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[ "Blues (Super Rugby). The Blues tasted immediate success, winning the Super 12 back-to-back in 1996 and 1997. In 1996 the side won eight of eleven round robin matches and finished the regular season in second place (behind the Queensland Reds on 41 points. They then went on to defeat Northern Transvaaal, now the Bulls, 48–11 in the semi-final at Eden Park. This result secured a home final, where the Blues comfortably defeated the Sharks 45–21. In 1997, the side improved on their previous season, comfortably topping the table with 50 points after going undefeated in the regular season, the sole blemish on an otherwise perfect season being a draw with Northern Transvaal in a re-match of the previous season's semi-final. The Blues once again easily won their semi-final, defeating the Sharks 55–36 at Eden Park and again securing a home final. The 1997 final was a more hard fought encounter than the previous year's, with the Blues defeating the ACT Brumbies 23–7.", "Blues (Super Rugby). From 1999 – 2002 the Blues' onfield performance was poor, missing the playoffs every season, finishing at an all-time low of 11th on the ladder in 2001 with just four wins for the season. The club was able to turn its from around in the 2003 season, topping the ladder with 49 points and 10 wins from 11 matches. The team went on to defeat the ACT Brumbies by 42–21 in the semi-final, before beating the Crusaders 21–17 in the final for the franchise's third Super Rugby title. The Blues were unable to follow their 2003 success up in 2004 and 2005 however, missing the playoffs in both seasons.[citation needed]", "Blues (Super Rugby). In 2011 the Super Rugby competition was expanded to 15 teams and adopted a conference format. The Blues had a successful start to the season, defeating the Crusaders by 24–22 at Eden Park. This was followed by a win and a loss on their South African tour, followed by a 22-all draw against the Western Force in Perth. This was followed by a seven match winning streak between rounds five and twelve. However, the mid-season winning streak came to an abrupt end with a 37 – 31 loss to the Queensland Reds in Brisbane, which initiated a four match losing-streak. In the final round-robin match of the season, the Blues defeated the Highlanders by 33–16 at Eden Park, securing the side's first playoff appearance since 2007 and first home playoff match since 2003. The team subsequently defeated the New South Wales Waratahs 26 – 13 to secure a semi-final against the Queensland Reds in Brisbane, which they lost 30–13.", "Blues (Super Rugby). The Blues (formerly known as the Auckland Blues until 2000) are a professional rugby union team based in Auckland, New Zealand who play in the Super Rugby competition. Like New Zealand's four other Super Rugby regional franchises, the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996. One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history, the Blues won the competition in each of its first two seasons, 1996 and 1997, and again in 2003. Additionally, the team were finalists in 1998 and semi-finalists in 2007 and 2011. The team is captained by James Parsons and coached by Tana Umaga.", "Blues (Super Rugby). The 1998 season saw the Blues again top the points table with 43 points at the conclusion of the round robin, with nine wins and two losses to their credit. They defeated the Otago Highlanders by 37–31 in the side's third consecutive home semi-final, securing a home final against the Crusaders, a match which promised a great deal due to Auckland's traditional sporting rivalry with Canterbury. The Crusaders ultimately won the match by 20–13, putting an end to the Blues' dominance of the competition.[citation needed]", "Blues (Super Rugby). 2012, the team's fourth season under coach Pat Lam, saw the arrival of former Hurricanes icons, and 2011 Rugby World Cup winners, Ma'a Nonu and Piri Weepu. The regular season began on 24 February against the Crusaders at Eden Park. Following two successive losses to start the season, the side's first victory came away to the Bulls, with starting debutant Gareth Anscombe scoring all of the Blues points in the 29–23 win. In doing so, Anscombe set a team record for most points in a match.[4] In the same match, Rene Ranger became the first Blues player to receive a White Card, which resulted in a two-week suspension. Seven consecutive losses followed, beginning with the Stormers in round four, and finishing with the Hurricanes in round eleven. Growing frustration amongst fans was evident during this period, with racist remarks directed at coach Pat Lam via social media, talkback radio and the Blues own website.[5][6] Lam, who is of Samoan descent, received support from a number of former Blues players during this period, including Michael Jones and Eroni Clarke.[6] After beating the Lions in round twelve, the Blues suffered the biggest defeat in club history with a 59 – 12 loss away to the Crusaders, which was followed by losses at home to the Highlanders and table-topping Chiefs. The Blues finished the season on a high note, with wins against the Western Force and Brumbies.", "Blues (Super Rugby). On June 7, the Blues defeated the British and Irish Lions 22-26 at Eden Park.", "Blues (Super Rugby). The 2013 season saw an all new Blues team with many players leaving, including Ma'a Nonu to the Highlanders[9] and Gareth Anscombe to the Chiefs.[10] On the morning of 31 October 2012 new coach Sir John Kirwan announced the 2013 Blues squad which included 14 Super Rugby debutants, and Ali Williams taking over as captain.[11] Handed a bye on the first round the Blues started the regular season on 23 February 2013 with a 34–20 away win against the Hurricanes, followed by a 34–15 home win against the Crusaders the next week. 3 consecutive losses followed, including the Bulls first victory at Eden Park.[12] The Blues regained some form again, winning 4 of the next 5 games. Beating the Highlanders at home and completing the double over the Hurricanes with a 28–6 win at Eden Park before losing a close game against the Reds. The Blues then defeated both the Stormers and the Rebels before losing 3 games in a row to the Crusaders, Brumbies, and Highlanders respectively. The Blues then travelled to South Africa with two must win games against the Sharks and the Cheetahs, unfortunately losing both and ending the Blues chances of making the play-offs. Ali Williams played his 100th game for the Blues against the Sharks.[13] The Blues returned to New Zealand with a last home game against the already play-off qualified Chiefs. Despite a red card to Kane Barrett for stomping in the 23rd minute, the Blues played a remarkably strong game, taking the lead just after half-time but a yellow card to first-five Baden Kerr struck another blow for the Blues. The mounting Chiefs pressure paid off resulting in a Ben Tameifuna try with 17 minutes to go, winning the game for the Chiefs. The Blues walked off the field to a standing ovation from their fans, the first time an Eden Park crowd had been upstanding for a defeat.[14]", "Blues (Super Rugby). 1996, 1997, 2003", "Blues (Super Rugby). The expanded 14 team competition couldn't have started worse for the Blues, who were in 2006 forced by the NZRU to include North Harbour captain Rua Tipoki in their squad of 24 players who are 'protected' from the draft. Tipoki was originally to be excluded from the draft due to personal circumstances to stay in Auckland. Andrew Mehrtens had in the past done this with the Crusaders. The NZRU however forced coach David Nucifora to pick Tipoki in his 24-man squad and hence drop another player. It is believed the NZRU was in favour of dropping players such as Isa Nacewa who are ineligible to play for the All Blacks.[1] Instead, Nucifora excluded All Black Isaia Toeava, who subsequently played for the Hurricanes in 2006. Following the draft fiasco, and the forgettable season which followed, the Blues showed signs of resurgence in 2007, finishing the round robin in fourth place, securing a semi-final against the Sharks in Durban. The travel and form of the opposition were too difficult to overcome, however, with the Blues losing to the eventual runners-up by 34 – 18. The 2008 season, the final under coach David Nucifora, saw the team finish the season with an 8 – 5 record and a sixth-place finish on the ladder. In 2009, Pat Lam was appointed as coach, however the team was not able to make significant improvements under his leadership for the remainder of Super 14, missing the playoffs in both the 2009 and 2010 seasons.", "Blues (Super Rugby). Record updated as of Round 9 v Brumbies, 2017", "Blues (Super Rugby). The Blues finished the season in 10th place, with 6 players earning All Black call ups and Frank Halai as the team's top try scorer scoring 10 tries in his debut season. They signed international super star Benji Marshall for the 2014 season (only to return to league with the Dragons halfway through it) and Ma'a Nonu for two seasons starting in 2014.", "Blues (Super Rugby). The Blues represent the Auckland, North Harbour, and Northland rugby unions. Since 2014 the regional franchise until 2020 has been owned 60% (divided 65%, 29% and 6%) by the three provincial unions through Rugby Holdings Ltd and 40% by private investor Bolton Equities Ltd.", "Blues (Super Rugby). Overall the Blues have dated rivalries with all other New Zealand-based Super Rugby teams (Chiefs, Hurricanes, Crusaders and Highlanders), however a notable trophy is contested between the Blues and Highlanders. The Gordon Hunter Memorial Trophy is contested between the Blues and Highlanders as a part of regular season fixtures between the two sides. The trophy is awarded in memory of Gordon Hunter, who had been head coach of both teams prior to his passing in 2002. The Highlanders currently hold the trophy after defeating the Blues in round 16 of the 2013 season.", "Blues (Super Rugby). A season-by-season summary of Blues regular season results and playoff fixtures is shown below:", "Blues (Super Rugby). On 17 July, Pat Lam was released. On the same day, Sir John Kirwan was appointed as head coach for the 2013 and 2014 seasons.[7] In August, the Blues' full coaching staff for the 2013 season was announced, with Sir Graham Henry taking on a role as technical advisor and defensive coach, Mick Byrne appointed forwards and kicking coach, and Grant Doorey appointed skills and backline coach.[8]", "Crusaders (rugby union). The Crusaders oldest rivalry is with the Blues. At the start of Super Rugby the teams originally represented 'old foes' Canterbury and Auckland. The two teams have meet twice in the Grand Final, with the Crusaders winning the first meeting in 1998, 20-13. This victory denied the Blues a three-peat. However, the Blues exacted revenge in 2003, winning the rematch 21-17. However, in recent times the rivalry has cooled, with the Blues no longer threatening title challenges, as they did in their glory days.", "Blues (Super Rugby). Along with New Zealand's other Super Rugby sides, the Blues were established by the NZRU to take part in the newly formed Super 12 competition which, involved teams from South Africa and Australia in addition to New Zealand. Each of New Zealand's five sides represented a number of provincial unions, with the Blues representing the Auckland, Counties Manukau and Thames Valley unions, while the neighbouring Waikato Chiefs representing the Waikato, Bay of Plenty, King Country, Northland and North Harbour unions. As the amount of international representatives in the Auckland region was thought to be unfair, it was split up between The Blues and The Chiefs. During this era, the Blues played the majority of their home matches at Eden Park, with round robin fixtures occasionally held at Growers Stadium in Pukekohe.", "Blues (Super Rugby). The current Blues (and Auckland Rugby Football Union) CEO is former Counties and New Zealand player Andy Dalton. Along with Dalton, Gary Whetton, Grant Fox, Geoff Vazey, Mike Budd, John Morgan and Andrew Golightly make up the Blues board. In April 2012, Gary Whetton was appointed chairman of the board following the resignation of Greg Muir. His place as Auckland Rugby Union board representative was taken by Glenn Wahlstrom.[16]", "2011 Super Rugby Final. The Blues hosted the Waratahs in Auckland in the first qualifying final, while the Sharks travelled to Nelson to play the Crusaders. There were two tries apiece scored by the Blues and Waratahs in the first qualifier, but the Blues prevailed with Lachie Munro kicking eleven points off the tee in their 26–13 victory.[3] In Nelson, the Crusaders beat the Sharks in the second qualifier, scoring four tries to one to win 36–8.[4]", "Blues (Super Rugby). By the end of the 1990s the number of international representatives from the Blues region had decreased. This led the Blues and the Chiefs to arrange a swap, where the Chiefs would represent the Thames Valley and Counties Manukau provincial unions in exchange for the Blues representing the Northland and North Harbour unions in addition to Auckland. Although in the seasons leading up to the trade North Harbour and Northland had outperformed Counties Manukau and Thames Valley in provincial rugby (thus potentially widening the already sizeable gap between the Blues' and Chiefs' on-field performance), it enabled both teams to represent unions in closer geographical proximity. Because of this trade, the Blues lost the area colloquially referred to as South Auckland, (excluding those portions of the South Auckland to the north of Manurewa). Thus, the Blues traded a portion of South Auckland for the Northern portion of the Auckland region and Northland, and still do not represent the entire Auckland region. Generally supporters in the South Auckland region identify as Blues supporters even though they are technically in the Chiefs region. In 2000 all of New Zealand's Super 12 franchises dropped the leading province identifiers from their official names and became truly regional.[citation needed]", "Blues (Super Rugby). Up to and including 2010, all New Zealand-based Super Rugby sides were able to protect 24 players from within their region each season. Players not protected by the Blues could be selected by any of the other four New Zealand teams for that season, while the Blues were also able to bring in players from other regions for the season. The team had predominantly drawn its players from its own unions, with the vast majority of players hailing from Auckland, however in recent years several notable players have been signed from outside the region, such as Stephen Brett, Alby Mathewson, Ma'a Nonu and Piri Weepu.", "Crusaders (rugby union). The Crusaders' winning run finally came to an end when they were beaten 39–5 by the Blues in the third round of the 2003 Super 12 season.[32] Although their 15-match unbeaten streak had ended, Richie McCaw said of the loss, \"...in some ways it was almost a relief. We'd finally been beaten, the run was over, so people could stop talking about it and we could get on with playing it week by week.\"[33] The Crusaders recovered to finish second on the table with eight wins.[34] They hosted a semi-final against the Hurricanes, who were coached by Colin Cooper, a former assistant coach for the Crusaders. Despite this inside knowledge of the team by the Wellington coach, the Crusaders won the match 39–16.[34] In the final, the Crusaders met the Blues, another team coached by a former Crusaders assistant coach, Peter Sloane. Hooker Mark Hammett scored two tries to give the Crusaders a 10–6 lead at half-time.[35] The Blues hit back to lead 21–10 with ten minutes to go. The Crusaders managed another converted try, but it was not enough, and the Blues won 21–17.[35]", "2011 Super Rugby Final. The Queensland Reds had won Super Rugby trophies twice before in the amateur era of the Super 10, beating Natal 21–10 in 1994 and Transvaal 30-16 in 1995.", "Blues (Super Rugby). In addition to Eden Park, Blues home matches are occasionally held at North Harbour Stadium, home of the North Harbour Rugby Union, and Okara Park, home of the Northland Rugby Union.", "Blues (Super Rugby). The squad for the 2018 Super Rugby season:[19]", "Blues (Super Rugby). The Blues have fielded a development team in competitions such as the Pacific Rugby Cup and in matches against other representative teams for several seasons. Known as the Blues Development XV, the squad is selected from the best emerging rugby talent in the Blues catchment area and is composed of Blues contracted players, wider training group members, under 20s, and selected club players.[17][18]", "Blues (Super Rugby). 87 officially recognized Blues players have gone on to represent the All Blacks as of the 2017 season. There have been a total of 268 players to have played for the Blues which means that 30% of all Blues over two decades have either represented the All Blacks or have gone on to represent them.", "2011 Super Rugby Final. For the semi-finals, the Blues travelled to Brisbane to play the Reds and the Crusaders flew to Cape Town to play the Stormers. Both games were won by a clear margin. Rod Davies scored a hat-trick of tries in Brisbane for the Reds to beat the Blues by four tries to one with a final score of 30–13.[5] In the second semi-final at Cape Town, the Stormers and Crusaders scored two tries each, but All Black five eighth Dan Carter scored 17 points to secure the away victory for the Crusaders by 29–10.[6]", "Crusaders (rugby union). In the final at Eden Park, the Crusaders faced the Blues, who were heavy favourites. According to Crusaders' hooker Mark Hammett, \"If we'd been polled in that week, and had to give an honest answer, most of the boys, deep down, would probably have thought that the Blues would beat us.\"[12] The Crusaders were ahead 3–0 at half time, but the Blues scored first after half time to take a 10–3 lead after 53 minutes.[13] After Crusader Norm Maxwell scored a try, the game was tied 10 all. Then, after a penalty each, the two teams were tied 13 all with one minute of regulation time remaining.[14] At that moment, Andrew Mehrtens chipped the ball for James Kerr to run onto and score, giving the Crusaders a 20–13 win after the try was converted.[15] The ten points scored by Andrew Mehrtens in the final contributed to his total of 206 points for the season − a record for the Super 12.[16] Upon the Crusaders' return to Christchurch, they were given a parade through the city that drew 100,000 people.[14]", "Blues (Super Rugby). Halfbacks (Scrum-halves)", "Blues (Super Rugby). First Five-Eighths (Fly-halves)" ]

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[ "National Basketball Association. During the regular season, each team plays 82 games, 41 each home and away. A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year (16 games). Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times (24 games), and the remaining four teams three times (12 games). Finally, each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece (30 games). This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams (but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB). Over five seasons, each team will have played 80 games against their division (20 games against each opponent, 10 at home, 10 on the road), 180 games against the rest of their conference (18 games against each opponent, 9 at home, 9 on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road).", "2011–12 NBA season. A revised 66-game regular season began on December 25, 2011, with five Christmas Day games, two more than the original schedule.[23] The league built a new schedule from scratch based on available arena dates. In October, the league allowed arenas in Los Angeles and Chicago to reassign NBA dates for other events. The number of games between conferences was affected as was the case in the 1999 lockout, when each team played only five or six interconference games in a 50-game schedule. Normally, each team plays teams in the other conference twice each.[24] Teams played 48 conference games and 18 non-conference games in a 66-game schedule, compared to 52 conference games and 30 non-conference games in a normal 82-game season.[25] Teams played on average two more games per month and also were required to play three-consecutive games at least once in the season. In total, the league had 42 sets of back-to-back-to-back games throughout the season, with 11 teams playing two such sets. The exception was the then champion Dallas Mavericks, who never had a set of 3 consecutive back to backs. [26][27][28] The three-game set, or \"triple\", also occurred during the shortened 1998–99 season, which featured 64 triples and sloppier play due to tired players.[26][27] Before that, the last occurrence was two decades earlier.[27] On 29 occasions during the season, teams played a stretch of five games in six days.[28] With fewer off days during the season, the level of play was lower due to fatigue, and some older players rested to avoid burnout and recuperate from injuries.[29] When the San Antonio Spurs rested Tim Duncan for a game in March at the end of a back-to-back-to-back, coach Gregg Popovich submitted the description of Duncan's injury as \"Old\".[30]", "Perfect season. In North America's three other major professional sports leagues (Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League) it is almost impossible for a team to play a \"perfect\" season, primarily because there are substantially more games in the regular season (82 in the NBA and NHL, and 162 in Major League Baseball). The Women's National Basketball Association's season has been between 28 and 34 games long, and it too has never produced a perfect season.", "List of National Basketball Association seasons. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the major professional basketball league in North America. The league was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] The league adopted its current name at the start of 1949–1950 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL).[2] The league currently consists of thirty teams, of which twenty-nine are located in the United States and one in Canada. Each team plays 82 games in the regular season. Eight teams from each of the league's two conferences qualify for the playoffs. The winners of the Conference Finals advance to the finals to determine the NBA champions.", "List of winless seasons. Since the 1967–68 season, the National Basketball Association's regular season schedule has been 82 games long (except 1998–99, 50 games and 2011–12, 66 games due to lockouts). It has been as few as 48 games long, but eventually expanded to an 82-game schedule.", "Double (basketball). From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]", "Sports in the United States. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and 1 in Canada) that play an 82-game season from October to June. After the regular season, eight teams from each conference compete in the playoffs for the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.", "List of NBA game sevens. Since the inception of the NBA, 132 game sevens have been played. Of those, six went into overtime, and one into double overtime. 28 game sevens have been won by the road team.[7] Every active NBA franchise has played in at least one game seven. There have been 12 playoff seasons in which no game sevens were played: 1947, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1967, 1972, 1983, 1985, 1989, 1991, and 1999. The 1994, the 2014 and the 2016 postseasons held the record for most game sevens played, with five. In 1979, 1981, 1988, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2018 four game sevens were played. The Los Angeles Lakers and New York Knicks both hold the record for most game sevens played in a single postseason, having played three game sevens in 1988 and 1994, respectively, the maximum possible at that time.", "List of National Basketball Association single-season scoring leaders. This list exhibits the National Basketball Association's top single-season scoring averages based on at least 70 games played or 1400 points scored. The NBA began recording 3-point field goals during the 1979–80 NBA season.", "List of National Basketball Association rivalries. Intradivisional rivalries comprise games between opponents in the same division. Since the 2004–05 NBA season, there are 30 teams in six divisions of 5 teams each. Each team plays each division opponent 4 times during the regular season (twice at home, twice away) for a total of 16 games out of 82 total regular season games.", "National Basketball Association. The NBA is one of only two of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in which teams play every other team during the regular season (the other being the National Hockey League). Each team hosts and visits every other team at least once every season. From 2005 to 2008, the NBA had the distinction of being the only one of the four major leagues in which all teams play every other team.", "Women's National Basketball Association. The WNBA regular season begins in May. During the regular season, each team plays 34 games, 17 each home and away. Each team plays one in-conference team 4 times and the remaining in-conference teams 3 times each (12 games). Each team then plays the six out-of-conference teams 3 times (18 games). As in the NBA, each team hosts and visits every other team at least once every season.", "Home advantage. In the 2016–17 NBA regular season, the home team won 718 games (58%), and the away team won 512 games (42%).", "Chicago Bulls. The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995–96 NBA season, setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015–16 NBA season. The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season, and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015–16 Warriors.[6] Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history.", "1999 NBA Finals. The 1999 NBA season was shortened due to a labor dispute that led to a lockout, canceling the first 3 months of the season, technically making this the 1999 NBA season and Finals (as all games were played in the year 1999). The NBA schedule consisted of 50 regular season games (61% of regular 82 games), and a normal playoff schedule; many teams never played each other.", "2011–12 NBA season. The 2011–12 NBA season, the 66th season of the National Basketball Association (NBA), began with the signing of a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the owners of the 30 NBA teams and the NBA's players. The previous CBA, which was ratified in 2005, expired at 12:01 AM EDT on July 1, 2011, resulting in a lockout. With the new deal in place, the regular season was shortened from the normal 82 games per team to 66, because of nearly two months of inactivity. The season began on December 25, 2011, and ended on April 26, 2012. The playoffs started on April 28 and ended on June 21 when the Miami Heat defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 5 of their series, 121–106, winning the Finals, 4–1 and to capture the franchise's second NBA title. LeBron James was named both the Regular Season MVP and the NBA Finals MVP.", "Double (basketball). From the 2011–12 to the 2016–17 season, the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple-doubles, with an average of 57.33 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 22 games.[20] Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple-doubles during that span, or 21.5% of the 344 total triple-doubles.", "Utah Jazz. The Jazz are the only team in NBA history not to have lost 60 or more games in a season.[59] This distinction was achieved when the New York Knicks and the Los Angeles Lakers both lost more than 60 games in the 2014–15 NBA season.[59][60]", "2016–17 NBA season. 2016-17 NBA teams attendances:[184]", "List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders. Only seven players in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA) have played at least 20 seasons in their careers. In 1985–86, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar broke the previous NBA record of 16 seasons held by Dolph Schayes, John Havlicek, Paul Silas, and Elvin Hayes;[1][2][3] he finished his career in 1988–89 with a then-record 20 seasons played.[4][5] Robert Parish broke the mark in 1996–97, when he retired after 21 seasons,[6][7] and Kevin Willis tied him in his final season in 2006–07.[a][9] They were joined by Kevin Garnett in 2015–16 when he began his 21st season.[10] His Minnesota Timberwolves played their season opener against the Los Angeles Lakers and Kobe Bryant, who became the fifth player to reach the 20-season plateau that night.[11] The game was the first time in league history that two opposing players each had at least 20 years of experience.[12] Having played his entire career with the Lakers, Bryant was also the first NBA player to spend 20 seasons with one team.[13] In 2017–18, Dirk Nowitzki and Vince Carter each began their 20th NBA seasons. Nowitzki, who has spent his entire career with the Dallas Mavericks, is the only player other than Bryant to have played 20 seasons with one team.[14]", "NBA playoffs. All rounds are best-of-seven series. Series are played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-court advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while their opponent hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5–7 being played if needed. This format has been used since 2014, after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2–3–2 format on October 23, 2013.[2]", "List of National Basketball Association rivalries. Interdivisional rivalries comprise games between opponents in different divisions but within the same conference. A team plays against each team from the other two divisions in its conference either three or four times. The total interdivisional games an NBA team plays is 36. Conference games are often important, as a team's record in common games, as well as its overall record against its conference, are sometimes used as tiebreakers for playoff seeding at the end of the regular season. Also, many regular season opponents have met again in the playoffs, and the result of a regular season game can affect where the playoff game will be played.", "Talk:Quadruple-double. The assertion that Wilt blocked \"over 10 shots nearly every game\" is absurd. The NBA season record for average blocks per game is 5.56, held by Mark Eaton of the Utah Jazz. I saw Wilt play, and Bill Russell too. I would reasonably guess both of them blocked considerably more shots per game than Eaton ever did, but not nearly twice as many. I would say the chance Wilt MIGHT have blocked 10+ shots in some of the games in question is not infinitesmal, but to treat it as a near certainty stretches credulity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JStarStar (talk • contribs) 06:25, 3 March 2009 (UTC)", "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season. The Warriors broke the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls' record for best regular season in NBA history after defeating the Memphis Grizzles 125–104 on April 13, finishing with a record of 73–9. With the win, Golden State tied their franchise record for home wins with 39, which they set last season.[15] The Warriors finished the season at an NBA-record 64 games above .500. Curry made 10 three-pointers against Memphis, making him the first player in NBA history to hit 400 threes in a single season; he finished with 402.[15] Curry finished the season averaging 30.1 points per game, making him the first Warriors NBA scoring champion since Rick Barry in the 1966–67 NBA season.[15] Curry became the seventh player to enter the 50–40–90 club, where he shot 50% for field goals, 45% for three-pointers and 91% for free throws during an entire regular season. This feat has only been achieved eleven times by seven players (Steve Nash having done it four times).[15]", "List of highest-scoring NBA games. The highest-scoring regular season game is the triple-overtime game between the Detroit Pistons and the Denver Nuggets on December 13, 1983. The two teams combined to score 370 points, with the Pistons defeating the Nuggets 186–184. An NBA-record four players scored over 40 points in the game, including the Nuggets' Kiki Vandeweghe with a game-high 51. The two teams also set several other NBA records, including the most points scored by one team (186 points), the most points scored by a losing team (184), the most field goals by two teams (142), most field goals by one team (74) and most assists by two teams (93).[5][6]", "National Basketball Association. The post-season teams are the All-NBA Team, the All-Defensive Team, and the All-Rookie Team; each consists of five players. There are three All-NBA teams, consisting of the top players at each position, with first-team status being the most desirable. There are two All-Defensive teams, consisting of the top defenders at each position. There are also two All-Rookie teams, consisting of the top first-year players regardless of position.", "Nate Thurmond. One of five players in NBA history to average at least 20 rebounds per game during a season: 21.3 (1966–67), 22.0 (1967–68)[3]", "Player efficiency rating. Only 21 times has a player posted a season efficiency rating over 30.0 (with more than 15 games played in that season), with the highest score being 31.84. Michael Jordan and LeBron James lead with four 30+ seasons, with Shaquille O'Neal and Wilt Chamberlain having accomplished three each, and David Robinson, Dwyane Wade, Chris Paul, Tracy McGrady, Anthony Davis, Stephen Curry and Russell Westbrook[3] having accomplished one each. The 2008–2009 season was unique in that it was the only season in which more than one player (LeBron James (31.67), Dwyane Wade (30.46), and Chris Paul (30.04)) posted efficiency ratings of over 30.0.", "All-NBA Team. Since the 1988–89 season, the All-NBA Team has been composed of three teams, each with five roster spots, except when there are ties. Players are selected with regard to position; they are listed according to position in the following descending order: two forwards, one center and two guards.", "NBA regular season records. This article lists all-time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league, including those set by teams and individuals in a game, season, and career. The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation, the Basketball Association of America (BAA).", "All-NBA Team. From the 1955–56 season to 1987–88 season, the All-NBA Team was composed of two teams, each with five roster spots, except when there were ties. During this time, players were selected with regard to position; they are listed according to position in the following descending order: two forwards, one center and two guards.", "Game seven. All playoff rounds in the NBA are now in a best-of-seven series format so all rounds can have a maximum of seven games. The NBA Finals has been consistently played in a best-of-seven series format since its inception." ]

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[ "Nobel Peace Prize. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.[6] Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war[7] and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.[8] Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.", "Henry Dunant. By dividing the prize between Passy, a pacifist, and Dunant, a humanitarian, the Nobel Committee set a precedent for the conditions of the Nobel Peace Prize selection which would have significant consequences in later years. A section of Nobel's will had indicated that the prize should go to an individual who had worked to reduce or eliminate standing armies, or directly to promote peace conferences, which made Passy a natural choice for his peace work. On the other hand, the arguably distinct bestowal for humanitarian effort alone was seen by some as a wide interpretation of Nobel's will. However, another part of Nobel's testament marked the prize for the individual who had best enhanced the \"brotherhood of people,\" which could be interpreted more generally as seeing humanitarian work like Dunant's as connected to peacemaking as well. Many recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize in later years can be assigned to either of these two categories first roughly established by the Nobel committee's decision in 1901.", "Nobel Prize. The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the Swiss Jean Henri Dunant for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization.", "Nobel Peace Prize. Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.", "Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901,[3] it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\".[4]", "Nobel Peace Prize. It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.[6]", "Henry Dunant. In 1901, Dunant was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention. By public and private means, Müller, and later Norwegian military physician Hans Daae (who had received a copy of Müller's book), advocated Dunant's case to the Nobel committee over the course of 4 years.[4][5] The award was jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. The official congratulations which he received from the International Committee finally represented the rehabilitation of Dunant's reputation:", "Nobel Peace Prize. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year \"shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\".[5]", "Henry Dunant. Henry Dunant (born Jean-Henri Dunant; 8 May 1828 – 30 October 1910), also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist, the founder of the Red Cross, and the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy, making Dunant the first Swiss Nobel laureate.", "Nobel Prize. In 1965, UN Secretary General U Thant was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman Gunnar Jahn of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to UNICEF. The rest of the committee all wanted the prize to go to U Thant, for his work in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis, ending the war in the Congo, and his ongoing work to mediate an end to the Vietnam War. The disagreement lasted three years and in 1966 and 1967 no prize was given, with Gunnar Jahn effectively vetoing an award to U Thant.[132][133]", "Nobel Peace Prize. Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Fazle Hasan Abed and Corazon Aquino as people who \"never won the prize, but should have\".[46][47] Many believe that the prize should have gone to Pope John Paul II,[48] Hélder Câmara,[49], Zilda Arns[50] and\nDorothy Day.[51]\nBoth Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award.", "2010 Nobel Peace Prize. Norwegian peace activist and author, Fredrik S. Heffermehl criticised the Nobel Committee for failing to follow Alfred Nobel's dying wish to promote disarmament, by giving the award to Liu.[99][100] Heffermehl said that less than 50 percent of the awards made after World War II had been made in accordance with Nobel's will.[101]", "Nobel Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948.[126] Later, members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee expressed regret that he was not given the prize.[127] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006, said, \"The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize. Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question\".[128] In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that \"there was no suitable living candidate\" that year.[127][129] Later, when the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was \"in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi.\"[130] Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been missed out. Foreign Policy lists Eleanor Roosevelt, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh, and Corazon Aquino as people who \"never won the prize, but should have.\"[131]", "2010 Nobel Peace Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2010 to Liu Xiaobo for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has long believed that there is a close connection between human rights and peace. Such rights are a prerequisite for the 'fraternity between nations' of which Alfred Nobel wrote in his will ... The campaign to establish universal human rights also in China is being waged by many Chinese, both in China itself and abroad. Through the severe punishment meted out to him, Liu has become the foremost symbol of this wide-ranging struggle for human rights in China.", "Eugene V. Debs. In 1924, Debs was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the Finnish Socialist Karl H. Wiik on the grounds that \"Debs started to work actively for peace during World War I, mainly because he considered the war to be in the interest of capitalism.\"[54]", "Nobel Prize in Literature. Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"greatest benefit on mankind\" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[11][12] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[13][14] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[15] Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.[16][17] The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes.", "Nobel Prize. Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[19][20] To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"greatest benefit on mankind\" in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.[21] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes.[22][23] Because of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway.[24] The executors of Nobel's will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organised the award of prizes.[25]", "Bertha von Suttner. Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence on his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will, which she was awarded in the fifth term on 10 December 1905. The presentation took place on 18 April 1906 in Kristiania.", "Anthony Eden. In 1945 he was mentioned by Halvdan Koht among seven candidates who were qualified for the Nobel Prize in Peace. However, he did not explicitly nominate any of them. The person actually nominated was Cordell Hull.[93]", "Nobel Prize. Nobel's instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organizations were designated or established. These were Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[26] The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[21] In 1905, the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved.", "Nobel Prize controversies. From 1901 to 1912, the committee's work reflected an interpretation of the \"ideal direction\" stated in Nobel's will as \"a lofty and sound idealism\", which caused Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola and Mark Twain to be rejected. Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia was cited as the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov took the prize. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favoring writers from non-combatant countries.[43]", "Nobel Prize controversies. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel.[252] In his speech at the 1974 Nobel banquet, awardee Friedrich Hayek stated that had he been consulted whether to establish an economics prize, he would \"have decidedly advised against it\"[39][253] primarily because \"the Nobel Prize confers on an individual an authority which in economics no man ought to possess... This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally.\"[253]", "Suez Crisis. Lester B. Pearson, who would later become the Prime Minister of Canada, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his efforts in creating a mandate for a United Nations Peacekeeping Force, and he is considered the father of the modern concept of peacekeeping.[citation needed] The Suez Crisis contributed to the adoption of a new national flag of Canada in 1965, as the Egyptian government had objected to Canadian peacekeeping troops on the grounds that their flag at that time included a British ensign.[386] As Prime Minister, Pearson would advocate the simple Maple Leaf that was eventually adopted.", "2010 Nobel Peace Prize. The Economist recalled how the Soviet Union prevented Andrei Sakharov from accepting his Nobel Peace Prize in 1975,[134] and suggested that Chinese leadership would probably have expected such a comparison.[134] Both it and Die Welt made direct reference to the creation of a similar German National Prize for Art and Science by Nazi Germany after von Ossietzky was prohibited from leaving the country to collect the 1935 prize.[133][134]", "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates. The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\"[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[2] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.[3] The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm.[5] Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.", "Nobel Prize controversies. After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism[1] and controversy.[2]", "2010 Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded to people who contribute to national harmony, country-to-country friendship, advancing disarmament, and convening and propagandizing peace conferences. Liu was a criminal sentenced by the Chinese judicial authorities for violating Chinese law ... The Nobel committee's decision to award such a person the peace prize runs contrary to and desecrates the prize.", "Geneva Conventions. For both of these accomplishments, Henry Dunant became corecipient of the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.[5][6]", "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901, the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Jean-Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist. More significant than the honor of the prize itself, this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean-Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden. Only two months earlier his long-standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest-serving president ever.", "International Committee of the Red Cross. When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901, the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist. More significant than the honour of the prize itself, the official congratulation from the International Committee of the Red Cross marked the overdue rehabilitation of Henry Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden. Only two months earlier his long-standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest-serving President ever.", "Nobel Prize in Literature. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[18][19] The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[17][20][21] According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature.[21]", "Nobel Peace Prize. It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,[20] or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.[20][21] Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.[22]" ]

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[ "Jonathan Freeman (actor). Jonathan Freeman (born February 5, 1950) is an American actor, voice actor, singer, puppeteer and comedian, known for puppetering and voicing Tito Swing in Shining Time Station and for voicing Jafar in Disney's Aladdin franchise, as well as the Kingdom Hearts franchise and the 2011 Aladdin Broadway musical.", "Jonathan Freeman (actor). Freeman reprises his role as Jafar on stage in the new musical adaptation of Aladdin, which played at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre from July 7–31, 2011.[4] He is currently reprising the role in the Broadway production, which opened in March 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre,[5] and he is the only actor from the original cast of the animated film to do so.", "Jonathan Freeman (actor). As well as being the voice of Jafar in Aladdin, Freeman is also known for being the puppeteer for Tito Swing of the Jukebox Band (Flexitoon Puppets) on the PBS series Shining Time Station.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Jafar (Arabic: جعفر Ja'far ‎‎) appears in the first two films as the main antagonist and Aladdin's archenemy, he is voiced by Jonathan Freeman in the films and the Kingdom Hearts series of video games. An inspiration to the character is the villain Jafar, played by Conrad Veidt in The Thief of Bagdad, from which Aladdin borrows several character ideas and plot elements. The Jafar of Disney's Aladdin plays essentially the same part as the character from the 1940s movie, and is drawn with notable similarity to Conrad Veidt's looks.[2] His name comes from Ja'far ibn Yahya the grand vizier, eventually executed by Harun al-Rashid for sleeping with his sister, who is featured in the original Arabian Nights Persian tales.", "Aladdin (Disney character). Aladdin is a fictional character and the protagonist of Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin, and its two direct-to-video sequels The Return of Jafar (1994) and Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996). He also stars in the animated television series based on the film. In all animated productions, Aladdin is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. Mena Massoud is set to play a live-action version of the character in a live action adaptation of the 1992 film.", "Aladdin (2019 film). At the 2017 D23 Expo, on July 15, it was announced that Massoud had been cast as Aladdin and Scott had been cast as Jasmine, ending a four month long open casting call.[10][8] On July 17, 2017, it was revealed that Disney had hired Vanessa Taylor to polish the original screenplay by August, specifically to do some \"character work\" and what is called \"script doctoring\".[11] Meanwhile, Richie and the studio focused on casting the other main roles with filming slated to start in August in London.[12] In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari joined the cast as Jafar with Nasim Pedrad casted in a newly created role as \"a hand maid and friend of Jasmine\" who will serve as a \"comic relief\" and Numan Acar as Hakim.[13][14] The following month, Billy Magnussen joined the cast in a newly created role as Prince Anders alongside Navid Negahban as the Sultan.[15][16]", "Aladdin (2011 musical). In November 2010, Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the movie was in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin.[2] The musical premiered in Seattle, Washington, at the 5th Avenue Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011.[3] Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation.[4] Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern.[1] Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but not used,[5] were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked some controversy as the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee received numerous complaints from actors of Middle Eastern descent. The executive director of a US minority rights organisation also drew attention to the show's missed opportunity to feature an underrepresented minority on Broadway.[6] The show was directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw.[7]", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. A live-action version of Jafar appears in the Once Upon a Time spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. Naveen Andrews portrays the character, an ally of the Red Queen. In this continuity, Jafar is the illegitimate son of the Sultan, and his interest in genies stems from his mentor and lover, Amara, who discovered a ritual that could be used to rewrite the laws of magic using the power of three genies and two sorcerers. Jafar betrayed Amara by transforming her into his serpent staff so that he could have her power for himself. Andrews did not reprise his role in Once Upon a Time's sixth season due to a scheduling conflict, and he was replaced by Oded Fehr.", "The Return of Jafar. Originally planned to be a television special, Tad Stones suggested that the film should instead be released on home video.[6] Instead of receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public relations for Disney's home video division, stated the decision to release The Return of Jafar on home video was due to time constraints claiming that \"to put the film in the theatrical pipeline would have taken up to five years\", but releasing it on home video would take \"less than two years.\" In addition to that, Feldstein confirmed that financing was also a consideration since producing a direct-to-video feature would be \"less costly to make than Aladdin.\"[7] Likewise, due to an expanding video market, Disney claimed demand from theatrical and video audiences for more Aladdin and the other characters was another reason for a speedy follow-up.[8] Due to a well publicized bitter fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for Aladdin, Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson).[9] It was also the first Aladdin full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and Aladdin and the King of Thieves.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Animator Andreas Deja decided to design Jafar in a way he was contrasting to the other characters, with many vertical lines against the curvy designs based on Al Hirschfeld.[3] Jonathan Freeman, who composers Alan Menken and Howard Ashman met when he auditioned for Little Shop of Horrors and had previously invited Freeman to audition for both The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, said that the artwork was what got him truly interested in the role, declaring that \"once I saw those heavy lidded eyes, that long narrow face, I knew that Jafar was going to be something really special\". He was the first actor cast, and spent one year and nine months recording dialogue, for months without any other actors to interact, and later interrupting theater tours to fly to Los Angeles and record newly written lines.[4] When Deja first met Freeman, he was surprised to see the lack of physical similarity to the character but also included some of Freeman's acting and gesturing into Jafar's animation.[5]", "The Return of Jafar. The Return of Jafar (also known as Aladdin 2: The Return of Jafar) is a 1994 direct-to-video sequel to the 1992 animated film Aladdin, both produced by The Walt Disney Company. The film was released on May 20, 1994 and serves as the first episode of the Aladdin animated series. Culled from material originally intended for the first five episodes of the series,[1] It was the first Disney direct-to-video animated film.[4] Another direct-to-video sequel, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, was released in 1996. It marked the first American animated direct-to-video film.[5]", "Aladdin (franchise). In November 2010 Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the show is in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin.[23] The show premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre from July 7–31, 2011.[24] Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation.[25] Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine. Additional actors included Seán G. Griffin as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Babkak, and Kassim – a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but not used – Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales, and Brandon O'Neill. The show was also directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw.[26] Another production of the musical played at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis from July 5–13, 2012.[27][28] The musical premiered on Broadway on February 26, 2014 (in previews) and officially opened on March 20, 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre, taking the place of Mary Poppins.[29][30] The musical had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto lasting from November 13, 2013 to January 12, 2014.[31] Casey Nicholaw directed and choreographed, with Chad Beguelin writing the book and additional lyrics, Bob Crowley as the scene designer, and costume design by Gregg Barnes.[31][32] Aladdin the musical was also opened at Tokyo's Dentsu Shiki Theatre Umi in May 2015. It had its European premiere in December 2015 at the Stage Theatre Neue Flora in Hamburg. It will open in Sydney and London's West End in 2016.[33][34]", "Scott Weinger. Weinger was cast as Aladdin, the street urchin in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Aladdin. He reprised his role multiple times off the big screen including the CBS Aladdin series and direct-to-video sequels, the most notable being The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves. His voice would also be used for several video games including the Kingdom Hearts series, Kinect Disneyland Adventures, and Disney Infinity series.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Genie is a jinni and is never given a proper name. He was portrayed by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature The Return of Jafar, as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, as well as for the character's own mini-series, Great Minds Think for Themselves. Jim Meskimen took over the role in Disney Think Fast (2008) and Kinect: Disneyland Adventures (2011) and currently voices him, after Williams' death in 2014.", "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular. Jafar summons the Genie", "Aladdin (franchise). On the TV series, Once Upon a Time and its spinoff Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, Jafar appears as one of the main villains.[10] In addition, Aladdin and Jasmine also appear in recurring roles in Once Upon a Time's sixth season.", "Princess Jasmine. Following the success of Aladdin, Jasmine appears in the film's two direct-to-video sequels, in both of which Larkin reprises her role as the character, with Liz Callaway replacing Salonga as her singing voice. The first, The Return of Jafar (1994), features Jasmine as she begins to question her trust in Aladdin after he defends Jafar's former pet parrot, Iago, who escapes Jafar's lamp and rescues Aladdin from bandits, hoping to make amends with the royal family. However, Iago manages to convince the princess that she still very much trusts Aladdin. Jasmine eventually befriends Iago after he helps mend her and Aladdin's relationship, frees the Genie, and ultimately risks his life to defeat Jafar, who has returned seeking vengeance. In the second, Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996), Jasmine's long-awaited wedding to Aladdin is interrupted by the Forty Thieves. The Oracle, which the thieves are attempting to steal, reveals that Aladdin's father Cassim is still alive and their leader. Encouraging Aladdin to pursue his father, Jasmine agrees to postpone the wedding but can't help but worry for him during his absence. When Aladdin finally returns to Agrabah with Cassim and introduces him, Jasmine and the Sultan take an immediate liking to him. However, Cassim is soon imprisoned by the Sultan after he attempts to steal the Oracle again. Aladdin frees Cassim and accepts punishment for his actions until Jasmine convinces her father that he was only helping is father out of love. Iago returns to inform them that Cassim has been captured by Sa'luk and the remaining Thieves. Jasmine goes with Aladdin to rescue his father, and afterward they return for their wedding, which Cassim attends from the shadows. They go for a ride on Carpet, waving good-bye to the Merchant from the first film and Iago and Cassim as they ride off. Jasmine appears in the animated television series based on the film, which originally aired from 1994 to 1995.", "Aladdin (Disney character). In the first direct-to-video sequel, The Return of Jafar (1994), Jasmine later begins to question her choice in Aladdin, wondering if he was trustworthy enough after he defends Iago, Jafar's former pet parrot who had terrorized her father. Meanwhile, Jafar is freed from his lamp by a clumsy bandit named Abis Mal, and immediately plots his revenge against Aladdin. When Aladdin returns to the palace, Jafar disguises himself as Jasmine, and orders Razoul to arrest Aladdin for murdering the Sultan.", "Deniz Akdeniz. Deniz Akdeniz (born May 16, 1990) is an Australian actor. He was nominated for the \"Best Actor\" in the 2010 Inside Film Awards for his role of \"Homer\" in the Australian box office hit Tomorrow, When the War Began.[1] Akdeniz is also known for his role of \"Raff\" in the Disney television production As the Bell Rings.[2] He is also known for his role as Aladdin on the ABC television series Once Upon a Time (2016-17)", "Genie (Disney). The Genie is a jinni appearing in the Aladdin franchise from Disney. He is never given a proper name. He was voiced by Robin Williams in the first film. Following a contract dispute between Williams and the Walt Disney Company, Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie throughout the direct-to-video feature The Return of Jafar, as well as the television series, before Williams reprised the role for the final installment, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, as well as for the character's own mini-series, Great Minds Think for Themselves. Castellaneta voiced the Genie in Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge and later the Kingdom Hearts series of video games by Square Enix and Disney Interactive Studios for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used in other Kingdom Hearts games). Jim Meskimen took over the role in Disney Think Fast (2008) and Kinect Disneyland Adventures (2011) and currently voices him, after Williams' death in 2014.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Farouk (voiced by Jim Cummings) is a merchant from a fruit stand. When he sees Jasmine gives an apple to a hungry boy without paying, he is about to cut off her right arm, but Aladdin stops him by claiming Princess Jasmine is his mentally handicapped sister (even going far by having Princess Jasmine to pretend that she believes that Abu is the Sultan).", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Nasira is Jafar's fraternal twin sister who tried to resurrect him. She is the main antagonist of the game, voiced by Jodi Benson.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. In the Disney's Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic! Nighttime Show Spectacular, Jafar is one of the villains the Evil Queen evokes to fight Mickey Mouse and ruin his imagination. Jafar appears with Maleficent, Ursula and Oogie Boogie in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Halloween-themed fireworks program HalloWishes at Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party. Jafar is featured in many episodes of Disney's House of Mouse where he is often found in the audience. In one episode named \"Donald's Lamp Trade\", Jafar hypnotizes Donald Duck to steal a lamp for him, but it turns out that he only wanted a clock-like lamp and not the real magical one. Jafar also appears in another episode named \"Pete's House of Villains\" in which he keeps the other Aladdin characters from coming into House of Mouse. He also appears briefly in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse and appears in Mickey's House of Villains as the leader of Disney Villains.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Abis Mal is a childish and incompetent thief who dreams of enormous riches and does anything he can to get lots of money. His greed for money leads him from a greedy wealthy thief, to a murderous thief. His name is a pun of the word \"abysmal\", which is a reference to the outcomes of all his plans. Mal is voiced by Jason Alexander.[15] The Return of Jafar opens with Abis Mal and his minions in their hideout, stealing money from Agrabah, with Abis Mal deciding to keep all the gold and treasures for himself and only give his men 13 coins for all their work, much to the anger of his gang. Aladdin ultimately intervenes, making a fool out of Abis Mal and taking all the treasure, with the intent to return it to those who need the money. Later, Abis crosses paths with Aladdin on the Agrabah streets, and orders his minions to attack. Abis winds up in another embarrassing defeat when Iago gets in the fray. That evening, while Abis was drawing water from a well, his gang decided they hated and despised their idiotic, double-crossing boss so much that they wanted to kill him. Just before they can strike, though, Abis pulls up a black lamp and unintentionally releases Jafar, scaring Abis's would-be murderers away in the process.", "Aladdin (2011 musical). A West End production was confirmed for 2016 at the Prince Edward Theatre in London, taking the place of the revival of Miss Saigon.[22] In July 2015, Disney Theatrical Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015.[23] In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie.[24] The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016.[25] In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar.[26] As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie.[27] The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield.[28]", "Dan Castellaneta. He appeared as the Genie in the Aladdin sequel The Return of Jafar and on the 1994 Aladdin television series. The Genie had been voiced by Robin Williams in Aladdin, and Castellaneta described replacing him as \"sort of like stepping into Hamlet after Laurence Olivier did it, how can you win?\" He also provided Genie's voice in the Kingdom Hearts video game series[10] for both Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II (with archived audio used for Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories and its remake as well as for the later HD collections HD 1.5 Remix and HD 2.5 Remix). Castellaneta portrayed Aaron Spelling in the 2004 NBC film Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels, which followed the true story of how Spelling created the show. Other films in which Castellaneta has appeared include Nothing in Common, Say Anything..., Super Mario Bros., The Client, Space Jam, My Giant, The Simpsons Movie, Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, Recess: School's Out, Hey Arnold!: The Movie, The Cat in the Hat and The Pursuit of Happyness.[49] In 2000, he won an Annie Award for his portrayal of the Postman in the animated Christmas television special Olive, the Other Reindeer.[51] In 2006, he appeared in Jeff Garlin's independent film I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With along with several other Second City alumni.[52]", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Fazahl (voiced by Frank Welker, understudied by Jim Cummings in \"Sneeze the Day\") is one of the guards of Agrabah. He is darkly colored and very fat, with a long mustache. His lines usually make reference to food.", "The Return of Jafar. David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating:", "Aladdin (2011 musical). As the Sultan announces to the public that Jasmine is to wed Prince Ali (\"Prince Ali\" (Sultan Reprise)), Jafar appears and reveals Ali to be merely a common street rat named Aladdin whom the former then threatens to send to \"the end of the road\" if no one changes the latter's personality to meet his standards (\"Prince Ali\" (Jafar Reprise)). Genie then enters with Jasmine in chains, saying that Jafar is now his master and that his first wish was to make Jasmine his prisoner. Jafar uses his second wish to crown himself Sultan, which Genie reluctantly grants. Remembering what Genie told him earlier about the limitations to his powers, Aladdin tricks Jafar into wishing for himself to become a genie so that his power will be unmatched. Genie grants Jafar's wish, and Jafar is sucked into the lamp, bound to it for eternity.", "List of Disney's Aladdin characters. Hakim (voiced by Frank Welker in The Return of Jafar and the TV series, Jim Cummings in \"Sneeze the Day,\" Corey Burton in Aladdin and the King of Thieves) is one of the guards of Agrabah. He is pale, very thin and tall. His lines generally put a pessimistic take on the situation.", "The Return of Jafar. The trailer for the film was seen on the 1994 VHS videocassette release of The Fox and the Hound. Originally released on VHS that year, The Return of Jafar was later reissued on Special Edition DVD (with \"Aladdin:\" added to the title) on January 18, 2005, with digitally restored picture and remastered sound. The Special Edition DVD, along with the other two films in the series, were placed on moratorium (\"placed back into the Disney Vault\") on January 31, 2008 in the U.S., and February 4, 2008 in the U.K.[15] The Return of Jafar, along with Aladdin and the King of Thieves was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America.[16]", "Aladdin (1992 Disney film). Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie,[55] with Janet Maslin of The New York Times declaring that children \"needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is\".[56] Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called the film \"the funniest feature ever made.\"[17] Furthermore, English-Irish comedian Spike Milligan considered it to be the greatest film of all time.[57] James Berardinelli gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the \"crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers\".[58] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the comedy made the film accessible to both children and adults,[59] a vision shared with Desson Howe of The Washington Post, who also said \"kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure.\"[60] Brian Lowry of Variety praised the cast of characters, describing the expressive magic carpet as \"its most remarkable accomplishment\" and considered that \"Aladdin overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity\".[61]" ]

