissioned as a major general by the Provincial Congress on June 14, 1775. Several days later, in the moments before the Battle of Bunker Hill, Warren arrived where the militia was forming and asked where the heaviest fighting would be; General Israel Putnam pointed to Breed's Hill. Warren volunteered to join the fighting as a private against the wishes of General Putnam and Colonel William Prescott, both of whom requested that he serve as their commander. Warren declined the command in the belief that Putnam and Prescott were more experienced with war. He was among those inspiring the men to hold rank against superior numbers. Warren was known to have repeatedly declared of the British: \"These fellows say we won't fight! By Heaven, I hope I shall die up to my knees in blood!\"[10] He fought in the redoubt until out of ammunition, and remained until the British made their third and final assault on the hill to give time for the militia to escape. He was killed instantly by a musket ball in the head by a British officer (possibly Lieutenant Lord Rawdon) who recognized him. This account is supported by a 2011 forensic analysis.[11] His body was stripped of clothing and he was bayoneted until unrecognizable, and then shoved into a shallow ditch.[citation needed]", "Breed-specific legislation. In American Dog Owners Ass'n, Inc. v. City of Lynn, 404 Mass. 73, 533 N.E.2d 642 (Mass.,1989), the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court reviewed a series of ordinances enacted by Lynn, Massachusetts targeting dogs variously referred to as \"American Staffordshire Terrier[s], a/k/a American Pit Bull Terrier[s] or Bull Terrier[s]\" (July 1985); \"American Staffordshire, Staffordshire Pit Bull Terrier or Bull Terrier, hereinafter referred to as 'Pit Bulls'\" (June 1986); and \"\"American Staffordshire, Staffordshire Pit Bull Terrier, Bull Terrier or any mixture thereof\" (September 1986).", "Battle of Bunker Hill. A British officer in Boston, after the battle", "Pequot War. News of Oldham's death became the subject of sermons in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In August, Governor Vane sent John Endecott to exact revenge on the Indians of Block Island. Endecott's party of roughly 90 men sailed to Block Island and attacked two apparently abandoned Niantic villages. Most of the Niantic escaped, while two of Endecott's men were injured. The English claimed to have killed 14, but later Narragansett reports claimed that only one Indian was killed on the island. The Massachusetts Bay militia burned the villages to the ground. They carried away crops which the Niantic had stored for winter and destroyed what they could not carry. Endecott went on to Fort Saybrook.", "Siege of Boston. Boston lacked a regular supply of fresh meat, and many horses needed hay. On May 21, Gage ordered a party to go to Grape Island, in the outer harbor, and bring hay to Boston.[24] When the Continentals on the mainland noticed this, they took alarm, and the militia were called out. As the British party arrived, they came under fire from the militia. The militia set fire to a barn on the island, destroying 80 tons of hay, and prevented the British from taking more than 3 tons.[24]", "English Mastiff. When in 1415 Sir Peers Legh was wounded in the Battle of Agincourt, his Mastiff stood over and protected him for many hours through the battle. The Mastiff was later returned to Legh's home and was the foundation of the Lyme Hall Mastiffs. Five centuries later this pedigree figured prominently in founding the modern breed.[27] Other aristocratic seats where Mastiffs are known to have been kept are Elvaston Castle (Charles Stanhope, 4th Earl of Harrington and his ancestors) and Chatsworth House. The owner of the Chatsworth Mastiffs (which were said to be of Alpine Mastiff stock) was William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, known to his family as Canis.[28] Mastiffs were also kept at Hadzor Hall, owned by members of the Galton family, famous for industrialists and scientists, including Charles Darwin. Some evidence exists that the Mastiff first came to America on the Mayflower,[29] but the breed's further documented entry to America did not occur until the late 19th century." ]

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[ "Day of the Dead. By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico, practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1, and to honor deceased adults on November 2. November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes (\"Day of the Innocents\") but also as Día de los Angelitos (\"Day of the Little Angels\"); November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos (\"Day of the Dead\").[13]", "Day of the Dead. The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos[2][3] in Anglophone countries, a back-translation of its original name, Día de Muertos. It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday. Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century, the celebration took place at the beginning of summer. Gradually, it was associated with October 31, November 1, and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide: All Saints' Eve, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day.[4][5] Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas, honoring the deceased using calaveras, aztec marigolds, and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed, and visiting graves with these as gifts.[6] Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves.", "Day of the Dead. Plans for the day are made throughout the year, including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead. During the three-day period families usually clean and decorate graves;[12] most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas (altars), which often include orange Mexican marigolds (Tagetes erecta) called cempasúchil (originally named cempoaxochitl, Nāhuatl for \"twenty flowers\"). In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto (Flower of Dead). These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings.", "Day of the Dead. The Day of the Dead (Spanish: Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[1]", "All Souls' Day. Known as the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, in some countries the celebration is known as the \"Day of the Dead\".", "Day of the Dead. In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage, All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work, go to cemeteries with candles and flowers, and give presents to children, usually sweets and toys.[10][40] In Portugal and Spain ofrendas (\"offerings\") are made on this day. In Spain, the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed.[10] In Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, people bring flowers (typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead.", "Day of the Dead. The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies' observances of a time to honor the dead. The Spanish tradition, for instance, includes festivals and parades, as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day.[10]", "Day of the Dead. In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins. In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper. Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors. Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions.", "Festival of the Dead. The Roman Catholic church celebrates three days of Allhallowtide from 31 October to 1 November, marking All Saints' Eve All Saints' Day and the second of November as All Souls' Day. The Mexican holiday celebrated at Hallowtide is called Dia de Los Muertos or Day of the Dead - prior to the Spanish colonisation and the conversion of local people to Christianity, this festival was celebrated in the summer time.[4]", "Day of the Dead. In Christian Europe, Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions. All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead. Over many centuries, rites which had occurred in cultivated fields, where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest, to cemeteries.", "Day of the Dead. During Day of the Dead festivities, food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas (\"offerings\").[14] Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes.[15]", "Day of the Dead. The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510. The Almacho Dis (Souls Day) is commemorated on Nov 2, following all Saints Day (Nov. 1). On this day, the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls. Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch (bikareanchem jevonn) where the poor are invited for lunch, from the village and treated with dignity and respect. The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls. Following mass on all souls day, the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves.[39]", "Day of the Dead (1985 film). Day of the Dead is a 1985 American zombie horror film written and directed by George A. Romero and the third film in Romero's Night of the Living Dead series, being preceded by Night of the Living Dead (1968) and Dawn of the Dead (1978).[4]", "Day of the Dead. The Brazilian public holiday of Finados (Day of the Dead) is celebrated on November 2. Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations, people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers. The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead. Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous, African and European Catholic origins.", "Day of the Dead. Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members. Often included in these traditions are celebrations, food, and beverages, in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed.", "Day of the Dead. In Belize, Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity. The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means \"food for the souls\" in their language. Altars are constructed and decorated with food, drinks, candies, and candles put on them.", "Day of the Dead. Frances Ann Day summarizes the three-day celebration, the Day of the Dead:", "Day of the Dead. Mexican-style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia, Fiji, and Indonesia. Additionally, prominent celebrations are held in Wellington, New Zealand, complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts.[42]", "Day of the Dead. In many American communities with Mexican residents, Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico. In some of these communities, in states such as Texas,[24] New Mexico,[25] and Arizona,[26] the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional. The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson, Arizona event since 1990. The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals. People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned.[27] Likewise, Old Town San Diego, California annually hosts a traditional two-day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery.[28]", "Day of the Dead. Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems, called calaveras (skulls), mocking epitaphs of friends, describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes. This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future, \"and all of us were dead\", proceeding to read the tombstones. Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures, with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada, a Mexican illustrator. Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla (1817–1893) are also traditional on this day.", "Day of the Dead. Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead. Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun, topped with sugar, and often decorated with bone-shaped phalanges pieces.[16] Calaveras, or sugar skulls, display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed.[15]", "Horror film. Day of the Dead is a 1985 horror film written and directed by George A. Romero and the third film in Romero's Night of the Living Dead series.", "Day of the Dead. In Korea, Chuseok (추석, 秋夕; also called Hangawi) is a major traditional holiday. People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined, and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around the tomb, and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.", "Day of the Dead. The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures. Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500–3,000 years.[11] The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, about the beginning of August, and was celebrated for an entire month. The festivities were dedicated to the goddess[12] known as the \"Lady of the Dead\", corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina.", "Festival of the Dead. Festival of the Dead or Feast of Ancestors[1] is held by many cultures throughout the world in honor or recognition of deceased members of the community, generally occurring after the harvest in August, September, October, or November. As an example, the Ancient Egyptian Wag Festival took place in early August.[2]", "Day of the Dead. The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal, often varying from town to town. For example, in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán, the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult. On November 1 of the year after a child's death, the godparents set a table in the parents' home with sweets, fruits, pan de muerto, a cross, a rosary (used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them) and candles. This is meant to celebrate the child's life, in respect and appreciation for the parents. There is also dancing with colorful costumes, often with skull-shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town. At midnight on November 2, the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas (butterflies) to Janitzio, an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery, to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there.", "Day of the Dead (1985 film). One episode of Stroker and Hoop featured the characters battling zombies using guns made by Double-Wide. They turn out to fire only sunlight, which he claims is because of zombies' vulnerability to sunlight, hinted at by the film being called Night of the Dead and not Day of the Dead. Coroner Rick yells at him \"That was the sequel!\"", "Las Cruces, New Mexico. The local Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) originated in Mexico, and is a celebration of the lives of those now dead. It is held November 1–2 by the Calavera Coalition,[31] a nonprofit organization. The event is held at the plaza in Mesilla, and at the Branigan Cultural Center[32] in downtown Las Cruces.", "Day of the Dead. Originally, the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico, where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions. The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity. They held the traditional 'All Saints' Day' in the same way as other Christians in the world. There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region, and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico, where the holiday was celebrated. In the early 21st century in northern Mexico, Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions.[7][8][9]", "Festival of the Dead. In many cultures a single event, Festival of the Dead, lasting up to 3 days, was held at the end of October and beginning of November; examples include the Peruvians, the Pacific Islanders, the people of the Tonga Islands, the ancient Persians, ancient Romans, and the northern nations of Europe. [1]", "Day of the Dead. As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague, Czech Republic, since the late 20th century, some local citizens join in a Mexican-style Day of the Dead. A theatre group produces events featuring masks, candles, and sugar skulls.[41]", "Festival of the Dead. It has been thought that the three day festival of the dead is a ritualistic remembrance of the deluge in which the first night, Halloween depicts the wickedness of the world before flood. The second night then celebrates the saved who survived the deluge and the last night celebrates those who would repopulate the Earth.[5]" ]

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[ "Bluegrass music. A second generation of bluegrass musicians began performing, composing and recording in the mid-to late-1960s, although many had played in first–generation bands from a young age. Some bluegrass musicians in this group are Jimmy Martin, Doc Watson, J. D. Crowe, Doyle Lawson, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, John Hartford, Jerry Douglas, Norman Blake, Frank Wakefield, Bill Keith, Del McCoury, Tony Rice, and the pioneering female duo Hazel Dickens & Alice Gerrard. As they refined their craft, the New Grass Revival, Seldom Scene, The Kentucky Colonels, and The Dillards developed progressive bluegrass. In one collaboration, first-generation bluegrass fiddler Vassar Clements, progressive mandolin player David Grisman, Grateful Dead frontman Jerry Garcia (on banjo), and Peter Rowan on lead vocals played in the band called Old and in the Way. Garcia, Chris Hillman, Dickey Betts of The Allman Brothers Band and others in the 1960s and 1970s helped introduce rock music listeners to progressive and traditional bluegrass. Bush, Grisman, and Clements developed strong jazz elements in most of their playing—Clements liked to refer to his music as \"hillbilly jazz\"—but each owes much to traditional bluegrass.", "Bluegrass music. First generation bluegrass musicians dominated the genre from its beginnings in the mid-1940s through the mid-1960s. This group generally consists of those who were playing during the \"Golden Age\" in the 1950s, including Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys, the Stanley Brothers, Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs with the Foggy Mountain Boys, Hylo Brown and The Timberliners, Reno and Smiley, Lonesome Pine Fiddlers, Jim and Jesse, Jimmy Martin and the Osborne Brothers, Red Allen (who also recorded with the Osborne Brothers for MGM in the mid-fifties), Mac Wiseman, Mac Martin and the Dixie Travelers, Carl Story and his Rambling Mountaineers, Buzz Busby, The Lilly Brothers, Bill Clifton and Jim Eanes, and the Country Gentlemen - one of the first bands to include material from outside the usual corpus of bluegrass music.", "Bluegrass music. Exactly when the word \"bluegrass\" itself was adopted to label this form of music is not certain, but is believed to be in the late 1950s.[16] It was derived from the name of the seminal Blue Grass Boys band, formed in 1939 with Bill Monroe as its leader. Due to this lineage, Bill Monroe is frequently referred to as the \"father of bluegrass\".[17]", "Bluegrass music. Monroe's 1946 to 1948 band, which featured guitarist Lester Flatt, banjoist Earl Scruggs, fiddler Chubby Wise and bassist Howard Watts (also known as \"Cedric Rainwater\")—sometimes called \"the original bluegrass band\"—created the definitive sound and instrumental configuration that remains a model to this day. By some arguments, while the Blue Grass Boys were the only band playing this music, it was just their unique sound; it could not be considered a musical style until other bands began performing in similar fashion. In 1948, the Stanley Brothers recorded the traditional song \"Molly and Tenbrooks\" in the Blue Grass Boys' style, arguably the point in time that bluegrass emerged as a distinct musical form.[18] As Ralph Stanley himself said about the origins of the genre and its name:", "Bluegrass music. Oh, (Monroe) was the first. But it wasn't called bluegrass back then. It was just called old time mountain hillbilly music. When they started doing the bluegrass festivals in 1965, everybody got together and wanted to know what to call the show, y'know. It was decided that since Bill was the oldest man, and was from the bluegrass state of Kentucky and he had the Blue Grass Boys, it would be called 'bluegrass.'[19]", "Mandolin. Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking—and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.", "Bluegrass music. Bluegrass was initially included in the category of folk music and later changed to hillbilly. In 1948, bluegrass was placed under the country/western heading for radio airplay charting. All four of the seminal bluegrass authors - Artis, Price, Cantwell and Rosenberg - described bluegrass music in detail as originating in style and form, in one form or another, between the 1930s and mid-1940s. However, the term \"bluegrass\" did not appear formally to describe the music until the late 1950s, and did not appear in Music Index until 1965 (Kretzschmar, 1970). The first entry in Music Index mentioning \"bluegrass music\" directed the reader to \"see Country Music; Hillbilly Music\" (Kretzschmar, 1970, p. 91). Music Index maintained this listing for bluegrass music until 1986. The first time bluegrass music had its own entries in Music Index was 1987 (Stratelak, 1988).", "Kentucky. However, its depth lies in its signature sound—Bluegrass music. Bill Monroe, \"The Father of Bluegrass\", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David \"Stringbean\" Akeman, Louis Marshall \"Grandpa\" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro,[168] while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington.[169]", "Bluegrass music. Bluegrass, as a distinct musical form, developed from elements of old-time music and traditional music of the Appalachian region of the United States. The Appalachian region was where many English and Ulster-Scots immigrants settled, bringing with them the musical traditions of their homelands. Hence the sounds of jigs and reels, especially as played on the fiddle, were innate to the developing style. Black musicians infused characteristics of the blues to the mix, and in a development that was key to shaping the bluegrass sound, introduced the iconic banjo to the region.[citation needed]", "Double bass. An early bluegrass bassist to rise to prominence was Howard Watts (also known as Cedric Rainwater), who played with Bill Monroe's Blue Grass Boys beginning in 1944.[43] The classical bassist Edgar Meyer has frequently branched out into newgrass, old-time, jazz, and other genres.\n\"My all-time favorite is Todd Phillips,\" proclaimed Union Station bassist Barry Bales in April 2005. \"He brought a completely different way of thinking about and playing bluegrass.[44]", "Bluegrass music. Settlers from Britain and Ireland arrived in Appalachia during the 18th century, and brought with them the musical traditions of their homelands.[4] These traditions consisted primarily of English and Scottish ballads—which were essentially unaccompanied narrative—and dance music, such as Irish reels, which were accompanied by a fiddle.[5] Many older bluegrass songs come directly from the British Isles. Several Appalachian bluegrass ballads, such as \"Pretty Saro\", \"Cuckoo Bird\" and \"House Carpenter\", come from England and preserve the English ballad tradition both melodically and lyrically.[6] Others, such as \"The Two Sisters\", also come from England; however, the lyrics are about Ireland.[7] Some bluegrass fiddle songs popular in Appalachia, such as \"Leather Britches\", and \"Pretty Polly\", have Scottish roots.[8] The dance tune \"Cumberland Gap\" may be derived from the tune that accompanies the Scottish ballad \"Bonnie George Campbell\".[9] Other songs have different names in different places; for instance in England there is an old ballad known as \"A Brisk Young Sailor Courted Me\", but exactly the same song in North American bluegrass is known as \"I Wish My Baby Was Born\".[10]", "Bluegrass music. The music now known as bluegrass was frequently used to accompany a rural dancing style known as buckdancing, flatfooting or clogging. As the bluegrass sound spread to urban areas, listening to it for its own sake increased, especially after the advent of audio recording. In 1948, what would come to be known as bluegrass emerged as a genre within the post-war country/western-music industry, a period of time characterized now as the golden era or wellspring of \"traditional bluegrass.\" From its earliest days, bluegrass has been recorded and performed by professional and amateur musicians alike. Although amateur bluegrass musicians and trends such as \"parking-lot picking\" are too important to be ignored, it is touring musicians who have set the direction of the style. Radio stations dedicated to bluegrass have also proved influential in advancing the evolution of the style into distinctive subgenres.", "Bluegrass music. Bluegrass music has attracted a diverse following worldwide. Bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe characterized the genre as: \"Scottish bagpipes and ole-time fiddlin'. It's Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. It's blues and jazz, and it has a high lonesome sound.\"[13]", "Bluegrass music. Unlike mainstream country music, bluegrass is traditionally played on acoustic stringed instruments. The fiddle, five-string banjo, guitar, mandolin, and upright bass (string bass) are often joined by the resonator guitar (also referred to as a Dobro) and (occasionally) harmonica or Jew's harp. This instrumentation originated in rural dance bands and is the basis on which the earliest bluegrass bands were formed.[14]", "Bluegrass music. Third generation bluegrass developed in the mid-1980s. Bluegrass grew, matured and broadened from the music played in previous years. This generation redefined \"mainstream bluegrass\". High-quality sound equipment allowed each band member to be miked independently, exemplified by Tony Rice Unit and The Bluegrass Album Band. Tony Rice showcased elaborate lead guitar solos, and other bands followed. The electric bass became a general, but not universal, alternative to the traditional acoustic bass, though electrification of other instruments continued to meet resistance outside progressive circles. Nontraditional chord progressions also became more widely accepted. On the other hand, this generation saw a renaissance of more traditional songs, played in the newer style. The Johnson Mountain Boys were one of the decade's most popular touring groups, and played strictly traditional bluegrass.", "The Dillards. The Dillards are notable for being among the first bluegrass groups to have electrified their instruments in the mid-1960s.[5] They are considered to be one of the pioneers of the burgeoning southern California folk rock, country rock and progressive bluegrass genres, and are known to have directly or indirectly influenced artists such as The Eagles, The Byrds, and Elton John.[6] In 1972, The Dillards joined Elton John on his first American tour.[1] John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin has also acknowledged their influence, particularly in his decision to play the mandolin.[7]", "Lawn. Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is a grass native to Europe or the Middle East. It was likely carried to Midwestern United States in the early 1600s by French missionaries and spread via the waterways to the region around Kentucky. However, it may also have spread across the Appalachian mountains after an introduction on the east coast. Kentucky Bluegrass is now one of the top three pasture grasses in the United States and the most desirable species of grass for lawns.", "Mandolin. When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924 to 1926, his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin.[187] By the 1930s, single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick), the Armstrong Twins (Lloyd and Floyd Armstrong) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a \"parlor\" sound typical of brother duets to the modern \"bluegrass\" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders.", "Country music. By the end of World War II, \"mountaineer\" string band music known as bluegrass had emerged when Bill Monroe joined with Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, introduced by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry. Gospel music, too, remained a popular component of bluegrass and other sorts of country music. Red Foley, the biggest country star following World War II, had one of the first million-selling gospel hits (\"Peace in the Valley\") and also sang boogie, blues and rockabilly. In the post-war period, country music was called \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry.[46] In 1944, The Billboard replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949.[47][48]", "History of Kentucky. Kentucky was mostly rural, but two important cities emerged before the American Civil War, Lexington, the first city settled, and Louisville, which would become the largest. Lexington, was the center of the Bluegrass Region, an agricultural area featuring production of tobacco and hemp. It was also known for the breeding and training of high-quality livestock, including horses. It was the base for many prominent planters, most notably Henry Clay, the politician who led the Whig Party , and who brokered important compromises over the issue of slavery. Before the west was considered to begin west of the Mississippi River, it was considered to begin at the Appalachian Mountains, and young Lexington was the cultural center of the region. It later claimed for itself the designation of \"Athens of the West.\"", "Bluegrass music. Instrumentation has been a continuing topic of debate. Traditional bluegrass performers believe the \"correct\" instrumentation is that used by Bill Monroe's band, the Blue Grass Boys (mandolin, fiddle, guitar, banjo and bass). Departures from the traditional instrumentation have included dobro, accordion, harmonica, piano, autoharp, drums, electric guitar, and electric versions of other common bluegrass instruments, resulting in what has been referred to as \"newgrass.\"", "Mandolin. Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.", "Mandolin. In the 1970s and 80s, bluegrass music spread into Russia from Czechoslovakia, and through American performers touring in Russia, including Roy Clark and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.[154] Russian bands were started with bluegrass elements that included a mandolin, including Kukuruza (with mandolinist Georgi Palmov) and Bering Strait (mandolinist Sergei Passov).[154][155]", "20th-century music. Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and a related genre of country music. Influenced by the music of Appalachia,[23] Bluegrass has mixed roots in Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English[24] traditional music, and was also later influenced by the music of African-Americans[25] through incorporation of jazz elements.", "Bluegrass music. Traditional bluegrass emphasizes the traditional elements; musicians play folk songs, tunes with simple traditional chord progressions, and use only acoustic instruments. Generally, compositions are performed on instruments that were played by Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys in the late 1940s. In the early years, instruments no longer accepted in mainstream bluegrass, such as the accordion, were used. Traditional bands may use their instruments in slightly different ways; for example playing the banjo by the claw-hammer style, or using multiple guitars or fiddles in a band. In this subgenre, the guitar rarely leads but acts as a rhythm instrument, one notable exception being gospel-based songs. Melodies and lyrics tend to be simple, often in G major, and a I-IV-V chord pattern is common. Although traditional bluegrass performers eschew electrically amplified instruments, as used in other forms of popular music, it is common practice to \"mike\" acoustic instruments during stage performances before larger audiences.", "Bluegrass music. A newer development in the bluegrass world is Neo-traditional bluegrass. In the 1990s, most bluegrass bands were headed by a solo artist such as Doyle Lawson and Rhonda Vincent, with an accompanying band.[citation needed] Bands playing this subgenre include The Grascals, Mountain Heart, Steep Canyon Rangers, The Dixie Bee-Liners, The SteelDrivers, Pert Near Sandstone, Balsam Range, and Cherryholmes, who all—with the exception of Waterfall Blue Boys—have more than one lead singer.", "History of Kentucky. The state's official nickname is the \"Bluegrass State,\" which is derived from the famed species of grass grown in central Kentucky, Bluegrass, or Poa. \"The nickname also recognizes the role that the Bluegrass region has played in Kentucky's economy and history.\"[49]", "History of Kentucky. In August 1801 at the Cane Ridge Meeting House in Bourbon County, as part of what is now known as the \"Western Revival\", thousands of religious seekers under the leadership of Presbyterian preacher Barton W. Stone came to the meeting house. Preaching, singing and converting went on for a week until both humans and horses ran out of food.[81]", "Bluegrass music. Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music that is influenced by the music of Appalachia.[1] Bluegrass has mixed roots in Irish, Scottish and English[2] traditional music, and was also later influenced by the music of African-Americans[3] through incorporation of jazz elements.", "Bluegrass music. The guitar is now most commonly played with a style referred to as flatpicking, unlike the style of early bluegrass guitarists such as Lester Flatt, who used a thumb pick and finger pick. Banjo players often use the three-finger picking style made popular by banjoists such as Don Reno and Earl Scruggs. Fiddlers frequently play in thirds and fifths, producing a sound that is characteristic to the bluegrass style. Bassists almost always play pizzicato, occasionally adopting the \"slap-style\" to accentuate the beat. A bluegrass bass line is generally a rhythmic alternation between the root and fifth of each chord, with occasional walking bass excursions.", "History of Kentucky. Before 1750, Kentucky was populated nearly exclusively by Cherokee, Chickasaw, Shawnee, Yuchi, Mosopelea, and several other tribes of Native Americans. Early British exploration of the area that would become Kentucky was made in 1750 by a scouting party led by Dr. Thomas Walker,[54] and in 1751 by Christopher Gist for the Ohio Company.", "Bluegrass music. In recent decades bluegrass music has reached a broader audience. Major mainstream country music performers have recorded bluegrass albums, including Dolly Parton and Patty Loveless, who each released several bluegrass albums. Since the late 1990s, Ricky Skaggs, who began as a bluegrass musician and crossed over to mainstream country in the 1980s, returned to bluegrass with his band Kentucky Thunder. The Coen Brothers' film O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) has a country and bluegrass soundtrack which won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2002. The documentary and concert film Down from the Mountain (2000) featured a live performance by the music artists who participated in the recording of the soundtrack recording." ]

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[ "Grease (film). In the summer of 1958, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"only the beginning\", and they will stay friends. The film moves to the start of the new school year at Rydell High School (\"Grease\"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a sassy, popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly).", "Grease (film). Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the musical of the same name. Written by Bronte Woodard[2] and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut, the film depicts the lives of two high school seniors: bad boy Danny (John Travolta) and good girl Sandy (Olivia Newton-John) in the late 1950s. Grease was successful both critically and commercially. Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States, behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever.[3]", "Grease (musical). Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. Named after the 1950s United States working-class youth subculture known as greasers, the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School (based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago, Illinois[1])[2] and follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure, politics, personal core values, and love. The score borrows heavily from the sounds of early rock and roll. In its original production in Chicago, Grease was a raunchy, raw, aggressive, vulgar show. Subsequent productions sanitized it and tamed it down.[3] The show mentions social issues such as teenage pregnancy, peer pressure and gang violence; its themes include love, friendship, teenage rebellion, sexual exploration during adolescence, and, to some extent, class consciousness/class conflict. Jacobs described the show's basic plot as a subversion of common tropes of 1950s cinema, since the female lead, who in many 1950s films transformed the alpha male into a more sensitive and sympathetic character, is instead drawn into the man's influence and transforms into his fantasy.[4]", "Grease 2. Grease 2 is a 1982 American musical romantic comedy film and the sequel to Grease, which is based upon the musical of the same name by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. The film was produced by Allan Carr and Robert Stigwood, and directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch, who also choreographed the first film. It takes place two years after the original film at Rydell High School, with an almost entirely new cast, led by actors Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer.", "Grease (film). Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC-TV. It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary. The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[25][26]", "Grease 2. It is 1961, two years after the original Grease ended. The first day of school has arrived and the T-Birds and the Pink Ladies dance and sing as they enter the high school (\"Back to School Again\"). The Pink Ladies are now led by Stephanie Zinone (Michelle Pfeiffer), who feels she has \"outgrown\" her relationship with her ex-boyfriend Johnny Nogerelli (Adrian Zmed), the arrogant and rather immature new leader of the T-Birds.", "Grease (musical). Grease was first performed in 1971 in the original Kingston Mines nightclub in Chicago (since demolished). From there, it has been successful on both stage and screen, but the content has been diluted and its teenage characters have become less Chicago habitués (the characters' Polish-American backgrounds in particular are ignored with last names often changed, although two Italian-American characters are left identifiably ethnic) and more generic. At the time that it closed in 1980, Grease's 3,388-performance run was the longest yet in Broadway history, although it was surpassed by A Chorus Line a few years later. It went on to become a West End hit, a successful feature film, two popular Broadway revivals in 1994 and 2007, and a staple of regional theatre, summer stock, community theatre, and high school and middle school drama groups.[5] It remains Broadway's 15th longest-running show.[6]", "Grease (film). Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film \"terrific fun\", describing it as a \"contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen-age musical—a larger, funnier, wittier and more imaginative-than-Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own\"; Canby pointed out that the film was \"somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which recalls the science-fiction films of the '50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then, Grease is a multimillion-dollar evocation of the B-picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the '50s (Don't Knock the Rock, 1956) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s (Beach Party, 1963).\"[22]", "Grease (film). Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16, 1978 and was an immediate box office success. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking at No. 2 (behind Jaws 2) at the box office.[15] Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally, totaling $394,955,690 worldwide. Globally, it was the highest-grossing musical ever, eclipsing the 13-year-old record held by The Sound of Music, but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables, Mamma Mia! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast. Grease is now the fourth highest-grossing live action musical.[16]", "Grease (musical). The show's original, aggressive and profane 1971 incarnation was directed by Guy Barile, choreographed by Ronna Kaye and produced by the Kingston Mines Theater Company founded by June Pyskacek on Chicago's Lincoln Avenue. The script was based on Jim Jacobs' experience at William Taft High School, Chicago.[2] Warren Casey collaborated with Jim and together they wrote the music and lyrics. It ran for eight months.[8] The cast: Doug Stevenson (Danny), Leslie Goto (Sandy), Sue Williams (Rizzo), Polly Pen (Patty), Gary Houston (Roger), Marilu Henner (Marty), James Canning (Doody), Hedda Lubin (Frenchy), Bruce Hickey (Kenickie), Sheila Ray Ceaser (Jan), Bill Cervetti (Miller), Jerry Bolnick (Sonny), Judy Brubaker (Miss Lynch), Mike O'Connor (Vince Fontaine), Steve Munro (Eugene), Barbara Munro (Cha Cha), Mac Hamilton (Teen Angel) and George Lopez (Bum). In addition to the \"R-rated\" profanity and deliberate use of shock value, the Chicago version of Grease included an almost entirely different songbook, which was shorter and included multiple references to real Chicago landmarks.[9]", "Grease (musical). Grease was adapted in 1978 as a feature film also named Grease, which removed some plot elements, characters and songs while adding new songs and elaborating on some plot elements only alluded to in the musical. Some of these revisions have been incorporated into revivals of the musical (John Farrar, who wrote two of the new songs, is credited alongside Jacobs and Casey for the music in these productions). A 2016 live TV musical used elements from both the original stage version and the film.[7] A 1982 film sequel Grease 2, which featured only a few supporting characters from the film and musical, had no involvement from Jacobs or Casey; Jacobs is on record disapproving of Grease 2.", "Grease 2. Scenes at Rydell High School were filmed at Excelsior High School, an abandoned school in Norwalk, California.[8] Filming took place throughout a 58-day shooting schedule during the autumn of 1981.[9] According to director Birch, the script was still incomplete when filming commenced.[9] Sequences that were filmed but cut during post-production include scenes in which Frenchy helps Michael become a motorcycle rider, and a sequence at the end of the film showing Michael and Stephanie flying off into the sky on a motorcycle.[9]", "Grease (musical). The play fades away into Rydell High's first day of the new school year. The Pink Ladies sit in the lunchroom, and the Burger Palace Boys sit at the entrance to the school. There is a new girl at school, Sandy Dumbrowski, who had been unjustly rejected from a Catholic school. She describes to the Pink Ladies (Frenchy, Sandy's new neighbor and a sweet but academically struggling aspiring beautician; Marty, an attractive young woman who is experienced in adult vices; Jan, a romantically frustrated and homely girl with a voracious appetite; and Betty Rizzo, the cynical alpha female leader) how she had a brief love affair the summer before, which ended with unresolved love. In describing the fling, Sandy focuses on the romance, while Danny exaggerates to the other Burger Palace Boys (Doody, a young and innocent musician; Roger, a sardonic fast food aficionado known by the rest of the cast only as \"Rump;\" Dominic \"Sonny\" LaTierri, a trouble-making wannabe womanizer; and Kenickie, the group's tough-guy auto enthusiast) regarding the physical aspects of their relationship (\"Summer Nights\").", "Grease 2. The film was released theatrically on June 11, 1982 and grossed over $15 million against a production budget of $11 million.", "Grease (musical). The musical begins with all of the cast coming to school and getting ready (\"Grease is the word\") and continues with a Rydell High School Class of 1959 reunion headed by old maid English teacher, Miss Lynch, who starts off with a recitation of the school anthem (\"Alma Mater\"). She welcomes former cheerleader/yearbook-editor Patty Simcox Honeywell and class valedictorian Eugene Florczyk. Eugene gives a rousing speech, mentioning that the alumni who are missing from the reunion are surely present in-spirit. Suddenly, the greaser gang known as the Burger Palace Boys (known in later versions of the production as the \"T-Birds\") and their auxiliary, the \"Pink Ladies\", appear and recite their own parody of the Rydell anthem (\"Alma Mater (Parody)\").", "Grease (musical). The Robert Stigwood Organization adapted Grease into a feature film also entitled Grease in 1978, directed by Randal Kleiser and choreographed by Patricia Birch, who had also choreographed the show on Broadway. In addition to Birch, three performers from the stage version carried over to the cast: Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan, John Travolta performed as lead Danny Zuko while Jeff Conaway played Kenickie, whose character was given a closer friendship to Danny than seen in the musical. Australian country/easy listening singer Olivia Newton-John was cast as Sandy; to accommodate the casting move, the character was rewritten so that she was Australian, also adding two songs (the big-band inspired \"You're the One that I Want\" and ballad \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\") from John Farrar, Newton-John's personal producer and songwriter.", "Stockard Channing. In 1977, at the age of 33, Channing was cast for the role of high school teenager Betty Rizzo in the hit musical Grease. The film was released in 1978 and her performance earned her the People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress.[14]", "Grease (film). After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy, who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school. Unaware of each other's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair's brief romance, without initially mentioning the other's name. Sandy's version emphasizes the romance of the affair, and the truth and purity, while Danny's version is more sexual (and therefore presumably less honest) (\"Summer Nights\" song).", "Grease (film). Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics[17] and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978.[18][19][20][21]", "Grease (song). \"Grease\" is a song written by Barry Gibb and performed by Frankie Valli. \"Grease\" is the title song for the 1978 musical motion picture Grease, which was based on the stage play of the same name. It sold over seven million copies worldwide[1] and was featured twice on the film's soundtrack, as the first track and reprised as the final track.", "Grease (musical). Grease was a major success for both Stigwood and Paramount Pictures, who re-released the film several times; the film soundtrack made international hits out of several of the songs. Paramount also produced a sequel Grease 2, which had no involvement from Jacobs (who openly disapproved) or Casey and followed a younger class of students at Rydell High School. A few supporting characters (Frenchy, Eugene, Craterface and most of the school staff) reprised their roles, with Birch taking on directing duties in addition to choreography, while Adrian Zmed came over from the stage version. Grease 2 was both a critical failure and, while barely profitable, a financial disappointment given the high expectations set by the original film.", "Grease (musical). The London production opened at the New London Theatre in June 1973 with a cast that included a then-unknown Richard Gere as Danny, Stacey Gregg as Sandy, Stephen Bent as Roger, Jacqui-Ann Carr as Rizzo, and Derek James as Doody.[11][12] Later Paul Nicholas and Elaine Paige, who had been in the London production of Hair, took over the leads. Kim Braden would also play Sandy. It was revived in London at the Astoria in 1979 with Su Pollard and Tracey Ullman in the two lead roles.", "Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture. The soundtrack was released in April 14, 1978, two months ahead of the film's release.[1] As with most musicals of the period, the vocal takes recorded for the album release - and in some cases the instrumental background as well - do not lock to picture but were recorded during entirely different soundtrack sessions often months prior or subsequent to the performances used for lip sync in the film.", "Grease (musical). After 20 previews, a Broadway revival directed and choreographed by Jeff Calhoun opened on May 11, 1994, at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre, where it ran for 1,505 performances. Featured were Ricky Paull Goldin (Danny), Brooke Shields and Rosie O'Donnell (Rizzo), Susan Wood (Sandy), Hunter Foster (Roger), Sam Harris (Doody), Megan Mullally (Marty), Heather Stokes (Jan), and Billy Porter (Teen Angel).", "Grease (musical). A U.S. national tour of the 1994 production started in September 1994 in New Haven, Connecticut, and ran for several years. The opening tour cast included Sally Struthers (Miss Lynch), who stayed with the tour for several years, Angela Pupello (Rizzo), Rex Smith (Danny), Trisha M. Gorman (Sandy), and Davy Jones (Vince Fontaine). Brooke Shields (Rizzo) started on the tour in November 1994 before joining the Broadway cast. Other notable performers on the tour were Micky Dolenz (Vince Fontaine), Adrian Zmed (Danny), Debbie Gibson, Heather Stokes, Sheena Easton, Mackenzie Phillips and Jasmine Guy (Rizzo), Sutton Foster (Sandy understudy) and Marissa Jaret Winokur (Jan), and Lucy Lawless and Linda Blair (Rizzo, 1997).[13]", "Grease (film). A sequel, Grease 2, was released in 1982, with Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer in lead roles. Few of the original cast members reprised their roles.", "Grease (musical). On June 7, 1972, the production moved to the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway, and on November 21, it moved to the Royale Theatre there, where it ran until January 27, 1980. For the five final weeks of the run, the show moved to the larger Majestic Theatre. By the time it closed on April 13, 1980, it had run 3,388 performances.", "Grease (musical). A U.S. national tour began on December 2, 2008 in Providence, Rhode Island and closed on May 23, 2010 at the Palace Theatre in Cleveland, Ohio.[20] Taylor Hicks reprised his role as the Teen Angel after playing the part on Broadway, with Eric Schneider as Danny and Emily Padgett as Sandy.[21] Lauren Ashley Zakrin replaced Emily Padgett as Sandy in October and Ace Young joined the tour as Danny on December 1, 2009.[22] In the U.S. Tour, before the show begins, the DJ of WAXX, Vince Fontaine, plays music from the 1950s for the audience to sing. Thereafter, he reminds about safety instructions before the show begins.", "Grease (film). The song \"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee\" references Sal Mineo in the original stage version. Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming, so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead. The references to Troy Donohue, Doris Day, Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version. Coincidentally, this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16, 1977, the date of Elvis Presley's death.[35]", "Grease (film). The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers \"Greased Lightning\" and \"Beauty School Dropout\". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot.[10] The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School.[11] And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles.", "Grease (musical). In 2002, the musical was revived in Toronto by producer Joan Mansfield. It played at the Atlantis Theatre from June 30, 2002 – September 2, 2002. The cast included Neil Hicks as Danny and Robyn Sears as Sandy. The show was produced by Mansfield through her own production company, jjazmans productions.", "Grease (musical). There have been professional productions of Grease in Argentina (cast: Zenon Recalde/Marisol Otero/Florencia Peña/Gustavo Monje), Austria (cast:Pia Douwes, Andreas Bieber, Susanne Eisenkolb, Brian Carmack, Eric Minsk), Belgium, Brazil, French Canada (a 1998 French spoken/English sung version incorporating songs from the movie starring Marina Orsini as Rizzo and Serge Postigo as Danny ), Denmark, Estonia, Czech Republic, Colombia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan,[27] South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and Poland." ]

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[ "Boston Terrier. The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States. This \"American Gentleman\" was accepted in 1893 by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting breed.[2] Color and markings are important when distinguishing this breed to the AKC standard. They should be either black, brindle or seal with white markings.[3][4] Bostons are small and compact with a short tail and erect ears. The AKC says they are highly intelligent and very easily trained.[5] They are friendly and can be stubborn at times. The average life span of a Boston is around 11 to 13 years, though some can live well into their teens.[6]", "Boston Terrier. The Boston Terrier is a compactly built, well-proportioned dog. It has a square-looking head with erect ears and a slightly arched neck. The muzzle is short and generally wrinkle-free, with an even or a slightly undershot bite. The chest is broad and the tail is short.[4][10] According to international breed standards, the dog should weigh no more than 25 pounds (11 kg). Boston Terriers usually stand up to 15-17 inches at the withers.[3]", "Boston Terrier. The American Kennel Club divides the breed into three classes: under 15 pounds, 15 pounds and under 20 pounds, 20 pounds and not exceeding 25 pounds.[9]", "Airedale Terrier. Airedale Terriers in UK, USA, and Canadian surveys had a median lifespan of about 11.5 years,[5] which is similar to other breeds of their size.[6]", "Boston Terrier. Judge weighed over 27.5 pounds (12.5 kg). The offspring interbred with one or more French Bulldogs, providing the foundation for the Boston Terrier. Bred down in size from fighting dogs of the Bull and Terrier types, the Boston Terrier originally weighed up to 44 pounds (20 kg) (Olde Boston Bulldogge).[2] The breed was first shown in Boston in 1870. By 1889 the breed had become sufficiently popular in Boston that fanciers formed the American Bull Terrier Club, the breed's nickname, \"roundheads\". Shortly after, at the suggestion of James Watson (a noted writer and authority), the club changed its name to the Boston Terrier Club and in 1893 it was admitted to membership in the American Kennel Club, thus making it the first US breed to be recognized.[9] It is one of a small number of breeds to have originated in the United States. The Boston Terrier was the first non-sporting dog bred in the US.", "West Highland White Terrier. The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years.[9] A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years.[10] Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years.[11] The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years, with a median of 13 years.[12] The typical litter size is between three and five puppies.[2]", "Aging in dogs. Life expectancy usually varies within a range. For example, a Beagle (average life expectancy 13.3 years) usually lives to around 12–15 years, and a Scottish Terrier (average life expectancy 12 years) usually lives to around 10–16 years.", "Border Terrier. A UK Kennel Club survey puts their median lifespan at 14 years.[7]", "Chesapeake Bay Retriever. A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85).[17] A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 don't live past 5 years.[18]", "Cairn Terrier. These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.[6][7]", "Bull Terrier. All puppies should be checked for deafness, which occurs in 20.4% of pure white Bull Terriers and 1.3% of colored Bull Terriers[7] and is difficult to notice, especially in a relatively young puppy. Many Bull Terriers have a tendency to develop skin allergies.[8] Insect bites, such as those from fleas, and sometimes mosquitoes and mites, can produce a generalised allergic response of hives, rash, and itching. This problem can be stopped by keeping the dog free of contact from these insects, but this is definitely a consideration in climates or circumstances where exposure to these insects is inevitable. A UK breed survey puts their median lifespan at 10 years and their mean at 9 years (1 s.f., RSE = 13.87% 2 d. p.), with a good number of dogs living to 10–15 years.[9]", "Staffordshire Bull Terrier. A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan at 12.75 years.[20] UK vet clinic data puts the median at 10.7 years.[21]", "Yorkshire Terrier. The life span of a Yorkie is 13–20 years.[1][2] Undersized Yorkies (under 3 lb [1.4 kg]) generally have a shorter life span, as they are especially prone to health problems such as chronic diarrhoea and vomiting; are even more sensitive to anaesthesia; and are more easily injured.[1]", "Boston Terrier. According to the American Kennel Club, an ideal Boston Terrier should have white that covers its chest, muzzle, band around the neck, halfway up the forelegs, up to the hocks on the rear legs, and a white blaze between (but not touching) the eyes. For conformation showing, symmetrical markings are preferred.[3] Due to the Boston Terrier's markings resembling formal wear, in addition to its refined and pleasant personality, the breed is commonly referred to as the \"American Gentleman.\"[2][9]", "Boston Terrier. Boston is a gentle breed that typically has a strong, happy-go-lucky, and friendly personality with a merry sense of humour. Bostons are generally eager to please their owner and can be easily trained. They can be very protective of their owners, which may result in aggressive and territorial behavior toward other pets and strangers. The breed requires only a minimal amount of grooming.[9]", "Boston Terrier. Curvature of the back, called roaching, might be caused by patella problems with the rear legs, which in turn causes the dog to lean forward onto the forelegs.[2] This might also just be a structural fault with little consequence to the dog. Many Bostons cannot tolerate excessive heat and also extremely cold weather, due to the shortened muzzle, so hot or cold weather combined with demanding exercise can bring harm to a Boston Terrier. A sensitive digestive system is also typical of Boston Terriers. In the absence of good quality, proper diet, flatulence is associated with the breed.[14] Their large and prominent eyes make Boston Terriers prone to corneal ulcers.[15]", "Boston Terrier. Bostons are brachycephalic breeds. The word comes from Greek roots \"Brachy,\" meaning short and \"cephalic,\" meaning head. This anatomy can cause tiny nostrils, long palates and a narrow trachea. Bostons may be prone to snoring and reverse sneeze—a rapid and repeated forced inhalation through the nose—accompanied by snorting or gagging sounds used to clear the palate of mucus, which does not harm the dog in any way.[16][17] Brachycephalic dogs may be prone to complications with general anesthesia. Bostons frequently require caesarean section to give birth, with over 90% of litters in a UK Kennel Club survey delivered this way.[18][19]", "Beagle. The typical longevity of beagles is 12–15 years,[47] which is a common lifespan for dogs of their size.[48]", "American Staffordshire Terrier. American Staffordshire Terrier pups should not be bought weaned before they are 8–10 weeks old. Their life expectancy is generally 12 years with good care. The breed may be vulnerable to skin allergies, urinary tract infections (UTI), and autoimmune diseases. Spondylosis and osteoarthritis are common in older dogs.", "Black Russian Terrier. The Black Russian Terrier is a generally healthy and somewhat long-lived dog (lifespan of 9–14 years), however it is prone to certain hereditary diseases:", "Boston Terrier. In modern days, aside from being an excellent companion, the Boston Terrier also excels in all sorts of canine sports. The breed is increasingly popular in dog agility competitions, obedience training, rally obedience, tracking, dock diving, flyball, weight-pulling, barn hunt and lure coursing. Being such a versatile breed and with their outgoing personality and eagerness to meet new acquaintances, the Boston Terrier is a popular therapy dog.[20]", "Dog. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years.[89] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[87][88][89][90] The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.[91]", "Boston Terrier. The American Kennel Club ranked the Boston Terrier as the 21st most popular breed in 2016.[7][8]", "Jack Russell Terrier. The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan.[52][better source needed] Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care.[41] However, certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns and, therefore, could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, and von Willebrand disease.[41]", "Boston Terrier. The Boston Terrier is characteristically marked with white in proportion to either black, brindle, seal (color of a wet seal, a very dark brown that looks black except in the bright sun), or a combination of the three.[9] Any other color is not accepted as a Boston Terrier by the American Kennel Club, as they are usually obtained by crossbreeding with other breeds and the dog loses its characteristic \"tuxedo\" appearance.[3][4]", "Dog. The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years.[86][87][88][89] Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.", "British Shorthair. The UK breed committee considers the British Shorthair a long-lived cat, with a life expectancy of 14–20 years.[8] Vet clinic data from England shows a median lifespan of 11.8 years.[9] Swedish insurance data puts the median lifespan of the breed at >12.5 years. 82% of British Shorthairs lived to 10 years or more and 54% lived to 12.5 years or more.[10]", "Boston Terrier. The Boston terrier breed originated around 1870, when Robert C. Hooper of Boston, purchased from Edward Burnett a dog named Judge (known later as Hooper's Judge), which was of a Bull and Terrier type lineage. Hooper's Judge is either directly related to the original Bull and Terrier breeds of the 19th and early 20th centuries, or Judge is the result of modern English Bulldogs being crossed into terriers created in the 1860s for show purposes, like the White English Terrier. The American Kennel Club cites Hooper's Judge as the ancestor of almost all true modern Boston Terriers.[9]", "Boston Terrier. Both females and males are generally quiet and bark only when necessary,[11] though early training in this regard is essential.[12][13] Their usually sensible attitude towards barking makes them excellent choices for apartment dwellers. They enjoy being around people, get along well with children, the elderly, other canines, and non-canine pets, if properly socialized.[2]", "Aging in dogs. The aging profile of dogs varies according to their adult size (often determined by their breed): smaller dogs often live over 15–16 years, medium and large size dogs typically 10 to 13 years, and some giant dog breeds such as mastiffs, often only 7 to 8 years. The latter also mature slightly older than smaller breeds—giant breeds becoming adult around two years old compared to the norm of around 12–15 months for other breeds.", "Dog. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.[89]", "American Cocker Spaniel. American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years,[30] which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size.[31] The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel.[30] In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%).[32] In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated.[33]" ]