[ 6.9140625, 3.423828125, 3.7890625, 5.31640625, 3.12890625, 3.857421875, 2.466796875, 0.157470703125, 2.220703125, 0.82568359375, -5.33984375, 1.39453125, 1.9560546875, 0.78564453125, -5.44921875, -3.7890625, -1.8056640625, -4.1171875, -1.8779296875, -0.82958984375, -1.955078125, 1.4208984375, -4.125, 0.82080078125, 2.248046875, -2.865234375, -3.6875, -6.30078125, -2.693359375, 1.1142578125, -5.90625, -1.953125 ]

[ "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The first major refinements were introduced in 1981, including an automatic transmission, air conditioning, an auxiliary fuel tank, protective headlamp grilles and a cable winch. Fuel injection became available in 1982, when the 230 GE was introduced in Turin,[8] along with more comfortable and supportive front seats, auxiliary heating, wider tires and fender flares. For 1985, differential locks, central door locking and a tachometer became standard and by 1986 over 50,000 G Models had been produced.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The delivery of the vehicles began in mid April 2007.[19][20] The \"G\" is available in three body variants, two station wagon versions with a short or long wheelbase. Early engine ranges include G 320 CDI (replacing G 270 CDI and G 400 CDI), G 500, G 55 AMG.[21]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. Development started in 1972, focusing on off-road abilities and maximum safety and comfort; with a cooperative agreement between Daimler-Benz and Steyr-Daimler-Puch in Graz, Austria. Mercedes-Benz engineers in Stuttgart were in charge of design and testing, while the team in Graz developed the production plans. The first wooden model was presented to Daimler-Benz management in 1973, with the first drivable prototype beginning various testing including German coalfields, the Sahara Desert, and the Arctic Circle in 1974. Construction commenced on a new production facility in Graz, where the new cross-country vehicle would be assembled nearly entirely by hand in 1975, with production of the \"G Model\" beginning in Graz in 1979. In 1980, the Vatican took delivery of a specially made G-Wagen outfitted with a clear thermoplastic top which served as the Popemobile. The “Papa G” later took up permanent residence at the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart, Germany.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicles went on sale in September 2008. Early models include G 320 CDI, G 500 for all body styles: Short-wheelbase Station Wagon, Long-wheelbase Station Wagon (pictured at right), Cabriolet.[23]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The G-Wagen was facelifted in 1990. In 1989, for the 10th anniversary of the G Model, a new model variant with permanent 4-wheel drive, a wood-trimmed interior and optional Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) debuted at the Frankfurt International Motor Show. Production began the following April. For 1992, a new sub-series for professional users began production. The civilian model began to offer cruise control, a stainless-steel spare-tire cover, running boards and Burl Walnut wood interior trim. The same year, the 100,000th G Model was built in Graz. In 1994, the model line was officially renamed the G-Class. Ventilated front disc brakes and a driver’s air bag became standard. In 1996 the automatic transmission became an electronically controlled 5-speed unit. Headlamp washers, cruise control and a front passenger’s air bag were added. In 1998, the range-topping G 500 with a 296 hp V 8 was introduced for series production.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The chassis was significantly revised for 1990, and resulted in the new 463 G-Class. Equipped with anti-lock brakes, full-time 4WD and a trio of electric locking differentials. The interior was totally upgraded, finished with wooden accents and optional leather upholstery. The 463 features a larger choice of engines, with the V8-powered 500 GE added in 1993. The 500 GE was produced in limited numbers for just two years. Steering wheel was revised for 1993 model year. All 463 G-Wagens began using Mercedes-Benz's new letter-first naming scheme in 1994, as well as another major steering wheel revision which included driver airbags.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. Early models include G 320 CDI (replacing G 270 CDI and G 400 CDI), G 500, G 55 AMG Kompressor. G 320 CDI and G 500 are available in three body variants (Station Wagon short, Station Wagon long, Cabriolet). G 55 AMG Kompressor only available in long Station Wagon body. Delivery of G 320 CDI began in September 2006.[15]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicles went on sale in June 2012. Early models included G350 BlueTEC, G500, G500 Cabriolet, G63 AMG and G65 AMG. The G350 BlueTEC was sold as a long-wheelbase station wagon, the G500 was sold as either a long-wheelbase station wagon or a short-wheelbase cabriolet.[50][51]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle went on sale in September 2006, in long Station Wagon body only.[16][17]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle was unveiled in 2010 Geneva International Motor Show.[32]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. It is a version of G 55 AMG for Middle East market, inspired by the sales start of the series in 1979. It included designo magno alanite grey body colour from SLS AMG, a crash bar at the front, carbon-look side trim strips, 19-inch AMG light-alloy wheels in a titanium finish, chromed protective grilles for the front indicators, tail lights and the underguard; designo leather seats in black/sand, solid carbon-fibre trim, Edition logo \"1 out of 79\" positioned in front of the selector lever.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. US models went on sale in August 2012 as 2013 model year vehicles. Early models included G550 and G63 AMG.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle went on sale in March 2006.[11][12]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. It was not available from Mercedes-Benz in the United States until 2002, although this was preceded by a grey-market where even basic models commanded six-figure prices in the 1990s. It was launched in 2002 as the Mercedes-Benz G500 with a V-8 petrol engine and achieved 3114 sales that year.[6] This eventually tapered down to some sub-1000 sales years, however, in the 2010s sales began to increase again surpassing 3000 in 2014 and in 2015 it sold more than in its launch year, with 3616 sold that year.[6] In 2016 this increased to 3950 in the United States.[6][7] Canada saw a similar increase, which, although is a smaller market saw sales increase from 127 in 2012 to over 400 in 2016.[6]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The Mercedes-Benz G-Class, sometimes called G-Wagen (short for Geländewagen, \"cross country vehicle\"), is a mid-size four-wheel drive luxury SUV manufactured by Magna Steyr (formerly Steyr-Daimler-Puch) in Austria and sold by Mercedes-Benz. In certain markets, it has been sold under the Puch name as Puch G. The G-wagen is characterized by its boxy styling and body-on-frame construction. It uses three fully locking differentials, one of the few vehicles to have such a feature. Despite the introduction of an intended replacement, the unibody SUV Mercedes-Benz GL-Class in 2006, the G-Class is still in production and is one of the longest produced Mercedes-Benz in Daimler's history, with a span of 35 years. Only the Unimog surpasses it.[4]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle was unveiled in EUROSATORY 2010.[35]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The original 460-series Geländewagen went on sale in 1979, after having debuted in February of that year. It was offered with two wheelbases, a short wheelbase (SWB) of 2,400 mm and a long one (LWB) of 2,850 mm. One could choose between three body styles: A two-door short wheelbase convertible, a two-door SWB wagon and a long wheelbase four-door wagon. The two wagon versions were also available as windowless two-door Vans (or Kastenwagen in German). While always assembled in Graz, the car was sold as the Puch G only in the Austrian, Swiss, and Eastern European markets.[8]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicles went on sale in June 2012 in long station-wagon body style only.[59][60] It went on sale in the USA in 2015.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. Hong Kong model went on sale in 2011-04-11. Early models included G 300 CDI long wheelbase station wagon.[42]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The G-class was developed as a military vehicle from a suggestion by the Shah of Iran (at the time a significant Mercedes shareholder) to Mercedes[5] and offered as a civilian version in 1979. In this role it is sometimes referred to as the \"Wolf\". The Peugeot P4 was a variant made under license in France with a Peugeot engine.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 Dubai International Motor Show.[31]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. For 1999 a limited run of V 8 powered \"G 500 Classic\" special editions marked the model's 20th anniversary. A multifunction steering wheel was added to all models. Later in the year, the new G 55 AMG debuts as the most powerful G-Class yet, with 354 hp. The U.S. market launch of the G-Class took place in 2001. New alloy wheels, a chrome grille and body-color bumpers plus a more luxurious cabin were introduced. New dynamic control systems included the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Brake Assist and the 4 wheel Electronic Traction System (4 ETS). The G 55 AMG was upgraded in 2004 with a supercharged V 8 engine developing 476 hp. In Siberia in 2006, a documentary filmmaker was the first foreigner to reach the world’s coldest region with a passenger vehicle in winter, driving a stock G 500 nearly 19,000 km without a single breakdown, in temperatures as frigid as −63˚F/-53 °C.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. Early models include G 350 CDI (replacing G 320), G 500, G 55 AMG. G 350 CDI and G 500 are available in three body variants (short Station Wagon, long Station Wagon and Cabriolet), while G 55 AMG is only available in four-door long Station Wagon body.[24][25]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. On Nov 11, 2005, Dr. Dieter Zetsche, DaimlerChrysler Board of Management member and head of the Mercedes Car Group, announced Magna Steyr would continue production of G-Class vehicles in Graz.[13][14]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 LA Auto Show.[64][65]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The Mercedes-Benz G500 was official launched in 2002 as the G500, and achieved 3114 sales that year.[6] This eventually tapered down to some sub-1000 sales years, but by the 2010s sales began to increase again surpassing 3000 in 2014 and in 2015 it sold more than in its launch year, 3616.[6] In 2005, then Mercedes-AMG Chairman said that one third of all G-Class vehicles sold to civilians are the G55 AMG model. The largest markets for G 55s were California, USA (in black and silver color mostly), and the United Arab Emirates with Dubai (in white color mostly) [117] For 2017 the Mercedes-Benz G500 4×4² is announced for introduction to the U.S. market as the G550 4x4^2 as a 2017 model.[118]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicles were unveiled at Eurosatory 2012.[61][62]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. Japan models went on sale in 2012-08-02. Early models included left-hand drive versions of the G550, G63 AMG and G65 AMG.[52]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show (G350 BlueTEC).,[54][55] followed by the 2013 Osaka Motor Show (G350 BlueTEC).[56]", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. US models went on sale as 2010 vehicles, which included G55 AMG.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The 460 was popular with military and off-road enthusiasts, with more than 50,000 built in the first decade. Mercedes-Benz initially did not sell the model in the United States, but by means of \"casual importation\" grey-market in the mid-1980s, importers sold a number of G-Wagens which had been modified to meet the specifications by the US DOT, at about $135,000.", "Mercedes-Benz G-Class. As of July 19, 2013, the Mercedes-Benz G-Class 300 CDI started replacing the Swiss army's PUCH 230 GE all-terrain vehicles, with the 4-seater station wagon variant accounting for 75% of the planned procurement volume for Mercedes-Benz G-models, and the chassis variant for shelter-type bodies making up the remaining 25%.[82]" ]

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[ "King (chess). If a player's move places the opponent's king under attack, that king is said to be in check, and the player in check is required to immediately remedy the situation. There are three possible methods to remove the king from check:", "Rules of chess. If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be checkmated, the game ends, and that player loses (Schiller 2003:20–21). Unlike other pieces, the king is never actually captured or removed from the board because checkmate ends the game (Burgess 2009:502).", "King (chess). A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) unless the square is already occupied by a friendly piece or the move would place the king in check. As a result, the opposing kings may never occupy adjacent squares (see opposition), but the king can give discovered check by unmasking a bishop, rook, or queen. The king is also involved in the special move of castling.", "King (chess). In chess, the king (♔,♚) is the most important piece. The object of the game is to give presents to the opponent's king in such a way that escape is not possible (checkmate). If a player's king is threatened with capture, it is said to be in check, and the player must remove the threat of capture on the next move. If this cannot be done, the king is said to be in checkmate, resulting in a loss for that player. Although the king is the most important piece, it is usually the weakest piece in the game until a later phase, the endgame. Players cannot make any move that places their own king in check.", "King (chess). If none of these three options are possible, the player's king has been checkmated and the player loses the game.", "Rules of chess. Except for any move of the knight and castling, pieces cannot jump over other pieces. A piece is captured (or taken) when an attacking enemy piece replaces it on its square (en passant is the only exception). The captured piece is thereby permanently removed from the game.[1] The king can be put in check but cannot be captured (see below).", "King (chess). In the opening and middlegame, the king will rarely play an active role in the development of an offensive or defensive position. Instead, a player will normally try to castle and seek safety on the edge of the board behind friendly pawns. In the endgame, however, the king emerges to play an active role as an offensive piece as well as assisting in the promotion of their remaining pawns.", "Rules of chess. A king is in check when it is under attack by at least one enemy piece. A piece unable to move because it would place its own king in check (it is pinned against its own king) may still deliver check to the opposing player.", "Check (chess). Under the standard rules of chess, a player may not make any move which places or leaves their king in check. A player may move the king, capture the threatening piece, or block the check with another piece.[1]", "Rules of chess. If it is not possible to get out of check, the king is checkmated and the game is over (see the next section).", "Rules of chess. It is illegal to make a move that places or leaves one's king in check. The possible ways to get out of check are:", "Checkmate. There are also positions in which a king and a knight can checkmate a king and a bishop, knight, or rook; or a king and a bishop can checkmate a king with a bishop on the other color of squares or with a knight, but the checkmate cannot be forced if there is no other material on the board (see the diagrams for some examples).[47] Nevertheless, it keeps these material combinations from being ruled a draw because of \"insufficient mating material\" or \"impossibility of checkmate\" under the FIDE rules of chess. The U.S. Chess Federation rules are different. In a typical position with a minor piece versus a minor piece, a player would be able to claim a draw if he has a limited amount of time left.[48]", "Check (chess). There may be up to three possible ways to get a king out of a single check on the following move:", "Chess. When a king is under immediate attack by one or two of the opponent's pieces, it is said to be in check. A response to a check is a legal move if it results in a position where the king is no longer under direct attack (that is, not in check). This can involve capturing the checking piece; interposing a piece between the checking piece and the king (which is possible only if the attacking piece is a queen, rook, or bishop and there is a square between it and the king); or moving the king to a square where it is not under attack. Castling is not a permissible response to a check. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and there is no legal way to remove it from attack. It is illegal for a player to make a move that would put or leave the player's own king in check.", "Shogi. When a player's move threatens to capture the opposing king on the next turn, the move is said to give check to the king and the king is said to be in check. If a player's king is in check, that player's responding move must remove the check if possible.[6] Ways to remove a check include moving the king away from the threat, capturing the threatening piece, or placing another interposing piece between the king and the threatening piece.", "Check (chess). A check is a condition in chess, shogi and xiangqi that occurs when a player's king (or general in xiangqi) is under threat of capture on their opponent's next turn. A king so threatened is said to be in check. A player must get out of check, if possible, by interposing a piece between the threatening piece and the king, capturing the threatening piece, or moving the king to a square where it is no longer in check. If the player cannot move out of check, the game ends in checkmate and the player loses. Players cannot make any move that puts their own king in check.", "King (chess). In conjunction with a rook, the king may make a special move called castling, in which the king moves two squares toward one of its rooks and then the rook is placed on the square over which the king crossed. Castling is allowed only when neither the king nor the castling rook has previously moved, no squares between them are occupied, the king is not in check, and the king will not move across or end its movement on a square that is under enemy attack.", "Bishop and knight checkmate. Keeping the black king out of the h8 corner. Now White can force the king to the a8 corner (a right corner for checkmate) by one of the methods below, or by similar techniques [13]", "Promotion (chess). Promotions to king are allowed in some chess variants, such as suicide chess. As noted, at one time promotion was not mandatory, and the player could choose to have a pawn reaching the eighth rank remain a pawn. In some fairy chess variants, promotions to pieces of the opponent's color are also possible.", "Rules of chess. The movement of pieces is to be done with one hand. Once the hand is taken off a piece after moving it, the move cannot be retracted unless the move is illegal. When castling, the player should first move the king with one hand and then move the rook with the same hand (Schiller 2003:19–20).", "Check (chess). If none of these possibilities can get the king out of check, then it is checkmated and the game is lost by the player being checkmated.", "Rules of chess. When castling, the king must be the first piece touched.[5] If the player touches the rook at the same time as touching the king, the player must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so. If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling in that direction is legal. If a player starts to castle illegally, another legal king move must be made if possible, including castling with the other rook (Schiller 2003:20).", "Checkmate. Two major pieces (queens or rooks) can easily force checkmate on the edge of the board. The process is to put the two pieces on adjacent ranks or files and gradually force the king to the side of the board, where one piece keeps the king on the edge of the board while the other delivers checkmate.[16] In the illustration, white checkmates by forcing the black king to the edge, one row at a time. The same process can also be used to checkmate with two rooks, or with two queens.[16]", "Bare king. In chess and chess variants, a bare king (could be called a lone king for one of the players) is a situation in which one player has only the king left on the board, while that player's other pieces have all been captured.", "English draughts. If a man moves into the kings row on the opponent's side of the board, it is crowned as a king and gains the ability to move both forward and backward. If a man jumps into the kings row, the current move terminates; the piece is crowned as a king but cannot jump back out as in a multi-jump, until another move.", "Bishop and knight checkmate. The bishop and knight checkmate in chess is the checkmate of a lone king which can be forced by a bishop, knight, and king. With the stronger side to move and with perfect play, checkmate can be forced in at most thirty-three moves from any starting position where the defender cannot quickly win one of the pieces.[1][2] The exceptions occur when (1) the defending king may be forking the bishop and knight so that one of them is lost on the next move, or (2) the knight may be trapped in a corner by the defending king and the knight is lost in one or two moves, and the position is not in the \"stalemate trap\" (see below).[citation needed] These exceptions constitute about 0.5% of the positions.[3] Checkmates are possible with the defending king on any square at the edge of the board, but can be forced only from positions with different material or if the defending king is in a corner controlled by the bishop or on a square on the edge next to a corner, but mate adjacent to the corners not controlled by the bishop is only two moves deep (with the same material), so is not generally encountered unless the defending side plays inaccurately. Although this is classified as one of the four basic or elementary checkmates (Fine & Benko 2003:1) (the others being king and queen; king and rook; or king and two bishops against a lone king), it occurs in practice approximately only once in every 6,000 games.[4]", "Knight (chess). At the end of the game, if one side has only a king and a knight while the other side has only a king, the game is a draw since a checkmate is impossible. When a bare king faces a king and two knights, checkmate can occur only if the opponent commits a blunder by moving his king to a square where it may be checkmated on the next move. Otherwise, a checkmate can never be forced. However checkmate can be forced with a bishop and knight, or with two bishops, even though the bishop and knight are in general about equal in value. Paradoxically, checkmate with two knights sometimes can be forced if the weaker side has a single extra pawn, but this is a curiosity of little practical value (see two knights endgame). Pawnless endings are a rarity, and if the stronger side has even a single pawn, an extra knight should give him an easy win. A bishop can trap (although it cannot then capture) a knight on the rim (diagram), especially in the endgame.", "Bishop and knight checkmate. In the first phase, White uses his pieces to force the black king to the edge of the board. (Much of the play is explained by the fact that closed positions are usually nearer to mate than open positions.)", "Checkmate. The first diagram shows the basic checkmate position with a rook, which can occur on any edge of the board. The black king can be on any square on the edge of the board, the white king is in opposition to it, and the rook can check from any square on the rank or file (assuming that it can not be captured). The second diagram shows a slightly different position where the kings are not in opposition but the defending king must be in a corner.", "Chess. Once in every game, each king is allowed to make a special move, known as castling. Castling consists of moving the king two squares along the first rank toward a rook (which is on the player's first rank[note 2]) and then placing the rook on the last square that the king has just crossed. Castling is permissible under the following conditions:[5]", "Castling. Under the strict touch-move rules enforced in most tournaments, castling is considered a king move. But under current US Chess Federation rules, a player who intends to castle and touches the rook first would suffer no penalty, and would be permitted to perform castling, provided castling is legal in the position. Still, the correct way to castle is to first move the king. As usual, the player's mind may change between all legal destination squares for the king until it is released. When the two-square king move is completed, however, the player has formally chosen to castle (if it is legal), and the rook must be moved accordingly. A player who performs a forbidden castling must return the king and the rook to their original places and then move the king, if there is another legal king move, including castling on the other side. If there is no legal king move, the touch-move rule does not apply to the rook (Just & Burg 2003:13–14,17–18,23).", "King (chess). If this happens, the king is said to have been stalemated and the game ends in a draw. A player who has very little or no chance of winning will often try to entice the opponent to inadvertently place the player's king in stalemate in order to avoid a loss." ]

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[ "Kindergarten. Women trained by Fröbel opened kindergartens throughout Europe and around the world. The first kindergarten in the US was founded in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856 and was conducted in German by Margaretha Meyer-Schurz.[13]", "Kindergarten. Elizabeth Peabody founded the first English-language kindergarten in the US in 1860. The first free kindergarten in the US was founded in 1870 by Conrad Poppenhusen, a German industrialist and philanthropist, who also established the Poppenhusen Institute. The first publicly financed kindergarten in the US was established in St. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow.", "First Kindergarten. The First Kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin is the building that housed the first kindergarten in the United States, opened in 1856.[1] It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972[2][3] for its significance to the history of education.[4]", "Progressive education. Fröbel's student Margarethe Schurz founded the first kindergarten in the United States at Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856, and she also inspired Elizabeth Peabody, who went on to found the first English-speaking kindergarten in the United States – the language at Schurz's kindergarten had been German, to serve an immigrant community – in Boston in 1860. This paved the way for the concept's spread in the USA. The German émigré Adolph Douai had also founded a kindergarten in Boston in 1859, but was obliged to close it after only a year. By 1866, however, he was founding others in New York City.", "First Kindergarten. By this time Margarethe had a three-year-old daughter Agathe, and she started a kindergarten in her home for her daughter and four cousins,[3] conducting classes in German.[8] Soon others wanted the same for their children, so she expanded and moved her kindergarten to a small building in town. That building is the subject of this article, and it housed the first kindergarten in the U.S.[4] Margarethe directed the kindergarten until 1858, when the Schurzes moved to Milwaukee.[6] Carl became a lawyer, a Republican, a key supporter of Lincoln among German-Americans, a Major General in the Union Army during the Civil War, and United States Secretary of the Interior.[7]", "Kindergarten. In the US, kindergarten is usually part of the K-12 educational system. In most state and private schools, children begin kindergarten at age 5 to 6 and attend for one year. They do activities such as addition (+), subtraction) (-), and playing outside on the playground. [41] Forty-three states require their school districts to offer a kindergarten year.[42]", "Columbus, Ohio. Some sources claim that the first kindergarten in the United States was established here by Louisa Frankenberg, a former student of Friedrich Fröbel.[45] Frankenberg immigrated to the city in 1838. In addition, Indianola Junior High School (now the Graham Expeditionary Middle School) became the nation's first junior high in 1909, helping to bridge the difficult transition from elementary to high school at a time when only 48% of students continued their education after the 9th grade.[155]", "Susan Blow. In 1875, the school board attempted to close the kindergartens in order to save money, but 1,500 signed a petition to keep them open. In 1876, the United States Centennial Commission in Philadelphia gave St. Louis and Blow an award for excellence of kindergarten in public schools.[1]", "Pre-kindergarten. Pre-kindergarten (also called Pre-K or PK) is a classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada and Turkey (when kindergarten starts).[1][2] It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.[3]", "Susan Blow. Susan Elizabeth Blow (June 7, 1843 – March 27, 1916) was a United States educator who opened the first successful public Kindergarten in the United States. She was known as the \"Mother of the Kindergarten.\"", "Kindergarten. In 2002, the Congress of the Union approved the Law of Obligatory Pre-schooling, which made pre-school education for three to six-year-olds obligatory, and placed it under the auspices of the federal and state ministries of education.[27][28]", "Kindergarten. Canada's first private kindergarten was opened by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, in 1870. By the end of the decade, they were common in large Canadian towns and cities.[14][15] The country's first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario (modern Kitchener), in 1882 T Central School).[16] In 1885, the Toronto Normal School (teacher training) opened a department for kindergarten teaching.[16]", "First Kindergarten. The Schurz home, in which Margarethe began her kindergarten, burned and no longer exists, so this schoolhouse is the best representative of that first kindergarten. Because this building was moved from its original location and substantially changed, the National Register doesn't consider it of great architectural significance. It does consider it significant to the history of education at a national level, because Schurz's school in Watertown was the first kindergarten in the U.S.[4]", "Student. In the United States, the first official year of schooling is called kindergarten, which is why the students are called kindergarteners. Kindergarten is optional in most states, but few students skip this level. Pre-kindergarten, also known as \"preschool\" (and sometimes shortened to \"Pre-K\") is becoming a standard of education as academic expectations for the youngest students continue to rise. Many public schools offer pre-kindergarten programs.", "State school. Although the first kindergarten in the world was opened in 1840 by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel in the German town of Bad Blankenburg, and the term kindergarten is even a loanword from the German language, they are not part of the German school system. Article 7 Paragraph 6 of the German constitution (the Grundgesetz) abolished pre-school as part of the German school system. However, virtually all German kindergartens are public. They are either directly run by municipal governments, or contracted out, most often, to the two largest Christian churches in Germany. These municipal kindergartens are financed by taxes and progressive income-based customer fees, but are not considered part of the public school system.", "Susan Blow. In 1871 Blow traveled to New York, where she spent a year being trained at the New York Normal Training Kindergarten, operated by Froebel devotee Maria Kraus-Boelté. Blow returned to St. Louis in 1873 and opened the nation’s first public kindergarten in Des Peres School in Carondelet, which by then had been annexed by the City of St. Louis. With the help of her two assistants, Mary Timberlake and Cynthia Dozier, Blow directed and taught a kindergarten class consisting of forty-two students. Not only did she pay all expenses to keep the kindergarten running that first year, she was not compensated for her hard work and dedication. About 150 women also volunteered to work at Blow's kindergartens between 1876-1877.[1]", "Kindergarten. The term kindergarten is never used in the UK to describe modern pre-school education or the first year(s) of compulsory primary school education. Pre-schools are usually known as creche, nursery schools or playgroups, while the first year of compulsory schooling is known as Reception in England, Dosbarth Derbyn in Welsh (\"reception class\") and Primary One in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Nursery forms part of the Foundation Stage of education. In the 1980s, England and Wales officially adopted the Northern Irish system whereby children start school either in the term or year in which they will become five depending on the policy of the local education authority. In Scotland, schooling becomes compulsory between the ages of 4½ and 5½ years, depending on their birthday (school starts in August for children who were 4 by the end of the preceding February).", "Kindergarten. Early childhood education was strengthened through the creation of the Early Childhood Care and Development Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8980).[29] In 2011, the Department of Education disseminated copies of the Kindergarten Education Act through Republic Act No. 10157 making it compulsory and mandatory in the entire nation. As a provision in this law, children under five years old are required to enroll in a kindergarten in any public elementary school in the country. This goes with the implementation of the K-12 system in the Basic Education Curriculum.", "Kindergarten. In Sweden, kindergarten activities were established in the 19th century, and have been widely expanded since the 1970s.[31][32] The first Swedish kindergarten teachers were trained by Henriette Schrader-Breymann at the Pestalozzi-Fröbel Haus, which she founded in 1882.[31][32]", "Education in the United States. Preschool refers to non-compulsory classroom-based early-childhood education. Pre-kindergarten (also called Pre-K or PK) is the preschool year immediately before Kindergarten. Preschool education may be delivered through a preschool or as a reception year in elementary school. Head Start program, the federally funded pre-kindergarten program founded in 1965 prepares children, especially those of a disadvantaged population, to better succeed in school. However, limited seats are available to students aspiring to take part in the Head Start program. Many community-based programs, commercial enterprises, non-profit organizations, faith communities, and independent childcare providers offer preschool education. Preschool may be general or may have a particular focus, such as arts education, religious education, sports training, or foreign language learning, along with providing general education.[citation needed]", "Kindergarten. Kindergarten ( listen (help·info); from German [ˈkɪndɐˌɡaːɐ̯tn̩] ( listen), which literally means \"garden for the children\"[1]) is a preschool educational approach traditionally based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. At first such institutions were created in the late 18th century in Bavaria and Strasbourg to serve children whose parents both worked out of the home. The term was coined by the German Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety of educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from two to seven years of age, based on a variety of teaching methods.", "Kindergarten. Elizabeth Harrison wrote extensively on the theory of early childhood education and worked to enhance educational standards for kindergarten teachers by establishing what became the National College of Education in 1886.", "Pre-kindergarten. Florida was one of the first states to establish free prekindergarten. The programs offer a jump start to young children on their education. The program is open to all 4 and 5-year-olds who reside in Florida and have birthdays before September 1st of the current school year. Voluntary Pre-Kindergarten gives each child an opportunity to perform better in school and in the future. A strong emphasis is put on literacy skills, accountability, and smaller class sizes. These high-quality programs aid children in becoming strong readers and improving social and developmental skills.[7]", "Kindergarten. In 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin and Louise Scheppler founded in Strasbourg an early establishment for caring for and educating pre-school children whose parents were absent during the day.[2] At about the same time, in 1780, similar infant establishments were established in Bavaria.[3] In 1802, Princess Pauline zur Lippe established a preschool center in Detmold, the capital of the then principality of Lippe, Germany (now in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia).[4]", "Kindergarten. Early Childhood Development programs were first introduced during the Soviet occupation with the establishment in 1980 of 27 urban preschools, or kodakistan. The number of preschools grew steadily during the 1980s, peaking in 1990 with more than 270 in Afghanistan. At this peak, there were 2,300 teachers caring for more than 21,000 children in the country. These facilities were an urban phenomenon, mostly in Kabul, and were attached to schools, government offices, or factories. Based on the Soviet model, these Early Childhood Development programs provided nursery care, preschool, and kindergarten for children from 3 months to 6 years of age under the direction of the Department of Labor and Social Welfare.", "Educational stage. In the United States (U.S.), the grades traditionally begin at 1 and run to 12; they are referred to by ordinal number (e.g. first grade, or 3rd grade to 12th grade). An additional preceding level called kindergarten (\"K\") is now standard in most areas, and a further preceding level called preschool education or nursery school is not uncommon. In some parts of the state of Wisconsin, kindergarten is split further into junior and senior kindergarten.", "Pre-kindergarten. In 2013 Alabama, Michigan, Minnesota, and the city of San Antonio enacted or expanded Pre-K programs. In New York City new mayor Bill de Blasio was elected on a pledge of Pre-K for all city children. A poll conducted in July for an early education nonprofit advocate found that 60 percent of registered Republicans and 84 percent of Democrats supported expanding public preschool by raising the federal tobacco tax.[5]", "History of the United States (1789–1849). The reform movement in education began in Massachusetts when Horace Mann started the common school movement. Mann advocated a statewide curriculum and instituted financing of school through local property taxes. Mann also fought protracted battles against the Calvinist influence in discipline, preferring positive reinforcement to physical punishment. Most children learned to read and write and spell from Noah Webster's Blue Backed Speller and later the McGuffey Readers. The readings inculcated moral values as well as literacy. Most states tried to emulate Massachusetts, and New England retained its leadership position for another century. German immigrants brought in kindergartens and the Gymnasium (school), while Yankee orators sponsored the Lyceum movement that provided popular education for hundreds of towns and small cities.", "National Louis University. The university's name was changed to the Chicago Kindergarten Training School (1887), Chicago Kindergarten College (1893),[11] the National Kindergarten and Elementary College (1912) and then the National College of Education (1930). The \"National\" part of the university's name came about when the school became the professional school of the National Kindergarten Association. The university championed the concept of kindergarten and early education teaching in America and was one of the first teachers' colleges in the country to offer a four-year program culminating in the bachelor of education degree.[4][12]", "Susan Blow. In the kindergarten class, students learned from games and songs that Susan translated from Froebel's original German. Students played with different shaped blocks, papers and clay, and tried weaving and modeling to improve dexterity. Children also grew seeds in an outdoor garden. Blow would tell stories from the Bible or myths and legends. The classroom was much more cheerful than upper grades.[1] The experimental class was a success and quickly grew. Within three years, her kindergarten system had fifty teachers and over one thousand students, and by 1883 every public school in St. Louis had a kindergarten.", "History of St. Louis. By 1870 the public and parochial education systems expanded, to 24,347 and 4,362 students respectively. St. Louis educators established the first public kindergarten in the United States, under the instruction of Susan Blow in 1874.[127] Proposals for a free library system originated prior to the Civil War, and after the conflict the St. Louis Public School Library was established. During the 1870s and 1880s, a variety of local fee-based libraries consolidated with the school library system, and in 1894, the school system divested the library system as an independent entity, which became the St. Louis Public Library.[128]", "History of education in the United States. By 2012, 45 states had dropped the requirement to teach cursive writing from the curriculum. Few schools start the school day by singing the national anthem, as was once done. Few schools have mandatory recess for children. Educators are trying to reinstate recess. Few schools have mandatory arts class. Continuing reports of a student's progress can be found online, supplementing the former method of periodic report cards.[149]" ]

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[ "Justin Guarini. Since 2015, Guarini has been starring as Lil' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials, and web marketing.[37][38][39] In 2016, Dr Pepper \"promoted\" tunes for a Lil' Sweet \"album\" with video clips, promotional pictures of the character, and the character's own Twitter page.[40][41] All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper's YouTube channel.", "Dr Pepper. Several ads for Diet Cherry Vanilla Dr Pepper appeared on television in 2005. In one, a young woman on a blind date at a restaurant, who sips into the beverage, suddenly makes her date, restaurant patrons, and even a waitress all part of a musical sequence involving The Muppets version of the song \"Mah Nà Mah Nà\".", "James M. Connor. In late-2014 Connor appeared as Larry Culpepper in Dr. Pepper TV commercials tied to the NCAA college football playoffs. Connor has also contributed voiceovers for a few videogames,[2] namely Marvel Heroes (2013), The 3rd Birthday (2011), Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009), and Gun (2005).", "Dr Pepper. Outside the United States, Squeeze's Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford played for a Dr Pepper advert in the UK with the slogan, \"Hold out for the out of the ordinary.\"", "Karn Evil 9. As of September 2007, First Impression Part 2 is heard in a commercial for Dr Pepper.", "Dr Pepper. On January 1, 2008, the company unveiled a new TV ad campaign featuring the Cheers theme song (\"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\") performed by Gary Portnoy.", "Dr Pepper. Donna Loren’s role as Dr Pepper spokesperson led to her first appearance in the American International Pictures’ Beach Party film Muscle Beach Party. Loren later explained: “Dr Pepper was involved in that [the Beach Party movies] and actually placed me as product placement. And because I could sing, they gave me a duet with Dick Dale, and then it just went on from there.”[61] From this, she went on to appear in three more Beach Party films. Away from the company, Loren was a familiar presence in the 1960s due to her many performances on television, films, and her records for Capitol, Reprise and other labels. She represented Dr Pepper until 1968.", "Dr Pepper. As of 2009, the slogan of the product was \"Drink it slow. Doctor's orders\". Advertising supporting the slogan has celebrities with famous relations to the word \"doctor\" (Dr. Dre, Julius \"Dr. J\" Erving, Gene Simmons (writer of the Kiss song \"Calling Dr. Love\"), et al.) or who played fictional doctors (such as Neil Patrick Harris or Kelsey Grammer) endorsing the beverage. The ads culminate with the celebrity stating, \"Trust me. I'm a doctor\", followed by the new slogan appearing onscreen with a glass of Dr Pepper.[51]", "Dr Pepper. Dr Pepper's \"Be You\" advertising campaign centered on commercials featuring pairs of popular musicians, including LeAnn Rimes with Reba McEntire, Paulina Rubio with Celia Cruz, Thalía with Tito Puente, B2K with Smokey Robinson, Anastacia with Cyndi Lauper, Patricia Manterola with Ana Gabriel, and LL Cool J with Run-D.M.C. The campaign also featured individual musicians, notably Garth Brooks.", "Craig Robinson (actor). Robinson began doing stand-up and taking classes in improv and acting at The Second City in Chicago. Beginning in 2005, he portrayed Darryl Philbin on the American version of The Office, and was promoted to a starring role in the fourth season. He has appeared on other television shows, including Arrested Development, Lucky, Friends, Halfway Home, and Reno 911!. He appeared in the music video for the Red Hot Chili Peppers song \"Hump de Bump\". He also hosted the seventh season of Last Comic Standing. He voiced Cookie in Shrek Forever After (2010) and played Reg Mackworthy on the HBO hit series Eastbound & Down (2009–2012).", "Madylin Sweeten. Sweeten began her acting career by attending the Kay Scott School of Performing Arts in San Saba, Texas, at age 3.[citation needed] While attending Kay Scott, Sweeten, at age four, was cast in the television movie A Promise to Carolyn.[citation needed] From there, she went on to book several commercials in Dallas.[citation needed] Madylin also captured the title of World's Universal Beauty, a title that is part of the oldest children's scholarship competition called \"Our Little Miss\".[citation needed] Later that year, she auditioned for several television pilot roles in Los Angeles and was discovered by producers of Everybody Loves Raymond.[citation needed] Sweeten played Ally Barone, the eldest child and only daughter of Raymond and Debra Barone for nine seasons, starting in 1996, until the show's end in 2005.", "Dr Pepper. In a 2008 ad, a student in a college lecture takes a sip of Dr Pepper. When he stops drinking, the Dr Pepper can sings variations of \"Flava Licious\" (Flavor Flav), and other people in the room start dancing.", "Lauren Stamile. Stamile has appeared in commercials for Old Spice, JC Penney, Summer's Eve, Tassimo, and Volkswagen. She appeared in a 2000 episode of The Drew Carey Show, then co-starred in the WB sitcom Off Centre. After that show's cancellation, she had a series of guest roles in television shows such as Drop Dead Diva,[3] Without a Trace, CSI: Miami, Cold Case, Boston Legal, Community, Grey's Anatomy, The Good Guys, Crossing Jordan, Tru Calling, The West Wing, Summerland, and Scrubs.[2] She also starred in the 2009 film Midnight Bayou. Stamile joined the cast of Burn Notice for the fifth and sixth seasons.[4] Her stage credits include The Miser, Murder on the Nile, Lion in Winter, and Lounge Act.[5]", "Justin Berfield. Berfield's first screen appearance was in a Folgers coffee commercial at age five. He went on to appear in 20 other nationally broadcast American commercials as a young child. His TV debut came in the short-lived series The Good Life (1994) in which he co-starred with Drew Carey. More TV appearances followed in Hardball, The Boys Are Back, The Mommies (1994–1995).[citation needed]", "Dr Pepper. After appearing in a series of commercials, David Naughton had his breakthrough film role as the main character in the John Landis film An American Werewolf in London. Another famous \"I'm a Pepper\" dancer was Ray Bolger, the actor who played the Scarecrow in the film The Wizard of Oz.[citation needed]", "Dr Pepper. In the 1960s, Dr Pepper released the \"Charge\" ad:", "Miranda Cosgrove. In December 2008, a cover of the holiday song \"Christmas Wrapping\" was released to promote the hour-long special Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.[35] On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released her first solo recording, the extended play About You Now with five songs.[36] To promote the 2009 animated film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Columbia Records released a single entitled \"Raining Sunshine\" with an accompanying music video in August 2009.[37][38] Cosgrove became one of MTV's Female Pop Rookies of 2009.[39] In 2010 Cosgrove worked with songwriters The Matrix, Dr. Luke, Max Martin,[38] Leah Haywood, and Daniel James, for her debut studio album. She said that \"most of the songs are fun, pop, rock-girl empowerment\".[38] The first single from her album, \"Kissin' U\", was premiered on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on March 12, 2010.[40] The album, titled Sparks Fly, was released in April 2010,[41] and peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard 200 chart. She signed with skin care and cosmetics company Neutrogena on February 12, 2010, as an ambassador.[42] On March 17, 2010, it was reported that Cosgrove had signed a deal, reportedly in the \"low- to mid-seven-figure range\" to do 26 additional episodes of iCarly.[43] Also in 2010 Cosgrove voiced Margo in Universal Studios' 3-D computer animated feature Despicable Me, released in July 2010.", "Dr Pepper. In 2011, rapper Pitbull appeared in a commercial with the slogan \"Let's have a real good time.\"", "Nicole Fox. Fox starred as Ashley in the indie teen drama Ashley, directed by Dean Ronalds and produced by Trick Candle Productions and Ronalds Brothers Productions. The film was released in the US in 2013. Fox portrayed a model on the television soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful in December 2011. Fox can also be spotted in the Avengers Dr. Pepper commercial as Stan Lee's assistant.[9][10]", "Alfonso Ribeiro. Ribeiro began his career at the age of eight. He first gained recognition in 1983, when he played a leading role in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid. He received positive reviews for his performance, and was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award.[2] Ribeiro appeared as a dancer in a Pepsi commercial that featured Michael Jackson in 1984.[4] A rumor spread that Ribeiro had died from snapping his neck while dancing for the commercial.[5] The same year, Ribeiro was cast as Rick Schroder's best friend on the TV series Silver Spoons.[6]", "Starburst (confectionery). In 2007 a commercial for Starburst's Berries and Creme flavor went viral.[10] The commercial, referred to as \"Berries and Creme\" or as \"The Little Lad Dance\", stars Jack Ferver as a man dressed in Victorian/Georgian clothing expressing his excitement for the candy's flavor by performing an impromptu song and dance routine.[11] The commercial received praise for its style from Advertising Age.[12][13] In an interview with Adweek Ferver commented that the commercial took over twelve hours to film and that he had to wear the full costume in 80 degree weather.[14]", "Dr Pepper. In 1963, singer Donna Loren became a spokesperson for the company when she was selected in a nationwide search to be the “Dr Pepper Girl”.[55][56] National exposure followed for Loren as she promoted the drink via radio, print, television, calendars, billboards, and personal appearances. One of her first appearances for the company was as co-host with Dick Clark (whom she worked with regularly) of an ABC television special, Dr Pepper Celebrity Party.[57][58][59] She subsequently made hundreds of singing and personal appearances for Dr Pepper. In Dr Pepper—King of Beverages, Dr Pepper historian Harry E. Ellis wrote, “Sparkly, vivacious and gifted with a wonderful voice, Donna was an immediate success. She became widely known in a short period as “The Dr Pepper Girl,” appearing at special events and on programs sponsored by the Company. Miss Loren would figure prominently in Dr Pepper’s plans for about five years, both as an entertainer and as an advertisement personality via radio, TV, and many other media. She appeared on 24-sheet poster boards, point-of-sale and on Dr Pepper calendars.”[60]", "Dr Pepper. From 2001 to 2003, Diet Dr Pepper aired ads that promise authentic Dr Pepper taste, using the slogan \"Diet Dr Pepper tastes more like regular Dr Pepper\", parodying new ideas inferior to the originals, including XGA (not PGA) Extreme Golf, Green Bay Watch (spoof of Baywatch) and a TV show CHimPs (rather than CHiPs). These ads were produced by They Might Be Giants.", "Joey Lauren Adams. Her post-Smith projects included playing a spunky veterinarian's assistant who falls in love with a single father (Vince Vaughn) in 1998's A Cool, Dry Place. The following year, Adams appeared in her first big-budget Hollywood release, playing Adam Sandler's love interest in the successful comedy Big Daddy. She then went on to appear in many smaller films, including Beautiful and In the Shadows.[3] In 2005, she had a guest role in an episode of the TV series Veronica Mars.", "Wesley Jonathan. Wesley Jonathan Waples (born October 18, 1978), known professionally as Wesley Jonathan, is an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as Jamal Grant on the NBC Saturday morning comedy-drama series City Guys, Sweetness in the 2005 film Roll Bounce, as well as Burrell \"Stamps\" Ballentine on TV Land's The Soul Man.", "Danny Tamberelli. Afterwards, Tamberelli played Jackie Rodowsky on the television series The Baby-Sitters Club. It was around this time that he was cast as Little Pete Wrigley on The Adventures of Pete & Pete, which first began as a series of 60-second shorts on Nickelodeon in 1990. After progressing to a batch of specials, Pete & Pete became a regular half-hour sitcom in 1993, and brought Tamberelli much recognition. During this time, he provided the voice for Arnold in The Magic School Bus, as well as appearing in the films Igby Goes Down and The Mighty Ducks. Many may also know him for his work on Nickelodeon's All That, as well as Figure It Out. On Figure It Out, he is known for his famed \"head flip,\" where he would flip his head back after getting slimed to cover the audience in slime, and he was also known on Figure It Out for yelling \"I don't know\" at the top of his lungs whenever he got confused. He also guest starred, along with Michelle Trachtenberg, on an episode of Space Cases titled \"All You Can Eaty.\" He also appeared in various toy commercials in the 1980s and 1990s for products such as \"Rattle Me Bones\" from Ideal Games and Pirate Toys from Lego. Another was for Cinnamon Life in 1994. In 1999 he played Spike Cipriano in 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd. In 2006, he appeared in a commercial for Wendy's fast food.[2]", "Dr Pepper. In 2008, Dr Pepper in the UK restarted launching its old adverts and slogan, \"What's the worst that can happen?\" They also started an on-pack promotion for free ringtones with up to 20 to collect. A commercial for this included Jesse Eisenberg being forced to be on live TV without his clothes on.", "Questlove. In 2006, Questlove appeared in the film Dave Chappelle's Block Party as well as a couple of skits on Chappelle's Show, including the Tupac \"The Lost Episodes\" skit and a skit featuring John Mayer wherein Questlove performs in a barber shop, inducing the occupants to dance and rap. With the exception of The Fugees and Jill Scott, Questlove served as the drummer at the 2004 Brooklyn street concert and was the musical director for the entire show. Questlove was given an Esky for Best Scribe in Esquire magazine's 2006 Esky Music Awards in the April issue. In 2006, Questlove was one of a handful of musicians hand-picked by Steve Van Zandt to back Hank Williams Jr. on a new version of \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\" for the season premiere (and formal ESPN debut) of Monday Night Football. Along with his fellow Motorola ROKR commercial co-stars, Bootsy Collins and Little Richard, Questlove's bandmates included Rick Nielsen (Cheap Trick), Joe Perry (Aerosmith), Charlie Daniels, and Bernie Worrell.", "Harry Enfield. Enfield appeared in some television commercials before becoming famous, including one made in 1987 for Tetley. Enfield's commercials include a series made in 1996 for Dime Bar. One commercial in this series had Enfield as a yokel refusing a Dime bar—smooth on the outside, crunchy on the inside—because he preferred armadillos—smooth on the inside, crunchy on the outside. Later Enfield, with Paul Whitehouse, starred in a series of commercials for Hula Hoops as The Self-Righteous Brothers, characters from Enfield's television show. In 2004 Enfield starred in a series of commercials for Burger King in the Paraguay as Dr. Angus, a character intended to promote the company's newest hamburger. Two more characters from Enfield's TV series, Mr Cholmondley-Warner and Grayson, also appeared in commercials, for Mercury Communications.[10] Also in 2004 Enfield provided the voice of \"The Roaming Gnome\" character used in Travelocity's U.S. advertising campaign. Enfield was also in commercials for Worthington Bitter.", "Marla Sokoloff. Sokoloff also has starred in several movies, including Whatever It Takes, The Climb, The Tollbooth, Dude, Where's My Car?, Sugar & Spice and Love on the Side.", "Jaleel White. White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail, a homemaker who later became his manager. White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001.[3] On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child. He got his start on TV commercials at age 3. One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby.[1][4][5]", "Erin Cahill. Cahill was cast as Jen Scotts, the Pink Time Force Ranger, in Power Rangers Time Force. She started her guest starring roles in 2003 with Crossing Jordan and General Hospital. In 2006, she starred in the short-lived Fox series Free Ride. Her first big guest star came the following year in 2007 as a 20th-century suffragette in the Cold Case episode \"Torn\". Since then, she has worked in numerous films and television shows such as Supernatural, CSI: Miami, The Mentalist, Castle, Ghost Whisperer, Grey's Anatomy, and House. She has appeared in commercials for Bank of America, TJ Maxx, Hyundai, Applebee's, Tampax, Lean Cuisine, Honda, and Land Rover Discovery Sport." ]

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[ "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die. \"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die\" is a Willie Nelson single from his 2012 album Heroes. The song written by Willie Nelson, Buddy Cannon, Rich Alves, John Colgin and Mike McQuerry, features vocals by Snoop Dogg, Kris Kristofferson and Jamey Johnson.[1]", "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die. Initially, the album was to be named Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die, after the single. The name was later changed to Heroes, after Nelson and his production team decided that the original name could deter some conservative sale outlets to carry the album.[3] Besides its regular release, the single was also made available in a green-colored 7\" vinyl, in support of Record Store Day with a special previously unreleased solo version of the song performed by Willie Nelson.", "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die. It was released on April 20, 2012 on 420 day, a counterculture holiday in North America related to cannabis culture. It became the first released single from the album. The same day, Nelson performed the song during the unveiling ceremony of his statue in Austin, Texas.[2]", "And When I Die. \"And When I Die\" is a song written by American singer Laura Nyro. It was first recorded by American folk group Peter, Paul and Mary in 1966. Nyro then recorded it on her 1967 debut album More Than a New Discovery. However, the song is probably best known for its third version by American rock group Blood, Sweat & Tears, which reached number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became a Gold record. The song gives a positive outlook about death, stating, in the chorus, \"And when I die/and when I'm gone/there'll be one child born and a world/to carry on/to carry on.\"[1]", "Rock and Roll Heaven. \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973,[1] but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[2][3]", "Willie Nelson. In 1988 his first book, Willie: An Autobiography, was published.[111] The Facts of Life: And Other Dirty Jokes, a personal recollection of tour and musical stories from his career, combined with song lyrics, followed in 2002.[112] In 2005 he co-authored Farm Aid: A Song for America, a commemorative book about the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of Farm Aid.[113] His third book, co-authored with long-time friend Turk Pipkin, The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart, was published in 2006.[114] In 2007 a book advocating the use of bio-diesel and the reduction of gas emissions, On The Clean Road Again: Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm, was published.[115] His next book, A Tale Out of Luck, published in 2008 and co-authored by Mike Blakely, was Nelson's first fictional book.[116] In 2012, it was announced the release of a new autobiography by Nelson, Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die: Musings from the Road. Released on November 13, it was named after the song from his album Heroes. The book contained further biographical details, as well as family pictures and stories about Nelson's political views, as well as his advocation for marijuana. The artwork of the book was designed by Nelson's son, Micah, and the foreword written by Kinky Friedman.[117] In 2015, the publication of a second Nelson autobiography entitled It's a Long Story: My Life co-authored with David Ritz, the book was published on May 5, 2015.[118] Pretty Paper, another collaboration with Ritz was published the following year.[119]", "Earth, Wind & Fire. Maurice White, during this time, produced for Barbra Streisand on her Platinum album Emotion and worked with Neil Diamond on his Gold album Headed for the Future and Cher on her 1987 Platinum album Cher. He also released the self-titled solo album Maurice White in 1985, which included a cover of \"Stand by Me\" that went to number six on the R&B charts and number eleven on the Adult Contemporary charts. The album also featured an appearance by saxophonist Gerald Albright. Also, during the hiatus, Verdine White wrote and directed videos. He produced Standing in the Light, by the English pop rock and jazz-funk band Level 42, with Larry Dunn, and promoted go-go bands like Trouble Funk and E.U.[1]", "Willie Nelson. In April 2010, Nelson received the \"Feed the Peace\" award from The Nobelity Project for his extensive work with Farm Aid and overall contributions to world peace.[199] On June 23, 2010 he was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.[200] Nelson is an honorary trustee of the Dayton International Peace Museum.[201] In 2010, Austin, Texas renamed Second Street to Willie Nelson Boulevard. The city also unveiled a life-size statue to honor him, placed at the entrance of Austin City Limits' new studio.[202] The non-profit organization Capital Area Statues commissioned sculptor Clete Shields to execute the project.[203] The statue was unveiled on April 20, 2012.[204] The date selected by the city of Austin unintentionally coincided with the number 4/20, associated with cannabis culture. In spite of the coincidence and Nelson's advocacy for the legalization of marijuana, the ceremony was scheduled also for 4:20 pm. During the ceremony, Nelson performed the song \"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die\".[205] The same year, Nelson was honored during the 46th Annual Country Music Association Awards as the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award, which was also named after him.[206] In 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music.[207] The following year, he was part of the inaugural class inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame. Also included among the first inductees was his friend Darrell Royal, whose jamming parties that Nelson participated in were the source of inspiration for the show.[208]", "Chuck Berry. Charles Edward Anderson Berry (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was an American singer, songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as \"Maybellene\" (1955), \"Roll Over Beethoven\" (1956), \"Rock and Roll Music\" (1957) and \"Johnny B. Goode\" (1958), Berry refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive. Writing lyrics that focused on teen life and consumerism, and developing a music style that included guitar solos and showmanship, Berry was a major influence on subsequent rock music.[1]", "Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox (If I Die). In 1999, the song was part of a lawsuit when another songwriter named Everett Ellis attempted to sue the writers of \"Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox\", as he thought that the song infringed on a copyright to his own composition, \"Lay Me Out by the Jukebox When I Die\".[1]", "Rock and Roll Heaven. It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender), John Lennon (Give Peace a Chance), Roy Orbison (Oh, Pretty Woman), Jackie Wilson (Higher and Higher), Ricky Nelson (Lonesome Town), Dennis Wilson (Good Vibrations), Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), Sam Cooke (Wonderful World), Cass Elliot (Monday, Monday) who died a few months after the original version of the song was released, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The rewritten song is included in compilation albums such as Reunion.[7]", "Warren Zevon. Zevon died on September 7, 2003, aged 56, at his home in Los Angeles.[22] The Wind was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2003, and Zevon received five posthumous Grammy nominations, including Song of the Year for the ballad \"Keep Me in Your Heart\". The Wind won two Grammys, with the album itself receiving the award for Best Contemporary Folk Album, while \"Disorder in the House\", Zevon's duet with Bruce Springsteen, was awarded Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. These posthumous awards were the first Grammys of Zevon's thirty-plus year career.", "Rock and Roll All Nite. Rushed to come up with material, the band dipped into their backlog of older songs, as well as writing new ones and then recording them immediately. Bogart suggested that head songwriters Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons come up with an anthem that would serve as a rallying cry for Kiss and their fans, suggesting something akin to Sly & the Family Stone's \"I Want to Take You Higher.\" While writing back at the hotel, Stanley came up with the line \"I want to rock and roll all night, and party every day.\" After showing the new line to Simmons, he added parts from an older song, reportedly titled \"Drive Me Wild.\"[citation needed]", "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record). Dead or Alive's vocalist Pete Burns stated in his autobiography that he composed \"You Spin Me Round\" by using two existing songs as inspiration for creating something new:", "Roger Miller. Miller was a lifelong cigarette smoker. During a television interview, Miller explained that he composed his songs from \"bits and pieces\" of ideas he wrote on scraps of paper. When asked what he did with the unused bits and pieces, he half-joked, \"I smoke 'em!\" He also wrote a song about his habit, titled \"Dad Blame Anything A Man Can't Quit\". Miller died of lung and throat cancer in 1992, at age 56, shortly after the discovery of a malignant tumor under his vocal cords.[2] His remains were cremated.", "Wake Me Up (Avicii song). \"Wake Me Up\" is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii, released as the lead single from his debut studio album True, released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music, Lava Records and Sony Music's Columbia Records on 17 June 2013. \"Wake Me Up\" was written by Avicii, Mike Einziger, and Aloe Blacc. American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides vocals for the track[2][3] and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar. Avicii introduced \"Wake Me Up!\" for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami. The experimental rendering (it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists, including Blacc, Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums)[4] reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community.[5][6] Subsequently, Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide.", "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll). The title of Harrison's only career-spanning compilation album, Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison (2009), was derived from \"Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)\", which also appears on the album.[98] Shortly after Harrison's death on 29 November 2001,[99] My Morning Jacket lead singer Jim James recorded the track for his EP of George Harrison cover songs, Tribute To, issued in August 2009.[100]", "Roll Me Away. \"Roll Me Away\" is a song written by American rock artist Bob Seger on the album The Distance by Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band. The song peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[1]", "Rock and Roll Heaven. The lyrics involving Jim Croce and Bobby Darin replaced Climax's lyrics for Buddy Holly (\"Peggy Sue\") and Ritchie Valens (\"Donna\"), both of whom died in a plane crash that had already been commemorated by another hit song, Don McLean's \"American Pie.\"", "Atlantic Records. King's first solo single, \"Spanish Harlem\" (co-written by Leiber and Spector and produced by Leiber and Stoller), became a Top 10 pop hit in early 1961. It was followed by \"Stand By Me\", a re-interpretation of the gospel standard \"Lord, Stand By Me\", with new lyrics by King and orchestration by Stan Applebaum. Reaching #4 on the pop chart, the song quickly became a standard covered by many artists including John Lennon. It has since been included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll listing and in 2001 it was voted #25 in the 'Songs of the Century' poll conducted by the Recording Industry Association of America. In late 1962, The Drifters returned to the charts, fronted by new lead vocalist Rudy Lewis, performing hits recorded with Ben E. King on stage and TV. \"Up On The Roof\", co-written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King, was another major crossover hit making the Top 5 on both the pop and R&B charts, and Mann, Weil, Leiber, and Stoller's \"On Broadway\" made the Top 10 on both charts. It has since been covered by many artists. The Drifters' last hit, \"Under The Boardwalk\" (1964), was produced by Bert Berns and orchestrated by British arranger-producer-composer Mike Leander. Lead singer Rudy Lewis was found dead on the morning of the recording session (May 21, 1964) and former lead singer Johnny Moore was brought in to replace him. Despite this tragedy, the song became a big hit, reaching #4 on the pop chart and #1 on the R&B chart, and went on to be covered by many other acts, including The Rolling Stones.", "Roll the Bones (song). The music of \"Roll the Bones\" was written by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, and its lyrics by Neil Peart. The lyrics reflect on taking chances in life, and urging those unsure to \"roll the bones,\" a term used for dice.", "Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox (If I Die). \"Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox (If I Die)\" is a song written by Kerry Kurt Phillips, Howard Perdew and Rick Blaylock, and recorded by American country music singer Joe Diffie. It was released in July 1993 as the second single from his CD Honky Tonk Attitude. It peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart.", "David Clayton-Thomas. Clayton-Thomas's first album with the band, Blood, Sweat & Tears (which was released in December 1968) – despite the self-titled name, actually the band's second album – sold ten million copies worldwide. The record topped the Billboard album chart for seven weeks, and charted for 109 weeks. It won five Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Best Performance by a Male Vocalist. It featured three hit singles, \"You Made Me So Very Happy\", \"Spinning Wheel\", \"And When I Die\" (on the Hot 100, each peaked at No. 2 and lasted 13 weeks) as well as a rendition of Billie Holiday's \"God Bless The Child\".", "Ernie Isley. Ernie is a prolific songwriter, penning \"Fight the Power (Part 1 & 2)\",Harvest for the World\", \"Voyage to Atlantis\", \"(At Your Best) You Are Love\", \"Footsteps In the Dark\", \"Brown Eyed Girl\" and co-writing \"That Lady\", \"Between the Sheets\" and \"Take Me To The Next Phase\". His guitar riffs are recognizable on \"Summer Breeze\", \"That Lady\", \"Voyage To Atlantis\" and \"Choosey Lover\". In 1984, Ernie, Marvin and Chris formed the group Isley-Jasper-Isley, releasing their number one album Caravan of Love.[citation needed]", "Frankie Laine. Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "Make Me Wanna Die. \"Make Me Wanna Die\" is a song by American rock band The Pretty Reckless from their eponymous debut extended play (2010) and their debut studio album, Light Me Up (2010). The song was written by Taylor Momsen, Ben Phillips, and Kato Khandwala, and produced by the latter. It was released on April 14, 2010 as the lead single from both the EP and the album.", "Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette). \"Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)\" is a Western swing novelty song written by Merle Travis and Tex Williams,[1] for Williams and his talking blues style of singing. Travis wrote the bulk of the song.[2] The original Williams version went to number one for 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot Country Songs chart and became a number one hit in August 1947\nand remained at the top of the \"Best Sellers in Stores\" chart for six weeks.[3] Recorded on March 27, 1947, at Radio Recorders in Hollywood.", "Frankie Laine. Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an Italian American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"A Woman In Love\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Moonlight Gambler,\" \"Love Is a Golden Ring,\" \"Rawhide\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me a Mountain.\"", "Ben E. King. Benjamin Earl King[1] (born Benjamin Earl Nelson, September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015), known as Ben E. King, was an American soul and R&B singer and record producer. He was perhaps best known as the singer and co-composer of \"Stand by Me\"—a US Top 10 hit, both in 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the film of the same name), a number one hit in the UK in 1987, and no. 25 on the RIAA's list of Songs of the Century—and as one of the principal lead singers of the R&B vocal group the Drifters notably singing the lead vocals of one of their biggest global hit singles (and only U.S. #1 hit) \"Save the Last Dance for Me\".[2]", "David Allan Coe. Early in 1970, Coe released his debut album, Penitentiary Blues, followed by a tour with Grand Funk Railroad.[1] In October 1971, he signed as an exclusive writer with Pete and Rose Drake's publishing company Windows Publishing Company, Inc. in Nashville, Tennessee, where he remained until 1977. Although he developed a cult following with his performances, he was not able to develop any mainstream success, but other performers achieved charting success by recording songs Coe had written, including Billie Jo Spears' 1972 recording \"Souvenirs & California Mem'rys\" and Tanya Tucker's 1973 single \"Would You Lay With Me (In a Field of Stone),\" which was a number-one hit, and responsible for Coe becoming one of Nashville's hottest songwriters and Coe himself being signed by Columbia Records.[1] Coe recorded his own version of the song for his second Columbia album, Once Upon a Rhyme, released in 1975.[7] AllMusic writer Thom Jurek said of the song, \"The amazing thing is that both versions are definitive.\"[7] Johnny Cash covered the song in his album American III: Solitary Man in 2000.The album also contained a cover of Steve Goodman and John Prine's \"You Never Even Called Me by My Name\", which was a top-10 Billboard hit, and was followed by a string of moderately successful hits.[1]", "Lea DeLaria. In 2008, Warner Records released The Live Smoke Sessions, DeLaria's first recording focused on \"timeless pop standards\" such as \"Down With Love,\" \"Night and Day,\" \"Love Me or Leave Me\" and \"Come Rain or Come Shine.\" She noted, \"I styled this CD on the old school live recordings ... It is my hope that this CD will take you back to 1948 and the Village Vanguard. So please let me invite you to mix a cocktail and enjoy a smoke while you sit back and soak up the swing.\"[25]", "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll). According to Harrison's later recollection, Spector suggested that \"Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp\" might attract a few cover versions if he changed the lyrics.[56] In I, Me, Mine, Harrison acknowledges that the song was \"a piece of personal indulgence\", but \"those words were written because that's what it was\" – a tribute to Frank Crisp.[56] A number of Crisp's homilies directly inspired other Harrison songs during the first half of the 1970s,[57] such as \"Ding Dong, Ding Dong\" and \"The Answer's at the End\".[58][nb 6] Harrison went on to identify philosophically with Crisp,[63][64] of whom he writes elsewhere in I, Me, Mine: \"Sir Frank helped my awareness; whatever it was I felt became stronger, or found more expression by moving into that house, because everything stepped up or was heightened.\"[15] Leng considers that the song, along with \"All Things Must Pass\", predicts Harrison's eventual \"retreat into an internal musical dialogue, set amid the woods and gardens of Friar Park\", a change of perspective marked by his 1979 eponymous solo album.[65]" ]

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[ "Camping World Bowl. The Camping World Bowl is an annual college football bowl game that is played in Orlando, Florida, at Camping World Stadium. The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports, a non-profit group which also organizes the Citrus Bowl and the Florida Classic.", "Camping World Stadium. Camping World Stadium is the current home venue of the Cure Bowl, the Citrus Bowl and the Camping World Bowl. It is also the regular host of other college football games including the Florida Classic between Florida A&M and Bethune-Cookman, the MEAC/SWAC Challenge, and the Camping World Kickoff. The stadium was built for football and in the past, it has served as home of several alternate-league American football teams. From 2011 to 2013, it was the home of the Orlando City SC, a soccer team in USL Pro.[4] From 1979 to 2006, it served as the home of the UCF Knights football team (since 2007, the team has played at campus-owned and based Spectrum Stadium). It was also one of the nine venues used for the 1994 FIFA World Cup.", "Camping World Bowl. What is now the Camping World Bowl was sprung from a desire to hold a second bowl game in the Miami area. It would be an accompaniment to the long-established and well-known Orange Bowl, and would showcase the brand new stadium in the area that was built in 1987. The Orange Bowl game was still being played in the aging old stadium, whereas this new game would be played in the new stadium.", "Camping World Stadium. Camping World Stadium is a stadium in Orlando, Florida, located in the West Lakes neighborhood of Downtown Orlando, west of new sports and entertainment facilities including the Amway Center, the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts and Orlando City Stadium.[2] It opened in 1936 as Orlando Stadium and has also been known as the Tangerine Bowl and Florida Citrus Bowl. The City of Orlando owns and operates the stadium.[3]", "Camping World Bowl. The bowl was founded in 1990 by Raycom[2] and was originally played at Joe Robbie Stadium outside the city of Miami. It was formed under the name Sunshine Football Classic, but due to corporate title sponsorships, was never actually contested under this name, nor even referred to as such except during brief intervals between corporate sponsors. During its Miami existence, it successively went by the names Blockbuster Bowl, CarQuest Bowl, and the MicronPC Bowl.", "Camping World Stadium. The stadium hosted the NFL Pro Bowl in 2017[8] and 2018.", "Camping World Stadium. Citrus Bowl (1947–present)UCF Knights (1979–2006)Camping World Bowl (2001–present)Cure Bowl (2015–present)", "Camping World Stadium. The stadium hosted the East–West Shrine Game (the longest running college senior bowl started in 1925) for two years, 2010 & 2011, before moving to Tropicana Field, located in St. Petersburg, FL.", "Camping World Bowl. From 2006–2010, the bowl matched teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference and the Big Ten Conference. Under the terms of a television deal signed with ESPN in 2006, the bowl was to be held after Christmas Day from 2006 onward, and be shown on ESPN in prime time. The change was made to move the game from the less-desirable pre-Christmas date utilized from 2001–2004.", "Camping World Stadium. It hosted the 2016 ACC Championship Game.", "2018 Pro Bowl. at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida", "Camping World Bowl. The game currently has tie-ins with the ACC and Big 12.[5]", "Citrus Bowl. The Citrus Bowl, officially the Citrus Bowl presented by Overton's, boating and marine supply, for sponsorship purposes,[1] is an annual college football bowl game played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida.[2] It was previously known as the Tangerine Bowl (1947–1982), the Florida Citrus Bowl (1983–2002), the Capital One Bowl (2003–2014) and the Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl (2015–2017). The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports, a non-profit group that also organizes the Camping World Bowl and Florida Classic.", "Camping World Bowl. Through the December 2017 playing, there have been 28 games (56 total appearances).", "Camping World Stadium. Camping World Stadium has been home field to several short-lived professional football teams. In 1974, the Florida Blazers of the World Football League played their only season in existence at the Tangerine Bowl. The USFL's Orlando Renegades played one season in 1985. The Orlando Thunder of the WLAF called the Citrus Bowl home in their two-season existence during the early 1990s, while the XFL's Orlando Rage played there in 2001 as well as the UFL's Florida Tuskers, occupying the stadium for 2 seasons from 2009, before moving to Virginia Beach as the Virginia Destroyers in 2011. The Orlando Fantasy of the Lingerie Football League moved to the stadium shortly after, having prior used the UCF Arena.", "Camping World Stadium. Prior to the 2014 renovation, the stadium had 65,000[23] permanent seats. The lower bowl lacked permanent seats in the north end zone, though temporary bleachers could be erected there if necessary. The temporary bleachers were last used for the 2005 Capital One Bowl, which had an attendance of 70,229.", "Camping World Bowl. Miami Dolphins owner Wayne Huizenga quickly joined forces with bowl organizers and brought in Blockbuster Video, which he owned at the time, as title sponsor.[2] The inaugural game, played on December 28, 1990, pitted Florida State and Penn State, and two legendary coaches, Bobby Bowden versus Joe Paterno in front of over 74,000 at Joe Robbie Stadium.[2] Subsequent games, however, never matched the success of the first, even though the bowl was moved to the more prestigious New Year's Day slot starting in 1993.", "Camping World Stadium. The reconstruction began immediately following a groundbreaking event held at the stadium on January 29, 2014 and demolition of the entire lower bowl lasted 25 days. The first event at the renovated Camping World Stadium was the 2014 edition of the Florida Classic on November 22, 2014. The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats defeated the Florida A&M Rattlers, 18–17 in overtime.[17]", "Camping World Stadium. During the 2013 season, Fifth Third Bank owned naming rights to the field for Orlando City matches. Its name during those matches was Fifth Third Bank Field at the Citrus Bowl.", "Camping World Bowl. In 2001, the bowl changed hands, and was relocated to Orlando. The bowl briefly became known as the Tangerine Bowl, a historic moniker, which was the original title of the game now known as the Citrus Bowl. Foot Locker, the parent company of Champs Sports, purchased naming rights in 2004, naming it the Champs Sports Bowl. In early 2012, naming rights were agreed to by Russell Athletic for games through 2017.[3] In early 2017, Camping World signed an agreement with Florida Citrus Sports to be the new title sponsor of the game through 2020.[4][5]", "Camping World Stadium. The Florida High School Athletic Association state football championships are held at Camping World Stadium.", "Camping World Bowl. From 2005–2009, the stadium faced challenges in preparing the stadium for two bowl games in less than one week (the Citrus Bowl is traditionally held New Year's Day). This was also in part due to the Florida high school football championship games being held at the stadium shortly before the bowls. In 2009, rainy weather turned the stadium's grass field into a muddly, sloppy, quagmire for both bowl games. In 2010, the stadium switched to artificial turf, facilitating the quick turnaround necessary.", "Camping World Stadium. Camping World Stadium was one of the venues for Copa América Centenario in June 2016. Three group stage matches were held there, Paraguay vs Costa Rica on June 4, Bolivia vs Panama on June 6 and Brazil vs Haiti on June 8.", "List of Virginia Tech Hokies bowl games. The 2017 Camping World Bowl, The 28th edition of the bowl, held on December 28, 2012 at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida with a 5:30 p.m. EST kickoff and aired on ESPN. It featured the Virginia Tech Hokies of the Atlantic Coast Football Conference against the Oklahoma State Cowboys of the Big XXII Football Conference. Both teams entered the game with 9-3 records with the Cowboys ranked #17 and the Hokies ranked #22 in the final 2017 College Football Playoff rankings.", "Camping World Stadium. Orlando officials began exploring stadium refurbishment project in 2004, when the Capital One Bowl bid to become a Bowl Championship Series (BCS) game, but was not chosen due to the stadium's aging condition. Camping World Stadium also submitted a bid for the ACC Championship Game, but lost to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium. The key reasons for losing the bids are the lack of modern luxury boxes, bench seating, and capacity. The hopes for Camping World Stadium became reality when, on September 29, 2006, Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer announced an agreement on a $175-million renovation of Camping World Stadium. It is part of the \"Triple Crown for Downtown\", a $1.1-billion plan to redo the Orlando Centroplex with a new $480-million arena for the Orlando Magic, a new $375-million performing arts center, and the Camping World Stadium improvements. Conceptual drawings for the possible improvements include enclosed concourses on the east and west sides of the stadium and additions to the north side that will finally complete the lower bowl.[16] The Orlando/Orange County Interlocal Agreement was approved by the Orlando City Council on August 6, 2007. However, the plans were heavily affected by the Great Recession of 2007–08.", "Camping World Bowl. Won: Alabama, Baylor, Illinois, Louisville, Maryland, Oklahoma State, Pittsburgh, South Carolina, Stanford, Texas Tech\nLost: Arkansas, Kansas, Michigan State, Minnesota, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, Purdue, Rutgers, Syracuse", "Camping World Bowl. Before gaining Blockbuster Entertainment as the corporate sponsor for the inaugural event, the game was tentatively referred to as the Sunshine Classic.[2]", "Camping World Bowl. In 1994, CarQuest Auto Parts became the title sponsor after Huizenga sold Blockbuster Video to Viacom. The New Year's Day experiment was short lived as the organizers of the more established Orange Bowl received permission to move their game into Joe Robbie Stadium beginning in 1996.[2] That bumped the Carquest Bowl back to the less-desirable December date. After the 2000 playing, Florida Citrus Sports took over the game and moved it to Orlando.", "Camping World Bowl. Teams with multiple appearances", "Camping World Stadium. Construction on the stadium began in 1936 as a project of the Works Progress Administration under President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.[5] The stadium was built to the immediate east of the baseball park Tinker Field, which opened in 1914. The stadium opened later in 1936 with a capacity of 8,900 as Orlando Stadium.[6] The first college football bowl game was played on January 1, 1947. Catawba defeated Maryville 31–6 in the inaugural Tangerine Bowl. 2,000 seats were added in 1952. During this period, the stadium was known as the Tangerine Bowl. 5,000 more seats were added in 1968, along with the first press box. From 1974–76 the capacity was raised to 52,000. A capacity of 65,438 was established in 1989, after a $30 million renovation that added the upper decks. In 1983, the Florida Department of Citrus was added as a title sponsor for the facility, at a price of $250,000. From 1999 to 2002, key stadium improvements included the addition of contour seating, two escalators, and a new 107-foot (33 m) wide scoreboard/video screen. A new sound system, along with two full-color ribbon displays along the upper decks, were also added. The expansion resulted in the upper deck overhanging Tinker Field's right field area, albeit at a significant height.[7]", "Camping World Bowl. Teams with a single appearance", "Orlando, Florida. Camping World Stadium (the former Citrus Bowl stadium) hosts three annual college football bowl games: the Citrus Bowl, the Russell Athletic Bowl, and the Cure Bowl. It also hosted the 1998 Major League Soccer All-Star Game. Orlando is the host city for the annual Florida Classic, one of the largest FCS football classics in the nation. It will also begin hosting a series of FBS kickoff games called the Orlando Kickoff in 2016, and will serve as host to the National Football League's 2017 Pro Bowl." ]

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[ "Funskool. Funskool (India) Ltd. is an Indian toy manufacturing company founded in 1987 with headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Apart from its own brands, the company also manufactures and distributes products in the Indian market under license from foreign toy brands including Hasbro, Lego, Disney, Warner Bros., Takara Tomy, and Ravensburger.[1]", "Funskool. Funskool was established in 1987 as a joint venture by MRF Ltd. and American toy manufacturer Hasbro, Inc.[2] The company began commercial operations the following year.[1] Funskool manufactures all its products (including licensed products) at manufacturing facilities in Ranipet, near Chennai, and in Goa.[3] The company's main competitors in the Indian market are Mattel and FisherPrice.[1] In 2014, Funskool surpassed Mattel to become the market leader in the mid to premium range of the Indian toy market.[4]", "Funskool. Funskool products are currently exported to Africa, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey and the United Kingdom.[5][4] The company has plans to expand to the United States.[4]", "Funskool. Funskool opened a Lego store in Chennai in 2013.[4] Following the success of the venture, the company opened the first Funskool store in Coimbatore in March 2014.[2][4] By September 2015, the company had opened one store each in eight cities across the country.[4] Most Funskool stores are operated by franchisees.[2] As of April 2017, there are 20 Funskool stores nationwide.", "Funskool. Funskool has published the Monopoly board game in India since 1987. The company released Monopoly:India Edition in 2008, with spaces on the board named after Indian cities and railway stations.[citation needed]", "The Lego Group. One such competitor is Coko, manufactured by Chinese company Tianjin Coko Toy Co., Ltd. In 2002, Lego Group's Swiss subsidiary Interlego AG sued the company for copyright infringement. A trial court found many Coko bricks to be infringing; Coko was ordered to cease manufacture of the infringing bricks, publish a formal apology in the Beijing Daily, and pay a small fee in damages to Interlego. On appeal, the Beijing High People's Court upheld the trial court's ruling.[10]", "Shinee. Early in their career, Shinee were endorsers for several brands, such as the cosmetic brand Nana's B[184] and the sports brand Reebok.[185] Later, they endorsed the clothing brand Maypole[186][187][188] as well as the popular Korean cosmetic brands Etude House[189][190][191] and The Saem.[192] In 2012, Etude House's Lash Pump 3-Step Volume-Cara, a PC-based and mobile micro-site featuring \"doll eyelashes\" main model Sandara Park and Shinee—appearing as puppets—was awarded first place for the Movile Marketing and Product Promotions category at the 9th Web Award Korea.[193] The group was also part of the popular Korean comic The Blade of the Phantom Master and then-new webtoon series ENT.[194] Furthermore, the group endorsed the sports brand Skechers[195] and collaborated with Naver and Skechers for t-shirts and caps designed by the group members.[196][197][198] Overall, Shinee are models with influence over consumers, as products featuring the Shinee label can increase the revenue of companies – \"Shinee's Sparking Water\", a simple carbonated bottled water, which is sold by e-mart, the supermarket chain business of Shinsegae boasted a combined sales of 67 million won over a one-month period.[199][200]", "Fun Factory (band). In 2009, Cottura produced and has been featured on the single Horoz by Sedat, for his album Yeni hayatımın ilk günü. Meanwhile, in December 2009, a promotional single titled Shut up has been released. The song marks the first song since 1995, where founding members Cottura, who co-wrote the song, and Tözün, who provided lead vocals, were involved, though they aren't featured on the cover arts. In 2013, three of four founding members, Tözün, Cottura and Browarczyk, reunited to perform their Fun Factory songs again. They were joined by new rapper Ski (Anthony Freeman) from New York City.[2] They gave their first full concert, credited as The Originalz FF Members of Fun Factory due to lawsuit reasons, in Poland in October 26, 2013, where they also presented the new song Hands up (Give me your heart)[2] at the end of the concert, a cover version of the pop duo Ottawan. In 2014, producer and owner of the brand Rekardo Heilig confirmed on the relaunched official website, that the group is performing as Fun Factory again.[3] They are working on new material to be released sometime soon.", "The Lego Group. Lego System A/S, doing business as The Lego Group (stylised as The LEGO Group), is a Danish family-owned company based in Billund, Denmark.[5] It is best known for the manufacture of Lego-brand toys, consisting mostly of interlocking plastic bricks. The Lego Group has also built several amusement parks around the world, each known as Legoland, and operates numerous retail stores.", "Spider-Man 3. Hasbro, which holds the license for Marvel characters, released several toys to tie-in with the film. They include a deluxe spinning web blaster, along with several lines of action figures aimed at both children and collectors.[57] Toys of the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus from the first two films have been re-released to match the smaller scale of the new figures, as have been toys of the Lizard, the Scorpion, Kraven the Hunter, and Rhino in a style reminiscent of the films.[58][59] Techno Source created interactive toys, including a \"hand-held Battle Tronics device that straps to the inside of a player's wrist and mimics Spidey's web-slinging motions\".[60] Japanese Medicom Toy Corporation produced collectibles, which Sideshow Collectibles distributed in the U.S.[61]", "Radio Flyer. Radio Flyer is an American toy company best known for their popular red toy wagon. Radio Flyer also produces scooters, tricycles, bicycles,[1] horses, and ride-ons. The company was founded in 1917 and is based in Chicago, Illinois.", "Lego. Lego (Danish: [ˈleːɡo];[1][2] stylized as LEGO) is a line of plastic construction toys that are manufactured by The Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. The company's flagship product, Lego, consists of colourful interlocking plastic bricks accompanying an array of gears, figurines called minifigures, and various other parts. Lego pieces can be assembled and connected in many ways, to construct objects; vehicles, buildings, and working robots. Anything constructed can then be taken apart again, and the pieces used to make other objects.[3][4]", "Tata Motors. Tata Daewoo (officially Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company and formerly Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company) is a commercial vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. It is the second-largest heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer in South Korea and was acquired by Tata Motors in 2004. The principal reasons behind the acquisition were to reduce Tata's dependence on the Indian commercial vehicle market (which was responsible for around 94% of its sales in the MHCV segment and around 84% in the light commercial vehicle segment) and expand its product portfolio by leveraging on Daewoo's strengths in the heavy-tonnage sector.", "Lego. The Lego Group began manufacturing the interlocking toy bricks in 1949. Since then a global Lego subculture has developed. Supporting movies, games, competitions, and six Legoland amusement parks have been developed under the brand. As of July 2015, 600 billion Lego parts had been produced.[5]", "Ski-Doo. Ski-Doo is a brand name of snowmobile manufactured by Bombardier Recreational Products (originally Bombardier Inc. before the spin-off). The Ski-Doo personal snowmobile brand is so iconic, especially in Canada, that it was listed in 7th place on the CBC's The Greatest Canadian Invention list in 2007.", "Dalek. Beginning in 2000, Product Enterprise (who later operated under the names \"Iconic Replicas\" and \"Sixteen 12 Collectibles\") produced various Dalek toys. These included one-inch (2.5 cm) Dalek \"Rolykins\" (based on the Louis Marx toy from 1965); push-along \"talking\" 7-inch (17.8 cm) Daleks; 2½-inch (6.4 cm) Dalek \"Rollamatics\" with a pull back and release mechanism; and a one-foot (30.5 cm) remote control Dalek.[176]", "Tata Motors. In 2017, TAL, a subsidiary of Tata Motors, manufactured India’s first industrial articulated robot for micro, small, and medium enterprises.[38]", "Billiken. The Billiken also became the namesake of Billiken Shokai, the Japanese toy & model manufacturing company established in 1976.", "Beyblade: Metal Fusion. All of these toys are made by Takara Tomy in Asia, India, Hasbro in the USA, Australia and Canada, and by Sonokong in South Korea.", "Parker Brothers. The company began to produce electronic versions of their popular board games in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At this time, the company ventured into the toy market with the electronic action figure, Rom the Spaceknight, in 1977. Although the toy proved a failure, the licensed comic book published by Marvel Comics ran for years after the toy was discontinued. They also produced video games for various systems during the early 1980s, with home ports of many popular arcade games like Sega's Frogger and Gottlieb games like Q*bert and Reactor as well as the first video games based on the Star Wars movies, The Empire Strikes Back, Jedi Arena, and Death Star Battle.", "Robot. The collaborative robots most widely used in industries today are manufactured by Universal Robots in Denmark.[87]", "Tickle Me Elmo. Playskool released the toy again as LOL Elmo. Not a single image of the toy was revealed until the American International Toy Fair 2012; in the Hasbro showroom's Sesame Street section, there is a sign printed \"Laughter Unleashed! Fall 2012\". Above it was a video of kids giggling. The toy was released in September. It is also known as Tickle Time Elmo.[citation needed]", "General Mills. The first venture General Mills took into the toy industry was in 1965. The company bought Rainbow Crafts, which was the manufacturer of Play-Doh. General Mills' purchase of the company was substantial because it brought production costs down and tripled the revenue.", "Hess Corporation. The Hess toy trucks, helicopters, police cars, airplanes, space shuttles and rescue vehicles have been popular Christmas gift traditions for over 50 years[32] in the US. It is one of the longest running toy brands on the US market.[33]", "OshKosh B'Gosh. Today, the company sells accessories, jeans, pants, shirts, sweaters, t-shirts and tank tops, and its trademark overalls. The company produces clothing for babies, infants, toddlers, kids (4-7), and youth (5-14); however, it no longer manufactures clothing in adult sizes due to poor sales. The company also has over three hundred stores in the United States of America.", "Dalek. The first Dalek toys were released in 1965 as part of the \"Dalekmania\" craze.[168] These included battery-operated, friction drive and \"Rolykins\" Daleks from Louis Marx & Co., as well as models from Cherilea, Herts Plastic Moulders Ltd and Cowan, de Groot Ltd, and \"Bendy\" Daleks made by Newfeld Ltd.[168] At the height of the Daleks' popularity, in addition to toy replicas, there were Dalek board games and activity sets, slide projectors for children and even Dalek playsuits made from PVC.[169] Collectible cards, stickers, toy guns, music singles, punching bags and many other items were also produced in this period.[169] Dalek toys released in the 1970s included a new version of Louis Marx's battery-operated Dalek (1974), a \"talking Dalek\" from Palitoy (1975) and a Dalek board game (1975) and Dalek action figure (1977), both from Denys Fisher.[170] From 1988 to 2002, Dapol released a line of Dalek toys in conjunction with its Doctor Who action figure series.[171]", "Nerf. The company continued to add to the Nerf line until they handed control to Kenner Products, a sister company, in 1991,[7] when Hasbro acquired the Nerf line through the acquisition of the Tonka Corporation.[8] Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, the Nerf brand served under the subsidiaries OddzOn and Larami before Hasbro took full control of the brand.[9]", "The Lego Group. The company was founded on 10 August 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen.[6] The word \"lego\" is derived from the Danish words \"leg godt\", meaning \"play well\". In the first half of 2015, The Lego Group became the world's largest toy company by revenue, with sales amounting to US$2.1 billion, surpassing Mattel, which had US$1.9 billion in sales.[7][8] On 11 August 2017, Lego announced that Niels B. Christiansen would become the new CEO, effective 1 October of the same year.", "Toy. Meccano was a model construction system that consisted of re-usable metal strips, plates, angle girders, wheels, axles and gears, with nuts and bolts to connect the pieces and enabled the building of working models and mechanical devices. Dinky Toys pioneered the manufacture of die-cast toys with the production of toy cars, trains and ships and model train sets became popular in the 1920s. The Britain's company revolutionized the production of toy soldiers with the invention of the process of hollow casting in lead in 1893[12] – the company's products remained the industry standard for many years.", "Radico Khaitan. Radico Khaitan Ltd. (RKL), formerly Rampur Distillery & Chemical Company Ltd., is an Indian company that manufactures industrial alcohol, Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), country liquor and fertilizers.[1] It is the fourth largest Indian liquor company, .[5] Radico brands are sold in more than 60 countries,[6] including USA, Canada, South America, Africa, Europe, South East Asia and the Middle East.[7]", "Hamleys. Hamleys was bought in June 2003 by the Baugur Group, an Icelandic investment company. When Baugur collapsed, its stake in the toy store was taken over by the Icelandic bank Landsbanki. In September 2012 Groupe Ludendo, a toy retailer based in France with shops also located in Belgium, Spain and Switzerland, bought Hamleys for a reported £60 million.[5] In October 2015 it was reported that Groupe Ludendo was negotiating the sale of Hamleys, possibly to a Hong Kong company owned by a relative of the owner of department store House of Fraser.[6] It was subsequently purchased by C.Banner, a large Chinese footwear and fashion wear conglomerate based in Nanjing.[7]", "Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa. Action figures and vehicles were made by Hasbro. Story books, coloring books, and VHS home videos were put out by Random House. Halloween costumes were made by Collegeville/Imagineering LP. Farley Candy introduced a line of themed fruit snacks. Bath products by Tsumura International were also available, as well as lunch boxes by Thermos. Figural coin banks were made by Toy Dreams. Plastic dinnerware was available from Betras Plastics. Kid's Meal promotional items (3\" action figures, sack, placemat, activity pack, and collectible cups) were made by Kid Stuff." ]