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[ "40-yard dash. Auburn's Bo Jackson claims to have run a 40-yard dash with a time of 4.12 s.[4][5] A time of 4.18 run by Jackson within the same week added some support to the legitimacy of the times.[6][7] Texas Tech's Jakeem Grant was hand-timed by a New Orleans Saints scout as running a 4.10 in 2016, potentially beating Jackson's record.[8] Deion Sanders ran a 4.27-second 40-yard dash in 1989.[9]", "40-yard dash. Jacoby Ford, who ran a 4.28 s in the 2010 NFL Combine, had a collegiate best of 6.51 s in the 60-meter dash (outside the top-40 of the all-time lists).[2] This highlights the difficulties in comparing track running times to football 40-yard times due to the different timing methods.[3]", "LeSean McCoy. At the 2004 State College NIKE Training Camp, McCoy recorded a 4.23 forty yard dash, the fastest forty time of the event.[19]", "List of world records in athletics. The 40-yard dash – a standard acceleration evaluation for American Football players – does not fall within the usual criteria of athletics racing events. In most 40-yard dashes, reaction times are not recorded as timing starts only once the player is in motion, and the standards for timing a \"football 40\" are so lax and inconsistent that a real world record cannot be claimed. Performances are hand-timed and calculated to 1/100th of a second, although studies show human beings simply cannot react consistently or accurately enough for this to be a valid method; even those using light beams are timed by the motion of the athlete, still removing the normal factor of reaction time. Football 40-yard dashes are usually run on a turf surface, as opposed to an all weather track. All these factors make track and \"football 40\" performances incomparable. The world best time for a \"football 40\" is 4.17 by Deion Sanders. The extrapolated best for an Olympic level athlete, including reacting to a starting gun, currently is by Maurice Greene at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics with a time of 4.24.[74][75] Under conventional football timing on a turf field in 2017, Christian Coleman reportedly ran a 4.12.[76]", "Trindon Holliday. Leading up to the 2010 NFL Scouting Combine, Trindon Holliday had hoped to break Chris Johnson's record mark of 4.24 in the 40-yard dash.[10] Holliday had self-reported running times as fast as 4.21,[10] which seemed plausible given his extensive track background, and the fastest 100 m dash time of any football player in NCAA history.[2][11] At the combine, reports of Holliday's 40-yard dash time ranged from between 4.18 seconds and 4.34 seconds. Adam Schefter, an ESPN reporter on hand at the event, had reported on Twitter that NFL scouts had clocked Holliday in as low as 4.21 during the workout.[12] However, the NFL Network broadcast team record Holliday's two tries at unofficial times of 4.27 and 4.32,[13] respectively, and ultimately published it as 4.34 seconds officially.[14]", "Denard Robinson. Robinson's 40-yard dash official time of 4.43 was the tenth fastest on February 24 (quarterback, running back and wide receiver day).[177] After disappointing as a receiver at the Senior Bowl,[178] Robinson caught every pass during the gauntlet drill.[177]", "Kentrell Brothers. At the NFL Combine, Brothers ran the 40-yard dash in a disappointing 4.89 seconds, which ranked 27th among 31 linebackers, but his 4.73-second sprint at Missouri Pro Day would have tied him for the fifth-fastest among inside-linebacker prospects. In addition, he also improved his vertical jump 3 inches to ​31 1⁄2 inches and matched his bench press with a personal-record 19 repetitions.[7]", "Denard Robinson. As a freshman and sophomore, he also competed as a sprinter for the Michigan men's track and field team. He has run the 40-yard dash in 4.32 seconds, and he recorded the fastest competition time in 2010 among Michigan's sprinters in the 60-meter dash.", "40-yard dash. The 40-yard dash is a sprint covering 40 yards (36.58 m). It is primarily run to evaluate the speed and acceleration of American football players by scouts, particularly for the NFL Draft but also for collegiate recruiting. A player's recorded time can have a heavy impact on his prospects in college or professional football. This was traditionally only true for the \"skill\" positions such as running back, wide receiver, and defensive back, although now a fast 40-yard dash time is considered important for almost every position. The 40-yard dash is not an official race in track and field athletics and is not an IAAF-recognized event.", "Darrell Green. Green was in the news on February 16, 2010, his 50th birthday, for reportedly running a 4.43 second 40-yard dash.[19]", "40-yard dash. In 2017 Olympic sprinter Christian Coleman ran a time of 4.12 seconds on turf in response to claims that NFL players are as fast as Usain Bolt.[11]", "40-yard dash. This is a list of the official 40-yard dash results of 4.30 seconds or better recorded at the NFL Scouting combine since 1999, the first year electronic timing was implemented at the NFL Scouting Combine.[12][13]", "Anthony Barr (American football). At the 2014 NFL Combine, Barr ran the 40-yard dash in 4.66 seconds, sixth-best among linebackers, and tied for 14th in the vertical (34.5 inches). His 15 reps on the bench press were also dead last among those who participated, according to NFL.com's combine tracker. At the UCLA Pro Day on March 11, he ran an electronic 4.41 in the 40-yard dash, did 19 repetitions on the bench press and had a 10-foot-5 (3.20 meters) broad jump.", "Michael Vick. At his Pro Day workout, Vick ran the 40-yard dash in 4.33 seconds; his time has been clocked as low as 4.25, which is the fastest-ever for an NFL quarterback.[11] Vick was selected first in the 2001 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons, becoming the first African-American quarterback to be taken with the top pick. The San Diego Chargers had the number-one selection but traded it to Atlanta Falcons the day before the draft for the Falcons' first- and third-round picks in 2001.[12] Vick was taken in the 30th round of the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft by the Colorado Rockies, despite not playing baseball since the 8th grade.[13]", "Calvin Johnson. Johnson surprised many when he weighed in at 239 pounds at the combine, 12 pounds more than expected, although he claims that this season he played \"at about 235 and I got up to 238\" and that his weight was not a problem.[3] Johnson had told the media that he would not run the 40-yard dash at the combine but would wait until his March 15 workout at Georgia Tech.[28] Johnson ran a 4.35 and wowed scouts with his jump drill results, his receiving skills, and his 11 ft 7 in (3.53 m) broad jump, which is \"best broad jump I can ever remember an NFL prospect having,\" according to Gil Brandt.[29] Johnson is the only player 6-foot-5 or taller, regardless of position, to run a 40-yard dash in under 4.40 seconds at the combine since 2006.[30]", "Denard Robinson. In addition, Robinson competed in track for Deerfield Beach. In March 2009, he ran the 100 meters sprint in 10.44 seconds,[10] and finished third in the 100-meter dash at the 2008 Florida 4A Track & Field State Championships.[9] He also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.32 seconds.[11] He was also a member of the 2008 Florida High School Athletic Association state champion 4 x 100 metres relay team.[9]", "NFL Scouting Combine. The combine however is not without its critics. Sports writer Steve Silverman explains, in an article he wrote, what happened to Terrell Suggs in 2003. Suggs was a star player for Arizona State but when Suggs ran a slow 4.83 40 he was downgraded. Later, he became a star player for the Ravens.[22] Doug Tatum of Times-Picayune argues that it is unlikely players will be asked to run a 40-yard dash again during their career.[23] Silverman says that the best way to scout is to simply watch them play.[22] Others think the value in the 40 depends on the position; Daniel Jeremiah, a former scout and an analyst on the NFL Network says \"The position where the 40 holds the most weight is cornerback. If you're a receiver who runs a 4.6 like (Anquan) Boldin, but you have short-area quickness and strong hands, the 40 isn't a big deal. But if you're a cornerback who runs a 4.6 and you're facing a receiver who runs a 4.4, it doesn't matter how good your ball skills are.\"[24]", "Raymond Berry. Berry was famous for his attention to detail and preparation, which he used to overcome his physical limitations. Considered slow for a wide receiver, he ran the 40-yard dash in 4.8 seconds.[5] Rather than speed, he was renowned for his precise pass patterns and sure hands; he rarely dropped passes, and he fumbled only once in his career.[46][47] He would squeeze Silly Putty constantly to strengthen his hands.[46] He and Unitas regularly worked after practice and developed the timing and knowledge of each other's abilities that made each more effective. The reason for this, according to Berry, was that the two did not think on the same wavelength. \"Every season we had to start all over on our timing, especially the long ball,\" said Berry. \"He knew he had to release the ball when I was eighteen yards from scrimmage for me to receive it thirty-eight yards out. I knew I had to make my break in those first eighteen yards and get free within 2.8 seconds.\"[7] He also relied on shifty moves, and by his count, he had 88 different moves to get open,[2] all of which he practiced every week.[46]", "40-yard dash. According to a five-year NFL combine report, wide receivers and cornerbacks had the fastest average times at 4.55, followed by running backs at 4.59. The following average times were measured between 2008 and 2012 at the NFL combine.[18]", "Alex Smith. At the NFL combine, Smith recorded a 4.7 time in the 40-yard dash, and had a 32-inch vertical leap.[18] He also earned a score of 40 out of 50 on the Wonderlic exam.[19]", "Ryan Tannehill. Tannehill ran the 40-yard dash in 4.58 seconds at his pro day.[19] He was considered the #3 quarterback prospect in the 2012 NFL Draft class behind Andrew Luck and Robert Griffin III.", "Adam Thielen. Thielen did not receive an invitation to perform at the 2013 NFL Combine, but he did attend a Regional Combine in Chicago in March, where he performed well enough to warrant an invitation to the Super Regional Combine held in Dallas, Texas in April. There, he showcased his athletic ability, completing the 40-yard dash in 4.45 seconds and impressing in the three-cone drill with a time of 6.77 seconds, a mark that would have placed him in the top-20 at the NFL Combine.[7]", "Latavius Murray. Murray was not invited to the NFL Combine, but garnered much attention with an impressive performance at Central Florida's Pro Day. Murray weighed in at 6-foot-2 5/8 and 223 pounds, ran the 40-yard dash in 4.4 and 4.38 seconds, registered a 10-foot-4 broad jump and a 36-inch vertical jump, ran 4.36 seconds in the short shuttle and 6.81 seconds in the 3-cone.[15]", "Bill Russell. Russell also competed in the 440 yards (402.3 m) race, which he could complete in 49.6 seconds.[30]", "Gale Sayers. Sayers' ability as a runner in the open field was considered unmatched, both during his playing career and since his retirement.[52][58] He possessed raw speed—he completed a 100-yard dash in 9.7 seconds[52]— and was also highly elusive and had terrific vision, a combination which made him very difficult to tackle.[59] Actor Billy Dee Williams, who portrayed Sayers in the 1971 film Brian's Song, likened his running to \"ballet\" and \"poetry\".[60] Mike Ditka, a teammate of Sayers' for two seasons, called him \"the greatest player I've ever seen. That's right—the greatest.\"[52] Another former teammate, linebacker Dick Butkus, famous for his tackling ability, said of Sayers:", "Jackie Robinson. In track and field, Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24 ft 10 1⁄4 in (7.58 m).[43] Belying his future career, Robinson's \"worst sport\" at UCLA was baseball; he hit .097 in his only season, although in his first game he went 4-for-4 and twice stole home.[44]", "Herschel Walker. Walker also competed as a sprinter at Georgia, where he was a two-time All-American selection. He was a member of the SEC champion 4 × 100 m relay squad in 1981.[9] He ran the 100 meters in a PR of 10.23 seconds in 1982 and also ran 10.10 seconds wind-assisted. He improved his high school 100-yard dash time of 9.5 to 9.3 seconds. He also competed in the 55-meter dash in 1983, recording a time of 6.11 seconds.[10]", "Ted Ginn Jr.. After having to bypass the field drills at the 2007 NFL combine and Ohio State's official pro day due to a lingering foot injury suffered in the 2007 BCS Title Game, Ginn reportedly ran between 4.37 and 4.45 in a private workout for NFL Scouts held on April 12, 2007.[11] Preceding the workout it was reported that a healthy Ginn had been timed as great as 4.28 in individual team drills during his tenure at Ohio State. In addition, in a 2007 interview with Stack Magazine while discussing his own personal improvement in the 40 yard dash, Ginn himself suggests that he had been timed at a personal best of 4.22 in the 40 yard dash. In the interview, while discussing his improvement since training at one of Tim Robertson's facilities, Ginn states \"...as far as my running, it's changed me a lot. When I first got here I was running like a 5.1 40, 5.2 40 to a 4.22\".[12]", "Carlin Isles. He was signed by the Detroit Lions on December 26, 2013[9] to the team's practice squad.[10] During a workout with the Detroit Lions Isles ran a time of 4.22 seconds in the 40-yard dash, the fastest time recorded that year.[11]", "40-yard dash. In terms of judging a person's speed, the best method of timing is through lasers which start and stop the times when passed through. A laser start (from a stationary position) is more accurate for measuring pure speed as it does not register a runner's reaction time. However, the method of timing a 40-yard dash can affect the accuracy by as much 0.5 seconds (with the manual stopwatch method). The National Football League (NFL) did not begin using partial electronic timing (started by hand, stopped electronically) at the NFL Scouting Combine until 1990.[citation needed] For purposes of measurement at the Combine, the run is made along the lower sideline from the 40 yard-line to the end zone, which has built-in rundown space.", "40-yard dash. In track and field races, the runner must react to the starting gun, which takes approximately 0.24 seconds, based on FAT timing. A runner with a reaction time less than .100 is subject to disqualification as that is deemed too fast of a reaction time. For electronically timed 40-yard dashes, the runner is allowed to start when he wishes, and a timer hand-starts the clock. This aspect means that comparisons with track times are impossible given that a reaction time is not factored in. Furthermore, the use of hand-timing in the 40-yard dash can considerably alter a runner's time; the methods are not comparable to the rigorous electronic timing used in track and field.", "Roger Bannister. But other runners were making attempts at the four-minute barrier and coming close as well. American Wes Santee ran 4:02.4 on 5 June, the fourth-fastest mile ever. And at the end of the year, Australian John Landy ran 4:02.0.[16]" ]

[ 7.2578125, 5.73046875, 2.611328125, 5.0625, 4.7578125, 2.328125, 1.8359375, 2.345703125, -1.701171875, 4.22265625, 4.9453125, 0.56591796875, 0.125732421875, 2.94921875, 1.3818359375, 0.2410888671875, -1.75, 0.0733642578125, 3.369140625, 1.1494140625, 3.263671875, 0.50146484375, 3.193359375, 0.75830078125, -4.7109375, -1.60546875, -3.685546875, -1.9326171875, 3.169921875, -1.068359375, -2.484375, -0.81884765625 ]

[ "Ant & Dec. Although Ant had gained some television experience with a brief stint on the children's television series Why Don't You?, which was broadcast on the BBC, Dec was the first of the two to acquire his place on the BBC children's drama Byker Grove. He joined in 1989, playing Duncan. A year later, Ant joined the cast to play PJ. Their friendship began when their storylines collided, creating a friendship off-screen as well as on.[9] Dec also played a stable boy in the adaptation of the novel The Cinder Path in his teenage years.[10] They also went on to co-star in the 2006 sci-fi comedy movie Alien Autopsy.[11]", "Ant & Dec. The duo met as actors on the children's television show, Byker Grove, during which and in their subsequent pop career they were respectively known as PJ & Duncan – the names of the characters they played on the show. As Ant & Dec, they have had a successful career as television presenters, presenting shows such as SMTV Live, CD:UK, Friends Like These, Pop Idol, Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, PokerFace, Push the Button, Britain's Got Talent, Red or Black?, and Text Santa. In 2006, they returned to acting with the film Alien Autopsy. The duo presented the annual Brit Awards in 2001, 2015 and 2016.", "Ant & Dec. In April 2008, it was reported that Ant & Dec's production company, Gallowgate Productions, had purchased the rights to Byker Grove and SMTV Live, after the production companies that made them, Zenith Entertainment and Blaze Television, had both gone bankrupt in 2007. According to reports, the duo decided to purchase the rights to stop digital channels showing repeats of the programmes.[30] On 28 September 2008, it was reported that the pair were attacked by the Taliban whilst in Afghanistan to present a Pride of Britain Award.[31]", "Ant & Dec. McPartlin and Donnelly met while working on the BBC children's drama Byker Grove in 1989. After a shaky start, they soon became best friends.[7] They have achieved such popularity as a duo that they are hardly seen apart on screen. It is reported that they are each insured against the other's death, with the amount reportedly being around £1 million.[8]", "Ant & Dec. They have, albeit infrequently, returned to acting. They played themselves in the film Love Actually[50] (in which Bill Nighy's character addressed Dec as \"Ant or Dec\"). They have returned to their Geordie roots in a one-off tribute to The Likely Lads[51] and also by returning to Byker Grove for Geoff's funeral.[52][53]", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12). It's the start of the new series. Ant and Dec were on hand as the celebrities make their way into camp. The celebrities were split into their two camps - Croc Creek and Snake Rock. To start, the two teams were set the challenge to trek through the Australian forests and beaches to reach a helicopter - with the winning camp getting a night of luxury, while the others a night of horror. The team that won were Croc Creek. Then Dec and Ant announced the first Bushtucker Trial - Special Delivery, in which a celebrity from each team had to search for stars in a parcel shaped box by putting their hands into different compartments. David Haye won the trial against Hugo Taylor.", "Geordie. The Geordie dialect has featured prominently in the British media, as television presenters such as Ant & Dec (who first found fame in the Newcastle-set children's drama Byker Grove) are now happy to use their natural accents on air.[99]", "Ant & Dec. Anthony McPartlin OBE (born 18 November 1975) and Declan Donnelly OBE (born 25 September 1975), known collectively as Ant & Dec, are an English comedy TV presenting, television producing, acting and former music duo from Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "Ant & Dec. Ant & Dec's most recent acting appearance was in the film Alien Autopsy released in April 2006.[55] The film gained positive reviews with critics praising the pair's acting performance, but lost more than half of its budget at the box office. It has since gained a cult following from fans of the pair.[citation needed] In 2013, they reprised their roles as P.J and Duncan on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway.", "Ant & Dec. After leaving television, the duo turned their hand to pop music. Their first single was a song they performed while part of Byker Grove, entitled Tonight I'm Free. The single had some success, and the duo went on to record two albums under their character names of PJ & Duncan. Their most famous hit during this period was the BRIT Award nominated Let's Get Ready To Rhumble, for which the video and moves were choreographed by Mark Short, who had previously worked with Tina Turner and Peter Andre. For their third album, the duo reinvented themselves under their real names of Ant & Dec. The album featured their signature single \"Shout\".", "Ant & Dec. In August 2002, Ant & Dec fronted I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. They drew their highest viewing figures to date in February 2004: nearly 15 million tuned in to watch the third series. In May 2006, they were assigned to present coverage of the charity football match Soccer Aid. They were then invited back to present coverage of the second match in September 2008 but have been replaced by Dermot O'Leary from 2010 as the match clashed with Britain's Got Talent. In June 2006, they announced they had created a new game-show format for ITV, entitled PokerFace. The show featured members of the public gambling high stakes of money in an attempt to win the ultimate prize. The first series began airing on 10 July 2006, and was aired for seven consecutive nights. The second series was broadcast in early 2007, and saw a move to a prime-time Saturday slot. Ratings for the series fell to below 3.5 million, and the series was subsequently axed in March 2007. A board game of the format was released in 2008.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12). This year Ant & Dec also announced that voting figures were extremely close, and the celebrity in the lead had now switched. Both celebrities were invited out of the jungle to announce their favourite moments and least favourite moments. Charlie's daughter, Kiki, was then invited on to surprise Charlie, whom was delighted.", "Ant & Dec. In 1998, the pair starred in the pantomime Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Sunderland's Empire Theatre alongside Donnelly's partner at the time Clare Buckfield. The show was financially unsuccessful, making £20,000 less than it cost to stage, with the duo footing a large share of the shortfall.[54]", "Ant & Dec. In 2002, Ant & Dec created and presented their own show, entitled Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway. The show has so far run for fifteen series, with the latest, including the 100th episode, airing in early 2018. The first series was not an overall success, but with the introduction of \"Ant & Dec Undercover\", \"What's Next?\", \"Ant v Dec\" and \"Little Ant and Dec\", the show became a hit. During the fourth series, Dec broke his arm, thumb and suffered a concussion whilst completing a challenge for the 'Ant vs. Dec' segment of the show. The incident involved learning how to ride a motorbike and jumping through a ring of fire. During the challenge, Dec failed to pull hard enough on the throttle of the bike, causing it to topple over and sending him flying through the air. The accident caused the pair to miss the Comic Relief charity telethon of 2005. In 2006, the first episode of series five saw the duo abseil down the side of the 22-storey high London Studios, where the show was filmed. Two DVDs, a best-bits book and a board game of the series were released during 2004. The show was rested after 2009 as Ant & Dec said they were running out of ideas and it became stale, as many of the popular features such as \"Little Ant & Dec\" and \"Undercover\" were dropped. Saturday Night Takeaway returned in 2013 and was a massive success; Ant & Dec resurrected previous hit features such as \"Undercover\", \"Little Ant and Dec\" (albeit with a new Little Ant and Dec) Win the Ads and Ant v Dec, with new host Ashley Roberts. They also brought in new features such as the Supercomputer, Vegas or Bust, the End of the show 'show' where Ant and Dec perform with an act such as Riverdance or an Orchestra, and \"I'm a Celebrity, get out of my ear!\" where they have an earpiece in a celebs ear and they tell them what to do while being filmed by secret cameras. The series was such a success that ITV recommissioned it for 2014 even before the 2013 series ended.", "Ant & Dec. Ant & Dec's first primetime presenting job came in the form of BBC Saturday-night game show Friends Like These, which was first broadcast in 1999 and made them known as presenters- a shift change from their acting days. The duo presented four series of the programme between 1999 and 2001.[22] In 2001, the duo's contract with ITV was renewed for a further three years, following their appearances on SMTV Live and CD:UK, and received their first primetime presenting job on the station, presenting brand new Saturday night reality series Pop Idol and down to this success they had to leave SMTV behind. Pop Idol was broadcast for only two series before was replaced in 2004 by The X Factor, to which former Smash Hits editor Kate Thornton was assigned presenting duties.", "Andy Serkis. Serkis was cast as serial killer Ian Brady in the BAFTA-nominated Longford, co-starring Samantha Morton as Myra Hindley and Jim Broadbent as Lord Longford. The film was attacked by relatives of Brady's and Hindley's victims.[18] In 2006, Serkis appeared in the role of Mr. Grin in the film rendition of Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider novel Stormbreaker. In 2006, he was in the film The Prestige as Mr. Alley, assistant to Nikola Tesla, and as the voice of Spike, one of the henchrats in the Aardman Animations film Flushed Away. In 2006 Serkis appeared in Jim Threapleton's improvised feature film Extraordinary Rendition, which premiered in 2007. In 2010, he played 1970s new wave singer Ian Dury in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll. Serkis appeared in Sugarhouse, a low-budget independently made film, playing local crime lord Hoodwink, who terrorises an east London housing estate. For the role, Serkis shaved his head and had sessions lasting 20 hours each to have temporary tattoos stencilled onto his body. The film premiered at the 2007 Edinburgh Festival and released in the UK on 24 August 2007. He appeared alongside Sacha Baron Cohen in The Jolly Boys' Last Stand.", "Ant & Dec. In 2011 and 2014, they both appeared on the ITV2 comedy panel show Celebrity Juice. From February 2013 to March 2015 they appeared in adverts for supermarket Morrisons. Between February 2016 and March 2018, they had appeared in adverts for car company Suzuki.[36]", "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway. Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (referred to simply as Saturday Night Takeaway or SNT) is a British television variety show, presented by Ant & Dec, both of whom also act as the show's executive producers, and broadcast on ITV since its premiere on 8 June 2002. Its format is heavily influenced by previous Saturday night light entertainment shows, most notably Noel's House Party and Don't Forget Your Toothbrush, while individual items often pay homage to Saturday night TV of the past, such as Opportunity Knocks. The show is notable for a quiz show in which a random member of the studio audience can win prizes based on television adverts, and for a competition in each series between the two presenters. An official Saturday Night Takeaway iOS app for iPod, iPhone and iPad was released on 15 February 2013.", "Be Our Guest. In 2017, Ant & Dec performed the song at the start of the series finale of the fourteenth series of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, which was filmed at Walt Disney World in Florida.", "Ant & Dec. In 1998, the duo switched to Channel 4, presenting an early-evening children's show entitled Ant & Dec Unzipped.[17] This show also won a BAFTA, but was dropped from the airwaves after just one series.[18] ITV soon signed the duo in August 1998,[19] and within weeks, were assigned to present ITV1's Saturday morning programmes SMTV Live and CD:UK, alongside old friend Cat Deeley. The duo presented the shows alongside Deeley for three years, becoming the most popular ITV Saturday morning show. The programme's success was the mix of games such as Eat My Goal, Wonkey Donkey and Challenge Ant, sketches such as \"Dec Says\" and the \"Secret of My Success\", and the chemistry between Ant, Dec and Cat. Two SMTV VHS releases, compiling the best bits from both shows, were released in 2000 and 2001 respectively. Ant & Dec also starred in the children's TV series Engie Benjy during their time on SMTV.[20][21]", "List of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway episodes. The twelfth series aired during early Spring 2015, running for seven episodes from 21 February to 4 April,[60] and averaging around 6.91 million viewers. This series featured guest appearances by Alesha Dixon, Robert Rinder, Anne Hegerty and Shaun Wallace, while \"Singalong Live\" returned and featured appearances by Spandau Ballet, Sister Sledge, S Club 7, and Lou Bega. This series' contest between the presenters was won by Ant with a score of 4-2; unusually the segment featured a competition in which a randomly chosen viewer would win £1,000 if they correctly guessed who would win, but this was dropped after the first challenge, while the fourth challenge allowed the presenters to be given some training to prepare for it.", "Adam Ant. As the 1980s wore on, Ant's attention turned toward acting, especially television and movie roles. He spent three months in England on stage starring in Joe Orton's Entertaining Mr. Sloane. In 1993 he played the lead in the Steven Berkoff play Greek, which was directed by Bruce Payne. He also appeared on American television shows, notably The Equalizer, Sledge Hammer!, Tales from the Crypt and Northern Exposure in which he played a rock musician. He began taking roles in films such as Nomads, Sunset Heat, Love Bites and Slam Dance. He moved to Hollywood and appeared in a wide range of productions and shows, producing a musical about rock 'n' roll legends Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran's days on tour in England Be Bop A Lula, with a set designed by L.A. artist Michael Pearce.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12). Ant and Dec returned as the celebrities started to 'get to grips' with jungle life. It had now been 48 hours of jungle life for the celebrities and the cracks were starting to show. It was time for Helen (Croc Creek) and Nadine (Snake Rock) to face the first public voted bushtucker trial - Bug Burial. The trial entailed surviving 10 minutes underground with jungle creatures in a locked coffin, before escaping to win food. Helen managed only 5 seconds and therefore did not gain food for Croc Creek. While lasting longer, Nadine only managed four minutes and therefore also gained no food for Snake Rock - meaning both camps were going to have to survive on basic rations of rice and beans for the next 24 hours.", "Ant & Dec. Ant & Dec got their first presenting job in 1994, while they were still releasing music under the alias of PJ & Duncan. They co-presented a Saturday-morning children's show entitled Gimme 5, which was broadcast on CITV. The show only lasted two series before being dropped from the airwaves.[14] In 1995, the duo were once again offered a job on CBBC, this time presenting their own series, entitled The Ant & Dec Show. The series was broadcast from 1995 to 1997, and in 1996, Ant & Dec won two BAFTA Awards, one for 'Best Children's Show' and one for 'Best Sketch Comedy Show'.[15] In 1997, a VHS release, entitled The Ant & Dec Show – Confidential, was made available in shops, and featured an hour of the best bits from three years of the programme, as well as specially recorded sketches and music videos.[16]", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12). Ant and Dec hosted the latest action from the jungle. Helen and Nadine go head-to-head in the latest bushtucker trial - Rotten Rhymes. For the first time, the two celebrities that did the first trial were voted to do another. The trial involved eating a selection of 'jungle foods'. Nadine managed to get four star, whereas Helen managed only three. Though she had lost, Helen felt pleased, as this was a vast improvement on the previous trial. Snake Rock were very pleased with Nadine's victory.", "List of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway episodes. The seventh series aired during Autumn 2007, running for six episodes from 8 September to 13 October, and averaging around 6.25 million viewers. It was the first series to see the introduction of a new element in the format of the show, in the form of a celebrity announcer, with each episode featuring its own celebrity invited to take on the role. This series also saw \"Little Ant & Dec\" being dropped from the show. This series' contest between the presenters ended with Dec winning by 5-1.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12). Ant and Dec hosted all the latest action from the jungle. Hugo faced the latest trial, Savage Sewer. In this trial, Hugo had to go into a sewer (filled with various animals) to obtain stars. He got nine out of a possible eleven, which he was pleased with.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 6). I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned to ITV for a sixth series on Monday 13 November 2006 and ran until Friday 1 December 2006. Once again the series was hosted by Ant and Dec.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series). I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts. The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name. It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series). The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014.[1]", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12). Ant and Dec hosted the latest action. The celebrities this time picked Hugo to do the trial, as he seemed 'up for it'. The trial (named Drown and Out) involved staying in a glass cabin with rising water, unscrewing pipes unleashing creatures to find stars. Though he found it hard (due to his phobia of spiders) he won all eight stars, and was very happy.", "List of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway episodes. The tenth series aired during early Spring 2013, having returned from a four-year break, running for seven episode from 23 February to 6 April, and averaging around 7.82 million viewers. For this series, the show's format removed a number of previous segments, while reviving three segments used in past series - \"Ant & Dec Undercover\"; \"Little Ant & Dec\", featuring two new young look-alikes of the presenters;[46] and game \"Win the Ads\", with a revamped format. This series saw the introduction two new segments for the show - \"I'm a Celebrity... Get Out of My Ear!\", and musical act \"\"End of the Show\"-Show\"." ]

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[ "Angel of the North. Due to its exposed location, the sculpture was built to withstand winds of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Thus, foundations containing 600 tonnes (590 long tons; 660 short tons) of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock 70 feet (21 m) below. The sculpture was built at Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd using COR-TEN weather-resistant steel. It was made in three parts—with the body weighing 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) and two wings weighing 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons) each — then brought to its site by road. It took five hours for the body to be transported from its construction site in Hartlepool, up the A19 road to the site.[5]", "Angel of the North. Completed in 1998, it is a steel sculpture of an angel, 20 metres (66 ft) tall, with wings measuring 54 metres (177 ft) across.[1] The wings do not stand straight sideways, but are angled 3.5 degrees forward; Gormley did this to create \"a sense of embrace\".[2]", "B of the Bang. The sculpture was made from the same weathering steel (also known as Cor-Ten) as the Angel of the North sculpture, which gradually develops a tightly adhering oxide layer as it is exposed to the elements. This layer inhibits further corrosion by reducing its permeability to water. As part of the design, the spikes swayed slightly in the wind[12] in order to withstand gusts in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h).[10] At the time of construction a time capsule was placed in one of the spikes of the sculpture, containing children's poems and paintings, due to be opened circa 2300.[13] The location of the time capsule after dismantling is currently unknown.", "Angel of the North. The Angel of the North is a contemporary sculpture, designed by Antony Gormley, located in Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, England.", "Angel of the North. Work began on the project in 1994, and cost £800,000.[4] Most of the project funding was provided by the National Lottery. The Angel was finished on 16 February 1998.", "Angel of the North. According to Gormley, the significance of an angel was three-fold: first, to signify that beneath the site of its construction, coal miners worked for two centuries; second, to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age, and third, to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears .[2]", "Angel of the North. Detail of the Angel's body", "Angel of the North. Inspired by the Angel of the North, several similar projects have been proposed. The Angel of the South title has been given by some to the Willow Man, which sits to the side of the M5 in Somerset, while a project, informally named the Angel of the South, has been proposed in Ebbsfleet, Kent. The sculpture Brick Man (also by Gormley) was proposed for the Holbeck area of Leeds.", "Angel of the North. A Lego model of Angel of the North in Miniland", "Angel of the North. It stands on the hill of Birtley, at Low Eighton in Lamesley, overlooking the A1 and A167 roads into Tyneside, and the East Coast Main Line rail route, south of the site of Team Colliery.[3]", "B of the Bang. In January 2009, Antony Gormley, creator of the Angel of the North—to which B of the Bang is often compared—spoke out in support of the sculpture, stating that, \"It is a great tribute to Manchester that this ground-breaking work was commissioned. To allow it to disappear would be a loss not just of an inspirational artwork but also of the council's nerve.\"[29]", "Angel of the North. The Angel aroused some controversy in British newspapers, at first, including a \"Gateshead stop the statue\" campaign, while local councillor Martin Callanan was especially strong in his opposition. However, it has since been considered to be a landmark for North East England[5][6] and has been listed by one organisation as an \"Icon of England\".[7] It has often been used in film and television to represent Tyneside, as are other local landmarks such as the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.", "Angel of the North. Rear view of Angel of the North (man-size maquette) at the National Gallery of Australia", "Stoke-on-Trent. The outskirts of Tunstall became home to a new public art statue called Golden in 2015. The 69 ft (21m) steel work of art by Wolfgang Buttress was privately funded with £180,000 Section 106 monies and will be made from COR-TEN Steel, the same material as the Angel of the North.[110] The tapered lozenge design features powerful LED lights that will illuminate 1,500 glass prisms containing the written wishes or memories of local residents.[111] Each prism will be suspended from the main body of the sculpture by a short arm, giving the artwork a bristly appearance. It will be located on the current site of the Potteries Pyramid, which will be moved to a nearby roundabout.[112]", "One Angel Square. The building's exterior has a double skin facade with a cavity between its inner windows and the outer glass panel structure. The double skin facade is for sustainability and aesthetic reasons - and allows for greater control of heating and ventilation, and accentuates the three curved corners of the building. To accentuate the form further, the exterior aluminium structure holding the glass panels in place has been anodised in a bronze-coloured finish, so it will shimmer in the sun. The facade was originally to be powder-coated but the client decided to spend an additional £120,000 on a bronze anodised finish. This excess was justified as being cheaper over 50 years than using a powder-coated finish which would require maintenance.[45] The building's form has been compared with The Ark and City Hall in London.[45]", "One Angel Square. An estimated £17m of building materials out of the total £100m cost has been locally sourced reducing embodied energy and minimising environmental impact.[35] Mecanoo and Manchester-based Royal Haskoning designed the landscape in front of the building.[11]", "Angel of the North. Several maquettes were produced during the development stage of the project.[9] A life-size model from which the sculpture was created was sold at auction for £2.28 million in July 2008.[10] An additional bronze maquette used in fundraising in the 1990s, owned by Gateshead Council, was valued at £1 million on the BBC show Antiques Roadshow on 16 November 2008—the most valuable item ever appraised on the programme.[9][11] In 2011 German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop sold his life-size maquette (previously kept in the garden of his mansion in Potsdam, Germany) at an auction at Christie's in London for £3.4m to an anonymous bidder.[12][13] Another maquette was donated to the National Gallery of Australia in 2009, and stands in its Sculpture Garden.[14]", "One Angel Square. The building has been nicknamed the 'sliced egg' because of its distinctive shape.[16] A focal point is the diagonal slice which creates a nine-floor high atrium with its glass roof tilted towards the south, maximising daylight and passive solar gain.[44] The structure has three internal concrete cores in the form of an equilateral triangle.[44] Steel was utilised as the building main material; its strength allows for large column-free floors needed in an open plan building.[9]", "One Angel Square. The building's distinctive form has been compared to a sliced egg and a ship.[16] Its design was announced by architects 3DReid in May 2009 and construction began in July 2010 with a projected completion date in March 2013. In December 2012, the scheme surpassed its pan-European sustainability aims and achieved a world-record BREEAM score of 95.32%.[17] It is also an energy-plus building, producing surplus energy and zero carbon emissions. The building has received numerous awards for its striking aesthetic and sustainability aims.", "B of the Bang. Prior to the construction of Aspire at the University of Nottingham, B of the Bang was Britain's tallest sculpture at well over twice the height of the Angel of the North,[15] which stands at 66 feet (20 m). It was designed to look like an exploding firework[1] and was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Leaning Tower of Pisa.[7] It was commissioned by New East Manchester Limited to commemorate the 2002 Commonwealth Games.[6] The design was selected by a panel consisting of both local residents and art experts via a competition in 2002[12] and was designed by Thomas Heatherwick.[14]", "Angel of the North. The sculpture is also humorously known by some local people as the \"Gateshead Flasher\", because of its location and appearance.[8]", "St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden. The oldest part of the church is the chancel, which was formed from the original mediaeval body of the church. When the church extension work was carried out, the floor was covered with ceramic tiles designed by Edward William Godwin and the walls decorated with 1881 wall paintings in the Aesthetic Movement style by Heaton, Butler and Bayne that depict the Nativity, the Four Evangelists and the Prophets.[8]", "Architectural glass. Glass is produced in standard metric thicknesses of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19 and 22 mm. Molten glass floating on tin in a nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere will spread out to a thickness of about 6 mm and stop due to surface tension. Thinner glass is made by stretching the glass while it floats on the tin and cools. Similarly, thicker glass is pushed back and not permitted to expand as it cools on the tin.", "Tree-topper. Post-War NOMA plastic, electrified angel tree-topper", "Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral (Raleigh, North Carolina). The façade of the Cathedral is predominantly wood-mold brick, yielding a soft impression to the masonry. The brick was specified in a “rose” color, with a high degree of color range intended to lend visual interest to the building’s exterior. This material and color recalls the region’s architectural heritage, as do the grapevine mortar joints. Cast stone, specified in a range of colors, is incorporated into the most prominent parts of the building, such as the West entry façade and the exterior of the chapel. The roof surfaces are clad in copper.", "Gothic architecture. Secondly, the statues, sculptural decoration, stained glass and murals incorporate the essence of creation in depictions of the Labours of the Months and the Zodiac[h] and sacred history from the Old and New Testaments and Lives of the Saints, as well as reference to the eternal in the Last Judgment and Coronation of the Virgin.", "Snow angel. A snow angel is a design, made in fresh snow, by lying on one's back and moving one's arms up and down, and one's legs from side to side, to form the shape of an angel. Making snow angels is a common childhood game.", "Cinema of France. According to Raphaël Bassan, in his article «The Angel: Un météore dans le ciel de l'animation,» La Revue du cinéma, n° 393, avril 1984. (in French), Patrick Bokanowski's The Angel, shown in 1982 at the Cannes Film Festival, can be considered the beginnings of contemporary animation. The masks erase all human personality in the characters. Patrick Bokanowski would thus have total control over the \"matter\" of the image and its optical composition. This is especially noticeable throughout the film, with images taken through distorted objectives or a plastic work on the sets and costumes, for example in the scene of the designer. Patrick Bokanowski creates his own universe and obeys his own aesthetic logic. It takes us through a series of distorted areas, obscure visions, metamorphoses and synthetic objects. Indeed, in the film, the human may be viewed as a fetish object (for example, the doll hanging by a thread), with reference to Kafkaesque and Freudian theories on automata and the fear of man faced with something as complex as him. The ascent of the stairs would be the liberation of the ideas of death, culture, and sex that makes us reach the emblematic figure of the angel.", "One Angel Square. Construction work began in July 2010 soon after planning permission was granted.[28] The first task was installing the 539 pile foundations - each at an average depth of 18 metres.[29] Work soon began on assembling the 3,300 tonnes of steel and 1,948 coffered concrete floor slabs which make up the structure of the building.[29] BAM Construction was the main building contractor with cost management, project management and CDM coordination provided by Gardiner & Theobald.[30] Specialist services were supplied by Buro Happold for structural and fire engineering[10] and Austrian-based Waagner Biro was commissioned to build the double skin façade.[11] The structure was digitally modelled by BAM before commencing assembly and construction to improve safety and create a building schedule thus saving time during the construction process.[31]", "Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral (Raleigh, North Carolina). The Tabernacle and altar are both rendered in Bianco Carrara C marble with Giallo Sienna marble accents. The altar is inscribed with the Alpha-Omega symbol, again representing the Book of Revelation, where these letters are used to represent Christ as the “beginning and the end.”", "Anglo-Saxon art. Typically, Anglo-Saxon crosses are tall and slender compared to Irish examples, many with a nearly square section, and more space given to ornament than figures. However, there are exceptions, like the massive Sandbach Crosses from Mercia, with oblong sections mostly covered by figures on the wider faces, like some Irish crosses. The Gosforth Cross, of 930–950, is a rare example to survive complete; most survivals are only a section of the shaft, and iconoclasts were more concerned to destroy imagery than ornament. Many crosses must have just fallen over after some centuries; headpieces are the least common survivals, and the Easby Cross was repaired with lead in a way described in early documents.[36] Like many monuments from the area of the Danelaw, the Gosforth Cross combines Christian images with those from pagan mythology; apart from a Crucifixion scene, and perhaps scenes of the Last Judgement, all the other images appear to belong to the Norse myth of Ragnarök, the destruction of the gods, a theme detected in other Christian monuments in Britain and Scandinavia, and which could be turned to Christian advantage.[37]", "Altar in the Catholic Church. The lunula (lunette) is made of the same material as the ostensorium. If it be made of any material other than gold, it must be gilded (Cong. Sac. Rit., 31 August 1867). In form it may be either of two crescents or of two crystals encased in metal. If two crescents be used, the arrangement should be such that they can be separated and cleaned. Two stationary crescents, between which the Sacred Host is pressed, are, for obvious reasons, not serviceable. If two crystals are used it is necessary that they be so arranged that the Sacred Host does not in any way touch the glass (Cong. Sac. Rit., 14 January 1898). The ostensorium, provided it contains the Blessed Sacrament, may be placed in the tabernacle, but then it should be covered with a white silk veil.[38]" ]