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[ "Indiana. In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its Northwest Territory. In 1800 Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory.[20] President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory and Vincennes was established as the capital.[21] After Michigan Territory was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.[20]", "Northwest Territory. On July 4, 1800, in preparation for Ohio's statehood, the Indiana Territory was decreed by an act of the U.S. Congress, signed into law by President John Adams on May 7, 1800, effective on July 4. The Congressional legislation encompassed all land west of the present Indiana–Ohio border and its northward extension to Lake Superior, reducing the Northwest Territory to present-day Ohio and the eastern half of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Ohio was admitted as a state on March 1, 1803, at the same time the remaining land was annexed to Indiana Territory, and the Northwest Territory went out of existence. Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the War of 1812. Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.", "Indiana. Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816. Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south and southeast, and Illinois to the west.", "Indianapolis. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U.S. Congress donated four sections of federal land to establish a permanent seat of state government.[30] Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818), the Delaware relinquished title to their tribal lands in central Indiana, agreeing to leave the area by 1821.[31] This tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820.[32]", "Indiana. In order to decrease the threat of Indian raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe, Corydon, a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813.[20] Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.[18] In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis.[20]", "Indiana. The state's name means \"Land of the Indians\", or simply \"Indian Land\".[8] It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.[9][10][11]", "Seal of Indiana. The United States Congress passed legislation on May 8, 1792, that directed the U.S. Secretary of State to \"provide proper seals for the several and respective public offices in the said Territories\". Indiana was part of the Northwest Territory at that time and a seal was created by the United States Department of State to be used on official papers of the territory. The original seal was maintained by Governor Arthur St. Clair and the first recorded use was in a proclamation made on July 26, 1788.[2]", "Indian removals in Indiana. After the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ceded to the Americans a large portion of land in North America, including present-day Indiana, but the native tribes who occupied the land argued that they had not been represented in the treaty negotiations and ignored its terms.[9] Further negotiations were held to establish compensation for the loss of tribal lands, while American military expeditions were called to control Indian resistance. An Indian confederacy waged war against the Americans, but the confederacy was defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), at the conclusion of the Northwest Indian War.[10] With the loss of British military support and supplies after their withdrawal from the Northwest Territory, the defeat was a turning point that lead to land cessions and the eventual removal of most the Native Americans from present-day Indiana.[11]", "Indiana. A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, adding much of southwestern lands around Vincinnes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts, Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincinnes settlement on the lower Wabash, Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis wouldn't be a populated place for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained savage wilderness. Indian presence was waning, but still a threat to settlement. Only two counties, Clark and Dearborn in the extreme southeast, had been organized. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Migration was chiefly by flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).", "Indianapolis. On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital.[35] The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821.[2] In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement.[36] Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded.[37] Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government relocated to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825.[38]", "Northwest Territory. Knox, Randolph and St. Clair counties were separated from the territory effective July 4, 1800, and, along with the western part of Wayne County, and unorganized lands in what are now Minnesota and Wisconsin, became the Indiana Territory.", "Indiana. Starting with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and Treaty of Greenville, 1795, Indian titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the St. Mary's Purchase from the Miami in 1818. Purchases weren't complete until the Treaty of Mississinwas in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Indian lands in the northeast.", "Indian removals in Indiana. Indian removal followed a sequence of the land cession treaties that began during Indiana's territorial era.[16] The Northwest Ordinance (1787), which created the Northwest Territory, provided for the future division of western land into smaller territories, including the Indiana Territory, established in 1800.[17][18] One of the immediate needs for the federal government and William Henry Harrison, who was appointed governor of the Indiana Territory in 1800 and served until 1812, was to encourage rapid settlement by reducing threats of violence from the area's native tribes and to establish a policy for acquiring ownership of territorial lands.[19] Harrison initially had no power to negotiate treaties with the tribes; however, after his reappointment in 1803, Thomas Jefferson granted Harrison the authority to conduct negotiations with the tribes and to open up new land for settlement, primarily the American claim to the Vincennes tract.[20][21] The Vincennes tract had been purchased by the French from the natives in the mid-18th century and transferred to Great Britain after the French and Indian War, and finally to the Americans at the end of the American Revolution.", "Indiana. Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program, Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.[26] In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt and extension of suffrage to African-Americans.", "Indian removals in Indiana. The Treaty of Greenville (1795) was the first to cede Native American land in what became the state of Indiana and made it easier for colonial settlers to reach territorial lands north of the Ohio River.[12] Under its terms, the American government acquired two-thirds of present-day Ohio, a small tract of land in what would become southeastern Indiana, the Wabash-Maumee portage (near the present-day site of Fort Wayne, Indiana), and early settlements at Vincennes, Ouiatenon (in present-day Tippecanoe County, Indiana, and Clark's Grant, (near present-day Clarksville, Indiana, along the Ohio River.[13] In exchange, the Indians received goods valued at $20,000 and annuity payments.[14] Most of the remaining territory, including a large portion of present-day Indiana, remained occupied by native tribes, but the tribes living along the Wabash-Maumee portage had to relocate. The Shawnee removed east to Ohio; the Delaware established villages along the White River; and the Miami at Kekionga moved to the Upper Wabash and it tributaries.[15]", "Indiana. Before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.[6]", "Indiana. The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775 the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west.[17] Clark's army won significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779.[18] During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.[19] At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands.", "Indiana. Many European immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as numerous immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.[24][25] The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the National Road at Richmond in 1829 greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.", "Northwest Indian War. After the end of hostilities, large numbers of United States settlers migrated to the Northwest Territory. Five years after the Treaty of Greenville, the territory was split into Ohio and Indiana Territory, and in February 1803, the State of Ohio was admitted to the Union.[44] The border between Ohio and the Indiana Territory closely followed the line of advanced forts and the Greenville Treaty Line.", "Indian removals in Indiana. After the French left the area now known as Indiana, early treaties with Great Britain and United States set in motion a series of confrontations between the Indians who lived on the land and the British and U.S. governments who believed they had possession of it by right of conquest and treaty. Following Great Britain's defeat of the French in the French and Indian Wars (Seven Years' War), the Treaty of Paris (1763) gave the British nominal control over North America, east of the Mississippi River.[7] Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), in which the Miami and Potawatomi tribes joined other Indians to fight the British, succeeded in capturing forts Miamis and Ouiatenon, among others, but the success was short lived. The Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains was ineffective. Westward movement of Anglo-American settlers onto Indian lands continued.[8]", "Indianapolis. Indianapolis was founded in 1821 as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana's state government. The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1 square mile (2.6 km2) grid adjacent to the White River. Completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad later solidified the city's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nation's population, lending to one of its nicknames as the \"Crossroads of America\".[14][15]", "Indiana in the American Civil War. The American Civil War altered Indiana's society, politics, and economy, beginning a population shift to central and northern Indiana, and contributed to a relative decline in the southern part of the state. Increased wartime manufacturing and industrial growth in Hoosier cities and towns ushered in a new era of economic prosperity. By the end of the war, Indiana had become less rural state than it previously had been. Indiana's votes were closely split between the parties for several decades after the war, making it one of a few key swing states that often decided national elections. Between 1868 and 1916, five Indiana politicians were vice-presidential nominees on the major party tickets. In 1888 Benjamin Harrison, one of the state's former Civil War generals, was elected president of the United States.", "Indianapolis. The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, a large proportion of the early Irish and German immigrants were Catholics. Few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840.[33] The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the first permanent settlers; however, some historians believe George Pogue and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later called Pogue's Run. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 that John Wesley McCormick, his family, and employees became the first European American settlers in the area, settling near the White River in February 1820.[34]", "Geography of Indiana. The northern boundary of the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois was originally defined to be a latitudinal line drawn through the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan. Since such a line did not provide Indiana with usable frontage on the lake, its northern border was shifted ten miles (16 km) north when it was granted statehood in 1816.[2]", "Indian removals in Indiana. Under the terms of the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the Shawnee agreed to remove east to Ohio. Between 1803 and 1809 William Henry Harrison negotiated more than a dozen treaties on behalf of the federal government that purchased nearly all the Indian land in most of present-day Illinois and the southern third of Indiana from various tribes. Most of the Wea and the Kickapoo removed west to Illinois and Missouri after 1813. The Treaty of St. Mary's led to the removal of the Delaware, in 1820, and the remaining Kickapoo, who removed west of the Mississippi River. After the United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act (1830), removals in Indiana became part of a larger nationwide effort that was carried out under President Andrew Jackson's administration. Most of the tribes had already removed from the state. The only major tribes remaining in Indiana were the Miami and the Potawatomi, and both of them were already confined to reservation lands under the terms of previous treaties. Between 1832 and 1837 the Potawatomi ceded their Indiana land and agreed to remove to reservations in Kansas. A small group joined the Potawatomi in Canada. Between 1834 and 1846 the Miami ceded their reservation land in Indiana and agreed to remove west of the Mississippi River; the major Miami removal to Kansas occurred in October 1846.", "Indiana. The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies to the British crown.", "Indiana. Located in the Midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region.[47] Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois.[48] Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south.[46][49]", "Battle of Tippecanoe. After being appointed governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory in 1800, William Henry Harrison sought to secure title to Native American lands to open more land for settlers; in particular, he hoped the Indiana Territory would attract enough settlers to qualify for statehood. Harrison negotiated numerous land cession treaties with American Indians, including the Treaty of Fort Wayne on September 30, 1809, in which Miami, Pottawatomie, Lenape, and other tribal leaders sold 3,000,000 acres (approximately 12,000 km²) to the United States.[5][6]", "Indiana in the American Civil War. Indiana was the first of the country's western states to mobilize for the Civil War.[6] When news reached Indiana of the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861, many Indiana residents were surprised, but their response was immediate. On the following day, two mass meetings were held in Indianapolis, the state capital of Indiana, and the state's position was decided: Indiana would remain in the Union and would immediately contribute men to suppress the rebellion. On April 15, Indiana's governor, Oliver P. Morton, issued a call for volunteer soldiers to meet the state's quota set by President Abraham Lincoln.[7]", "Time in Indiana. On April 29, 2005, with heavy backing from Governor Mitch Daniels' economic development plan, and after years of controversy, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law stating that, effective April 2, 2006, the entire state of Indiana would become the 48th state to observe daylight saving time. The bill was also accompanied by Senate Enrolled Act 127,[5] which required Governor Daniels to seek federal hearings from the USDOT on whether to keep Indiana on Eastern Time with New York City and Ohio or whether to move the entire state back to Central Time with Chicago.[3]", "Seal of Indiana. On May 10, 1800, the Indiana Territory was created by an act of Congress, but no provision for an official seal was included in the measure. The earliest recorded use of Indiana Territory's seal was on court documents that were signed by Governor William Henry Harrison in January 1801. The seal he used was an adaptation of the original seal created for the Northwest Territory. Although its origin is uncertain, it is likely that it was Harrison who made the alterations.[3]", "Indiana. During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union.[27] In 1861 Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army.[28] So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded.[29] The only Civil War conflicts in Indiana were the Newburgh Raid, a bloodless capture of Newburgh, Indiana, and the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid and left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.[30]" ]

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[ "Rockville Bridge. The Rockville Bridge, at the time of its completion in 1902, was, and remains, the longest stone masonry arch railroad viaduct in the world.[2] Constructed between April 1900 and March 1902 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, it has forty-eight 70-foot spans, for a total length of 3,820 feet (1,160 m).[2]", "Roman bridge. The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m long Limyra Bridge in southwestern Turkey features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1,[7] giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium. Trajan's bridge over the Danube featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida.", "Roman bridge. Roman engineers built stone arch or stone pillar bridges over all major rivers of their Imperium, save two: the Euphrates which lay at the frontier to the rival Persian empires, and the Nile, the longest river in the world, which was 'bridged' as late as 1902 by the British Old Aswan Dam.[15]", "Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge. Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge (also called Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon Glass Bridge) is a bridge in Zhangjiajie, China, above the Wulingyuan area. The bridge, built as an attraction for tourists, is glass-bottomed and is transparent. When it opened it was the longest and tallest glass bottomed bridge in the world. The bridge, opened to the public on August 20, 2016, measures 430 metres in total length and 6 metres in breadth, and is suspended about 260 metres above the ground.[1] The bridge spans the canyon between two mountain cliffs in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in China's central Hunan province. It is designed to carry up to 800 visitors at a time. The bridge was designed by Israeli architect Haim Dotan.[2]", "Ancient Roman architecture. The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m long Limyra Bridge in southwestern Turkey features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1,[87] giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium. Trajan's bridge over the Danube featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida.", "Verona. With a span length of 48.70 m (159.78 ft), the segmental arch bridge Ponte Scaligero featured, at the time of its completion in 1356, the world's largest bridge arch.", "Eads Bridge. The bridge is named for its designer and builder, James B. Eads. When completed in 1874, the Eads Bridge was the longest arch bridge in the world, with an overall length of 6,442 feet (1,964 m). The ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring, as was the use of steel as a primary structural material. This was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge.[6] The cost of building the bridge was nearly $10 million ($220 million with inflation[7]).[8]", "Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge. The record as longest glass bridge has since passed to a glass bridge in the Hongyagu Scenic Area, Hebei.[5]", "New River Gorge Bridge. The New River Gorge Bridge is a steel arch bridge 3,030 feet (924 m) long over the New River Gorge near Fayetteville, West Virginia, in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. With an arch 1,700 feet (518 m) long, the New River Gorge Bridge was for many years the world's longest single-span arch bridge;[4][5] it is now the fourth longest. Part of U.S. Route 19, its construction marked the completion of Corridor L of the Appalachian Development Highway System. The bridge is crossed by an average of 16,200 motor vehicles per day.[1]", "Sydney Harbour Bridge. Under the direction of Dr John Bradfield of the NSW Department of Public Works, the bridge was designed and built by British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd of Middlesbrough and opened in 1932.[4][5] The bridge's design was influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City.[6] It is the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge, measuring 134 m (440 ft) from top to water level.[7] It was also the world's widest long-span bridge, at 48.8 m (160 ft) wide, until construction of the new Port Mann Bridge in Vancouver was completed in 2012.[8][9]", "Susquehanna River. Today 200 bridges cross the Susquehanna. The Rockville Bridge, which crosses the river from Harrisburg to Marysville, Pennsylvania, was the longest stone masonry arch bridge in the world when it was constructed, a distinction that it continues to hold. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1902, replacing an earlier iron bridge. Two seasonal ferries continue to operate across the Susquehanna. The Millersburg Ferry at Millersburg, Pennsylvania is a practical ferry for up to four vehicles and 50 passengers, while the Pride of the Susquehanna, based at Harrisburg, provides a passenger-only pleasure cruise.", "AVE. The Almonte River Viaduct was completed in May 2016 to carry this line. It is a concrete arch bridge with a span of 384 meters (1,260 feet), ranking among the longest in the world of this type of bridge.[57][58]", "Forth Bridge. Construction of the bridge began in 1882 and it was opened on 4 March 1890 by the Duke of Rothesay, the future Edward VII. The bridge spans the Forth between the villages of South Queensferry and North Queensferry and has a total length of 8,094 feet (2,467 m). When it opened it had the longest single cantilever bridge span in the world, until 1919 when the Quebec Bridge in Canada was completed. It continues to be the world's second-longest single cantilever span, with a span of 1,709 feet (521 m).", "Roman technology. Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges built. They were built with stone and/or concrete and utilized the arch. Built in 142 BC, the Pons Aemilius, later named Ponte Rotto (broken bridge) is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome, Italy. The biggest Roman bridge was Trajan's bridge over the lower Danube, constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length. They were most of the time at least 60 feet (18 m) above the body of water.", "New River (Kanawha River). Few highways cross the gorge, with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19, a steel arch bridge spanning 1,700 feet (518 m), with the roadway 876 feet (267 m) above the average level of the river. This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world, and is also the world's twelfth-highest vehicular[12] bridge, and the fourth highest in the Americas.", "Ambassador Bridge. The bridge over the Detroit River had the longest suspended central span in the world when it was completed in 1929—1,850 feet (560 m). This was a record until the George Washington Bridge opened between New York and New Jersey in 1931. The bridge's total length is 7,500 feet (2,286 m). Construction began in 1927 and was completed in 1929. The architect was the McClintic-Marshall Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "Son River. The 1440-metre rail and road lattice-girder concrete and steel Abdul Bari Bridge (previously but widely still called the Koilwar Bridge and before that the Son Bridge) near Arrah was completed in 1862.[5] It remained the longest bridge in India, until the Nehru Setu bridge at Dehri was opened in 1900.[3][6]", "Forth Road Bridge. It was the longest steel suspension bridge in Europe.[12] 210,000 tons of concrete were involved in its construction, with 9 miles (14 kilometres) of grade-separated dual-carriageway approach roads. Reed and Mallik (known for Reema construction of houses) of Salisbury, Wiltshire, built the approach viaducts.", "Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge. According to the Management Committee of the Bridge, the bridge has set ten world records spanning its design and construction.[4]", "Staten Island. Staten Island was, at one point, concurrently home to the longest vertical lift bridge, steel arch bridge, and suspension bridge in the world; the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge, Bayonne Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, respectively. The Arthur Kill Bridge still holds the title for longest vertical lift bridge, while the Bayonne and Verrazano bridges are now the 4th and 8th longest, in their respective categories.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary). Few highways cross the gorge, with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19, a steel arch bridge spanning 1,700 feet (518 m), with the roadway 876 feet (267 m) above the average level of the river. This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world, and is also the world's twelfth-highest vehicular[12] bridge, and the fourth highest in the Americas.", "West Virginia. Because of the mountainous nature of the entire state, West Virginia has several notable tunnels and bridges. The most famous of these is the New River Gorge Bridge, which was at a time the longest steel single-arch bridge in the world with a 3,031-foot (924 m) span. The bridge is also pictured on the West Virginia state quarter. The Fort Steuben Bridge (Weirton-Steubenville Bridge) was at its time of construction one of only three cable-stayed steel girder trusses in the United States. \"The Veterans Memorial Bridge was designed to handle traffic from the Fort Steuben Bridge as well as its own traffic load\", to quote the Weirton Daily Times newspaper.[155] The 80-year-old Fort Steuben Bridge (Weirton-Steubenville Bridge) was permanently closed on January 8, 2009. The Wheeling Suspension Bridge was the first bridge built across the Ohio River in 1849 and for a time was the longest suspension bridge in the world. It is still the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in the United States still in use.", "Yangtze. The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge, between Nantong and Suzhou, was one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world when it was completed in 2008.", "New York City. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,[516][517] connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.[511][512] The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism.[518][519]", "Roman Empire. Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges, built from stone with the arch as the basic structure. Most utilized concrete as well. The largest Roman bridge was Trajan's bridge over the lower Danube, constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall span and length.[290][291][292]", "Richmond–San Rafael Bridge. At the time the bridge was completed, it was hailed as the world's second-longest bridge, behind the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge[44] and the longest continuous steel bridge.[45]", "Port Mann Bridge. The Port Mann Bridge is a 10-lane cable-stayed bridge that opened to traffic in 2012. It is currently the second longest cable-stayed bridge in North America and was the widest bridge in the world until the opening of the new Bay Bridge in California.[3][4][5] The new bridge replaced a steel arch bridge that spanned the Fraser River, connecting Coquitlam to Surrey in British Columbia near Vancouver. The old bridge consisted of three spans with an orthotropic deck carrying five lanes of Trans-Canada Highway traffic, with approach spans of three steel plate girders and concrete deck. The total length of the previous Port Mann was 2,093 m (6,867 ft), including approach spans. The main span was 366 m (1,201 ft), plus the two 110 m (360 ft) spans on either side.[6] Volume on the old bridge was 127,000 trips per day.[7] Approximately 8 percent of the traffic on the Port Mann bridge was truck traffic.[8] The previous bridge was the longest arch bridge in Canada and third-longest in the world at the time of its inauguration.", "Roman bridge. The largest Roman bridge was Trajan's bridge over the lower Danube, constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length. They were most of the time at least 2 metres above the body of water.", "Viaduct. The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed road-bridge that spans the valley of the river Tarn near Millau in southern France. Designed by the French bridge engineer Michel Virlogeux, in collaboration with architect Norman Robert Foster, it is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world, with one pier's summit at 343 metres (1,125 ft)—slightly taller than the Eiffel Tower and only 38 m (125 ft) shorter than the Empire State Building. It was formally dedicated on 14 December 2004 and opened to traffic two days later. The viaduct Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China is the longest bridge in the world according to Guinness World Records as of 2011[update].[9]", "List of longest suspension bridge spans. Since 1998 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan holds the record with its span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge, currently under construction in Turkey, is expected to surpass it with a span of 2,023 metres (6,637 ft).", "Byzantine architecture. Remarkable engineering feats include the 430 m long Sangarius Bridge and the pointed arch of Karamagara Bridge.", "Lake Pontchartrain Causeway. For decades Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was listed by Guinness World Records as the longest bridge over water in the world. In July 2011 the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge in China was named by Guinness World Records as the 'longest bridge over water'.[4] At that time there was some controversy in the United States as supporters of the former holder of the record, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, disagreed with Guinness World Records not calling the causeway the longest.[11] Supporters made this claim based on its own definition i.e., the length of a bridge physically over water and concluded that the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway spans 38.28 km (23.79 mi).[11] and was therefore the longest. The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge spans water for only 25.9 km (16.1 mi). However Guinness World Records using the criteria of measurement that included aggregate structures, such as land bridges on the ends and an under-sea tunnel stated that the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is 42.6 km (26.5 mi) long.[4] Following this controversy in July 2011, Guinness World Records created two categories for bridges over water: continuous and aggregate lengths over water. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway then became the longest bridge over water (continuous)[3] while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge became the longest bridge over water (aggregate).[4]" ]

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[ "I Write the Songs. \"I Write the Songs\" is a popular song written by Bruce Johnston in 1975 and made famous by Barry Manilow. Manilow's version reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in January 1976[2] after spending two weeks atop the Billboard adult contemporary chart in December 1975.[3] It won a Grammy Award for Song of the Year and was nominated for Record of the Year in 1977.[3] Billboard ranked it as the No. 13 song of 1976.[4]", "I Write the Songs. This song has also been recorded by Johnny Mathis, Frank Chacksfield, Mantovani, Ray Conniff, Richard Clayderman, Tom Jones, Dinah Shore, as well as Bruce Johnston himself on his 1977 album, Going Public. Frank Sinatra sang it as \"I Sing the Songs\" from 1976 (leaving out the line \"and I wrote some rock and roll so you could move\"). In 1979, Sammy Davis, Jr. performed it as part of his live show. At the Forum de Montréal in 1976 for the Bob Hope Olympic Benefit Event, Quebec popular singer René Simard performed it live in a French-English two-verse version. In 1975, French singer Claude François performed a French adaptation named \"Je Chante des Chansons\" (I Sing Songs). In 1976, Filipino singer Rico J. Puno also covered this song with the Tagalog verse in second line as the Manila Sound version. In 2008, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes recorded it on their album Have Another Ball. On August 16, 2016 the song \"I Write the Songs\" was covered by the members of Calle Siete and Eat Bulaga!'s Thats My Bae Grand Winner Kenneth Medrano for the album Made for You was released on June 22, 2016 after the song \"I'll Never Go\".", "I Write the Songs. The original version was recorded by The Captain & Tennille, who worked with Johnston in the early 1970s with The Beach Boys. It appears on their 1975 album, Love Will Keep Us Together. The first release of I Write the Songs as a single was by then teen-idol David Cassidy from his 1975 solo album The Higher They Climb, which was also produced by Bruce Johnston. Cassidy's version reached #11 on the UK Singles Chart in August of that year.[5]", "I Write the Songs. Manilow was initially reluctant to record the song, stating in his autobiography Sweet Life: \"The problem with the song was that if you didn't listen carefully to the lyric, you would think that the singer was singing about himself. It could be misinterpreted as a monumental ego trip.\"[3] After persuasion by Clive Davis, then president of Arista Records, Manilow recorded the song, and his version of \"I Write the Songs\" was the first single taken from the album Tryin' to Get the Feeling. It first charted on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 15, 1975, reaching the top of the chart nine weeks later, on January 17, 1976.", "I Write the Songs. Manilow performed a parody duet entitled \"I Write the Songs/I Wreck the Songs\" with Rosie O'Donnell on her talk show on April 18, 1997.[citation needed]", "I Write the Songs. Johnston has stated that, for him, the \"I\" in the song is God,[2] and that songs come from the spirit of creativity in all of us. He has said that the song is not about his Beach Boys bandmate Brian Wilson.[6]", "Christina Rossetti. The poem \"Song\" was an inspiration for Bear McCreary to write his musical composition When I Am Dead published in 2015.[27]", "I Write the Songs. After his version reached number one, Manilow himself composed a novelty song based on this song which he recorded under the title \"I really do write the songs\" in which he sings about how he composes each part of a song and the line \"sometimes I really do write the songs\" at the end of each verse. In the finale he sings, \"sometimes...ah, what the hell...I write the songs.\" Unreleased at the time, it was included as a bonus track on the reissue of his album This One's for You in 2006.", "I Drove All Night. \"I Drove All Night\" is a song written and composed by American songwriters Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly and made famous by American singer Cyndi Lauper. The song was originally intended for Roy Orbison, who recorded it in 1987, the year before his death, but his rendition was not released until 1992, after Lauper's version of it had become a top 10 hit on both sides of the Atlantic in 1989. The song has been covered by Pinmonkey (2002), and Celine Dion (2003) among others.", "I Write the Songs. Manilow performed another shortened version of this song with Stephen Colbert when he was a guest on The Colbert Report on October 30, 2006.[citation needed]", "Jon Bellion. In 2012, Jon Bellion wrote the chorus to the song \"The Monster\" by Eminem featuring Rihanna.[8] This song won a Grammy Award in the 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. Bellion also co-wrote and produced the song \"Trumpets\" by Jason Derulo in 2012, which was not released until 2013 in the UK and 2014 in the US.", "The Last Song I'll Write for You. \"The Last Song I'll Write for You\" is a song recorded by American Idol season 7 winner and singer-songwriter David Cook. It was released independently as a single through Cook's imprint Analog Heart Music on May 4, 2012, following his departure from RCA Records.[2][3]", "The Last Song I'll Write for You. \"The Last Song I'll Write for You\" was written by Cook, Andy Skib, and Daniel James, and was produced by John Fields.[7] It was released to digital retailers on May 4, 2012 before Cook premiered the song on the May 10, 2012 episode of the eleventh season of American Idol.[2][8]", "I Love It (Icona Pop song). The song was originally written by Charli XCX, whom Icona Pop met several times in London.[3] Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats, and she quickly wrote songs for each of them, one of which became \"I Love It\" and the other of which became her following single \"You're the One\".[4] However, she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound.[5]", "Bernie Taupin. In addition to writing for Elton John, Taupin has also written lyrics for use by other composers, with notable successes including \"We Built This City\", which was recorded by Starship, and \"These Dreams,\" recorded by Heart (both of which were collaborations with English composer/musician Martin Page). In 1978, he co-wrote the album From the Inside with Alice Cooper.", "Neil Diamond. Diamond spent his early career as a songwriter in the Brill Building. His first success as a songwriter came in November 1965, with \"Sunday and Me\", a Top 20 hit for Jay and the Americans. Greater success as a writer followed with \"I'm a Believer\", \"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\", \"Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)\", and \"Love to Love\", all performed by the Monkees. Diamond wrote and recorded the songs for himself, but the cover versions were released before his own.[22] The unintended, but happy, consequence was that Diamond began to gain fame not only as a singer and performer, but also as a songwriter. \"I'm a Believer\" became a gold record within two days of its release, and stayed at the top of the charts for seven weeks, making it the Popular Music Song of the Year in 1966.[5]:44", "William DuVall. In 1994, DuVall co-wrote the song \"I Know\" for fellow Atlanta musician Grammy-nominated Dionne Farris; this song won DuVall an ASCAP award.[4]", "The Recipe (song). \"The Recipe\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar. It was released on April 3, 2012, as his commercial debut single and the first single from his major label second studio album good kid, m.A.A.d city (2012). The song, produced by West Coast record producer Scoop DeVille, features a guest appearance from Lamar's mentor, renowned record producer and fellow rapper Dr. Dre, who also mixed the record alongside TDE's engineer MixedByAli.[1][2]", "I Don't Want to Talk About It. Other notable artists who have recorded versions of this song include Blue, Rita Coolidge, Billie Jo Spears, Ian Matthews, A-Mei, Pegi Young, D'ZRT, Nils Lofgren, who also helped Whitten write the song[citation needed] though he received no album credit for this, Dina Carroll, Joe McElderry, David Sneddon, winner of the BBC's Fame Academy, Geoff Muldaur, Llama Farmers, Alex Parks, Indigo Girls on the Philadelphia soundtrack, and Andy Williams.", "Jackson (song). Actress Gaby Rodgers is cited as co-author[2] of \"Jackson\", because Leiber used his then-wife's name as a pseudonym in writing the song with Wheeler. First recorded in 1963 by Wheeler, he explains the evolution of the song, and Leiber's contribution:", "I Made It Through the Rain. \"I Made It Through the Rain\" is a song that became a hit after it was recorded by American singer Barry Manilow, also included on his 1980 album, Barry. The song was originally recorded by its co-writer Gerard Kenny who composed it with Drey Shepperd about a struggling musician who never gives up. Manilow heard the song and revised the lyric with Jack Feldman and Bruce Sussman to make the song about the everyday person's struggles, rather than those of a profession.", "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me. Most versions of the song credit the songwriting to Jerry Ross and Kenny Gamble, who were the only two writers named on original record labels. Some recordings also credit Jerry Williams as a third writer, although BMI and some other sources credit Leon Huff, rather than Williams.", "Gallagher and Lyle. Graham Lyle formed his own publishing company Goodsingle Publishing (later to become goodsingle.com) in 1980, chiefly to administer his own copyrights, and began writing for other artists. His earliest post-Gallagher & Lyle compositions included the singles \"Our Love\" for Elkie Brooks and \"Listen to the Night\" for Climax Blues Band.[3] Since then Lyle's songs have been recorded by some of the biggest names in music including Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles, Diana Ross, Etta James, Patti LaBelle, Anita Baker, Joe Cocker, Wyclef Jean, Fat Joe, Rod Stewart, Tom Jones, The Neville Brothers, Hall & Oates, Kenny Rogers, Crystal Gayle, Jim Diamond, The Judds, Wet Wet Wet, Paul Young, Bucks Fizz, Eros Ramazzotti and Warren G, but it is for his work with Tina Turner that he has become best known.[citation needed]", "I Write Sins Not Tragedies. The video starts as the bride, played by Jessie Preston, and groom, Daniel Isaac McGuffey, are about to be married. Her family dress and behave formally, but are revealed later to have fallen asleep and have eyes painted on their eyelids. His family are lower-class entertainers and carnival folk, and interrupt the wedding. The ringmaster, played by vocalist Brendon Urie, acts as narrator and disrupts the events. After an argument between the two families, the bride runs out and is followed by one of her guests. The ringmaster drags the groom outside by his tie, where his fiancée is kissing the guest who followed her out of the church. The groom straightens up, looking shocked, and Urie and the groom bow to the camera. The ringmaster is revealed to be the groom's alter ego.[12]", "Bill Gaither (gospel singer). Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700.[3][4]", "Thomas Ian Nicholas. In March 2015, Nicholas appeared on Blues Traveler's album Blow Up the Moon, co writing the song \"All the Way.\"", "Kerry Chater. The song I.O.U., co-written with Austin Roberts, was a nominee for the 1984 Grammy Award for Best Country Song. Lee Greenwood's performance of the song won him the Grammy for Best Performance by a Male Artist.", "Container (song). Sarah Treem, executive producer of The Affair, said of Apple and the song, \"Fiona Apple has been my favorite songwriter since I was sixteen. I am honored and humbled that she has chosen to lend her talent to our opening title sequence. If our show can approach one tenth of the depth and complexity of her song, I'll be very happy.\"[3][4] Treem said the title sequence was constructed around Apple's song, revealing, \"The idea that actions have 'echoes' or unforeseen consequences became crucial to both of us.\"[2]", "Jackson (Johnny Cash and June Carter song). Actress Gaby Rodgers is cited as co-author[1] of \"Jackson\", because Leiber used his then-wife's name as a pseudonym in writing the song with Wheeler. First recorded in 1963 by Wheeler, he explains the evolution of the song, and Leiber's contribution:", "The Chair (song). \"The Chair\" came at the end of a night-long songwriting binge by country music songwriters, Hank Cochran and Dean Dillon. The two had been writing songs all night long and as Dillon puts it, \"were about written out\" - when he strummed his guitar and sang the line \"Excuse me but I think you've got my chair.\" Twenty minutes later, \"The Chair\" was complete.", "Thinking Out Loud. Sheeran wrote \"Thinking Out Loud\" with Amy Wadge,[7] a Wales-based singer-songwriter. He met Wadge when he was 17 years old and they had since written several songs together. Of these, five songs composed the extended play Songs I Wrote with Amy,[8] which Sheeran independently released on 4 April 2010. Wadge also co-wrote the song \"Gold Rush\", a track on the deluxe version of Sheeran's debut album, + (2011).[7]", "Do I. \"Do I\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was released in May 2009 as the lead-off single from his album Doin' My Thing. Bryan co-wrote the song with Dave Haywood and Charles Kelley of the group Lady Antebellum, whose co-lead singer Hillary Scott is featured on background vocals. \"Do I\" is about a couple questioning the status of their relationship." ]

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[ "Justin Guarini. Since 2015, Guarini has been starring as Lil' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials, and web marketing.[37][38][39] In 2016, Dr Pepper \"promoted\" tunes for a Lil' Sweet \"album\" with video clips, promotional pictures of the character, and the character's own Twitter page.[40][41] All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper's YouTube channel.", "Dr Pepper. Outside the United States, Squeeze's Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford played for a Dr Pepper advert in the UK with the slogan, \"Hold out for the out of the ordinary.\"", "Karn Evil 9. As of September 2007, First Impression Part 2 is heard in a commercial for Dr Pepper.", "James M. Connor. In late-2014 Connor appeared as Larry Culpepper in Dr. Pepper TV commercials tied to the NCAA college football playoffs. Connor has also contributed voiceovers for a few videogames,[2] namely Marvel Heroes (2013), The 3rd Birthday (2011), Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009), and Gun (2005).", "Dr Pepper. As of 2009, the slogan of the product was \"Drink it slow. Doctor's orders\". Advertising supporting the slogan has celebrities with famous relations to the word \"doctor\" (Dr. Dre, Julius \"Dr. J\" Erving, Gene Simmons (writer of the Kiss song \"Calling Dr. Love\"), et al.) or who played fictional doctors (such as Neil Patrick Harris or Kelsey Grammer) endorsing the beverage. The ads culminate with the celebrity stating, \"Trust me. I'm a doctor\", followed by the new slogan appearing onscreen with a glass of Dr Pepper.[51]", "Dr Pepper. Dr Pepper's \"Be You\" advertising campaign centered on commercials featuring pairs of popular musicians, including LeAnn Rimes with Reba McEntire, Paulina Rubio with Celia Cruz, Thalía with Tito Puente, B2K with Smokey Robinson, Anastacia with Cyndi Lauper, Patricia Manterola with Ana Gabriel, and LL Cool J with Run-D.M.C. The campaign also featured individual musicians, notably Garth Brooks.", "Dr Pepper. In 2011, rapper Pitbull appeared in a commercial with the slogan \"Let's have a real good time.\"", "Dr Pepper. In a 2008 ad, a student in a college lecture takes a sip of Dr Pepper. When he stops drinking, the Dr Pepper can sings variations of \"Flava Licious\" (Flavor Flav), and other people in the room start dancing.", "Dr Pepper. Several ads for Diet Cherry Vanilla Dr Pepper appeared on television in 2005. In one, a young woman on a blind date at a restaurant, who sips into the beverage, suddenly makes her date, restaurant patrons, and even a waitress all part of a musical sequence involving The Muppets version of the song \"Mah Nà Mah Nà\".", "Craig Robinson (actor). Robinson began doing stand-up and taking classes in improv and acting at The Second City in Chicago. Beginning in 2005, he portrayed Darryl Philbin on the American version of The Office, and was promoted to a starring role in the fourth season. He has appeared on other television shows, including Arrested Development, Lucky, Friends, Halfway Home, and Reno 911!. He appeared in the music video for the Red Hot Chili Peppers song \"Hump de Bump\". He also hosted the seventh season of Last Comic Standing. He voiced Cookie in Shrek Forever After (2010) and played Reg Mackworthy on the HBO hit series Eastbound & Down (2009–2012).", "Dr Pepper. On January 1, 2008, the company unveiled a new TV ad campaign featuring the Cheers theme song (\"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\") performed by Gary Portnoy.", "Dr Pepper. Donna Loren’s role as Dr Pepper spokesperson led to her first appearance in the American International Pictures’ Beach Party film Muscle Beach Party. Loren later explained: “Dr Pepper was involved in that [the Beach Party movies] and actually placed me as product placement. And because I could sing, they gave me a duet with Dick Dale, and then it just went on from there.”[61] From this, she went on to appear in three more Beach Party films. Away from the company, Loren was a familiar presence in the 1960s due to her many performances on television, films, and her records for Capitol, Reprise and other labels. She represented Dr Pepper until 1968.", "Questlove. In 2006, Questlove appeared in the film Dave Chappelle's Block Party as well as a couple of skits on Chappelle's Show, including the Tupac \"The Lost Episodes\" skit and a skit featuring John Mayer wherein Questlove performs in a barber shop, inducing the occupants to dance and rap. With the exception of The Fugees and Jill Scott, Questlove served as the drummer at the 2004 Brooklyn street concert and was the musical director for the entire show. Questlove was given an Esky for Best Scribe in Esquire magazine's 2006 Esky Music Awards in the April issue. In 2006, Questlove was one of a handful of musicians hand-picked by Steve Van Zandt to back Hank Williams Jr. on a new version of \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\" for the season premiere (and formal ESPN debut) of Monday Night Football. Along with his fellow Motorola ROKR commercial co-stars, Bootsy Collins and Little Richard, Questlove's bandmates included Rick Nielsen (Cheap Trick), Joe Perry (Aerosmith), Charlie Daniels, and Bernie Worrell.", "Lauren Stamile. Stamile has appeared in commercials for Old Spice, JC Penney, Summer's Eve, Tassimo, and Volkswagen. She appeared in a 2000 episode of The Drew Carey Show, then co-starred in the WB sitcom Off Centre. After that show's cancellation, she had a series of guest roles in television shows such as Drop Dead Diva,[3] Without a Trace, CSI: Miami, Cold Case, Boston Legal, Community, Grey's Anatomy, The Good Guys, Crossing Jordan, Tru Calling, The West Wing, Summerland, and Scrubs.[2] She also starred in the 2009 film Midnight Bayou. Stamile joined the cast of Burn Notice for the fifth and sixth seasons.[4] Her stage credits include The Miser, Murder on the Nile, Lion in Winter, and Lounge Act.[5]", "Aaron Paul. In 1996, Paul went to Los Angeles for the International Modeling and Talent Association competition. He won runner-up in the competition and signed with a manager.[12] He starred in the music videos for the Korn song \"Thoughtless\" and the Everlast song \"White Trash Beautiful\".[13] He was also featured in television commercials for Juicy Fruit,[14] Corn Pops,[15] and Vanilla Coke.[16] He appeared in the films Whatever It Takes (2000), Help! I'm a Fish (2001), K-PAX (2001), National Lampoon's Van Wilder (2002), Bad Girls From Valley High (2005), Choking Man (2006), Mission: Impossible III (2006), and The Last House on the Left (2009). He starred as \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in the 2010 Funny or Die short Weird: The Al Yankovic Story,[17] and has guest starred on television shows such as The Guardian, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, ER, Sleeper Cell, Veronica Mars, The X-Files, Ghost Whisperer, Criminal Minds, Bones, and 3rd Rock from the Sun.", "Dr Pepper. In the 1960s, Dr Pepper released the \"Charge\" ad:", "Jaleel White. White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail, a homemaker who later became his manager. White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001.[3] On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child. He got his start on TV commercials at age 3. One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby.[1][4][5]", "Miranda Cosgrove. In December 2008, a cover of the holiday song \"Christmas Wrapping\" was released to promote the hour-long special Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.[35] On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released her first solo recording, the extended play About You Now with five songs.[36] To promote the 2009 animated film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Columbia Records released a single entitled \"Raining Sunshine\" with an accompanying music video in August 2009.[37][38] Cosgrove became one of MTV's Female Pop Rookies of 2009.[39] In 2010 Cosgrove worked with songwriters The Matrix, Dr. Luke, Max Martin,[38] Leah Haywood, and Daniel James, for her debut studio album. She said that \"most of the songs are fun, pop, rock-girl empowerment\".[38] The first single from her album, \"Kissin' U\", was premiered on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on March 12, 2010.[40] The album, titled Sparks Fly, was released in April 2010,[41] and peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard 200 chart. She signed with skin care and cosmetics company Neutrogena on February 12, 2010, as an ambassador.[42] On March 17, 2010, it was reported that Cosgrove had signed a deal, reportedly in the \"low- to mid-seven-figure range\" to do 26 additional episodes of iCarly.[43] Also in 2010 Cosgrove voiced Margo in Universal Studios' 3-D computer animated feature Despicable Me, released in July 2010.", "Penny Hardaway. Hardaway starred in the Nike advertising campaign \"Lil Penny\", featuring an alter ego puppet version of Hardaway which was voiced by comedian Chris Rock.", "Wesley Jonathan. Wesley Jonathan Waples (born October 18, 1978), known professionally as Wesley Jonathan, is an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as Jamal Grant on the NBC Saturday morning comedy-drama series City Guys, Sweetness in the 2005 film Roll Bounce, as well as Burrell \"Stamps\" Ballentine on TV Land's The Soul Man.", "Nicole Fox. Fox starred as Ashley in the indie teen drama Ashley, directed by Dean Ronalds and produced by Trick Candle Productions and Ronalds Brothers Productions. The film was released in the US in 2013. Fox portrayed a model on the television soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful in December 2011. Fox can also be spotted in the Avengers Dr. Pepper commercial as Stan Lee's assistant.[9][10]", "Carl Weathers. He also appeared in Michael Jackson's \"Liberian Girl\" music video and co-starred in the Adam Sandler comedy Happy Gilmore, as Chubbs, a golf legend teaching Happy how to play golf. He reprised the role nearly four years later in the Sandler comedy Little Nicky.", "Colin Ford. Ford was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He enjoyed being in front of the camera which led to his start in the entertainment business. At age 4, he modeled for print ads for regional and national retailers. At age 5, he made his film debut as Clinton Jr. in the feature film Sweet Home Alabama. He obtained more roles in independent films such as Moved, The Book of Jaene and Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd.[2]", "LeAnn Rimes. In 2004, Rimes released her second greatest hits album, The Best of LeAnn Rimes, internationally in February.[45] Rimes would also team up with country singer and idol Reba McEntire to contribute to the 2004 Dr. Pepper commercial campaign.[46] She would also release the sequel to Jag, titled Jag's New Friend, in September[47] and in October she also issued her first holiday-themed and sixth studio album titled, What a Wonderful World.[29]", "Lela Rochon. From 1986 to 1988, while attending college, Rochon was one of the \"Spudettes\" featured in over 30 national spots for the Spuds Mckenzie Budweiser/Bud Light TV commercials. She also appeared in the 1985 made-for-television film A Bunny's Tale starring Kirstie Alley and Delta Burke, based on Gloria Steinem's experiences as a Playboy Bunny. She appeared as the love interest of Gerald Levert in the video for \"My Forever Love\" by Levert,[5] and in Luther Vandross's \"It's Over Now\" video. She also appeared in the music video for Lionel Richie's single \"All Night Long (All Night)\", in Al B. Sure's video for the song \"Natalie\".,[6] and in Tupac Shakur's video \"I Get Around as one of the female dancers. She had many guest starring roles in a number of sitcoms, include The Cosby Show, Amen, 227, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Hangin' with Mr. Cooper.", "Ving Rhames. Rhames appeared in Striptease (1996) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Bringing Out the Dead (1999), then reprised his Luther Stickell role for Mission: Impossible 2 (2000). He played Johnnie Cochran in American Tragedy (2000), the ex-con boyfriend of Jodie's mother in the John Singleton film Baby Boy, portrayed a gay drag queen in the television movie Holiday Heart, contributed his voice for the character of Cobra Bubbles in Lilo & Stitch (2002) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in Dawn of the Dead (2004) and Day of the Dead (2008) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for RadioShack, usually performing with Vanessa L. Williams.", "Dr Pepper. After appearing in a series of commercials, David Naughton had his breakthrough film role as the main character in the John Landis film An American Werewolf in London. Another famous \"I'm a Pepper\" dancer was Ray Bolger, the actor who played the Scarecrow in the film The Wizard of Oz.[citation needed]", "Joey Lauren Adams. Her post-Smith projects included playing a spunky veterinarian's assistant who falls in love with a single father (Vince Vaughn) in 1998's A Cool, Dry Place. The following year, Adams appeared in her first big-budget Hollywood release, playing Adam Sandler's love interest in the successful comedy Big Daddy. She then went on to appear in many smaller films, including Beautiful and In the Shadows.[3] In 2005, she had a guest role in an episode of the TV series Veronica Mars.", "Alfonso Ribeiro. Ribeiro began his career at the age of eight. He first gained recognition in 1983, when he played a leading role in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid. He received positive reviews for his performance, and was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award.[2] Ribeiro appeared as a dancer in a Pepsi commercial that featured Michael Jackson in 1984.[4] A rumor spread that Ribeiro had died from snapping his neck while dancing for the commercial.[5] The same year, Ribeiro was cast as Rick Schroder's best friend on the TV series Silver Spoons.[6]", "Low (Flo Rida song). The music video of \"Low\" was directed by Bernard Gourley and contains certain clips from Step Up 2: The Streets. It also contains cameos from Rick Ross, DJ Khaled, Cool & Dre, Briana Evigan, Torch and Gunplay of Triple C's and Jermaine Dupri. Also, T-Pain and Flo Rida are in a nightclub in a few scenes. The music video reached the number one spot on 106 & Park for five days and 22 days on TRL. The music video was also nominated at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video and Best Hip-Hop Video, but lost to Chris Brown's \"With You\" (Best Male Video) and Lil Wayne's \"Lollipop\" (Best Hip-Hop Video) music videos.", "Jackson Davis. Davis also appeared in a Bud Light television advertisement.[15]", "Uncle Drew. On February 16, 2017, PepsiCo announced that they would partner with Temple Hill Entertainment for the production of the film, featuring the character Uncle Drew from the Pepsi Max advertisements.[6] On September 5, 2017, ESPN's SportsCenter revealed the cast via their Twitter account.[7] Lil Rel Howery stated that Kyrie Irving heard about his trade from the Cleveland Cavaliers to the Boston Celtics while filming.[8]" ]

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[ "Lake Erie. Lake Erie[5] (/ˈɪəri/; French: Lac Érié) is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area.[1][6] It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes[7][8] and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 metres) deep.", "Lake Erie. It is the shallowest of the Great Lakes with an average depth of 10 fathoms 3 feet (63 ft (19 m)[2] and a maximum depth of 35 fathoms (210 ft; 64 m)[2][3] For comparison, Lake Superior has an average depth of 80 fathoms 3 feet (483 ft (147 m), a volume of 2,900 cubic miles (12,000 km3) and shoreline of 2,726 statute miles (4,385 km). Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes,[14] and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.[15] The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F (29 °C) limit necessary to keep the plants cool.[15] Also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter.[16] The shallowest section of Lake Erie is the western basin where depths average only 25 to 30 feet (7.6 to 9.1 m); as a result, \"the slightest breeze can kick up lively waves,\" according to a New York Times reporter in 2004.[17] The \"waves build very quickly\", according to other accounts.[18][19] Sometimes fierce waves springing up unexpectedly have led to dramatic rescues; in one instance, a Cleveland resident trying to measure the dock near his house became trapped but was rescued by a fire department diver from Avon Lake, Ohio:", "Lake Erie. Lake Erie was carved out by glacier ice,[1] and in its current form is less than 4,000 years old, which is a short span in geological terms. Before this, the land on which the lake now sits went through several complex stages. A large lowland basin formed over two million years ago as a result of an eastern flowing river that existed well before the Pleistocene ice ages. This ancient drainage system was destroyed by the first major glacier in the area, while it deepened and enlarged the lowland areas, allowing water to settle and form a lake. The glaciers were able to carve away more land on the eastern side of the lowland because the bedrock is made of shale which is softer than the carbonate rocks of dolomite and limestone on the western side. Thus, the eastern and central basins of the modern lake are much deeper than the western basin, which averages only 25 feet (7.6 m) deep and is rich in nutrients and fish.[34] Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great Lakes because the ice was relatively thin and lacked erosion power when it reached that far south, according to one view.", "Lake Erie. Lake Erie islands tend to be in the westernmost part of the lake and have different characters. Some of them include:", "Geography of New York (state). Lake Erie forms a portion of the western boundary of the state. It is 240 miles (390 km) long, with an average width of 38 miles (61 km), and it lies mostly west of the bounds of the state. It is 334 feet (102 m) above Lake Ontario, 565 feet (172 m) above sea level, and has an average depth of 120 feet (37 m). The greatest depth ever obtained by soundings is 270 feet (82 m). The harbors upon the lake are Buffalo, Silver Creek, Dunkirk, and Barcelona.[4]", "Erie, Pennsylvania. Erie is situated in northwestern Pennsylvania at 42°6′52″N 80°4′34″W / 42.11444°N 80.07611°W / 42.11444; -80.07611 (42.114507, -80.076213),[18] on the southern shore of Lake Erie across from the Canadian province of Ontario. It is 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Cleveland, Ohio, 90 miles (140 km) southwest of Buffalo, New York, and 128 miles (206 km) north of Pittsburgh. Erie's bedrock is Devonian shale and siltstone, overlain by glacial tills and stratified drift. Stream drainage in the city flows northward into Lake Erie, then through Lake Ontario into the St. Lawrence River, and out to the Atlantic Ocean. South of Erie is a drainage divide, beyond which most of the streams in western Pennsylvania flow south into the Allegheny or Ohio rivers.[19] Lake Erie is about 571 feet above sea level, while the city of Erie is about 728 feet above sea level.", "Lake Erie. Lake Erie (42.2° N, 81.2W) has a mean elevation of 571 feet (174 m)[3] above sea level. It has a surface area of 9,990 square miles (25,874 km2)[2] with a length of 241 statute miles (388 km; 209 nmi)[2] and breadth of 57 statute miles (92 km; 50 nmi)[2] at its widest points.", "Lake Erie. Situated below Lake Huron, Erie's primary inlet is the Detroit River. The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River, which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston, New York and Queenston, Ontario.[10] Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal, part of the St. Lawrence Seaway, which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne, Ontario on Lake Erie, to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario, an elevation difference of 326 ft (99 m). Lake Erie's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades, with issues such as overfishing, pollution, algae blooms and eutrophication generating headlines.[11][12][13]", "Lake George (New York). The lake's deepest point is 196 feet (60 m), between Dome Island and Buck Mountain in the southern quarter of the lake. The northern end of the lake that is located near Ticonderoga is considered the southern end of the Champlain Valley, which includes Lake Champlain, as well as the cities Plattsburgh, New York and Burlington, Vermont.", "Lake Erie. Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States, Lake Erie's northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U.S. states of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on its western, southern and eastern shores. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries.", "Lake Erie. It was described as a \"spit of sand, trees and swamp that arcs off the shore\" with seafood restaurants and beautiful sunsets.[23] Pelee Island, Canada's southernmost point and only three miles away from Ohio, is a place that \"forces you to do nothing\":", "Lake Erie. As many as three glaciers advanced and retreated over the land causing temporary lakes to form in the time periods in between each of them. Because each lake had a different volume of water their shorelines rested at differing elevations. The last of these lakes to form, Lake Warren, existed between about 13,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was deeper than the current Lake Erie, so its shoreline existed about eight miles (13 km) inland from the modern one. The shorelines of these lakes left behind high ground sand ridges that cut through swamps and were used as trails for Indians and later, pioneers. These trails became primitive roads which were eventually paved. U.S. Route 30 west of Delphos and U.S. Route 20 west of Norwalk and east of Cleveland were formed in this manner. One can still see some of these ancient sand dunes that formed in the Oak Openings Region in Northwestern Ohio. There, the sandy dry lake bed soil was not enough to support large trees with the exception of a few species of oaks, forming a rare oak savanna.[35]", "Lake Erie. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the western end of the lake; these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands, which are part of Ontario.", "Erie Canal. Oneida Lake lies between locks E22 and E23, and has a mean surface elevation of 370 feet (110 m). Lake Erie has a mean surface elevation of 571 feet (174 m).", "Lake Erie. Lake Erie has a lake retention time of 2.6 years,[23] the shortest of all the Great Lakes.[24] The lake's surface area is 9,910 square miles (25,667 km2).[2][25] Lake Erie's water level fluctuates with the seasons as in the other Great Lakes. Generally, the lowest levels are in January and February, and the highest in June or July, although there have been exceptions. The average yearly level varies depending on long-term precipitation. Short-term level changes are often caused by seiches that are particularly high when southwesterly winds blow across the length of the lake during storms. These cause water to pile up at the eastern end of the lake. Storm-driven seiches can cause damage onshore. During one storm in November 2003, the water level at Buffalo rose by 7 feet (2.1 m) with waves of 10–15 feet (3.0–4.6 metres) for a rise of 22 feet (6.7 m).[26] Meanwhile, at the western end of the lake, Toledo experienced a similar drop in water level. Lake water is used for drinking purposes.[27]", "Middle Island (Lake Erie). Middle Island is a small island, just 18.5 hectares (46 acres) in size.[1] It is the southernmost point of land in Canada, located at 41°41'N, 82°41\"W (41.685,-82.684), or about 41.7 degrees north latitude. It lies in Lake Erie, just south of Pelee Island, and is part of Point Pelee National Park. It forms part of the province of Ontario. The southernmost part of the island lies some 150 metres (164 yards) from the U. S. maritime boundary. The distance to the northernmost point of land in Canada—Cape Columbia, Ellesmere Island—is 4,640 kilometres (2,883 miles).", "Lake Erie. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo; Erie, Pennsylvania; Toledo, Ohio; and Cleveland, Ohio.", "Lake Erie. There was a tentative exploratory plan to capture CO2, compress it to a liquid form, and pump it a half-mile (800 m) beneath Lake Erie's surface underneath the porous rock structure.[97] According to chemical engineer Peter Douglas, there is sufficient storage space beneath Lake Erie to hold between 15 and 50 years of liquid CO2 emissions from the 4,000 megawatt Nanticoke coal plant.[97] But there has been no substantial progress on this issue since 2007.", "Lake Eyre. The −15 m (−49 ft) altitude usually attributed to Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre refers to the deepest parts of the lake floor, in Belt Bay and the Madigan Gulf. The shoreline lies at −9 m (−30 ft).[4] The lake is the area of maximum deposition of sediment in the Lake Eyre Basin.[5]", "Lake Erie. Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number (13 in Canada, 18 in the U.S.). The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear \"red bucket hats\" and are prone to \"break off cartwheels in the park\" and general merriment.[21] Kelleys Island was depicted by the Chicago Tribune as having charms that were \"more subtle\" than Put-in-Bay, and offers amenities such as beach lounging, hiking, biking and \"marveling at deep glacial grooves left in limestone.\"[21] Pelee Island is the largest of Erie's islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, Ohio. The island has a \"fragile and unique ecosystem\" with plants rarely found in Canada, such as wild hyacinth, yellow horse gentian (Triosteum angustifolium) and prickly pear cactus, as well as two endangered snakes, the blue racer and the Lake Erie water snake. Songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall.[22]", "Cuyahoga River. The lower Cuyahoga River has been subjected to numerous changes. Originally, the Cuyahoga river met Lake Erie approximately 4,000 feet (1.2 km) west of its current mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is man-made, and it lies just west of present-day downtown Cleveland, which allows shipping traffic to flow freely between the river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers periodically dredges the navigation channel of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 m), along the river's lower 5 miles (8.0 km), from its mouth up to the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works steel mills, to accommodate Great Lakes freighter traffic which serves the bulk (asphalt, gravel, petroleum, salt, steel, and other) industries located along the lower Cuyahoga River banks in Cleveland's Flats district. The Corps of Engineers has also straightened river banks and widened turning basins in the Federal Navigation Channel on the lower Cuyahoga River to facilitate maritime operations.", "Geography of New York (state). The surfaces of the Great Lakes are subject to variations of level, probably due to prevailing winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference known in Lake Erie is 7 feet (2.1 m), and in Lake Ontario 4 feet (1.2 m). The time of these variations is irregular, and the interval between the extremes often extends through several years. A sudden rise and fall of several feet has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare intervals, produced by some unknown cause.[4]", "Lake Erie. Lake Erie is a favorite for divers since there are many shipwrecks, perhaps 1,400 to 8,000 according to one estimate,[39] of which about 270 are \"confirmed shipwreck locations.\"[39] Most wrecks are undiscovered but believed to be well preserved and in good condition and at most only 200 feet (61 m) below the water surface.[118] One report suggests there are more \"wrecks per square mile\" than any other freshwater location, including wrecks from Native American watercraft. There are efforts to identify shipwreck sites and survey the lake floor to map the location of underwater sites, possibly for further study or exploration.[119] While the lake is relatively warmer than the other Great Lakes, there is a thermocline, meaning that as a diver descends, the water temperature drops about 30 degrees Fahrenheit change (17 °C), requiring a wetsuit.[118] One estimate is that Lake Erie has a quarter of all 8,000 estimated shipwrecks in the Great Lakes.[118] They are preserved because the water is cold and salt-free creating \"intact time capsules down there\".[118] Divers have a policy of not removing or touching anything at the wreck else the \"next person won't be able to see it\"; when artifacts were removed on occasion, it was met by \"outrage\" by the diving community.[118] The cold conditions make diving difficult and \"strenuous\" requiring divers with skill and experience.[118] One charter firm from western New York State takes about 1,500 divers to Lake Erie shipwrecks in a typical season from April through October.[118]", "Lake Erie. Among the diving community, they are considered world class, offering opportunities to visit an underwater museum that most people will never see.", "Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area (7,340 sq mi, 18,960 km2),[1] although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (393 cu mi, 1,639 km3). It is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles (1,146 km) long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes' hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean surface elevation of the lakes at 243 feet (74 m)[2] above sea level; 326 feet (99 m) lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles (311 kilometres; 168 nautical miles) and its maximum width is 53 statute miles (85 km; 46 nmi).[2] The lake's average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot (283 ft; 86 m), with a maximum depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet (802 ft; 244 m).[2][3] The lake's primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, with the St. Lawrence River serving as the outlet. The drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles (64,030 km2).[1][5] As with all the Great Lakes, water levels change both within the year (owing to seasonal changes in water input) and among years (owing to longer term trends in precipitation). These water level fluctuations are an integral part of lake ecology, and produce and maintain extensive wetlands.[6][7] The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has been negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution and invasive species.[8]", "Lake Erie. In 1669, the Frenchman Louis Jolliet was the first documented European to sight Lake Erie, although there is speculation that Étienne Brûlé may have come across it in 1615.[38] Lake Erie was the last of the Great Lakes to be explored by Europeans, since the Iroquois who occupied the Niagara River area were in conflict with the French, and they did not allow explorers or traders to pass through. Explorers followed rivers out of Lake Ontario and portaged directly into Lake Huron. British authorities in Canada were nervous about possible expansion by American settlers across Lake Erie, so Colonel Talbot developed the Talbot Trail in 1809 as a way to stimulate settlement to the area; Talbot recruited settlers from Ireland and Scotland and there are numerous places named after him, such as Port Talbot and the Talbot River and Talbotville in southern Ontario.[22]", "Erie, Pennsylvania. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.3 square miles (49.9 km2), with 19.1 square miles (49.4 km2) being land and the remaining 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2), or 1.03%, being water.[5] Presque Isle State Park (known to the locals as \"The Peninsula\"), juts into Lake Erie just north of the city limits and has 7 miles (11 km) of public beaches, wetlands, and fishing sites.", "Lake Erie. This area is also known as the \"thunderstorm capital of Canada\" with \"breathtaking\" lightning displays.[19] Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River (from Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair) and drains via the Niagara River and Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario. Navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, and the Cuyahoga River. The drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles (78,100 km2).", "Crater Lake. When considering the mean, or average depth of lakes, Crater Lake becomes the deepest lake in the Western Hemisphere and the third-deepest in the world. Crater Lake Institute Director and limnologist Owen Hoffman states \"Crater Lake is the deepest, when compared on the basis of average depth among lakes whose basins are entirely above sea level. The average depths of Lakes Baikal and Tanganyika are deeper than Crater Lake; however, both have basins that extend below sea level.\"[18][20]", "Finger Lakes. The lakes' shapes reminded early map-makers of human fingers, and the name stuck. They are also characteristic glacial finger lakes. Cayuga (435 feet deep, 133 m) and Seneca (618 feet, 188 m) Lakes are among the deepest in the United States, with bottoms well below sea level. They are also the longest Finger Lakes, though neither's width exceeds 3.5 miles (5.6 km); Seneca Lake is 38.1 miles (61.3 km) long, and 66.9 square miles (173 km2), the largest in total area.", "Dead zone (ecology). A dead zone exists in the central part of Lake Erie from east of Point Pelee to Long Point and stretches to shores in Canada and the United States.[18] The zone has been noticed since the 1950s to 1960s, but efforts since the 1970s have been made by Canada and the US to reduce runoff pollution into the lake as means to reverse the dead zone growth. Overall the lake's oxygen level is poor with only a small area to the east of Long Point that has better levels. The biggest impact of the poor oxygen levels is to lacustrine life and fisheries industry.", "Lake Erie. People can rent summer houses and cabins near the lake to enjoy the beaches, swimming, as well as be close to activities such as wine tours and fishing and water parks.[133] Presque Isle is a peninsula jutting out into the lake in northwestern Pennsylvania which has nice beaches, although there were incidents in 2006 when beaches had to be closed because of unexplained unhealthy water conditions with E. Coli bacteria.[95]" ]

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[ "Gun politics in the United States. In June 2008, in District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court upheld by a 5-4 vote the Parker decision striking down the D.C. gun law. Heller ruled that Americans have an individual right to possess firearms, irrespective of membership in a militia, \"for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home.\"[62] However, in delivering the majority opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia made it clear that, like other rights, the right to bear arms is limited. He wrote:", "Lethal injection. On April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court rejected Baze v. Rees, thereby upholding Kentucky's method of lethal injection in a majority 7–2 decision.[59] Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and David Souter dissented.[60] Several states immediately indicated plans to proceed with executions.", "Enemy combatant. On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated. The judges considering the captives' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations that the detainees were enemy combatants justified a classification of \"enemy combatant\".", "2008 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States. The 2008 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 6, 2008 and concluded October 4, 2009. The table illustrates which opinion was filed by each justice in each case and which justices joined each opinion.", "Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 12 June 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court decided against the Government in Boumediene v. Bush.[174] Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for a five-justice majority, held that the detainees had a right to petition federal courts for writs of habeas corpus under the United States Constitution.[152] Justice Antonin Scalia strongly dissented, writing that the Court's decision, \"will almost certainly cause more Americans to be killed\".[152]", "Federal Reserve System. November 7, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[82] Bloomberg, L.P. won at the trial court[83] and the Fed's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court. The data was released on March 31, 2011.[84][85]", "Concentrated animal feeding operation. The 2008 rule addresses each point of the court's decision in Waterkeeper Alliance v. EPA. Specifically, the EPA adopted the following measures:", "Federal Reserve. November 7, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[86] Bloomberg, L.P. won at the trial court[87] and the Fed's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court. The data was released on March 31, 2011.[88][89]", "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. On April 21, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals.[61]", "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407 (2008), the Court extended the reasoning of Coker by ruling that the death penalty was excessive for child rape \"where the victim’s life was not taken.\"[31] The Supreme Court failed to note a federal law, which applies to military court-martial proceedings, providing for the death penalty in cases of child rape.[32] On October 1, 2008, the Court declined to reconsider its opinion in this case, but did amend the majority and dissenting opinions in order to acknowledge that federal law. Justice Scalia (joined by Chief Justice Roberts) wrote in dissent that \"the proposed Eighth Amendment would have been laughed to scorn if it had read 'no criminal penalty shall be imposed which the Supreme Court deems unacceptable.'\"[33]", "Military Commissions Act of 2006. In Boumediene v. Bush (2008), the US Supreme Court held that the MCA was unconstitutional as it restricted detainees' use of habeas corpus and access to the federal courts. It determined that detainees could have access to federal courts to hear habeas corpus petitions, to restore the protection of the Constitution.", "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case of Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910), marked the first time that the Supreme Court exercised judicial review to overturn a criminal sentence as cruel and unusual.[22] The Court overturned a punishment called cadena temporal, which mandated \"hard and painful labor,\" shackling for the duration of incarceration, and permanent civil disabilities. This case is often viewed as establishing a principle of proportionality under the Eighth Amendment.[23] However, others have written that \"it is hard to view Weems as announcing a constitutional requirement of proportionality.\"[24]", "Climate change policy of the United States. In June 2011, the United States Supreme Court overturned 8–0 a U.S. appeals court ruling against five big power utility companies, brought by U.S. states, New York City, and land trusts, attempting to force cuts in United States greenhouse gas emissions regarding global warming. The decision gives deference to reasonable interpretations of the United States Clean Air Act by the Environmental Protection Agency.[79][80][81]", "2008 World Series. Several Nevada sports betting agencies treated the suspended game as a completed game and a win for the Phillies on Monday, October 27. Under Nevada house rules, the final score of a baseball game is determined by reverting to the last completed full inning, and the Phillies led 2–1 at the end of the fifth inning. Game 5 side bets on Philadelphia were paid off while bets on totals and run-line bets were refunded.[39]", "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86 (1958), Chief Justice Earl Warren said: \"The [Eighth] Amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.\" Subsequently, the Court has looked to societal developments, as well as looking to its own independent judgment, in determining what are those \"evolving standards of decency\".[38]", "Talk:Second Amendment to the United States Constitution/Archive 33. The US Supreme Court made significant rulings on the Second Amendment in 2008 (District of Columbia v. Heller) and June 2010 (McDonald v. Chicago), their first since 1939", "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998), the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to confiscate $357,144 from Hosep Bajakajian who failed to report possession of over $10,000 while leaving the United States.[16] In what was the first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a fine to violate the Excessive Fines Clause,[17] the Court held that it was \"grossly disproportional\" to take all of the money which Mr. Bajakajian attempted to take out of the United States, in violation of a federal law that required him to report an amount in excess of $10,000. In describing what constituted \"gross disproportionality,\" the Court could not find any guidance from the history of the Excessive Fines Clause and so relied on Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law:", "Law of the United States. Here is a typical exposition of that public policy in a 2008 majority opinion signed by Associate Justice Stephen Breyer:", "Capital punishment in the United States. In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana, the court also held 5-4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person, including child rape. Only two death row inmates (both in Louisiana) were affected by the decision.[28] Nevertheless, the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain.[29]", "Lethal injection. On September 25, 2007, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a lethal-injection challenge arising from Kentucky, Baze v. Rees.[55] In Baze, the Supreme Court addressed whether Kentucky's particular lethal-injection procedure comports with the Eighth Amendment and will determine the proper legal standard by which lethal-injection challenges in general should be judged, all in an effort to bring some uniformity to how these claims are handled by the lower courts.[56] Although uncertainty over whether executions in the United States would be put on hold during the period in which the United States Supreme Court considers the constitutionality of lethal injection initially arose after the court agreed to hear Baze,[57] no executions took place during the period between when the court agreed to hear the case and when its ruling was announced, with the exception of one lethal injection in Texas hours after the court made its announcement.[58]", "Military Commissions Act of 2006. In Boumediene v. Bush (2008), the US Supreme Court held that section 7 of the MCA was unconstitutional because of its restrictions of detainee rights. It determined that detainees had the right to petition federal courts for habeas corpus challenges.", "United States v. Microsoft Corp.. In its 2008 Annual Report, Microsoft stated:[6]", "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. On 20 April 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States decided on Bank Markazi v. Peterson and ruled that almost $2 billion of Iranian frozen assets must be given to families of people killed in the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings. The court accused Iran of being responsible for the incident.[504] Iranian foreign minister Zarif called the ruling \"highway robbery\", lashing the court for its previous ruling of holding Iran responsible for 9/11, adding that the Supreme Court is \"the Supreme Court of the United States, not the Supreme Court of the world. We're not under its jurisdiction, nor is our money.\"[505][506]", "Military Commissions Act of 2006. In April 2007, the Supreme Court declined to hear two cases challenging the MCA: Boumediene v. Bush and Al Odah v. United States On June 29, 2007, the court reversed that decision, releasing an order that expressed their intent to hear the challenge. The two cases have been consolidated into one.[46] Oral arguments were heard on December 5, 2007. The decision, extending habeas corpus rights to alien unlawful enemy combatants but allowing the commissions to continue to prosecute war crimes, was handed down on June 12, 2008.[47][48]", "Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy. On July 21, 2008, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ruled[116] in favor of CBS, voiding the FCC's fine on the grounds that the enforcement involved a significant deviation from prior practice that was not announced as a clear policy change.[117][118][119] On May 4, 2009, however, the Supreme Court vacated and remanded the case back to the Third Circuit for reconsideration in light of the previously decided Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations (2009).[120][121]", "Digital Millennium Copyright Act. In August 2008, U.S. District Judge Jeremy Fogel of San Jose, California ruled that copyright holders cannot order a deletion of an online file without determining whether that posting reflected \"fair use\" of the copyrighted material.", "Talk:Second Amendment to the United States Constitution/Archive 33. − − In 2008, the Supreme Court officially held for the first time that the right to bear arms is an individual right within reasonable restrictions determined by the Court and, in 2010, the Court formally found that both Federal and State Governments are restricted from infringing on that right. [Citations Heller and McDonald].GreekParadise (talk) 20:25, 23 January 2013 (UTC)", "Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 11 February 2008, The U.S. military charged Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Mustafa Ahmad al-Hawsawi, Ali Abd Al-Aziz Ali and Walid bin Attash of committing the September 11 attacks under the military commission system, as established under the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA).[47] In Boumediene v. Bush (2008), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the MCA was unconstitutional.", "Miranda v. Arizona. Miranda survived a strong challenge in Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000), where the validity of Congress's overruling of Miranda through § 3501 was tested. At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution, or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy.[citation needed] In Dickerson, the Court, speaking through Chief Justice Rehnquist, upheld Miranda 7–2 and stated that \"the warnings have become part of our national culture\". In dissent, Justice Scalia argued Miranda warnings were not constitutionally required. He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then-current court, counting himself, and Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, and Thomas, as well as the Chief Justice (who had just delivered a contrary opinion), \"[were] on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution\".[citation needed]", "Concealed carry in the United States. In the majority decision in the 2008 Supreme Court case of District of Columbia v. Heller, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote;", "Overdraft. The Supreme Court in 2009 held that the OFT statement was not binding for current (checking) accounts and largely resolved the matter in favor of the banks.[6]", "Supreme Court of the United States. The Rehnquist Court (1986–2005) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism,[52] emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (United States v. Lopez) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (Seminole Tribe v. Florida, City of Boerne v. Flores).[53][54][55][56][57] It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (United States v. Virginia), laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process (Lawrence v. Texas),[58] and the line item veto (Clinton v. New York), but upheld school vouchers (Zelman v. Simmons-Harris) and reaffirmed Roe's restrictions on abortion laws (Planned Parenthood v. Casey).[59] The Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000, was especially controversial.[60][61]" ]

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[ "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis.[33][38] In Canada, the series is broadcast by Bravo, beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30.[39] In Scandinavia, the series is available on HBO Nordic.[40] In the UK and Ireland, the series premiered on May 28, 2017 and airs every Sunday on Channel 4.[41]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an \"Outstanding Series\" Emmy.[1]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). In New Zealand, the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8, 2017.[42] In Australia, the series premiered on the TV channel SBS's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6, 2017.[43]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). Filming on the series took place in Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton, and Cambridge, Ontario from September 2016 to February 2017.[30][31] The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23, 2017.[32] The series premiered on April 26, 2017.[33]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). On May 3, 2017, The Handmaid's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018.[34] Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story, filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already \"finished\" in the book.[35] The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017.[36] Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular. Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show, stating \"Well, you know, honestly, when I started, I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like? If you hit a home run, you want energy to go around the bases, you want enough story to keep going, if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they’re actually crying at the finale.\"[37]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). A straight-to-series order by Hulu of The Handmaid's Tale was announced in April 2016, with Elisabeth Moss set to star.[15] Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood, the series was created by Bruce Miller, who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson, Fran Sears, and Warren Littlefield.[15] Atwood serves as consulting producer giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book,[15][16], and also had a small cameo role in the first episode.[17] Moss is also a producer.[18] In June 2016, Reed Morano was announced as director of the series.[19] Samira Wiley, Max Minghella, and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016.[20][21][22] Joseph Fiennes, Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016,[23][24][25] followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016.[26][27] In October 2016, Ever Carradine joined the cast,[28] and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017.[29]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The Handmaid's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight-to-series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016.", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The Handmaid's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[44] The season has a 99% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.94 out of 10 based on 88 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, \"Haunting and vivid, The Handmaid's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel that's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss.\"[45] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it \"probably the spring's best new show and certainly its most important\".[46] Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review, and wrote that it is \"A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood's totalitarian, sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood\" and that \"this series is meticulously paced, brutal, visually stunning, and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale\".[47]", "The Handmaid's Tale. In the aftermath of the television series' debut in 2017, there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series (and by extension, this book) and American society following Donald Trump's and Mike Pence's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States, respectively.[41][42]", "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased). The episodes are being released in production code order with the first disc, containing Episodes 1-4 coming out on 9 January 2017. Subsequent discs will be released at approximately fortnightly intervals, with a complete box-set due for release in October 2017. Details of the extras in the box-set are not known at this time.", "The Handmaid's Tale. The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called \"the Gilead Period\". The epilogue is \"a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies\" written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon. According to the symposium's \"keynote speaker\" Professor James Darcy Pieixoto, he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred's story recorded onto cassette tapes. They transcribed the tapes, calling them collectively \"the handmaid's tale\". Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book, the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued, and Pieixoto discusses his team's search for the characters named in the Tale, and the impossibility of proving the tapes' authenticity.[8]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel[2] by Canadian author Margaret Atwood,[3][4] originally published in 1985. It is set in a near-future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government.[5] The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form \"of Fred\"; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve.", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). June Osborne, renamed Offred (Elisabeth Moss), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes) and his wife Serena Joy (Yvonne Strahovski). She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to her execution. Offred, who is named after her male master like all Handmaids, can remember the \"time before\", when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Some complaints have included:", "The Handmaid's Tale (film). Christopher C. Hudgins discusses further details about why \"Pinter elected not to publish three of his completed filmscripts, The Handmaid's Tale, The Remains of the Day, and Lolita,\" all of which Hudgins considers \"masterful filmscripts\" of \"demonstrable superiority to the shooting scripts that were eventually used to make the films\"; fortunately (\"We can thank our various lucky stars\"), he says, \"these Pinter filmscripts are now available not only in private collections but also in the Pinter Archive at the British Library\"; in this essay, which he first presented as a paper at the 10th Europe Theatre Prize symposium, Pinter: Passion, Poetry, Politics, held in Turin, Italy, in March 2006, Hudgins \"examin[es] all three unpublished filmscripts in conjunction with one another\" and \"provides several interesting insights about Pinter's adaptation process\".[8]", "Snapped. On April 12, 2017, Oxygen announced that the series' 20th season would premiere on May 7, 2017.[10] All season 20 episodes adapted from:[11]", "Someone Knows Something. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is \"coming soon\".[21] The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016,[5] with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3.[22]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America.[5]", "Hulu. It was announced that beginning in September 2014, following the premiere of the 18th season, only 30 select episodes will be featured for free viewing at a time on the website, with new episodes being available for an entire month starting the day following their original airings. The entire series is available for viewing on the Hulu subscription service.", "Phryne Fisher. A second series of 13 episodes followed, a third series of 8 episodes has been released[10] The first episode aired on 8 May 2015, and the season wrapped up with Episode 8 on 26 June 2015.[11]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The novel is set in an indeterminate future, speculated to be around the year 2005,[13] with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead. Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions. Complex dress codes play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex, occupation, and caste.", "Tangled: The Series. Four mini-episodes were released weekly in May 2017: \"Check Mate\" on May 5, \"Prison Bake\" on May 12, \"Make Me Smile\" on May 19, and \"Hare Peace\" on May 26.[24]", "Elisabeth Moss. In 2017, Moss began playing Offred in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she received critical acclaim and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.[31] The second season of Top of the Lake, consisting of six episodes, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2017. Moss reprised her role as Robin Griffin in this season which is set in Sydney, Australia.[32][33]", "Pati Jinich. Season 3 first aired in 2014[4] and Season 4 in 2015.[19] Season 5 began airing in the fall of 2016.[1]", "The Handmaid's Tale. A new handmaid, also called Ofglen, takes Ofglen's place, and is assigned as Offred's shopping partner. She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance. She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Men are classified into four main categories:", "Andi Mack. The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017.[5] The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App, On-Demand, Disney Channel's YouTube, iTunes, Amazon, and Google Play on March 10, 2017, while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On-Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App.[5] The first season was planned to consist of 13 episodes;[6] however, only 12 episodes were aired.", "SKAM Austin. On April 19, 2018, the first short clips of the series were released, announcing April 24 as the official start of the series' daily releases.[15] Social media accounts for some of the fictional characters had started posting content earlier, sometimes as far back as April 2017.[16]", "Alias Grace (miniseries). The series was the third adaptation of an Atwood novel broadcast on television in 2017, after The Handmaid's Tale (adapted for Hulu) and Wandering Wenda (adapted for CBC Television's CBC Kids lineup).[6]", "Sounds Like Friday Night. The first series ran for six episodes between 27th October 2017 and 8th December 2017.", "Alexis Bledel. On January 29, 2016, Netflix announced a revival of Gilmore Girls with a series of four 90-minute films set around the four seasons, and Bledel's participation was confirmed.[29] In 2017, she appeared as Ofglen in The Handmaid's Tale for Hulu; subsequently her role was expanded to a regular role for the second season.[30] Her critically acclaimed turn in the role earned Bledel her first Emmy Award nomination and win in the 2017 Creative Arts ceremony in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.[31]", "The Handmaid's Tale. Atwood, with respect to those leading Gilead, further stated:[19]" ]

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[ "Chinese mitten crab. The Chinese mitten crab originates from Hong Kong to the border of Korea.[4] It can be found inland but prefers coastal areas. In the Yangtze, the largest river in its native range, Chinese mitten crabs have been recorded up to 1,400 km (870 mi) upstream.[5] It is known to settle in rice fields by the sea and rivers inland. The crab is found in subtropical and temperate regions.[6]", "Chinese mitten crab. The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis; Chinese: t 大閘蟹, s 大闸蟹, p dàzháxiè, lit. \"big sluice crab\"), also known as the Shanghai hairy crab (上海大闸蟹, p Shànghǎi dàzháxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries and other coastal habitats of eastern Asia from Korea in the north to the Fujian province of China in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America where it is considered an invasive species.[1][2]", "Chinese mitten crab. Chinese mitten crabs have also invaded German waters, where they destroy fishing nets, hurt native fish species and damage local dams, causing damage of up to 80 million Euros. These crabs migrated from China to Europe as early as 1900, and were first documented by official German reports in 1912 from Aller River. After investigation by German scientists in 1933, it was thought that the crabs migrated to Europe through ballast water in commercial ships. The crabs are the only freshwater crab species in Germany, and their tendency to dig holes has caused damage to industrial infrastructure and dams.[16]", "Chinese mitten crab. The Chinese mitten crab has been introduced into the Great Lakes several times, but has not yet been able to establish a permanent population.[14]", "Chinese mitten crab. The crab is an autumn delicacy in Shanghai cuisine and eastern China. It is prized for the female crab roe, which ripen in the ninth lunar month and the males in the tenth.[17] The crab meat is believed by the Chinese to have a \"cooling\" (yin) effect on the body.", "Chinese mitten crab. Chinese spend hundreds of yuan just to taste a small crab from Yangcheng Lake which are considered a delicacy.[18] Most of the Yangcheng crabs are exported to Shanghai and Hong Kong, and high-profit foreign markets. Responding to the spread of the crab to the West, businessmen have started seeing it as a new source of crab for the Chinese market. One proposed scheme involves importing unwanted crabs from Europe, where they are seen as a pest, to replenish local pure-bred stock.", "Chinese mitten crab. This species has been spread rapidly from Asia (China and Korea) to North America and Europe, raising concerns that it competes with local species, and its burrowing nature damages embankments and clogs drainage systems.[7][8] The crabs can make significant inland migrations. It was reported in 1995 that residents of Greenwich saw Chinese mitten crabs coming out of the River Thames, and in 2014 one was found in the Clyde, in Scotland.[9] The crabs have also been known to take up residence in swimming pools. In some places the crabs have been found hundreds of miles from the sea. There is concern in areas with a substantial native crab fishery, such as the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and the Hudson River in New York (both locations where the crabs were first spotted in 2005), as the impact of the invasion by this species on the native population is unknown.[10]", "Chinese mitten crab. The Smithsonian is tracking the spread of the Chinese mitten crab and seeking help to determine the current distribution status of the mitten crab in the Chesapeake Bay region. People are encouraged to report any mitten crab sightings, along with details (date, specific location, size) and a close-up photograph or specimen if possible. The first confirmed record along the East coast of the United States was in the Chesapeake Bay near Baltimore, Maryland, in 2005.[15]", "Chinese mitten crab. The first time the crab was brought to Europe was most likely by commercial vessels. Ships must fill their ballast water tanks and during one of these filling events, it could have been the spawning time for the mitten crab. Since the larvae are free floating and 1.7mm to 5mm in size, it would have been easy for them to be swept into the ballast water tank. Once the ship reached Europe and emptied its tank, the crab larvae was released. Over time, this repetition would allow for a prominent mitten crab population in Europe.[6] The crab has spread and can be found in Continental Europe, Southern France, United States of America (the San Francisco Bay), and the United Kingdom. A 15-year period in Germany when the crabs were gradually entering Europe is known as the “establishment phase.”[4]", "Chinese mitten crab. Mitten crabs have exhibited a remarkable ability to survive in highly modified aquatic habitats, including polluted waters.[2] Like some fish, they can also easily tolerate and uptake heavy metals, such as cadmium and mercury. Therefore, the farming and post-harvesting of the species needs proper management if it is used as a food.[19][20] Concerns have been raised that the population and origin of the crab may be affected because of overfishing of the species in the Yangtze River.", "Chinese mitten crab. Recently, China introduced vending machines to sell this species of crab in the subways.[21] The crabs are stored at 5 °C (41 °F), which induces a sleepy state of hibernation.[22]", "Chinese mitten crab. It is generally illegal to import, transport, or possess live Chinese mitten crabs in the United States,[11] as accidental release or escape risks spreading these crabs to uninfested waters. In addition, some states may have their own restrictions on possession of mitten crabs.[12] California allows fishing for mitten crabs with some restrictions.[13]", "Chinese mitten crab. This species' distinguishing features are the dense patches of dark setae on its claws. The crab's body is the size of a human palm. The carapace is 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) wide, and the legs are about twice as long as the carapace is wide.", "Chinese mitten crab. Mitten crabs spend most of their life in fresh water and return to the sea to breed. During their fourth or fifth year in late summer, the crustaceans migrate downstream and attain sexual maturity in the tidal estuaries. After mating, the females continue seaward, overwintering in deeper waters. They return to brackish water in the spring to hatch their eggs. After development as larvae, the juvenile crabs gradually move upstream into fresh water, thus completing the life cycle.[2]", "Chinese mitten crab. It moves from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats once it has reached reproduction maturity. The types of estuaries suitable for the mitten crab is large brackish waters for the larva to develop in, and large shallow waters for the growth of the juvenile crabs.[3]", "Chinese mitten crab. Phylogenetically the crab belongs to the Varunidae family which is the newest group of brachyuran crustaceans. Spawning crabs average around 5.5 cm (2.2 in) in length. Since crabs spawn at the end of their life spans and perish at the end of the breeding cycle, the crabs can live up to 7 (in Germany also 8) years old.", "Chinese mitten crab. Different life stages of the mitten crab:", "Yangtze. The Yangtze basin contains a large number of freshwater crab species, including several endemics.[120] A particularly rich genus in the river basin is the potamid Sinopotamon.[121] The Chinese mitten crab is catadromous (migrates between fresh and saltwater) and it has been recorded up to 1,400 km (870 mi) up the Yangtze, which is the largest river in its native range.[119] It is a commercially important species in its native range where it is farmed,[118] but the Chinese mitten crab has also been spread to Europe and North America where considered invasive.[119]", "Chinese mitten crab. The mitten crab diet is omnivorous. Their main prey consists of worms, mussels, snails, dead organic material, and other small crustaceans and fish.[6]", "Chinese mitten crab. Starts off as a fresh-water organism. In late August the crab’s sexual instinct is awakened and they begin migrating downstream to the sea, away from their feeding grounds. It is during this migration where the crabs reach puberty and develop their sex organs. Late fall is when the crabs begin to breed in the brackish waters. The males arrive first and stay in the brackish waters all winter. The females arrive after the males arrive. The eggs are laid within 24 hours of mating. They are attached to the abdomen of the female crab. After the eggs are attached, the female leaves immediately heading to the mouth of the river. The larvae hatch from the eggs during summer and they float and drift about the brackish waters. Because the journey to breed for crabs is so great, they only breed once during their lifetimes. The breeding age is normally toward the end of their life spans. Since these crabs only breed once, they have very sizeable egg production counts. After the crabs successfully reproduce, they have very little energy and begin to waste away.[6]", "Chinese mitten crab. 1) Eggs require pure salt water to mature. 2) Larvae hatch from the eggs in brackish waters. 3) The larvae gradually move from brackish water to fresh water. 4) The final stage of the larvae is the megalopa, which is 3-4mm in length. 5) The megalopa then develop into small mitten crabs in the freshwater.[6]", "Chinese mitten crab. There has been discussion of capturing the breeding crabs at the river mouths. There has been difficulties in carrying out this plan though. Other strategies such as capturing them when they pile up at dams has proven somewhat effective. The problem arises when the crabs climb the walls of the dams and over into the rivers behind the dams.[6]", "Chinese mitten crab. Management efforts have shown to be very difficult. This is due to its abundance, high reproductive rate, and high physiological tolerance. All the following efforts were attempted but showed little improvement: \"catch as many as you can\", migration barriers, trapping, raising awareness, electrical screens, and pulses.[2]", "Japanese spider crab. The Japanese spider crab was originally described by Western science in 1836 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck under the name Maja kaempferi, based on material from Philipp Franz von Siebold collected near the artificial island Dejima.[15] The specific epithet commemorates Engelbert Kaempfer, a German naturalist who lived in Japan from 1690 to 1692 and wrote about the country's natural history.[16] It was moved to the genus Inachus by Wilhem de Haan in 1839, but placed in a new subgenus, Macrocheira. That subgenus was raised to the rank of genus in 1886 by Edward J. Miers.[1] Aplaced in the family Inachidae, M. kaempferi does not fit cleanly into that group, and it may be necessary to erect a new family just for the genus Macrocheira.[1] As well as the single existent species, four species belonging to the genus Macrocheira are known from fossils.[17]", "Invasive species. Economics plays a major role in exotic species introduction. High demand for the valuable Chinese mitten crab is one explanation for the possible intentional release of the species in foreign waters.[50][citation needed]", "Ketchup. An alternative theory is that the word derives from one of two words from the Fujian region of coastal southern China: \"kôe-chiap\" (in Xiamen (Amoy)) or \"kê-chiap\"[33] (in Guangzhou (Canton)). Both of these words (鮭汁, kôe-chiap and kê-chiap) come from the Amoy dialect of China, where it meant the brine of pickled fish (鮭, salmon; 汁, juice) or shellfish.[6] There are citations of \"koe-chiap\" in the Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of the Amoy (London; Trudner) from 1873, defined as \"brine of pickled fish or shell-fish\".", "Carcinus maenas. In its native range, the green crab is mostly used as an ingredient in soups and sauces.", "Red king crab. The red king crab is native to the Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean, around the Kamchatka Peninsula and neighboring Alaskan waters. It was introduced artificially by the Soviet Union into the Murmansk Fjord, Barents Sea, during the 1960s to provide a new, and valuable catch.[5] Red king crabs have been seen in water temperatures that range from −1.8 to 12.8 °C (28.8–55.0 °F), with average being 3.2 to 5.5 °C (37.8–41.9 °F).[2] Immatures prefer temperatures below 6 °C (43 °F).[1] The depth at which it can live has much to do with what stage of its lifecycle it is in; newly hatched crab (larvae) stay in the more shallow waters where food and protection are plentiful.[1] Usually after the age of two, the crabs move down to depths of 20–50 metres (66–164 ft) and take part in what is known as podding; hundreds of crabs come together in tight, highly concentrated groups. Adult crabs are found usually more than 200 m down on the sand and muddy areas in the substrate. They migrate in the winter/ early spring to shallower depths for mating, but most of their lives are spent in the deep waters where they feed.[4]", "Red king crab. The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, also called Kamchatka crab or Alaskan king crab, is a species of king crab native to the Bering Sea. It grows to a leg span of 1.8 m (5.9 ft), and is heavily targeted by fisheries.", "Abacus. The Chinese abacus migrated from China to Korea around 1400 AD.[18][34][35] Koreans call it jupan (주판), supan (수판) or jusan (주산).[36]", "Carcinus maenas. There have been appearances of C. maenas recorded in Brazil, Panama, Hawaii, Madagascar, the Red Sea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar; however, these have not resulted in invasions, but remain isolated findings. Japan has been invaded by a related crab, either C. aestuarii or a hybrid of C. aestuarii and C. maenas.[17]", "History of Chinese Americans. From the Pearl River Delta Region also came countless numbers of experienced Chinese fishermen. In the 1850s they founded a fishing economy on the Californian coast that grew exponentially, and by the 1880s extended along the whole West Coast of the United States, from Canada to Mexico. With entire fleets of small boats (sampans; 舢舨), the Chinese fishermen caught herring, soles, smelts, cod, sturgeon, and shark. To catch larger fish like the barracudas, they used Chinese junks, which were built in large numbers on the American west coast. Among the catch included crabs, clams, abalone, salmon, and seaweed—all of which, including shark, formed the staple of Chinese cuisine. They sold their catch in local markets or shipped it salt-dried to East Asia and Hawaii.[59]" ]

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[ "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (Pub.L. 111–5), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009. Developed in response to the Great Recession, the ARRA's primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The Senate passed the bill, 60-38, with all Democrats and Independents voting for the bill along with three Republicans. On February 17, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Recovery Act into law.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $18 billion[41][42][43][44][45]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $21.5 billion[46][47]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $82.2 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $10.5 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $10.6 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $105.3 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $7.6 billion[citation needed]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $14.7 billion[50]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $27.2 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $7.2 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $100 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $237 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In addition to the Vice President Biden's oversight role, a high-level advisory body, the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board (later renamed and reconstituted as the \"President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness\"), was named concurrent to the passage of the act.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $51 billion", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Total: $48.1 billion,[40] some in the form of Transportation Income Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) Grants", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. On January 28, 2009, the House passed the bill by a 244–188 vote.[8] All but 11 Democrats voted for the bill, and 177 Republicans voted against it (one Republican did not vote).[9]", "Subprime mortgage crisis. On 17 February 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, an $787 billion stimulus package with a broad spectrum of spending and tax cuts.[367] Over $75 billion of the package was specifically allocated to programs which help struggling homeowners. This program is referred to as the Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan.[368]", "Economic history of the United States. President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in February 2009; the bill provides $787 billion in stimulus through a combination of spending and tax cuts. The plan is largely based on the Keynesian theory that government spending should offset the fall in private spending during an economic downturn; otherwise the fall in private spending may perpetuate itself and productive resources, such as the labor hours of the unemployed, will be wasted. Critics claim that government spending cannot offset a fall in private spending because government must borrow money from the private sector in order to add money to it. However, most economists do not think such \"crowding out\" is an issue when interest rates are near zero and the economy is stagnant. Opponents of the stimulus also point to problems of possible future inflation and government debt caused by such a large expenditure.[308][309]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In February 2014, the White House stated in a release that the stimulus measure saved or created an average of 1.6 million jobs a year between 2009 and 2012, thus averting having the recession descend into another Great Depression. Republicans, such as House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio, criticized the report since, in their views, the Act cost too much for too little result.[104]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. As well, the President named Inspector General of the United States Department of the Interior Earl Devaney and the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (RATB) to monitor administration of the Act.[105] Eleven other inspectors general served on the RATB, and the board also had a Recovery Independent Advisory Panel.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The House version of the bill, H.R. 1, was introduced on January 26, 2009.[5] It was sponsored by Democrat David Obey, the House Appropriations Committee chairman, and was co-sponsored by nine other Democrats. On January 23, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said that the bill was on track to be presented to President Obama for him to sign into law before February 16, 2009.[6] Although 206 amendments were scheduled for floor votes, they were combined into only 11, which enabled quicker passage of the bill.[7]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The senate version of the bill, S. 1, was introduced on January 6, 2009, and later substituted as an amendment to the House bill, S.Amdt. 570. It was sponsored by Harry Reid, the Majority Leader, co-sponsored by 16 other Democrats and Joe Lieberman, an independent who caucused with the Democrats.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The Act specifies that 37% of the package is to be devoted to tax incentives equaling $288 billion and $144 billion, or 18%, is allocated to state and local fiscal relief (more than 90% of the state aid is going to Medicaid and education). The remaining 45%, or $357 billion, is allocated to federal spending programs such as transportation, communication, waste water and sewer infrastructure improvements; energy efficiency upgrades in private and federal buildings; extension of federal unemployment benefits; and scientific research programs. The following are details to the different parts of the final bill whereas to get the financial assistance there will be a registration fee of $200 to $2499 (Refundable). . :[32][33][34][35]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. One of the primary purposes and promises of the Act was to launch a large number of \"shovel-ready\" projects that would generate jobs.[95] However, a sizable number of these projects, most of which pertained to infrastructure, took longer to implement than they had expected by most.[96][97] This was largely attributed to the regulatory process that is involved in such projects.[citation needed]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. ARRA included a protectionist 'Buy American' provision, which imposed a general requirement that any public building or public works project funded by the new stimulus package must use only iron, steel and other manufactured goods produced in the United States.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The CBO estimated that enacting the bill would increase federal budget deficits by $185 billion over the remaining months of fiscal year 2009, by $399 billion in 2010, and by $134 billion in 2011, or $787 billion over the 2009–2019 period.[69]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The Senate called a special Saturday debate session for February 7 at the urging of President Obama. The Senate voted, 61–36 (with 2 not voting) on February 9 to end debate on the bill and advance it to the Senate floor to vote on the bill itself.[13] On February 10, the Senate voted 61–37 (with one not voting)[14] All the Democrats voted in favor, but only three Republicans voted in favor (Susan Collins, Olympia Snowe, and Arlen Specter).[15] Specter switched to the Democratic Party later in the year. At one point, the Senate bill stood at $838 billion.[16]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. A new Recovery.gov website was redesigned at a cost estimated to be $9.5 million through January 2010.[73] The section of the act that was intended to establish and regulate the operation of Recovery.gov was actually struck prior to its passage into law. Section 1226, which laid out provisions for the structure, maintenance, and oversight of the website were struck from the bill. Directives are currently being given to those organizations handling the stimulus dollars that tie directly to recovery.gov that will require that detailed reports be provided that will end up on recovery.gov, which tie the dollars spent to activities in the bill.", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. On February 8, 2009, a letter to Congress signed by about 200 economists in favor of the stimulus, written by the Center for American Progress Action Fund, said that Obama's plan \"proposes important investments that can start to overcome the nation's damaging loss of jobs\", and would \"put the United States back onto a sustainable long-term-growth path\".[63] This letter was signed by Nobel Memorial laureates Kenneth Arrow, Lawrence R. Klein, Eric Maskin, Daniel McFadden, Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow. The New York Times published projections from IHS Global Insight, Moodys.com, Economy.com and Macroeconomic Advisers that indicated that the economy may have been worse without the ARRA.[64][65]", "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In 2011, the Department of Commerce revised some of its previous estimates. Economist Dean Baker commented:" ]