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[ "The Farmer in the Dell. A dell is a wooded valley. In the Dutch language, the word deel means, among other things, the workspace in a farmer's barn. The use of dell in this song may be a bastardisation of this term.[citation needed]", "The Farmer in the Dell. \"The Farmer in the Dell\" is a singing game, nursery rhyme and children's song. It probably originated in Germany, and was brought to North America by immigrants.[1] From there it spread to many other nations and is popular in a number of languages. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6306.", "The Farmer in the Dell. The players form a circle holding hands around one who is designated as the farmer, singing the first verse while moving around. When the verse is over they stop and the farmer makes his choice of a wife (sometimes without looking). The wife joins him in the center for her verse and so through the verses until either the cheese or dog is selected or only one person is left to become the last character. They usually become the farmer for the next round.[1]", "The Farmer in the Dell. The UK variant has the nurse and the dog, it ends by patting the dog.[citation needed]", "The Farmer in the Dell. The farmer in the dell (2x)\nHi-ho,[2] the dairy-o\nThe farmer in the dell\n\nThe farmer takes the wife (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe farmer takes the wife\n\nThe wife takes the child (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe wife takes the child\n\nThe child takes the nurse (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe child takes the nurse\n\nThe nurse takes the bull (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe nurse takes the bull\n\nThe bull takes the cow (2x)\nHi-ho, the derry-o...\nThe bull takes the cow\n\nThe cow takes the dog (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe cow takes the dog\n\nThe dog takes the cat (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe dog takes the cat\n\nThe cat takes the mouse (or rat) (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe cat takes the mouse(or rat)\n\nThe mouse (or rat) takes the cheese (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe mouse (or rat) takes the cheese\n\nThe cheese stands alone (2×)\nHi-ho, the derry-o…\nThe cheese stands alone", "The Farmer in the Dell. Lyrics vary even within the same country. The following is a common version in the United States:", "The Farmer in the Dell. In the United Kingdom the first line is frequently changed to \"The Farmer's in his den\". The rhyme progresses through the farmer being in the dell/his den, his desire for a wife, hers for a child, its for a nurse, a dog, ending with a bone, ending in: \"we all pat the bone\". Every player then pats the one picked as the bone.[1] The 'Hi-Ho, the derry-o' is variously replaced with \"Ee-i, tiddly-i\" in London, 'Ee-i, adio', 'Ee-i, andio' or 'Ee-i, entio', (in Northern England), and 'Ee-i, ee-i' (for instance in the West Country).[1]", "The Farmer in the Dell. The song was published as an illustrated children's book by David R. Godine, Publisher in 2004.", "The Farmer in the Dell. The rhyme is first recorded in Germany in 1826, as \"Es fuhr ein Bau'r ins Holz,\" and was more clearly a courtship game with a farmer choosing a wife, then in turn the selecting of a child, maid, and serving man, who leaves the maid after kissing.[1] This was probably taken to North America by German immigrants, where it next surfaced in New York City in 1883 much in its modern form and using a melody similar to \"A Hunting We Will Go\".[1] From here it seems to have been adopted throughout the United States, Canada (noted from 1893), the Netherlands (1894) and Great Britain; it is first found in Scotland in 1898 and England from 1909. In the early twentieth century it was evident as wide as France (\"Le fermier dans son pré\"), Sweden (\"En bonde i vår by\"), Australia, and South Africa.[1]", "Dell Latitude. The Dell Latitude is a laptop family from Dell Computers, intended for business use. By contrast, the Dell Inspiron is aimed at the consumer market and its specifications change regularly. Whereas Inspiron may change vendors or components several times over the course of a single model, the Latitude line generally retains identical components throughout its production. This design is intended to simplify maintenance and support tasks for large corporations, allowing components to be easily swapped between models.", "Dell Inspiron. The Dell Inspiron (/ˈɪnspɪrɒn/ IN-spirr-on, stylized as inspiron) is a computer product line produced by Dell as a range of ultra-portable laptop computers. Early models were equipped with Mobile Celeron or Mobile Pentium II processors and SDRAM. The Inspiron mainly competes against computers such as Acer's Aspire, Asus' Transformer Book Flip, VivoBook and Zenbook, HP's Pavilion and Envy, Lenovo's IdeaPad and Toshiba's Satellite.[citation needed]", "The Farmer in the Dell. Like most children's songs, there are geographic variations.", "The Farmer in the Dell. The Romanian language version is \"Țăranul e pe câmp\" (The farmer is on the field) but the hey-o is replaced with \"Ura, drăguţa mea\" (Hooray, my sweet heart) and the last verses are – the child has a nurse, the nurse has a cat, the cat catches a mouse, the mouse eats a cheese, the cheese was in a cask, the cask is in the garbage, the farmer to choose.", "Dell. Dell, officially the Dell Client Solutions Group, is an American multinational computer technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Eponymously named after its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 103,300 people in America and around the world.", "Dell Inspiron. The Dell Inspiron Desktop (Intel) (3668) features a power button, 5-in-1 multi-card reader, audio combo jack, 2 USB 3.0 ports, an optical drive and an air vent on the front of the computer. At the back of the computer there is line in/out & mic, VGA, HDMI, 4 USB 2.0 ports, ethernet port, security-cable slot and padlock rings.", "Dell Latitude. The near-clone Inspirons for the D800 and D810 were the Inspiron 8500 and 8600; the D820 and D830 share hardware with Precision models M65 and M4300 respectively. There are even known cases of \"mixed-mode\" samples of the latter, where the Dell-recorded type according to the service tag and markings differs from the BIOS-reported type with an identical service tag.", "Dell. A popular United States television and print ad campaign in the early 2000s featured the actor Ben Curtis playing the part of \"Steven\", a lightly mischievous blond-haired youth who came to the assistance of bereft computer purchasers. Each television advertisement usually ended with Steven's catch-phrase: \"Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!\"[171]", "Dell. A subsequent advertising campaign featured interns at Dell headquarters (with Curtis' character appearing in a small cameo at the end of one of the first commercials in this particular campaign).", "Dell Inspiron. The Dell Inspiron 11 (3162) features a standard HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 Type-A port, 1x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone and microphone combo (headset) port and a media-card reader. The laptop uses either dual core Intel Celeron or quad core Intel Pentium processors. The audio controller inside the laptop is a Realtek ALC3234 and the multi-car reader supports one SD card in the form factor of micro SD card of the type being SD, SDHC or SDXC. The laptop has an 11.6-inch HD WLED display with a maximum resolution of 1366 by 768 and a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The integrated webcam above the display has a camera resolution is 0.92 megapixel and its maximum video recording resolution is 1280x720 (HD) at 30 FPS. The battery of the laptop is a 2-cell prismatic battery with a voltage of 7.6 VDC. The power adapter bundled with the laptop is capable of 45w and outputs a 2.31 A. The Dell Inspiron 3162 is available in three colours: red, white and blue.", "Dell Latitude. Most, if not all Latitude models prior to the Latitude Dx20 series had a near-clone Inspiron, in the case of the D600, it was the Inspiron 600M. Differences include that the 600M does not work with the Dell D-Dock, and the case styling is slightly different. The motherboards, screens and hard drive caddies are all physically interchangeable.", "The Farmer in the Dell. There is also a Thai version to the same tune but with a slightly different story. The three verses roughly translate to \"Why does the frog have a stomach ache? Why does the frog have a stomach ache? Because he has been eating wet rice. Why is the rice wet? Why is the rice wet? Because it has been raining. Why has it been raining? Why has it been raining? Because the frog has been croaking.\"[citation needed]", "Dell Latitude. Latitude is Dell's business laptop brand, designed and manufactured mainly by Compal and Quanta. The Latitude competes with the ThinkPad series from Lenovo (formerly IBM), the EliteBook series from HP and Travelmate series from Acer. The \"Rugged (Extreme)\", \"XFR\" and \"ATG\" models compete primarily with Panasonic's Toughbook line of rugged computers.", "Dell Latitude. Aside from the 3000, 5000, and 7000 series, Dell also provides an Education and Rugged Series of Latitude computers. The Education series laptops are designed for use in educational institutions. They're not especially powerful, and are more geared towards office applications or internet-based applications. The Rugged series laptops are similar to the previous Latitude XFR computers. They are designed with extra durability in mind.", "Dell Latitude. The Latitude 100L is a near-clone of the Inspiron 1150 and is also closely related to the 1100,5100,and 5150.\nThe Latitude 110L is a near-clone of the Inspiron 1000.", "Round Rock, Texas. Dell is a multinational computer and information technology corporation based in Round Rock, which develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The company employs about 11,500 people in the Round Rock facilities[35] and about 96,000 people worldwide.[43] Dell was originally based in Austin after its initial formation in 1984 as PC's Limited by UT college student Michael Dell. With the need for significant space as it expanded, the City of Round Rock in 1996 offered Dell a \"Chapter 380\" agreement by offering to split sales tax revenue from in-state sales 50/50 between Dell and the City. A \"Chapter 380\" agreement is named for the chapter in Vernon's Statutes that permits sales tax revenue sharing for economic development purposes. It was the first time such an agreement had been used in Central Texas and among the very first in the state.[44] As of 1999, approximately half of the general fund of the City of Round Rock originates from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters.[44] Today the company is one of the largest technology companies in the world, listed as number 38 on the Fortune 500 (2010). Fortune also lists Dell as the #5 most admired company in its industry. As part of its clean energy program, in 2008 Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the power coming from TXU Energy wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc", "Dell. Dell's headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas.[131] As of 2013 the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer,[132] which has 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m2) of space.[133] As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters.[134]", "Dell Technologies Championship. The Dell Technologies Championship was a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour in the northeast United States, held annually in late summer over the Labor Day weekend. The 2018 edition was the last time the event was staged as the FedEx Cup was reduced from four to three Playoff events in 2019.", "Dell Inspiron. The Inspiron 545 is a non-configurable mini-tower desktop that only retails at Best Buy and the Dell Outlet.", "Dell Inspiron. The Dell Inspiron 15 (5567) features Intel Kaby Lake Microprocessors", "Dell Latitude. In the past, the \"mainstream\" line was the 6 series, being the C6x0, D6x0, and E64x0 lines, but as of 2015 this line has been discontinued and replaced by both the 5 series and the 7 series. The 15\" \"Premium\" line was the 8 series, until the E-series merged this line with the 6 series (Model numbers being along the lines of C8x0 or D8x0). The \"budget\" line was the 5 series, but as of 2015 the 5 series and 7 series Latitude laptops are the primary lines of Latitude laptops. The 3 series has replaced the 5 series as the budget line. Dell has also since dropped the E from the Latitude line (due to switching to a USB C/Thunderbolt dock system, rather than the e-Port analog pin-system docks), and the models just go by number now, e.g.: Latitude 5480, 5570. The second number in the model (As in, 5470 or 7280) indicates the size of the screen in the laptop.", "Dell. The corporation markets specific brand names to different market segments.", "Dell. In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Dell the eighth highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.[196]" ]

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[ "Electronic benefit transfer. For most of its history, the Food Stamp Program used paper denominated stamps or coupons worth US$1 (brown), $5 (blue), and $10 (green). In the late 1990s, the food-stamp program was revamped, and stamps were phased out in favor of a specialized debit-card system known as electronic benefit transfer (EBT) provided by private contractors. Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public-assistance welfare programs as well. The 2008 farm bill renamed the Food Stamp Program as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (as of October 2008), and replaced all references to \"stamp\" or \"coupon\" in federal law to \"card\" or \"EBT.\"[3]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT), provided by private contractors. Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public welfare programs as well, such as cash assistance. The move was designed to save the government money by not printing the coupons, make benefits available immediately instead of requiring the recipient to wait for mailing or picking up the booklets in person, and reduce theft and diversion.[4]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The 2008 farm bill renamed the Food Stamp Program as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (beginning October 2008) and replaced all references to \"stamp\" or \"coupon\" in federal law with \"card\" or \"EBT.\"[13][14]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Although the Food Stamp Program was reauthorized in the 1996 Farm Bill, the 1996 welfare reform made several changes to the program, including:", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The amount of SNAP benefits received by a household depends on the household's size, income, and expenses. For most of its history, the program used paper-denominated \"stamps\" or coupons – worth US$1 (brown), $5 (blue), and $10 (green) – bound into booklets of various denominations, to be torn out individually and used in single-use exchange. Because of their 1:1 value ratio with actual currency, the coupons were printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Their rectangular shape resembled a U.S. dollar bill (although about one-half the size), including intaglio printing on high-quality paper with watermarks. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT), provided by private contractors. EBT has been implemented in all states since June 2004. Each month, SNAP food stamp benefits are directly deposited into the household's EBT card account. Households may use EBT to pay for food at supermarkets, convenience stores, and other food retailers, including certain farmers' markets.[4]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. On September 21, 1959, P.L. 86-341 authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to operate a food-stamp system through January 31, 1962. The Eisenhower Administration never used the authority. However, in fulfillment of a campaign promise made in West Virginia, President John F. Kennedy's first Executive Order called for expanded food distribution and, on February 2, 1961, he announced that food stamp pilot programs would be initiated. The pilot programs would retain the requirement that the food stamps be purchased, but eliminated the concept of special stamps for surplus foods. A Department spokesman indicated the emphasis would be on increasing the consumption of perishables.", "Social programs in the United States. In the U.S., financial assistance for food purchasing for low- and no-income people is provided through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program.[34] This federal aid program is administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but benefits are distributed by the individual U.S. states. It is historically and commonly known as the Food Stamp Program, though all legal references to \"stamp\" and \"coupon\" have been replaced by \"EBT\" and \"card,\" referring to the refillable, plastic Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards that replaced the paper \"food stamp\" coupons. To be eligible for SNAP benefits, the recipients must have incomes below 130 percent of the poverty line, and also own few assets.[35] Since the economic downturn began in 2008, the use of food stamps has increased.[35]", "New Deal. The Food Stamp Plan—a major new welfare program for urban poor—was established in 1939 to provide stamps to poor people who could use them to purchase food at retail outlets. The program ended during wartime prosperity in 1943, but was restored in 1961. It survived into the 21st century with little controversy because it was seen to benefit the urban poor, food producers, grocers and wholesalers, as well as farmers. Thus it gained support from both liberal and conservative Congressmen. In 2013, however, Tea Party activists in the House tried to end the program, now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, while the Senate fought to preserve it.[65][66]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. President Johnson called for a permanent food-stamp program on January 31, 1964, as part of his \"War on Poverty\" platform introduced at the State of the Union a few weeks earlier. Agriculture Secretary Orville Freeman submitted the legislation on April 17, 1964. The bill eventually passed by Congress was H.R. 10222, introduced by Congresswoman Sullivan. One of the members on the House Committee on Agriculture who voted against the FSP in Committee was then Representative Bob Dole.", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) began in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1984.", "Electronic benefit transfer. All states have systems that use magnetic stripe cards and \"on-line\" authorization of transactions. When paying for groceries, the SNAP customer's card is run through an electronic reader or a point of sale terminal (POS), and the recipient enters the secret PIN to access the food stamp account. Then, electronically, the processor verifies the PIN and the account balance, and sends an authorization or denial back to the retailer. The recipient's account is then debited for the amount of the purchase, and the retailer's account is credited. No cash money changes hands. Payment is made to the retailer through an ACH settlement process at the end of the business day. Most states' online EBT systems are interoperable through the Quest network, which is sponsored by the Electronic Benefits and Services Council (formerly the EBT Council) of NACHA.", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. In addition to EPR, the Food Stamp Act of 1977 included several access provisions:[citation needed]", "Great Society. The Food Stamp Act of 1964 made the program permanent, while the Social Security Amendments of 1967 specified that at least 6% of monies for maternal and child health should be spent on family planning. By 1967, the federal government began requiring state health departments to make contraceptives available to all adults who were poor. Meal programs for low-income senior citizens began in 1965, with the federal government providing funding for \"congregate meals\" and \"home-delivered meals.\"[22] The Child Nutrition Act, passed in 1966, made improvements to nutritional assistance to children such as in the introduction of the School Breakfast Program.[23]", "Food security. Since the 1960s, the U.S. has been implementing a food stamp program (now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) to directly target consumers who lack the income to purchase food. According to Tim Josling, a Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, food stamps or other methods of distribution of purchasing power directly to consumers might fit into the range of international programs under consideration to tackle food insecurity.[179]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The early 1970s were a period of growth in participation, concern about the cost of providing food stamp benefits, and questions about administration, primarily timely certification. During this time, the issue was framed that would dominate food stamp legislation ever after: how to balance program access with program accountability. Three major pieces of legislation shaped this period, leading up to massive reform to follow:", "Public distribution system. Food stamps given to the needy and to the underprivileged by issue of coupons, vouchers, electronic card transfer etc. they can purchase commodities at any shop or outlet. The state government would then pay back the grocery shops for the stamps said the finance minister in his budget.[11] But the United Progressive alliance, which came to power in 2004, decided on a common minimum programme (CMP) and on the agenda was food and nutrition security. Under that the government had plans to strengthen the food security program DS.[12]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The Food Stamp Act of 1964 appropriated $75 million to 350,000 individuals in 40 counties and three cities. The measure drew overwhelming support from House Democrats, 90 percent from urban areas, 96 percent from the suburbs, and 87 percent from rural areas. Republican lawmakers opposed the initial measure: only 12 percent of urban Republicans, 11 percent from the suburbs, and 5 percent from rural areas voted affirmatively. President Lyndon B. Johnson hailed food stamps as \"a realistic and responsible step toward the fuller and wiser use of an agricultural abundance\".[10]", "Welfare in New York. Under the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp program, low income individuals and families are provided financial assistance for purchasing food.[1] This may also include Emergency Food Assistance and Expedited Benefits.[1]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Over the course of nearly four years, the first FSP reached approximately 20 million people in nearly half of the counties in the U.S., at a total cost of $262 million. At its peak, the program assisted an estimated 4 million people. The first recipient was Mabel McFiggin of Rochester, New York; the first retailer to redeem the stamps was Joseph Mutolo; and the first retailer caught violating program rules was Nick Salzano in October 1939. The program ended when the conditions that brought the program into being (unmarketable food surpluses and widespread unemployment) ceased to exist.[7]", "Post Office Ltd. Post Office savings stamps were first introduced by Henry Fawcett in the 1880s but were phased out in the 1960s. These were re-introduced in August 2004 because of consumer demand. In 2010 saving stamps were withdrawn and replaced by the Budget Card.", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),[1] formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, provides food-purchasing assistance for low- and no-income people living in the United States. It is a federal aid program, administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), though benefits are distributed by each U.S. state's Division of Social Services or Children and Family Services.", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. By 1993, major changes in food stamp benefits had arrived. The final legislation provided for $2.8 billion in benefit increases over Fiscal Years 1984-1988. Leon Panetta, in his new role as OMB Director, played a major role as did Senator Leahy. Substantive changes included:", "Hunger in the United States. This changed in the early 21st century; the public sector's rate of increase in the amount of food aid dispensed again overtook the private sector's. President George W. Bush's administration undertook bipartisan efforts to increase the reach of the food stamp program, increasing its budget and reducing both the stigma associated with applying for aid and barriers imposed by red tape.[1]\n[55] Cuts in the food stamp programme came into force in November 2013, impacting an estimated 48 million poorer Americans, including 22 million children.[56] Commentators have stated hardship could worsen if a new Farm bill is passed: the version currently backed by the Democrats has a further $4 billion worth of cuts, while the version backed by Republicans would cut food stamps by $40 billion.[57][58]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The House Report for the 1977 legislation points out that the changes in the Food Stamp Program are needed without reference to upcoming welfare reform since \"the path to welfare reform is, indeed, rocky....\"[citation needed]", "Supermarket. In the 1950s, supermarkets frequently issued trading stamps as incentives to customers. Today, most chains issue store-specific \"membership cards,\" \"club cards,\" or \"loyalty cards\". These typically enable the cardholder to receive special members-only discounts on certain items when the credit card-like device is scanned at check-out.[citation needed] Sales of selected data generated by club cards is becoming a significant revenue stream for some supermarkets.", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The mid-1990s was a period of welfare reform. Prior to 1996, the rules for the cash welfare program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), were waived for many states. With the enactment of the 1996 welfare reform act, called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), AFDC, an entitlement program, was replaced that with a new block grant to states called Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF).", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The idea for the first FSP has been credited to various people, most notably U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace and the program's first administrator, Milo Perkins.[5] Of the program, Perkins said, \"We got a picture of a gorge, with farm surpluses on one cliff and under-nourished city folks with outstretched hands on the other. We set out to find a practical way to build a bridge across that chasm.\"[6] The program operated by permitting people on relief to buy orange stamps equal to their normal food expenditures; for every US$1 worth of orange stamps purchased, fifty cents' worth of blue stamps were received. Orange stamps could be used to buy any food; blue stamps could be used only to buy food determined by the Department to be surplus.", "Electronic benefit transfer. Through EBT, a recipient uses his/her EBT card at participating retailers to purchase food items authorized by the USDA's SNAP program. Cash benefits may be used to purchase any item at a participating retailer, as well as to obtain cash-back or make a cash withdrawal from a participating ATM.", "Electronic benefit transfer. For example, recipients apply for their benefits in the usual way, by filling out a form at their local food stamp office or online. Once eligibility and level of benefits have been determined, information is transferred to the state's EBT contractor. Once they are approved for benefits, an account is established in the recipient's name, and their SNAP benefits are deposited electronically in this account each month. A plastic debit card, similar to a bank card, is issued and a personal identification number (PIN) is assigned or chosen by the recipient to control access to their account.", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-86, August 10, 1973) required States to expand the program to every political jurisdiction before July 1, 1974; expanded the program to drug addicts and alcoholics in treatment and rehabilitation centers; established semi-annual allotment adjustments, SSI cash-out, and bi-monthly issuance; introduced statutory complexity in the income definition (by including in-kind payments and providing an accompanying exception); and required the Department to establish temporary eligibility standards for disasters.", "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. One component of the PWRORA was a lifetime ban on the use of food stamps through the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program for people convicted of drug felonies. Although it applied to all 50 states by default, states were also given the option to opt out of the ban.[33] As of 2014, 40 states had opted out of this policy, while ten had not.[34]", "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The 2002 Farm Bill restores SNAP eligibility to most legal immigrants that:" ]

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[ "Sheet bend. The sheet bend (also known as becket bend, weaver's knot and weaver's hitch) is a bend, that is, a knot that joins two ropes together. Doubled, it is effective in binding lines of different diameter or rigidity securely together, although it has a tendency to work loose when not under load.", "Sheet bend. The term \"sheet bend\" derives from its use bending ropes to sails (sheets). It is mentioned in David Steel's 1794 book Elements and Practice of Rigging and Seamanship but was used by Neolithic peoples for tying the meshes of fishing nets.[3] The name \"weaver's knot\" comes from its historic use in textile mills. Even in modern operations, weavers are taught to use this particular knot when correcting broken threads in the warp. In practice, weavers are taught to be able to tie the knot in as little time possible, with the mean average being no more than three to five seconds.", "Sheet bend. When lines are of unequal diameter or rigidity it is necessary for security to \"double\" the sheet bend by making an additional round turn below the first and again bringing the working end back under itself. The free ends should end up on the same side of the knot for maximum strength.", "Sheet bend. The sheet bend may be tied by various methods: the basic \"rabbit through the hole\" method of forming a half hitch in the bight of the larger rope, by a more expedient method shown in Ashley as #1431 (similar to the method used by an experienced sailor or mountaineer to tie a bowline) or by a trick method, Ashley #2562, involving upsetting a noose knot over a short end of the \"larger\" rope. (Lines of equal size may be joined with a sheet bend, but when one is larger, it plays the simpler role of the red line shown in the infobox, rather than forming the nipped hitch as the green line does.)", "Sheet bend. One type of weaver's knot is topologically equivalent to a sheet bend, but is tied (usually in smaller stuff) with a different approach. Sheet bends are also used for netting.", "Sheet bend. The sheet bend is related in structure to the bowline. It is very fast to tie, and along with the bowline and clove hitch is considered so essential it is knot â„–1 in the Ashley Book of Knots.[1] It is a more secure replacement for the reef knot (square knot), especially in its doubled variety.[2]", "Sheet bend. A study of 8 different bends using climbing rope of equal diameter said the sheet bend was weak. In one test, it pulled apart with less than half the pressure that other knots withstood. The authors recommend \"2 half hitches on the bend back line and overhand knot on turn thru line.\" Even with these, it was always a bottom performer and the double sheet bend did little better. The butterfly bend did best, but the double fisherman's knot was recommended for being easier to untie.[6]", "Sheet bend. Notice that, to have any strength, the two free ends should end up on the same side of the knot[4] (see below). Under even moderate load, a left-hand sheet bend will quickly slip and release completely.", "Sheet bend. The double sheet bend", "Sheet bend. After performing security testing, Ashley wrote with regard to the Sheet Bend: \"Some readers may be surprised to find the Sheet Bend with so low a rating, but these tests were made in exceptionally slippery material. The Sheet Bend is the most practical of bends and quite secure enough for ordinary purposes.\"", "Bending (metalworking). In press brake forming, a work piece is positioned over the die block and the die block presses the sheet to form a shape.[1] Usually bending has to overcome both tensile stresses and compressive stresses. When bending is done, the residual stresses cause the material to spring back towards its original position, so the sheet must be over-bent to achieve the proper bend angle. The amount of spring back is dependent on the material, and the type of forming. When sheet metal is bent, it stretches in length. The bend deduction is the amount the sheet metal will stretch when bent as measured from the outside edges of the bend. The bend radius refers to the inside radius. The formed bend radius is dependent upon the dies used, the material properties, and the material thickness.", "Bending (metalworking). Bend allowance and bend deduction are quantities used to determine the flat length of sheet stock to give the desired dimension of the bent part. Both bend deduction and bend allowance represent the difference between the neutral line or unbent flat pattern (the required length of the material prior to bending) and the formed bend. Subtracting them from the combined length of both flanges gives the flat pattern length. The question of which formula to use is determined by the dimensioning method used to define the flanges as shown in the two diagrams below.", "Sheet bend. Insecure (left-hand sheet bend[5])", "Sheet metal. This is a form of bending used to produce long, thin sheet metal parts. The machine that bends the metal is called a press brake. The lower part of the press contains a V-shaped groove called the die. The upper part of the press contains a punch that presses the sheet metal down into the v-shaped die, causing it to bend.[15] There are several techniques used, but the most common modern method is \"air bending\". Here, the die has a sharper angle than the required bend (typically 85 degrees for a 90 degree bend) and the upper tool is precisely controlled in its stroke to push the metal down the required amount to bend it through 90 degrees. Typically, a general purpose machine has an available bending force of around 25 tonnes per metre of length. The opening width of the lower die is typically 8 to 10 times the thickness of the metal to be bent (for example, 5 mm material could be bent in a 40 mm die). The inner radius of the bend formed in the metal is determined not by the radius of the upper tool, but by the lower die width. Typically, the inner radius is equal to 1/6 of the V-width used in the forming process.", "Bending (metalworking). In sheet metal design, the K-factor is used to calculate how much sheet metal one needs to leave for the bend in order to achieve particular final dimensions, especially for between the straight sides next the bend. Use the known K-factor and the known inner bending radius to calculate the bending radius of the neutral line. Then use the neutral bending radius to calculate the arc length of the neutral line (\"circumference of circle\" multiplied by the \"bend angle as fraction of 360deg\"). The arc length of the neutral line is the length of the sheet metal you have to leave for the bend.", "Bending (metalworking). Rotary bending is similar to wiping but the top die is made of a freely rotating cylinder with the final formed shape cut into it and a matching bottom die. On contact with the sheet, the roll contacts on two points and it rotates as the forming process bends the sheet. This bending method is typically considered a \"non-marking\" forming process suitable to pre-painted or easily marred surfaces. This bending process can produce angles greater than 90° in a single hit on standard press brakes process.", "Bending (metalworking). In folding, clamping beams hold the longer side of the sheet. The beam rises and folds the sheet around a bend profile. The bend beam can move the sheet up or down, permitting the fabricating of parts with positive and negative bend angles. The resulting bend angle is influenced by the folding angle of the beam, tool geometry, and material properties. Large sheets can be handled in this process, making the operation easily automated. There is little risk of surface damage to the sheet.[2]", "Wood. Knots materially affect cracking and warping, ease in working, and cleavability of timber. They are defects which weaken timber and lower its value for structural purposes where strength is an important consideration. The weakening effect is much more serious when timber is subjected to forces perpendicular to the grain and/or tension than when under load along the grain and/or compression. The extent to which knots affect the strength of a beam depends upon their position, size, number, and condition. A knot on the upper side is compressed, while one on the lower side is subjected to tension. If there is a season check in the knot, as is often the case, it will offer little resistance to this tensile stress. Small knots, however, may be located along the neutral plane of a beam and increase the strength by preventing longitudinal shearing. Knots in a board or plank are least injurious when they extend through it at right angles to its broadest surface. Knots which occur near the ends of a beam do not weaken it. Sound knots which occur in the central portion one-fourth the height of the beam from either edge are not serious defects.", "Sheet metal. Expanding is a process of cutting or stamping slits in alternating pattern much like the stretcher bond in brickwork and then stretching the sheet open in accordion-like fashion. It is used in applications where air and water flow are desired as well as when light weight is desired at cost of a solid flat surface. A similar process is used in other materials such as paper to create a low cost packing paper with better supportive properties than flat paper alone.", "Bending (metalworking). In this method, the bottom V-die is replaced by a flat pad of urethane or rubber. As the punch forms the part, the urethane deflects and allows the material to form around the punch. This bending method has a number of advantages. The urethane will wrap the material around the punch and the end bend radius will be very close to the actual radius on the punch. It provides a non-marring bend and is suitable for pre-painted or sensitive materials. Using a special punch called a radius ruler with relieved areas on the urethane U-bends greater than 180° can be achieved in \\ ne hit, something that is not possible with conventional press tooling. Urethane tooling should be considered a consumable item and while they are not cheap, they are a fraction of the cost of dedicated steel. It also has some drawbacks, this method requires tonnage similar to bottoming and coining and does not do well on flanges that are irregular in shape, that is where the edge of the bent flange is not parallel to the bend and is short enough to engage the urethane pad.", "Wood. In some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain. A knot primer paint or solution (knotting), correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely, especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks.", "Bending (metalworking). Depending on material properties, the sheet may be overbent to compensate for springback.[3]", "Knot (unit). Although the unit knot does not fit within the SI system, its retention for nautical and aviation use is important because standard nautical charts are on the Mercator projection and the scale varies with latitude. On a chart of the North Atlantic, the scale varies by a factor of two from Florida to Greenland. A single graphic scale, of the sort on many maps, would therefore be useless on such a chart. Since the length of a nautical mile, for practical purposes, is equivalent to about a minute of latitude, a distance in nautical miles on a chart can easily be measured by using dividers and the latitude scales on the sides of the chart. Recent British Admiralty charts have a latitude scale down the middle to make this even easier.[7]", "Wood. Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the grain.", "Figure-eight loop. Alternatively, to tie the knot directly around an object, the follow through method must be used.", "Bending (metalworking). Bending is a manufacturing process that produces a V-shape, U-shape, or channel shape along a straight axis in ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal.[1] Commonly used equipment include box and pan brakes, brake presses, and other specialized machine presses. Typical products that are made like this are boxes such as electrical enclosures and rectangular ductwork.", "Bending (metalworking). In bottoming, the sheet is forced against the V opening in the bottom tool. U-shaped openings cannot be used. Space is left between the sheet and the bottom of the V opening. The optimum width of the V opening is 6 T (T stands for material thickness) for sheets about 3 mm thick, up to about 12 T for 12 mm thick sheets. The bending radius must be at least 0.8 T to 2 T for sheet steel. Larger bend radius require about the same force as larger radii in air bending, however, smaller radii require greater force—up to five times as much—than air bending. Advantages of bottoming include greater accuracy and less springback. A disadvantage is that a different tool set is needed for each bend angle, sheet thickness, and material. In general, air bending is the preferred technique.[2]", "Bending (metalworking). Three-point bending is a newer process that uses a die with an adjustable-height bottom tool, moved by a servo motor. The height can be set within 0.01 mm. Adjustments between the ram and the upper tool are made using a hydraulic cushion, which accommodates deviations in sheet thickness. Three-point bending can achieve bend angles with 0.25 deg. precision. While three-point bending permits high flexibility and precision, it also entails high costs and there are fewer tools readily available. It is being used mostly in high-value niche markets.[2]", "Grosgrain. A particular characteristic of grosgrain ribbon is that the thicker weft resists longitudinal curling and so it exerts an even pressure when tied around crushable materials. Nylon grosgrain is often used as heavy-duty webbing or binding around luggage, packs, messenger bags and other heavy use \"soft\" goods. It is also used for securing cargo. It can be dyed and is available in a variety of colours (though again usually black).", "Sheet metal. The press usually has some sort of back gauge to position depth of the bend along the workpiece. The backgauge can be computer controlled to allow the operator to make a series of bends in a component to a high degree of accuracy. Simple machines control only the backstop, more advanced machines control the position and angle of the stop, its height and the position of the two reference pegs used to locate the material. The machine can also record the exact position and pressure required for each bending operation to allow the operator to achieve a perfect 90 degree bend across a variety of operations on the part.", "Sheet metal. The equation for estimating the maximum bending force is,", "Bending (metalworking). In wiping, the longest end of the sheet is clamped, then the tool moves up and down, bending the sheet around the bend profile. Though faster than folding, wiping has a higher risk of producing scratches or otherwise damaging the sheet, because the tool is moving over the sheet surface. The risk increases if sharp angles are being produced.[2]" ]

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[ "Sam Seaborn. Sam's tragically flawed romantic relationships are something of a theme of the series with Josh once describing Sam's love life as \"a moveable feast\". After joining the campaign, Sam broke up with his fiancée, Lisa Sherborne, whom he was planning to marry in September of that year (the joke was that they broke up so that her name wouldn't become Lisa Sherborne Seaborn). Sam's other romantic relationships include a high-priced call girl named Laurie, played by Lisa Edelstein (with whom he slept without knowledge of her profession), and Leo McGarry's daughter, Mallory O'Brien, a fourth-grade teacher — a relationship Leo jokingly tries to sabotage, telling Sam, \"I don't mind you dating my 'only' daughter, but you can't expect me not to have some fun along the way.\"", "Cheers. Notable guest appearances of actresses portraying Sam's sexual conquests or potential sexual conquests include: Kate Mulgrew in the three-episode finale of season four, portraying Boston councilwoman Janet Eldridge; Donna McKechnie as Debra, Sam's ex-wife (with whom he is on good terms), who pretends to be an intellectual in front of Diane; Barbara Babcock as Lana Marshall, a talent agent who specializes in representing male athletes, her clients with whom she routinely sleeps on demand; Julia Duffy as Rebecca Prout, a depressed intellectual friend of Diane's; Alison La Placa as magazine reporter Paula Nelson; Carol Kane as Amanda, who Sam eventually learns was a fellow patient at the sanitarium with Diane; Barbara Feldon as Lauren Hudson, Sam's annual Valentine's Day fling (in an homage to Same Time, Next Year); Sandahl Bergman as Judy Marlowe, a longtime casual sex partner and whose now grown daughter, Laurie Marlowe (Chelsea Noble), who has always considered Sam a pseudo-father figure, Sam falls for; Madolyn Smith-Osborne as Dr. Sheila Rydell, a colleague of Frasier and Lilith; Valerie Mahaffey as Valerie Hill, John Allen Hill's daughter who Sam pursues if only to gain an upper hand in his business relationship with Hill; and Alexis Smith as Alice Anne Volkman, Rebecca's much older ex-professor. In season 9, episode 17, I'm Getting My Act Together and Sticking It in Your Face, Sam, believing Rebecca wants a more serious relationship, pretends to be gay, his lover being a casual friend named Leon (Jeff McCarthy) – the plan ultimately leads to a kiss between Sam and Leon.", "Lena Headey. She was linked to Game of Thrones co-star Jerome Flynn; however, the relationship reportedly ended badly some time before March 2014, resulting in the two being kept apart on set.[43]", "Kelly Stables. Stables had a recurring role as Melissa, Alan Harper's receptionist (and recurring/former girlfriend) in Seasons 6–8 of Two and a Half Men. She is working on a film called My Life Untitled.[5] She also guest-starred on 'Til Death as a travel agent. She also appears on the Burger King commercial as a woman who is selling things on infomercials.", "Reaper (TV series). Andi Prendergast (played by Missy Peregrym in the series and Nikki Reed in the unaired pilot) is Sam's girlfriend and, for a time, manager. Initially unaware of Sam's Reaper duties, she is let down multiple times when Sam is called away from dates to capture souls. Chancing to see him on duty, Andi watches Sam behead an escaped soul from a distance, and initially threatens to go to the police. Sam is warned by the Devil to ensure she remains unaware of his activities, but eventually he receives permission to let her know what he does. With help from Sam's neighbor (and demon) Tony, as well as from the escaped soul at the time, Sam convinces Andi of his \"job\". Andi reacts poorly, but eventually accepts Sam's fate and becomes his third assistant in hunting souls, though her assistance seems more focused on research rather than actual confrontation. In season 2, Andi was promoted to manager of the Work Bench when Ted was fired because of harassing a \"secret shopper\". She was later demoted in \"My Brother's Reaper\", for allowing the Work Bench to be used for a bachelor party.", "Jessica Stroup. Stroup's first acting role was a guest appearance on Unfabulous. Stroup has since appeared in a number of TV shows, such as Grey's Anatomy, October Road, and True Blood. In 2007, Stroup appeared in 4 episodes of Reaper, in which she played the protagonist's ex-girlfriend. She appeared in a number of small independent movie productions, such as Left in Darkness, Pray for Morning, Vampire Bats, and Southern Comfort.", "Melissa McCarthy. In 2007, she starred opposite Ryan Reynolds in the science fantasy psychological thriller The Nines, written and directed by John August. She later starred in the independent comedies The Captain, Just Add Water, and Pretty Ugly People.[23] Also in 2007, McCarthy starred as Dena Stevens on the ABC sitcom Samantha Who?.[24] McCarthy played Samantha's socially awkward childhood best friend, whom Samantha hasn't seen since seventh grade. When Samantha wakes from her coma, Dena convinces Samantha that they have always been best friends. While Andrea eventually forces her to reveal the truth, Samantha still remains friends with Dena.[25] She guest starred in Rita Rocks and on Private Practice.[26] In 2010, McCarthy played supporting roles in films The Back-Up Plan and Life as We Know It.[27]", "Sara Ramirez. While still at Juilliard, Ramirez was discovered by a casting director and was offered the role of Wahzinak in Paul Simon's 1998 Broadway musical The Capeman.[6] Based on the life of the Puerto Rican gangster Salvador Agron, the production garnered negative reviews, but Ramirez was singled out for her \"outstanding\" performance.[7] She made her screen debut in the same year, with a minor yet \"memorable\" role in the romantic comedy You've Got Mail.[8] Starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, the film had Ramirez play Rose, a Zabars cashier who was, \"very serious about her line's cash-only policy.\"[9] Ramirez voiced the titular character of Lammy in the video game UmJammer Lammy, a spin-off of PaRappa the Rapper, on Sony's PlayStation console. She later reprised her role in the latter's sequel for PlayStation 2, but had a smaller role.[10]", "Samantha Jones (Sex and the City). Samantha Jones is a fictional character on the HBO-produced television series Sex and the City and its CW-produced prequel series The Carrie Diaries.[3][4] She is portrayed by actresses Kim Cattrall and Lindsey Gort.[5] Cattrall received a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal.", "Dakota Fanning. Hannah Dakota Fanning (born February 23, 1994)[1] is an American actress and model. She rose to prominence at the age of seven for her performance as Lucy Dawson in the drama film I Am Sam (2001), for which she received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination at age eight, making her the youngest nominee in SAG history.[2] Fanning played major roles in the films Uptown Girls (2003), The Cat in the Hat (2003), Man on Fire (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Dreamer (2005) and Charlotte's Web (2006).", "Oona Chaplin. Since graduating from RADA, Chaplin has acted in mainly British and Spanish short and feature films. She has played alongside her mother in three feature films: Inconceivable, ¿Para qué sirve un oso? and Imago Mortis. Chaplin has also had several supporting roles in British and American television. In 2010, she appeared as a Brazilian cage dancer in ITV's Married Single Other (2010), followed by roles as the wife of one of the main characters, Hector Madden, in the BBC period drama The Hour (2011–2012), as Dr. John Watson's girlfriend in an episode of BBC's Sherlock (2012) and as Talisa Maegyr in HBO's Game of Thrones (2012–2013).", "Melissa McCarthy. She began appearing in television and films in the late 1990s, and first gained nationwide recognition for her role as Sookie St. James on the television series Gilmore Girls (2000–2007). She played Dena on the ABC sitcom Samantha Who? (2007–2009), before starring as Molly Flynn on the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly (2010–2016), the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, as well as two other nominations during subsequent seasons.[2] She has also been nominated five times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her five appearances as a host on Saturday Night Live, eventually winning in 2017.", "List of Supernatural characters. Jessica Lee Moore, portrayed by Adrianne Palicki, is Sam's girlfriend for two years as of the start of the series. Despite this, she is unaware of his family's strange occupation. Sam planned to ask her to marry him, but she is killed by a demon on Azazel's orders; it was revealed the demon that killed her was the friend who introduced her to Sam, in order to break Sam from his increasingly normal life. Her death then prompts Sam to join Dean on his quest to find their missing father and avenge her. In the days preceding her murder, Sam had received premonitions about it, which he ignored, believing them to be random nightmares. Afterwards, he feels much guilt he did nothing to prevent her murder. Her death is avenged when Sam kills Brady, the demon that killed her.", "Kit Harington. Harington has been dating Game of Thrones co-star Rose Leslie since 2012. They announced their engagement through The Times in September, 2017.[58]", "Wesley Jonathan. Jonathan started his early career acting in the early 1990s and has had two main roles in two series; City Guys as Jamal Grant, and What I Like About You opposite Amanda Bynes and Jennie Garth as Holly's best friend, Gary Thorpe. Jonathan landed his first job in a music video for Melissa Manchester. He then started working on 21 Jump Street.", "Sam Malone. Heather Hundley wrote that the series sends \"double standards\" about promiscuous men and women. Hundley said that Sam is portrayed as heroic.[32] She further wrote that Sam never suffers from consequences of his promiscuity and has been happily single and childless,[32][39] while it portrays Carla Tortelli as a \"nymphomaniac\"[40] who regrets her own promiscuities, which lead to out-of-wedlock pregnancies.[41] She said the series' portrayal of premarital sex is \"negative and unhealthy\", omitting other dangers of promiscuity such as sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.[41] Mark LaFlamme of the Sun Journal called Sam's relationship with Rebecca Howe \"mundane\" and his flirtation with her \"bawdy\".[42]", "Sam Underwood. Underwood married actress Valorie Curry in Summer 2016.[11]", "Being Erica. Dr. Samantha Rachel \"Sam\" Strange (formerly McIntosh) (Joanna Douglas) – Erica's younger sister and a surgeon, Josh's longtime girlfriend and ex-wife albeit briefly, and Lenin's current domestic partner. At the start of the series, Sam appears in conservative, drab clothing whenever she is with Josh. However, as the series progressed, she begins to dress more casually after divorcing him. In Season 1, Sam and Erica are close until Erica attempts to dissuade Sam from marrying Josh five minutes before the wedding. In response, Sam refuses to forgive or talk to Erica for several episodes until she returns to Erica for comfort after separating from Josh. In Season 2, Sam leaves Josh and he eventually files for divorce with her counter-filing in response. She enters into a short-lived affair with Kai Booker but finds new love during the third season with janitor Lenin Crosby at her new hospital. In Season 4, Sam appears unexpectedly at Erica's doorstep, announcing that she is pregnant. She later gives birth to a baby boy she names Leo Crosby in honor of her late brother.", "Sam Malone. According to the 1993 article in People magazine, newspaper columnist Mike Royko chose Diane to be with Sam. Novelist Jackie Collins picked Rebecca. Celebrated personality Zsa Zsa Gabor chose both as Sam's potential partner. Tennis player Martina Navratilova found Sam too good for either of them. Novelist-archaeologist Clive Cussler said Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) was \"Sam's best bet.\"[52]", "Sam McCall. When Monaco originated the role of Sam, her performance was well received by viewers and the network.[8] In 2006, Monaco was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal of Sam.[27] She also co-hosted the Daytime Emmy Awards that same year.[4]", "Jason Morgan and Sam McCall. A replica of Sam's star necklace has been made available for fans to purchase and was described as a fan favorite design.[48] Sam's wedding ring, which formerly belonged to Jason's grandmother, Lila Quartermaine (Anna Lee), also became a best-selling jewelry item and was brought back for consumer purchase due to popular demand.[49]", "Alexandra Holden. On television, Holden appeared in several episodes of Friends as Ross's girlfriend, Elizabeth Stevens (2000), and has had recurring roles on Ally McBeal (2001), Friday Night Lights (2007), Franklin & Bash (2011), and Rizzoli & Isles (2012–14). Other TV credits include: Six Feet Under, Tru Calling, Grey's Anatomy, Private Practice, Cold Case, The Mentalist, Covert Affairs, Bones, NCIS, and CSI. She also appeared in the critically acclaimed miniseries Uprising (2001).", "Sam Malone. Sam's on-screen relationships with Diane and Rebecca were inspired by works about \"mixture of romance and antagonism of two people, [portrayed by Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn], in a competitive situation\".[29][30][31]", "Sam Smith (singer). Since September 2017, Smith admitted in an interview on Ellen that he was in a relationship. Celebrity tabloid media reports have stated Smith is dating actor Brandon Flynn.", "Erin Gray. Gray married Richard Hissong in 1991, and their daughter Samantha was born the same year. Samantha plays Buck Rogers's girlfriend, Maddy, in the pilot episode of James Cawley's Buck Rogers Internet video series.[18]", "Samwell Tarly. Sam joins the Night's Watch in the Great Ranging. Along the journey the party rests at Craster's Keep, where Sam encounters and falls in love with Craster's pregnant daughter-wife Gilly. While camping at the Fist of the First Men, Sam discovers a cache of weapons made from dragonglass. While Sam is out collecting dung for fires, the White Walkers march on the Fist of the First Men. Sam is unable to outrun the army of the dead, but for unknown reasons their leader spares Sam.", "Amanda Tapping. Amanda Tapping (born 28 August 1965) is an English actress and director. She is best known for portraying Samantha Carter in the Canadian–American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis. She also starred as Helen Magnus in the science fiction-fantasy television series Sanctuary.", "Rose Leslie. Leslie began dating Game of Thrones co-star Kit Harington in 2012. They announced their engagement through The Times in September 2017.[44][45][46][47]", "Geordie Shore. Eight new cast members joined for this series: Zahida Allen, Chelsea Barber, Sam Bentham, Sarah Goodhart, Abbie Holborn, Elettra Lamborghini, Billy Phillips and Eve Shannon.[71] Goodhart and Allen both previously appeared on Ex on the Beach, with the former appearing on the third series of the show as the ex-girlfriend of current cast member Marty (before he joined the cast). Lamborghini has also appeared on Super Shore and participated in the fifth season of Gran Hermano VIP, the Spanish version of Celebrity Big Brother.", "Lena Headey. Headey is best known for portraying Cersei Lannister in HBO's hit fantasy series Game of Thrones since 2011, a performance that has earned her three consecutive Emmy award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (2014–16) and a Golden Globe Awards nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2016. In 2017, Headey became one of the highest paid actors on television and could earn up to £2 million per episode of Game of Thrones (based on shared percentages of syndication payments).[2][3] She also played the title character Sarah Connor on Fox's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles and the villainous drug lord Madeline \"Ma-Ma\" Madrigal in Dredd.", "Lena Headey. Headey has been close friends with actress Piper Perabo since they starred together in the 2005 films The Cave and Imagine Me & You.[46] Headey is also good friends with her Game of Thrones co-stars Pedro Pascal and Peter Dinklage, the latter of whom first suggested to producers on Game of Thrones that she be cast as Cersei Lannister.[23]", "Dakota Fanning. In 2001, Fanning was chosen to star opposite Sean Penn in the movie I Am Sam, the story of a mentally challenged man who fights for the custody of his daughter (played by Fanning). Her role in the film made Fanning the youngest person ever to be nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award, being seven years of age at the time.[9] She also won the Best Young Actor/Actress award from the Broadcast Film Critics Association for her performance.[10]" ]