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[ "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. This is the first time Russia have won their opening two matches at a World Cup since 1966 (as the Soviet Union).[22] And following with Uruguay's 1–0 victory over Saudi Arabia, Russia, for the first time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, qualified for the next round.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. For the first time in World Cup history, two players – Gazinsky and Cheryshev – scored their first international goals in the opening match.[7] Russia's victory means that the host nation has never lost their opening match in any of the 21 editions of the World Cup (won 16, drew six). Russia (5–0) recorded the second biggest victory by a host nation in their opening match at a World Cup, after Italy v USA in 1934 (7–1); while it is also the second largest victory of any host nation, only behind Italy vs USA at 1934 and Brazil vs Sweden at 1950, both ended 7–1. Russia's Denis Cheryshev became the first substitute to score a goal in the opening match of a World Cup tournament. In this game, Sergei Ignashevich became the oldest player to ever appear in a World Cup match for Russia/USSR (38 years & 335 days old).[5][8]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. Sergei Ignashevich headed at Mohamed El-Shenawy before Aleksandr Golovin fired wide. Trézéguet then curled just wide from the edge of the box. Russia took the lead when El-Shenawy's clearance punch found Roman Zobnin, whose first-time follow up shot spun in off Ahmed Fathy, with VAR confirming that Artem Dzyuba had not fouled his opponent.[20]", "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. In the 12th minute, Isco's free-kick from deep on the right saw Sergei Ignashevich grappling with Sergio Ramos at the back post, the ball bouncing past Igor Akinfeev off the defender's heel. Russia were then awarded a penalty when Gerard Piqué handled in the box after a corner from the right. Artem Dzyuba shot home to the right of the net from 12 yards to send the sides into half-time level. In the 85th minute, Akinfeev got down low to his right to save a shot from Andrés Iniesta, the goalkeeper then denied Iago Aspas on the rebound. Piqué and Ramos both appeared to be held from a set-piece but, after a VAR check, the referee waved away Spain's appeals. In the penalties, Akinfeev kept out a Koke effort and saw Aspas' effort diverted away by his leg to give Russia the win; as all Russia's penalty kicks ended up successful.[21]", "Sport in Russia. Russia was awarded the FIFA World Cup 2018 on 2 December 2010. Russia will host the tournament for the first time.[13][14][15]", "Russia national football team. Despite a series of poor results in warm-up games, however, Russia began their World Cup campaign with a 5–0 demolition of Saudi Arabia, who were three places above them in the rankings,[24] on 14 June in the opening match of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[25] On 19 June, Russia won their second game of the group stage, beating Egypt by a scoreline of 3–1,[26] taking their goal difference to +7 with only two matches played.[27] The win over Egypt all but secured Russia's advancement into the knockout stage for the first time since 1986, when they played as the Soviet Union; and also for the first time in their history as an independent state.[28] They officially qualified for the knockout stage the next day, following Uruguay's 1–0 win over Saudi Arabia.[29][30] Russia's final group game was against two-time world champions (1930 and 1950) and powerhouse Uruguay, with Russia losing 3–0,[31] meaning that they would finish second in the group.", "Russia national football team. Russia then played Croatia in the quarter-finals held at Sochi, on 7 July.[38][39][40] Coach Stanislav Cherchesov reverted to a four-man defense which successfully exploited Croatia offensive set-up which proved vulnerable to Russia's counter-attacking.[35] Russia scored first (a spectacular strike by Denis Cheryshev which was his fourth goal of the tournament) and last (a header from Mário Fernandes at the 115th minute) as the match finished 2–2 after extra time, and then were eliminated 3–4 in the penalty shootout.[41] Nonetheless, this stands as Russia’s best World Cup performance ever since the dissolution of the USSR. The team visited the FIFA Fan Fest in Moscow on Sunday July 8, 2018 to thank their supporters and say goodbye.[42][37]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. Russia are the first European side to fail to top their group as the host nation since Spain in 1982, and they are equal with South Africa (2010) in suffering the heaviest defeat as hosts in the group stage – both defeated 3–0 by Uruguay. Uruguay are the first side to win all three of their group games (scoring five goals) without conceding a single goal since Argentina in 1998 (seven goals scored, none conceded). Smolnikov is the first outfield player to be sent off for the host nation of a World Cup since Marcel Desailly for France against Brazil in the 1998 final. Cavani became just the second player to score a goal in three separate World Cup tournaments for Uruguay after Luis Suárez. Muslera became Uruguay's all-time leading appearance maker at the World Cup (14) overtaking Ladislao Mazurkiewicz.[36]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. In the 12th minute, Yury Gazinsky headed the first goal for Russia from a cross from the left before substitute Denis Cheryshev evaded several challenges and smashed home at the near post close to half-time. The tempo slowed and the atmosphere flattened after the restart, giving the whole thing the feel of a friendly match. But substitute Artem Dzyuba illuminated a match of often dubious quality with a precise header from a cross from the right to extend his team's lead just minutes after replacing Fyodor Smolov.[4] As the match moved into injury time, Cheryshev smashed home with a crisp left-foot strike into the top right corner before Aleksandr Golovin curled a free-kick around the wall and into the right of the net.[5]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that \"the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup\".[86]", "Russia at the FIFA World Cup. Last update 8 July 2018", "Russia. Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, this will be the first World Cup ever held in Eastern Europe, and the first held in Europe since 2006.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. The two teams had met in one previous game, a friendly in 2012, which ended in a 1–1 draw. With Russia formerly playing as the Soviet Union, the sides had faced each other seven times, including two matches at the World Cup, one in the 1962 FIFA World Cup group stage, won by the Soviet Union 2–1, and the other one at the 1970 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, won by Uruguay 1–0.[27]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. Russia (65) (hosts)\n Germany (1)\n Brazil (2)\n Portugal (3)\n Argentina (4)\n Belgium (5)\n Poland (6)\n France (7)", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. Luis Suárez curled a low free-kick into the bottom-right corner after Yury Gazinsky's foul on Rodrigo Bentancur. Denis Cheryshev struck a half-volley straight at Fernando Muslera. He then found the net at the other end on 23 minutes, though, as his touch diverted Diego Laxalt's first-time effort past Igor Akinfeev. In the 36th minute, Igor Smolnikov picked up his second booking after lunging in on Edinson Cavani, just eight minutes after being carded for a foul on Matías Vecino. Muslera's pass enabled Russia to counter, though Artem Dzyuba sent his close-range effort well wide. In the final minute of normal time, Cavani thumped home the rebound after Akinfeev had kept out Diego Godín's header.[34][35]", "Russia at the FIFA World Cup. Round of sixteen", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. Man of the Match:\nDenis Cheryshev (Russia)[11]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. Man of the Match:\nDenis Cheryshev (Russia)[26]", "Russia at the FIFA World Cup. Quarter-finals", "Economics of the FIFA World Cup. On 2 December 2010, Russia and Qatar were awarded the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, respectively.", "Russia at the FIFA World Cup. Man of the Match:\nSon Heung-min (South Korea)", "Russia national football team. On 2 December 2010, Russia were selected to host the 2018 World Cup and automatically qualified for the tournament.[20][21] During the friendly matches prior to the tournament, Russia did not have good results. The team lost more games than it won and this made their FIFA ranking fall to 70th, the lowest among all World Cup participants.[22][23] Russia were drawn to play Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Uruguay in the group stage.", "Russia. Association football is one of the most popular sports in modern Russia. The Soviet national team became the first European Champions by winning Euro 1960. Appearing in four FIFA World Cups from 1958 to 1970, Lev Yashin is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the history of football, and was chosen on the FIFA World Cup Dream Team.[397] The Soviet national team reached the finals of Euro 1988. In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit St Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008, losing only to the eventual champions Spain. Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with 11 host cities located in the European part of the country and in the Ural region.[398]", "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. The teams had met in six previous games, most recently in a friendly in 2017, which ended in a 3–3 draw. Playing as the Soviet Union, the teams had faced each other five times.[5] Russia has only had one victory over Spain.", "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. Russia became the first country in World Cup history to contest two shoot-outs while hosting the event.[78] There were three headed goals in this match – the most in a World Cup match since Germany 8–0 Saudi Arabia in 2002 (5 headers).[79] Croatia are the second team to win two penalty shootouts at a single World Cup tournament – the other was Argentina in 1990 (against Yugoslavia and Italy). Croatia has qualified for the semifinal for the first time since 1998 (their first World Cup tournament).[80]", "Russia national football team. Russia competed in Group F of World Cup qualification and qualified in first place after a 1–1 draw with Azerbaijan in their last game. In January 2014, after qualification had been achieved, Capello was rewarded with a new four-year contract to last up to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.[15]", "Igor Akinfeev. On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad.[22] On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad.[23] Akinfeev was later instrumental in the Russians knocking out Spain in the Round of 16, being elected Man of the Match and saving 2 penalties in the shoot-out, ensuring a Russian victory.[24]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. In the round of 16, Croatia played Denmark and earned a 1–1 draw after the two teams exchanged goals in the opening five minutes and a missed penalty from Modrić in extra time. Croatia won the subsequent penalty shootout 3–2, with three saves by goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and two saves by Danish goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel.[72][73] The team advanced to a quarter-final fixture with hosts Russia, who had defeated Spain in the round of 16, in Sochi. The Russians scored their first in the 31st minute, but Andrej Kramarić equalised for Croatia eight minutes later and kept the score at 1–1 through the end of regular time. Croatia took a 2–1 lead in extra time with a header by Domagoj Vida, but Russian defender Mário Fernandes equalised in stoppage time to trigger a penalty shootout. The shootout was won 4–3 by Croatia after two misses by Russia and a shot by Modrić that rebounded off the post and into the goal.[74][75] Croatia became the second team in World Cup to win two shootouts in a tournament, after Argentina in 1990.[76] After the match, a video of Vida saying \"Glory to Ukraine\" prompted controversy among Russians and a warning from FIFA's disciplinary committee, which enforces a ban on political slogans.[77] Croatia's semi-final match against England at the Luzhniki began with a free kick goal by English defender Kieran Trippier in the fifth minute. Croatia resisted several attempts by England to score a second goal and earned an equalising goal of their own through a shot by Perišić in the 68th minute. The match was won 2–1 by Croatia after a 109th minute goal by Mandžukić.[78][79]", "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. Man of the Match:\nIgor Akinfeev (Russia)[27]", "Russia at the FIFA World Cup. Russia's top goalscorers at the FIFA World Cup, Valentin Ivanov and Oleg Salenko, have won a Golden Boot award each. Salenko is the only player who has ever scored five goals in a single World Cup match, and the only player to win the Golden Boot even though his team has been eliminated in the Group stage.", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 (without kick-off times, which were confirmed later).[43][44] On 1 December 2017, following the final draw, six kick-off times were adjusted by FIFA.[45] Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and will play in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia, the two lowest ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw.[46] The Luzhniki Stadium will also host the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July. The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg will host the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play-off on 14 July.[19]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. At the World Cup, France were drawn into Group C alongside Australia, Denmark, and Peru. The team defeated Australia 2–1 in its opening match in Kazan, with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich.[46] In its second match, France won 1–0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19-year-old Kylian Mbappé, who became France's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament.[47][48] The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage, allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark. The match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow finished in a scoreless draw marked by misplaced passes and goalkeeping mistakes.[49] The team's group stage performance was characterised as lacking cohesion and failing to use its star players effectively.[50]" ]

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[ "Malaysia. Malaysia (/məˈleɪʒə/ ( listen) mə-LAY-zhə or /məˈleɪsiə/ ( listen) mə-LAY-see-ə; Malaysian pronunciation: [məlejsiə])[lacks stress] is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 330,803 square kilometres (127,720 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand at the north and maritime borders with Singapore at the south, Vietnam at the northeast, and Indonesia in the west. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.", "Malaysia. Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area, with a land area of 329,613 km2 (127,264 sq mi). It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia, and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia.[3] It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway and a bridge. The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam[132] and the Philippines.[133] The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal, whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention.[3] Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia,[134] with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts. Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago.[135] Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia.[136] The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce, carrying 40 per cent of the world's trade.[137]", "Malaysia. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked 4th largest in Southeast Asia and 38th largest in the world. It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the East Asia Summit, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Malaysia is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Non-Aligned Movement. In 2017, Malaysian citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 164 countries and territories, ranking the Malaysian passport 5th most powerful in the world.[17][18]", "History of Malaysia. Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country located on a strategic sea-lane that exposes it to global trade and foreign culture. An early western account of the area is seen in Ptolemy's book Geographia, which mentions a \"Golden Khersonese,\" now identified as the Malay Peninsula.[1] Hinduism and Buddhism from India and Taoism from China dominated early regional history, reaching their peak during the reign of the Sumatra-based Srivijaya civilisation, whose influence extended through Sumatra, Java, the Malay Peninsula and much of Borneo from the 7th to the 13th centuries.", "Peninsular Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding islands. Its area is 132,156 square kilometres (51,026 sq mi), which is nearly 40% of the total area of the country - 330,511 square kilometres (127,611 sq mi) - or slightly smaller than England and Java island. It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore.[1]", "Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories.[85] These are divided between two regions, with 11 states and two federal territories on Peninsular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysia. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into divisions.[86]", "Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur (/ˈkwɑːləˈlʊmpʊər/ or /-pər/; Malaysian pronunciation: [ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr]),[6] officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, or commonly KL, is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city. The only alpha world city in Malaysia, it covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016[update].[7] Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017[update].[8] It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South-East Asia, in both population and economic development.", "Malaysia. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. Less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.[10]", "Malaysia. East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 km (1,620 mi).[3] It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior.[135] The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak,[135] dividing the state of Sabah. It is the location of the 4,095 m (13,435 ft) high Mount Kinabalu,[142][143] the tallest mountain in Malaysia. Mount Kinabalu is located in the Kinabalu National Park, which is protected as one of the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malaysia.[144] The highest mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contains the Mulu Caves, the largest cave system in the world, in the Gunung Mulu National Park which is also a World Heritage Site.[135]", "Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia,[10] enclaved within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[11] Since the 1990s, the city has played host to many international sporting, political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades. It is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers, which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia's futuristic development.", "East Malaysia. East Malaysia (Malaysia Timur), also known as Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan (Sabah, Sarawak dan Labuan)[1] or Malaysian Borneo,[2] is the part of Malaysia on the island of Borneo, the world's third largest island. It consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah, closer to the Philippines than the west of the country, Sarawak in the west and the Federal Territory of Labuan. Labuan is an island in its small archipelago of the same name due north of Brunei; its closest land mass is with Sabah.[3] It lies to the east of Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), the part of the country on the Malay Peninsula. The two are separated by the South China Sea.[4][5]", "Demographics of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. Although many executive and judicial branches of the federal government have moved to Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, making it the country's legislative capital. It is also the economic and business centre of the country, and is a primate city. Kuala Lumpur is also rated as a global city, and is the only global city in Malaysia. Along with Subang Jaya, Klang, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Kajang-Sungai Chua, Ampang Jaya and Selayang it forms the country's largest and most important urban area, the Klang Valley.", "Malaysia. A founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)[99] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),[100] the country participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations,[101] the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,[102] the Developing 8 Countries,[103] and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).[104] It has chaired ASEAN, the OIC, and the NAM in the past.[46] A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.[105] Kuala Lumpur was the site of the first East Asia Summit in 2005.[106]", "Peninsular Malaysia. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the Sumatra Island (Indonesia) and across the South China Sea to the east lies the Natuna Islands (Indonesia). Peninsular Malaysia accounts for the majority (roughly 81.3%) of Malaysia's population and economy; as of 2017 its population is roughly 26 million (92% of total population).", "Government of Malaysia. Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of Malaysia (Malay: Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia) based in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and the federal executive based in Putrajaya. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is categorised as a representative democracy. The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of the land.", "Malaysia. Malaysia is strategically located on the Strait of Malacca, one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. Malaysia has two ports that are listed in the top 20 busiest ports in the world, Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas, which are respectively the 2nd and 3rd busiest ports in Southeast Asia after the Port of Singapore. Port Klang is Malaysia's busiest port, and the 13th busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 10.3 million TEUs. Port of Tanjung Pelepas is Malaysia's second busiest port, and the 19th busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 7.6 million TEUs.", "Demographics of Malaysia. The demographics of Malaysia are represented by the multiple ethnic groups that exist in this country. Malaysia's population, according to the 2010 census, is 28,334,000 including non-citizens, which makes it the 41st most populated country in the world.[1] Of these, 5.72 million live in East Malaysia and 22.5 million live in Peninsular Malaysia.[2] The population distribution is uneven, with some 79% of its citizens concentrated in Peninsular Malaysia, which has an area of 131,598 square kilometres (50,810.27 sq mi) constituting under 40% of the total area of Malaysia.[3]", "Malaysia. In 1511, Melaka was conquered by Portugal,[46] after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. In 1786, the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the Sultan of Kedah leased Penang Island to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town of Singapore in 1819,[47] and in 1824 took control of Melaka following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826, the British directly controlled Penang, Melaka, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer to by treaty.[48] The remaining five states in the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Development on the peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. Under British rule the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers was encouraged.[49] The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878.[50] In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an independent kingdom until 1946, when it became a crown colony.[51]", "Culture of Malaysia. Malaysia consists of two distinct geographical regions: Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. Malaysia was formed when the Federation of Malaya merged with North Borneo (today the province of Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore (seceded 1965) in 1963,[1] and cultural differences between Peninsular and East Malaysia remain. During the formation of Malaysia, executive power was vested in the Perikatan (later the Barisan Nasional) coalition of three racially based political parties, namely the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC).[2] UMNO has dominated the coalition from its inception.[3] Although Islam is the official state religion, the Constitution of Malaysia guarantees freedom of religion.[4]", "Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia, with a population of 1.76 million in the city proper as of 2016[update].[5] It has a population density of 6,696 inhabitants per square kilometre (17,340/sq mi), and is the most densely populated administrative district in Malaysia.[2] Residents of the city are colloquially known as KLites.[107] Kuala Lumpur is also the centre of the wider Klang Valley metropolitan (covering Petaling Jaya, Klang, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam, Gombak and others) which has an estimated metropolitan population of 7.25 million as of 2017[update].[8]", "Demographics of Malaysia. Other major cities in Malaysia include Ipoh, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching.", "Malaysia. Malaysia is a relatively open state-oriented and newly industrialised market economy.[163][164] The state plays a significant but declining role in guiding economic activity through macroeconomic plans. Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.[46] Malaysia's economy in 2014–2015 was one of the most competitive in Asia, ranking 6th in Asia and 20th in the world, higher than countries like Australia, France and South Korea.[165] In 2014, Malaysia's economy grew 6%, the second highest growth in ASEAN behind the Philippines' growth of 6.1%.[166] The economy of Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2014 was $746.821 billion, the third largest in ASEAN behind more populous Indonesia and Thailand and the 28th largest in the world.[167]", "Malaysia. According to the Malaysian Department of Statistics, the country's population was 28,334,135 in 2010,[6] making it the 42nd most populated country. According to a 2012 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.54 percent per year. Malaysia has an average population density of 96 people per km², ranking it 116th in the world for population density. People within the 15–64 age group constitute 69.5 percent of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 24.5 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 6.0 percent. In 1960, when the first official census was recorded in Malaysia, the population was 8.11 million. 91.8 per cent of the population are Malaysian citizens.[205] Malaysian citizens are divided along ethnic lines, with 67.4 per cent considered bumiputera[205] The largest group of bumiputera are Malays, who are defined in the constitution as Muslims who practice Malay customs and culture. They play a dominant role politically.[206] Bumiputera status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples, including ethnic Thais, Khmers, Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak. Non-Malay bumiputera make up more than half of Sarawak's population and over two thirds of Sabah's population.[3] There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsula, where they are collectively known as the Orang Asli.[207] Laws over who gets bumiputera status vary between states.[208]", "Peninsular Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia is also known as West Malaysia (Malaysia Barat) or the States of Malaya (Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu).[2][3]", "Malaysia. The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains.[3] Peninsular Malaysia, containing 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area,[135] extends 740 km (460 mi) from north to south, and its maximum width is 322 km (200 mi).[138] It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains,[139] rising to a peak elevation of 2,183 metres (7,162 ft) at Mount Korbu,[140] part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula.[135] These mountains are heavily forested,[141] and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks. Much of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape.[135] The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems.[141] The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the peninsula's coastline is nearly 1,931 km (1,200 mi) long, although harbours are only available on the western side.[138]", "Malaysia. Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994.[146] It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998.[147] The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.[148] It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world's animal species.[149] High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest.[135] There are about 210 mammal species in the country.[142] Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia,[149] with many endemic to the mountains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo.[135] 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes[150] and 80 species of lizards.[142] There are about 150 species of frogs,[142] and thousands of insect species.[142] Malaysia's exclusive economic zone is 1.5 times larger than its land area,[151] and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot.[152] The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world.[149] Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species.[153] The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world.[154]", "Malaysia. Coordinates: 2°30′N 112°30′E / 2.500°N 112.500°E / 2.500; 112.500", "Malaysia. The overall infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia[194] and ranked 8th in Asia and 25th in the world.[195] Malaysia is ranked 19th in the world for its quality roads, quality of port infrastructure and quality of air transport infrastructure but ranked 39th in quality of electricity supply.[195] Its telecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4.7 million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers.[196][197] The country has seven international ports, the major one being the Port Klang. There are 200 industrial parks along with specialised parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park.[198] Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[199] The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.[196]", "Kuala Lumpur. Located in the centre of Selangor state, Kuala Lumpur was previously under the rule of Selangor State Government. In 1974, Kuala Lumpur was separated from Selangor to form the first Federal Territory governed directly by the Malaysian Federal Government. Its location on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which has wider flat land than the east coast, has contributed to its faster development relative to other cities in Malaysia.[66] The municipality of the city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi),[2] with an average elevation of 81.95 m (268.9 ft).[67]", "Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically, the fastest growing region in Malaysia.[79] Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya, certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia (National Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.[80]", "Peninsular Malaysia. The term East Coast is particularly used in Malaysia to describe the following states in Peninsular Malaysia facing the South China Sea, a component of the Pacific Ocean:", "Malaysia. Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy, and the only federation in Southeast Asia. The system of government is closely modelled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule.[64] The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the King. The King is elected to a five-year term by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. By informal agreement the position is systematically rotated among the nine,[64] and has been held by Muhammad V of Kelantan since December 2016.[65] The King's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to the constitution in 1994, picking ministers and members of the upper house.[66]" ]

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[ "Chicken Little. In most retellings, the animals have rhyming names, commonly Chicken Licken or Chicken Little, Henny Penny or Hen-Len, Cocky Locky, Ducky Lucky or Ducky Daddles, Drakey Lakey, Goosey Loosey or Goosey Poosey, Gander Lander, Turkey Lurkey and Foxy Loxy or Foxy Woxy.", "Armadillidiidae. Armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order Isopoda. Unlike members of other woodlouse families, members of this family can roll into a ball, an ability they share with the outwardly similar but unrelated pill millipedes and other animals. This ability gives woodlice in this family their common names of pill bugs,[1] roly polies, and doodle bugs.[2] The best known species in the family is Armadillidium vulgare, the common pill bug. The roly polies are not native to the Americas, but instead were introduced from Europe.", "Henny Penny. In most retellings, the animals have rhyming names, commonly Chicken Licken or Chicken Little, Henny Penny or Hen-Len, Cocky Locky, Ducky Lucky or Ducky Daddles, Drakey Lakey, Goosey Loosey or Goosey Poosey, Gander Lander, Turkey Lurkey and Foxy Loxy or Foxy Woxy.", "V Festival. Virgin Mobile Union: Graham Coxon, Robyn, Stephen Fretwell, Bedouin Soundclash, Air Traffic, The Rumble Strips, Remi Nicole, Cherry Ghost, Tiny Dancers, Unklejam, Passenger, The Dodgems, Rodrigo Y Gabriela, Boy Kill Boy, Plan B, The Holloways, Mr Hudson & The Library, Mumm-Ra, Switches, The Wombats, Ghosts, The Hoosiers, Pop Levi and Rebecca.", "Hoi polloi. At the English public school (i.e., private school) Haileybury and Imperial Service College, in the 1950s and '60s, grammar schoolboys from nearby Hertford were referred to as \"oips\", from \"hoi polloi\", to distinguish them from comprehensive and secondary modern schoolboys, the lowest of the low, who were called \"oiks\".", "Elizabeth Daily. She has voiced television characters such as Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series, Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls, Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone, and Freefall / Roxy Spaulding in the film Gen¹³ and Private Isabel \"Dizzy\" Flores in Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles. She provided the voice for the title role in the live-action feature film Babe: Pig in the City, replacing Christine Cavanaugh. More recently in 2013, she began doing the voice of Julius Jr. on the self-titled Nick Jr. television show.", "Pickled herring. Rollmops are pickled herring fillets rolled (hence the name) into a cylindrical shape around a piece of pickled gherkin or an onion. They are thought to have developed as a special treat in 19th century Berlin[2], and the word borrowed from the German.", "E.G. Daily. She has voiced television characters such as Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series, Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls, Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone, and Freefall / Roxy Spaulding in the film Gen¹³ and Private Isabel \"Dizzy\" Flores in Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles. She provided the voice for the title role in the live-action feature film Babe: Pig in the City, replacing Christine Cavanaugh. More recently in 2013, she began doing the voice of Julius Jr. on the self-titled Nick Jr. television show.", "Hoi polloi. The University of Dayton's Don Morlan says, \"The theme in these shorts of the Stooges against the rich is bringing the rich down to their level and shaking their heads.\" A typical Stooges joke from the film is when someone addresses them as \"gentlemen\", and they look over their shoulders to see who is being addressed.[20] The Three Stooges turn the tables on their hosts by calling them \"hoi polloi\" at the end.", "Benny Goodman. Goodman made his first record under his own name for Vocalion two years later. He recorded with the regular Pollack band and smaller groups drawn from the orchestra through 1929. The side sessions produced scores of sides recorded for the various dimestore record labels under an array of group names, including Mills' Musical Clowns, Goody's Good Timers, the Hotsy Totsy Gang, Jimmy Backen's Toe Ticklers, Dixie Daisies, and Kentucky Grasshoppers.[citation needed]", "Chicken Little. A Scots version of the tale is found in \nRobert Chambers's Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland of 1842.[15] It appeared among the \"Fireside Nursery Stories\" and was titled \"The hen and her fellow travellers\". The characters included Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Daddles, Goosie Poosie, and an unnamed \"tod\" (fox). Henny Penny became convinced that \"the lifts were faun\" (the heavens were falling) when a pea fell on her head.", "Hoi polloi. Gilbert's parallel use of canaille, plebs (plebeians), and hoi polloi makes it clear that the term is derogatory of the lower classes. In many versions of the vocal score, it is written as \"οἱ πολλοί\", likely confusing generations of amateur choristers who had not had the advantages of a British Public School education.", "Bobby Bumps. Bobby Bumps was the titular character of a series of American silent animated short subjects produced by Bray Productions from 1915-25. Inspired by R. F. Outcault's Buster Brown, Bobby Bumps was a little boy who, accompanied by his dog Fido, regularly found himself in and out of mischief. The cartoons were released by Paramount Pictures as part of its Paramount Magazine short-subjects package.", "Rhode Island Red. The name \"Rhode Island Red\" is ascribed to Isaac Champlin Wilbour of Little Compton at an unknown date, or to a Mr. Jenny of the Southern Massachusetts Poultry Association in 1879 or 1880. Poultry expert Nathaniel Borden Aldrich of Fall River, Massachusetts suggested the name \"Golden Buffs\" around 1890, but by 1895 they were being exhibited under the name \"Rhode Island Red.\" Before this they were known as \"John Macomber fowls\" or \"Tripp fowls.\"[6]", "Catfish. In the United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names, such as \"mud cat\", \"polliwogs\", or \"chuckleheads\".[13] These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname \"chucklehead\", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish.", "Hoi polloi. While Charles Darwin was at the University of Cambridge from 1828 to 1831, undergraduates used the term \"hoi polloi\" or \"Poll\" for those reading for an ordinary degree, the \"pass degree\".[17] At that time only capable mathematicians would take the Tripos or honours degree. In his autobiography written in the 1870s, Darwin recalled that \"By answering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place among the οἱ πολλοί, or crowd of men who do not go in for honours.\"[18]", "Scottish Terrier. Scotties are territorial, alert, quick moving and feisty, perhaps even more so than other terrier breeds. The breed is known to be independent and self-assured, playful, intelligent and has been nicknamed the 'Diehard' because of its rugged nature and endless determination.[3] The \"Diehard\" nickname was originally given to it in the 19th century by George, the fourth Earl of Dumbarton.[4] The Earl had a famous pack of Scottish Terriers, so brave that they were named “Diehards”. They were supposed to have inspired the name of his Regiment, The Royal Scots, \"Dumbarton’s Diehards\".[4]", "Hoi polloi. The term has appeared in several films and radio programs. For example, one of the earliest short films from the Three Stooges, Hoi Polloi (1935), opens in an exclusive restaurant where two wealthy gentlemen are arguing whether heredity or environment is more important in shaping character.[19] They make a bet and pick on nearby trashmen (the Stooges) to prove their theory. At the conclusion of three months in training, the Stooges attend a dinner party, where they thoroughly embarrass the professors.", "The Magic Roundabout. The main character is Dougal (also known as Doogal) (Pollux in the original French-language version) who was a drop-eared variety of the Skye Terrier.", "The Life of Riley. Irving Brecher created the radio series for friend Groucho Marx. Originally titled The Flotsam Family, the sponsor balked at what would have been essentially a straight head-of-household role for Groucho (Marx went on to host Blue Ribbon Town from 1943 to 1944 and then You Bet Your Life from 1947 to 1961). Creator and producer Brecher saw William Bendix as taxicab company owner Tim McGuerin in Hal Roach's The McGuerins from Brooklyn (1942). Brecher stated, \"He was a Brooklyn guy and there was something about him. I thought, This guy could play it. He'd made a few films, like Lifeboat, but he was not a name. So I took The Flotsam Family script, revised it, made it a Brooklyn Family, took out the flippancies and made it more meat-and-potatoes, and thought of a new title, The Life of Riley. Bendix's delivery and the spin he put on his lines made it work.\"[1]", "Hoi polloi. In the first scene of The PlayStation ad \"Double Life,\" a British man says, \"In the day, I do my job, I ride the bus, Roll up my sleeves with the Hoi polloi\".", "Hoi polloi. Keating: Precisely, Meeks. Greek for the herd. However, be warned that, when you say \"the hoi polloi\" you are actually saying \"the the herd.\" Indicating that you too are \"hoi polloi\".[22]", "Henny Penny. A Scots version of the tale is found in Robert Chambers's Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland of 1842.[15] It appeared among the \"Fireside Nursery Stories\" and was titled \"The hen and her fellow travellers\". The characters included Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Daddles, Goosie Poosie, and an unnamed \"tod\" (fox). Henny Penny became convinced that \"the lifts were faun\" (the heavens were falling) when a pea fell on her head.", "Beverly Cleary. Beverly Atlee Cleary (née Bunn; born April 12, 1916) is an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. One of America's most successful living authors, 91 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide since her first book was published in 1950.[1] Some of Cleary's best known characters are Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy, Ramona Quimby and Beezus Quimby, and Ralph S. Mouse.[2]", "Glossary of baseball. 'Roll a bump' is a colloquial east coast slang for turning a 1-6-3 double play or a 1-4-3 double play.", "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. Masquerading as the Wilbury brothers, the participants would be known as Nelson (Harrison), Otis (Lynne), Lucky (Dylan), Lefty (Orbison), and Charlie T. Jr. (Petty) Wilbury, with drummer Jim Keltner credited as Buster Sidebury. Harrison was no stranger to the use of alternate identities, as he had adopted them with Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and with his plethora of pseudonyms as a session musician, including L'Angelo Misterioso, George O'Hara and Hari Georgeson. During the Beatles's first tour of Scotland, in 1960, he had used the pseudonym \"Carl Harrison\", in reference to one of his favourite musicians, Carl Perkins.[3] With the Traveling Wilburys, this concept was taken a step further, since the participants' real names do not appear anywhere on the album, liner notes, or the songwriting credits.", "Our Gang. In 1994, Amblin Entertainment and Universal Pictures released The Little Rascals, a feature film based loosely on the series and featuring interpretations of classic Our Gang shorts, including Hearts are Thumps, Rushin' Ballet, and Hi'-Neighbor! The film, directed by Penelope Spheeris, starred Travis Tedford as Spanky, Bug Hall as Alfalfa, and Ross Bagley as Buckwheat; with cameos by the Olsen twins, Whoopi Goldberg, Mel Brooks, Reba McEntire, Daryl Hannah, Donald Trump and Raven-Symoné.[32] The Little Rascals was a moderate success for Universal, bringing in $51,764,950 at the box office.[33]", "List of MythBusters cast members. Simulaids are Buster's family of at least four dummies, dubbed \"Randy\" or \"Rescue Randy\" (father), \"Jane\" (mother), \"Suzy\" or \"Simulated Suzy\" (daughter), and an unnamed son. Rescue Randy has also been referred to as \"Ted\" (for Bus-Ted, Annihila-Ted, Humilia-Ted, and so on). These were added partly because Buster (even after his redesign) was becoming increasingly difficult to repair, and also because not all myths can be accurately tested with Buster due to his size, weight, and other factors. For instance, Suzy (a child dummy) was used to test the myth that a child could go 360 degrees around a swing set. Being representative of an adult man, Buster would not have properly fit the criteria for the myth. The Simulaids were first introduced in the Killer Brace Position myth, primarily because multiple dummies were needed for testing. At least one Simulaid has been destroyed in the course of subsequent experiments (In the \"Point Break\" trilogy the Simulaid was destroyed when it hit the ground from 4000 feet).", "Fruit Roll-Ups. Fruit Roll-Ups are manufactured by General Mills and distributed under the Betty Crocker brand in the American market and under the Uncle Tobys brand in Australia. Several similar products have been marketed by General Mills and by other companies.", "Egg roll. In Vietnamese cuisine, an egg roll is a savory dish typically served as an appetizer and is similar in concept to what is commonly known as a Spring roll but made with flour dough wrap instead and deep fried or baked, resulting in a crispy product. There is another version known as Popiah which has a soft pan cooked wrapper with vegetable stuffing that are stir fried or steamed in a separate process. Egg rolls are usually stuffed with pork, shrimp, or chicken, adding cabbage, carrots, bean sprouts and other vegetables, and then deep fried. This variety of the egg roll is very common and popular, across even regional varieties of American Chinese food, and is often included as part of a \"combination platter\".[2][3][4][5]", "Doritos. For a brief period in 2004, Doritos introduced new shape and form called \"Rollitos\", which were corn chips shaped into small tubes, like a regular triangular Dorito was \"rolled\" up. Rollitos flavors included Nacho Cheesier, Zesty Taco, Cooler Ranch and Queso Picante. In 2013 This idea was reintroduced rebranded as \"Dinamitas\", or little sticks of dynamite. There are two varieties, a chili lime combo, and the Mojo Criollo (Creole magic), a lemon-lime and garlic flavored rolled Doritos. Dinamitas differs slightly in style than Rollitos. Rollitos had the chips baked, the tube formed with an oil-submersible box press to fry. Currently it is rolled into a tube before the baking and frying, a much simpler process.[23]", "Pigs in blankets. In Serbia, the dish has a name \"rol viršla\", lit. (hot) dog roll. Rol viršla is a very popular type of fast food in Serbia." ]

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[ "Method acting. \"The Method\" is an elaboration of the \"system\" of acting developed by the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski. In the first three decades of the 20th century, Stanislavski organized his training, preparation, and rehearsal techniques into a coherent, systematic methodology. The \"system\" brought together and built on: (1) the director-centred, unified aesthetic and disciplined, ensemble approach of the Meiningen company; (2) the actor-centred realism of the Maly; (3) and the Naturalistic staging of Antoine and the independent theatre movement.[4]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Konstantin Sergeievich Stanislavski (né Alexeiev; Russian: Константи́н Серге́евич Станисла́вский; 17 January [O.S. 5 January] 1863 – 7 August 1938) was a seminal Russian theatre practitioner.[2] He was widely recognised as an outstanding character actor and the many productions that he directed garnered a reputation as one of the leading theatre directors of his generation.[3] His principal fame and influence, however, rests on his 'system' of actor training, preparation, and rehearsal technique.[4] Calling him \"the first great creator of a method of acting in the theatre,\" Jerzy Grotowski praised Stanislavski for \"asking all the relevant questions that could be asked about theatrical technique.\"[5] Stanislavski began developing a 'grammar' of acting in 1906; his initial choice to call it his System struck him as too dogmatic, so he wrote it as his 'system' (without the capital letter and in inverted commas) to indicate the provisional nature of the results of his investigations—modern scholarship and the standard edition of Stanislavski's works follow that practice; see Benedetti (1999a, 169), Gauss (1999, 3—4), Milling and Ley (2001, 1), and Stanislavski (1938) and (1957).</ref>", "Lee Strasberg. Although other highly regarded teachers also developed \"the Method\", Strasberg is often considered the \"father of method acting in America\", according to author Mel Gussow, and from the 1920s until his death in 1982, \"he revolutionized the art of acting by having a profound influence on performance in American theater and movies\".[5] From his base in New York, he trained several generations of theatre and film notables, including Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, Montgomery Clift, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Jane Fonda, Julie Harris, Paul Newman, Ellen Burstyn, Al Pacino, Geraldine Page, Eli Wallach, and directors Frank Perry and Elia Kazan.[5]", "Method acting. Method acting is a range of training and rehearsal techniques that seek to encourage sincere and emotionally expressive performances, as formulated by a number of different theatre practitioners, principally in the United States, where it is among the most popular—and controversial—approaches to acting.[2] These techniques are built on the Stanislavski's system developed by the Russian actor and director Konstantin Stanislavski. Among those who have contributed to the development of the Method, three teachers are associated with \"having set the standard of its success\", each emphasizing different aspects of the approach: Lee Strasberg (the psychological aspects), Stella Adler (the sociological aspects), and Sanford Meisner (the behavioral aspects).[2] The approach was first developed when they worked together at the Group Theatre in New York.[3] All three subsequently claimed to be the rightful heirs of Stanislavski's approach. His three major books were An Actor Prepares, Building a Character, and Creating a Role.[3]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Stanislavski subjected his acting and direction to a rigorous process of artistic self-analysis and reflection.[16] His 'system' of acting developed out of his persistent efforts to remove the blocks that he encountered in his performances, beginning with a major crisis in 1906.[17] He produced his early work using an external, director-centred technique that strove for an organic unity of all its elements—in each production he planned the interpretation of every role, blocking, and the mise en scène in detail in advance.[18] He also introduced into the production process a period of discussion and detailed analysis of the play by the cast.[19] Despite the success that this approach brought, particularly with his Naturalistic stagings of the plays of Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky, Stanislavski remained dissatisfied.[20]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. In his treatment of the classics, Stanislavski believed that it was legitimate for actors and directors to ignore the playwright's intentions for a play's staging.[151] One of his most important—a collaboration with Edward Gordon Craig on a production of Hamlet—became a landmark of 20th-century theatrical modernism.[152] Stanislavski hoped to prove that his recently developed 'system' for creating internally justified, realistic acting could meet the formal demands of a classic play.[153] Craig envisioned a Symbolist monodrama in which every aspect of production would be subjugated to the protagonist: it would present a dream-like vision as seen through Hamlet's eyes.[154]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Later, Stanislavski further elaborated the 'system' with a more physically grounded rehearsal process that came to be known as the \"Method of Physical Action\".[30] Minimising at-the-table discussions, he now encouraged an \"active analysis\", in which the sequence of dramatic situations are improvised.[31] \"The best analysis of a play\", Stanislavski argued, \"is to take action in the given circumstances.\"[32]", "Method acting. The transmission of the earliest phase of Stanislavski's work via the students of the First Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) revolutionized acting in the West.[11] When the MAT toured the US in the early 1920s, the young Lee Strasberg saw all of their productions and was deeply impressed by their ensemble performances.[12] At that time, Richard Boleslavsky, one of Stanislavski's students from the First Studio, presented a series of lectures on the \"system\" that were eventually published as Acting: The First Six Lessons (1933).[13] The interest generated led to a decision by Boleslavsky and Maria Ouspenskaya (another student at the First Studio) to emigrate to the US and to establish the American Laboratory Theatre.[14] The version of Stanislavski's practice that travelled to the US with them was that developed in the 1910s, rather than the more fully elaborated version of the \"system\" detailed in Stanislavski's acting manuals from the 1930s, An Actor's Work and An Actor's Work on a Role. The first half of An Actor's Work, which treated the psychological elements of training, was published in a heavily abridged and misleadingly translated version in the US as An Actor Prepares in 1936. English-language readers often confused the first volume on psychological processes with the \"system\" as a whole.[15]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Increasingly absorbed by his teaching, in 1913 Stanislavski held open rehearsals for his production of Molière's The Imaginary Invalid as a demonstration of the 'system'.[159] As with his production of Hamlet and his next, Goldoni's The Mistress of the Inn, he was keen to assay his 'system' in the crucible of a classical text.[160] He began to inflect his technique of dividing the action of the play into bits with an emphasis on improvisation; he would progress from analysis, through free improvisation, to the language of the text:[161]", "Acting. The theatre semiotician Patrice Pavis, alluding to the contrast between Stanislavski's 'system' and Brecht's demonstrating performer—and, beyond that, to Denis Diderot's foundational essay on the art of acting, Paradox of the Actor (c. 1770—78)—argues that:", "Stanislavski's system. Though many others have contributed to the development of method acting, Strasberg, Adler, and Meisner are associated with \"having set the standard of its success\", though each emphasised different aspects: Strasberg developed the psychological aspects, Adler, the sociological, and Meisner, the behavioral.[97] While each strand of the American tradition vigorously sought to distinguish itself from the others, they all share a basic set of assumptions that allows them to be grouped together.[98]", "Method acting. As well as Stanislavski's early work, the ideas and techniques of his student Yevgeny Vakhtangov (who had died in 1922 at the age of 39) were also an important influence on the development of the Method. Vakhtangov's \"object exercises\" were developed further by Uta Hagen as a means for actor training and the maintenance of skills. Strasberg attributed to Vakhtangov the distinction between Stanislavski's process of \"justifying\" behaviour with the inner motive forces that prompt that behaviour in the character and \"motivating\" behaviour with imagined or recalled experiences relating to the actor and substituted for those relating to the character. Following this distinction, actors ask themselves \"What would motivate me, the actor, to behave in the way the character does?\" rather than the more Stanislavskian question \"Given the particular circumstances of the play, how would I behave, what would I do, how would I feel, how would I react?\"[18]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Stanislavski's directorial methods at this time were closely modelled on the disciplined, autocratic approach of Ludwig Chronegk, the director of the Meiningen Ensemble.[67] In My Life in Art (1924), Stanislavski described this approach as one in which the director is \"forced to work without the help of the actor\".[68] From 1894 onwards, Stanislavski began to assemble detailed prompt-books that included a directorial commentary on the entire play and from which not even the smallest detail was allowed to deviate.[69]", "Eli Wallach. Two years later he received a master of arts degree in education from the City College of New York.[9][10] He gained his first method acting experience at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City, where he studied under Sanford Meisner.[11] There, according to Wallach, actors were forced to \"unlearn\" all their physical and vocal mannerisms, while traditional stage etiquette and \"singsong\" deliveries were \"utterly excised\" from his classroom.[12]", "Method acting. Sanford Meisner, another Group Theatre pioneer, believed the method was far too focused on the internal workings of the actor, and that acting should be \"outside in\" rather than \"inside out\". His ideas came to be called the Meisner technique. He advocated actors fully immersing themselves \"in the moment\" and concentrating on their partner (what Stanislavski called \"communication\" and \"adaptation\"). Meisner taught actors to achieve spontaneity by understanding the given circumstances of the scene. He designed interpersonal exercises to help actors invest emotionally in the scene, freeing them to react \"honestly\" as the character. Meisner described acting as \"living truthfully under imaginary circumstances\".[26]", "Acting. Improvisation as an approach to acting formed an important part of the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski's 'system' of actor training, which he developed from the 1910s onwards. Late in 1910, the playwright Maxim Gorky invited Stanislavski to join him in Capri, where they discussed training and Stanislavski's emerging \"grammar\" of acting.[6] Inspired by a popular theatre performance in Naples that utilised the techniques of the commedia dell'arte, Gorky suggested that they form a company, modelled on the medieval strolling players, in which a playwright and group of young actors would devise new plays together by means of improvisation.[7] Stanislavski would develop this use of improvisation in his work with his First Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre.[8] Stanislavski's use was extended further in the approaches to acting developed by his students, Michael Chekhov and Maria Knebel.", "Presentational and representational acting. The use of these critical terms (in an almost directly opposed sense from the critical mainstream usage detailed above) to describe two different forms of the actor–character relationship within an actor's methodology originates from the American actor and teacher Uta Hagen. She developed this use from a far more ambiguous formulation offered by the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski in chapter two of his acting manual An Actor's Work (1938).", "Method acting. Many of the American practitioners who came to be identified with the Method were taught by Boleslavsky and Ouspenskaya at the American Laboratory Theatre.[16] The approaches to acting subsequently developed by their students—including Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and Sanford Meisner—are often confused with Stanislavski's \"system\". Strasberg's adaptation relied exclusively on psychological techniques and contrasted sharply with Stanislavski's multivariate, holistic and psychophysical approach, which explores character and action both from the \"inside out\" and the \"outside in\".[17]", "Method acting. Robert Lewis also broke with Strasberg. In his books Method—or Madness? and the more autobiographical Slings and Arrows, Lewis argued that method acting was too focused on pure emotional training and neglected vocal and physical training, which forms a fundamental part both of classical actor-training and of Stanislavski's system.[27] The method's reliance on emotion, he felt, could too easily encourage overacting.", "Method acting. In Indian cinema, a form of method acting was developed independently from American cinema. Dilip Kumar, a Hindi cinema actor who debuted in the 1940s and eventually became one of the biggest Indian movie stars of the 1950s and 1960s, was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar inspired many future Indian actors, from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Siddiqui.[32][33] Kumar, who pioneered his own form of method acting without any acting school experience,[34] was described as \"the ultimate method actor\" (natural actor) by the famous filmmaker Satyajit Ray.[35]", "Method acting. The charge that Strasberg's method distorted Stanislavski's system has been responsible for a considerable revivalist interest in Stanislavski's \"pure\" teachings. As the use of the Method has declined considerably from its peak in the mid-20th century, acting teachers claiming to teach Stanislavski's unadulterated system are becoming more numerous.[citation needed]", "Stanislavski's system. Stanislavski's system is a systematic approach to training actors that the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski developed in the first half of the 20th century.[2] Stanislavski was the first in the West to propose that actor training should involve something more than merely physical and vocal training.[3] His system cultivates what he calls the \"art of experiencing\" (with which he contrasts the \"art of representation\").[4] It mobilises the actor's conscious thought and will in order to activate other, less-controllable psychological processes—such as emotional experience and subconscious behaviour—sympathetically and indirectly.[5] In rehearsal, the actor searches for inner motives to justify action and the definition of what the character seeks to achieve at any given moment (a \"task\").[6]", "Lee Strasberg. He gained a reputation with the Theater Guild of New York and helped form the Group Theater in New York in 1931.[16] There, he created a technique which became known as \"the method\" or \"method acting.\" His teaching style owed much to the Russian practitioner, Konstantin Stanislavski, whose book, An Actor Prepares (published in English in 1936), dealt with the psychology of acting. He began by directing, but his time was gradually taken up by the training of actors. Called \"America's first true theatrical collective\", the Lab immediately offered a few tuition-free scholarships for its three-year program to \"promising students\".[17]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Turning to the classics of Russian theatre, the MAT revived Griboyedov's comedy Woe from Wit and planned to stage three of Pushkin's \"little tragedies\" in early 1915.[188] Stanislavski continued to develop his 'system', explaining at an open rehearsal for Woe from Wit his concept of the state of \"I am being\".[189] This term marks the stage in the rehearsal process when the distinction between actor and character blurs (producing the \"actor/role\"), subconscious behaviour takes the lead, and the actor feels fully present in the dramatic moment.[190] He stressed the importance to achieving this state of a focus on action (\"What would I do if ...\") rather than emotion (\"How would I feel if ...\"): \"You must ask the kinds of questions that lead to dynamic action.\"[191] Instead of forcing emotion, he explained, actors should notice what is happening, attend to their relationships with the other actors, and try to understand \"through the senses\" the fictional world that surrounds them.[189]", "Acting. Any acting is based on a codified system (even if the audience does not see it as such) of behaviour and actions that are considered to be believable and realistic or artificial and theatrical. To advocate the natural, the spontaneous, and the instinctive is only to attempt to produce natural effects, governed by an ideological code that determines, at a particular historical time, and for a given audience, what is natural and believable and what is declamatory and theatrical.[12]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. Stanislavski (his stage name) performed and directed as an amateur until the age of 33, when he co-founded the world-famous Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) company with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, following a legendary 18-hour discussion.[6] Its influential tours of Europe (1906) and the US (1923—4) and its landmark productions of The Seagull (1898) and Hamlet (1911—12) established his reputation and opened new possibilities for the art of the theatre.[7] By means of the MAT, Stanislavski was instrumental in promoting the new Russian drama of his day—principally the work of Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, and Mikhail Bulgakov—to audiences in Moscow and around the world; he also staged acclaimed productions of a wide range of classical Russian and European plays.[8]", "Richard Brake. Brake was born in Ystrad Mynach, Hengoed. In 1967, he and his family migrated to the United States, where they first settled in Atlanta. He then grew up in the states of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Ohio. Brake attended Western Reserve Academy in Hudson, Ohio, and trained in The Science of Acting[2] under the technique's founder, and founding Principal of The Academy of the Science of Acting and Directing,[3][4] Sam Kogan. He also studied acting in New York City at the Michael Chekhov Studio under Beatrice Straight.", "Method acting. The \"system\" cultivates what Stanislavski calls the \"art of experiencing\" (to which he contrasts the \"art of representation\").[5] It mobilises the actor's conscious thought and will in order to activate other, less-controllable psychological processes—such as emotional experience and subconscious behaviour—sympathetically and indirectly.[6] In rehearsal, the actor searches for inner motives to justify action and the definition of what the character seeks to achieve at any given moment (a \"task\").[7] Later, Stanislavski further elaborated the \"system\" with a more physically grounded rehearsal process known as the \"Method of Physical Action\".[8] Minimising at-the-table discussions, he now encouraged an \"active analysis\", in which the sequence of dramatic situations are improvised.[9] \"The best analysis of a play\", Stanislavski argued, \"is to take action in the given circumstances.\"[10]", "Konstantin Stanislavski. In an attempt to render a classic play relevant to a contemporary Soviet audience, Stanislavski re-located the action in his fast and free-flowing production of Pierre Beaumarchais' 18th-century comedy The Marriage of Figaro to pre-Revolutionary France and emphasised the democratic point of view of Figaro and Susanna, in preference to that of the aristocratic Count Almaviva.[232] His working methods contributed innovations to the 'system': the analysis of scenes in terms of concrete physical tasks and the use of the \"line of the day\" for each character.[233]", "Method acting. Every afternoon for five weeks during the summer of 1934 in Paris, Stanislavski worked with the American actress Stella Adler, who had sought his assistance with the blocks she had confronted in her performances.[20] Given the emphasis that emotion memory had received in New York, Adler was surprised to find that Stanislavski rejected the technique except as a last resort.[20] Under the influence of Richard Boleslavsky, emotion memory had become a central feature of Strasberg's training at the Group Theatre in New York. In contrast, Stanislavski recommended to Stella Adler an indirect pathway to emotional expression via physical action. In his biography of Stanislavski, Jean Benedetti writes: \"It has been suggested that Stanislavski deliberately played down the emotional aspects of acting because the woman in front of him was already over-emotional. The evidence is against this. What Stanislavski told Stella Adler was exactly what he had been telling his actors at home, what indeed he had advocated in his notes for Leonidov in the production plan for Othello.\" Stanislavski confirmed this emphasis in his discussions with Harold Clurman in late 1935.[21] The news that this was Stanislavski's approach would have significant repercussions in the US; Strasberg angrily rejected it and refused to modify his approach.[20]", "Theatre. Stanislavski treated the theatre as an art-form that is autonomous from literature and one in which the playwright's contribution should be respected as that of only one of an ensemble of creative artists.[67] His innovative contribution to modern acting theory has remained at the core of mainstream western performance training for much of the last century.[68] That many of the precepts of his system of actor training seem to be common sense and self-evident testifies to its hegemonic success.[69] Actors frequently employ his basic concepts without knowing they do so.[69] Thanks to its promotion and elaboration by acting teachers who were former students and the many translations of his theoretical writings, Stanislavski's 'system' acquired an unprecedented ability to cross cultural boundaries and developed an international reach, dominating debates about acting in Europe and the United States.[70] Many actors routinely equate his 'system' with the North American Method, although the latter's exclusively psychological techniques contrast sharply with Stanislavski's multivariant, holistic and psychophysical approach, which explores character and action both from the 'inside out' and the 'outside in' and treats the actor's mind and body as parts of a continuum.[71]", "Method acting. Among the concepts and techniques of method acting are substitution, \"as if\", sense memory, affective memory, and animal work (all of which were first developed by Stanislavski). Contemporary method actors sometimes seek help from psychologists in the development of their roles.[19]" ]

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[ "Electricity sector of the United States. About 80% of the electricity in the U.S. is generated by private (\"investor-owned\") utilities. The remaining electricity is produced by the public sector. This includes federal agencies such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (producing mainly nuclear and hydropower), and Power Marketing Administrations of the Department of Energy, one of which is the Bonneville Power Administration (in the Pacific Northwest)(hydropower). It also includes municipal utilities and utility cooperatives.", "Energy in the United States. The United States of America (USA) is the world's second largest producer and consumer of electricity.[57] It consumes about 20%[58] of the world's supply of electricity. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the USA Electric industry, based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files.[59] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) files. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other user communities. Generation is detailed for the major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro and the other renewables of wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal and solar. Changes to the electrical energy fuel mix and other trends are identified. Progress in wind and solar contributions to the energy mix are addressed. Expected changes in the generation environment during the next 5 years are discussed.", "Electricity sector of the United States. Principal sources of US electricity in 2014 were: coal (39%), natural gas (27%), nuclear (19%), Hydro (6%), and other renewables (7%). Over the decade 2004—2014, the largest increases in electrical generation came from natural gas (2014 generation was 412 billion kWh greater than 2004), wind (increase of 168 billion kWh) and solar (increased 18 billion kWh). Over the same decade, annual generation from coal decreased 393 billion kWh, and from petroleum decreased 90 billion kWh.[3]", "Energy policy of the United States. The United States is a net importer of electricity from Canada, and a net exporter to Mexico. Overall, in 2012 the US had net electricity imports of 47 thousand gigawatt-hours, which was less than 1.2% of the electrical power generated within the US.[46]", "Energy policy of the United States. Most electricity (52% in 2000) in the country is generated from coal-fired power plants:[9] in 2006, more than 90% of coal consumed was used to generate electricity. In 1950, about 19% percent of the coal consumed was for electricity generation.[73]", "Electricity sector of the United States. In 2008 the average electricity tariff in the U.S. was 9.82 Cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh).[4] In 2006-07 electricity tariffs in the U.S. were higher than in Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Finland, but lower than in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK.[5] Residential tariffs vary significantly between states from 6.7 Cents/kWh in West Virginia to 24.1 Cents/kWh in Hawaii. The average residential bill in 2007 was US$100/month. Most investments in the U.S. electricity sector are financed by private companies through debt and equity. However, some investments are indirectly financed by taxpayers through various subsidies ranging from tax incentives to subsidies for research and development, feed-in tariffs for renewable energy and support to low-income households to pay their electric bills.", "Coal. At least 40% of the world's electricity comes from coal,[40][48] and in 2016, 30% of the United States' electricity came from coal, down from approximately 49% in 2008.[49][50][51] As of 2012 in the United States, use of coal to generate electricity was declining, as plentiful supplies of natural gas obtained by hydraulic fracturing of tight shale formations became available at low prices.[50]", "Energy in the United States. United States 1,064.1 Gigawatt power infrastructure [66] produced[67] 4,077.6 Billion kWhs (B kWhs) in 2015. USA imports [68] minus exports was 66.7 B kWhs for a total of 4,144.3 B kWh of electrical energy for U.S. use. Electrical energy generated from Coal was 1,352.40 B kWhs (32.63%); Natural and other Gases, 1,346.60 B kWhs (32.49%); Nuclear, 797.18 B kWhs (19.24%); Hydro, 249.08 B kWhs (6.01%); Renewables (other than Hydro), 295.16 B kWhs (7.12%); Imports less exports, 66.7 B kWh (1.3%); Petroleum, 28.25 B kWhs (0.68%); and Misc (including pumped storage) 8.94 B kWhs (0.1%). United States' renewable fuels (Hydro reported separately) are Wind, 190.72 B kWhs (4.60%); Wood, 41.93 B kWh (1.01%); other Biomass, 21.70 B kWhs (0.52% ); Geothermal, 15.92 B kWhs (0.38%) and Solar, 24.89 B kWhs (0.60%). The following tables summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the United States. Data from Electric Power Annual 2015[60] was used throughout this section.", "Electricity sector of the United States. Fossil fuels – mainly coal and natural gas – remain the backbone of electricity generation in the U.S., accounting for 68% of installed generation capacity in 2010.", "Electricity generation. Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the environment. In France only 10% of electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the US is higher at 70% and China is at 80%.[11] The cleanliness of electricity depends on its source. Most scientists agree that emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant portion of world greenhouse gas emissions; in the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40% of emissions, the largest of any source. Transportation emissions are close behind, contributing about one-third of U.S. production of carbon dioxide.[13] In the United States, fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is responsible for 65% of all emissions of sulfur dioxide, the main component of acid rain.[14] Electricity generation is the fourth highest combined source of NOx, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter in the US.[15] In July 2011, the UK parliament tabled a motion that \"levels of (carbon) emissions from nuclear power were approximately three times lower per kilowatt hour than those of solar, four times lower than clean coal and 36 times lower than conventional coal\".[16]", "Electricity sector of the United States. Residential tariffs vary significantly between states from 6.7 cents/kWh in West Virginia to 24.1 cents/kWh in Hawaii. An important factor that influences tariff levels is the mix of energy sources used in power generation. For example, access to cheap federal power from hydropower plants contributes to low electricity tariffs in some states.", "Energy in the United States. The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2010, data showed 25% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 22% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplied 8%,[4] which was mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass but also included other renewable sources such as wind power, geothermal and solar energy.[5] Energy consumption has increased at a faster rate than domestic energy production over the last fifty years in the U.S. (when they were roughly equal). This difference is now largely met through imports.[6]", "Energy policy of the United States. Hydroelectricity was the basis of Nikola Tesla's introduction of the U.S. electricity grid, starting at Niagara Falls, NY in 1883.[18] Electricity generated by major dams like the Jensen Dam, TVA Project, Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam still produce some of the lowest-priced ($0.08/kWh), clean electricity in America. Rural electrification strung power lines to many more areas.[9][19]", "Electricity sector of the United States. The following table summarize the electrical energy generated by renewable fuel sources for the US. Data was obtained from Electric Power Annual 2015.[23]", "Electricity sector of the United States. In 2006-07 commercial electricity tariffs in the U.S. (9.28 cents/kWh) were higher than in Australia (7.1 cents/kWh), Canada (6.18 cents/kWh) that relies mainly on hydropower or in France (8.54 cents/kWh) that relies heavily on nuclear power, but lower than in Germany (13.16 cents/kWh), Italy (15.74 cents/kWh) or the UK (11.16 cents/kWh) that all rely to a larger degree on fossil fuels, all compared at purchasing power parity.[38]", "Electricity sector of the United States. The following table summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel sources for the USA. Data was mined from Electric Power Annual 2015[15]]. Profile data is from Electric Power Monthly and is for 2016.[16]].", "Energy in the United States. Using the data from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files[74] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) full year files.[75] The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual .[64][65] identifies those states which generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs. They supply those that need additional energy. Each states total electric generation for 2015 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loses and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system loses) is the amount of energy it exports. For Hawaii (HI), total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states multiplying their direct consumption by 1.1084811845 (4077600939/3758992390) results in USA supply (including net imports) being equal to USA total consumption usage. State export is determined by subtracting the state's total consumption from its generation.", "Energy development. Industrialised countries such as Canada, the US, and Australia are among the highest per capita consumers of electricity in the world, which is possible thanks to a widespread electrical distribution network. The US grid is one of the most advanced, although infrastructure maintenance is becoming a problem. CurrentEnergy provides a realtime overview of the electricity supply and demand for California, Texas, and the Northeast of the US. African countries with small scale electrical grids have a correspondingly low annual per capita usage of electricity. One of the most powerful power grids in the world supplies power to the state of Queensland, Australia.", "Natural gas in the United States. The states which use the most natural gas for electricity production are, in descending order, Texas, Florida, California, and New York.", "Energy policy of the United States. Almost all of Canada's energy exports go to the United States, making it the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports. Canada is the top source of U.S. imports of oil, gas. and electricity.[27]", "Natural gas in the United States. Since 2009, electricity generation has been the largest use of natural gas in the US. Electricity generated by natural gas has been by far the fastest-growing source of electricity in the US since the 1990s. Natural gas became the second-largest source of US electricity in 2006, when it surpassed nuclear power. In late 2015, natural gas surpassed coal as the largest source of electricity generated in the United States.", "Kentucky. As of 2010, 24% of electricity produced in the U.S. depended on either enriched uranium rods coming from the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (the only domestic site of low grade uranium enrichment), or from the 107,336 tons of coal extracted from the state's two coal fields (which combined produce 4% percent of the electricity in the United States).[101]", "Energy policy of the United States. About 82% of all types of energy used in the United States is derived from fossil fuels. In 2014, the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (35%), followed by natural gas (28%), coal (18%), renewable sources (10%) and nuclear power (8%).[55] Amory Lovins says that the sharp and steady cost reductions in solar power has been a \"stunning market success\". He says that solar, wind and cheap natural gas have significantly reduced the prospects of coal and nuclear power plants around the world. John Rowe, chair of Exelon (the largest nuclear power producer in the US), has said that the nuclear renaissance is dead.[56]", "Energy in the United States. Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. It produced around 6.2% of the nation's total electricity in 2010 which was 60.2% of the total renewable power in the U.S.[34] The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.", "Renewable energy in the United States. Renewable energy accounted for 12.2 % of total primary energy consumption[3] and 14.94 % of the domestically produced electricity in the United States in 2016.[2] Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable electricity in the country, generating around 6.5% of the nation's total electricity in 2016 as well as 45.71% of the total renewable electricity generation.[2] The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.", "Electricity sector of the United States. Renewable energy accounted for more than 13.35 percent of the domestically-produced energy used in the United States in 2015,up from 8.82% in 2005. In the past ten years, wind production has increased by 900% (10X) and now provides over 4.68% of US electric needs. Over this same time period solar has increased by 4400% (45X) and now provides 0.61% of US electric energy.", "Hydroelectric power in the United States. Hydroelectric power stations in the United States are currently the largest renewable source of energy, but the second for capacity (behind Wind power in the United States).[1] Hydroelectric power produced 35% of the total renewable electricity in the U.S. in 2015, and 6.1% of the total U.S. electricity.[2]", "Energy in the United States. Household energy use varies significantly across the United States. An average home in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than a home in the South Central region. Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate. The heavily populated coastal areas of the Pacific states experience generally mild winters and summers, reducing the need for both home heating and air conditioning. The warm, humid climates of the South Central and South Atlantic regions lead to higher electricity usage, while the cold winters experienced in the Northeast and North Central regions result in much higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil. The state with the lowest per capita energy use is New York, at 205 million Btu/yr,[26] and the highest is Wyoming, at slightly over 1 billion Btu/yr.[27]", "Electricity sector of the United States. There is a large array of subsidies in the U.S. electricity sector ranging from various forms of tax incentives to subsidies for research and development, feed-in tariffs for renewable energy and support to low-income households to pay their electric bills. Some subsidies are available throughout the U.S., while others are only available in some states.", "Energy policy of the United States. Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. It produced around 6.2% of the nation's total electricity in 2010 which was 60.2% of the total renewable power in the U.S.[26] The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.", "Electricity sector of the United States. Actual USA electricity generation [11] in 2015 of 4,077.6 Terawatt hours (TWh) was down 16 TWh from 2014. The USA also imported 75.8 Terawatt hours and exported 9.1 Terawatt hours:[12] making a total of 4144.3 Terawatt hours for consumption, down 2.5 TWh from 2014. Electricity generation was primarily from the following sources:", "Electricity sector of the United States. Most investments in the U.S. electricity sector are financed by private companies through debt and equity. However, some investments are indirectly financed by taxpayers through various subsidies." ]

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[ "Han Solo. Solo plays a central role in a couple of Star Wars stories set after Return of the Jedi. In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1995), he resigns his commission to pursue Leia, whom he eventually marries. Solo and Leia have three children: twins Jaina and Jacen and son Anakin. Han Solo was the general in command of the New Republic task force assigned to track down Imperial Warlord Zsinj and his forces, in the 1999 novel Solo Command. Chewbacca dies saving Anakin's life in Vector Prime (1999), sending Solo into a deep depression. In Star by Star (2001), Anakin dies as well, compounding Solo's despair. At the end of the series, however, Solo accepts the deaths of his son and his best friend, and reconciles with his family.", "Solo family. Following the events of the original film trilogy, Han is a hero of the Rebel Alliance, and marries Rebel leader Princess Leia in The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton.[6] Han and Leia have a twin son and daughter in Timothy Zahn's The Last Command (1993).[7][8] Leia becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic by the time of the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson, and during this period has another son with Han. All three of the Solo children become Jedi Knights under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Luke Skywalker. The Solo children were ranked as the 16th top Star Wars heroes, according to IGN in 2008.[9]", "Solo family. In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe of novels and comic books, Han and Leia have three children—Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo—who also appear as lead characters in several expanded universe books and other media.", "Solo family. Leia first appears in Star Wars: A New Hope, played by Carrie Fisher. She is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and also an agent for the Rebel Alliance. She is later revealed to be the daughter of Darth Vader and twin sister of Luke Skywalker. Over the course of the franchise, Leia becomes a leader among the Alliance and later of the New Republic. She falls in love with and marries Han Solo, with whom she has a son named Ben, known as Kylo Ren when he turned to the dark side.", "Solo family. The Solo family is a fictional family of characters in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars, smuggler Han Solo is initially a morally ambiguous character but evolves into one of the heroes of the film. He is also a major character in the sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Return of the Jedi (1983) and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). In The Force Awakens, Han and Princess Leia have a son named Ben Solo.", "Solo family. Han first appears in Star Wars: A New Hope (1977) where he is played by Harrison Ford. He and his Wookiee co-pilot,Chewbacca are initially hired to transport Luke Skywalker and Obi-wan Kenobi. Han and Chewbacca later become involved in the Rebel Alliance and are committed to its cause. Over the course of the franchise, Han becomes a military leader for the Alliance,falls in love with and marries Leia Organa,with whom he has a son named Ben.", "Solo family. Jaina Solo and her twin brother Jacen were created by Timothy Zahn in the Star Wars expanded universe novel The Last Command (1994).[8] She is the eldest child of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, and has appeared in various novels and the Champions of the Force set for the Star Wars Miniatures game.[10]", "Solo family. Following the events of Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia and Han have a son, Ben Solo.[1][2] He is taught the ways of the Force by his uncle, Luke Skywalker, but is corrupted and turned to the dark side by Supreme Leader Snoke of the First Order. Taking up the name \"Kylo Ren\", he sets out to destroy the First Order's enemy and his mother's militant force, the Resistance, as well as kill his former master, Luke.", "Skywalker family. In Star Wars: The Force Awakens , Leia and her husband Han Solo after marrying have a son named Ben Solo , who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben's descent into the dark side. With Leia and Han separating.", "Solo family. Anakin appears as an infant and toddler in many Star Wars novels such as the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994). Anakin and his siblings play central roles in other novels such as The Crystal Star (1994), the Corellian trilogy (1995) and The New Rebellion (1996). Anakin's birth is featured in Tom Veitch's Dark Empire II comic book miniseries (May 1995). He is first referred to as Han Solo, Jr. by his father, but Leia corrects him, having named the baby after her biological father, Anakin Skywalker, as a reminder of hope. However, Anakin still fears the name and his grandfather's legacy.[19]", "Solo family. Anakin Solo is the youngest child born to Han Solo and Princess Leia, and the younger brother of Jacen and Jaina Solo. Anakin is named after his maternal grandfather, Anakin Skywalker, and, like his namesake, is a talented pilot who is prodigiously gifted both in the Force and mechanical engineering.", "Princess Leia. In the original Star Wars expanded universe (1977–2014) of novels, comics and video games, which are set in an alternate continuity, Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi, fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy. She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master, and is the mother to three children by Han: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.", "Skywalker family. The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala, Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan. At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan, and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so-called \"diplomatic mission\". Leia is shown to be force sensitive. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis, although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections. In Return of the Jedi, planning to feed Luke, Han, and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc, Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her. She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor. In the years that follow, she becomes General Organa, the leader of the Resistance, a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order. She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo, later Kylo Ren, whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens. Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke[2] and save her son from the dark side.", "Solo family. Jacen Solo is the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, introduced in the 1994 Star Wars expanded universe novel The Last Command.[8] He is a major character in several Star Wars novels, particularly as the protagonist of The New Jedi Order series and later as the antagonist of the Legacy of the Force series, in which he becomes known as Darth Caedus.[14][15]", "Lando Calrissian. Legends novels that took place after Return of the Jedi commonly depicted Lando as getting involved in a variety of entrepreneurial schemes, including Nomad City in Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy and the Kessel Spice Mines in the works of Kevin J. Anderson. During The Corellian Trilogy, Lando goes on a galaxy-wide hunt for a rich wife, ultimately marrying Tendra Risant. With his in-laws' money and his entrepreneurial abilities, he opens a mining facility on the outer rim planet of Dubrillion. In The New Jedi Order and beyond, Lando continues being a valuable ally and friend to the Skywalker/Solo family, and in the seventh novel of the Legacy of the Force series, Lando announces to Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo that he and Tendra are having a child in Fury.", "Princess Leia. During the events of the comic series Dark Empire (1991–92), Palpatine has been resurrected in a young clone body and seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force as part of his plan to restore the Empire. A captive Leia, resisting Palpatine's attempts to turn her as well, escapes with an artifact he needs to secure his power, the Jedi Holocron. Luke pursues her, and Leia manages to turn him back. Brother and sister then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force, turning his own Force-generated storm against him and destroying Palpatine and his Star Destroyer. In Dark Empire II (1994–95), Leia gives birth to a third child by Han, whom she names Anakin. Palpatine is reborn in an inferior, rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire's End (1995), and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin.", "Han Solo. In the Legacy of the Force series, Jacen Solo becomes the Sith Lord Darth Caedus and plunges the galaxy into a bloody civil war. Solo disowns Jacen, but is still devastated by each new outrage his son commits. He and Leia adopt Allana (Jacen's daughter) after Jacen's death in the novel Invincible.", "Princess Leia. In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes. A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir; Luke and Isolder follow, and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj.[67] Defeating him, Han and Leia marry.[68] The 2003 novels A Forest Apart and Tatooine Ghost by Troy Denning are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia. The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father. During an adventure on Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost, she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin's childhood friends. When she learns of Anakin's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother, Leia learns to forgive her father.", "Princess Leia. And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion, keeping it a secret from Leia. In A New Hope, Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han’s done, accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous, Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team. In Star Wars, that’s what love looks like: trusting your partner’s commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgement.[18]", "Solo family. King Berethon e Solo ruled the planet Corellia during the Golden Age of the Old Republic, and set up a constitutional monarchy in 312 BBY (Before the Battle of Yavin). His descendants continued to rule Corellia until the establishment of the Diktat centuries later. By 29 BBY, their declining status had driven them out of rule and into poverty. Han Solo was born during this time.[citation needed]", "Jason Momoa. On July 23, 2007, Bonet gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Lola Iolani Momoa.[32]", "Princess Leia. Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force.", "Skywalker family. In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan.", "Princess Leia. In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005), Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker's twins near the end of the Clone Wars. After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader, Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan.", "Princess Leia. The bestselling Thrawn trilogy (1991–93) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi.[59] In Heir to the Empire (1991), Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins. Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic.[60] In Dark Force Rising (1992), Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance, and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic.[61] In The Last Command (1993), Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn's siege.[62] Leia, now the Chief of State of the New Republic, is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson, set after the Thrawn trilogy. Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy: Children of the Jedi (1995) by Barbara Hambly, Darksaber (1995) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight (1997) by Hambly. In The Crystal Star (1994) by Vonda McIntyre, young Jacen, Jaina and their three-year-old brother Anakin are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire, but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca. Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy (1996) by Michael P. Kube-McDowell. In The New Rebellion (1996) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch, she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi Kueller, whom she shoots to death. The Corellian trilogy (1995) by Roger MacBride Allen finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia with their children. In the two Hand of Thrawn novels by Timothy Zahn (1997's Specter of the Past and 1998's Vision of the Future), Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other. Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights series (1995–98) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta. The 14-volume young adult fiction series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina.[63][64][65][66]", "Han Solo. Han is a main character in the 2015 Star Wars comic series. Issue #6 introduces Sana Starros, an associate of Han's who has previously posed as his wife.[4][5]", "Princess Leia. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia infiltrates Jabba's palace on Tatooine disguised as the Ubese bounty hunter Boushh, and brings a captive Chewbacca with her as part of the ruse. She frees Han from the carbonite, but they are recaptured by Jabba. Leia is now chained to Jabba as his slave, outfitted in a metal bikini. After Luke arrives and kills Jabba's Rancor, Jabba sentences Luke, Han and Chewbacca to be fed to the Sarlacc. Lando (disguised as a guard) helps them overpower their captors, and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain. Luke and Leia swing to safety, blowing up Jabba's barge behind them. Later, the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire. There, Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father. Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star. Leia is slightly injured, but the Rebels, with help from the Ewoks, defeat the forces of the Empire.", "Princess Leia. The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were \"sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife.\"[14] Fisher explained in 1983: \"Leia's real father left her mother when she was pregnant, so her mother married this King Organa. I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess.\"[15]", "Han Solo. Han Solo is introduced in Star Wars (1977), when he and his co-pilot Chewbacca accept a charter request to transport Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, C-3PO, and R2-D2 from Tatooine to Alderaan on their ship, the Millennium Falcon. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head; when the bounty hunter Greedo tries to deliver him to Jabba, dead or alive. After a failed attempt at getting Han to give him the money he owes Jabba as a bribe for letting him go, Greedo takes a shot at Han but Han leans to avoid the shot and shoots Greedo, and then he prepares to leave Tatooine. Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed. The Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcon's smuggling bays, and infiltrate the station disguised as stormtroopers. They discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader.", "Princess Leia. In the New Jedi Order series (1999–2003), Leia resigns as Chief of State, and on the heels of her warnings before the Senate, the alien Yuuzhan Vong invade the galaxy. They destroy system after system and defeat both the Jedi and the New Republic forces in countless battles. Chewbacca dies in Vector Prime (1999) by R.A. Salvatore, which sends Han into a deep depression that causes a rift between him and Leia. They reunite after Leia is gravely wounded at the Battle of Duro in Kathy Tyers' Balance Point (2000). She is targeted by a deadly Voxyn slayer in Troy Dennings' Star By Star (2001), and though she manages to evade death, her son Anakin is later killed during a mission to prevent more Voxyn from being cloned. The Vong are finally defeated in The Unifying Force (2003) by James Luceno.", "Princess Leia. In The Truce at Bakura (1993) by Kathy Tyers, set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi, Leia establishes New Alderaan, a sanctuary for the destroyed planet's surviving inhabitants. The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness, but she angrily banishes him. The six-volume Jedi Prince series (1992–93) by Paul Davids and Hollace Davids, later contradicted by other novels, is set within a year after Return of the Jedi. In The Glove of Darth Vader (1992), the self-proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine, Trioculus, seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor. Entranced by Leia's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi (1992), Trioculus vows to make her his queen. He captures her in Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (1992), but Jabba the Hutt's vengeful father, Zorba, offers to trade his own prisoner Ken—Palpatine's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking—for Leia, his son's killer. But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba. Mission from Mount Yoda (1993) finds Ken's father Triclops alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire. Leia, now engaged to Han, is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire (1993). Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her. Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy, which kills Trioculus. In Prophets of the Dark Side (1993), Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children. Matthew Stover's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor picks up the story soon after, as Luke, Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith Lord Shadowspawn.", "Princess Leia. Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas. In 1999, Lucas explained his early development of Leia, Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi:" ]

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[ "Rajon Rondo. Rajon Pierre Rondo (born February 22, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a four-time NBA All-Star, and a four-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. He also led the NBA in steals during the 2009–10 season, and assists during the 2011–12, 2012–13 and 2015–16 seasons. He began his professional career with the Boston Celtics, winning an NBA championship in 2008. He ranks fourth in Celtic history in assists, and third in steals.[1] He briefly played for the Dallas Mavericks during the 2014–15 season before joining the Sacramento Kings in 2015 and the Chicago Bulls in 2016.", "Rajon Rondo. On July 7, 2016, Rondo signed a two-year, $28 million contract with the Chicago Bulls.[136][137] He made his debut for the Bulls in their season opener on October 27, recording 4 points, 6 rebounds, 9 assists and 2 steals in a 105–99 win over the Boston Celtics.[138] On November 10, he had a then season-best game with 16 points and 12 assists in a 98–95 win over the Miami Heat.[139] On December 2, he recorded his first triple-double of the season with 15 points, 12 assists and 11 rebounds in a 111–105 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers.[140] Three days later, he was suspended by the Bulls for one game for conduct detrimental to the team.[141] On January 10, 2017, Rondo scored 12 points against the Washington Wizards in his first game since December 30.[142] In that December 30 game, he posted a plus-minus rating of minus-20 during 11 first-half minutes in Chicago's 111–101 loss to the Indiana Pacers. He was subsequently removed from coach Fred Hoiberg's rotation for five games before being reinserted following injuries to Dwyane Wade and Jimmy Butler.[142] On March 13, 2017, he scored a season-high 20 points and had six assists and seven rebounds in his first start since December 30 as the Bulls beat the Charlotte Hornets 115–109.[143] He bested that mark on March 21, scoring 24 points in a 122–120 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors.[144] On April 1, he had a season-high 25 points and added 11 rebounds in a 106–104 win over the Atlanta Hawks.[145] On April 21, Rondo was ruled out indefinitely after breaking his right thumb in Game 2 of the Bulls' first-round playoff series against the Celtics.[146] While the Bulls went up 2–0 in the series with Rondo, they never found their rhythm over the final four games without Rondo; as a result, they lost to the Celtics in six games.[147] On June 30, 2017, he was waived by the Bulls.[148]", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo played two years of college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats before he was drafted 21st overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2006 NBA draft. He was subsequently traded to the Celtics where he played a supporting role during his rookie season. He established himself as the starting point guard for the Celtics during the 2007–08 season, helping the franchise record their 17th NBA championship playing alongside All-Stars Ray Allen, Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce. His breakout performance came during the 2009 NBA Playoffs, where he averaged a near triple-double, and helped his team take the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic to seven games in the Conference Semifinals.[2] Rondo is considered to be one of the premier triple-double threats in the NBA.[3] He ranks 12th in NBA history in career regular season triple-doubles (29),[4] and fourth in career playoff triple-doubles (10).[5]", "Rajon Rondo. On July 13, 2015, Rondo signed a one-year, $10 million contract with the Sacramento Kings.[118][119] He made his debut for the Kings in the team's season opener against the Los Angeles Clippers on October 28, recording 4 points, 7 rebounds and 4 assists in a 111–104 loss.[120] His next game showed glimpses of his form he had prior to the knee injury he sustained in 2012–13, recording 21 points and 8 assists in a 132–114 win over the Los Angeles Lakers.[121] On November 13, he recorded his third triple-double in four games, notching his 25th career triple-double with 23 points, 10 rebounds and 14 assists in a 111–109 win over the Brooklyn Nets.[122] On November 18, he recorded his fourth triple-double of the season with 12 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks.[123] On November 23, he recorded 14 points and a franchise-high 20 assists in an overtime loss to the Charlotte Hornets.[124] Four days later, in a game against former teammate Kevin Garnett and the Minnesota Timberwolves, Rondo became the first player since 1977–78 to have 16 points, 16 assists and no turnovers.[125]", "Rajon Rondo. On December 18, 2014, Rondo was traded, along with Dwight Powell, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Jae Crowder, Jameer Nelson, Brandan Wright, a 2015 first-round pick and a 2016 second-round pick.[111] Two days later, he made his debut for the Mavericks against the San Antonio Spurs. In just under 34 minutes of action, he recorded 6 points, 7 rebounds, 9 assists and 2 steals in the 99–93 win.[112] On January 2, 2015, two weeks after being traded to Dallas, Rondo made his return to Boston as he was welcomed with a standing ovation upon being announced. He went on to score a career-high 15 first-quarter points, finishing with a season-best 29 to lead Dallas to a 119–101 victory. Rondo also had a career-high five three-pointers and finished with six rebounds and five assists.[113]", "Rajon Rondo. After Rondo became serious about basketball, he attended Louisville's Eastern High School for three years. During his junior year at Eastern High School, he averaged 27.9 points, 10.0 rebounds and 7.5 assists which earned him a spot on the All-State honors and was named the 7th Region Player of the Year. He transferred to Virginia's Oak Hill Academy for his senior year where he averaged 21.0 points per game (ppg), 3.0 rebounds per game (rpg) and 12.0 assists per game (apg) and finished the 2003–04 season with a 38–0 record.[8] In his senior year at Oak Hill Academy, Rondo broke Jeff McInnis's single-season school record of 303 assists, while averaging a double-double. There, he included two efforts of 27 assists and a single-game school record of 31, merely four away from the all-time national record.[8] He also had a 55-point game in high-school, second highest all-time in Oak Hill Academy, surpassed only by Calvin Duncan with 61.[9] Rondo was named to the McDonald's All-American Team in 2004 and scored a total of 14 points, 4 assists and 4 rebounds in the all-star game.[10] He also participated in the 2004 Jordan Capital Classic game, logging 12 points, 5 assists and 4 steals.[11] Rondo was also named a second-team Parade All-American. He ended his career as Oak Hill Academy's all-time assists leader in a single season with 494 assists, surpassing McInnis.[12]", "Rajon Rondo. Following the 2005–06 NCAA season, Rondo announced he would forgo his final two seasons at Kentucky and enter the NBA draft.[21] Rondo was drafted 21st overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2006 NBA draft. Phoenix then traded him to the Boston Celtics along with Brian Grant for the Cleveland Cavaliers' first-round draft pick in the 2007 NBA draft and cash considerations.[22] He was the first point guard to be chosen in the draft.[23] In another draft-day deal, the Celtics acquired Sebastian Telfair from the Portland Trail Blazers, finally uniting the backcourt Rick Pitino had envisioned at Louisville.[24] He was signed by the Boston Celtics on July 4, 2006.[25]", "Rajon Rondo. On July 19, 2017, Rondo signed a one-year, $3.3 million contract with the New Orleans Pelicans.[149][150] On October 8, 2017, he was diagnosed with a sports hernia.[151] Two days later, he underwent surgery and was ruled out for four to six weeks.[152] He made his debut for the Pelicans on November 13, 2017, against the Atlanta Hawks, recording two points and two assists in about five minutes in the first half.[153] He made his first start of the season two days later, recording four points and eight assists in 14 minutes in a 125–116 loss to the Toronto Raptors.[154] On December 10, 2017, he recorded 13 points and 18 assists in a 131–124 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.[155]", "Rajon Rondo. During his rookie season in the NBA, Rondo played a supporting role and would split time with Sebastian Telfair and Delonte West. Rondo only started in 25 games that season due to his initial backup role to Telfair. He made his NBA regular season debut on November 1, 2006, in a home loss against the New Orleans Hornets.[26] In his rookie season, he lacked on his jump shot which resulted in him slashing to the basket for a teardrop or layup. While coming off the bench, he managed to score a career-high 23 points against the Toronto Raptors,[6] and record his first career double-double in a road losing effort against the Washington Wizards.[27] In his first career start, he matched his career-high against the Los Angeles Clippers, though the line-ups were constantly being shuffled between Telfair and Rondo at the point guard.[6] After officially becoming a starter, he began to receive more playing time (career-high forty-seven minutes of playing time)[6] and show improvement (career-high fourteen rebounds against the San Antonio Spurs,[28] and a career-high seven steals against the Indiana Pacers).[6] As the mid-season approached, his numbers began to increase,[29] which earned him an NBA All-Rookie Second Team selection.[30] He finished the season with an average of 6.4 ppg and 3.8 apg,[31] ranking in the top ten in the NBA in steals (128)[32] and also ranking in the top ten among rookies in several other categories, including first in steals, second in assists and sixth in minutes.[29] In the end, however, the Celtics finished the season with a 24–58 win-loss record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.", "Rajon Rondo. On January 15, 2014, Rondo was assigned to the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League for training and rehab purposes.[101] Later that day, he was recalled by the Celtics.[102]", "Rajon Rondo. After Telfair and West were traded during the offseason of the 2007–08 season, Rondo secured a spot in the starting lineup, starting in every game. Surrounded by All-Stars Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce and Ray Allen, he quickly became a steady, consistent player.[33] In his 77 games played, he averaged 10.6 points per game (ppg), 5.1 assists per game (apg) and 4.2 rebounds per game (rpg).[31] His role as a playmaker reflected in him leading the team in assists and steals. In a game against the New Jersey Nets, Rondo suffered a lower back injury late in the third quarter, forcing him to miss the next four games.[34] He made his successful return from injury and to the starting lineup in a road win against the New York Knicks.[35] A week later, he matched his career-high against the Miami Heat,[36] and then scored a career-high 24 points in a home game against the Los Angeles Clippers the following month.[37] During the All-Star break, he was selected to play on the Sophomore Team in the T-Mobile Rookie Challenge and Youth Jam.[38] Following the All-Star weekend, Rondo recorded a career-high 16 assists in a home victory against the Charlotte Bobcats.[39] Despite his solid rookie year, there was much speculation about Boston needing a veteran point guard.[40] In March, they signed veteran point guard Sam Cassell as a free agent to serve as a backup.[40] The Celtics' best single-season improvement in NBA history earned them the number one seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs.", "Rajon Rondo. During the 2009–10 season, Rondo averaged career highs in points (13.7), assists (9.8) and steals (2.3) and became the first Celtic to lead the league in steals.[61] On November 2, 2009, Rondo signed a five-year extension with the Celtics worth a guaranteed $55 million.[62] In a road victory against the Orlando Magic on Christmas day, Rondo recorded 17 points, 13 rebounds and 8 assists, two assists shy of a triple double.[63] Three days later, Rondo scored 30 points along to go with 15 assists in a road loss to the Golden State Warriors.[64] On January 10, 2010, Rondo recorded his third regular-season career triple-double, with 22 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds against the Toronto Raptors.[65] On January 28, 2010, he received his first NBA All-Star selection as a reserve on the Eastern Conference squad for the 2010 NBA All-Star Game.[66] He also competed in the 2010 H-O-R-S-E contest but lost in the finals to Kevin Durant.[67] Rondo recorded his fourth regular-season career triple-double against the Denver Nuggets on March 24, 2010, with 11 points, 15 assists and 11 rebounds.[68] Two days later against the Sacramento Kings, Rondo entered the game tied with Rick Fox for a franchise record of most steals in a single-season (167), eventually establishing the record with a second-quarter steal from Sean May.[69] In a game against the Houston Rockets on April 2, 2010, he broke Bob Cousy's franchise record for most assists in a single-season.[70]", "Rajon Rondo. On September 26, 2014, Rondo underwent successful surgical fixation of a left metacarpal fracture as a result of a fall at his home the night before.[107][108] Despite speculation of possibly not being able to play on opening night because of the injury, Rondo suited up and played for the Celtics in the team's 121–105 season-opening win over the Brooklyn Nets.[109] On December 10, 2014, Rondo recorded his 22nd career triple-double with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 87–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets.[110]", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo began the season with 24 consecutive games of 10+ assists. He continued that streak, and recorded his 37th game with 10+ assists against the Orlando Magic on November 25, 2012, matching John Stockton's longest streak. Only Magic Johnson had a longer streak (46 games). The streak ended the next game against the Brooklyn Nets, when he was ejected for fighting with Kris Humphries after Humphries fouled Rondo's teammate Kevin Garnett. Humphries was also ejected, along with Brooklyn's Gerald Wallace, who was accused of escalating the incident.[99] Rondo only recorded three assists before he was ejected. Rondo was voted the starting point guard spot for the 2013 NBA All-Star Game, but on January 27, 2013, during a game with the Miami Heat, it was revealed that Rondo had torn his ACL and would miss the remainder of the season.[100] Rondo still led the NBA in assists in the season.", "Rajon Rondo. On January 23, 2016, Rondo recorded his fifth triple-double of the season with 11 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 108–97 win over the Indiana Pacers. He tied Chris Webber for the most triple-doubles in one season during the Sacramento era, which dates back to 1985–86 season.[129] Two days later, he recorded 7 points, 20 assists and 10 rebounds in a 129–128 double overtime loss to the Charlotte Hornets, thus recording 10 or more assists in 12 straight games, a Sacramento record.[130] The streak ended at 14 games.[131] On February 19, he recorded a near triple-double with a then season-high 24 points, 10 rebounds, 9 assists and 5 steals in a 116–110 win over the Denver Nuggets.[132] With an 11-point, 12-assist and nine-rebound game against the Oklahoma City Thunder on February 29, Rondo reached double figures in assists for the 39th time in 2015–16, tying a Sacramento record established by Reggie Theus in 1985–86.[133] On March 25, he had 12 assists against the Phoenix Suns and passed Reggie Theus' Sacramento-era single-season franchise assist record that was established in 1985–86.[134] On April 5, he recorded his sixth triple-double of the season with a season-high 27 points, 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 115–107 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers, setting a Kings franchise record for triple-doubles in a season.[135]", "Rajon Rondo. On February 19, 2015, Rondo returned to action after missing six games due to nasal and left orbital bone fractures suffered January 31 when he was inadvertently kneed in the face by teammate Richard Jefferson.[114] On February 25, he was given a one-game suspension for conduct detrimental to the team, a day after he had a heated exchange on the court with coach Rick Carlisle and was benched.[115] On April 22, he was ruled out indefinitely due to a back injury he sustained during a Game 2 first-round series loss to the Houston Rockets.[116][117]", "Rajon Rondo. Following the regular season, Rondo finished in the top five for the NBA Most Improved Player voting.[41] Rondo made his playoff debut on April 20, 2008 against the Atlanta Hawks and finished the game with 15 points, 9 assists and 2 steals. The Celtics closed out the series in seven games, went on to defeat Cleveland in the next round, and then defeated the Pistons in the Eastern Conference Finals. In the NBA Finals, facing the Los Angeles Lakers, Rondo recorded two strong performances, including a career-high 16 assists in Game 2. In Game 3, however, Rondo left the court in the third quarter after rolling his ankle.[42] The ankle injury was considered a \"non-factor\", and Rondo eventually made his return in Game 4.[43] In Game 6, the point guard posted a playoffs career-high 6 steals as the Celtics defeated the Lakers 4–2, giving Rondo his first NBA championship ring. After the game Lakers head coach Phil Jackson called Rondo the \"star\" of Game 6.[40]", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo was born on February 22, 1986 in Louisville, Kentucky, to Amber Rondo.[6] He has three siblings: Dymon, William and Anton.[7] He had little contact with his father, who left his family when he was seven years old.[7] To support the family, his mother worked the third shift at Philip Morris USA, a tobacco company.[7] Rondo was first interested in football, before his mother steered him towards basketball because she felt that the sport would be less punishing on his skinny frame.[7]", "Rajon Rondo. In his third NBA campaign, the Celtics began the season with the best starting record in NBA history and also set a franchise record with a nineteen-game winning streak.[44] Rondo's numbers increased from his previous season performance; however, he was criticized for his shooting.[45] He recorded his first career triple-double along with a career-high in assists (16 points, 13 rebounds and 17 assists), against the Indiana Pacers.[46] In a home win against the New York Knicks, Rondo led the team to tie a franchise record with eighteen straight wins.[47] However, after the winning streak was snapped the team struggled, losing seven out of nine games after ending the streak.[48] Rondo—matched up with one of the league's quicker guards, Tony Parker—recorded 16 assists in a losing effort against the Spurs, one short of his season-high.[49] Less than a week later against the Mavericks, he recorded his second career triple-double (19 points, 15 rebounds and 14 assists),[50] and then recorded a career-high 32 points against the Phoenix Suns on his 23rd birthday.[51] He became the first NBA athlete to sign an endorsement contract with Red Bull on April 17, 2009.[52] He finished the season ranking fifth in the NBA in assists (8.2) and steals (1.9).[53] The team finished the season as the second seed in the Eastern Conference, although they entered the playoffs without their injured All-Star power forward Kevin Garnett.", "Rajon Rondo. On February 21, 2012, Rondo was named an injury replacement for Joe Johnson on the Eastern Conference roster at the 2012 NBA All-Star Game.[87] With 18 points, 17 rebounds, and 20 assists against the Knicks on March 4, he joined Wilt Chamberlain, Magic Johnson, and Jason Kidd as the only players to have at least 15 points, rebounds, and assists in the same game.[88] In a win against the Heat on April 1, Rondo registered another triple-double (16 points, 14 assists and 11 rebounds).[89] Rondo closed out the regular season with 24 consecutive games of 10 or more assists. This is not only a Celtics franchise record, but is also the longest streak the NBA has seen since John Stockton logged a streak of 29 such games in 1992. This streak was still considered active and resumed at the beginning of the 2012–13 regular season.[90]", "Rajon Rondo. On January 17, 2014, Rondo made his season debut with the Celtics, nearly a year after tearing his ACL. In 19 minutes of game time, he recorded 8 points, 4 assists and 2 rebounds in a 104–107 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers.[103] Upon his return, he was named the 15th captain in Boston Celtics history.[104] On February 2, 2014, in a 96–89 win over the Magic, Rondo recorded his first double-double since his injury (19 points, 10 assists).[105] On April 4, 2014, Rondo recorded his first triple-double of the season with 11 points, 11 rebounds and 16 assists, in a 102–111 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers.[106]", "Rajon Rondo. In his sophomore year he had a career high 12 assists against Ole Miss, despite playing just 23 minutes, and 25 points against Louisville.[18] Rondo also set another Kentucky Wildcats record for most rebounds in a game by a guard, with 19 rebounds in an early season loss to Iowa.[19] He was not known for being a shooter, however, going 18–66 from three with a 57.1% FT average. He averaged 11.2 points, 6.1 rebounds, 4.9 assists and 2.1 steals per game in his sophomore year.[17] Rondo was also named to the 2005 USA Men's Under-21 World Championship Team, which traveled to Argentina for the FIBA World Championships.[20] He averaged 11.0 ppg and 4.5 apg in the eight-game tournament, garnering much attention from NBA scouts. The USA U-21 team won a gold medal at the Global Games held in Texas in late July.", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo's season also began with injuries. He played through plantar fasciitis in his feet.[82] He missed three games in November due to a strained left hamstring.[83] He sprained his left ankle in a win against the New York Knicks on December 15, 2010, and missed the next seven games.[84] On April 22, in the third game of the first-round playoff series against the New York Knicks, Rondo had a triple-double with 20 assists.[85] Rondo set a Celtics franchise record for most assists in a playoff game. He was also tied with LeBron James with 6 career triple-doubles in the playoffs until James reached his seventh further on in the playoffs during Game 4 of the Finals.[85] Rondo had the third best selling jersey in the league during the 2010–11 season, behind only James and Kobe Bryant.[86]", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo posted his sixth triple-double of the season (with 20 assists) in an overtime win against the Hawks on April 11.[91] He had his first triple double of the 2012 playoffs against the same team on May 4,[92] another on May 13 in the first game of the second round against the 76ers,[93] and a third on May 26 in the last game of that round, helping the Celtics advance to the Eastern Conference finals.[94] He joined Larry Bird as the only Celtics players to record a triple-double in a Game 7.[95] In Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals, Rondo scored a career-high 44 points while grabbing 8 rebounds and adding 10 assists.[96] According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Rondo is the only player in NBA history with 44 points, 10 assists, and 8 rebounds in a playoff game.[96] On June 6, 2012, Rondo passed Bob Cousy for having 39 playoff games of 10 or more assists, making him the Celtics' all-time leader in that area.[97] Rondo recorded another triple double in the seventh game of the Eastern Conference Finals, but the Celtics lost to the Miami Heat, ending their playoff run. This tenth playoff triple-double tied Rondo for third (with fellow Celtic Larry Bird) among NBA career leaders.[98]", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo was ejected from the Kings' December 3 game against the Boston Celtics by Bill Kennedy, and in response, Rondo called Kennedy a \"faggot\". Kennedy publicly came out as gay just over a week later, and Rondo was suspended by the NBA for one game without pay on December 14.[126][127] After posting two statements on Twitter that were widely panned as not being apologetic, Rondo issued a more contrite apology on December 15.[128]", "Rajon Rondo. In the first game of the 2010–11 season, Rondo put up 17 assists, which tied with Oscar Robertson for the third-most assists in a season opener.[77] In the third game of the season, he dished out a career-high 24 assists along with a triple-double (10 points and 10 rebounds) against the New York Knicks.[78] It tied him with Isiah Thomas as the only players in NBA history to have at least 24 assists in a triple-double.[79] His total of 50 assists through the first three games of the season tied John Stockton's NBA record for most assists in the first 3 games of the season.[79] In the next game against the Detroit Pistons, he finished the game with 17 assists for a total of 67 assists, which is the most assists in the team's first four games in NBA history.[80] With a 15 assists effort the following day, Rondo again set a record for most assists through the first five games.[81]", "Rajon Rondo. In the 2010 NBA Playoffs, the Celtics defeated the Miami Heat in five games and faced the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round. In Game 2, Rondo dished out 19 assists tying his career-high and also tying a franchise record for most assists in a playoff game.[71] In Game 4, he recorded his fourth postseason triple-double along with a playoff career-high 29 points and 18 rebounds.[72] He joined Wilt Chamberlain and Oscar Robertson as the only other player in NBA history to have 29 points, 18 rebounds and 13 assists in a playoff game.[73] The Celtics eventually defeated the Cavaliers and the Orlando Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games.[74] In the Finals, the Celtics once again faced the Los Angeles Lakers, a team they previously beat in 2008. In Game 2, Rondo recorded his second triple-double of the postseason (19 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists),[75] however, despite Rondo's performance, the Celtics succumbed to the Lakers in seven games.[76]", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo committed to Kentucky over hometown Louisville.[13] Rondo, along with All-Americans Joe Crawford and Randolph Morris, gave coach Tubby Smith and Kentucky the top-rated recruiting class for 2004 according to Rivals.com.[14] Rondo led Kentucky to several wins including victories against the Louisville, South Carolina and Central Florida, but Kentucky failed to advance to the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament in either Rondo's freshman or sophomore seasons. He was named to the SEC All-Freshmen Team.[15] He set a Kentucky record for most steals in single-season, with a total of 87 steals in his freshman year and made at least one steal in every game.[16] He finished his freshman year at Kentucky averaging 8.1 points, 2.9 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 2.6 steals.[17]", "Rajon Rondo. In the playoffs match-up against the Chicago Bulls, despite putting up a playoff career-high 29 points in Game 1, the Celtics lost in overtime.[54] Boston won the next two games and in Games 2 and 4, Rondo recorded triple-doubles[55] and became the first Celtic player with two triple-doubles in the same series since Larry Bird in 1986. He also became the first player with multiple triple-doubles in the same playoff series since Jason Kidd had three triple-doubles in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals.[56] In Game 6, he recorded a career-high 19 assists without a turnover, tying an NBA playoffs record.[57] In the next round against the Orlando Magic, the Celtics lost the first game before Rondo's triple-double performance in Game 2 helped secure a home win. His third triple-double of the postseason tied Larry Bird's franchise record and also became the first to do that since Jason Kidd had four.[58] However, the Celtics were defeated in seven games in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.[59] During the postseason, Rondo nearly averaged a triple double with 16.9 points, 9.7 rebounds and 9.8 assists.[60]", "Dwyane Wade. Wade teamed-up with Jimmy Butler and Rajon Rondo in Chicago, with the trio being coined the \"Three Alphas\".[103] In January 2017, the trio were all fined for criticizing their young teammates' effort, and in March 2017, he sustained a fractured elbow.[103] Wade returned in time for the playoffs,[103] but the Bulls were defeated 4–2 by the Boston Celtics in the first round despite going up 2–0 in the series. The chemistry of the team, which was one of the biggest question marks for the Bulls all season, was strong over the first two games, but dwindled over the final four games after Rondo missed all four with an injury.[104]", "Rondo. Rondo as a character-type (as distinct from the form) refers to music that is fast and vivacious – normally Allegro. Many classical rondos feature music of a popular or folk character. Music that has been designated as \"rondo\" normally subscribes to both the form and character. On the other hand, there are many examples of slower, reflective works that are rondo in form but not in character; they include Mozart's Rondo in A minor, K. 511 (marked Andante).", "Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia). The Oak Hill Academy Warriors basketball program is regarded by some as the best prep basketball program in the Nation[citation needed]}, having produced future NBA all-stars Rajon Rondo, Carmelo Anthony, and Kevin Durant." ]