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[ "Saving All My Love for You. \"Saving All My Love for You\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin with arrangement by Gene Page. It was originally a minor hit for Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. in 1978 on their album Marilyn & Billy. A cover of the song was done by American recording artist Whitney Houston, for her debut, self-titled album, which was released on February 14, 1985, by Arista Records. The song was the second single from the album in the United States and third worldwide.", "Marilyn McCoo. She was the first to record \"Saving All My Love for You\" in 1978, later sung by Whitney Houston. The album Marilyn and Billy featured that track as well as a disco hit, \"Shine On Silver Moon\".", "Marilyn McCoo. In 1975, McCoo and Davis left the 5th Dimension and began performing as a duo. Landing a contract with ABC Records, they recorded their 1976 debut album, I Hope We Get to Love in Time. The first single was the title track, which was a mid-chart hit. Their follow up, \"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)\" was an even bigger hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1977. McCoo and Davis were awarded a gold single and a gold album as well as a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. They became the first African American married couple to host a network television series, The Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr. Show, on CBS in summer 1977. They released one more album on ABC in 1978, produced by Frank Wilson and containing the popular ballad \"My Reason To Be\" by songwriters Judy Wieder and John Footman. The pair signed with CBS Records the following year and released their last album as a duo until October 2008 when the pair released The Many Faces of Love, a collection of hit songs from the 1960s and 1970s.", "Marilyn McCoo. McCoo is married to fellow 5th Dimension bandmate Billy Davis Jr. On July 26, 2009, they celebrated their 40th wedding anniversary.[4] The couple shared their story of love and faith in the 2004 book, Up, Up and Away. They continue to perform together in venues around the country. McCoo is a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority. As of January 2010[update] she is Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Los Angeles Mission.[5]", "Marilyn McCoo. Marilyn McCoo (born September 30, 1943) is an American singer, actress, and television presenter, who is best known for being the lead female vocalist in the group The 5th Dimension, as well as hosting the 1980s music countdown series Solid Gold. Since 1969, she has been married to singer Billy Davis, Jr., the founder and co-member of the 5th Dimension.", "Saving All My Love for You. \"Saving All My Love for You\" was written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin during the 1970s and originally recorded with Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. on their LP \"Marilyn and Billy\" (1978).[1] Years later, Masser saw Whitney for the first time when he went into New York City's Sweetwater club, an invitation made by Arista Records president Clive Davis, and she was singing one of his songs, \"The Greatest Love of All\". After her performance, the singer told Masser that the song was one of her favorites and later, Masser was chosen by Arista to produce some tracks for Houston's self-titled debut.[2] After getting the right emotionally vulnerable-tailored take from Houston, the producer guaranteed her that it would become \"a woman's song\", meaning that women will feel a special affinity for the song.[2]", "Saving All My Love for You. After the success of her previous single, \"You Give Good Love\", the label initially didn't think about releasing \"Saving All My Love for You\" as the next single. When Masser heard that another single besides the song was being considered for the next single, he made a friendly wager with Davis during one of Houston's performance at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles. He proposed that if all the women get on their feet when Houston sings \"Saving...\", then Davis would agree that it should be the next single.[2] Ultimately, the song was released as the second single in the United States and third single worldwide.", "Marilyn McCoo. In the early and mid-1960s, McCoo was a member of the Hi-Fi's, who often opened for Ray Charles. She had been invited to join the group by photographer Lamonte McLemore, who would himself join McCoo in the 5th Dimension. Other Hi-Fi members included Harry Elston and Floyd Butler, who would go on to form the Friends of Distinction. She met Billy Davis, Jr. in 1966 when he established the 5th Dimension, then called The Versatiles, which would also include Ron Townson and Florence LaRue. The group's first big hit was with 1967's \"Up, Up and Away\", written by Jimmy Webb. The song won four 1968 Grammy Awards and was the title track to 5th Dimension's first hit LP. A year later the group recorded Laura Nyro's \"Stoned Soul Picnic\". A medley of \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" (from the musical Hair) reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in April to May 1969 and won the Grammy for 'Record of the Year'. The group's recording of another Nyro composition, \"Wedding Bell Blues\", featuring McCoo's most prominent vocal of that period, topped the Hot 100 in November 1969.", "You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show). \"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)\" is a song by the husband/wife duo of Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr., former members of the vocal group The 5th Dimension. Released from their album, I Hope We Get to Love in Time, it became a crossover success, spending six months on the charts and soaring to number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot Soul Singles charts during late 1976 and early 1977.[1] The song also reached #6 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart and #7 on the UK Singles Chart.[2] It would eventually be certified gold, selling over one million copies, and winning them a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.", "Marilyn McCoo. McCoo and Davis are born again Christians.[6]", "Marilyn McCoo. By the early 1970s, McCoo began to sing lead on the group's remaining chart-topping singles, \"One Less Bell to Answer\", \"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\", and \"If I Could Reach You\".", "Sealed with a Kiss. A third Top 40 Hot 100 version came in 1972, when Bobby Vinton released a single, reaching No. 19 in the Billboard singles chart.[4] This version also placed high on Billboard's adult contemporary chart. Vinton arranged the song himself, with a modern sound including a unique bongo opening that made the song stand out from the pack. The success of the single led to the release of an album, also titled Sealed With A Kiss that charted as a best seller. This single, which was a follow up to \"Every Day of My Life\" marked a Vinton comeback in 1972, with the artist appearing on American Bandstand and other television shows on the strength of the single. Billboard ranked it as the No. 87 song for 1972.[5] Vinton's recording was used in both the trailer and end credits of the 2007 horror film All the Boys Love Mandy Lane.", "Save Your Kisses for Me. Among many cover versions, country singer Margo Smith had a major hit on the Country charts in 1976, while Bobby Vinton had a Billboard top 100 hit in the same year with his version.[28] Brotherhood of Man themselves have re-recorded the song twice as well as releasing a Spanish version (\"Tus Besos Son Para Mi\") as a single in 1991.[29]", "I Do Love You (Billy Stewart song). \"I Do Love You\" is a song written and performed by Billy Stewart. It reached #6 on the U.S. R&B chart and #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1965.[1] The song was featured on his 1965 album, I Do Love You.[2]", "Whitney Houston (album). After seeing Houston perform in a New York City nightclub, Clive Davis believed the singer had the potential to crossover and be the next big superstar. He signed her in 1983 and the two began work on her debut album. Initially Davis had a hard time finding songs for her. Even after elaborate showcases in New York and Los Angeles, many producers turned down the chance to work with her.[22] During the time, rock bands and dance oriented acts were popular; many songwriters felt Houston's gospel voice didn't fit in the pop landscape. It took a year and a half for Jerry Griffith, then Arista's A&R chief and the one who had recommended Whitney to Davis, and Davis to amass suitable songs for the album.[22] Finally the songwriter-producer Kashif offered to produce \"You Give Good Love\". Jermaine Jackson, who had emerged from the shadow of his younger brother Michael, produced three songs. Narada Michael Walden came in to revise and then produce \"How Will I Know\". And Michael Masser covered the pop side of the tracks, producing four of his own compositions, including \"Saving All My Love for You\" and \"Greatest Love of All\", which had originally been recorded in 1977 by George Benson as \"The Greatest Love of All\" and was the main theme of the boxer Muhammad Ali biopic \"The Greatest\" in the same year. After two years of recording, the album was ready for release. Budgeted at $200,000, it finally cost almost $400,000.[22]", "Saving All My Love for You. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 45, on November 3, 1985. It kept on climbing in the following two weeks, until it peaked at number 6, before dropping to number 8. However, on December 8, 1985, the song reached a new peak of number 5.[24] The song was also a success in Switzerland, peaking at number 5, while in France, the song charted two times in different years. Firstly, the song charted when it was originally released in 1986, debuting at number 50 and peaking at number 11, while in 2012 (after Whitney's death), the song peaked at number 39.[25]", "Marilyn McCoo. McCoo has acted in a number of movies, including Grizzly Adams and the Legend of Dark Mountain (1999), My Mom's a Werewolf (1989) and a number of television movies, often playing herself. She has appeared on stage in productions of Anything Goes, A...My Name is Alice, Man of La Mancha, and the Broadway production of Show Boat in 1995 through 1996. McCoo appeared together with Davis on The Jamie Foxx Show as Fancy's parents, the Monroes. McCoo also guest-starred on a Canadian game show in the 1990s, called Acting Crazy.", "Do You Love Me. After spending some time looking for the Temptations, Gordy ran into the Contours (Billy Gordon, Hubert Johnson, Billy Hoggs, Joe Billingslea, Sylvester Potts, and guitarist Hugh Davis) in the hallway. Wanting to record and release \"Do You Love Me\" as soon as possible, Gordy decided to let them record his \"sure-fire hit\" instead of the Temptations. The Contours, who were in danger of being dropped from the label after their first two singles (\"Whole Lotta' Woman\" and \"The Stretch\") failed to chart, were so elated at Gordy's offer that they immediately began hugging and thanking him.[citation needed]", "Forever Country. The two of them started with songs in mind that had the same tempo and same chord progressions.[5] During the song searching process, a total of 40 songs were considered as potential contenders,[8] most of which were previous CMA Song of the Year winners,[9] or at least been nominated, and songs with universal themes that could sound like a love song to the country genre.[10] Originally, Kahn wanted to incorporate songs like \"Gentle on My Mind\" by Glen Campbell (with \"On the Road Again\") and \"The Gambler\" by Kenny Rogers in one of the original mash-ups. But everybody would keep coming back to \"I Will Always Love You\" by Dolly Parton saying that it was sort of a quintessential song in the country genre.[5][9] But Kahn kept rebuffing the suggestion since his choices of music would not blend together with the song. Even after presenting a demo of a second medley he made that everyone loved, they would still request him to incorporate \"I Will Always Love You\". Kahn did not object to this idea but felt wary as to how a ballad would fit into a mash-up full of movement without making the entire thing a ballad.[5] McAnally was also having a hard time figuring out how the song could blend with any other song since it's such a personal song which to him is a song to just one person. He felt that when the song – which he considers \"sacred\" – is sung over \"Take Me Home, Country Roads,\" it takes on a new life.[9][10] He was worried about approaching Parton to sing on the recording, as he thought that she might see including \"I Will Always Love You\" in a medley might compromise the integrity of the original song.\"[7]", "Saving All My Love for You. The song also became a global hit, hitting number-one or the Top 10 in various countries around the world. In the United Kingdom, the song hit number-one on December 8, 1985, spending two weeks at the top.[21] The single went on to become one of the top 25 best-selling singles of 1985 in the UK, and has since sold 740,000 copies.[22] In 2012, Dan Lane of The Official Charts Company listed \"Houston’s Top 20 Biggest Selling Tracks In The UK To Date\" and \"Saving All My Love for You\" was placed at number 3, only losing to \"I Will Always Love You\" and \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody\".[23]", "I Do Love You (Billy Stewart song). Stewart re-released the song as a single in 1969 which reached #94 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4]", "I Can't Stop Loving You. \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" is a popular song written and composed by country singer, songwriter and musician Don Gibson, who first recorded it on December 30, 1957, for RCA Victor Records. It was released in 1958 as the B-side of \"Oh, Lonesome Me\", becoming a double-sided country hit single. At the time of Gibson's death in 2003, the song had been recorded by more than 700 artists.[2]", "Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes. Following the success of \"One Less Bell to Answer\" featuring Marilyn McCoo as lead vocalist, she was once again chosen to take the reins for the release of the first single, from which the album was named. The single became another Top 20 hit for The 5th. The follow-up single, \"Light Sings\", fared less well, just missing the Top 40. No other singles were issued from this album, as Bell decided to prepare for the group's first 'live' album release instead.", "Saving All My Love for You. Released in 1985, Whitney's version of \"Saving All My Love for You\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 53, jumping to number 39 the following week (August 24), and reaching the Top 10 five weeks later. The single reached the number-one spot the week of October 26, 1985,[18] and would become the first of seven record-setting consecutive number-one singles in the United States for Houston; a record that still holds. The single eventually spent fifteen weeks in the top forty. It also hit the top of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[19] It ranked number 5 on Billboard Year-end Top Black Singles chart.[20]", "I Do Love You (Billy Stewart song). The single ranked #99 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1979.[7]", "I Do Love You (Billy Stewart song). GQ released a version of the song as a single in July 1979 which reached #5 on the U.S. R&B chart and #20 on the Billboard Hot 100.[5] The song was featured on their 1979 album, Disco Nights.[6]", "Saving All My Love for You. The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who picked it as one of the album's highlights and praised her vocals on the song. Whitney also earned her first Grammy Award with the song, on the category Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Commercially, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100, being her first number one on the charts; it also went to number one in the UK and Ireland, and was her first song to chart in those countries. In the United States, it was awarded a Gold certification from the RIAA.", "Saving All My Love for You. The song also caused controversy due to its lyrics about having an affair with a married man. Houston's mother Cissy Houston didn't at all like the scenario described in the lyrics, claiming that the song's message would reflect badly on her daughter. However, Whitney herself confessed, \"I was going through a terrible love affair. He was married, and that will never work out for anybody. Never, no way.\"[8]", "Meredith Willson. Willson wrote a number of very well known songs, such as \"You and I,\" which was a No. 1 for Glenn Miller in 1941 on the Billboard charts. It was also recorded by Bing Crosby, and by Tommy Dorsey with Frank Sinatra on vocals.", "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher. A publishing deal for the song was reached with Brunswick after Chess producer/A&R head, Billy Davis intervened. Writing credits were agreed with Smith, Miner, Jackson and Billy Davis all named. Later, Davis removed his credit and BMI now lists the song as by the three other writers. The Dells' version appeared on their album, \"There Is\" for Chess subsidiary, Cadet the same year.", "Saving All My Love for You. \"Saving All My Love for You\" received positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic picked the song as a highlight on the album, writing that the song \"burns slowly and seductively.\"[9] Dave Heaton of PopMatters praised Whitney for \"singing as 'the other woman', ratcheting up the drama without overdoing it.\"[7] Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail wrote that 'Saving All My Love for You', 'Greatest Love Of All' and 'Hold Me In Your Arms' \"are some of the loveliest pop singing on vinyl since the glory days of Dionne Warwick.\"[10] Sputnikmusic called it \"the sexiest, most romantic song on the record.\"[4] Brad Wete of Vibe called it \"goliath\", writing that the song \"was a fresh serving of precocious talent compared to 1985's mildly flavored R&B bluffet.\"[11] Los Angeles Times praised her vocal performance, writing that, \"it should mean a cinch Grammy nomination.\"[12]", "Don Gibson. In 1957, he journeyed to Nashville to work with producer Chet Atkins and record his self-penned songs \"Oh Lonesome Me\"[1] and \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" for RCA Victor. The afternoon session resulted in a double-sided hit on both the country and pop charts." ]

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[ "Stone (unit). England and other Germanic-speaking countries of northern Europe formerly used various standardised \"stones\" for trade, with their values ranging from about 5 to 40 local pounds (roughly 3 to 15 kg) depending on the location and objects weighed. The United Kingdom's imperial system adopted the wool stone of 14 pounds in 1835. With the advent of metrication, Europe's various \"stones\" were superseded by or adapted to the kilogram from the mid-19th century on. The stone continues in customary use in Britain and Ireland used for measuring body weight, but was prohibited for commercial use in the UK by the Weights and Measures Act of 1985.", "History of measurement. The stone, quarter, hundredweight, and ton were larger units of mass used in Britain. Today only the stone continues in customary use for measuring personal body weight. The present stone is 14 pounds (~6.35 kg), but an earlier unit appears to have been 16 pounds (~7.25 kg). The other units were multiples of 2, 8, and 160 times the stone, or 28, 112, and 2240 pounds (~12.7 kg, 50.8 kg, 1016 kg), respectively. The hundredweight was approximately equal to two talents. The ton of 2240 pounds is called the \"long ton\". The \"short ton\" is equal to 2000 pounds (~907 kg). A tonne (t) is equal to 1000 kg.", "Stone (unit). The use of the stone in the British Empire was varied. In Canada for example, it never had a legal status.[40] Shortly after the United States declared independence, Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State presented a report on weights and measures to the U.S. House of Representatives. Even though all the weights and measures in use in the United States at the time were derived from English weights and measures, his report made no mention of the stone being used. He did, however, propose a decimal system of weights in which his \"[decimal] pound\" would have been 9.375 ounces (265.8 g) and the \"[decimal] stone\" would have been 5.8595 pounds (2.6578 kg).[41]", "Stone (unit). Before the advent of metrication, units called \"stone\" (German: Stein; Dutch: steen; Polish: kamień) were used in many North-Western European countries.[42][43] Its value, usually between 3 and 10 kg, varied from city to city and sometimes from commodity to commodity. The number of local \"pounds\" in a stone also varied from city to city. During the early 19th century, states such as the Netherlands (including Belgium) and the South Western German states, which had redefined their system of measures using the kilogramme des Archives as a reference for weight (mass), also redefined their stone to align it with the kilogram.", "Stone (unit). The stone or stone weight (abbreviation: st.)[1] is an English and imperial unit of mass now equal to 14 pounds (6.35029318 kg).[nb 1]", "Stone (unit). The Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which applied to all of the United Kingdom, consolidated the weights and measures legislation of several centuries into a single document. It revoked the provision that bales of wool should be made up of 20 stones, each of 14 pounds, but made no provision for the continued use of the stone. Ten years later, a stone still varied from 5 pounds (glass) to 8 pounds (meat and fish) to 14 pounds (wool and \"horseman's weight\").[27] However, the Act of 1835 permitted using a stone of 14 pounds for trade[28] but other values remained in use. James Britten, in 1880 for example, catalogued a number of different values of the stone in various British towns and cities, ranging from 4 lb to 26 lb.[29] The value of the stone and associated units of measure that were legalised for purposes of trade were clarified by the Weights and Measures Act 1835 as follows:[28]", "Stone (unit). The stone remains widely used in the UK and Ireland for human body weight: in those countries people may commonly be said to weigh, e.g., \"11 stone 4\" (11 stones and 4 pounds), rather than \"72 kilograms\" as in many other countries, or \"158 pounds\" (the conventional way of expressing the same weight in the US).[38] The correct plural form of stone in this context is stone (as in, \"11 stone\" or \"12 stone 6 pounds\"); in other contexts, the correct plural is stones (as in, \"Please enter your weight in stones and pounds\"). In Australia and New Zealand, metrication has almost entirely displaced stone and pounds since the 1970s.", "Stone (unit). Although the advent of the metric system spelt the demise of the stone as a unit of measure, the stone was used in some early discussions and implementations of the metric system. In his Philosophical essay written in 1668, John Wilkins proposed a system of measure whose unit of length, the standard, was approximately one metre and whose unit of mass was the mass of a cubic standard of rainwater (which would have been approximately 1,000 kg). He proposed that one tenth of this mass (100 kg) should be called a stone.[46][47] In 1791, a few years before the French Revolutionary Government agreed on the metre as the basis of the metric system, Thomas Jefferson, in a report to Congress proposed that the United States should adopt a decimal currency system (which was adopted) and a decimal-based system of measure (which was not adopted).[48] Jefferson's proposal for units of measure included a \"decimal\" pound equal to 9.375 ounces (265.8 g) in the \"customary\" system and a \"decimal\" stone of 10 \"decimal\" pounds or 5.8595 pounds (2.6578 kg).", "Stone (unit). The English stone under law varied by commodity and in practice varied according to local standards. The Assize of Weights and Measures, a statute of uncertain date from c. 1300, describes stones of 5 merchants' pounds used for glass; stones of 8 lb. used for beeswax, sugar, pepper, alum, cumin, almonds,[12] cinnamon, and nutmegs;[13] stones of 12 lb. used for lead; and the London stone of ​12 1⁄2 lb. used for wool.[12][13] In 1350, Edward III issued a new statute defining the stone weight, to be used for wool and \"other Merchandizes\", at 14 pounds,[nb 2] reaffirmed by Henry VII in 1495.[15]", "Stone (unit). The name \"stone\" derives from the use of stones for weights, a practice that dates back into antiquity. The Biblical law against the carrying of \"diverse weights, a large and a small\"[7] is more literally translated as \"you shall not carry a stone and a stone (אבן ואבן), a large and a small\". There was no standardised \"stone\" in the ancient Jewish world,[8] but in Roman times stone weights were crafted to multiples of the Roman pound.[9] Such weights varied in quality: the Yale Medical Library holds 10 and 50-pound examples of polished serpentine,[10] while a 40-pound example at the Eschborn Museum (see right) is made of sandstone.[11]", "Weighing scale. In Egypt, scales can be traced to around 1878 B.C., but their usage probably extends much earlier. Carved stones bearing marks denoting weight and the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for gold have been discovered, which suggests that Egyptian merchants had been using an established system of weight measurement to catalog gold shipments and/or gold mine yields. Although no actual scales from this era have survived, many sets of weighing stones as well as murals depicting the use of balance scales suggest widespread usage.[1] In China, the earliest weighing balance excavated was from a tomb of the State of Chu of the Chinese Warring States Period dating back to the 3rd to 4th century BC in Mount Zuojiagong near Changsha, Hunan. The balance was made of wood and used bronze weights.[16][17]", "Stone (unit). With the adoption of metric units by the agricultural sector, the stone was, in practice, no longer used for trade; and, in the Weights and Measures Act 1985, passed in compliance with EU directive 80/181/EEC,[32] the stone was removed from the list of units permitted for trade in the United Kingdom.[34][35][36] In 1983, in response to the same directive, similar legislation was passed in Ireland.[37] The Act repealed earlier acts that defined the stone as a unit of measure for trade.[36] (British law had previously been silent regarding other uses of the stone.)", "Pound (mass). In the UK, the process of metrication and European units of measurement directives were expected to eliminate the use of the pound and ounce, but in 2007 the European Commission abandoned the requirement for metric-only labelling on packaged goods there, and allowed for dual metric–imperial marking to continue indefinitely.[10][11] When used as a measurement of body weight the UK practice remains to use the stone of 14 pounds as the primary measure e.g. \"11 stone 4 pounds\", rather than \"158 pounds\" (as done in the US),[12] or \"72 kilograms\" as used elsewhere.", "Stone (unit). In many sports in both Britain and Ireland, such as professional boxing, wrestling and horse racing,[39] the stone is used to express body weights.", "Stone (unit). In 1965, the then Federation of British Industry informed the British Government that its members favoured adopting the metric system. The Board of Trade, on behalf of the Government, agreed to support a ten-year metrication programme. There would be minimal legislation, as the programme was to be voluntary and costs were to be borne where they fell.[30] Under the guidance of the Metrication Board, the agricultural product markets achieved a voluntary switchover by 1976.[31] The stone was not included in the Directive 80/181/EEC as a unit of measure that could be used within the EEC for \"economic, public health, public safety or administrative purposes\",[32] though its use as a \"supplementary unit\" was permitted. The scope of the directive was extended to include all aspects of the EU internal market as from 1 January 2010.[33]", "Stone (unit). Before the early 19th century, as in England, the stone varied both with locality and with commodity. For example, the Belfast stone for measuring flax equaled 16.75 avoirdupois pounds.[24]) The most usual value was 14 pounds.[25] Among the oddities related to the use of the stone was the practice in County Clare of a stone of potatoes being 16 lb in the summer and 18 lb in the winter.[25]", "Stone (unit). The Scottish stone was equal to 16 Scottish pounds (17 lb 8 oz avoirdupois or 7.936 kg). In 1661, the Royal Commission of Scotland recommended that the Troy stone be used as a standard of weight and that it be kept in the custody of the burgh of Lanark. The tron (or local) stone of Edinburgh, also standardised in 1661, was 16 tron pounds (24 lb 1 oz avoirdupois or 9.996 kg).[20][21] In 1789, an encyclopedic enumeration of measurements was printed for the use of \"his Majesty's Sheriffs and Stewards Depute, and Justices of Peace, ... and to the Magistrates of the Royal Boroughs of Scotland\" and provided a county-by-county and commodity-by-commodity breakdown of values and conversions for the stone and other measures.[22] The Scots stone ceased to be used for trade when the Act of 1824 established a uniform system of measure across the whole of the United Kingdom, which at that time included all of Ireland.[23]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems. The 1835 Weights and Measures Act tidied up a number of shortcomings in the 1825 Act. In response to representations from traders, the stone and the hundredweight were formally defined as being 14 pounds and 112 pounds respectively and the experiment of defining a \"heaped\" measure as outlined in the 1824 Act was abandoned.[13] Not all trades followed the use of the 14 stone—Britten, in 1880 for example, catalogued a number of different values of the stone in various British towns and cities ranging from 4 lb to 26 lb[15] The 1835 Act also restricted the use of Troy measure to precious metals and required that coal be sold by weight and not by volume.", "Stone (unit). STONE also denotes a certain quantity or weight of some commodities. A stone of beef, in London, is the quantity of eight pounds; in Hertfordshire, twelve pounds; in Scotland sixteen pounds.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems. The definition of units of weight above a pound differed between the customary and the imperial system - the imperial system employed the stone of 14 pounds, the hundredweight of 8 stone[Note 6] and the ton of 2240 pounds (20 hundredweight), while the customary system of units did not employ the stone but has a hundredweight of 100 pounds and a ton of 2000 pounds. In international trade, the ton of 2240 pounds was often referred to as the \"long ton\" and the ton of 2000 pounds as the \"short ton\". When using customary units, it is usual to express body weight in pounds, but when using imperial units, to use stones and pounds.[66]", "Stone (unit). Neither Wilkins' nor Jefferson's proposals were adopted; but, in the Netherlands, where the metric system was adopted in 1817, the pond (pound) was set equal to a kilogram.<ref group=nb>In modern colloquial Dutch, a pond is used as an alternative for 500 grams or half a kg, and the steen (stone), which had previously been 8 Amsterdam pond (3.953 kg), was redefined as being 3 kg.[43]", "Pound (mass). The soualia litra was specifically used for weighing olive oil or wood, and corresponded to 4/5 of the logarikē, i.e. 256 g. Some outlying regions, especially in later times, adopted various local measures, based on Italian, Arab or Turkish measures. The most important of these was the argyrikē litra (αργυρική λίτρα, \"silver pound\") of 333 g, found in Trebizond and Cyprus, and probably of Arab origin.[34]", "Weighing scale. The balance scale is such a simple device that its usage likely far predates the evidence. What has allowed archaeologists to link artifacts to weighing scales are the stones for determining absolute weight. The balance scale itself was probably used to determine relative weight long before absolute weight.[10]", "History of measurement. The grain was the earliest unit of mass and is the smallest unit in the apothecary, avoirdupois, Tower, and troy systems. The early unit was a grain of wheat or barleycorn used to weigh the precious metals silver and gold. Larger units preserved in stone standards were developed that were used as both units of mass and of monetary currency. The pound was derived from the mina used by ancient civilizations. A smaller unit was the shekel, and a larger unit was the talent. The magnitude of these units varied from place to place. The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent. The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pound) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina. The troy pound (~373.2 g) used in England and the United States for monetary purposes, like the Roman pound, was divided into 12 ounces, but the Roman uncia (ounce) was smaller. The carat is a unit for measuring gemstones that had its origin in the carob seed, which later was standardized at 1/144 ounce and then 0.2 gram.", "Indian units of measurement. 20 CWT = 1 Ton avoirdupois = 40 Bushel = 160 Stones\n4 Stones = 1 Bushel = 56 Pound\n1 hundredweight (cwt) = 112 Pound = 2 Bushel + 8 Stones\n14 Pounds avoirdupois = 1 Stone avoirdupois\n16 Ounces avoirdupois = 1 Pound avoirdupois", "Ceratonia siliqua. The unit \"carat\", used for weighing precious metal and stones, also comes from κεράτιον, as alluding to an ancient practice of weighing gold and gemstones against the seeds of the carob tree by people in the Middle East. The system was eventually standardized, and one carat was fixed at 0.2 grams.", "Measurement. One device for measuring weight or mass is called a weighing scale or, often, simply a scale. A spring scale measures force but not mass, a balance compares weight, both require a gravitational field to operate. Some of the most accurate instruments for measuring weight or mass are based on load cells with a digital read-out, but require a gravitational field to function and would not work in free fall.", "History of measurement. Early Babylonian and Egyptian records and the Hebrew Bible indicate that length was first measured with the forearm, hand, or finger and that time was measured by the periods of the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies. When it was necessary to compare the capacities of containers such as gourds or clay or metal vessels, they were filled with plant seeds which were then counted to measure the volumes. When means for weighing were invented, seeds and stones served as standards. For instance, the carat, still used as a unit for gems, was derived from the carob seed.", "Weights and Measures Acts (UK). Also loads of lead consist of thirty fotmals, and each fotmal contains six stones minus two pounds. And each stone consists of twelve pounds, and each pound consists of twenty-five shillings in weight. The sum of the pounds in the fotmal is 70. The sum of the stones in the Load is 175 stones and is proved by six times thirty which is nine score (180) except for each fotmal subract two pounds multiplied as before (x30) which is 60 pounds constituting five stones. So there are in the load 175 stones. But according to some others the load consists of 12 Weys and this is according to troni weight, Wey for both lead and wool linen tallow cheese weighs 14 stones.", "Weight. Weight is commonly measured using one of two methods. A spring scale or hydraulic or pneumatic scale measures local weight, the local force of gravity on the object (strictly apparent weight force). Since the local force of gravity can vary by up to 0.5% at different locations, spring scales will measure slightly different weights for the same object (the same mass) at different locations. To standardize weights, scales are always calibrated to read the weight an object would have at a nominal standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2 (approx. 32.174 ft/s2). However, this calibration is done at the factory. When the scale is moved to another location on Earth, the force of gravity will be different, causing a slight error. So to be highly accurate, and legal for commerce, spring scales must be re-calibrated at the location at which they will be used.", "Stone (unit). In England, merchants traditionally sold potatoes in half-stone increments of 7 pounds. Live animals were weighed in stones of 14 lb; but, once slaughtered, their carcasses were weighed in stones of 8 lb. Thus, if the animal's carcass accounted for ​8⁄14 of the animal's weight, the butcher could return the dressed carcasses to the animal's owner stone for stone, keeping the offal, blood and hide as his due for slaughtering and dressing the animal.[17] Smithfield market continued to use the 8 lb stone for meat until shortly before the Second World War.[18] The Oxford English Dictionary also lists:[19]", "Weighing scale. The oldest evidence for the existence of weighing scales dates to c. 2400–1800 B.C. in the Indus River valley (modern-day Pakistan). Prior to that, no banking was performed due to lack of scales. Uniform, polished stone cubes discovered in early settlements were probably used as weight-setting stones in balance scales. Although the cubes bear no markings, their weights are multiples of a common denominator. The cubes are made of many different kinds of stones with varying densities. Clearly their weight, not their size or other characteristics, was a factor in sculpting these cubes.[1]" ]

[ 1.5419921875, 0.75390625, 1.4921875, 0.9560546875, -1.37890625, 0.57666015625, 0.9248046875, 0.2313232421875, 0.99462890625, 3.28515625, 3.396484375, -0.82373046875, -1.919921875, -1.0654296875, -0.8583984375, -1.3505859375, 1.4033203125, -0.318115234375, -2.69921875, -2.9140625, -0.81884765625, -3.62109375, -0.94677734375, 0.449462890625, -3.88671875, -0.10064697265625, -3.71484375, -0.26513671875, -3.4453125, -2.19140625, -1.2158203125, 2.32421875 ]

[ "Manna. Manna is from Heaven, according to the Hebrew Bible [31] and to Jesus in the New Testament,[32] but the various identifications of manna are naturalistic. In the Mishnah, manna is treated as a natural but unique substance, \"created during the twilight of the sixth day of Creation\",[33] and ensured to be clean, before it arrives, by the sweeping of the ground by a northern wind and subsequent rains.[34] According to classical rabbinical literature, manna was ground in a heavenly mill for the use of the righteous, but some of it was allocated to the wicked and left for them to grind themselves.[15]", "Manna. Manna (Hebrew: מָן‎ mān, Greek: μάννα; Arabic: المَنّ‎, Persian: گزانگبین‎), sometimes or archaically spelled mana, is an edible substance which, according to the Bible and the Quran,[1] God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert during the forty-year period following the Exodus and prior to the conquest of Canaan.", "Manna. In the Biblical account, the name manna is said to derive from the question man hu, seemingly meaning \"What is it?\";[20] this is perhaps an Aramaic etymology, not a Hebrew one.[17] Man is possibly cognate with the Arabic term man, meaning plant lice, with man hu thus meaning \"this is plant lice\",[17] which fits one widespread modern identification of manna, the crystallized honeydew of certain scale insects.[17][21] In the environment of a desert, such honeydew rapidly dries due to evaporation of its water content, becoming a sticky solid, and later turning whitish, yellowish, or brownish;[17] honeydew of this form is considered a delicacy in the Middle East, and is a good source of carbohydrates.[21] In particular, there is a scale insect that feeds on tamarisk, the Tamarisk manna scale (Trabutina mannipara), which is often considered to be the prime candidate for biblical manna.[22][23]", "Manna. Some scholars have proposed that manna is cognate with the Egyptian term mennu, meaning \"food\",[14] a term that has never been attested to in history. At the turn of the twentieth century, Arabs of the Sinai Peninsula were selling resin from the tamarisk tree as man es-simma, roughly meaning \"heavenly manna\".[15] Tamarisk trees (particularly Tamarix gallica) were once comparatively extensive throughout the southern Sinai, and their resin is similar to wax, melts in the sun, is sweet and aromatic (like honey), and has a dirty-yellow color, fitting somewhat with the Biblical descriptions of manna.[16][17] However, this resin is mostly composed of sugar, so it would be unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition for a population to survive over long periods of time,[16] and it would be very difficult for it to have been compacted into cakes.[17]", "Manna. Some form critics posit conflicting descriptions of manna as derived from different lore, with the description in Numbers being from the Jahwist tradition, and the description in Exodus being from the later Priestly tradition.[28][29] The Babylonian Talmud states that the differences in description were due to the taste varying depending on who ate it, with it tasting like honey for small children, like bread for youths, and like oil for the elderly.[30] Similarly, classical rabbinical literature rectifies the question of whether manna came before or after dew, by holding that the manna was sandwiched between two layers of dew, one falling before the manna, and the other after.[15]", "Manna. According to the Talmud, manna was found near the homes of those with strong belief in God, and far from the homes of those with doubts;[42] indeed, one classical midrash says that manna was intangible to Gentiles, as it would inevitably slip from their hands.[43] The Midrash Tanhuma holds that manna melted, formed liquid streams, was drunk by animals, flavored the animal flesh, and was thus indirectly eaten by Gentiles, this being the only way that Gentiles could taste manna.[44] Despite these hints of uneven distribution, classical rabbinical literature expresses the view that manna fell in very large quantities each day. It holds that manna was layered out over 2,000 cubits square, between 50 and 60 cubits in height, enough to nourish the Israelites for 2,000 years[15] and to be seen from the palaces of every king in the East and West.[45] This is probably a metaphorical statement.", "Manna. In the Hebrew Bible, manna is described twice: once in Exodus 16:1–36 with the full narrative surrounding it, and once again in Numbers 11:1–9 as a part of a separate narrative. In the description in the Book of Exodus, manna is described as being \"a fine, flake-like thing\" like the frost on the ground.[3] It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night.[4] Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color,[3] similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun,[5] and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color.[6] Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium,[7] adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes, which were then baked, resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil.[8] Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey.[6] The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day. Stored manna \"bred worms and stank\":[9] the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath (Preparation Day), when twice the amount of manna was gathered. This manna did not spoil overnight, because, Exodus 16:23–24 states:", "Manna. In the Bread of Life Discourse in John's Gospel, the evangelist refers three times to the manna which the Jews' ancestors ate in the desert: the Jews refer to the manna given to them by Moses as a sign of God's promised covenant, and Jesus asserts that the manna was from God and not from Moses, and that the people who ate it were nourished on their journey but ultimately died. In contrast, according to the gospel, Jesus offered living bread, and whoever ate this bread would never die.[11]", "Manna. Exodus states that the Israelites consumed the manna for forty years, starting from the fifteenth day of the second month (Iyar 15),[52] but that it then ceased to appear once they had reached a settled land, and once they had reached the borders of Canaan (inhabited by the Canaanites).[53] Form critics attribute this variation to the view that each expression of the manna ceasing derives from different lore; the \"settled land\" is attributed to the Priestly tradition,[17][51] and \"Canaan's borders\" to the Yahwist tradition, or to a hypothetical later redaction to synchronize the account with that of the Book of Joshua,[17][51] which states that the manna ceased to appear on the day after the annual Passover festival (Nisan 14), when the Israelites had reached Gilgal.[54] The duration from Iyar 15 to Nisan 14, taken literally, is forty years less one month.", "Manna. Many Christian vegetarians say that God had originally intended man would not eat meat because plants cannot move and killing them would not be sinful: manna, a nonmeat substance, is used to support this theory.[37] Further, when the people complained and wished for quail, God gave it to them, but they apparently still complained and some greedily gathered the quail. \"While the meat was still between their teeth, before it was chewed, the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people.\"[38]", "Manna. Despite the eventual termination of the supply of manna, Exodus states that a small amount of it survived within an omer-sized pot or jar, which was kept facing the Testimony (possibly, adjacent to the Ark of the Covenant);[56] it indicates that God instructed this of Moses, who delegated it to Aaron.[57] The Epistle to the Hebrews states that the pot was stored inside the Ark.[58] Classical rabbinical sources believe the pot was made of gold; some say it was only there for the generation following Moses, and others that it survived at least until the time of Jeremiah.[15] However, the First Book of Kings states that it was absent earlier than Jeremiah, during Solomon's reign in the tenth century B.C.[59] Form critics attribute the mention of the pot to the Priestly tradition, concluding that the pot existed in the early sixth century B.C.[51]", "Manna. Until they reached Canaan, the Israelites are implied by some passages in the Bible to have eaten only manna during their desert sojourn,[35] despite the availability of milk and meat from the livestock with which they traveled, and the references to provisions of fine flour, oil, and meat, in parts of the journey's narrative.[15]", "Manna. In a modern botanical context, manna is often used to refer to the secretions of various plants, especially of certain shrubs and trees, and in particular the sugars obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash, extracted by making small cuts in the bark.[64] The manna ash, native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, produces a blue-green sap, which has medicinal value as a mild laxative,[65] demulcent, and weak expectorant.[63]", "Manna. The word mana appears three times in the Qurʾān, in Quran 2:57, 7:160 and 20:80.[12] It is narrated in the hadith Sahih Muslim that the Prophet Mohammad said \"Truffles are part of the 'manna' which Allah sent to the people of Israel through Moses, and its juice is a medicine for the eye.\"[13]", "Manna. Another type is turkey oak manna, also called Persian gezengevi- gezo, men, Turkish Kudret helvasi, man-es-simma, also Diarbekir manna, or Kurdish manna. It is formed by aphids and appears white. It was common in western Iran, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey. When dried it forms into crystalline lumps which are hard and look like stone. They are pounded before inclusion in breads.[24]", "Manna. As a natural food substance, manna would produce waste products; but in classical rabbinical literature, as a supernatural substance, it was held that manna produced no waste, resulting in no defecation among the Israelites until several decades later, when the manna had ceased to fall.[36] Modern medical science suggests the lack of defecation over such a long period of time would cause severe bowel problems, especially when other food later began to be consumed again. Classical rabbinical writers say that the Israelites complained about the lack of defecation, and were concerned about potential bowel problems.[36]", "Manna. Food was not manna's only use; one classical rabbinical source states that the fragrant odor of manna was used in an Israelite perfume.[15]", "Manna. Other minority identifications of manna are that it was a kosher species of locust,[27] or that it was the sap of certain succulent plants (such as those of the genus Alhagi, which have an appetite-suppressing effect).", "Manna. Other researchers have believed manna to be a form of lichen - a plant colony that often has a low mass per unit volume density and a large \"sail area.\" In particular, Lecanora esculenta has been postulated. Known natural aerial falls of various lichens have been described as occurring in accounts separate from that in the bible. \"In some parts of Asia Lecanora esculenta covers the soil to such a degree that, according to Parrot, it forms beds 15 to 20 centimetres thick.\"[18][19]", "Manna. By extension, \"manna\" has been used to refer to any divine or spiritual nourishment.", "Manna. Exodus says each day one omer of manna was gathered per family member (about 3.64 litres),[39] and may imply this was regardless of how much effort was put into gathering it;[40] a midrash attributed to Rabbi Tanhuma remarks that although some were diligent enough to go into the fields to gather manna, others just lay down lazily and caught it with their outstretched hands.[41] The Talmud states that this factor was used to solve disputes about the ownership of slaves, since the number of omers of manna each household could gather would indicate how many people were legitimately part of the household;[42] the omers of manna for stolen slaves could be gathered only by legitimate owners, and therefore legitimate owners would have spare omers of manna.[42]", "Manna. According to Exodus, Shabbat (Sabbath) was reinstituted the first week manna appeared.[46] It states that twice as much manna as usual was available on the sixth morning of the week, and none at all could be found on the seventh day;[47] although manna usually rotted and became maggot-infested after a single night,[9] that which had been collected on the sixth day remained fresh until the second night.[48] Moses stated that the double portion of Preparation Day was to be consumed on Shabbat;[46] and that God instructed him that no one should leave his place on Shabbat,[49] so that the people could rest during it.[50]", "Manna. There is also a disagreement among classical rabbinical writers as to when the manna ceased, particularly in regard to whether it remained after the death of Moses for a further forty days, seventy days, or fourteen years;[55] indeed, according to Joshua ben Levi, the manna ceased to appear at the moment that Moses died.[15]", "Manna. The names of both the sugar mannose and its hydrogenated sugar alcohol, mannitol, are derived from manna.[66]", "Manna. Form critics regard this part of the manna narrative to be spliced together from the Yahwist and Priestly traditions, with the Yahwist tradition emphasizing rest during Shabbat, while the Priestly tradition merely states that Shabbat exists, implying that the meaning of \"Shabbat\" was already known.[17][51] These critics regard this part of the manna narrative as an etiological supernature story designed to explain the origin of Shabbat observance, which in reality was probably pre-Mosaic.[17]", "Manna. At the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari, Italy, there is an annual ceremony of collecting a clear liquid from the tomb of Saint Nicholas;[60] legend credits the pleasant perfume of this liquid with warding off evil, and it is sold to pilgrims as \"the Manna of Saint Nicholas\".[61] The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbor, and the tomb is below sea level, there are several natural explanations for the manna fluid, including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action.[62]", "Manna. In the seventeenth century, a woman marketed a clear, tasteless product as a cosmetic, \"the Manna of Saint Nicholas of Bari\". After the deaths of some 600 men, Italian authorities discovered that the alleged cosmetic was a preparation of arsenic, used by their wives.[63]", "Manna. A number of ethnomycologists, including Terence McKenna,[25] have suggested that most characteristics of manna are similar to that of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, notorious breeding grounds for insects, which decompose rapidly. These peculiar fungi naturally produce a number of molecules that resemble human neurochemicals, and first appear as small fibres (mycelia) that resemble hoarfrost. Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive molecule in the \"Psilocybe cubensis\" mushroom, has been shown to produce spiritual experiences, with \"personal meaning and spiritual significance\" when test subjects were evaluated 14 months later.[26]", "Manna. This is what the Lord commanded: \"Tomorrow is to be a day of rest, a holy Sabbath to the Lord. So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil. Save whatever is left and keep it until morning.\" So they saved it until morning, as Moses commanded, and it did not stink or get maggots in it.[10]", "Holy Spirit. Early 14th-century Birds' Head Haggadah: two hands of God appear underneath the text of the Dayenu song, dispensing the manna from heaven[19]", "How Great Thou Art. The Manna Music version of the song was popularised as the “signature song” of the 1950s Billy Graham Crusades.[43] It was popularized by George Beverly Shea and Cliff Barrows during Billy Graham crusades.[1] According to Ireland:", "Manna. Robert Nozick references \"manna from heaven\" in a thought experiment about distributive justice.[67]" ]

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[ "Stephen Colbert. Colbert appeared in several recurring segments for The Daily Show, including \"Even Stevphen\" with Steve Carell,[46] in which both characters were expected to debate a selected topic but instead would unleash their anger at one another. Colbert commonly hosted \"This Week in God\", a report on topics in the news pertaining to religion, presented with the help of the \"God Machine\". Colbert filed reports from the floor of the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention as a part of The Daily Show's award-winning coverage of the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections; many from the latter were included as part of their The Daily Show: Indecision 2004 DVD release. Other pieces that have been named as his signature segments include \"Grouse Hunting in Shropshire\", in which he reported on the \"gayness\" of British aristocracy, his mock lionization of a smoking-rights activist and apparent chain-smoker, and his cameo appearances during his faux campaign for President.[47] In several episodes of The Daily Show, Colbert filled in as anchor in the absence of Jon Stewart, including the full week of March 3, 2002, when Stewart was scheduled to host Saturday Night Live. After Colbert left the show, Rob Corddry took over \"This Week in God\" segments, although a recorded sample of Colbert's voice is still used as the sound effect for the God Machine. Later episodes of The Daily Show have reused older Colbert segments under the label \"Klassic Kolbert\". Colbert won three Emmys as a writer of The Daily Show in 2004, 2005, and 2006.[48]", "Bob Costas. In June 2013, Costas provided the voice of \"God\" in the Monty Python musical Spamalot at The Muny Repertory in St. Louis.", "Brian Stack. Stack left Conan to take a job on the writing staff of the CBS series Late Show following fellow Second City alumnus Stephen Colbert's assumption of that show's hosting duties following the departure of David Letterman. The job would have Stack moving back to New York, where Stack had previously worked on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.[1] He voices both the characters of \"Cartoon Donald Trump\" and \"God\" on the show.", "John Lithgow. In 2011, he performed a dramatic reading of a Newt Gingrich press release on The Colbert Report[34] and made a call to Colbert's annual Atone Phone \"by mistake.\"[35] He also voiced a South Carolina TV ad for Colbert Super PAC humorously attacking Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney.[36]", "Stephen Colbert. In January 2010, Colbert received the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his album A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. He also announced the nominees for Song of the Year while toting a pre-released Apple iPad.[173] Colbert was the 2011 commencement speaker for Northwestern University, and received an honorary degree.[174] In 2013, Colbert again won the Emmy award for writing for The Colbert Report.[175][176][177] In 2014, Colbert won the 2014 Best Spoken Word Album for his audiobook America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren't.[178][179]", "Stephen Colbert. Stephen Tyrone Colbert[1] (/koʊlˈbɛər/, formerly /ˈkoʊlbərt/;[2] born May 13, 1964)[3] is an American comedian, television host, actor, and writer. He is best known for hosting the satirical Comedy Central program The Colbert Report from 2005 to 2014, and hosting the CBS talk program The Late Show with Stephen Colbert beginning in September 2015.[4][5][6]", "Stephen Colbert. Colbert was born in Washington, D.C.,[2][9] the youngest of 11 children in a Catholic family.[10][11]", "Keith David. His Emmy Award-winning voice-over career includes work as the narrator of numerous Ken Burns films such as The War. Characters that he has voiced include the Arbiter Thel 'Vadam in Halo 2, Halo 3 and Halo 5, Goliath on the Disney series Gargoyles, Spawn/Al Simmons on Todd McFarlane's Spawn which aired on HBO, David Anderson in the Mass Effect series, the Decepticon Barricade in Transformers: The Game, Julius Little in Saints Row, Saints Row 2, and Saints Row IV (as well as making a major guest appearance in the last game voicing himself), Sgt. Foley in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Dr. Facilier in The Princess and the Frog, the Flame King in Adventure Time, the President of the United States in Rick and Morty and Chaos in the English versions of Dissidia Final Fantasy, Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy and Solovar in The Flash.", "Jim Parsons. Parsons received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 11, 2015.[28] He voiced Oh, one of the lead roles in the DreamWorks Animation comedy film Home (2015), alongside Rihanna.[29] On January 29, 2015, it was announced that Parsons would star as God in the Broadway production of An Act of God, a new play by David Javerbaum and directed by Joe Mantello.[30] The play began previews at Studio 54 on May 5, 2015[31] and closing August 2, 2015, to positive reviews.[32]", "Toby Keith. Keith received the \"Colbert Bump\" when he appeared on Comedy Central's The Colbert Report. He holds the distinction of being the only musical artist to have received a five star rating from Stephen Colbert on iTunes. Keith furthered this connection when he appeared in Colbert's 2008 Christmas special as a hunter. Keith also made an appearance as a musical guest on the October 27, 2011 episode of the Colbert Report.", "Stephen Colbert. Although, by his own account, he was not particularly political before joining the cast of The Daily Show, Colbert has described himself as a Democrat according to a 2004 interview.[139][140] In an interview at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard Institute of Politics, he stated that he has \"no problems with Republicans, just Republican policies\".[141] Colbert is a practicing Roman Catholic and used to teach Sunday school. He is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church Monastery.[15][142][143][144][145]", "Feist (singer). Feist was on the cover of the Spring 2008 edition of Naked Eye. On 28 April, Feist was interviewed by Stephen Colbert. At the end of the show she performed \"I Feel It All,\" while Colbert donned Feist's blue, sequined, strapless jumpsuit from the \"1234\" video. Feist joined Colbert again on his first-ever Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, which first aired on 23 November 2008. She played an angel working for Heaven's overloaded phone (prayer) service. She also accompanied the Disko Bay Expedition of Cape Farewell.[32] On 20 October 2008, she told The Canadian Press that, following the success of her last album, The Reminder, she felt she needed to step away from the pressures of the music industry to consider her next career move and \"rest for a minute\".[33]", "Stephen Colbert. Much of Colbert's personal life was reflected in his character on The Colbert Report. With the extended exposure of the character on the show, he often referenced his interest in and knowledge of Catholicism, science fiction, and The Lord of the Rings, as well as using real facts to create his character's history. His alternate persona was also raised in South Carolina, is the youngest of 11 siblings and is married.[55] The actual Colbert's career history in acting and comedy, however, was often downplayed or even denied outright, and he frequently referred to having attended Dartmouth College (which was at the forefront of the conservative campus movement in the 1980s) rather than his actual alma mater, Northwestern. In July 2012, Colbert added two years to his contract with Comedy Central, extending the run of The Colbert Report until the end of 2014.[56]", "Stephen Colbert. Colbert appeared in a small supporting role in the 2005 film adaptation of Bewitched. He has made guest appearances on the television series Curb Your Enthusiasm, Spin City, and Law & Order: Criminal Intent,[107] and on the first season of the US improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He voiced the characters of Reducto and Phil Ken Sebben in the Adult Swim's Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, but left the show in 2005 to work on The Colbert Report. His characters were both killed, though he returned to voice Phil for the series finale. Colbert also has provided voices for Cartoon Network's The Venture Bros., Comedy Central's Crank Yankers, and American Dad!, and for Canadian animated comedy series The Wrong Coast. He appeared as Homer Simpson's life coach, Colby Krause, in The Simpsons episode \"He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs\".[108][109]", "Lee Majors. Majors appeared in the role of God in \"Jim Almighty\" a 2007 episode of According to Jim. He would later return to the role in that show's 2009 series finale, \"Heaven Opposed to Hell\". Also in 2008, Majors played a member of the Minutemen (dedicated to preventing illegal border crossings) in season four of the Showtime series Weeds, where he recruits Kevin Nealon's character. Majors reprised his role (voice only) as Col. Steve Austin in the \"Bionic Woman\" segment of the Robot Chicken season four episode \"Love, Maurice\" (2009).", "Spamalot. When asked by a Las Vegas Review-Journal reporter in 2008 if he had to be persuaded to provide the recorded voice of God in the musical, John Cleese said, \"Yeah, that's right. And in the end I think Spamalot turned out splendidly. It's had a tremendous run. I defy anyone to go and not have a really fun evening. It's the silliest thing I’ve ever seen and I think Eric did a great job.\"[43]", "Stephen Colbert. Among comedians who say they were influenced by Colbert are Rob Corddry,[44] Ed Helms,[44] Aasif Mandvi,[45] Nathan Fielder,[135] Mindy Kaling,[136] Billy Eichner,[137] and James Corden.[138]", "French Stewart. Major motion picture credits for French Stewart include his film debut on Stargate (1994) as Lieutenant Ferretti, followed by Leaving Las Vegas (1995), The Poison Tasters (1995), Magic Island (1995) Glory Daze (1996), McHale's Navy (1997), Love Stinks (1999), Clockstoppers (2002) as Earl Doppler and Wedding Daze as Nathan Bennett IV. Animated credits include the voice of Bob on the short-lived animated series God, the Devil and Bob (2000), and Disney's animated series Hercules (1998) as Icarus. Since the end of 3rd Rock in 2001, Stewart has appeared in a number of minor roles, mainly in situation comedies such as Just Shoot Me!, Becker, The Drew Carey Show, Less Than Perfect and That '70s Show (from the same creators as 3rd Rock from the Sun) He also starred in the WB show Charmed as a genie at the end of season 2. He has starred in comedy films, with major roles in the direct-to-video films Home Alone 4 (2002) and Inspector Gadget 2 (2003). He also appeared as a guest star in the TV show, Phineas and Ferb, in the episode \"Run Away Runway\" as the fashion designer, Gaston Le Mode (2008).", "The Colbert Report. Colbert on the character[40]", "The Colbert Report. As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character,[7] allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\" The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\"[1] Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\"[6] He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument.[19] Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program.[47] In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life.[47] In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which became increasingly long and humorous as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France.[48]", "Patton Oswalt. Patton Peter Oswalt (born January 27, 1969) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and writer, known for roles such as Spencer Olchin in the sitcom The King of Queens (1998–2007), voicing Remy in the film Ratatouille (2007), playing multiple identical brothers, the Koenigs, on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2014–17), and male Jesse in both seasons of Minecraft: Story Mode. Oswalt has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his Netflix stand-up special Patton Oswalt: Talking for Clapping (2016).", "James Earl Jones. He also has done the CNN tagline, \"This is CNN\", as well as \"This is CNN International\", and the opening for CNN's morning show New Day. Jones was also a longtime spokesman for Bell Atlantic and later Verizon. He also lent his voice to the opening for NBC's coverage of the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics; \"the Big PI in the Sky\" (God) in the computer game Under a Killing Moon; a Claymation film, The Creation; and several other guest spots on The Simpsons. Jones also lent his voice for a narrative part in the Adam Sandler comedy Click, released in June 2006. Jones narrated all 27 books of the New Testament in the audiobook James Earl Jones Reads the Bible.[41]", "Don Novello. On June 23, 2010, he appeared on The Colbert Report as Father Guido Sarducci.", "Stephen Colbert. Colbert has been nominated for five TCA Awards for The Colbert Report by the Television Critics Association. He has also received two Peabody Awards.", "Stephen Colbert. Though Colbert's real-life presidential campaign had ended, Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada established in an interview on The Colbert Report that Colbert's campaign was still going strong in the fictional Marvel Universe, citing the cover art of a then-recent issue of The Amazing Spider-Man which featured a Colbert campaign billboard in the background. Background appearances of Colbert campaign ads continued to appear in Marvel Comics publications, as late as August 2008's Secret Invasion No. 5 (which also features a cameo of an alien Skrull posing as Colbert). In October 2008, Colbert made an extended 8-page appearance webslinging with Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man issue No. 573.[87] Colbert voiced the president of the U.S. in the 2009 film Monsters vs. Aliens.", "Stephen Colbert. Colbert has won nine Primetime Emmy Awards, two Grammy Awards, and two Peabody Awards. Colbert was named one of Time's 100 Most Influential People in 2006, and 2012.[7][8] Colbert's book, I Am America (And So Can You!), listed #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2007.", "Satire. Stephen Colbert's television program, The Colbert Report (2005–14), is instructive in the methods of contemporary American satire. Colbert's character is an opinionated and self-righteous commentator who, in his TV interviews, interrupts people, points and wags his finger at them, and \"unwittingly\" uses a number of logical fallacies. In doing so, he demonstrates the principle of modern American political satire: the ridicule of the actions of politicians and other public figures by taking all their statements and purported beliefs to their furthest (supposedly) logical conclusion, thus revealing their perceived hypocrisy or absurdity.", "The Prince of Egypt. The task of creating God's voice was given to Lon Bender and the team working with the film's music composer, Hans Zimmer.[18] \"The challenge with that voice was to try to evolve it into something that had not been heard before,\" says Bender. \"We did a lot of research into the voices that had been used for past Hollywood movies as well as for radio shows, and we were trying to create something that had never been previously heard not only from a casting standpoint but from a voice manipulation standpoint as well. The solution was to use the voice of actor Val Kilmer to suggest the kind of voice we hear inside our own heads in our everyday lives, as opposed to the larger than life tones with which God has been endowed in prior cinematic incarnations.\"[18]", "Stephen Colbert. In interviews, Colbert has described his parents as devout people who also strongly valued intellectualism and taught their children that it was possible to question the church and still be Catholic.[15] The emphasis his family placed on intelligence and his observation of negative stereotypes of Southerners led Colbert to train himself to suppress his Southern accent while he was still quite young.", "Keith David. Keith David Williams (born June 4, 1956), known professionally as Keith David, is an American film and television actor, voice actor, singer and comedian. He is known for his co-starring role as Childs alongside Kurt Russell in John Carpenter's The Thing. He has acted in many mainstream films, such as Crash, There's Something About Mary, Barbershop, and Men at Work.", "PewDiePie. In July 2015, PewDiePie was announced as a voice actor in the Vimeo fantasy series, Oscar's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures.[210] In October, PewDiePie appeared as a guest on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[211]", "The Colbert Report. The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\",[41] portrayed by his real-life namesake. The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\".[42][43] To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\"[1] O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\".[18][43] He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown.[18] In addition, the character was also heavily inspired by Stone Phillips, Bill Kurtis and \"especially\" Geraldo Rivera. \"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012.[1]" ]

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[ "Kentucky. The Ohio River forms the northern border of Kentucky.", "Kentucky. Kentucky's northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792 but some parts of the river have deviated since then. For instance, northbound travelers on U.S. 41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles (3.2 km). Ellis Park, a thoroughbred racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the only land border between Indiana and Kentucky.[14]", "Ohio. Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.[30] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.", "Kentucky. Kentucky is the only U.S. state to have a continuous border of rivers running along three of its sides—the Mississippi River to the west, the Ohio River to the north, and the Big Sandy River and Tug Fork to the east.[23] Its major internal rivers include the Kentucky River, Tennessee River, Cumberland River, Green River and Licking River.", "Kentucky River. The Kentucky River is formed in eastern Kentucky at Beattyville, in Lee County, by the confluence of the North, Middle and South Forks at about 670 feet (200 m) elevation, and flows generally northwest, in a highly meandering course through the mountains, through the Daniel Boone National Forest, then past Irvine and Boonesborough, then southwest, passing south of Lexington, then north through Frankfort. It joins the Ohio at Carrollton.", "Kentucky. Kentucky has a non-contiguous part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, and is included in the boundaries of Fulton County. Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River (populated by only 18 people as of 2010)[15] requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, even causing the river to flow backwards in some places. Though the series of quakes did change the area geologically and affect the (small number of) inhabitants of the area at the time, the Kentucky Bend was formed because of a surveying error, not the New Madrid earthquake.[16]", "Kentucky River. The North Fork Kentucky River is approximately 168 miles (270 km) long.[1] It rises on the western side of Pine Mountain, in the Appalachians of extreme southeastern Kentucky, in eastern Letcher County near the Virginia state line in Payne Gap, near the intersection of US 23 and US 119. It flows generally northwest, in a winding course through the mountainous Cumberland Plateau, past Whitesburg, Hazard and Jackson. It receives Rockhouse Creek at Blackey near its source. Approximately 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Hazard, it receives the Carr Fork. It receives Troublesome Creek at Haddix, southeast of Jackson. Three miles upstream from its confluence with the South Fork, it receives the Middle Fork. It joins the South Fork to form the Kentucky at Beattyville.", "Kentucky. Kentucky has more navigable miles of water than any other state in the union, other than Alaska.[22]", "Kentucky. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast. West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more.", "Kentucky River. The Kentucky River is a tributary of the Ohio River, 260 miles (418 km) long,[1] in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. The river and its tributaries drain much of the central region of the state, with its upper course passing through the coal-mining regions of the Cumberland Mountains, and its lower course passing through the Bluegrass region in the north central part of the state. Its watershed encompasses about 7,000 square miles (18,000 km2). It supplies drinking water to about one-sixth of the population of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.", "Kentucky. The Bluegrass region is commonly divided into two regions, the Inner Bluegrass—the encircling 90 miles (145 km) around Lexington—and the Outer Bluegrass—the region that contains most of the northern portion of the state, above the Knobs. Much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills.", "Kentucky. Kentucky (/kənˈtʌki/ ( listen), kən-TUCK-ee), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Although styled as the \"State of Kentucky\" in the law creating it,[5] Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.", "Geography of Indiana. The northern boundary of the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois was originally defined to be a latitudinal line drawn through the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan. Since such a line did not provide Indiana with usable frontage on the lake, its northern border was shifted ten miles (16 km) north when it was granted statehood in 1816.[2]", "Louisville, Kentucky. Louisville is southeasterly situated along the border between Kentucky and Indiana, the Ohio River, in north-central Kentucky at the Falls of the Ohio. Although situated in a Southern state, Louisville is influenced by both Southern and Midwestern culture. It is sometimes referred to as either one of the northernmost Southern cities or as one of the southernmost Northern cities in the United States.[32][33]", "Kentucky. The only natural obstacle along the entire length of the Ohio River is the Falls of the Ohio, located just west of Downtown Louisville.", "Kentucky. Though it has only three major natural lakes,[24] Kentucky is home to many artificial lakes. Kentucky has both the largest artificial lake east of the Mississippi in water volume (Lake Cumberland) and surface area (Kentucky Lake). Kentucky Lake's 2,064 miles (3,322 km) of shoreline, 160,300 acres (64,900 ha) of water surface, and 4,008,000 acre feet (4,944 Gl) of flood storage are the most of any lake in the TVA system.[25]", "Kentucky River. The South Fork Kentucky River is approximately 45 miles (72 km) long.[1] It is formed in Clay County, at the town of Oneida in the Daniel Boone National Forest, approximately 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Manchester, by the confluence of Goose Creek and the Red Bird River. It flows generally north in a highly meandering course through the mountainous Cumberland Plateau region. It joins the North Fork to form the Kentucky at Beattyville.", "Kentucky River. The Middle Fork Kentucky River is a tributary of the North Fork Kentucky River, approximately 105 miles (169 km) long,[1] in southeastern Kentucky. It rises in the Appalachian Mountains in southernmost Leslie County, approximately 16 miles (26 km) from the Virginia state line, and flows north through the Cumberland Plateau past Hyden. At Buckhorn, it is impounded to form the Buckhorn Lake reservoir. North of the reservoir it flows generally northwest and joins the North Fork in Lee County, approximately 5 miles (8 km) east of the confluence of the North and South forks at Beattyville.", "Geography of Indiana. The geography of Indiana comprises the physical features of the land and relative location of U.S. State of Indiana. Indiana is in the north-central United States and borders on Lake Michigan. Surrounding states are Michigan to the north and northeast, Illinois to the west, Kentucky to the south, and Ohio to the east. The entire southern boundary is the Ohio River.", "Kentucky. Kentucky's 90,000 miles (140,000 km) of streams provides one of the most expansive and complex stream systems in the nation.[26]", "Ohio River. The river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River near the city of Cairo, Illinois.", "Ohio River. The Ohio River is a climatic transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical and humid continental climate areas. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates. In winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely farther south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohio's confluence with the Mississippi, it is ice-free year-round. Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio.", "Highland Rim. The Northern Highland Rim is encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border, and the region of Kentucky adjacent to it called the Pennyroyal is in fact largely a continuation of it under another name.", "Kentucky. Kentucky can be divided into five primary regions: the Cumberland Plateau in the east, the north-central Bluegrass region, the south-central and western Pennyroyal Plateau (also known as the Pennyrile or Mississippi Plateau), the Western Coal Fields and the far-west Jackson Purchase.", "Kentucky. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South.[12][13] A significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia.", "Kentucky. Kentucky is known as the \"Bluegrass State\", a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky, which houses two of its major cities, Louisville and Lexington. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park, the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States, and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River.", "Category:Bodies of water of Kentucky. This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total.", "Cumberland River. Near Celina, the river crosses south into Tennessee, where it is joined by the Obey River and Caney Fork. Northeast of Nashville, the river is dammed twice more, forming Cordell Hull Lake and Old Hickory Lake. After flowing through Nashville and picking up the Stones River, the river is dammed to form Cheatham Lake. The river turns northwest toward Clarksville, where it is joined by the Red River, and then flows back into Kentucky at the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, a section of land nestled between Lake Barkley, which is fed by the Cumberland River, and Kentucky Lake. Finally, the river flows north and merges with the Ohio River at Smithland, northeast of Paducah.", "Illinois. Illinois's eastern border with Indiana consists of a north-south line at 87° 31′ 30″ west longitude in Lake Michigan at the north, to the Wabash River in the south above Post Vincennes. The Wabash River continues as the eastern/southeastern border with Indiana until the Wabash enters the Ohio River. This marks the beginning of Illinois's southern border with Kentucky, which runs along the northern shoreline of the Ohio River.[47] Most of the western border with Missouri and Iowa is the Mississippi River; Kaskaskia is an exclave of Illinois, lying west of the Mississippi and reachable only from Missouri. The state's northern border with Wisconsin is fixed at 42° 30' north latitude. The northeastern border of Illinois lies in Lake Michigan, within which Illinois shares a water boundary with the state of Michigan, as well as Wisconsin and Indiana.[26]", "Kentucky. Many of the largest ports in the United States are located in or adjacent to Kentucky, including:", "Kentucky River. It continues on until it flows into the Ohio River at Carrollton in Carroll County.", "Louisville, Kentucky. Louisville is located in Kentucky's outer Bluegrass region.[34] Its development has been influenced by its location on the Ohio River, which spurred Louisville's growth from an isolated camp site into a major shipping port. Much of the city is located on a very wide and flat floodplain surrounded by hill country on all sides. Much of the area was swampland that had to be drained as the city grew. In the 1840s, most creeks were rerouted or placed in canals to prevent flooding and disease outbreaks." ]

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[ "Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania. The hours of operation of beer distributors are typically similar to that of Wine and Spirits stores and other retail establishments. These hours are only restricted by the state on Sundays, where a special license is required to sell beer, and sales before 11 am are not permitted.[8] Although state law permits late-night beer distributors, local authorities can place additional restrictions, and stores typically close before 10 pm.", "Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania. Beer may only be purchased in large quantities from a distributor. Beer distributors mainly sell kegs of beer and cases. A beer distributor is also allowed to sell any package intended for resale by a PLCB-approved brewery containing any variety of bottle/can arrangements greater than or equal to 128 ounces. Beverage distributors (which also sell soft drinks) may sell beer and malt liquor, but not wine[citation needed] or hard liquor. People under 21 may enter most beverage distributors without an adult, since most distributors also sell water, soda, ice, tobacco products, and some snack foods. They are subject to the rules of the individual establishment.", "Sunday shopping. North Carolina only permits hard liquor to be sold through state-controlled stores that are almost all closed on Sundays. Beer and wine may be sold in grocery and convenience stores, but only after noon on Sunday.", "Blue laws in the United States. Beer can be sold between 7 a.m. and midnight Monday–Saturday and on Sunday from midnight to 1 a.m. and again between noon and midnight. On-premises consumption permit holders may sell beer between 10 a.m. and noon but only with a food order. In certain large cities as defined within the Code, beer sales are automatically extended to 2 a.m. on any day of the week; in smaller cities and unincorporated portions of counties such sales can be allowed if authorized by the local governing body.[61]", "Alcohol law. At the local grocery store, alcohol can only be bought before 8 p.m. (6 p.m. on Saturdays, municipalities can set stricter regulations). And the government monopoly vendors close at 6 p.m. Monday–Friday and 3 p.m. on Saturdays.\nOn Sundays, no alcohol can be bought, except in bars.", "Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania. Beer and wine in small quantities may be purchased from a restaurant, bar, or licensed retailer. These establishments may sell six and twelve packs of beer, along with individual bottles such as 40 ounce or 24 ounce beers. Their licenses permit them to sell up to 192 fluid ounces of beer per purchase. They may also sell up to 4 bottles of wine per purchase.[4]", "Alcohol law. Pennsylvania is starting to allow grocery stores and gas stations to sell alcohol. Wines and spirits are still sold at locations called \"state stores\", but wine kiosks are starting to be put in at grocery stores. The kiosks are connected to a database in Harrisburg, and purchasers must present valid ID, signature, and look into a camera for facial identification to purchase wine. Only after all of these measures are passed is the individual allowed to obtain one bottle of wine from the \"vending machine\". The kiosks are only open during the same hours as the state-run liquor stores and are not open on Sundays.", "Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is an alcoholic beverage control state. Spirits are to be sold only in the state owned Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores, which also sell wine, but not beer. Prices are generally the same throughout the state, but state stores may offer special discounts and sales,[4] and county sales tax may cause the price to differ slightly. People under the age of 21 are allowed to enter Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores, contrary to popular belief, but only if accompanied by a parent or guardian. Monday through Saturday, a store may open as early as 9 am and close as late as 10 pm. On Sunday, many stores sell liquor from 11 am until 7 pm.[5]", "Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania. Some supermarkets, including Wegmans, Giant Eagle, Giant, and Weis, have begun to sell alcohol within restaurants attached to the main supermarket building, but only under very specific conditions (the restaurant must have a defined separation from the rest of the supermarket, a separate cashier, and seating for at least 30 patrons). Supermarket chain ShopRite has begun to attach Wine and Spirits stores to its stores. For a time, Sheetz obtained a liquor license for a restaurant attached to one of its convenience stores in Altoona.[9] After several debates, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled that the store must sell beer to in-house customers as well as take-out.[10] The 17th Street store now again sells beer and allows limited in store consumption.[11]", "Blue laws in the United States. Prior to the law being repealed in 2017, the sale of alcohol in liquor stores was prohibited statewide on Sundays.[28] As recently as the 2015 legislative session, proposals to allow Sunday liquor sales were defeated regularly. However, in 2015, Sunday growler purchases were made legal.[29] On March 2, 2017, the state legislature passed a law allowing for Sunday Liquor Sales to begin on July 2, 2017. Governor Dayton signed the legislation as soon as it was passed.[30] Liquor stores are not required to be open on Sundays, but those who choose to do so are restricted to the hours of 11 AM and 6 PM.", "Sheetz. Sheetz is leading the effort in attempts to change alcohol sales laws in Pennsylvania to allow sales in convenience stores.[9] By Pennsylvania state law, alcohol can't be sold in convenience stores (beer must be sold at a beer distributor while hard liquor must be sold at state-operated stores titled \"Wines & Spirits\"). In 2007, Sheetz tried to find a loophole around this by classifying part of one of their prototype stores in Altoona as a restaurant, which would permit alcohol sales.[10] However, the Malt Beverage Distributors Association of Pennsylvania protested and Sheetz was temporarily barred from selling beer.[11] On appeal, Sheetz was awarded the license to sell beer and continues to do so today. On June 15, 2009, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court gave Sheetz permission to sell beer for takeout under the condition that it is also available to drink on site.[12]", "Sunday shopping. Alcohol can only be sold in shops with a special licence - this includes most supermarkets, convenience stores and petrol stations. Alcohol can only be bought between 12:30 and 22:00 on Sundays, and 10:30 to 22:00 on all other days.", "Blue law. Many states prohibit selling alcohol for on and off-premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time, under the idea that people should be in church on Sunday morning, or at least not drinking.[21][22]", "Blue laws in the United States. Alcohol sales for consumption off-premises are not permitted between 3 a.m. and 8 a.m. on Sundays, while on-premises sales are not permitted between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. on any day.[citation needed] Prior to 2006, off-premises alcohol sales were forbidden until noon on Sundays, and liquor/wine stores were required to be closed the entire day. Because grocery stores are not permitted to carry wine or liquor, the older law essentially meant that only beer and alcoholic malt beverages could be purchased at all on Sundays.[citation needed]", "Sunday shopping. The District of Columbia prohibits sales of alcohol by liquor stores on Sundays. Grocery stores and retailers selling alcohol to be consumed on their premises are not subject to this prohibition.[57]", "Blue laws in the United States. Carry-out alcohol sales were strictly prohibited on Sundays until 2011, when the state amended its laws to permit qualified breweries to sell local brews for carryout (generally growlers). Restaurants and taverns can generally still serve alcoholic beverages.[11] Alcohol sales are no longer prohibited on New Years Day.[12] In 2010, a change in legislation allowed Indiana residents to purchase alcohol on Election Day.[13] Christmas sales are still prohibited. In the state of Indiana, as of March 1, 2018, Sunday alcohol sales are allowed between the hours of 12pm and 8pm.", "Alcohol laws of Oklahoma. It is illegal to sell packaged liquor (off-premises sales) on Sundays. Sales also are prohibited on Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.[6] Low-point beer for consumption off-premises may not be sold between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m.[7]", "Alcohol laws of New York. Until the mid-2000s, sales of beer for off-premises consumption were prohibited statewide before noon on Sundays, a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era, and between 3–6 a.m. any day. Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki's administration loosened those restrictions, and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3–8 a.m. Sundays. Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction, all the way to midnight and noon, and allow 24-hour beer sales on other days of the week.[7]", "Sunday shopping. Virginia prohibits hard liquor sales except through stores operated by its state-owned Alcoholic Beverage Commission (ABC), which sets hours for its own stores and currently dictates that all or almost all of its establishments are to remain closed on Sundays. In this way, the combination of state-enforced monopoly and state-sanctioned authority to set hours results in a de facto prohibition on Sunday hard liquor sales in Virginia. Although grocery and convenience stores may sell beer and wine containing 14% or less alcohol by volume, state law permits localities to prohibit Sunday sales of these alcoholic beverages as well.", "Blue laws in the United States. Wine sales are subject to the same rules as beer sales, except sales are allowed until 2 a.m. on Sunday in all cases.[62]", "Alcohol laws of West Virginia. Retail sale of beer and wine is prohibited on Sundays between 2:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. and between 2:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. on weekdays and Saturdays. Retail sale of liquor is prohibited on Sundays, Christmas Day, and between 12:00 midnight and 8:00 a.m on all other days.[1][2]", "Blue laws in the United States. On-premise sale is allowed from 7 am. to 2 am. and until midnight for off-premise, except on Sundays; no alcohol is allowed to be sold on or off-premise. Stores can apply for permits to sell on and off-premise on Sunday if their municipality allows it. Selling on Christmas is never permitted.[43]", "List of dry communities by U.S. state. Texas law prohibits off-premises sale of liquor (but not beer and wine) all day on Sunday, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. Off-premises sale of beer and wine on Sunday is only allowed after 12:01 pm.", "Sunday shopping. Some states, including Indiana and Pennsylvania, also prohibit car dealerships from selling vehicles on Sunday.", "Blue laws in the United States. It is illegal to sell packaged liquor (off-premises sales) on Sundays. Sales also are prohibited on New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.[49]", "Blue laws in the United States. The sale of alcohol is prohibited from 1:30 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. Saturday through Monday.[32] Alcohol sales on Sunday are allowed from 9:00 a.m. to midnight subject to an additional liquor license fee.[33]", "Blue laws in the United States. North Carolina does not allow alcohol sales between 2 a.m. and 7 a.m. Monday through Saturday and between 2 a.m. and either 10:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m. on Sundays, varying by county.[46] Gun hunting is prohibited on Sundays between 9:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m.[47]", "Norwegian cuisine. In Norway beer is available in stores from 9 am to 8 pm on weekdays and from 9 am to 6 pm on Saturdays. Moreover, you can buy wine and spirits until 6 pm during weekdays and 3 pm on Saturdays in government-owned and run liquor shops (Vinmonopolet). Only \"true\" grocery stores are allowed to sell beer; gas stations and so-called \"Fruit&Tobacco\" marts (\"Frukt og Tobakk\" or \"kiosk\" in Norwegian) are not.", "Blue laws in the United States. Regarding alcohol, wines and spirits are to be sold only in the state owned Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores, where all prices must remain the same throughout the state (county sales tax may cause the price to differ slightly).[citation needed] As of April 2015, 157 of the 603 Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores are open from noon to 5:00 p.m. on Sundays. Beer may only be purchased from a restaurant, bar, licensed beer store, or distributor. Six and twelve packs, along with individual bottles such as 40-ounce or 24-ounce beers, may only be purchased at bars, restaurants, and licensed retailers. For larger quantities one must go to a beverage distributor which sells beer only by the case or keg, or 12-packs, which were added to beer distributors' inventories by state law in 2015. Beverage distributors (which also sell soft drinks) may sell beer and malt liquor, but not wine or hard liquor.[citation needed]", "Drinking in public. The sale of alcohol in stores or off-license is illegal between the hours of 10:00 PM and 10:00 AM with the exception of Sunday morning, when the sale of alcohol is forbidden until 12:00 PM. The sale of alcohol in bars and pubs is prohibited after 3:00 AM and before 10:00 AM, with the exception of those with special licenses, which is rare. These bars are known locally as \"early houses\". The law prohibiting the sale of alcohol on Good Friday was changed in 2018,[19] much like the prohibition of alcohol sales on Saint Patricks' Day being lifted in the 1970s.", "Sunday shopping. There is no law restricting the opening hours of shops. The only exception to this rule is the government-owned liquor store monopoly Systembolaget, which is not allowed to open on Sundays, and has to close at 8 pm on weekdays and 3 pm on Saturdays.", "Blue laws in the United States. In South Carolina, the sale of alcohol is banned statewide on Sundays, but individual municipalities are allowed to set their own laws regarding times when the sale of beer and wine is allowed on Sunday.[58]" ]

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[ "Wizards of Waverly Place. The show ended with Alex becoming the family wizard, Justin being declared new Headmaster of WizTech (also keeping his wizard powers), and Max getting to run the sub shop.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. The series centers on the fictional characters of the Russo family, which includes Alex (Selena Gomez), her older brother Justin (David Henrie) and their younger brother Max (Jake T. Austin). The three Russo siblings are wizards in training and live with their Italian-American father Jerry (David DeLuise), a former wizard, and their Mexican-American mother, Theresa (Maria Canals Barrera) who is a mortal. Alex's best friend Harper (Jennifer Stone) also found out about the Russos' wizard powers in season 2. The siblings have to keep their secret safe while living in the mortal world. When they become adults, the three siblings will have a wizard competition to decide who will become the family wizard of their generation and keep his or her wizard powers. Harper used to have a crush on Justin, but now is in love with Justin's best friend, Zeke, who finds out about the Russo's wizard powers in season 4. Alex Russo (Selena Gomez) and Justin Russo (David Henrie) are the only characters to appear in every episode of the series.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Alexandra Margarita Russo (Selena Gomez) is the only female out of the three Russo siblings, and the middle child. She is sly, rebellious, outgoing, and usually underachieves when it comes to school. She often gets into trouble because of her constant schemes (usually involving magic). She is part Latina and part Italian. Even though she is infamously known for doing the worst in wizard studies and school, and relentlessly torments her older brother Justin, Alex becomes much more mature throughout the series. Although she's somewhat lazy, Alex is smart, loyal, and caring. She goes through a long term relationship with Mason Greyback, a purebred werewolf. She becomes the Russo family wizard at the end of the series. Usually, her mom calls her \"m'ija\", which is Spanish for \"my daughter\".", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Kelbo Russo (Jeff Garlin; seasons 1-3) is the uncle of Alex, Justin and Max, brother of Jerry and Megan and brother-in-law of Theresa. Unlike Jerry, he is very fun and carefree. Kelbo is a full wizard (Jerry had originally won the competition, but gave up his powers to marry a mortal) who often uses his powers very childishly, and often seems just as irresponsible with them as Alex is with her own. As a recurring gag, in every episode he appears in during the post credits scenes, he makes a prank call to someone.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Justin Vincenzo Pepé Russo (David Henrie) is Alex's and Max's brother, and the oldest of the three Russo siblings. He is very smart, and is often considered a nerd. He is in numerous clubs and has learned over 5000 spells. He continues his wizard studies in a Monster Hunting course. For his knowledge in wizardry, he takes after his father Jerry, who originally won the Wizard Family Competition against Kelbo and Megan. Unlike Alex, he is an overachiever when it comes to school. He is fairly athletic, and very respectful to his parents and other adults. Justin is responsible, sensible, kindhearted and hardworking, but can be a little sarcastic to Alex and Max. He revealed to Alex that he is jealous of her because he felt she is blessed with magic skills that he can't live up to, and it's reinforced when he refers to Alex as \"daddy's little princess\" (a unique, and often favoring, bond between a father and daughter). This is what drives him to be a better wizard. Alex consoles him by stating that he is her rock and foundation, and that she is actually jealous of his academic achievements, even though she openly admits to not caring about school. He has a long-term relationship with Juliet Van Heusen, a teenage vampire whose family runs the \"Late Night Bite\" (local competition for the Waverly Sub Station), which prompted a feud between the Russos and the Van Heusens. At first, their love is a forbidden romance, which Alex points out by referencing William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, but then they eventually start dating openly. Justin reveals to Alex that Juliet is his true love, after he felt heartbroken about being unable to see her due to the feuding families. Justin gets heartbroken again when Juliet was forced to break up with him due to her getting scratched by Mason the werewolf, as she stated that when that happens a vampire's appearance will revert to their true age.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Maximilian Alonzo Ernesto \"Max\" Russo (Jake T. Austin) is the youngest of the three Russo siblings. Alex and Justin's magic are more advanced than Max's (as shown by the wands). Although he is an underachiever in the beginning, he advances more during the series. At first, he does not seem to be very bright, but this is later revealed to be due to a lack of focus and a short attention span, as he becomes a A+ model student when their school introduces uniforms, claiming it helps him focus. Alex and Justin are embarrassed and annoyed by his lack of intelligence, but they do occasionally take advantage of it, for example: When they tried to lure in a Genie back to her lamp, Alex suggested that after the Genie outsmarted them, they might be able to out-dumb her, and immediately asked Max what he'd do to get her back to grant him a wish. The Genie eventually allows him a wish, to which he responded with describing his appearance, which prompted the Genie to unintentionally reveal that there is a reset-button. He once revealed to Juliet, that he uses \"randomness\" to allow others to inadvertently reveal their true thoughts and feelings to him, though he later admitted that he still has no idea what is going on around him. He is very fond of skateboards. In the episode \"Three Maxes and a Little Lady\", Justin and Alex fall behind in the Wizard Competition, and Max gets a wish, which he uses to wish for the Wizard Competition to begin that day. However, both Alex and Justin use magic to turn into Max and reverse The Wish, to no avail. Max eventually decides to bump back the Wizard Competition; however, Alex and Justin cross spells and turn Max into Maxine, a girl version of him. In \"Who Will be the Family Wizard\", Max's powers are taken away, but Jerry and Teresa decide to give him The Sub Station, much to his happiness. Personality wise, Max takes after his Uncle Kelbo.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1). Jerry's wizard brother, Kelbo Russo, visits. He shows the kids a different, less conservative style of wizard training from that which Jerry uses (namely, actually letting them use their powers). Finding Kelbo more fun than Jerry, Alex appoints him as her new wizard teacher over her own father, but Kelbo quickly proves to be just as childish and irresponsible with his powers as Alex is with her own, and ends up endangering them both. They are saved by Jerry, who then reveals a secret that he had kept from them: he originally defeated Kelbo in the wizard competition, but, as wizards are forbidden to marry mortals, gave his powers up to Kelbo anyway in order to marry Theresa.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Jerry is proud of his magical ancestry and teaches his children about the proper uses of magic in \"Wizard Training Class\" on Tuesdays and Thursdays, in the lair magically disguised as a food locker in the restaurant. However, his children often disobey his magic rules (Alex, most often being the case), and he has to punish them. He wants his kids to be great wizards, but also wants them to be able to live a life without using their powers since they may not have them in the future, as only one of them will get to keep his/her powers as an adult. Jerry has an younger brother named Kelbo (Jeff Garlin), who is seen in the season one episode \"Alex in the Middle\", who is the wizard in Jerry's family because Jerry had to give him the powers to marry Theresa. Jerry's children consider Kelbo to be more fun than Jerry, and Alex even decides to have Kelbo be her magic teacher, and is revealed to be irresponsible with magic (almost as much as Alex is sometimes) as is shown when Kelbo fails to stop a package of sea chimps that spouts a huge gush of water eventually flooding the wizard lair and turning Kelbo and Alex into sea chimps. Jerry ends up being the one who saves them both, and he reveals a secret that he has kept from Alex, Max and Justin: that he gave up his powers in order to marry Theresa, due to a rule forbidding wizards and mortals from marrying, thus relinquishing his powers to Kelbo in order to marry her. In \"Retest\" it is revealed that Jerry and Kelbo have a sister, Megan. Megan holds a grudge against Jerry for giving Kelbo his powers instead of her. She lives in an art studio in Paris where she paints pictures. She is similar to Alex because she, like Alex, loves Art and hates hard work, though, unlike Alex, she is unwilling or unable to apologize for her actions. It is most likely their parents are still alive because of references from Alex and Max. Such as in \"Future Harper\", when Alex is telling Harper about a wizard adventure about her and her brothers, Harper already knows the ending and tells Alex she already told her the story. Alex replies \"Oh my gosh I'm starting to sound like Grandma\".", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. At first, it seems that Justin won the Wizard Competition after being the first to cross the finish line, and he was about to be granted his full powers, when he says that he can't accept it because he didn't really win; Alex would have won if she hadn't come to back to help him, and he says that she deserves to be the Russo family wizard. Because of his honesty, Professor Crumbs allows both Justin and Alex to keep their powers and for Justin to take over as Headmaster of Wiz Tech.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. In Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, Jerry gives Justin the family wand and the spell book which Alex steals accidentally wishing her parents never met or fell in love, but it was resolved – ironically by Alex herself, the reckless one out of his three children, who also surprisingly won the Premature Family Wizard competition against Justin, as Justin was the favorite out of the three to win it but lost to Alex, who then gives up her powers so they could compete for their powers when they are old enough.", "Wizards of Waverly Place. Wizards of Waverly Place chronicles the adventures of the Russo Family. The Russos live on Waverly Place in Manhattan's Greenwich Village, above a sandwich shop which they own and run. The family consists of siblings Alex (Selena Gomez), Justin (David Henrie), and Max (Jake T. Austin). The three teenagers are wizards and live with their Italian father, Jerry (David DeLuise), a former family wizard, and their mortal Mexican mother, Theresa (Maria Canals Barrera). When the Russo siblings complete their wizard training, they have to participate in a competition to decide who will become the Family Wizard (the one to keep his/her magical powers forever) of their generation, while the others lose their powers and become mortals. Because of this, Jerry tries to teach his children to not become dependent on magic. Since one of them gets to keep their powers, though, Jerry also gives his children wizard lessons (the lessons end mid Season four). The storage room of the Russo family's sub station is a wizard's lair. In the lair is a Portal which allows them to visit the wizard world, and other creatures to visit them. The headmaster of the wizard council, Professor Crumbs (Ian Abercrombie), regularly pays visits to the Russo home.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Geraldo Pepé \"Jerry\" Russo[1] is the father of Alex, Justin and Max Russo and co-owner of the Waverly Sub Station, with his wife Theresa (whom he accidentally insults on occasion). He is also a former wizard, who chose to give up his powers to marry his wife Theresa, a mortal, due to a rule forbidding wizards to marry mortals. Jerry is Italian American (DeLuise also has Italian ancestry).[3]", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). Alex and Justin are sent back to level one in the wizard competition after \"exposing\" wizardry in \"Alex Tells the World\", leaving Max as the most expected to become the family wizard. In \"Alex Gives Up\", Alex quits the competition, but eventually decides to stay in the competition in \"Journey to the Center of Mason\" to be with Mason. Before then, Harper tries to get Alex to enjoy life without wizardry. Meanwhile, Justin tries to tutor a class of delinquent wizards.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). Finally, in the hour-long series finale, Alex, Justin, and Max compete in the family wizard competition. Alex wins and gains full wizardry; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin. Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore. The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy.", "Alex Russo. Wizards of Waverly Place revolves around Alex Russo and her two brothers, Justin (David Henrie) and Max (Jake T. Austin), three siblings who training to become their family's wizard and retain their powers.[4] The siblings reside in Manhattan's Greenwich Village with their parents Jerry (David DeLuise), a former wizard, and Theresa (Maria Canals Barrera), a mortal.[5][6] Alex and her brothers attend classes under the tutelage of their father Jerry, from whom they inherited their magical abilities.[5][7] The siblings tend to grow unfocused at times, especially pertaining to when they discover that their abilities can be applied towards more non-magical uses.[5] Additionally, her family owns and runs a subway-themed sandwich shop,[6] and keep the fact that they are wizards a secret from most people outside of their immediate family.[8] Alex's best friend is Harper Finkle (Jennifer Stone),[9] a mortal to whom Alex reveals that she and her family are wizards after a few seasons.[10] Ultimately, Alex must eventually compete against her brothers to determine who will remain the Russo family's only wizard, as only one wizard is allowed per family.[6] Outside of wizardry, Alex is interested in becoming an artist.[9] At one point, Alex begins dating a werewolf named Mason.[11][12]", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. He first appears in \"Alex In the Middle\", and temporarily becomes Alex's wizard tutor. He reappears in \"Retest\", it is requested that he, Jerry and their sister Megan re-do their wizard competition, but when Megan refuses, Kelbo hires a magical fish-lawyer to help them, but after he informs that there is nothing that he can do, Kelbo decides to move to Atlantis for good. He appears once again in \"Dude Looks Like Shakira\", and reveals that he is Shakira, but also added that what he has been doing is against the wizard rules, and can no longer control his transformations. The Russos eventually cure him of his illness (though Shakira's career-end isn't mentioned afterwards). Despite his immaturity, naivety and clueless behavior, Kelbo proves to be a very loving and caring uncle, which was visible in his second appearing, and he, unlike Jerry, has no hard feelings for Megan, in fact, he was genuinely happy to see her again. Also in \"Dude Looks Like Shakira\", Kelbo, in a rare moment of maturity, attempts to confess his crime to the wizard council, even knowing the consequences, in order to free his family from legal issues. Prank calls include: Is your refrigerator running (to Theresa in \"Alex in the Middle\"), Is your refrigerator running (to Megan in \"Retest\"), This is the wizards council. We'll be over to break you hands for breaking wizard rules, etc. (to Justin in \"Dude looks like Shakira\"). It's also shown that he really hates the taste of cinnamon. He did not appear in season 4.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. In the episodes of \"Wizards of Apartment 13B\", Alex and Harper move into an apartment on the thirteenth floor where coincidentally Mason is living at. Mason stops at nothing to win Alex back; using Harper's training wand to open Alex's heart to him. Though this turns out for the worse as Alex begins to flirt with an ugly ogre and Felix. In \"Ghost Roommate\", Mason goes on a date with Lucy, a ghost who is living with Alex and Harper. Alex is jealous that Mason and Lucy went on a date and proceed to find Lucy's long lost true love. Alex is then stuck on the Bermuda Triangle, where magic can't be used. Mason comes to her rescue using Justin's hideous Bermuda shorts. In \"Get Along, Little Zombie\", Mason is still determined to ask Alex out on a date and even breaking the elevator to spend some time with Alex; exposing the magical thirteenth floor to non-magical residents. Soon, Mr. Laritate discovers the thirteenth floor and gets bitten by a zombie; subsequently gets turned into a zombie. Mason and Alex go on a wild goose chase trying to find Mr. Laritate and end up in a square dance. Alex then realizes that she wants Mason back while Mason was trying to say that maybe he and Alex should just be friends. At the end of the episode, it is shown that Mason and Alex do get back together. In \"Who Will be the Family Wizard\", Mason comes to the wizard competition to cheer on Alex. He and Juliet meet once again and tell each other no hard feelings from the events that took place in \"Wizards vs. Werewolves\". Also when Alex loses the competition, he and Alex look deeply saddened due to her losing and ponder breaking up. However, Justin realizes how much Alex needs to win to be happy, and so reveals she would have won if she hadn't gone back for him and he didn't really win like everyone thought he did. Alex becomes the Russo family wizard and is able to stay with Mason. In \"The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex\", Mason gets jealous over the evil wizard, Dominic, who flirts with Alex. Mason breaks Alex out of jail before she can be exiled, and he throws Dominic off the Leaning Tower of Pisa.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 2). Jerry and his siblings, Kelbo and Megan (Jerry revealed to the kids they have an aunt), need to retake the Wizard test that, in their teen years, determined who got to keep their powers. Unfortunately, Megan still has a grudge over Jerry, and nothing, neither the possibility of getting her powers back or her nephew's happiness can persuade her to redo the test. When Alex, Justin and Max see how competitive the contest gets, they realize the same test could eventually tear their family apart as well. Through the entire episode, each one of them gets compared to a relative (Max to Kelbo, Alex to Megan, Justin to their dad, and Harper to their mom). In the end, Justin says Alex is nothing like Megan, because Alex apologized and that's something Megan never learned to do.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Jerry Russo is the average father. He is stern, protective and is annoyed by Alex and Max constantly, and even by Justin occasionally. Unlike his children, he does not have powers any more; nonetheless, his children inherited their powers from him, with Max having a fascination of the magic normal humans can do such as microwave popcorn, Alex being a natural at magic yet using it recklessly, and Justin continually trying to improve his magic through knowledge. Jerry lives on Waverly Place, a street in downtown Manhattan with his mortal wife Theresa Russo (Maria Canals Barrera) and his children: middle daughter Alex Russo (Selena Gomez), eldest son Justin Russo (David Henrie), and youngest child Max Russo (Jake T. Austin). He owns a sandwich shop called the Waverly Sub Station with Theresa, where his children work, and, in the season one episode \"New Employee\" so did Alex's best friend Harper Finkle (Jennifer Stone), although they only did it so they could be together more often. It is mentioned in the season two episode \"Make It Happen\", that Jerry's original career plan was to be a bull rider. His most popular catchphrase is \"But-he-you-she-ALEX!\"", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes. The series revolves around Alex Russo (Selena Gomez), a teenage wizard who is competing with her fellow siblings Justin (David Henrie) and Max (Jake T. Austin) to become the sole wizard in their family to keep their powers. In 2009, the series won a Primetime Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Children's Program\".[1]", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 3). Justin signs up for Monster Hunting after he masters his 5,000th spell. Knowing that Justin could become the family wizard, Alex studies with help from Harper. Meanwhile, Max performs a spell that separates his conscience from himself. Then, he performs another spell to make monsters go all over the city to sabotage Justin's training even though his conscience tells him not to. Later, Alex, Max and his conscience go to help Justin with the monsters and Alex performs two spells successfully and saves Justin.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Professor Crumbs (Ian Abercrombie) is the headmaster of WizTech (a reference to Albus Dumbledore). In \"Wizard School\", he is often seen holding a muffin. (The muffin's crumbs fall into his beard, hence the name \"Crumbs\".) Professor Crumbs is never seen without his incredibly long beard, even when he was turned into a guinea pig in the episode \"Report Card\". The only episode where he has been seen without his beard is in part two of season two's \"Saving WizTech\" when Ronald Longcape, Jr. (Chad Duell) took the beard from him, revealing that it was a fake beard all this time. After he was defeated, Crumbs took his beard back. Crumbs is shown how to socialize by Max in \"Saving WizTech\" and has done some childish things, such as spitting over the edge of the Tower of Evil. In season two's \"Saving WizTech\", he states that he is 850 years old. He speaks with a British accent, which Alex sometimes makes fun of. Another thing that Alex makes fun of is the fact that he has a smelly beard revealed in Wizards Exposed. In the season 3 finale, he appears to be captured by a government agency with the rest of the wizard elite. However, the season 4 premiere reveals it was all an illusion Crumbs created to \"test\" Justin and Alex. As each broke it by revealing to government agents and reporters (all also illusions), Crumbs forces them both to start at level 1 of their wizard lessons; however, after seeing how remarkably unintelligent Max was, he regretted his choice. When Justin and Max change him back into a kid, in their attempt to trick him into revealing how to undo a mutant spell they cast on Max that turned him into a little girl, it's revealed that everyone in Crumbs' family has a beard even as a kid. In the four-part episode revolving around Floor 13B, Professor Crumbs was surprised about a wizard floor that he did not know of and ended up discovering that Gorog was behind it. Professor Crumbs was captured by Gorog alongside the other inhabitants and was later rescued by the Russos upon Gorog's defeat. In the end of the series finale, Crumbs announces Alex as the Family Wizard and that he is retiring, and makes Justin Russo (David Henrie) the new headmaster of WizTech, thus also granting Justin his full magic powers.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Dean Moriarty (Daniel Samonas; seasons 2 and 4) is Alex's boyfriend in the second season. He makes temporary tattoos in the boys bathroom and is interested in cars. In episode \"Racing\" he charmed Alex's parents with his car skills, though he revealed to Alex that he only did it to make a good first impression by being polite. It is also revealed in that episode, that he was raised by his Uncle, as he exclaimed proudly \"my Uncle raised me with manners\". Harper and Justin aren't too fond of him and Jerry seems the same way later on, though this is partly due to Jerry being an overprotective father after learning that he is dating Alex. He can never remember Harper's name. In the episode \"Alex's Brother Maximan\" it was shown he likes roller skating and playing with the claw game and winning stuffed animals. The only thing Alex doesn't like about him is that he's horrible at showing his feelings, as shown in \"Saving Wiz Tech Part 1\", but it changed in \"Saving Wiz Tech Part 2\". He does not appear to be academically inclined, as Alex noticed a false good grade on his wooden assignment/gift for her (it was a D changed to a B), and he also stated that he does not \"test well\", meaning he doesn't see himself as book-smart. He moved away sometime after that, so Alex visited him in his dreams in \"Wizards vs Vampires: Dream Date\"; she then saw how they were growing apart, so they broke up. But he returned in Season 4 \"Journey to the Center of Mason\" because he wanted to get back together, though she denied it because she likes Mason, and Mason eats him out of jealousy. Dean is later rescued by Alex, Justin, and Max, and learns that Alex has chosen Mason and agrees to back off.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 3). The government finds out that the Russo family are wizards, and takes them into custody to find out more. Max and Alex are both interrogated by Agent Lamwood and Scientist One, but both refuse to say anything. When Justin is interrogated, he is tricked into thinking that aliens are going to attack so he reveals that he is a wizard and that they have a wizard lair. Meanwhile, Harper is trying to find out how to contact the wizard world to inform them of the Russo's abduction; she tells Mason who decides to go through the portal to find help. The government raids the wizard world and arrests many wizards, including Professor Crumbs and Chancellor Rudy Tootietootie, as well as Mason along with the Russo family. The Russo family escape the prison and learn that all magic has been switched off. With the help of a magic cootie catcher given by Professor Crumbs, Alex casts a spell duplicating their family three times so they can think of a plan to escape. Scientist One helps the Russo family, Mason, and Rooty Tootietootie escape telling them that Agent Lamwood is crazy because they are supposed to be researching lizards not wizards. The episode ends on a cliffhanger as the Russo family wonder what to do and whether Alex is right in saying they should reveal to the world that wizards exist to save their fellow wizards.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). The Russos and Mason finally make it back home, but their wizard powers are still gone. While the family wants to stay quiet, Alex believes that they should take action, so she reveals that they are wizards to reporters and tells them that a group of wizards are being held captive by the government. As she urges them to spread the word, Professor Crumbs appears and tells her that everything that had happened was a test that she failed miserably and orders her to Wizard Court for exposing wizardry to the world. Justin is also ordered to attend because he exposed magic to Agent Lamwood, who was a creation from Professor Crumbs' mind. The judges rule Alex and Justin guilty, and Professor Crumbs sentences them both to be demoted to level one in the Family Wizard Competition, making them behind Max by two levels. Meanwhile, Max sets up traps in the Sub Station for the \"government\", but ends up falling for one of them.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1). Max is the dimwitted odd one of the family. He has a different approach to things and doesn't understand most things.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). Alex joins Justin's wizard class to try to move up in the competition. Max joins a sophisticated wizard society. They suggest he move the wizard competition up and he moves it to a few days away. Max quits the society because he finds out that they are taking advantage of him. Alex and Justin transform into Max in an attempt to change the date of the family wizard competition back to its original date and succeed. In the end of the episode they accidentally turn Max indefinitely into a little girl.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). When Alex asks Mason if she can meet his parents, Mason shows his fake parents and she finds out soon after. She gets upset at Mason and demands him to take her to his real parents. Mason takes her to the Autumn Moon Feast (werewolf holiday) to meet his parents. Soon after that Alex finds out he told his parents that she is a werewolf and is frustrated. She uses a spell to change herself and Harper into werewolves. She tries to be the worst werewolf possible in front of Mason's parents during the feast. In the end Mason's parents like her as a werewolf and she says to him that they do not know the real her. She begins to leave and he says that he truly loves Alex to his parents and that she is a wizard. She changes back to a wizard and Mason turns back to human form. After the parents find out they try to eat her and Mason and Alex make a near escape. Meanwhile Max makes his parents' food taste like kid food in order to make it taste good. Afterwards Jerry and Theresa eat it, and as a result they act like little kids. Justin thinks he will have to fix it but Max comments on how he does not need help, as he will be the future family wizard. Max uses another spell on cookies to make them older, but they turn into teenagers. Finally, Justin uses a spell on a pizza to turn them back into their regular selves.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. In the episode \"Third Wheel\", after it is discovered Stevie is a wizard, Alex starts hanging out with her more, neglecting Harper. Later in the episode, Harper confronts Alex on how she has been feeling left out. This leads to a heated argument, where Harper reveals her insecurities about how Alex is always taking her for granted and yet she never holds it against her. During this argument, they end up destroying the Homecoming float, which Justin tricked Harper into helping him build by disguising himself as Alex. Mr. Laritate witnesses this and threatens to have Alex expelled. For the sake of their friendship, Harper takes all the blame. Mr. Laritate believes her, considering that Alex never tells the truth, and punishes Harper with one week of detention. Later, Alex somehow sneaks into the detention room and apologizes for what happened. Forgiving her, Harper explains that she only did it because even if Stevie is Alex's new best friend, it's not going to keep her from being a friend to Alex. Alex compassionately says that her relationship with Harper is much stronger than it is with Stevie, by saying that Stevie is her friend, but Harper is her sister. When Stevie later appears to recruit Alex to aid her in a plot to destroy the power transference technology and thus prevent any younger wizards from losing their powers in the competition, Harper continues to believe that Alex will come through and do the right thing even when Justin is convinced that Alex has gone evil. Alex warmly thanks Harper for her faith in her after her true agenda is revealed when she freezes Stevie and allows Stevie's brother Warren to inherit his full powers.", "List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters. Theresa is the reason why Jerry could not keep his wizard powers. Since wizards are not allowed to marry non-wizards, Jerry chose to give up his powers to his younger brother Kelbo in order to marry Theresa, as was revealed in season one's \"Alex in the Middle\" – previously unbeknownst to Justin, Alex and Max. However, Jerry says he does not regret marrying her.", "Alex Russo. One of the show's several working titles before becoming Wizards of Waverly Place was The Amazing O’Malleys,[13] during which time its main character was originally going to be called Julia, named after creator Todd J. Greenwald's own daughter,[14] and Brooke O'Malley.[15][16] In the series' un-aired pilot, Julia was one of only two Russo children, alongside her brother Jordan.[14] Julia and Jordan were originally intended to be twin sister and brother until Julia was re-written into the second-born of three Russo siblings.[15] Greenwald explained that Jordan's name was first changed to Justin to avoid confusion with the Nickelodeon show Just Jordan, thus also changing Julia's name to Alex because he felt that it \"wouldn’t have been fair [to my son]\".[14] Greenwald ensured that each Russo sibling was provided with \"their own strengths and weaknesses\".[11] Before being cast as the lead character Wizards of Waverly Place,[17] Gomez's previous auditions for Disney Channel, who discovered the actress during a national talent search,[18] had earned her recurring roles on the network's sitcoms The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana as Gwen and Mikayla, respectively.[19][20] According to AllMusic biographer Matt Collar, these minor television roles eventually \"paved the way for Gomez's own show\".[18]", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1). Set on Waverly Place in Manhattan, New York's Greenwich Village neighborhood, Wizards of Waverly Place centers on the Italian-Mexican Russo family, which includes Alex (Selena Gomez), her older brother Justin (David Henrie) and their younger brother Max (Jake T. Austin). The three Russo siblings are wizards in training and live with their Italian-American father Jerry (David DeLuise), a former wizard, and their Mexican-American mother Theresa, who is a mortal. Alex also has a mortal friend, Harper (Jennifer Stone), who at first does not know the Russos are wizards." ]

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[ "Milky Way. Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter, an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5×1012 M☉.[10][11][55] Recent studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5×1012 M☉ [56] and as small as 8×1011 M☉.[57]", "Astronomy. Kinematic studies of matter in the Milky Way and other galaxies have demonstrated that there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter. A dark matter halo appears to dominate the mass, although the nature of this dark matter remains undetermined.[82]", "Milky Way. In addition to the stellar halo, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas. The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years, much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself.[138][139][140] The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million oF).[141]", "Milky Way. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×1011 solar masses (M☉), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy.[48][49][50] Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way.[51] Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7×1011 M☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center.[52] In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kiloparsecs is 7×1011 M☉.[53] According to a study published in 2014, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5×1011 M☉,[54] which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy.[54]", "Dark matter halo. The visible disk of the Milky Way Galaxy is embedded in a much larger, roughly spherical halo of dark matter. The dark matter density drops off with distance from the galactic center. It is now believed that about 95% of the Galaxy is composed of dark matter, a type of matter that does not seem to interact with the rest of the Galaxy's matter and energy in any way except through gravity. The luminous matter makes up approximately 9 x 1010 solar masses. The dark matter halo is likely to include around 6 x 1011 to 3 x 1012 solar masses of dark matter.[31][32]", "Milky Way. Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much baryonic (ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way.[142] If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way.[142]", "Andromeda Galaxy. Mass estimates for the Andromeda Galaxy's halo (including dark matter) give a value of approximately 1.5×1012 M☉[10] (or 1.5 trillion solar masses) compared to 8×1011 M☉ for the Milky Way. This contradicts earlier measurements, that seem to indicate that Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are almost equal in mass. Even so, Andromeda Galaxy's spheroid actually has a higher stellar density than that of the Milky Way[39] and its galactic stellar disk is about twice the size of that of the Milky Way.[11] The total stellar mass of Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to be between 1.1×1011 M☉.,[40][41] (i.e., around twice as massive as that of the Milky Way) and 1.5×1011 M☉, with around 30% of that mass in the central bulge, 56% in the disk, and the remaining 14% in the halo.[42]", "Dark matter halo. A dark matter halo is a hypothetical component of a galaxy that envelops the galactic disc and extends well beyond the edge of the visible galaxy. The halo's mass dominates the total mass. Since they consist of dark matter, halos cannot be observed directly, but their existence is inferred through their effects on the motions of stars and gas in galaxies. Dark matter halos play a key role in current models of galaxy formation and evolution.", "Milky Way. The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6×1010 M☉[58] and 6.43×1010 M☉.[10] In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass,[59] with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen.[60] The mass of this gas is equal to between 10%[60] and 15%[59] of the total mass of the galaxy's stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas.[59]", "Milky Way. In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.[179] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.[180]", "Dark matter halo. The presence of dark matter (DM) in the halo is inferred from its gravitational effect on a spiral galaxy's rotation curve. Without large amounts of mass throughout the (roughly spherical) halo, the rotational velocity of the galaxy would decrease at large distances from the galactic center, just as the orbital speeds of the outer planets decrease with distance from the Sun. However, observations of spiral galaxies, particularly radio observations of line emission from neutral atomic hydrogen (known, in astronomical parlance, as HI), show that the rotation curve of most spiral galaxies flattens out, meaning that rotational velocities do not decrease with distance from the galactic center.[4] The absence of any visible matter to account for these observations implies either that unobserved (\"dark\") matter, first proposed by Ken Freeman in 1970, exist, or that the theory of motion under gravity (General Relativity) is incomplete. Freeman noticed that the expected decline in velocity was not present in NGC 300 nor M33, and considered an undetected mass to explain it. The DM Hypothesis has been reinforced by several studies.[5][6][7][8]", "Milky Way. If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.[36] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.[154]", "Milky Way. The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang.[155] Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies.[155] Nonetheless, these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to conservation of angular momentum, this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk.[156][157]", "Dark matter halo. The nature of dark matter in the galactic halos of spiral galaxies is still undetermined, but there are two popular theories: either the halo is composed of weakly interacting elementary particles known as WIMPs, or it is composed of a number of small, dark bodies known as MACHOs. MACHOs, an acronym for massive compact halo objects, would be composed of “ordinary” matter that simply does not emit easily detectable radiation. The reliance of modern astronomy on detecting electromagnetic radiation would render dim, but massive objects, nearly undetectable. A wide range of possible MACHO candidates have been suggested, encompassing everything from black holes to very dim dwarf stars. Despite being too dim to detect directly via electromagnetic telescopes, MACHOs would necessarily interact gravitationally, as described by general relativity. The preferred method for searching for MACHOs in the halo of our own galaxy has been to look for microlensing events. Gravitational microlensing occurs when two stars fall on a common line of sight, rendering the far star obscured by the near one. However, as light from the far star passes through the gravitational well of the near star the light bends, creating an Einstein Halo. In a microlensing event, the halo is so small that it is optically indistinguishable from the star. The overall effect is to simply make the star appear brighter. The EROS and MACHO projects search of MACHOs in the halo by observing stars in the small and large Magellanic clouds. If a MACHO existed in the halo along the line of sight of stars in the cloud, the lensing would brighten it from that orientation as opposed to others. The magnitude and number (or lack of) lensing events can be used to place bounds on the masses of any MACHOs which might be in the halo. The two projects initially were able to place a very strict limit on MACHOS in the range of \n\n\n\n3.5\n⋅\n\n10\n\n−\n7\n\n\n\nM\n\n⊙\n\n\n<\nm\n<\n4.5\n⋅\n\n10\n\n−\n5\n\n\n\nM\n\n⊙\n\n\n,\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 3.5\\cdot 10^{-7}M_{\\odot }<m<4.5\\cdot 10^{-5}M_{\\odot },}\n\n concluding that such light mass MACHOs could, at most, only constitute 10% of the accepted mass of our dark matter halo.[27] Two years later, the EROS2 project extended this limit, concluding that any MACHO less than a single solar mass could not make up a significant part of the halo.[28] The two collaborations were able to extend this to a rather large window, ruling out any MACHO in the \n\n\n\n\n3.5\n\n−\n7\n\n\n\nM\n\n⊙\n\n\n<\nm\n<\n30\n\nM\n\n⊙\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 3.5^{-7}M_{\\odot }<m<30M_{\\odot }}\n\n window. The final window of extremely heavy MACHOs above \n\n\n\n43\n\nM\n\n⊙\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 43M_{\\odot }}\n\n were ruled out by comparing Monte Carlo method simulations to observed distributions,[29] which the authors indicate as “The End of the MACHO Era”. Extremely light MACHOs less than the current limit are also not a viable possibility, as such light mass objects would not have survived on the timescale that it would take for the galaxy to form.[30]", "Galaxy. A study of 27 Milky Way neighbors found that in all dwarf galaxies, the central mass is approximately 10 million solar masses, regardless of whether the galaxy has thousands or millions of stars. This has led to the suggestion that galaxies are largely formed by dark matter, and that the minimum size may indicate a form of warm dark matter incapable of gravitational coalescence on a smaller scale.[79]", "Dark matter halo. with \n\n\n\n\n\n\nλ\n¯\n\n\n\n≈\n0.035\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\lambda }}\\approx 0.035}\n\n and \n\n\n\n\nσ\n\nl\nn\nλ\n\n\n≈\n0.5\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\sigma _{ln\\lambda }\\approx 0.5}\n\n. At all halo masses, there is a marked tendency for halos with higher spin to be in denser regions and thus to be more strongly clustered.[26]", "Magellanic Clouds. The total mass of these two galaxies is uncertain. Only a fraction of their gas seems to have coalesced into stars and they probably both have large dark matter halos. One recent estimate of the total mass of the LMC is about 1/10 that of the Milky Way. That would make the LMC rather a large galaxy in the present era of the observable universe. Since the size of relatively nearby galaxies are highly skewed, the average mass can be a misleading statistic. In terms of rank, the LMC appears to be the fourth most massive member of over 50 galaxies in the local group. Suggesting that the Magellanic cloud system is historically not a part of the Milky Way is evidence that the SMC has been in orbit about the LMC for a very long time. The Magellanic system seems most similar to the distinct NGC 3109 system, which is on the edge of the Local Group.", "Virgo Supercluster. The LS has a total mass M ≈ 1015 M☉ and a total optical luminosity L ≈ 3×1012 L☉.[1] This yields a mass-to-light ratio of about 300 times that of the solar ratio (M☉/L☉ = 1), a figure that is consistent with results obtained for other superclusters.[12][13]\nBy comparison, the mass-to-light ratio for the Milky Way is 63.8 assuming a solar absolute magnitude of 4.83,[14] a Milky Way absolute magnitude of −20.9,[15]\nand a Milky Way mass of 1.25×1012 M☉.[16] These ratios are one of the main arguments in favor of the presence of large amounts of dark matter in the universe; if dark matter did not exist, a much smaller mass-to-light ratios would be expected.", "Andromeda Galaxy. Studies of the extended halo of the Andromeda Galaxy show that it is roughly comparable to that of the Milky Way, with stars in the halo being generally \"metal-poor\", and increasingly so with greater distance.[39] This evidence indicates that the two galaxies have followed similar evolutionary paths. They are likely to have accreted and assimilated about 100–200 low-mass galaxies during the past 12  billion years.[72] The stars in the extended halos of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way may extend nearly one-third the distance separating the two galaxies.", "Milky Way. The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.[68] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).[69] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.[70][71][a]", "Milky Way. One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.[184] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley supercluster, behind it.[185] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.[186]", "Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. Satellite galaxies that orbit from 1,000 ly (310 pc) of the edge of the disc of the Milky Way Galaxy to the edge of the dark matter halo of the Milky Way at 980×10^3 ly (300 kpc) from the center of the galaxy,[note 1] are generally depleted in hydrogen gas compared to those that orbit more distantly. The reason is the dense hot gas halo of the Milky Way, which strips cold gas from the satellites. Satellites beyond that region still retain copious quantities of gas.[4][5]", "Astronomy. In the center of the Milky Way is the core, a bar-shaped bulge with what is believed to be a supermassive black hole at its center. This is surrounded by four primary arms that spiral from the core. This is a region of active star formation that contains many younger, population I stars. The disk is surrounded by a spheroid halo of older, population II stars, as well as relatively dense concentrations of stars known as globular clusters.[80]", "Globular cluster. Of the globular clusters within the Milky Way, the majority are found in a halo around the galactic core, and the large majority are located in the celestial sky centered on the core. In 1918, this strongly asymmetrical distribution was used by Shapley to make a determination of the overall dimensions of the galaxy. By assuming a roughly spherical distribution of globular clusters around the galaxy's center, he used the positions of the clusters to estimate the position of the Sun relative to the galactic center.[14] While his distance estimate was in significant error (although within the same order of magnitude as the currently accepted value), it did demonstrate that the dimensions of the galaxy were much greater than had been previously thought. His error was due to interstellar dust in the Milky Way, which absorbs and diminishes the amount of light from distant objects, such as globular clusters, that reaches the Earth, thus making them appear to be more distant than they are.", "Galaxy. Once protogalaxies began to form and contract, the first halo stars (called Population III stars) appeared within them. These were composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, and may have been massive. If so, these huge stars would have quickly consumed their supply of fuel and became supernovae, releasing heavy elements into the interstellar medium.[107] This first generation of stars re-ionized the surrounding neutral hydrogen, creating expanding bubbles of space through which light could readily travel.[108]", "Galaxy groups and clusters. The total mass of the gas is greater than that of the galaxies by roughly a factor of two. However, this is still not enough mass to keep the galaxies in the cluster. Since this gas is in approximate hydrostatic equilibrium with the overall cluster gravitational field, the total mass distribution can be determined. It turns out the total mass deduced from this measurement is approximately six times larger than the mass of the galaxies or the hot gas. The missing component is known as dark matter and its nature is unknown. In a typical cluster perhaps only 5% of the total mass is in the form of galaxies, maybe 10% in the form of hot X-ray emitting gas and the remainder is dark matter. Brownstein and Moffat[8] use a theory of modified gravity to explain X-ray cluster masses without dark matter. Observations of the Bullet Cluster are the strongest evidence for the existence of dark matter;[9][10][11] however, Brownstein and Moffat[12] have shown that their modified gravity theory can also account for the properties of the cluster.", "Milky Way. Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars.[18] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.[133]", "Andromeda Galaxy. Andromeda Galaxy is surrounded by a large and massive halo of hot gas that is estimated to contain half the mass of the stars in the galaxy. The nearly invisible halo stretches about a million light-years from its host galaxy, halfway to our Milky Way galaxy. Simulations of galaxies indicate the halo formed at the same time as the Andromeda Galaxy. The halo is enriched in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, formed from supernovae and its properties are those expected for a galaxy that lies in the \"green valley\" of the Galaxy color–magnitude diagram (see below). Supernovae erupt in Andromeda Galaxy's star-filled disk and eject these heavier elements into space. Over Andromeda Galaxy's lifetime, nearly half of the heavy elements made by its stars have been ejected far beyond the galaxy's 200,000-light-year-diameter stellar disk.[45][46][47][48][49]", "Hubble Deep Field. Another important result from the HDF was the very small number of foreground stars present. For years astronomers had been puzzling over the nature of dark matter, mass which seems to be undetectable but which observations implied made up about 90% of the mass of the Universe.[19] One theory was that dark matter might consist of Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs)—faint but massive objects such as red dwarfs and planets in the outer regions of galaxies.[20] The HDF showed, however, that there were not significant numbers of red dwarfs in the outer parts of our galaxy.[12][14]", "Atom. Atoms form about 4% of the total energy density of the observable Universe, with an average density of about 0.25 atoms/m3.[108] Within a galaxy such as the Milky Way, atoms have a much higher concentration, with the density of matter in the interstellar medium (ISM) ranging from 105 to 109 atoms/m3.[109] The Sun is believed to be inside the Local Bubble, a region of highly ionized gas, so the density in the solar neighborhood is only about 103 atoms/m3.[110] Stars form from dense clouds in the ISM, and the evolutionary processes of stars result in the steady enrichment of the ISM with elements more massive than hydrogen and helium. Up to 95% of the Milky Way's atoms are concentrated inside stars and the total mass of atoms forms about 10% of the mass of the galaxy.[111] (The remainder of the mass is an unknown dark matter.)[112]", "Milky Way. Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.[110] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions[111][112] and molecular clouds.[113]", "Dark matter halo. The collapse of overdensities in the cosmic density field is generally aspherical. So, there is no reason to expect the resulting halos to be spherical. Even the earliest simulations of structure formation in a CDM universe emphasized that the halos are substantially flattened.[17] Subsequent work has shown that halo equidensity surfaces can be described by ellipsoids characterized by the lengths of their axes.[18]" ]

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[ "History of the Chicago Cubs. In 1907, the Cubs won 107 games, dominating the National League once again. That year they met Ty Cobb and the Detroit Tigers in the World Series, beating them soundly, 4-1, for the franchise's first World Series championship. At the time a tie was replayed the next day from the beginning but counted in the series score, so officially the series was not a sweep.", "1908 World Series. The 1908 World Series was significant for being the last World Series championship the Cubs would win until the 2016 World Series (108 years later). Before the 2016 series, the team would go on to appear in seven World Series; in 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1945, losing each time. The Cubs had been one of baseball's most dominant teams in the early 1900s. This was the year of the infamous \"Merkle's Boner\" play that allowed the Chicago Cubs to reach the World Series after beating the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants) in a one-game \"playoff\", actually the makeup game for the tie that the Merkle play had caused.", "2016 Chicago Cubs season. The Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series, their first appearance since the 1945 World Series and first win since the 1908 World Series. In the World Series, the Cubs came back from a three-games-to-one deficit, winning the final three games. The last time a team came back from a three-games-to-one deficit to win the World Series was the Kansas City Royals in 1985. The Cubs were also the first team to win Games 6 and 7 on the road in a World Series since the Pittsburgh Pirates had done so against the Baltimore Orioles in 1979. The World Series victory put an end to the so-called Curse of the Billy Goat and the longest World Series championship drought in history.", "Chicago Cubs. The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series. The 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763, before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox (\"The Hitless Wonders\") by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series, and the first to win it twice. Most recently, the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series, which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought,[3] both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball.[4][5] The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports. Since the start of divisional play in 1969, the Cubs have appeared in the postseason nine times through the 2017 season.[3][6]", "2016 World Series. The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908. Game 7, an 8–7 victory in extra innings, marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 (which, coincidentally, also featured the Indians). It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start. The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3-1 deficit to win a best-of-seven World Series, following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1958 New York Yankees, the 1968 Detroit Tigers, the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates, and the 1985 Kansas City Royals. This was the second time and the first since 1948 where the World Series score was even.", "Curse of the Billy Goat. In 2016, the Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the historic 108-year drought and destroying the \"curse.\"", "History of the Chicago Cubs. The 1885 Series ended in dispute and with no clear resolution. Both clubs faced each other again in 1886, and this time around there was no question about the outcome, with the Browns winning the Series 4 games to 2.[4] This marked the only AA win in the 19th Century World Series contests.", "World Series. The Chicago Cubs celebrate winning the 2016 World Series, which ended the club's 108-year championship drought.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. The end result was a league-best 96 victories and the NL East Championship, as the team clinched the division in Pittsburgh. In what was the team's first post-season appearance since the '45 pennant, Chicago met the San Diego Padres. The Cubs' 96 wins earned them home field advantage for the series. However, Wrigley Field did not yet have lights. CBS television, which broadcast the series, pressured the National League to award San Diego a third home game to allow for an additional prime-time broadcast. In the first game of the NLCS the Cubs won 13–0 behind two Gary Matthews home runs, and then took a 2–0 series lead with a 4–2 win in Game 2. With the City of Chicago in an uproar, the series headed west for the final three games, where the Cubs needed only one win to make it to the World Series. After being soundly beaten in Game 3, they lost Game 4 when All-Star closer Lee Smith allowed a walk-off home run to Steve Garvey. Many fans remember Garvey rounding first after his game-winning shot, pumping his fist into the air, as one of the lowest moments in Cubdom. Game 5 was just as bad; the Cubs took a 3–0 lead to the 6th inning with Sutcliffe, the 1984 NL Cy Young Award winner, on the mound, but a critical error by first baseman Leon Durham helped the Padres win the clinching game. The current era of Wrigley Field being a \"hip\" place to be has its roots in the success of the '84 club.", "Cubs–White Sox rivalry. The Chicago Cubs won ten National League championships between 1901 and 1945, and also had among the best winning percentages in the NL up to that time (3796-3022 for a 0.557 winning percentage). The Cubs had a 2 games to 1 lead over the Detroit Tigers in the 1945 World Series, when on October 6, 1945, Cubs fan and local tavern owner Billy Sianis was prevented from reaching his seat because he was accompanied by his pet billy goat. Local legend says that he responded by placing a curse on the Cubs to never again win the World Series, which they have not been able to until 2016. The Cubs, on more than one occasion, have featured a tongue-in-cheek promotion where billy goats are brought into the stadium to be offered as an apology.", "1908 World Series. The 1908 World Series matched the defending champion Chicago Cubs against the Detroit Tigers in a rematch of the 1907 Series. In this first-ever rematch of this young event, the Cubs won in five games for their second consecutive World Series title.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. On September 23, 1908, the Cubs and New York Giants, involved in a tight pennant race, were tied in the bottom of the ninth inning at the Polo Grounds. The Giants had runners of first and third and two outs when Al Bridwell hit a single to center field, scoring Moose McCormick from third with the Giants’ apparent winning run, but the runner on first base, rookie Fred Merkle, went half way to second and then sprinted to the clubhouse after McCormick touched home plate. As fans swarmed the field, Evers retrieved the ball and touched second. Since there were two outs, a forceout was called at second base, ending the inning and the game. The game went down in history as \"Merkle's Boner\". Because of the tie, the Giants and Cubs ended up tied for first place. The Giants lost the league's first one-game playoff, and the Cubs went on to the World Series, where they defeated the Tigers once again, this time four games to one, for their second consecutive World Series championship,It would be their last World Series victory for 108 years.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. Game 6, held on October 14, was a scene unlike anything seen before, as some estimated 200,000 screaming fans battled the chilly weather and packed the streets outside Wrigley Field, and thousands more packed into local bars around the park, in anticipation of witnessing a Cubs World Series berth. The Cubs gave Prior a 3–0 lead that night. The crowd pumped up with even more adrenalin when the 7th inning stretch was sung by comedian Bernie Mac, who instead of replacing \"home team\" with \"Cubbies\", sang \"Root, root, root for The Champs.\" It was the eighth inning when the now-infamous incident took place in which a fan, Steve Bartman, attempted to catch a foul ball hit by Florida's Luis Castillo that Cub left fielder Moisés Alou was also attempting to catch to record the second out. Alou was enraged and Castillo eventually drew a walk. The play was followed up with a booted ground ball by SS Alex S. Gonzalez, which potentially could have ended the inning via a double play. This apparently rattled the team and opened the door to 8 Florida runs and a Marlin victory. Ironically, Gonzalez led the National League in fielding percentage among all shortstops for the regular season. The next night, the Cubs rebounded to gain a lead twice in Game 7, with Kerry Wood (who homered in the game) on the mound, but lost a close, back and forth game, sealed by a game winning shot by Marlin slugger Derrek Lee, and the North Siders were once again left on the outside of the World Series looking in.", "Curse of the Billy Goat. Some believe that the curse actually goes back to 1908, the last time the Cubs won the World Series, due to the 'underhanded' way the Cubs advanced to that year's World Series, which 'angered' the baseball gods.[9]Between that 1908 triumph, which was the Cubs' second world championship (they'd also won the Series in 1907 to become baseball's first back-to-back winners as well as the first franchise to appear in three consecutive World Series), and 1945, the first year of the alleged Billy Goat curse, the Cubs won the National League pennant six times but failed to win the Series: in 1910, in 1918 (won by the Boston Red Sox who themselves would soon become victims of an alleged baseball curse and not win another Series for 86 years), in 1929, in 1932 (known for Babe Ruth's called shot at Wrigley Field), in 1935 (a re-match of the 1908 series against the Detroit Tigers, with the Tigers winning this time, their first Series triumph in five appearances dating back to the early 1900s), and in 1938.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. After losing records in 2013 and 2014, the Cubs secured a playoff berth in 2015 with the third-best record in MLB. They defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the National League Wild Card Game and the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Division Series en route to the 2015 National League Championship Series, where they were eliminated by the New York Mets. The club entered the 2016 season looking to advance deep into the playoffs again. This time, however, the Cubs won the NL Central with the best record in MLB, 103–58. It was the club's first divisional title since 2008. The team's fortunes in the playoffs turned around as well. They defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Championship series, securing the franchise's first National League pennant and World Series appearance since 1945. Once there, they fell to a 3–1 deficit in the series, but won games five and six to force a game seven. After ten innings, a rain delay, and a blown 5–1 lead, the Cubs finally emerged victorious in game seven, 8–7. The Cubs' historic win marked the end of the longest championship drought in American sports history, winning the franchise's third World Series trophy and first in 108 years.[15]", "Chicago Cubs. In the NLCS, the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres. The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey, Tony Gwynn, Eric Show, Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins. With wins of 13–0 and 4–2, the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series. After being beaten in Game 3 7–1, the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith, with the game tied 5–5, allowed a game-winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning. In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3–0 lead into the 6th inning, and a 3–2 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe (who won the Cy Young Award that year) still on the mound. Then, Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove. This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6–3, with a 4-run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers. The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs, one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. In the 1932 World Series, Babe Ruth again torched the North Siders, though this time with his bat, when he led New York in a series in which he hit his famous \"called shot\" home run in Chicago during Game 3. The Yankees then went on to a four-game sweep of the Northsiders. There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well, as they won the 1935 pennant in thrilling fashion. Billy Herman hit a career best .341 and led the Cubs to 21 straight wins in September, which propelled the club to the 1935 World Series where they fell to Hank Greenberg's Detroit Tigers in a hard fought, 6 game series.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. On October 1, 1932, in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees, Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate, pointed his finger to Wrigley Field's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center. There is speculation as to whether the \"facts\" surrounding the story are true or not, but nevertheless Ruth did help the Yankees secure a World Series win that year and the home run accounted for his 15th and last home run in the post season before he retired in 1935.[17]", "Steve Bartman incident. The World Series went on without Bartman making any public appearances. On November 2, 2016, the Chicago Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the so-called Curse of the Billy Goat. After their World Series win, Murtha said, \"(Bartman) was just overjoyed that the Cubs won, as all the Cubs fans are.\" Further, when calls were made for Bartman to be a part of the victory parade, or other similar ideas, \"The one thing that Steve and I did talk about was if the Cubs were to win, he did not want to be a distraction to the accomplishments of the players and the organization.\"[23]", "Chicago Cubs. In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season.[10] During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai \"Three-Finger\" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the \"Hitless Wonders\" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs would not win another World Series until 2016; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. On September 23, 1908, the Cubs and New York Giants were involved in a tight pennant race. The two clubs were tied in the bottom of the ninth inning at the Polo Grounds, and N.Y. had runners on first and third and two outs when Al Bridwell singled, scoring Moose McCormick from third with the Giants' apparent winning run, but the runner on first base, rookie Fred Merkle, left the field without touching second base. As fans swarmed the field, Cub infielder Johnny Evers retrieved the ball and touched second. Since there were two outs, a forceout was called at second base, ending the inning and the game. Because of the tie the Giants and Cubs ended up tied for first place. The Giants lost the ensuing one-game playoff and the Cubs went on to the World Series.[16]", "1908 World Series. The Cubs would not win another World Series title until finally reclaiming the crown in 2016.", "2015 Chicago Cubs season. In the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II, the 2015 Chicago Cubs win the World Series.", "Curse of the Billy Goat. The Cubs lost the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers, and did not win a World Series championship again until 2016. After the incident with Sianis and Murphy, the Cubs did not play in the World Series for the next 71 years until, on the 46th anniversary of Billy Sianis's death,[3] they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers 5–0 in game 6 of the 2016 National League Championship Series to win the NL pennant.[4] The Cubs defeated the American League (AL) champion Cleveland Indians 8–7 in game 7 (which lasted 10 innings) to win the 2016 World Series, thus ending the curse.[5]", "Steve Bartman incident. In 2016, the team advanced to the World Series for the first time since 1945, ending a 71-year-old drought. By some accounts, this represented the end of this particular \"curse\",[clarification needed] since the Cubs had won the NLCS pennant, which they were unable to do in 2003. The Cubs then overcame a 3 games to 1 deficit to defeat the Cleveland Indians in the 2016 World Series, ending their 108-year drought, which was reported by media (and voiced by fans) to be the end of this curse, and others including the Curse of the Billy Goat.[12]", "2016 World Series. The Cubs qualified for the postseason by winning the National League Central, ending the regular season with the best record in the major leagues (103–58) for the first time since 1945; they also posted their highest winning percentage since 1935, and won their most games since 1910. The division title was their sixth since division play began in 1969, and their first since 2008.[6] They defeated the San Francisco Giants in four games of the NL Division Series before clinching their first NL pennant since 1945 with a sixth-game victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NL Championship Series.[7][8][9]", "Chicago Cubs. In a season that included a no-hitter on April 21 by Jake Arrieta,[48] the Cubs finished with the best record in Major League Baseball and won their first National League Central title since the 2008 season, winning by 17.5 games. The team also reached the 100-win mark for the first time since 1935 and won 103 total games, the most wins for the franchise since 1910. The Cubs defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series and returned to the National League Championship Series for the second year in a row, where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games. This was their first NLCS win since the series was created in 1969. The win earned the Cubs their first World Series appearance since 1945 and a chance for their first World Series win since 1908. Coming back from a three-games-to-one deficit, the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series, They were the first team to come back from a three-games-to-one deficit since the Kansas City Royals in 1985. On November 4, the city of Chicago held a victory parade and rally for the Cubs that began at Wrigley Field, headed down Lake Shore Drive, and ended in Grant Park. The city estimated that over five million people attended the parade and rally, which made it one of the largest recorded gatherings in history.[49]", "History of the Chicago Cubs. A post-season \"World's Championship Series\" had been held in 1884 between the champions of the League (Providence) and the Association (Metropolitan), and the White Stockings and the Browns arranged to continue that new tradition in 1885. This was the first meeting between Chicago and a St. Louis franchise which would eventually join the NL and become known as the St. Louis Cardinals. The two clubs remain perennial rivals.", "Chicago. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;[222] they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games and have more wins than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876.[223] They have won three World Series titles, including the 2016 World Series, but had the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in American professional sports: They had not won their sport's title since 1908, and had not participated in a World Series since 1945, both records, until they beat the Cleveland Indians in the 2016 World Series.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. By 1905 the Cubs were owned by Charles Murphy, who purchased the franchise for $125,000. Chance took over as manager for the ailing Frank Selee in that year, and the Cubs responded by winning four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Their record of 116 victories (in a 154-game season) in 1906 has not been broken, though it was tied by the Seattle Mariners in 2001 in a 162-game season. The 1906 Cubs still hold the record for best winning percentage of the modern era, with a .763 mark. However, they lost the 1906 World Series to their crosstown rival White Sox.", "History of the Chicago Cubs. Finishing up August at 69–66, the Cubs went on a tear in September, riding Sammy Sosa, Moisés Alou, and their new teammates as they started the month by taking four of five games in a crucial series against St. Louis, and winning 19 out of 27 by months end. Prior and Wood both had good seasons, but were especially dominant after June, and were dubbed \"Chicago Heat\" by Sports Illustrated, a name that stuck on with the media. The two fireballers and their mates managed to beat out the charging Astros, clinching the division on September 27 against Pittsburgh, just as they had in 1984. The team charged into the playoffs, knocking off Greg Maddux and Atlanta in 5 games in the NLDS, the club's first post-season series win since 1908, and moved on to face Lowell and the eventual champion Florida Marlins in the NLCS. After dropping game one, the Cubs proceeded to take a 3 games to 1 lead and it appeared the North Siders would reach the World Series at last. Marlins pitcher Josh Beckett shut out the Cubs in Game 5, but most fans thought this a blessing, as with pocket aces Prior and Wood slated to start the next two games, victory seemed all but assured, and the team could \"break the curse\" at home.", "World Series. In 2016, the Chicago Cubs ended their 108-year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians, rallying from a 3–1 Series deficit in the process. That extended Cleveland's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting – the Indians last won the Series in 1948 – now the longest title drought in the majors." ]

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[ "George Santayana. Santayana is popularly known for aphorisms, such as \"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it\",[3] \"Only the dead have seen the end of war\",[4] and the definition of beauty as \"pleasure objectified\".[5] Although an atheist, he always treasured the Spanish Catholic values, practices, and worldview in which he was raised.[citation needed] Santayana was a broad-ranging cultural critic spanning many disciplines.", "Michel Foucault. As far as I can see, all he has to offer are brilliant redescriptions of the past, supplemented by helpful hints on how to avoid being trapped by old historiographical assumptions. These hints consist largely of saying: \"do not look for progress or meaning in history; do not see the history of a given activity, of any segment of culture, as the development of rationality or of freedom; do not use any philosophical vocabulary to characterize the essence of such activity or the goal it serves; do not assume that the way this activity is presently conducted gives any clue to the goals it served in the past.[179]", "Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Vergangenheitsbewältigung describes the attempt to analyze, digest and learn to live with the past, in particular the Holocaust. The focus on learning is much in the spirit of philosopher George Santayana's oft-quoted observation that \"those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it\". It is a technical term also used in English that was coined after 1945 in West Germany, relating specifically to the atrocities committed during the Third Reich, when Adolf Hitler was in power in Germany, and to both historical and contemporary concerns about the extensive compromise and co-optation of many German cultural, religious, and political institutions by Nazism. The term therefore deals at once with the concrete responsibility of the German state (West Germany assumed the legal obligations of the Reich) and of individual Germans for what took place \"under Hitler\", and with questions about the roots of legitimacy in a society whose development of the Enlightenment collapsed in the face of Nazi ideology.", "Cultural memory. Scholars disagree as to when to locate the moment representation 'took over'. Nora points to the formation of European nation states. For Richard Terdiman, the French revolution is the breaking point: the change of a political system, together with the emergence of industrialization and urbanization, made life more complex than ever before. This not only resulted in an increasing difficulty for people to understand the new society in which they were living, but also, as this break was so radical, people had trouble relating to the past before the revolution. In this situation, people no longer had an implicit understanding of their past. In order to understand the past, it had to be represented through history. As people realized that history was only one version of the past, they became more and more concerned with their own cultural heritage (in French called patrimoine) which helped them shape a collective and national identity. In search for an identity to bind a country or people together, governments have constructed collective memories in the form of commemorations which should bring and keep together minority groups and individuals with conflicting agendas. What becomes clear is that the obsession with memory coincides with the fear of forgetting and the aim for authenticity.", "Ionian Revolt. Herodotus reports that when Darius heard of the burning of Sardis, he swore vengeance upon the Athenians (after asking who they indeed were), and tasked a servant with reminding him three times each day of his vow: \"Master, remember the Athenians\".[39]", "Jim Brown. He told me, 'Make sure when anyone tackles you he remembers how much it hurts.' He lived by that philosophy and I always followed that advice.", "J. Robert Oppenheimer. In 1965, he was persuaded to quote again for a television broadcast:", "Thucydides. To hear this history rehearsed, for that there be inserted in it no fables, shall be perhaps not delightful. But he that desires to look into the truth of things done, and which (according to the condition of humanity) may be done again, or at least their like, shall find enough herein to make him think it profitable. And it is compiled rather for an everlasting possession than to be rehearsed for a prize. (1:22)", "Joseph McCarthy. This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy's methods to keep silent, or for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history, but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities. As a nation we have come into our full inheritance at a tender age. We proclaim ourselves, as indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world, but we cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home.", "Benazir Bhutto. In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn.", "Zefram Cochrane. The aphorism \"Don't try to be a great man, just be a man. And let history make its own judgments.\" is attributed to Cochrane, who is said to have uttered it in 2073.[4] In 2119, Cochrane was present at the dedication of Earth's first Warp 5 Complex, where he stated, \"This engine will let us go boldly where no man has gone before\", making him the earliest known person in the fictional timeline of Trek to say that phrase.[5]", "Herostratus. But the iniquity of oblivion blindly scattereth her poppy, and deals with the memory of men without distinction to merit of perpetuity... Herostratus lives that burnt the Temple of Diana, he is almost lost that built it... Who knows whether the best of men be known? or whether there be not more remarkable persons forgot, than any that stand remembred in the known account of time?[9]", "Plutarch. Plutarch's influence declined in the 19th and 20th centuries, but it remains embedded in the popular ideas of Greek and Roman history. One of his most famous quotes was one that he included in one of his earliest works. \"The world of man is best captured through the lives of the men who created history.\"", "Eulogy. “The first thing to remember now is that no one of us dare misbehave because we’re angry [sic]. We have to behave like strong and determined people, determined to face all the perils that surround us, determined to carry out the mandate that our great teacher and our great leader had given us, remembering always that if, as I believe, his spirit looks upon us and sees you, nothing would displease his soul so much as to see that we have indulged in any small behavior or any violence.\nSo we must not do that. But that does not mean that we should be weak, but rather that we should in strength and in unity face all the troubles and difficulties and conflicts must be ended in the face of this great disaster. A great disaster is a symbol to us to remember all the big things of life and forget the small things, of which we have thought too much.”[7]", "Anne Bradstreet. \"To my faults that well you know I have let be interred in my oblivious grave; if any worth of virtue were in me, let that live freshly in they memory\". Anne expresses the feeling she has of wanting her children to remember her in a good light not in a bad light.", "Voltaire. Voltaire is also known for many memorable aphorisms, such as \"Si Dieu n'existait pas, il faudrait l'inventer\" (\"If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him\"), contained in a verse epistle from 1768, addressed to the anonymous author of a controversial work on The Three Impostors. But far from being the cynical remark it is often taken for, it was meant as a retort to atheistic opponents such as d'Holbach, Grimm, and others.[222] He has had his detractors among his later colleagues. The Scottish Victorian writer Thomas Carlyle argued that \"Voltaire read history, not with the eye of devout seer or even critic, but through a pair of mere anti-catholic spectacles.\"[223]", "Requiem for a Nun. Requiem for a Nun is the source of one of Faulkner's best-known lines, \"The past is never dead. It's not even past.\"", "Ronald Reagan. The future doesn't belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave ... We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and 'slipped the surly bonds of Earth' to 'touch the face of God.'[228]", "What Is History?. Repeating his attack on the empirical approach to history, Carr claimed that those historians who claimed to be strict empiricists like Captain Stephen Roskill who took a just-the-facts approach would resemble a character named Funes in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges who never forgot anything he had seen or heard, so his memory was a \"garbage heap\".[72] Thus, Funes was \"not very capable of thought\" because \"to think is forget differences, to generalize, to make abstractions\".[72] In his introduction to the second edition of What is History? written shortly before his death in 1982, which was all that Carr had finished of the second edition, Carr proclaimed his belief that the western world was in a state of despair, writing:", "Gustav Stresemann. When the Allies' peace terms became known, including a crushing burden of paying reparations for the war, Constantin Fehrenbach denounced them and claimed \"the will to break the chains of slavery would be implanted\" into a generation of Germans. Stresemann said of this speech: \"He was inspired in that hour by God to say what was felt by the German people. His words, spoken under Fichte's portrait, the final words of which merged into “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles”, made it an unforgettably solemn hour. There was in that sense a kind of uplifting grandeur. The impression left on all was tremendous\".[8]", "Gettysburg Address. U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts wrote of the address and its enduring presence in American culture after Lincoln's assassination in April 1865: \"That speech, uttered at the field of Gettysburg ... and now sanctified by the martyrdom of its author, is a monumental act. In the modesty of his nature he said 'the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here.' He was mistaken. The world at once noted what he said, and will never cease to remember it.\"[6]", "Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle described his adversarial relationship with Churchill in these words: \"When I am right, I get angry. Churchill gets angry when he is wrong. We are angry at each other much of the time.\"[117] On one occasion in 1941 Churchill spoke to him on the telephone. De Gaulle said that the French people thought he was a reincarnation of Joan of Arc, to which Churchill replied that the English had had to burn the last one.[118] Clementine Churchill, who admired de Gaulle, once cautioned him, \"General, you must not hate your friends more than you hate your enemies.\" De Gaulle himself stated famously, \"No Nation has friends, only interests.\"[119]", "The Prince. Finally, Machiavelli makes a point that bringing new benefits to a conquered people will not be enough to cancel the memory of old injuries, an idea Allan Gilbert said can be found in Tacitus and Seneca the Younger.[19]", "Eternal return. Nietzsche scholar Walter Kaufmann has described an argument originally put forward by Georg Simmel, which rebuts the claim that a finite number of states must repeat within an infinite amount of time:", "Charles de Gaulle. Régis Debray called de Gaulle \"super-lucide\"[197] and pointed out that virtually all of his predictions, such as the fall of communism, the reunification of Germany and the resurrection of 'old' Russia, came true after his death.[268] Debray compared him with Napoleon ('the great political myth of the 19th century'), calling de Gaulle his 20th century equivalent. \"The sublime, it seems, appears in France only once a century ... Napoleon left two generations dead on battlefield. De Gaulle was more sparing with other people's blood; even so, he left us, as it were, stranded, alive but dazed... A delusion, perhaps, but one that turns the world upside down: causes events and movements; divides people into supporters and adversaries; leaves traces in the form of civil and penal codes and railways, factories and institutions (the Fifth Republic has already lasted three times as long as the Empire). A statesman who gets something going, who has followers, escapes the reality of the reports and statistics and become part of imagination. Napoleon and de Gaulle modified the state of things because they modified souls\".[197]", "Gustav Stresemann. If the allies had obliged me just one single time, I would have brought the German people behind me, yes; even today, I could still get them to support me. However, they (the allies) gave me nothing and the minor concessions they made, always came too late. Thus, nothing else remains for us but brutal force. The future lies in the hands of the new generation. Moreover, they, the German youth, who we could have won for peace and reconstruction, we have lost. Herein lies my tragedy and there, the allies' crime.", "Enrique Peña Nieto. Enrique Peña Nieto has been known for his occasional lapses in memory or gaffes during public events or interviews.[119] The most-noted incident occurred during the International Book Fair of Guadalajara on 3 December 2011.[120] On that day, during a question and answer session, he was asked by an audience member to name three books that had influenced him, being only able to correctly reference the Bible.[121][122] He then \"rambled, tossing out confused title names, asking for help in recalling authors and sometimes mismatching\" the two others.[123] Other incidents have involved him not being able to recall Benito Juárez's year of birth,[124] being unable to remember the acronym of the Federal Institute of Access to Information (IFAI),[125][126] changing the date of foundation of the state of Hidalgo,[127][128] mistaking the capital of the State of Veracruz,[129] mentioning the U.S. presidential candidate \"La señora Hillary Trump\" (Mrs. Hillary Trump),[130] among others,[131] of varying degree of substantiation or credibility. However, they have become viral on social media, especially Twitter[132][133] and a website that counts the number of days since his last gaffe.[134]", "Jack Weinberg. \"I've done some things in my life I think are very important, and my one sentence in history turns out to be something I said off the top of my head which became completely distorted and misunderstood. But I've become more accepting of fate as I get older.\"[24]", "Thucydides. Thucydides is generally regarded as one of the first true historians. Like his predecessor Herodotus, known as \"the father of history\", Thucydides places a high value on eyewitness testimony and writes about events in which he probably took part. He also assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants about the events that he recorded. Unlike Herodotus, whose stories often teach that a hubris invites the wrath of the deities, Thucydides does not acknowledge divine intervention in human affairs.[33]", "Reconstructive memory. Frederic Bartlett originally tested his idea of the reconstructive nature of recall by presenting a group of participants with foreign folk tales (his most famous being \"War of the Ghosts\"[7]) with which they had no previous experience. After presenting the story, he tested their ability to recall and summarize the stories at various points after presentation to newer generations of participants. His findings showed that the participants could provide a simple summary but had difficulty recalling the story accurately, with the participants' own account generally being shorter and manipulated in such a way that aspects of the original story that were unfamiliar or conflicting to the participants' own schematic knowledge were removed or altered in a way to fit into more personally relevant versions.[4] For instance, allusions made to magic and Native American mysticism that were in the original version were omitted as they failed to fit into the average Westerner schematic network. In addition, after several recounts of the story had been made by successive generations of participants, certain aspects of the recalled tale were embellished so they were more consistent with the participants' cultural and historical viewpoint compared to the original text (e.g. Emphasis placed on one of the characters desire to return to care for his dependent elderly mother). These findings lead Bartlett to conclude that recall is predominately a reconstructive rather than reproductive process.", "Douglas MacArthur. In a 3 December 1973 article in Time magazine, Truman was quoted as saying in the early 1960s:", "Internment of Japanese Americans. \"In remembering, it is important to come to grips with the past. No nation can fully understand itself or find its place in the world if it does not look with clear eyes at all the glories and disgraces of its past. We in the United States acknowledge such an injustice in our history. The internment of Americans of Japanese ancestry was a great injustice, and it will never be repeated.\"" ]

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[ "Lynyrd Skynyrd. Lynyrd Skynyrd (/ˌlɛnərd ˈskɪnərd/ LEN-ərd-SKIN-ərd)[2] is an American rock band best known for having popularized the Southern rock genre during the 1970s. Originally formed in 1964 as My Backyard in Jacksonville, Florida, the band was also known by names such as The Noble Five and One Percent, before finally deciding on \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\" in 1969. The band gained worldwide recognition for its live performances and signature songs \"Sweet Home Alabama\" and \"Free Bird\". At the peak of their success, band members Ronnie Van Zant and Steve Gaines, and backup singer Cassie Gaines, died in an airplane crash in 1977, putting an abrupt end to the 1970s era of the band.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. In 1969, Van Zant sought a new name. The group settled on Leonard Skinnerd, a mocking tribute to physical education teacher Leonard Skinner at Robert E. Lee High School.[6] Skinner was notorious for strictly enforcing the school's policy against boys having long hair.[7] Rossington dropped out of school, tired of being hassled about his hair.[8] The more distinctive spelling \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\" was being used at least as early as 1970. Despite their high school acrimony, the band developed a friendlier relationship with Skinner in later years, and invited him to introduce them at a concert in the Jacksonville Memorial Coliseum.[9] Skinner also allowed the band to use a photo of his Leonard Skinner Realty sign for the inside of their third album.[10]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. In 1972, the band (then comprising Van Zant, Collins, Rossington, Burns, Wilkeson, and Powell) was discovered by musician, songwriter, and producer Al Kooper of Blood, Sweat & Tears, who had attended one of their shows at Funocchio's in Atlanta. Kooper signed them to his Sounds of the South label that was to be distributed and supported by MCA Records, and produced their first album. Wilkeson, citing nervousness about fame, temporarily left the band during the early recording sessions for the album, only playing on two tracks. He rejoined the band shortly after the album's release at Van Zant's invitation[citation needed] and is pictured on the album cover. To replace him, Strawberry Alarm Clock guitarist Ed King joined the band and played bass on the album (the only part which Wilkeson had not already written being the solo section in \"Simple Man\"), and also contributed to the songwriting and did some guitar work on the album. After Wilkeson rejoined, King stayed in the band and switched solely to guitar, allowing the band to replicate its three-guitar studio mix in live performances. Released on August 13, 1973,[14] the self-titled album with the subtitle \"Pronounced Leh-nerd Skin-nerd\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.[15] The album featured the hit song \"Free Bird\", which received national airplay,[16] eventually reaching No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[citation needed]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. In the summer of 1964, teenage friends Ronnie Van Zant, Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Gary Rossington, and Larry Junstrom formed the earliest incarnation of the band in Jacksonville, Florida as My Backyard. The band then changed its name to The Noble Five.[5] The band used different names before using One Percent during 1968.[5]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. In 1987, Lynyrd Skynyrd reunited for a full-scale tour with five major members of the pre-crash band: crash survivors Gary Rossington, Billy Powell, Leon Wilkeson and Artimus Pyle, along with guitarist Ed King, who had left the band two years before the crash. Ronnie Van Zant's younger brother, Johnny, took over as the new lead singer and primary songwriter. Due to founding member Allen Collins' paralysis from his 1986 car accident, he was only able to participate as the musical director, choosing Randall Hall, his former bandmate in the Allen Collins Band, as his stand-in. In return for avoiding prison following his guilty plea to DUI manslaughter Collins would be wheeled out onstage each night to explain to the audience why he could no longer perform (usually before the performance of \"That Smell\", which had been partially directed at him). Collins was stricken with pneumonia in 1989 and died on January 23, 1990, leaving Rossington as the only remaining founding member.[citation needed]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. By 1970, Lynyrd Skynyrd had become a top band in Jacksonville, headlining at some local concerts, and opening for several national acts. Pat Armstrong, a Jacksonville native and partner in Macon, Georgia-based Hustlers Inc. with Phil Walden's younger brother, Alan Walden, became the band's managers. Armstrong left Hustlers shortly thereafter to start his own agency. Walden stayed with the band until 1974, when management was turned over to Peter Rudge. The band continued to perform throughout the South in the early 1970s, further developing their hard-driving blues rock sound and image, and experimenting with recording their sound in a studio. Skynyrd crafted this distinctively \"southern\" sound through a creative blend of blues, and a slight British rock influence.[11]", "What's Your Name (Lynyrd Skynyrd song). Lynyrd Skynyrd lead vocalist Ronnie Van Zant and guitarist Gary Rossington wrote \"What's Your Name\" while in Miami with producer Tom Dowd and Booker T. & the M.G.'s guitarist Steve Cropper. The lyrics depict a true story of the band drinking at their hotel bar during a tour when one of their roadies got into a fight. The band got kicked out of the bar, but they went into another room and ordered champagne. However, as the song suggests, the incident did not happen in the city of Boise, Idaho. Instead, when Van Zant found out that the band 38 Special (led by his younger brother Donnie) was starting its first national tour in that city, the lyric was changed.[1]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. Lynyrd Skynyrd has sold 28 million records in the United States. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006.[3] On January 25, 2018, Lynyrd Skynyrd announced their farewell tour.[4]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. The reunited band was intended to be a one-time tribute to the original lineup, captured on the double-live album Southern by the Grace of God: Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour 1987. That the band chose to continue after the 1987 tribute tour caused legal problems for the survivors, as Judy Van Zant Jenness and Teresa Gaines Rapp (widows of Ronnie and Steve, respectively) sued the others for violating an agreement made shortly after the plane crash, stating that they would not \"exploit\" the Skynyrd name for profit. As part of the settlement, Jenness and Rapp collect nearly 30% of the band's touring revenues (representing the shares their husbands would have earned had they lived), and hold a proviso requiring any band touring as Lynyrd Skynyrd to include Rossington and at least two other four surviving members from the pre-crash era, namely Wilkeson, Powell, King and Pyle[30]. However, continued lineup changes and natural attrition has led to a relaxation in recent years.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. On November 28, 2005, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced that Lynyrd Skynyrd would be inducted alongside Black Sabbath, Blondie, Miles Davis, and the Sex Pistols.[47] They were inducted in the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in Manhattan on March 13, 2006 during the Hall's 21st annual induction ceremony. The inductees included Ronnie Van Zant, Allen Collins, Gary Rossington, Ed King, Steve Gaines, Billy Powell, Leon Wilkeson, Bob Burns, and Artimus Pyle (post-crash members, the Honkettes, and pre-crash members Rickey Medlocke, Larry Junstrom, and Greg T. Walker, were not inducted). The current version of Skynyrd, augmented by King, Pyle, Burns, and former Honkettes JoJo Billingsley and Leslie Hawkins, performed \"Sweet Home Alabama\" and \"Free Bird\" at the ceremony, which was also attended by Judy Van Zant Jenness and Ronnie's two daughters, Teresa Gaines Rapp and her daughter Corinna, Allen Collins' daughters, and Leon Wilkeson's mother and son.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. 1977's Street Survivors turned out to be a showcase for guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines, who had joined the band just a year earlier and was making his studio debut with them. Publicly and privately, Ronnie Van Zant marveled at the multiple talents of Skynyrd's newest member, claiming that the band would \"all be in his shadow one day\".[22] Gaines' contributions included his co-lead vocal with Van Zant on the co-written \"You Got That Right\" and the rousing guitar boogie \"I Know a Little\", which he had written before he joined Skynyrd. So confident was Skynyrd's leader of Gaines' abilities that the album (and some concerts) featured Gaines delivering his self-penned bluesy \"Ain't No Good Life\" – the only song in the pre-crash Skynyrd catalog to feature a lead vocalist other than Ronnie Van Zant. The album also included the hit singles \"What's Your Name\" and \"That Smell\". The band was poised for their biggest tour yet, with shows always highlighted by the iconic rock anthem \"Free Bird\".[23] In November, the band was scheduled to fulfill Van Zant's lifelong dream of headlining New York's Madison Square Garden.[citation needed]", "List of Lynyrd Skynyrd members. Lynyrd Skynyrd was formed under the name My Backyard in 1964, which was later changed to The Noble Five, and again to One Percent.[1] The group originally included vocalist Ronnie Van Zant, guitarists Gary Rossington and Allen Collins, bassist Larry Junstrom and drummer Bob Burns, all of whom were students at Robert E. Lee High School.[2] After performing live for several years, the band recorded for the first time in 1971, when Junstrom and Burns were replaced by Greg T. Walker and Rickey Medlocke, respectively.[3] The following year, Walker was replaced by the band's original choice of bassist Leon Wilkeson, and Medlocke moved to third guitarist as Burns returned on drums.[4] Medlocke had left by the end of the year.[5] Billy Powell had also been added as the group's first keyboardist, having worked as a roadie since 1970.[6]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. In January 1975, drummer Burns left the band and was replaced by Kentucky native Artimus Pyle. The band's third album, Nuthin' Fancy, was recorded in 17 days.[19] Kooper and the band parted by mutual agreement before its release, with Kooper left with the tapes to complete the mix.[20] It had lower sales than its predecessor. Midway through its tour, Ed King left the band, citing tour exhaustion. In January 1976, backup singers Leslie Hawkins, Cassie Gaines and JoJo Billingsley (collectively known as The Honkettes) were added, although they were not considered official members. Lynyrd Skynyrd's fourth album Gimme Back My Bullets was released, but did not achieve the same success as the previous two albums. Van Zant and Collins both felt that the band was seriously missing the three-guitar attack that had been one of its early hallmarks. Although Skynyrd auditioned several guitarists, including such high-profile names as Leslie West, its search continued until Cassie Gaines began touting the guitar and songwriting prowess of her younger brother, Steve.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. Rossington, Collins, Wilkeson and Powell formed the Rossington-Collins Band, which released two albums in 1980 and 1981. Deliberately avoiding comparisons with Ronnie Van Zant as well as suggestions that this band was Lynyrd Skynyrd reborn, Rossington and Collins chose a woman, Dale Krantz, as the lead vocalist. However, as an acknowledgement of their past, the band's concert encore would always be an instrumental version of \"Free Bird\". Rossington and Collins eventually had a falling out over the affections of Dale Krantz, whom Rossington married and with whom he formed the Rossington Band, which released two albums in the late 1980s and opened for the Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour in 1987–1988.[citation needed]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. Lynyrd Skynyrd's fan base continued to grow rapidly throughout 1973, largely due to their opening slot on the Who's Quadrophenia tour in the United States. Their 1974 follow-up, Second Helping, featuring King, Collins and Rossington all collaborating with Van Zant on the songwriting, cemented the band's breakthrough. Its single, \"Sweet Home Alabama\", a response to Neil Young's \"Southern Man\", reached #8 on the charts that August. (Young and Van Zant were not rivals, but fans of each other's music and good friends; Young wrote the song \"Powderfinger\" for the band, but they never recorded it.)[17] During their peak years, each of their records sold over one million copies, but \"Sweet Home Alabama\" was the only single to crack the top ten. [18] The Second Helping album reached No. 12 in 1974, eventually going multi-platinum. In July of that year, Lynyrd Skynyrd was one of the headline acts at The Ozark Music Festival held at the Missouri State Fairgrounds in Sedalia, Missouri.[citation needed]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. On May 2, 2012, the band announced the impending release of a new studio album, Last of a Dyin' Breed, along with a North American and European tour.[37] On August 21, 2012, Last of a Dyin' Breed was released. In celebration, the band did four autograph signings throughout the southeast.[38] Lyrynrd Skynyrd have used a Confederate flag since the 1970s and several criticisms have been raised against them because of this.[39][40] While promoting the album on CNN on September 9, 2012, members of the band talked about its discontinued use of Confederate imagery.[41] In September 2012, the band briefly did not display the Confederate flag, which had for years been a part of their stage show, because they did not want to be associated with racists that adopted the flag. However, after protests from fans, they reversed this decision, citing it as part of their Southern American heritage and states' rights symbolism.[42]", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. On March 17, 2009, it was announced that Skynyrd had signed a worldwide deal with Roadrunner Records, in association with their label, Loud & Proud Records, and released their new album God & Guns on September 29 of that year. They toured Europe and the U.S. in 2009 with Keys on keyboards and Robert Kearns of the Bottle Rockets on bass; bassist Ean Evans died of cancer at age 48 on May 6, 2009.[32] Scottish rock band Gun performed as special guests for the UK leg of Skynyrd's tour in 2010.[35]", "Street Survivors. Street Survivors is the fifth studio album by Southern rock band, Lynyrd Skynyrd, released on October 17, 1977. The LP is the last Skynyrd album recorded by original members Ronnie Van Zant and Allen Collins, and is the sole Skynyrd studio recording by guitarist Steve Gaines. Three days after the album's release, the band's chartered airplane crashed en route to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, killing the pilot, co-pilot, the group's assistant road-manager and three band members (Van Zant, Gaines, and Gaines' older sister, backup singer Cassie Gaines), and severely injuring most who survived the crash. The album performed well on the charts, peaking at #5 (the band's first top-5 album), as did the singles \"What's Your Name\" and \"That Smell,\" the former a top-20 hit on the singles chart.", "Sweet Home Alabama. Part of the reference comes from the 1971–1972 demo reels that Lynyrd Skynyrd had recorded in Muscle Shoals with Johnson as a producer/recording engineer. Johnson helped refine many of the songs first heard publicly on the Pronounced album, and it was Van Zant's \"tip of the hat\" to Johnson for helping out the band in the early years and essentially giving the band its first break.", "List of Lynyrd Skynyrd members. Lynyrd Skynyrd is a Southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Formed in 1964, the group originally included vocalist Ronnie Van Zant, guitarists Gary Rossington and Allen Collins, bassist Larry Junstrom and drummer Bob Burns. The current lineup features Rossington, guitarist and vocalist Rickey Medlocke (from 1971 to 1972, and since 1996), lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant (since 1987), drummer Michael Cartellone (since 1999), guitarist Mark Matejka (since 2006), keyboardist Peter Keys (since 2009) and bassist Keith Christopher (since 2017). The band also tours with two backing vocalists, currently Dale Krantz-Rossington (since 1987) and Carol Chase (since 1996).", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. The surviving band members re-formed in 1987 for a reunion tour with lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant, the younger brother of Ronnie Van Zant. Lynyrd Skynyrd continues to tour and record with co-founder Gary Rossington, Johnny Van Zant, and Rickey Medlocke, who first wrote and recorded with the band from 1971 to 1972 before his return in 1996. Fellow founding member Larry Junstrom, along with 1970s members Ed King and Artimus Pyle, remain active in music but no longer tour or record with the band. Michael Cartellone has recorded and toured with the band since 1999.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. The junior Gaines, who led his own band, Crawdad (which occasionally would perform Skynyrd's \"Saturday Night Special\" in their set), was invited to audition onstage with Skynyrd at a concert in Kansas City on May 11, 1976. Liking what they heard, the group also jammed informally with the Oklahoma native several times, then invited him into the group in June. With Gaines on board, the newly reconstituted band recorded the double-live album One More from the Road at the Fox Theatre (Atlanta, Georgia) in Atlanta, and performed at the Knebworth festival, which also featured the Rolling Stones.[citation needed] Coincidentally, Gaines shared the same birth date as his predecessor Ed King.[21]", "Modern display of the Confederate flag. The Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd made heavy use of the flag. They tried distancing themselves from it because of its racial connotations in 2012,[44] but then resumed using it that same year.[45]", "Free Bird. \"Free Bird\",[1][2][3] or \"Freebird\",[4][5][6] is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums, including the unfaded-ending version of the original recording (featured on Skynyrd's Innyrds).", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. During this time, the band experienced some lineup changes for the first time. Junstrom left and was briefly replaced by Greg T. Walker on bass. At that time, Ricky Medlocke joined as a second drummer and occasional second vocalist to help fortify Burns' sound on the drums. Medlocke grew up with the founding members of Lynyrd Skynyrd and his grandfather Shorty Medlocke was an influence in the writing of \"The Ballad of Curtis Loew\". Some versions of the band's history state Burns briefly left the band during this time,[12] although other versions state that Burns played with the band continuously through 1974. [13] The band played some shows with both Burns and Medlocke, using a dual-drummer approach. In 1971, they made some recordings at the famous Muscle Shoals Sound Studio with Walker and Medlocke serving as the rhythm section, but without the participation of Burns.[citation needed] Medlocke and Walker left the band to play with another southern rock band, Blackfoot. When Lynyrd Skynyrd made a second round of Muscle Shoals recordings in 1972, Burns was once again featured on drums along with new bassist, Leon Wilkeson. Medlocke and Walker did not appear on any album until the 1978 release of First and... Last, which compiled the early Muscle Shoals sessions. Also in 1972, roadie Billy Powell became the keyboardist for the band.", "The Ballad of Curtis Loew. The band's website says that the song is based on a composite of people who actually lived in the Van Zants' original neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida. Specifically, the country store \"is based on Claude's Midway Grocery on the corner of Plymouth and Lakeshore [Blvd] in Jacksonville.\" The business has since been renamed Sunrise Food Store, but still occupies the same location. The specific spelling of the surname comes from Ed King writing the liner notes for the Second Helping and deciding to name the bluesman after the Jewish Loew's Theatre.[6] Some of the sources mentioned include Claude H. \"Papa\" Hammer, Rufus \"Tee Tot\" Payne, Robert Johnson, and Shorty Medlocke,[7] the grandfather of Rickey Medlocke, Lynyrd Skynyrd's drummer during their 1970 tour and one of the band's current guitarists.[8]", "Simple Man (Lynyrd Skynyrd song). \"Simple Man\" is the last track on Side 1 of Lynyrd Skynyrd's debut album, (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd).", "Donnie Van Zant. Donald Newton \"Donnie\" Van Zant (born June 11, 1952, in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American rock vocalist/guitarist. He is best known for being a member of the band 38 Special, from its formation in 1974 until 2013. He is the middle of three sons of a truck driver. Older brother Ronnie (1948–1977) was the original lead singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd; he died in a plane crash in Mississippi along with five other members and associates of the band. Younger brother Johnny (b.1960) has been the lead singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd since 1987; the two also perform together from time to time as the group Van Zant.", "Free Bird. The addition of Steve Gaines returned Lynyrd Skynyrd to the formula that Ronnie Van Zant felt gave the band its first road to success with a three-person lead guitar sound. Collins' \"Free Bird\" solo at the end was changed so that the two guitars were complementing and challenging each other throughout that solo.", "Tuesday's Gone. \"Tuesday's Gone\" is the second track on Lynyrd Skynyrd's first album, (Pronounced 'lĕh-'nérd 'skin-'nérd). It also appears on the band's first live LP, One More From the Road.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. The band released a Christmas album, entitled Christmas Time Again in 2000. Leon Wilkeson, Skynyrd's bassist since 1972, was found dead in his hotel room on July 27, 2001; his death was found to be due to emphysema and chronic liver disease. He was replaced in 2001 by Ean Evans.[32] Wilkeson's death resulted in the band having only two remaining members from the classic pre-crash lineups.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd. Both Collins and Rossington had serious car accidents over Labor Day weekend in 1976, which slowed the recording of the follow-up album and forced the band to cancel some concert dates. Rossington's accident inspired the ominous \"That Smell\" – a cautionary tale about drug abuse that was clearly aimed towards him and at least one other band member. Rossington has admitted repeatedly that he was the \"Prince Charming\" of the song who crashed his car into an oak tree while drunk and stoned on Quaaludes. Van Zant, at least, was making a serious attempt to clean up his act and curtail the cycle of boozed-up brawling that was part of Skynyrd's reputation.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Assembly of the International Space Station. The space station is located in orbit around the Earth at an altitude of approximately 410 km (250 mi), a type of orbit usually termed low Earth orbit (the actual height varies over time by several kilometers due to atmospheric drag and reboosts). It orbits Earth in a period of about 90 minutes; by August 2007 it had completed more than 50,000 orbits since launch of Zarya on 20 November 1998.", "International Space Station. The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of 330 km (205 mi) and a maximum of 410 km (255 mi), in the centre of the thermosphere, at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth's equator, necessary to ensure that Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station. Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport.[206][207] It travels at an average speed of 27,724 kilometres per hour (17,227 mph), and completes 15.54 orbits per day (93 minutes per orbit).[3][15] The station's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission. Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure. This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station's engines during the routine firings, rather than have the shuttle lift itself and the payload together to a higher orbit. This trade-off allowed heavier loads to be transferred to the station. After the retirement of the NASA shuttle, the nominal orbit of the space station was raised in altitude.[208][209] Other, more frequent supply ships do not require this adjustment as they are substantially lighter vehicles.[32][210]", "Space Shuttle. Shortly after liftoff, the Shuttle's main engines were throttled up to 104.5% and the vehicle began a combined roll, pitch and yaw maneuver that placed it onto the correct heading (azimuth) for the planned orbital inclination and in a heads down attitude with wings level. The Shuttle flew upside down during the ascent phase. This orientation allowed a trim angle of attack that was favorable for aerodynamic loads during the region of high dynamic pressure, resulting in a net positive load factor, as well as providing the flight crew with a view of the horizon as a visual reference. The vehicle climbed in a progressively flattening arc, accelerating as the mass of the SRBs and main tank decreased. To achieve low orbit requires much more horizontal than vertical acceleration. This was not visually obvious, since the vehicle rose vertically and was out of sight for most of the horizontal acceleration. The near circular orbital velocity at the 380 kilometers (236 mi) altitude of the International Space Station is 27,650 km/h (17,180 mph), roughly equivalent to Mach 23 at sea level. As the International Space Station orbits at an inclination of 51.6 degrees, missions going there must set orbital inclination to the same value in order to rendezvous with the station.", "Surface gravity. Since gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, a space station 400 km above the Earth feels almost the same gravitational force as we do on the Earth's surface. The reason a space station does not plummet to the ground is not that it is not subject to gravity, but that it is in a free-fall orbit.", "Human spaceflight. In 1993, President Bill Clinton secured Russia's cooperation in converting the planned Space Station Freedom into the International Space Station (ISS). Construction of the station began in 1998. The station orbits at an altitude of 409 kilometers (221 nmi) and an inclination of 51.65°.", "International Space Station. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.[11][12][13] The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.[14] The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 km (205 and 270 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft. It completes 15.54 orbits per day.[15]", "Wernher von Braun. The space station (to be constructed using rockets with recoverable and reusable ascent stages) would be a toroid structure, with a diameter of 250 feet (76 m); this built on the concept of a rotating wheel-shaped station introduced in 1929 by Herman Potočnik in his book The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor. The space station would spin around a central docking nave to provide artificial gravity, and would be assembled in a 1,075-mile (1,730 km) two-hour, high-inclination Earth orbit allowing observation of essentially every point on Earth on at least a daily basis. The ultimate purpose of the space station would be to provide an assembly platform for manned lunar expeditions. More than a decade later, the movie version of 2001: A Space Odyssey would draw heavily on the design concept in its visualization of an orbital space station.", "Space Shuttle. Once in orbit, the Shuttle usually flew at an altitude of 320 km (170 nmi) and occasionally as high as 650 km (350 nmi).[82] In the 1980s and 1990s, many flights involved space science missions on the NASA/ESA Spacelab, or launching various types of satellites and science probes. By the 1990s and 2000s the focus shifted more to servicing the space station, with fewer satellite launches. Most missions involved staying in orbit several days to two weeks, although longer missions were possible with the Extended Duration Orbiter add-on or when attached to a space station.", "Kármán line. An orbiting spacecraft only stays in the sky if the centrifugal component of its movement around the Earth is enough to balance the downward pull of gravity. If it goes slower, the pull of gravity gradually makes its altitude decrease. The required speed is called orbital velocity, and it varies with the height of the orbit. For the International Space Station, or a space shuttle in low Earth orbit, the orbital velocity is about 27,000 km per hour (17,000 miles per hour).", "Thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere, between 330 and 435 kilometres (205 and 270 mi).", "Low Earth orbit. With the exception of the 24 astronauts who flew lunar flights in the Apollo program during the four-year period spanning 1968 through 1972, all human spaceflights have taken place in LEO or below. The International Space Station conducts operations in LEO. The altitude record for a human spaceflight in LEO was Gemini 11 with an apogee of 1,374.1 kilometers (853.8 mi). All crewed space stations to date, as well as the majority of satellites, have been in LEO.", "Orbital spaceflight. An object in orbit at an altitude of less than roughly 200 km is considered unstable due to atmospheric drag. For a satellite to be in a stable orbit (i.e. sustainable for more than a few months), 350 km is a more standard altitude for low Earth orbit. For example, on 1958-02-01 the Explorer 1 satellite was launched into an orbit with a perigee of 358 kilometers (222 mi).[2] It remained in orbit for more than 12 years before its atmospheric reentry over the Pacific Ocean on 1970-03-31.", "Spaceflight. The most generally recognized boundary of space is the Kármán line 100 km above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately funded human spaceflight.", "Rotating wheel space station. A NASA engineer takes a walk in simulated zero gravity around a mock-up of a full-scale, 7.3 m (24 ft) diameter space station in 1964.", "Geostationary orbit. The first appearance of a geostationary orbit in popular literature was in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O. Smith,[2] but Smith did not go into details. British science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke disseminated the idea widely, with more details on how it would work, in a 1945 paper entitled \"Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?\", published in Wireless World magazine. Clarke acknowledged the connection in his introduction to The Complete Venus Equilateral.[3] The orbit, which Clarke first described as useful for broadcast and relay communications satellites,[4] is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit.[5] Similarly, the Clarke Belt is the part of space about 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above sea level, in the plane of the equator, where near-geostationary orbits may be implemented. The Clarke Orbit is about 265,000 km (165,000 mi) in circumference.", "Geosynchronous orbit. The Infrared Space Observatory was in a highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with an orbital height of apogee 70,600 km and perigee 1,000 km. It was controlled by two ground stations.", "International Space Station. The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth.[8][9] The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles.[10]", "Communications satellite. Typically the orbit of a medium earth orbit satellite is about 16,000 kilometres (10,000 mi) above earth. In various patterns, these satellites make the trip around earth in anywhere from 2", "Space Race. The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.", "Gravity of Earth. It is a common misconception that astronauts in orbit are weightless because they have flown high enough to escape the Earth's gravity. In fact, at an altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi), equivalent to a typical orbit of the Space Shuttle, gravity is still nearly 90% as strong as at the Earth's surface. Weightlessness actually occurs because orbiting objects are in free-fall.[9]", "International Space Station. The gross mass of the station changes over time. The total launch mass of the modules on orbit is about 417,289 kg (919,965 lb) (as of 3 September 2011).[88] The mass of experiments, spare parts, personal effects, crew, foodstuff, clothing, propellants, water supplies, gas supplies, docked spacecraft, and other items add to the total mass of the station. Hydrogen gas is constantly vented overboard by the oxygen generators.", "Space debris. Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) Earth-altitude, debris are denser than meteoroids; most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from RORSAT nuclear-powered satellites. For comparison, the International Space Station orbits in the 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) range, and the 2009 satellite collision and 2007 antisat test occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude.[5] The ISS has Whipple shielding; however, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station.", "International Space Station. The station is visible from 95% of the inhabited land on Earth, but is not visible from extreme northern or southern latitudes.[206]", "Man-made structures visible from space. Part of the problem in authoritatively answering questions about visibility from space is that such questions are often very vaguely framed: askers frequently do not precisely define how far above sea level their hypothetical or actual observer in space is located. When just speaking of \"space\", an asker might mean anywhere from the edge of space (Kármán line) at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi) to low Earth orbit of 160–2,000 km (99-1200 mi) to Apollo 12's orbit at 290 km (180 mi) to the Moon, which orbits about 381,415 km (237,000 mi) away.[3] The Kármán line is accepted by the World Air Sports Federation, an international standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics, as the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space.[5] However, a practical definition for the purpose of answering questions on what astronauts generally can see from space would reflect altitudes that manned spacecraft typically orbit the Earth at—often several hundreds of kilometres.[3] Because of the inverse square law,[dubious – discuss] there are major differences in visibility from just above the Kármán line (100 km/62 miles) and the ISS orbit (394 km/245 miles), for example.[citation needed]", "International Space Station. Orbital boosting can be performed by the station's two main engines on the Zvezda service module, or Russian or European spacecraft docked to Zvezda's aft port. The ATV has been designed with the possibility of adding a second docking port to its other end, allowing it to remain at the ISS and still allow other craft to dock and boost the station. It takes approximately two orbits (three hours) for the boost to a higher altitude to be completed.[210] Maintaining ISS altitude uses about 7.5 tonnes of chemical fuel per annum[211] at an annual cost of about $210 million.[212]", "Solar eclipse. Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the International Space Station, for example, an object would need to be about 3.35 km (2.08 mi) across to blot the Sun out entirely. These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.[93]. The International Space Station transit across the Sun from any location can last from around 1 up to 8 seconds only taking into account, that the spacecraft is moving centrally alongside the diameter of the Sun. The longest International Space Station transits may occur just after the sunrise or just before the sunset when the way from observer to the object is the longest (see the Parallax phenomenon)[94].", "Human spaceflight. The two nations continued to compete rather than cooperate in space, as the US turned to developing the Space Shuttle and planning the space station, dubbed Freedom. The USSR launched three Almaz military sortie stations from 1973 to 1977, disguised as Salyuts. They followed Salyut with the development of Mir, the first modular, semi-permanent space station, the construction of which took place from 1986 to 1996. Mir orbited at an altitude of 354 kilometers (191 nautical miles), at a 51.6° inclination. It was occupied for 4,592 days, and made a controlled reentry in 2001.", "International Space Station. Space debris is tracked remotely from the ground, and the station crew can be notified.[292] This allows for a Debris Avoidance Manoeuvre (DAM) to be conducted, which uses thrusters on the Russian Orbital Segment to alter the station's orbital altitude, avoiding the debris. DAMs are not uncommon, taking place if computational models show the debris will approach within a certain threat distance. Eight DAMs had been performed prior to March 2009,[293] the first seven between October 1999 and May 2003.[294] Usually, the orbit is raised by one or two kilometres by means of an increase in orbital velocity of the order of 1 m/s. Unusually, there was a lowering of 1.7 km on 27 August 2008, the first such lowering for 8 years.[294][295] There were two DAMs in 2009, on 22 March and 17 July.[296] If a threat from orbital debris is identified too late for a DAM to be safely conducted, the station crew close all the hatches aboard the station and retreat into their Soyuz spacecraft, so that they would be able to evacuate in the event the station was seriously damaged by the debris. This partial station evacuation has occurred on 13 March 2009, 28 June 2011, 24 March 2012 and 16 June 2015.[297][298]", "Orbital spaceflight. An orbital spaceflight (or orbital flight) is a spaceflight in which a spacecraft is placed on a trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free trajectory which has an altitude at perigee (altitude at closest approach) above 100 kilometers (62 mi); this is, by at least one convention, the boundary of space. To remain in orbit at this altitude requires an orbital speed of ~7.8 km/s. Orbital speed is slower for higher orbits, but attaining them requires greater delta-v.", "Saturn V. For the final three Apollo flights, the temporary parking orbit was even lower (approximately 93 nautical miles (172 km)), to increase payload for these missions. The Apollo 9 Earth orbit mission was launched into the nominal orbit consistent with Apollo 11, but the spacecraft were able to use their own engines to raise the perigee high enough to sustain the 10-day mission. The Skylab was launched into a quite different orbit, with a 234-nautical-mile (434 km) perigee which sustained it for six years, and also a higher inclination to the equator (50 degrees versus 32.5 degrees for Apollo).", "International Space Station. The ISS is partially protected from the space environment by Earth's magnetic field. From an average distance of about 70,000 km (43,000 mi), depending on Solar activity, the magnetosphere begins to deflect solar wind around Earth and ISS. Solar flares are still a hazard to the crew, who may receive only a few minutes warning. In 2005, during the initial 'proton storm' of an X-3 class solar flare, the crew of Expedition 10 took shelter in a more heavily shielded part of the ROS designed for this purpose.[276][277]", "Zenith. On the International Space Station, zenith and nadir are used instead of up and down, referring to directions within and around the station, relative to the earth." ]

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[ "Bill Belichick. In 2001, the Patriots went 11–5 in the regular season, and defeated the Oakland Raiders (in the \"Tuck Rule Game\") and Pittsburgh Steelers on the way to the Super Bowl.[32][33] In Super Bowl XXXVI, Belichick's defense held the St. Louis Rams' offense, which had averaged 31 points during the season, to 17 points, and the Patriots won on a last second field goal by Adam Vinatieri.[34] The win was the first Super Bowl championship in Patriots history.[35]", "Super Bowl XXXI. New England's defense then forced the Packers to punt from their own 17-yard line after a three-and-out, giving the Patriots the ball back after running back Dave Meggett received Craig Hentrich's 39-yard punt at the Patriots 43-yard line. After a 7-yard reception and a 2-yard run by Martin on their first two plays, Bledsoe completed a 44-yard pass to wide receiver Terry Glenn to advance to the Green Bay 4-yard line. From there, tight end Ben Coates' 4-yard touchdown reception gave New England a 14–10 lead. The Packers and Patriots combined for a total of 24 points, the most ever scored in the 1st quarter of a Super Bowl. The Patriots became the first team in Super Bowl history to score 14 points in the first quarter and lose the game.", "Super Bowl XXXVI. The Rams scored first midway through the first quarter, with quarterback Kurt Warner completing 6-of-7 passes for 43 yards on a 48-yard, 10-play drive to set up a 50-yard field goal by kicker Jeff Wilkins. At the time, the field goal was the third longest in Super Bowl history. While the rest of the quarter was scoreless, the Patriots were stifling the typically high powered Rams offense by playing physical man coverage with the Rams receivers, forcing them into long drives that would end in punts or field goal attempts.", "Super Bowl XLVII. On the first play of the next drive, Ed Reed intercepted a pass by Kaepernick and returned the ball 6 yards to the 49ers' 38-yard line.[86] This was the first interception thrown by San Francisco in any of their six Super Bowl appearances.[87] Unnecessary roughness charges were called after the play on players from both teams so the charges offset.[86] Baltimore reached the red zone on their next drive, but was unable to score. Following a one-yard run by Bernard Pierce and two incomplete passes, rookie kicker Justin Tucker was tackled 1 yard short of a first down while running the ball on a fake field goal play.[86]", "Super Bowl XXV. After forcing Buffalo to punt on its ensuing possession, New York drove to the Bills' 35-yard line. But on fourth and two, Smith tackled Anderson for a 2-yard loss. Buffalo then took over and stormed down the field, advancing 63 yards in just four plays and scoring on a 31-yard burst from running back Thurman Thomas on the first play of the 4th quarter, regaining the lead for Buffalo at 19–17. Thomas' touchdown run marked 1,000 points scored in Super Bowl history (1,001 with the extra point).", "Super Bowl XLVIII. On Denver's first play after receiving the opening kickoff, center Manny Ramirez snapped the ball while quarterback Peyton Manning was shifting forward (from shotgun formation) in the process of calling an audible, resulting in the ball going past Manning into the end zone. Running back Knowshon Moreno recovered the ball to prevent a Seahawks touchdown, but he was downed for a safety to give the Seahawks a 2–0 lead.[121] Seattle's score just 12 seconds into the game was the quickest to start a game in Super Bowl history, surpassing the kickoff return by Devin Hester to start Super Bowl XLI seven years earlier (which coincidentally featured Peyton Manning, at the time the Colts' quarterback).[122] Following the free kick, receiver Percy Harvin gained 30 yards on an end around run to set up Steven Hauschka's 31-yard field goal, making the score 5–0. Denver was forced to a three-and-out on their next drive, and after the Denver punt, Russell Wilson completed a 37-yard pass to Doug Baldwin, leading to another Hauschka field goal, this one from 33 yards, that increased the lead to 8–0. On the third play of Denver's ensuing possession, Manning was intercepted by Kam Chancellor, giving Seattle a first down on the Denver 37.", "Super Bowl XXIX. On the opening kickoff, a 15-yard face-mask penalty on Chargers linebacker Doug Miller gave San Francisco the ball at their own 41-yard line. Then on the third play of the drive, 49ers quarterback Steve Young threw a 44-yard touchdown pass to Jerry Rice. The 49ers became the second team to take the opening kickoff and score a touchdown on that first drive (the first being the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VIII), and also set a new Super Bowl record for the fastest touchdown (later broken by the Chicago Bears' Devin Hester in Super Bowl XLI). After forcing the Chargers to punt, the 49ers advanced 79 yards in four plays, with Young rushing for 21 yards and then throwing a 51-yard touchdown pass to running back Ricky Watters to give San Francisco a 14–0 lead less than 5 minutes into the 1st quarter, and set a Super Bowl record for the fastest second touchdown scored by a team.", "Super Bowl XXIX. This was the first Super Bowl in which both teams scored in all four quarters. The combined aggregate score of 75 points and the ten total touchdowns both remain Super Bowl records. Still, the 49ers controlled most of the game, with Young completing touchdown passes in each of the 49ers' first two drives. The Chargers were able to cut the deficit late in the first quarter, 14–7, on a 13-play, 78-yard drive, but could not slow down San Francisco afterwards. Young was named the Super Bowl MVP, throwing a Super Bowl-record six touchdown passes, and completing 24 out of 36 passes for 325 yards.", "Super Bowl XLI. In the first Super Bowl played in rainy conditions, the Colts overcame a 14–6 first-quarter deficit to outscore the Bears 23–3 in the last three quarters. Chicago posted the then-earliest lead in Super Bowl history when returner Devin Hester ran back the opening kickoff 92 yards for a touchdown after 14 seconds had elapsed (a record later broken in Super Bowl XLVIII when the Seattle Seahawks scored a safety 12 seconds into the game). The Colts forced five turnovers, including cornerback Kelvin Hayden's 56-yard interception return for a touchdown. Indianapolis kicker Adam Vinatieri also scored three field goals. Colts quarterback Peyton Manning was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP), completing 25 of 38 passes for 247 yards and a touchdown, with one interception for a passer rating of 81.8.", "Super Bowl XV. Oakland linebacker Rod Martin intercepted Eagles quarterback Ron Jaworski's first pass of the game and returned it 17 yards to Philadelphia's 30-yard line, setting up Jim Plunkett's 2-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Cliff Branch seven plays later. After each team punted once, Jaworski threw a 40-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Rodney Parker, but the score was nullified by an illegal motion penalty on wide receiver Harold Carmichael, and the Eagles ended up being forced to punt. The Raiders later scored another touchdown with about a minute left in the quarter. On third down from the Oakland 20-yard line, Plunkett threw the ball to running back Kenny King at the 39-yard line as he was scrambling around in the backfield to avoid being sacked. King caught the pass as it carried just over the outstretched arms of defensive back Herman Edwards and took off to the end zone for a Super Bowl record 80-yard touchdown reception. The Raiders led 14-0 and tied the Miami Dolphins' record (which still stands) for the largest Super Bowl lead (14 points) at the end of the first quarter, set in Super Bowl VIII.", "Super Bowl XXXVIII. NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well-played and thrilling Super Bowls; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the \"Greatest Super Bowl of all time.\"[6] Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters, they ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points. The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26:55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime. The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter. The contest was finally decided when the Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri's 41-yard field goal was made with four seconds left. Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in his career.", "Super Bowl XX. The Patriots took the then-quickest lead in Super Bowl history after linebacker Larry McGrew recovered a fumble from Walter Payton at the Chicago 19-yard line on the second play of the game[11] (the Bears themselves would break this record in Super Bowl XLI when Devin Hester ran back the opening kickoff for a touchdown).[13] Bears quarterback Jim McMahon took responsibility for this fumble after the game, saying he had called the wrong play. This set up Tony Franklin's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter after three incomplete passes by Tony Eason (the first of which starting tight end Lin Dawson went down with torn ligaments in his knee). \"I looked up at the message board\", said Chicago linebacker Mike Singletary, \"and it said that 15 of the 19 teams that scored first won the game. I thought, yeah, but none of those 15 had ever played the Bears.\"[14] Chicago struck back with a 7-play, 59-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard pass completion from McMahon to wide receiver Willie Gault, to set up a field goal from Kevin Butler, tying the score at 3–3.", "Super Bowl LI. Super Bowl LI became the first Super Bowl in history in which the winning team had never held the lead at any point during regulation time, and it also became the first Super Bowl in history in which the winning team did not score on a PAT kick, as the Patriots missed their only PAT attempt during the game, which occurred following their first touchdown, opted for two-point conversions after each of their next two touchdowns, and did not have to attempt the extra point after their game-winning touchdown in overtime.", "Stephen Gostkowski. Gostkowski is the first NFL placekicker in Super Bowl history to be the starting placekicker of the winning team without kicking an extra point. In Super Bowl LI, Gostkowski missed the extra point on the Patriots' first touchdown, the Patriots successfully attempted two-point conversions on their second and third touchdowns, and the Patriots' final and game-winning touchdown came in overtime, so no extra point was needed.[41] In the 34–28 overtime victory over the Atlanta Falcons, Gostkowski hit a 41-yard attempt in the second quarter and a 33-yard attempt in the fourth quarter.[42]", "Super Bowl I. For many years, only two small samples of the telecasts were known to have survived, showing Max McGee's opening touchdown and Jim Taylor's first touchdown run. Both were shown in 1991 on HBO's Play by Play: A History of Sports Television and on the Super Bowl XXV pregame show.[36]", "Two-point conversion. The American Football League (AFL) used the two-point conversion during its ten seasons from 1960 to 1969. After the NFL merged with the AFL, the rule did not immediately carry over to the merged league, though they experimented in 1968 with a compromise rule (see below). The NFL adopted the two-point conversion rule in 1994.[6][7] Tom Tupa scored the first two-point conversion in NFL history, running in a faked extra point attempt for the Cleveland Browns in a game against the Cincinnati Bengals in the first week of the 1994 season. He scored a total of three such conversions that season, earning him the nickname \"Two Point Tupa\". That same season, the first successful two-point conversion in Super Bowl history came during Super Bowl XXIX when San Diego Charger Mark Seay caught a pass thrown by Stan Humphries.", "Super Bowl XLVIII. Seattle built a 22–0 halftime lead, and then a 36–0 advantage before allowing Denver's first and only score on the final play of the third quarter. The Seahawks defense scored a safety on the first play from scrimmage, the quickest score in Super Bowl history (coincidentally, the final play from scrimmage of the previous Super Bowl was also a safety). They also became the first team in a Super Bowl to score on a safety, a kickoff return for a touchdown, and an interception return for a touchdown. The Broncos were held to almost 30 points below their scoring average.[16] Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning, a five-time NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winner, threw two interceptions in the first half. Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith, who returned one of those interceptions 69-yards for a touchdown, recovered a fumble and made nine tackles, was named Super Bowl MVP.[1]", "Super Bowl LII. The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32–26. However, Brady came back with another 75-yard drive featuring a 30-yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four-yard pass to Gronkowski, his second touchdown of the game, giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33–32. On their next drive, the Eagles faced third-and-6 after two plays, but were able to keep the ball with a 7-yard catch by Ertz. Eventually, they faced a fourth-and-1 on their own 45-yard line with 5:39 left in the game. Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt, Foles completed a 2-yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive. Then after a 1-yard Blount run, he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10, 18, and 10 yards, respectively, moving the ball to the New England 14-yard line. Following a 3-yard run by Ajayi, Foles threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2:21 remaining in the game. The play was held up on review, as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line. However, a failed two-point conversion left the Eagles with a 38–33 lead. On the Patriots' next drive, Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive's second play for the only sack of the game for either team. Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball, allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1:05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts. Elliott then kicked a 46-yard field goal, putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points, with the score at 41–33, and New England needing a touchdown and a two-point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime. After nine plays (one of them a 13-yard catch by Amendola on fourth-and-10), Brady reached the 49-yard line, and with only nine seconds remaining, he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone, to no avail as time expired. The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history,[132] and their first league championship since 1960, ending what was the third-longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years.", "Super Bowl XXXI. The game began with the teams combining for a total of 24 first-quarter points, the most in Super Bowl history. The Packers then scored 17 unanswered points in the second quarter, including Favre's then-Super Bowl record 81-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Antonio Freeman. In the third quarter, the Patriots cut the lead to 27–21 off of running back Curtis Martin's 18-yard rushing touchdown. But on the ensuing kickoff, Desmond Howard returned the ball a then-Super Bowl record 99 yards for a touchdown. The score proved to be the last one, as both teams' defenses took over the rest of the game. Howard became the first special teams player ever to be named Super Bowl MVP. He gained a total of 154 kickoff return yards, and also recorded a then-Super Bowl record 90 punt return yards, thus tying the then-Super Bowl records of total return yards (244) and combined net yards gained (244).", "Super Bowl XLI. For the Colts, Rhodes rushed for 113 yards and a touchdown, while also catching an 8-yard reception. Addai rushed for 77 yards and caught 10 passes for 66 yards. Wilkins returned four kickoffs for 89 yards and 3 punts for 42 yards. Adam Vinatieri became the first kicker ever to play in five Super Bowls and the first to win four Super Bowl rings. Vinatieri's three field goals and two extra points gave him a total of 49 points for the entire 2006 post-season, an NFL record. The Colts' win was the first major professional championship for Indiana since the Indiana Pacers' ABA title in the 1972–73 season.", "Super Bowl XX. On the second play of their ensuing possession, the Patriots turned the ball over again, when receiver Cedric Jones lost a fumble after catching a 19-yard pass from Grogan, and Wilber Marshall returned the fumble 13 yards to New England's 37-yard line. A few plays later, McMahon's 27-yard completion to receiver Dennis Gentry moved the ball to the 1-yard line, setting up perhaps the most memorable moment of the game. William \"The Refrigerator\" Perry was brought on to score on offense, as he had done twice in the regular season. His touchdown (while running over Patriots linebacker Larry McGrew in the process) made the score 44–3. The Bears' 21 points in the third quarter is still a record for the most points scored in that period.", "Super Bowl I. Early in the second quarter, Kansas City drove 66 yards in six plays, featuring a 31-yard reception by receiver Otis Taylor, to tie the game on a seven-yard pass to Curtis McClinton from quarterback Len Dawson, but the Packers responded on their next drive, advancing 73 yards down the field and scoring on fullback Jim Taylor's 14-yard touchdown run with the team's famed \"Power Sweep\" play. Taylor's touchdown run was the first in Super Bowl history. This drive was again highlighted by Starr's key passes. He hit McGee for 10 yards on third and five; Dale for 15 on third and ten; Fleming for 11 on third and five; and Pitts for 10 yards on third and seven to set up Taylor's TD on the next play.", "Super Bowl I. After both teams traded punts on their first possessions of the game, the Packers jumped out to an early 7–0 lead, driving 80 yards in six plays. The drive was highlighted by Starr's passes, to Marv Fleming for 11, to Elijah Pitts for 22 yards on a scramble, and to Carroll Dale for 12 yards. On the last play, Bart Starr threw a pass to reserve receiver Max McGee, who had replaced re-injured starter Boyd Dowler earlier in the drive. (Dowler had injured the shoulder the previous week after scoring a third quarter touchdown; Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter had upended him several steps after scoring and he landed awkwardly.) McGee slipped past Chiefs cornerback Willie Mitchell, made a one-handed catch at the 23-yard line, and then took off for a 37-yard touchdown reception (McGee had also caught a touchdown pass after replacing an injured Dowler in the NFL championship game). On their ensuing drive, the Chiefs moved the ball to Green Bay's 33-yard line, but kicker Mike Mercer missed a 40-yard field goal.", "Super Bowl LI. The Patriots won the coin toss to start overtime, and elected to receive the ball. Starting at their 25-yard line after a touchback, Brady completed passes to White, Amendola, and Hogan for gains of 6, 14, and 18 yards, respectively. Then after White was dropped for a 3-yard loss, Brady completed a 15-yard pass to Edelman to the Falcons 25-yard line. White then took a lateral throw from Brady to the 15-yard line.[141] Brady's pass to Bennett in the end zone fell incomplete, but Falcons linebacker De'Vondre Campbell was called for pass interference, giving the Patriots first-and-goal from the Falcons' 2-yard line.[142] On first down, Brady threw another incomplete pass to Bennett that was deflected by Vic Beasley. On second down, White took a pitch and ran the ball right. He was hit by Falcons defenders at the 1-yard line, but managed to stretch forward and get the ball across the goal line before his knee hit the ground, scoring a touchdown to give the Patriots the 34–28 victory. It marked the first time in NFL postseason history that a team leading by 17 points or more at the start of the fourth quarter went on to lose the game.[143] Previously, dating back to 1940, teams leading by 17 or more points after three quarters in playoff games were 133–0 in such situations.[144]", "Super Bowl LI. After a scoreless first quarter, Atlanta scored 21 points before New England made a field goal with two seconds left in the second quarter, to make it a 21–3 halftime lead. The Falcons then increased their lead to 28–3 midway through the third quarter, with quarterback Matt Ryan completing his second touchdown pass. The Patriots then scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game, 28–28, with 57 seconds left in regulation. New England won the overtime coin toss, received the kickoff and drove 75 yards to win with a 2-yard touchdown run by running back James White. When the game ended, more than 30 team and individual Super Bowl records had been either broken or matched.[14] White's 14 receptions and his 20 points scored (off of 3 touchdowns and a two-point conversion) were among these broken records.[15] New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, who also broke single-game Super Bowl records with 43 completed passes, 62 pass attempts, and 466 passing yards, was named Super Bowl MVP for a record fourth time.", "Nick Foles. In Super Bowl LII, Foles caught a touchdown pass from tight end Trey Burton, becoming the first player to both throw and catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl, while also being the third quarterback to catch a pass in a Super Bowl, after John Elway in Super Bowl XXII and Jim Kelly in Super Bowl XXVI.[87] The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41–33 to win their first Super Bowl. Foles completed 28 of 43 passes for 373 yards, 3 passing touchdowns and 1 interception, and was named the Most Valuable Player of the game.[88][89]", "Super Bowl XXIX. Leading 28–10 in the 3rd quarter, the 49ers added 14 more points. The Chargers were forced to punt after three plays on the opening drive of the second half, and Dexter Carter returned the ball 11 yards to his own 38-yard line. Young subsequently completed three consecutive passes for 53 yards on a 7-play, 62-yard drive that ended with Watters' third touchdown on a 9-yard run. After a 33-yard kickoff return by Andre Coleman, the Chargers advanced to the San Francisco 33-yard line, but they turned the ball over on downs when Humphries' fourth-down pass was broken up by Davis. After the turnover, Young led his team on a 10-play, 67-yard drive, aided by a 22-yard pass interference penalty against Darrien Gordon on third and 14, to score on his fifth touchdown pass, a 15-yard completion to Rice. The Chargers' only highlight of the 3rd quarter was when Coleman returned the ensuing kickoff 98 yards for a touchdown. Then, wide receiver Mark Seay caught a pass for a successful two-point conversion (the first in Super Bowl history; the rule had been adopted by the NFL at the start of the season), but it only cut the deficit to 42–18.", "Super Bowl LII. Several records were set during Super Bowl LII, including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined (1,151), the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl (one), and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team (33).[14] The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1:05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points, and Brady's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired. Foles, who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception, and caught a one-yard touchdown pass, was named Super Bowl MVP.[15] Foles' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore.", "Super Bowl XXXVII. On the first play of the drive, Brad Johnson completed an 11-yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius. Johnson's next 2 passes were incomplete, but he then completed a 23-yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37-yard line. Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23-yard gain to the 13-yard line. However, on the next 3 plays, the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1-yard run. Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31-yard field goal to tie the game, 3–3.", "Super Bowl XXXIV. The first two quarters of Super Bowl XXXIV were largely a defensive battle. Despite outgaining the Titans in total offensive yards in the first half, 294–89,[8] the Rams held only a 9–0 halftime lead on three field goals. St. Louis later scored their first touchdown midway through the 3rd quarter to go up 16–0. Tennessee then responded by scoring 16 consecutive points to tie the game with 2:12 left in regulation. This was the largest deficit to be erased in a Super Bowl and the first deficit that was greater than 10 points. On the Rams' ensuing drive, quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Isaac Bruce to regain the lead. The Titans then drove to the St. Louis 10-yard line with six seconds remaining, but on the final play of the game, Rams linebacker Mike Jones tackled Tennessee wide receiver Kevin Dyson one yard short of the goal line to prevent a potential game-tying touchdown. This play went into NFL lore as One Yard Short, or simply The Tackle.[9] Warner was then named Super Bowl MVP, becoming the sixth player to win both that award and the NFL MVP during the same season.[10][11] At the time, his 414 passing yards and 45 pass attempts without an interception broke Super Bowl records.[12][13][14]", "Super Bowl XVI. The Bengals had the first opportunity to score early in the game. After returning the opening kickoff 17 yards, San Francisco's Amos Lawrence was hit by Bengals linebacker Guy Frazier and fumbled at his own 26-yard line (the first time in a Super Bowl that a turnover took place on the opening kick), where John Simmons recovered for Cincinnati. Quarterback Ken Anderson then started the drive off with a completion to wide receiver Isaac Curtis for 8 yards, and fullback Pete Johnson's 2-yard run then picked up a first down. Anderson followed with an 11-yard pass to tight end Dan Ross, moving the ball to the 5-yard line. However, Anderson threw an incomplete pass on first down, then was sacked by defensive end Jim Stuckey on second down for a 6-yard loss. Facing third down, Anderson tried to connect with Curtis in the end zone, but 49ers safety Dwight Hicks intercepted the ball at the 5-yard line and returned it 27 yards to the 32.", "Super Bowl IV. The Vikings began the game by receiving the opening kickoff and marching from their own 20-yard line to the Kansas City 39-yard line with quarterback Joe Kapp completing his first two passes for 36 yards. Kapp's next pass was also a completion but running back Bill Brown was slowed by linebacker Bobby Bell, then brought down by left defensive end Jerry Mays for a yard loss to make it third down, on which Kapp failed to connect with tight end John Beasley. Minnesota rushed for only 6 yards on the drive and was forced to punt. The Chiefs then drove 42 yards in eight plays.[9] Included was a 20-yard reception by wide receiver Frank Pitts after Vikings defensive back Ed Sharockman gambled trying to make an interception.[10] Kansas City then scored on placekicker Jan Stenerud's Super Bowl record 48-yard field goal. This record would stand for 24 years until broken by Steve Christie in Super Bowl XXVIII. (According to Dawson, the Vikings were shocked that the Chiefs would attempt a 48-yard field goal. Stenerud was among the first soccer-style placekickers in professional football. The others included brothers Charlie and Pete Gogolak. The soccer-style placekickers used the instep of the foot while the conventional professional football placekickers kicked straight on with their toes. \"Stenerud was a major factor,\" Dawson said.)[7] Minnesota then managed to reach midfield on its next drive, but was forced to punt again." ]

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[ "Carnival. In La Ceiba in Honduras, Carnival is held on the fourth Saturday of every May to commemorate San Isidro. It is the largest Carnival celebration in Central America.[citation needed]", "Carnival. The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country.[6] In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn,[7][8] and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday.[9] In Slavic Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.[citation needed]", "Carnival. Traditionally beginning on Friday and ending on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, \"los Carnavales\", as Panamanians refer to the days of Carnival, are celebrated across the country. Carnival Week is especially popular because of the opulent Las Tablas Carnival as well as the Carnival celebrations in Panama City and almost all of the Azuero Peninsula. The Panamanian Carnival is also popular because of the concerts in the most visited areas.[54]", "Carnival. The timing of the festivals has grown apart from its original religious synchronization with the period of Lent. Due to National Independence Day on 27 February and the birthday of Juan Pablo Duarte, its founding father, on 26 January, the Carnival celebrations fill February regardless of the Lenten calendar.[citation needed]", "Carnival. Dominican Carnival is celebrated in most cities and towns in the main streets during February. Among its main characteristics are its flashy costumes and loud music. The one held in La Vega, which is one of the biggest in the country, and the national parade in Santo Domingo were where the first Carnival of the Americas was held.[citation needed]", "Carnival in the Dominican Republic. The Carnival in the Dominican Republic is a Dominican celebration that takes place throughout February; although some Dominicans (rarely) celebrate it during Holy Week in March. [1] Dominicans are usually most festive on February 27th, which is the Dominican Independence Day. In Santo Domingo, celebrations include a large military display with the Dominican air force, navy, and army. Festivities often include the wearing of colorful costumes that symbolize Dominican religious and traditional characters such as Calife, Guloya, and Diablo Cojuelo. Festivities take place all over the island, with each town adding its own twist to the celebration.", "Brazilian Carnival. The Carnival of Brazil (Portuguese: Carnaval do Brasil, IPA: [kaʁnaˈvaw]) is an annual Brazilian festival held between the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday and Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. On certain days of Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term \"carnival\", from carnelevare, \"to remove (literally, \"raise\") meat.\"[2]", "Carnival. The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival), now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto and Nariño (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The Bogotá Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.[citation needed]", "Carnival. On the Caribbean coast of Bluefields, Nicaragua, Carnival is better known as \"Palo de Mayo\" (or Mayo Ya!) and is celebrated every day of May.[53]", "Carnival. Puerto Rico's most popular festivals are the Carnaval de Loiza and Carnaval de Ponce. The Carnaval de Ponce (officially \"Carnaval Ponceño\") is celebrated annually celebration in Ponce. The celebration lasts one week and ends on the day before Ash Wednesday. It is one of the oldest carnivals of the Western Hemisphere, dating to 1858.[64] Some authorities trace the Ponce Carnaval to the eighteenth century.[65][66]", "Aruba. The holiday of Carnaval is also an important one in Aruba, as it is in many Caribbean and Latin American countries, and, like Mardi Gras, that goes on for weeks. Its celebration in Aruba started, around the 1950s, influenced by the inhabitants from Venezuela and the nearby islands (Curaçao, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Barbados, St. Maarten and Anguilla) who came to work for the Oil refinery. Over the years the Carnival Celebration has changed and now starts from the beginning of January till the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday with a large parade on the last Sunday of the festivities (Sunday before Ash Wednesday).", "Culture of the Caribbean. The annual celebration of carnival is an important part of Caribbean culture. Traditionally, most Caribbean islands celebrate carnival on Ash Wednesday or the days leading up to Lent.", "Carnival. La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing, and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas, and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, for three days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 \"Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\" by UNESCO.[43] Throughout the country, celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.[citation needed]", "Carnival. \"Dimanche Gras\" takes place on the Sunday night before Ash Wednesday. Here the Calypso Monarch is chosen (after competition) and prize money and a vehicle awarded. The King and Queen of the bands are crowned, where each band parades costumes for two days and submits a king and queen, from which an overall winner is chosen. These usually involve huge, complex, beautiful well-crafted costumes, that includes 'wire-bending'.[citation needed]", "Carnival. San Pedro is one of Belize's few cities to observe Carnaval before Lent. Elsewhere, Carnaval (sometimes referred to as Carnival) often occurs in September. The Fiesta de Carnaval is often the most popular celebration, usually held over three days prior to Ash Wednesday, but the festivities often extend to the full week.[36] This festival \"always includes music, dancing, costumes and parades.\"[37]", "Carnival. The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).[69]", "Mato Grosso. The four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday, known as Carnival is well celebrated. As with every state in Brazil, Mato Grosso celebrates this holiday in a typical fashion - including parades, music, and dance - with wide participation.", "Carnival. Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade, or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes, and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.[citation needed]", "Carnival. Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Western Christian festive season that occurs before the liturgical season of Lent.[2] The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks, and a public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity.[3] Excessive consumption of alcohol,[4] meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features, especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli, or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.[3][5]", "Latin American cuisine. There is a holiday celebrated in Latin America known as Three Kings Day (otherwise known as Epiphany) which is celebrated on January 6 of each year where families feast in honor of God's manifestation in human form in Jesus.", "Carnival. Its duration is variable, determined by movable religious festivals: Carnival begins at Epiphany and ends on Ash Wednesday, and so typically lasts through most of January and February. During this period, from Friday evening until Monday morning the entire country throbs to the rhythm of masked balls and street parades.[citation needed]", "Slavery in Brazil. A yearly celebration that allows insight into race relations, Carnival is a weeklong festival celebrated all around the world. In Brazil it is associated with numerous facets of Brazilian culture: soccer, samba, music, performances, and costumes. The Brazilian Carnival is unlike any other national festival in the world. Schools are on holiday, workers have the week off, and a general sense of jubilee fills the streets, where musicians parade around to huge crowds of cheering fans.[58]", "Carnival. The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Cañari. Recently, a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Andes in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong Afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.[citation needed]", "Mardi Gras. Carnival is the most famous Brazilian holiday. During this time, Brazil attracts 70% of its tourists. Variations in carnival celebrations are observed throughout the multitude of Brazilian cities. Yet, a commonality observed among them is the incorporation of samba into the celebrations. The southeastern cities of Brazil have massive parades that take place in large sambadromes. The Rio Carnival is where two million people celebrate in the city. The city of Salvador holds a very large carnival celebration where millions of people celebrate the party in the streets of the city with a very big diversity of musical styles together.", "National Hispanic Heritage Month. September 15 was chosen as the starting point for the celebration because it is the anniversary of independence of five Latin American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. All declared independence in 1821. In addition, Mexico, Chile and Belize celebrate their independence days on September 16, September 18, and September 21, respectively.[3]", "Carnival. Caribana, held in Toronto on the first weekend of August, has its origins in Caribbean Carnival traditions. Due to the more comfortable weather, Caribana is held in the summer.[49] Attendance at the parade typically exceeds one million.[citation needed]", "Mardi Gras. Carnival is an important celebration in Anglican and Catholic European nations.[1] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the week before Ash Wednesday is called \"Shrovetide\", ending on Shrove Tuesday. It has its popular celebratory aspects, as well. Pancakes are a traditional food. Pancakes and related fried breads or pastries made with sugar, fat, and eggs are also traditionally consumed at this time in many parts of Latin America and the Caribbean.", "Carnival. The most active Carnival week begins on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, with parades during the weekend, and finishes the night before Ash Wednesday, with the main festivities occurring around Rosenmontag (Rose Monday). This time is also called the \"Fifth Season\". Shrove Tuesday, called Fastnacht or Veilchendienstag, is celebrated in some cities.", "Carnival. In Ecuador, the celebrations began before the arrival of Catholicism. The Huarangas Indians (from the Chimbos nation) used to celebrate the second moon of the year with a festival at which they threw flour, flowers, and perfumed water. This indigenous tradition merged with the Catholic celebration of Carnival.[citation needed]", "Carnival. The Latin-derived name of the holiday is sometimes also spelled Carnaval, typically in areas where Dutch, German, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are spoken, or Carnevale in Italian-speaking contexts. Alternative names are used for regional and local celebrations.[citation needed]", "Lent. The carnival celebrations which in many cultures traditionally precede Lent are seen as a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins. Some of the most famous are the Carnival of Barranquilla, the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the Carnival of Venice, Cologne Carnival, the New Orleans Mardi Gras, the Rio de Janeiro carnival, and the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival.", "Carnival. The Peruvian Carnival consists mostly of violent games that last all February, extending to early March if Ash Wednesday falls in March, but rarely ending when it falls in February.[55] Quoting the Lima police chief, \"The Carnival is associated with criminal actions.\"[56] It has had major consequences.[57]" ]

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[ "American Revolutionary War. The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[40] was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America.[N 1]", "American Revolutionary War. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia in Concord led to open combat on April 19, 1775. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777.", "Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War. The War of the American Independence saw a series of military manoeuvres and battles involving naval forces of the British Royal Navy and the Continental Navy from 1775, and of the French Navy from 1778 onwards. These culminated in the surrender of the British Army force of Lieutenant-General Earl Charles Cornwallis, an event that led directly to the beginning of serious peace negotiations and the eventual end of the war. From the start of the hostilities, the British North American station under Vice-Admiral Samuel Graves blockaded the major colonial ports and carried raids agaynst patriot communities. Colonial forces could do little to stop these developments due to British naval supremacy. In 1777, colonial privateers made raids into British waters capturing merchant ships, which they took into French and Spanish ports, although both were officially neutral. Seeking to challenge Britain, France signed two treaties with America in February 1778, but stopped short of declaring war on Britain. The risk of a French invasion forced the British to concentrate its forces in the English Channel, leaving its forces in North America vulnerable to attacks.", "Timeline of United States military operations. 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War: an armed struggle for secession from the British Empire by the Thirteen Colonies that would subsequently become the United States.", "American Revolution. The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others.", "American Revolution. Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. The Continental Congress determined King George's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists' rights as Englishmen, and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2, 1776. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, and they proclaimed that all men are created equal.", "History of the Americas. The formation of sovereign states in the New World began with the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776. The American Revolutionary War lasted through the period of the Siege of Yorktown — its last major campaign — in the early autumn of 1781, with peace being achieved in 1783.", "American Revolutionary War. On May 25, 1780, the British launched an expedition into Kentucky as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast. The expedition met with only limited success, though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured.[300] The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August which met with some success, but it did little to abate the Indian raids on the frontier.[301] French militia attempted to capture Detroit, but it ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5.[302] The war in the west had become a stalemate; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the hostile Indian tribes and occupy their land.[303]", "American Revolutionary War. In March 1781, French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts. Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782, where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes, winning a narrow tactical victory.[393] After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore, Suffren's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April. There was no clear victor, though Hughes' fleet came off worse,[394] and he withdrew to the British-held port of Trincomalee. Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British, and this task fell to Suffren. Suffren's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July.[395] Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore, strategically defeated, and the British remained in control of Negapatam.[396][397] Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore, Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September, and successfully engaged Hughes two days later.[398]", "American Revolutionary War. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,[42] but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.", "Decolonization of the Americas. The United States of America declared independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776 (although the event is now commemorated on July 4, the date when the Declaration of Independence was officially adopted by Congress), in so doing becoming the first independent, foreign-recognized nation in the Americas and the first European colonial entity to break from its mother country. Britain formally acknowledged American independence in 1783 after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War.", "Treaty of Alliance (1778). On March 17, 1778, four days after a French ambassador informed the British government that France had officially recognized the United States as an independent nation with the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance, Great Britain declared war on France, thereby engaging that nation in the American Revolutionary War.[9] French entry into the war would lead to further escalation of the war when Spain entered the fight against Britain as France's ally, after the signing of the Treaty of Aranjuez on April 12, 1779, and again in December 1780 when Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic after seizing a Dutch merchant ship they claimed was carrying contraband to France during the Affair of Fielding and Bylandt.[11]", "Modern history. The American Revolution began with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.", "George III of the United Kingdom. The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution resulting from the American Enlightenment. Brought to a head over the lack of American representation in Parliament, which was seen as a denial of their rights as Englishmen and often popularly focused on direct taxes levied by Parliament on the colonies without their consent, the colonists resisted the imposition of direct rule after the Boston Tea Party. Creating self-governing provinces, they circumvented the British ruling apparatus in each colony by 1774. Armed conflict between British regulars and colonial militiamen broke out at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. After petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament were ignored, the rebel leaders were declared traitors by the Crown and a year of fighting ensued. The colonies declared their independence in July 1776, listing grievances against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace. Among George's other offences, the Declaration charged, \"He has abdicated Government here ... He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.\" The gilded equestrian statue of George III in New York was pulled down.[54] The British captured the city in 1776, but lost Boston, and the grand strategic plan of invading from Canada and cutting off New England failed with the surrender of the British Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga.", "Timeline of United States military operations. 1898: Spanish–American War: On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain, ostensibly aligned with Cuban rebels. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.[RL30172]", "Cherokee–American wars. Signed between Great Britain and the United States on September 3, 1783, this treaty formally ended the American Revolution. The U.S. had already unilaterally declared hostilities over the previous April. Brown had already received orders from London in June to cease and desist.[90]", "American Revolution. The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress. Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778, significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence. On February 6, 1778, a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France.[63] William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France, while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain's international rival and enemy.[64]", "Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War. British naval forces in North America and the West Indies were weaker than the combined fleets of France and Spain, and, after much indecision by British naval commanders, the French fleet gained control over Chesapeake Bay, landing forces near Yorktown. The Royal Navy attempted to dispute this control in the key Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September but Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated. Protected from the sea by French ships, Franco-American forces surrounded, besieged and forced the surrender of British forces commanded by General Cornwallis, concluding major operations in North America. When the news reached London, the government of Lord Frederick North fell, and the following Rockingham ministry entered into peace negotiations. These culminated in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, in which King George III recognised the independence of the United States of America.[4]", "American Revolutionary War. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a \"Southern strategy\" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781.", "American Revolutionary War. In the West Indies, on 29–30 April 1781, a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French, led by the Comte de Grasse,[372] who continued seizing British territories: Tobago fell on 2 June;[373] Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782;[374] St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February,[375] despite a British naval victory on 25 January;[376] and Montserrat on 22 February.[377] In 1782, the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica,[378] whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined.[379][380] On 7 April 1782, de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco-Spanish troops at Saint Domingue and invade Jamaica from the north.[381] The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9–12 April.[382][383] The Franco-Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins,[384] and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy.[385]", "Colonial history of the United States. One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity as British subjects was the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) in Europe. This conflict spilled over into the colonies, where it was known as \"King George's War\". The major battles took place in Europe, but American colonial troops fought the French and their Indian allies in New York, New England, and Nova Scotia with the Siege of Louisbourg (1745).", "Latin American wars of independence. Formally, it is considered that the fight for independence culminated in the Battle of Ayacucho, on December 9, 1824.[citation needed]", "American Revolutionary War. After fighting began, Congress launched a final attempt to avert war, which Parliament rejected as insincere.[112] King George then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23, 1775, which only served to embolden the colonists in their determination to become independent.[113] After a speech by the King, Parliament rejected coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes.[114] British Tories refused to compromise,[115] while Whigs argued that current policy would drive the colonists towards independence.[116] Despite opposition, the King himself began micromanaging the war effort.[117] The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America,[118] and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time.[119] Irish Protestants favored the Americans, while Catholics favored the King.[120]", "American Revolution. The Continental Army forced the redcoats out of Boston in March 1776, but that summer the British captured and held New York City and its strategic harbor for the duration of the war. The Royal Navy blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but they failed to defeat Washington's forces. The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775–76, but successfully captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777. France now entered the war as an ally of the United States with a large army and navy that threatened Britain itself. The war turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at Charleston, South Carolina in early 1780 but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory. A combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in the fall of 1781, effectively ending the war. The Treaty of Paris was signed September 3, 1783, formally ending the conflict and confirming the new nation's complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida.", "Early modern Britain. During the 1760s and 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's ability to tax American colonists without their consent.[48] Disagreement turned to violence and in 1775 the American War of Independence began. The following year, the colonists declared the independence of the United States and with economic and naval assistance from France, would go on to win the war in 1783.", "American Revolution. Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775. The Patriots laid siege to Boston, expelled royal officials from all the colonies, and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses. The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17, 1775. It was a British victory—but at a great cost: about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000, as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force.[43][44] The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action, but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition, in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George. The king, however, issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were \"in rebellion\" and the members of Congress were traitors.", "American Revolutionary War. On December 25, 1776, Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware River, and his army overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey the following morning, taking 900 prisoners.[164][165] The decisive victory rescued the army's flagging morale and gave a new hope to the cause for independence.[166] Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton, but his efforts were repulsed on January 2.[167][168] Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night, and defeated his rearguard the following day. The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies, as well as recovering morale in the army.[169][170][171] Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey on January 6,[172] though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued.[173] While encamped, Howe made no attempt to attack, much to Washington's amazement.[174]", "American Revolution. In August 1775, George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown. Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777, there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands. Although Lord Germain took a hard line, the British generals on the scene never held treason trials; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war.[60] The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy. The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists,[61] and therefore, no Americans were put on trial for treason. The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held, resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations.[61] At the end of the war, both sides released their surviving prisoners.[62]", "Colonial American military history. The war began in 1754 as Virginia militia led by Colonel George Washington advanced into French-held territory near modern-day Pittsburgh. Washington was captured at Fort Necessity after ambushing a French company and released. He returned with the 2,100 British regulars and American colonials under British General Edward Braddock, which was decisively destroyed at the Battle of the Monongahela in July 1755.[20] [21]", "American Revolution. Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21, 1779. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, general of the Spanish forces in New Spain, also served as governor of Louisiana. He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies.[150]", "American Revolutionary War. Soon after France declared war, French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on 27 July 1778.[237] Spain entered the war on 12 April 1779, with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar,[238] Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock on 24 June.[239] The naval blockade, however, was relatively weak, and the British were able to resupply the garrison.[240] Meanwhile, a plan was formulated for a combined Franco-Spanish invasion of the British mainland, but the expedition failed due to a combination of poor planning, disease, logistical issues, and high financial expenditures.[241][242] However, a diversionary Franco-American squadron did meet with some success on 23 September under John Paul Jones.[243] On 16 January 1780, the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish, weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar.[244]", "American Revolutionary War. Early in July 1776, a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina. Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people, and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee, bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain.[604]" ]

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[ "Ring finger. The ring finger is the finger on which it is the custom in a particular culture for a wedding ring to be placed during a wedding ceremony and on which the wedding ring is subsequently worn to indicate the status of the wearer as a married person. It is commonly the finger between the middle finger and the little finger, and is so named because in some cultures it is the finger on which one usually wears a wedding ring after marriage. In some cultures the wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the left hand, while in others it is on the right hand. Traditionally, a wedding ring was worn by the bride/wife on the ring finger, but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring on the ring finger. It is also the custom in some cultures not to wear a ring on the ring finger unless one is married, though an engagement ring is usually also worn on the ring finger.", "Ring finger. Based upon this name, their contemporaries, purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette, wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger.[citation needed] By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other.", "Ring finger. In Western cultures, a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the ring finger. This developed from the Roman \"anulus pronubis\" when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony. Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride's finger dates from the 11th century. In medieval Europe, during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers of the left hand. The ring was then left on the ring finger. In a few European countries, the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage, then transferred to the right during the ceremony. For example, a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony, then moves it to the right hand after the wedding. In England, the 1549 Prayer Book declared \"the ring shall be placed on the left hand\". By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony — even on the thumb.", "Wedding ring. Modernly, after marriage the wedding ring is worn on the hand on which it had been placed during the ceremony. By wearing rings on their fourth fingers, married spouses symbolically declare their life-long love for and fidelity to each other. This symbol has public utility, and is presently expected as a matter of tradition and etiquette, so much so that its absence is often interpreted as meaning that the person is single. Many spouses wear their wedding rings day and night. When needed because of hygiene or to avoid damage, they commonly wear their rings on a necklace.", "Ring (jewellery). The fourth digit or ring finger of the left hand has become the customary place to wear a wedding ring in much of the world, though in certain countries the right hand finger is used.[10] This custom was practically established as the norm during World War II.[11]", "Pinky ring. Pliny the Elder noted, according to the 1938 Loeb Classical Library translation by Harris Rackham, \"Some people put all their rings on their little finger only, while others wear only one ring even on that finger, and use it to seal up their signet ring, which is kept stored away as a rarity not deserving the insult of common use, and is brought out from its cabinet as from a sanctuary; thus even wearing a single ring on the little finger may advertise the possession of a costlier piece of apparatus put away in store.\"[15]", "Wedding ring. Depending on culture, a wedding ring is typically worn on the base of the left or right ring finger. Many spouses wear their wedding rings day and night, causing an indentation in the skin that is visible even when the ring is removed. Another indication of their cultural importance is that wedding rings are among the few items that prison inmates and visitors are permitted to wear[where?].[3][4]", "Engagement ring. In North America and the United Kingdom, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger. Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times, dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or \"vein of love\". This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart, or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body. In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged, but moved to the right hand when married. In Poland and Turkey, the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably.", "Engagement. Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract,[13] from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol (two hands clasping a heart) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people. Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity, but was first practiced on the fourth finger/ring finger by the Romans, who believed this finger to be the beginning of the vena amoris (\"vein of love\"), the vein that leads to the heart.[14] In cultures with European origin, and many other countries, an engagement ring is worn following the practice of the Romans who \"...wore the ring either on the right middle finger or the left ring [4th] finger, from which, according to ancient Egyptian physicians, a nerve led directly to the heart.\"[14] The custom in Continental Europe and other countries is to wear it on the right hand. One historical exception arose in monarchical regimes, in which a nobleman entering into morganatic marriage, a marriage in which the person, usually the woman, of lower rank stayed at the same rank instead of rising ranks, would present their left hand to receive the ring, hence the alternative term 'marriage with the left hand' (Ger. Ehe zur linken Hand), the offspring of such marriages considered to be disinherited from birth.[15]", "Engagement. In the modern era, some women's wedding rings are made into two separate pieces. One part is given to her to wear as an engagement ring when she accepts the marriage proposal and the other during the wedding ceremony. When worn together, the two rings look like one piece of jewelry.[citation needed] The engagement ring is not worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride, and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring.", "Ring finger. Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands. If a wedding ring is worn, the ring is worn on the left ring finger mostly for men.", "Engagement ring. A couple in a committed relationship may give each other and wear pre-engagement rings, also called friendship or promise rings. Neither the engagement nor any other ring is worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride as part of the ceremony,[1] and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is usually put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring. Some brides have their engagement and wedding rings permanently soldered together after the wedding.", "Engagement ring. In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals, or Matrimonial Contracts (1686).[7] The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion's Aegyptiacorum, where the alleged vein was originally a nervus (a word that can be translated either as \"nerve\" or \"sinew\").[8]", "Ring finger. In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony, the wedding ring is placed on the bride's left hand index finger, but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb, most commonly in recent times.[5] Today, the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony. Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring.", "Pinky ring. At times, pinky rings have been worn with the intent to convey a message or indicate affiliation. During the Victorian era, both single men and women uninterested in pursuing marriage could wear a ring on the little finger of their left hand.[5] Especially in the United States, pinky rings also developed an association with criminal activity.[6] Grifters were thought to wear such rings, sometimes to provide their associates with a source of funding for their funeral expenses in case of their death,[7] as were made men in the American Mafia.[8] Movies such as Little Caesar and The Godfather contributed to the association of this style of jewellery with organized crime.[9]", "Husband. As an external symbol of the fact that they are married, each spouse commonly wears a wedding ring on the ring finger; whether this is on the left or right hand depends on the country's tradition.", "Vena amoris. The choice of finger is also less than settled until recent times; during the 17th century in England it was not unusual to wear the wedding ring on the thumb.[1] Gauls and Britons wore their rings on the middle finger,[2] and the choice of right or left hand appears relatively dependent on culture; though cultures that use either the right or left ring finger both claim a historical connection to the vena amoris. The use of wedding and betrothal rings was not commonplace in the Roman Empire until the 2nd century; which also contradicts versions of the story which claim that this tradition was brought to Rome in the 3rd century BC.", "Ring (jewellery). A ring is a round band, usually of metal, worn as an ornamental piece of jewellery around the finger, or sometimes the toe; it is the most common current meaning of the word \"ring\". Strictly speaking a normal ring is a finger ring (which may be hyphenated); other types of rings worn as ornaments are earrings, bracelets for the wrist, armlets or arm rings, toe rings and torc or neck rings, but except perhaps for toe rings, the plain term \"ring\" is not normally used to refer to these.", "Ring (jewellery). The use of the fourth finger of the left hand (the 'ring finger') is associated with an old belief that the left hand's ring finger is connected by a vein directly to the heart: the vena amoris or vein of love. This idea was known in 16th and 17th century England, when Henry Swinburne referred to it in his book about marriage.[12] It can be traced back to ancient Rome, when Aulus Gellius cited Appianus as saying the ancient Egyptians had found a fine nerve linking that particular finger to the heart.[13]", "Pinky ring. A pinky ring is a ring worn on the little finger of either hand, which is also called the \"fifth finger\".", "Wedding ring. A wedding ring or wedding band is a finger ring that indicates that its wearer is married.[1] It is usually forged from metal, and traditionally is forged of gold or another precious metal.[2]", "Iron Ring. The Iron Ring is worn on the little finger (\"pinky\") of the working (dominant) hand.[5] There, the facets act as a sharp reminder of one's obligation while the engineer works, because it could drag on the writing surface while the engineer is drawing or writing. This is particularly true of recently obligated engineers, whose rings bear sharp, unworn, facets. Protocol dictates that the rings should be returned by retired engineers or by the families of deceased engineers. Some camps offer previously obligated or \"experienced\" rings, but they are now rare due to medical and practical complications.", "Ring finger. The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day, when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria as well as in Brazil.", "Ring finger. In Sinhala and Tamil culture, the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger. This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society.[6]", "Pinky ring. Wedding bands (always a gift from wife to husband) were usually worn by Western men in the Victorian age on the left hand pinky finger,[19] although few British men wore wedding rings until World War II.[16] Because of masculine limitations, men were encouraged to wear a second ring if they desired, but it was to be worn on top of the wedding band so as to keep both rings confined to one finger.[20] It appears the custom for men to wear their two rings on the left pinky was purely British and German; in America, men either followed the British tradition or wore no ring at all until much later.[21]", "Marriage vows. Then, as the groom places the ring on the bride's finger, he says the following:", "Wedding. The use of a wedding ring has long been part of religious weddings in Europe and America, but the origin of the tradition is unclear. One possibility is the Roman belief in the Vena amoris, which was believed to be a blood vessel that ran from the fourth finger (ring finger) directly to the heart. Thus, when a couple wore rings on this finger, their hearts were connected. Historian Vicki Howard points out that the belief in the \"ancient\" quality of the practice is most likely a modern invention.[2] \"Double ring\" ceremonies are also a modern practice, a groom's wedding band not appearing in the United States until the early 20th century.[3]", "Ring finger. The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe (and some not so), Mexico and Bolivia. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, and Finland; Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Romania, Croatia, and Slovenia.", "Engagement ring. In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings. The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal. Sometimes, the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man. In Brazil, for example, the groom and bride-to-be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement.[44] After the wedding, the band is moved to the left hand. In Argentina, it is also known for the groom and bride-to-be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged. Then, after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand.[citation needed]", "Wedding ring. It is commonly believed that the first examples of wedding rings were found in ancient Egypt. Relics dating to 6,000 years ago, including papyrus scrolls, are evidence of the exchange of braided rings of hemp or reeds between spouses. Ancient Egypt considered the circle to be a symbol of eternity, and the ring served to signify the perpetual love of the spouses. This was also the origin of the custom of wearing the wedding ring on the ring finger of the left hand, because the ancient Egyptians believed that this finger enclosed a special vein that was connected directly to the heart,[5] denominated in Latin the \"Vena amoris\".", "Ring finger. A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries, However, if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country, it may be worn on either the left (such is the custom in Iran) or the right ring finger (as in Jordan). As opposed to the wedding ring, use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries, especially those in West and South Asia. Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men, and the left finger by women.", "Jewish wedding. The groom gives the bride a ring, traditionally a plain wedding band,[15] and recites the declaration: Behold, you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the law of Moses and Israel. The groom places the ring on the bride’s right index finger. According to traditional Jewish law, two valid witnesses must see him place the ring.[14]" ]

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