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[ "Kansas City Royals. The Royals beat the New York Mets 4 games to 1 to become the 2015 World Series champions.[29] It was the Royals' first World Series title since 1985. The series win was sealed after the Royals beat the Mets 7-2 in the 12th inning of Game 5. The Royals rallied in the 9th inning down 2-0 to tie the score 2-2, forcing the game into extra innings. The five-run 12th inning was initiated by a Perez single and Dyson pinch-running for him. This was followed by a single from Christian Colon, doubles from both Alcides Escobar and Lorenzo Cain, scoring runs from Jarrod Dyson, Colon, Paulo Orlando (who reached base on an error by Daniel Murphy), Escobar and Ben Zobrist (who was intentionally walked). Wade Davis, who hadn't allowed a run yet that postseason, closed out the game with a flawless 12th, allowing a hit and striking out Wilmer Flores to end the game and win the World Series for the Royals.[32]", "2015 World Series. In the top of the 12th inning, with Addison Reed pitching for the Mets, Pérez hit a single for the Royals. Pinch running for Pérez, Dyson stole a base and scored on a single by pinch hitter Christian Colón.[71] Colón scored on a hit by Escobar. The Royals loaded the bases, and Cain drove home three more runs with a double off of Bartolo Colón. Davis pitched a shutout inning for the Royals to complete the series and win the championship.[72][73] Flores struck out looking to end the game, series, baseball season, with the Royals winning and ending their 30-year World Series title drought.[74]", "2015 World Series. The 2015 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2015 season. The 111th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion New York Mets and the American League (AL) champion Kansas City Royals. The series was played between October 27 and November 1, with the Royals winning the series 4 games to 1. It was the first time since the 2010 World Series that the World Series extended into November.[2] The Royals became the first team since the Oakland Athletics in the 1989 World Series to win the World Series after losing in the previous year. It was the first World Series to feature only expansion teams and the first since the 2007 World Series to not feature the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, or San Francisco Giants as the NL champions.", "2015 World Series. Kansas City won the series, 4–1.", "2015 World Series. The Royals won Game 1 in extra innings, tying for the longest game in World Series history. The Royals also won Game 2 with a complete game by Johnny Cueto, who allowed only one unearned run and two hits. With the series shifting to New York, the Mets won Game 3 with home runs by David Wright and Curtis Granderson. The Royals came from behind to win Game 4 after an error by Daniel Murphy led to a blown save by Jeurys Familia. Game 5 also went into extra innings, where bench player Christian Colón drove in the go-ahead run for the Royals, who clinched the series. Salvador Pérez was named the World Series Most Valuable Player.", "2015 World Series. 2015 World Series (4–1): Kansas City Royals beat New York Mets.", "2015 World Series. Pérez, who batted 8-for-22 (.364) in the series, and caught every inning for the Royals with the exception of the final inning of the series, won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award. He became the first catcher to win the award since Pat Borders won it in the 1992 World Series, and the second Venezuelan player, following Pablo Sandoval, who won it in the 2012 World Series.[75]", "2015 World Series. In the eighth inning, after recording the first out, Tyler Clippard walked two consecutive batters to force Terry Collins to bring in Familia. A key fielding error by Daniel Murphy allowed the tying run to score. The Royals took the lead on an RBI single from Moustakas, and then Pérez added an insurance run with another RBI base hit to give Kansas City the 5–3 lead. For Familia, it was his second blown save of the series, and second out of seven opportunities this postseason, though this one could be partly attributed to Murphy's error. Wade Davis converted a two-inning save for the Royals, his fourth overall this postseason.[63] Davis pitched a perfect eighth, but got into some trouble with one out in the ninth when Murphy hit a hard grounder that Moustakas couldn't field cleanly, and then Céspedes got a base hit to bring the winning run to the plate in Duda. However, Duda hit a soft line drive that was caught by Moustakas, who then doubled off Céspedes at first base to end the game. Céspedes had started running thinking that the ball would hit the ground.[64]", "2015 World Series. The Royals blew the game open in the eighth off of Jon Niese, who allowed a leadoff single to Moustakas, subsequent single to Salvador Pérez, and RBI double to Gordon. Addison Reed relieved Niese and allowed a sacrifice fly to Paulo Orlando and RBI triple to Escobar to make it 7-1 Kansas City. [46]", "2015 World Series. Cueto walked Murphy with two outs in the ninth before getting Cespedes to fly out to right to finish the complete game, becoming the first AL pitcher to accomplish this feat in the World Series since Jack Morris in Game 7 of the 1991 World Series, as the Royals defeated the Mets and took a two games to zero lead in the series.[47][48] Cueto became the first AL pitcher since Jim Lonborg in the 1967 World Series to throw a World Series complete game while allowing two hits or fewer.[49]", "2015 World Series. The Mets made their fifth appearance in the World Series after sweeping the Cubs 4–0 in the 2015 National League Championship Series (NLCS).[3] They had split their four previous appearances, winning the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles and the 1986 World Series against the Boston Red Sox, while losing the 1973 World Series against the Oakland Athletics and the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees, their cross-town rivals.[4]", "2015 World Series. In the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II, the Chicago Cubs are depicted as the 2015 World Series champions, defeating a fictional American League team from Miami (the Miami Marlins had not yet been formed), whose mascot is an alligator.[98] Screenwriter Bob Gale, who co-wrote the script of Back to the Future Part II, originally intended it as a joke, saying \"Being a baseball fan, I thought, 'OK, let's come up with one of the most unlikely scenarios we can think of'\", referencing both the Cubs' long championship drought, and the fact that Florida did not have a baseball team in 1989. He also explained the October 21 prediction was based on the postseason structure at the time, and thus could have been accurate had MLB not added the Division Series in 1994 (but not played until 1995 due to the strike) and the Wild Card Game in 2012.[99] Had the predicted schedule held, Chicago would have swept the Miami team in the World Series with the Series starting October 17th. In the actual 2015 postseason, the Cubs advanced to the National League Championship Series, but were eliminated in four games. Coincidentally, the final game of the NLCS took place on October 21, the same date as the fictional events of Back to the Future Part II. While the film's prediction proved to be incorrect, the Cubs did win the following year's World Series, marking an end to the team's 108-year championship drought.", "2015 World Series. The Royals made their second consecutive appearance in the World Series, both under Ned Yost, and fourth overall. They won the 1985 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, and lost their two other appearances, the 1980 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies and the 2014 World Series against the San Francisco Giants.[10] The Royals qualified for the postseason by winning the American League (AL) Central, their seventh division title and their first since winning the AL West in 1985.[11] They faced the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Division Series, winning in five games. They followed that up in the 2015 American League Championship Series, beating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games.[12]", "2015 World Series. The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by country singer Tim McGraw, son of the late Mets relief pitcher Tug McGraw.[58] The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Chris Young of the Royals and Steven Matz of the Mets.[59] Conforto scored the game's first run with a home run in the third inning, and Flores scored later in the inning on a Granderson sacrifice fly, where right-fielder Ríos didn't make an immediate throw home thinking that was the third out, even though it was just the second out of the inning. [60] The Royals cut the deficit to 2–1 in the top of the fifth when Pérez doubled and was then driven in by Gordon.[61] However, in the bottom of the fifth, Conforto hit another home run, becoming the first rookie to hit two home runs in a World Series game since Andruw Jones in the 1996 World Series.[62] In the sixth inning, Zobrist hit his eighth double of the postseason, tying a postseason record previously set by Albert Pujols and David Freese of the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals.[57] Lorenzo Cain drove in Zobrist in to make it a 3–2 game.[61]", "2015 World Series. By winning the ALCS, the Royals became the first team to play in consecutive World Series since the Texas Rangers played in the 2010 World Series and 2011 World Series.[13]", "2015 Chicago Cubs season. As in every previous game of the series, the Mets took control of the game in the first inning when first baseman Lucas Duda hit a three-run home run to center field against Cubs starter Jason Hammel. The next batter, catcher Travis d'Arnaud, also hit a home run to make it 4–0. In the second inning, Cubs relief pitcher Travis Wood allowed a two-run double to Duda making it a 6–0 game. Duda's five RBIs tied a Mets record for most in a postseason game. Chicago's first rally came in the fourth when they loaded the bases with no outs for second baseman Starlin Castro. Mets third baseman David Wright made a leaping grab of Castro's line drive to prevent an extra base hit and two runs. However, the Cubs got their first run on an RBI groundout by left fielder Kyle Schwarber. Shortstop Javier Báez popped out in foul territory, stranding two runners and the Cubs were down 6–1. In the fifth inning, after outfielders Dexter Fowler and Jorge Soler reached base, Mets reliever Bartolo Colón struck out third baseman Kris Bryant and the Cubs again stranded two baserunners. In the eighth inning, New York's Daniel Murphy hit a two-run homer, his fourth home run of the series, his seventh of the postseason, and his sixth consecutive game with a home run, a new MLB postseason record. Bryant hit a consolation two-run home run in the bottom of the eighth to put the Mets lead to 8–3. When closer Jeurys Familia struck out Fowler in the ninth, the Mets were back in the World Series for the first time since 2000. The Cubs never had a lead at any point in the four game series. After hitting .529 with the four home runs and a 1.294 slugging percentage for the series, New York's Daniel Murphy was named series MVP.", "2015 World Series. The Mets qualified for the postseason by winning the National League (NL) East, their sixth division title.[5] They faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2015 NL Division Series, winning in five games. In the 2015 NLCS, Daniel Murphy led the team by hitting home runs in each game of the four-game sweep of the Chicago Cubs.[6] By winning the NLCS, the Mets ensured that they have the most World Series appearances by an expansion franchise with five. In addition, the Mets have made World Series appearances in all but one of their six decades of existence, not appearing in any that were played during the 1990s.[7] This was the first World Series appearance for Mets' manager Terry Collins.[8][9]", "2015 Chicago Cubs season. In the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II, the 2015 Chicago Cubs win the World Series.", "Kansas City Royals. The Royals faced the Houston Astros in the ALDS. Down 2–1 in the series and trailing 6–2 in the 8th inning of Game 4, the Royals rallied for 5 runs en route to a 9–6 win before Cueto's gem in Game 5 powered the Royals to a second consecutive ALCS.[31] The Royals defeated the Toronto Blue Jays in Game 6, to win the 2015 ALCS and earn a trip to face the New York Mets in the 2015 World Series.", "New York Mets. On April 23, 2015 the Mets tied a franchise season record of eleven straight wins. For the first time in its history the Mets won ten straight homestand games, becoming the 7th team since 1900 to win at least 10 straight homestand games.[21] On September 26, 2015, the Mets clinched the NL East division title, and thus their first postseason berth since 2006, by defeating the Cincinnati Reds 10-2. They defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS, three games to two, and swept the Chicago Cubs in the NLCS for their first pennant in 15 years. In the 2015 World Series, they were defeated by the Kansas City Royals in five games. After the season ended, pitcher Matt Harvey won the NL Comeback Player of the Year award. Outfielder Yoenis Céspedes won the AL Gold Glove award as a left fielder.", "2015 World Series. The series began on October 27.[14] As the AL won the 2015 All-Star Game, the Royals had home field advantage for the series.[15]", "2015 World Series. In the bottom of the 11th inning, Granderson robbed the speedy Jarrod Dyson of a multi-base hit with a running, leaping catch that prevented what probably would have been a lead-off triple. The Mets went on to get out of the inning.[40] In the bottom of the 14th, Escobar reached first on a throwing error by David Wright, and Bartolo Colón gave up a base hit to Ben Zobrist, allowing Escobar to reach third. Hosmer hit a sacrifice fly to Granderson in right field to drive in the winning run. This was the first time in World Series history that the same player scored both the first run of the game on the first pitch, and the last run of the game on the final pitch. The game ended at 12:18 AM CDT, lasting five hours and nine minutes.[41] The game tied the record for the longest game by innings in World Series history, shared with Game 2 in the 1916 World Series and Game 3 in the 2005 World Series.[42] The loss made Colón the oldest player ever to lose a World Series game.[43]", "2015 World Series. On the first pitch thrown by Harvey, Alcides Escobar hit an inside-the-park home run, the first in a World Series game since Mule Haas in the 1929 World Series,[28][29] and the first hit by a leadoff batter since Patsy Dougherty did it for the Boston Americans in the 1903 World Series.[30] In the fourth inning, Murphy recorded the Mets' first hit, and later scored their first run on a hit by Travis d'Arnaud.[31] Curtis Granderson hit a home run in the fifth inning to give the Mets a 2–1 lead.[32] The Mets took a 3–1 lead in the top of the sixth when Michael Conforto drove in Yoenis Céspedes with a sacrifice fly. Mike Moustakas then saved a run with a diving stop and throw out to first to end the top of the sixth.[33] Eric Hosmer reduced the lead to 3–2 with a sacrifice fly, and set a new Royals' postseason run batted in (RBI) record in the process.[34][35] A single by Moustakas tied the game at three, but in the top of the eighth, Wilmer Flores reached on an fielding error by Hosmer, allowing Juan Lagares to score the go-ahead run and give the Mets a 4–3 lead. In the bottom of the ninth with the Mets 2 outs away from taking Game 1, Alex Gordon tied the game for the Royals with a home run to deep center field, as Jeurys Familia blew his first save in six postseason opportunities and his first since July 30.[36][37][38] With the home run, Gordon became the first player since Scott Brosius in the 2001 World Series, and just the fifth player in history, to tie a World Series game on a home run in the ninth inning.[39]", "2015 World Series. In the fifth inning, deGrom allowed a leadoff walk to Alex Gordon and subsequent single to Alex Rios before Alcides Escobar's RBI single tied the game. Ben Zobrist's groundout moved the runners up and after Lorenzo Cain lined out to center, Eric Hosmer's two-run single put the Royals up 3-1. Kendrys Morales's single moved Hosmer to third and Mike Moustakas's single made it 4-1 Royals.", "2015 World Series. In Game 2, Jacob deGrom started for the Mets, and Johnny Cueto started for the Royals.[44] The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by Medal of Honor recipients Don Ballard, Charles Hagemeister, and Roger Donlon.[45] Cueto walked Curtis Granderson to lead off the fourth and Daniel Murphy one out later. Yoenis Céspedes's hit into a forceout at second before Lucas Duda's RBI single put the Mets up 1-0. Duda hit the Mets' only other hit in the game in the second and Cueto retired them in order through the ninth.", "2015 World Series. Granderson led off the first inning with a home run for the Mets,[69] and scored the Mets' second run in the sixth inning. The Mets had a chance to break the game open in that sixth inning as they loaded the bases with no outs, but had to settle for one run after Céspedes lined a foul ball off his leg and was injured, leaving the game after popping up for the first out of the inning. Duda hit a sacrifice fly before d'Arnaud grounded out to end the inning. Harvey pitched eight shutout innings for the Mets, and convinced Collins to keep him in the game for the ninth. He then gave up a leadoff walk to Cain in the ninth inning, and the Royals got a run when Hosmer drove Cain in with a double, prompting Collins to call upon Familia to relieve Harvey. After a groundout by Moustakas advanced Hosmer to third base with one out, Pérez hit a ground ball to third baseman Wright, who after checking Hosmer at third, threw to first base for the second out; however, Hosmer broke for home as soon as the ball was thrown, and Duda, who fielded the out at first, threw wide at home attempting to throw Hosmer out, and the latter scored the tying run, resulting in Familia blowing his third save of the postseason and the series; his eight save opportunities tied the postseason record set in 2002 by Robb Nen.[70]", "Kansas City Royals. After earning a wild-card entry to the playoffs in 2014, in 2015 the Royals won the franchise's first division title since 1985 and first Central division title ever (the Central was created in 1994). The Royals went on to win the 2015 World Series – the first championship for the Royals since 1985 – beating the New York Mets four games to one.[29]", "2015 Chicago Cubs season. The Cubs finished the season with the third-best record in baseball (97–65) which was also the third-best in their division, finishing one game behind the Pittsburgh Pirates (98–64) and three games behind the division winner, the rival St. Louis Cardinals (100–62). As a result, they qualified for the second wild card spot for the 2015 postseason and defeated the Pirates in the 2015 National League Wild Card Game and faced the Cardinals in the Division Series. The Cubs defeated St. Louis in four games and advanced to play the New York Mets in the National League Championship Series. It was the Cubs' first appearance in the NLCS since 2003. However, they were swept in four games and were unable to make it to their first World Series since 1945, which they would do the next season.", "2015 World Series. ESPN Radio aired the series, with Dan Shulman on play-by-play, Aaron Boone handling color commentary, and Buster Olney serving as field reporter. Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Chris Archer served as a guest commentator for selected innings in Games 1, 2 and 5. Marc Kestecher anchored pre-game and post-game coverage for the network along with Chris Singleton and Peter Pascarelli.[89]", "2015 World Series. Zobrist scored the Royals' first run in the first inning on a force play. In the bottom of the first inning, Wright hit a two-run home run that also scored Granderson. For the Royals, Alex Ríos drove Salvador Pérez home in the second inning, and scored on a passed ball by d'Arnaud, giving the Royals a 3–2 lead.[53] After a Syndergaard single, Granderson hit a two-run home run just over the right field wall in the third inning, and the Mets took a 4–3 lead. The Mets added a run in the fourth inning on an RBI single by Conforto, and four more in the sixth inning, including an RBI single by Juan Uribe, in his first at bat since September 20.[54] The Royals made a few uncharacteristic mistakes in this game, the first coming in the fourth inning when pitcher Yordano Ventura forgot to cover the base on a ground ball to the first baseman, and the second in the sixth inning when Royals pitcher Franklin Morales triple-clutched Granderson's ground ball, allowing all runners to be safe, which led to a 2-run single by Wright.[55]", "2015 World Series. Game 1 of the World Series averaged a 4.6 rating on Fox, making it the most watched Game 1 since the 2010 World Series.[79] Game 2 then had a 3.9 rating, up 24 percent from last season's Game 2.[80] The series also recorded the most watched Game 3 since 2009.[81]", "2016 World Series. Chicago won the series, 4–3." ]

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[ "James Scott (actor). As time went on, he began to model for clothing companies. During a modelling trip to Los Angeles, he went to an acting class at the Ivana Chubbuck studio in Hollywood.[2] The class inspired him to save money and make the move to Los Angeles. He studied acting for two more years before being cast on All My Children. Scott originated the role of Ethan Cambias in August 2004 and played it until February 2006.[2] He has since moved on to Days of Our Lives where he took on the role of EJ DiMera in May 2006.[2]", "James Scott (actor). On 2 May 2014 it was announced that Scott would be leaving Days of Our Lives to pursue other endeavours.[5]", "James Scott (actor). James Scott (born 14 January 1979)[1] is a British actor. He is best known for playing Ethan Cambias on the ABC drama All My Children and EJ DiMera/Santo DiMera on the NBC drama Days of Our Lives.", "James Scott (actor). Scott was born in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The eldest of four children, he has two brothers and a sister.[2] Initially schooled in Newcastle, Scott moved to an all-boys boarding school in Lancaster.[1]", "James Scott (actor). On 27 September 2015, he reprised his role as EJ DiMera of Days of Our Lives on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, reuniting with Alison Sweeney (as Sami Brady) in honour of Noujain Mustaffa and the Syrian refugee crises.[6]", "EJ DiMera. EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, Days of Our Lives, portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon, and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 when Scott took over the role. Scott departed the role in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death.", "James Scott (actor). Scott began his career working in the music industry, and later started acting in community theatre.[2]", "James Scott (actor). After school, Scott moved to Edinburgh, Scotland on a voyage of self-discovery. His mother is Scottish and he spent a lot of time in Scotland as a boy.[1] His first summer there he managed to get a job working at the famous \"Gilded Balloon Theatre\", one of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe's best-known venues, established by Karen Koren in 1986 in Edinburgh's Cowgate and worked with such actors/comedians as Stephen Fry, Ben Elton, and Eddie Izzard. \"They set me in motion, giving me the drive I needed to move forward. Soon it became apparent that I would need to move to London in order to truly focus on this as a career,\" Scott remembers.[3]", "James Scott (actor). — James Scott[3]", "James Scott (actor). After only a few weeks in London, Scott was spotted by the Storm Model Management agency in London, home to Kate Moss, Elle Macpherson, and other prominent models. Modelling allowed him to earn enough money to put himself through college.[3] He studied for two years at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA).[2]", "James Scott (actor). During an interview in April 2014, Scott described a spiritual experience he had in Peru during a trip to the country, which he had just returned from prior to the interview, during which he took Ayahuasca with the guidance of Native Peruvian shamans.[4] During the interview, Scott described the experience as \"the single most positive experience of my life\" and further stated of the experience that \"it sounds wacky when you say it, but it was truly the most important thing I have ever done. I came back a very different person.\"[4]", "Summer Bay. 12 James Street (originally 26 Bailey Street, later 6 James Street) was originally owned by Travis Nash, who grew up in the house with his brother Joel, and inherited it after their father, Jack's death. The house first seen on screen in 1995. Leah Patterson-Baker moved into the house shortly after arriving in the Bay. In August 2015, it was intentionally burnt down by Hunter King (Scott Lee).", "Stuart Scott. Stuart Orlando Scott[3] was born in Chicago, Illinois on July 19, 1965 as the son of O. Ray and Jacqueline Scott. When he was 7, Scott and his family moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina.[4][5] Scott had a brother named Stephen and two sisters named Susan and Synthia.[4]", "James Lafferty. James Martin Lafferty (born July 25, 1985) is an American actor, director and producer. He is best known for his portrayal of Nathan Scott on The CW teen drama television series One Tree Hill from 2003 to 2012.", "EJ DiMera. In May 2006, it was announced that Scott, previously known for his controversial role as Ethan Cambias on All My Children was slated to join the cast of Days in the role of E.J. The character's surname remained secret to keep his connections to other characters on canvas a secret. Scott filmed his first scenes on May 3, and made his debut on May 30, 2006.[7] Kola Boof revealed that Justin Hartley, formerly of Passions was also considered for the role.[1] After Scott's character was killed off of All My Children, Scott stayed in New York City until the end of pilot season when he was contacted by the casting department from Days. They told Scott that he would definitely fit in the role of EJ. However, at the time, Scott was still under contract with ABC. Scott asked to be released from his contract, and the network agreed.[8] In February 2009, Scott revealed that he re-signed with the series for another two years.[9] In December 2010, Scott revealed that he was considering branching out into other mediums and hinted at the possibility of retiring from acting.[10] In late September 2011, Soap Opera Digest revealed that James would depart the series when his contract expired. However, negotiations continued shortly after the news broke about Scott's potential departure.[11] James issued the following statement: \"It has always been my wish to continue working with Days of our Lives, and in light of recent reassurances given, I am optimistic of my future here at Days.\"[12] Deanna Barnert speculated that the recent reboot of the series, which included bring back several popular veteran characters was in preparation of Scott's potential departure.[10] On October 5, it was confirmed that Scott had re-signed with the series for another year with his contract set to expire in April 2013.[13] Scott later extended his stay for another year. On May 2, 2014, Soap Opera Digest confirmed that Scott had wrapped filming and would exit the series screen sometime in the fall.[14]", "Andrew Scott (actor). Scott was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father, Jim, worked in an employment agency, and his mother, Nora, was an art teacher.[2][3] He has an older sister, Sarah, a sports coach, and a younger sister, Hannah.[3]", "Jason-Shane Scott. Upon his return to the United States, he appeared in such films as Shrieker, Until Death, A Turn in the Tree, Caught and Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss, as well as the Aerosmith videos for \"Love Is Hard on your Knees\" and \"Hole in My Soul\". In 1998 he tested for and won the role of troubled teenager Will Rappaport on the daytime serial One Life to Live and moved to New York City. For this portrayal, he received two Soap Opera Digest Award nominations: 1999, Outstanding Male Newcomer; 2000, Outstanding Younger Leading Actor. Scott's three years on OLTL allowed him to polish his acting further as he was given a chain of challenging storylines. In 2001, he left OLTL and New York and returned to Los Angeles. Since then, he has appeared in such films as Wolves of Wall Street (2003), Latter Days (2004) and Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation (2004) and guest starred on such shows as the Lifetime drama For the People (2002), NBC's Scrubs and CBS's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Scott has also made a few brief returns to One Life to Live since his departure in 2001, most recently in September 2007. He has appeared on CBS's The Young and the Restless and has co-starred with Brittany Powell in Soapnet's One Minute Soap titled \"Too Late\".", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). James Lucas Scott is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Jackson Brundage. He is the son of Nathan and Haley James Scott and older brother of Lydia. He was born on their graduation day at about the same time as his cousin, Lily Roe Scott. He is named after his godfather and uncle, Lucas Scott, while Brooke Davis takes the role of his godmother. All of Nathan and Haley's friends are close to Jamie and he sees them all as aunts and uncles. Jamie has a great adoration of his father and aspires to be like him, which is something that often inspires Nathan to do his best.", "Melody Thomas Scott. It was on the set of \"Young and the Restless\" that she met her third husband, the show's executive producer Edward J. Scott. They married in 1985 and have three daughters, Jennifer (his daughter from a previous marriage [2]), Alexandra Danielle Yeaggy (father is the late Carlos Yeaggy, a makeup man Melody met on the set of Y&R.[3]) and Elizabeth. The family resides in Beverly Hills, California. Jennifer gave birth to twins on May 25, 2011, a boy named James and a girl named Charlotte. James and Charlotte are Melody and Edward's first and second grandchild, respectively.[4]", "Jason-Shane Scott. Jason-Shane Scott (born December 29, 1976) is an American actor.", "James M. Connor. James Michael Connor (born June 16, 1960 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American actor who, making his film debut as a supporting character in the 1976 science fiction film Futureworld, has played recurring characters on several television series including Buffy the Vampire Slayer and The King of Queens, and FCU: Fact Checkers Unit (2010), as well as guest appearances on The X-Files, The Drew Carey Show, Desperate Housewives, Gilmore Girls, Rules of Engagement (2010), and Scrubs (2002). More recently, Connor has appeared on TV in Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013-2014), Community (2012-2014), Franklin & Bash (2014), and Parks and Recreation (2012-2015).[1]", "Scott Michael Foster. Foster was born in Winfield, Illinois, at Central DuPage Hospital. He is the only boy in his family and has two sisters. He later moved to Highland Village, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, where he became interested in acting as early as elementary school.[1] He went to Briarhill Middle School, and later attended Edward S. Marcus High School where he was involved in theater until he graduated in 2003. He attended Collin County Community College for one semester with a focus on acting, but soon left his studies to pursue a professional career in that field.[1] He plays guitar and is the lead singer of his indie rock band \"Siren's Eye\". They released their first EP on iTunes, entitled \"Red Room\" on 15 December 2009.[2]", "Justin Hartley. After Smallville, Hartley starred opposite Mamie Gummer in The CW comedy-drama Emily Owens, M.D., but the show was cancelled after one season. He also guest-starred on Chuck, Castle, and Hart of Dixie, and from 2013 to 2014, he had a recurring role as Victoria Grayson's (Madeleine Stowe) illegitimate son, Patrick Osbourne, on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge. In February 2014, Hartley landed the lead role of Tim opposite Anna Camp in the ABC comedy pilot Damaged Goods, but the show was never picked up to series.[7] In March 2014, he was cast in a recurring role in the second season of the ABC drama series Mistresses as plastic surgeon Scott Thompson, a love interest for Josslyn Carver (Jes Macallan).[8] In November, he took over the role of Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless, and played the role until September 2016.[9] [10] In 2016, it was announced that Hartley had been cast in a series regular role on the NBC drama series This Is Us.[11]", "Scott Clifton. Scott Clifton Snyder (born October 31, 1984), better known as Scott Clifton, is an American actor, musician, and video blogger. He is best known for playing Dillon Quartermaine in General Hospital (2003–2007), Schuyler Joplin in One Life to Live (2009–2010), and Liam Spencer in The Bold and the Beautiful (2010–present). He has three Emmy wins.", "James Lafferty. Having worked as an uncredited extra on television shows including Beverly Hills, 90210[2] and Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman,[3] Lafferty received his first significant acting role in a school play when he was ten years old. Lafferty attended Hemet High School (where he played on the school's basketball team) until 2003, after which he enrolled at California State University, Long Beach. At age eighteen, he moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, having been cast as Nathan Scott in One Tree Hill.", "Scott Baldwin. The character of Scott is most commonly associated with Kin Shriner, who assumed the role beginning August 2, 1977.[1] Shriner left the series briefly to play Jeb Hampton on Texas, returning in 1982 for a one-year contract.[2] He returned again on November 27, 1987,[3] leaving on December 24, 1993. Shriner reprised the role in 1997 on the spinoff Port Charles.[4] He left Port Charles in 2001, and returned to the original series,[5] until his departure in 2004. Shriner returned in 2007. He last appeared in November 2008. With the departure of actress Rachel Ames as Audrey Hardy, Scott became the oldest character (in real time) appearing on General Hospital, having been introduced in 1965.[citation needed]", "Timothy Scott (actor, born 1937). Scott was born in Detroit, Michigan, lived in New Mexico,[1] and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1959 for his acting career.[3] He had a wife Donna Leigh Scott, one stepdaughter Marisa Scott-Windom, and two sons, Scott Harmon and Dean Swope.[3] Scott co-founded the Met Theatre with James Gammon in Los Angeles.[3] He lived in Woodland Hills where he was undergoing treatment for lung cancer.[4]", "Stuart Scott. Scott was married to Kimberly Scott from 1993 to 2007.[35][36] They had two daughters together, Taelor and Sydni. Scott lived in Avon, Connecticut.[4] At the time of his death, Scott was in a relationship with Kristin Spodobalski.[37] During his Jimmy V Award speech, he told his teenage daughters: \"Taelor and Sydni, I love you guys more than I will ever be able to express. You two are my heartbeat. I am standing on this stage here tonight because of you.\"[38]", "Greg James (radio show). It was announced on 28 February 2012 that James and Scott Mills would swap shows as of 2 April 2012. James currently hosts the 'drive time' show (4–7pm) weekdays, while Mills took over the weekdays 'early afternoon' show (1–4pm).[6]", "Scott Elrod. Scott Michael Elrod[3] (born February 10, 1975) is an American actor.", "Abigail Spencer. Spencer played the role of a blogging enthusiast in Twix advertisements, and portrayed Miss Farrell, a love interest of Don Draper's, on AMC's Mad Men in 2009. In early 2011, she landed the lead role on ABC drama pilot Grace by Krista Vernoff.[6] Spencer had previously played the title character in another Krista Vernoff drama pilot, Introducing Lennie Rose, in 2005.[7] Spencer appeared in a recurring role as Dr. Erin Jameson on the TNT series Hawthorne in 2010, and since 2011 has had a recurring role as Dana \"Scottie\" Scott, Gabriel Macht's character's old rival, on the USA Network legal drama Suits.[8][9]", "James Wlcek. James Wlcek (born February 22, 1964), sometimes credited as Jimmy Wlcek or Jim Wlcek, is an American actor born in New York City." ]

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[ "The Starry Night. The Starry Night is an oil on canvas by the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an idealized village.[1][2][3] It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941, acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. It is regarded as among Van Gogh's finest works,[4] and is one of the most recognized paintings in the history of Western culture.[5][6]", "The Starry Night. After having initially held it back, Van Gogh sent The Starry Night to Theo in Paris on 28 September 1889, along with nine or ten other paintings.[24][72] Theo died less than six months after Vincent, in January 1891. Theo's widow, Jo, then became the caretaker of Van Gogh's legacy. She sold the painting to poet Julien Leclercq in Paris in 1900, who turned around and sold it to Émile Schuffenecker, Gauguin's old friend, in 1901. Jo then bought the painting back from Schuffenecker before selling it to the Oldenzeel Gallery in Rotterdam in 1906. From 1906 to 1938 it was owned by Georgette P. van Stolk, of Rotterdam, who sold it to Paul Rosenberg, of Paris and New York. It was through Rosenberg that the Museum of Modern Art acquired the painting in 1941.[82]", "The Starry Night. During the year Van Gogh stayed at the asylum, the prolific output of paintings he had begun in Arles continued.[13] During this period, he produced some of the best-known works of his career, including the Irises from May 1889, now in the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the blue self-portrait from September, 1889, in the Musée d'Orsay. The Starry Night was painted mid-June by around 18 June, the date he wrote to his brother Theo to say he had a new study of a starry sky.[1][14][15][L 1]", "Starry Night Over the Rhône. Starry Night Over the Rhône (September 1888, French: Nuit étoilée sur le Rhône) is one of Vincent van Gogh's paintings of Arles at nighttime. It was painted at a spot on the bank of the Rhône that was only a one or two-minute walk from the Yellow House on the Place Lamartine which Van Gogh was renting at the time. The night sky and the effects of light at night provided the subject for some of his more famous paintings, including Cafe Terrace at Night (painted earlier the same month) and the later canvas from Saint-Rémy, The Starry Night.", "Landscape painting. Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, The Museum of Modern Art, New York City. Post-Impressionism", "The Starry Night. One of the first paintings of the view was F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, now in Copenhagen. Van Gogh made a number of sketches for the painting, of which F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm is typical. It is unclear whether the painting was made in his studio or outside. In his June 9 letter describing it, he mentions he had been working outside for a few days.[18][19][L 3][14] Van Gogh described the second of the two landscapes he mentions he was working on, in a letter to his sister Wil on 16 June 1889.[18][L 4] This is F719 Green Field, now in Prague, and the first painting at the asylum he definitely painted outside en plein air.[18] F1548 Wheat field, Saint-Rémy de Provence, now in New York, is a study for it. Two days later, Vincent wrote Theo that he had painted \"a starry sky\".[20][L 1]", "The Starry Night. Although The Starry Night was painted during the day in Van Gogh's ground-floor studio, it would be inaccurate to state that the picture was painted from memory. The view has been identified as the one from his bedroom window, facing east,[1][2][16][17] a view which Van Gogh painted variations of no fewer than twenty-one times,[citation needed] including The Starry Night. \"Through the iron-barred window,\" he wrote to his brother, Theo, around 23 May 1889, \"I can see an enclosed square of wheat . . . above which, in the morning, I watch the sun rise in all its glory.\"[2][L 2]", "Museum of Modern Art. Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889", "The Starry Night. The nocturne series was limited by the difficulties posed by painting such scenes from nature, i.e., at night.[35] The first painting in the series was Café Terrace at Night, painted in Arles in early September 1888, followed by Starry Night Over the Rhone later that same month. Van Gogh's written statements concerning these paintings provide further insight into his intentions for painting night studies in general and The Starry Night in particular.", "The Starry Night. In the aftermath of the 23 December 1888 breakdown that resulted in the self-mutilation of his left ear,[7][8] Van Gogh voluntarily admitted himself to the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole lunatic asylum on 8 May 1889.[9][10] Housed in a former monastery, Saint-Paul-de-Mausole catered to the wealthy and was less than half full when Van Gogh arrived,[11] allowing him to occupy not only a second-story bedroom but also a ground-floor room for use as a painting studio.[12]", "The Starry Night. It is in light of such symbolist interpretations of The Starry Night that art historian Albert Boime presents his study of the painting. As noted above, Boime has proven that the painting depicts not only the topographical elements of Van Gogh's view from his asylum window but also the celestial elements, identifying not only Venus but also the constellation Aries.[16] He suggests that Van Gogh originally intended to paint a gibbous moon but \"reverted to a more traditional image\" of the crescent moon, and theorizes that the bright aureole around the resulting crescent is a remnant of the original gibbous version.[21] He recounts Van Gogh's interest in the writings of Victor Hugo and Jules Verne as possible inspiration for his belief in an afterlife on stars or planets.[60] And he provides a detailed discussion of the well-publicized advances in astronomy that took place during Van Gogh's lifetime.", "The Starry Night. Harvard astronomer Charles A. Whitney conducted his own astronomical study of The Starry Night contemporaneously with but independent of Boime (who spent almost his entire career at U.C.L.A.).[63] While Whitney does not share Boime's certainty with regard to the constellation Aries,[64] he concurs with Boime on the visibility of Venus in Provence at the time the painting was executed.[14] He also sees the depiction of a spiral galaxy in the sky, although he gives credit for the original to Anglo-Irish astronomer William Parsons, Lord Rosse, whose work Flammarion reproduced.[65]", "Starry Night Over the Rhône. Starry Night Over the Rhône, which is now in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, was first exhibited in 1889 at Paris' annual exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants. It was shown together with van Gogh's Irises, which was added by Vincent's brother, Theo, although Vincent had proposed including one of his paintings from the public gardens in Arles.", "The Starry Night. F1548 Wheatfield, Saint-Rémy de Provence, Morgan Library & Museum", "Art movement. Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, Post-Impressionism", "The Starry Night. The painting was investigated by the scientists at the Rochester Institute of Technology and the Museum of Modern Art in New York.[83] The pigment analysis has shown that the sky was painted with ultramarine and cobalt blue and for the stars and the moon van Gogh employed the rare pigment indian yellow together with zinc yellow.[84]", "Edvard Munch. Starry Night. 1893. 135.6 × 140 cm. J. Paul Getty Museum.", "The Starry Night. The village has been variously identified as either a recollection of Van Gogh's Dutch homeland.[1][67] or based on a sketch he made of the town of Saint-Rémy.[3][21] In either case, it is an imaginary component of the picture, not visible from the window of the asylum bedroom.", "Vincent van Gogh. Cypresses in Starry Night, a reed pen drawing executed by Van Gogh after the painting in 1889", "The Starry Night. But although Van Gogh periodically defended the practices of Gauguin and Bernard, each time he inevitably repudiated them[32] and continued with his preferred method of painting from nature.[33] Like the impressionists he had met in Paris, especially Claude Monet, Van Gogh also favored working in series. He had painted his series of sunflowers in Arles, and he painted the series of cypresses and wheat fields at Saint-Rémy. The Starry Night belongs to this latter series,[34] as well as to a small series of nocturnes he initiated in Arles.", "The Starry Night. F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm, Van Gogh Museum", "The Starry Night. The Starry Night is the only nocturne in the series of views from his bedroom window. In early June, Vincent wrote to Theo, \"This morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big\"[L 5] Researchers have determined that Venus was indeed visible at dawn in Provence in the spring of 1889, and was at that time nearly as bright as possible. So the brightest \"star\" in the painting, just to the viewer's right of the cypress tree, is actually Venus.[14][16]", "The Starry Night. F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek", "Starry Night Over the Rhône. The challenge of painting at night intrigued van Gogh. The vantage point he chose for Starry Night Over the Rhône allowed him to capture the reflections of the gas lighting in Arles across the glimmering blue water of the Rhône. In the foreground, two lovers stroll by the banks of the river.", "Violet (color). The Starry Night, by Vincent van Gogh (Museum of Modern Art).", "Vincent van Gogh. The Night Café, 1888. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut", "The Starry Night. Left part of the canvas and frame.", "The Starry Night. F719 Green Field, National Gallery in Prague", "The Starry Night. Van Gogh experienced his second breakdown in seven months in July 1889.[66] Naifeh and Smith theorize that the seeds of this breakdown were present when Van Gogh painted The Starry Night, that in giving himself over to his imagination \"his defenses had been breached.\"[80] On that day in mid-June, in a \"state of heightened reality,\" with all the other elements of the painting in place,[81] Van Gogh threw himself into the painting of the stars, producing, they write, \"a night sky unlike any other the world had ever seen with ordinary eyes.\"[30]", "Starry Night Over the Rhône. The scene and stylized rendition of the painting appears in the 2017 film Loving Vincent, as do many other van Gogh settings and paintings.", "The Starry Night. Van Gogh argued with Bernard and, especially, Paul Gauguin as to whether one should paint from nature, as Van Gogh preferred,[26] or paint what Gauguin called \"abstractions\":[27] paintings conceived in the imagination, or de tête.[28] In the letter to Bernard, Van Gogh recounted his experiences when Gauguin lived with him for nine weeks in the fall and winter of 1888: \"When Gauguin was in Arles, I once or twice allowed myself to be led astray into abstraction, as you know. . . . But that was delusion, dear friend, and one soon comes up against a brick wall. . . . And yet, once again I allowed myself to be led astray into reaching for stars that are too big—another failure—and I have had my fill of that.\"[29] Van Gogh here is referring to the expressionistic swirls which dominate the upper center portion of The Starry Night.[30]", "The Starry Night. Art historian Sven Loevgren expands on Schapiro's approach, again calling The Starry Night a \"visionary painting\" which \"was conceived in a state of great agitation.\"[47] He writes of the \"hallucinatory character of the painting and its violently expressive form,\" although he takes pains to note that the painting was not executed during one of Van Gogh's incapacitating breakdowns.[48] Loevgren compares Van Gogh's \"religiously inclined longing for the beyond\" to the poetry of Walt Whitman.[49] He calls The Starry Night \"an infinitely expressive picture which symbolizes the final absorption of the artist by the cosmos\" and which \"gives a never-to-be-forgotten sensation of standing on the threshold of eternity.\"[50] Loevgren praises Schapiro's \"eloquent interpretation\" of the painting as an apocalyptic vision[51] and advances his own symbolist theory with reference to the eleven stars in one of Joseph's dreams in the Old Testament book of Genesis.[52] Loevgren asserts that the pictorial elements of The Starry Night \"are visualized in purely symbolic terms\" and notes that \"the cypress is the tree of death in the Mediterranean countries.\"[53]" ]

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[ "Indo-Greek Kingdom. In 326 BC, Alexander the Great conquered the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent as far as the Hyphasis River, and established satrapies and founded several settlements, including Bucephala; he turned south when his troops refused to go further east.[12] The Indian satrapies of the Punjab were left to the rule of Porus and Taxiles, who were confirmed again at the Treaty of Triparadisus in 321 BC, and remaining Greek troops in these satrapies were left under the command of general Eudemus. After 321 BC Eudemus toppled Taxiles, until he left India in 316 BC. To the south, another general also ruled over the Greek colonies of the Indus: Peithon, son of Agenor,[13] until his departure for Babylon in 316 BC.", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Greek expansion into Indian territory may have been intended to protect Greek populations in India,[214] and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the Shungas.[215] The city of Sirkap founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without signs of segregation between the two cultures.", "Economic history of Greece and the Greek world. Alexander the Great, hoping to strike revenge at the Persian Empire for their past attacks in Greece drove a path Eastwards across the Persian Empire, eventually defeating it and opening the way for trade with India, China and other civilizations.[10] This was accompanied by a huge expansion in maritime trade, these trade routes with the Far East were later solidified by the Roman Empire.", "List of ancient great powers. Philip's son, Alexander the Great, managed to briefly extend Macedonian power not only over the central Greek city-states, but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India. Alexander's adoption of the styles of government of the conquered territories was accompanied by the spread of Greek culture and learning through his vast empire. Although the empire fractured into multiple Hellenic regimes shortly after his death, his conquests left a lasting legacy, not least in the new Greek-speaking cities founded across Persia's western territories, heralding the Hellenistic period. In the partition of Alexander's empire among the Diadochi, Macedonia fell to the Antipatrid dynasty, which was overthrown by the Antigonid dynasty after only a few years.", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. The next important Indo-Greek king was Menander (from c. 165/155 BC) whose has been described as the greatest of the Indo-Greek Kings,[89] his coins are frequently found even in eastern Punjab. Menander seems to have begun a second wave of conquests, and since he already ruled in India, it seems likely that the easternmost conquests were made by him.[90] Thus from 161 B.C. onwards Menander was the ruler of Punjab until his death in 130 B.C.[91][92] Menander made Sagala his capital, and after conquering the Punjab region he subsequently made an expedition across northern India and reached the Mauryan capital of Patna. Soon after, Eucratides I king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom began warring with the Indo-Greeks in the north western frontier.[93]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. Demetrius I, the son of Euthydemus is generally considered as the Greco-Bactrian king who first launched the Greek expansion into India. He is therefore the founder of the Indo-Greek realm. The true intents of the Greek kings in occupying India are unknown, but it is thought that the elimination of the Maurya Empire by the Sunga greatly encouraged this expansion. The Indo-Greeks, in particular Menander I who is said in the Milindapanha to have converted to Buddhism, also possibly received the help of Indian Buddhists.[76]", "Ashoka. Ascending the throne, Ashoka expanded his empire over the next eight years, from the present-day Assam in the East to Balochistan in the West; from the Pamir Knot in Afghanistan in the north to the peninsula of southern India except for present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala which were ruled by the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.[23][29]", "Classical Greece. In 334 BC, Alexander with about 30,000 infantry soldiers and 5,000 cavalry crossed the Hellespont into Asia. He never returned.[75] Alexander managed to briefly extend Macedonian power not only over the central Greek city-states, but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India.[61] He managed to spread Greek culture throughout the known world.[76] Alexander the Great died in 323 BC in Babylon during his Asian campaign of conquest.[77]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. According to Apollodorus of Artemita, quoted by Strabo, the Indo-Greek territory for a while included the Indian coastal provinces of Sindh and possibly Gujarat.[94] With archaeological methods, the Indo-Greek territory can however only be confirmed from the Kabul Valley to the eastern Punjab, so Greek presence outside was probably short-lived or less significant.", "History of Europe. Hellenic infighting left Greek city states vulnerable, and Philip II of Macedon united the Greek city states under his control. The son of Philip II, known as Alexander the Great, invaded neighboring Persia, toppled and incorporated its domains, as well as invading Egypt and going as far off as India, increasing contact with people and cultures in these regions that marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period.", "Maurya Empire. Chandragupta's son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. The famous Tamil poet Mamulanar of the Sangam literature described how the Deccan Plateau was invaded by the Maurya army.[33] He also had a Greek ambassador at his court, named Megasthenes.[34]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. In any case, Eucratides seems to have occupied territory as far as the Indus, between ca. 170 BC and 150 BC.[141] His advances were ultimately checked by the Indo-Greek king Menander I,[142]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indian emperor Chandragupta, founder of the Mauryan dynasty, had re-conquered northwestern India upon the death of Alexander the Great around 322 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the Seleucid Empire, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on Epigamia in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court.", "Greece. Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III (\"The Great\") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia, and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa.[45] Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander.[46] Greek science, technology, and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.[47]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. To the south, the Greeks may have occupied the areas of the Sindh and Gujarat, including the strategic harbour of Barygaza (Bharuch),[108] conquests also attested by coins dating from the Indo-Greek ruler Apollodotus I and by several ancient writers (Strabo 11; Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap. 41/47):[109]", "Maurya Empire. Chandragupta ultimately occupied Northwestern India, in the territories formerly ruled by the Greeks, where he fought the satraps (described as \"Prefects\" in Western sources) left in place after Alexander (Justin), among whom may have been Eudemus, ruler in the western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE or Peithon, son of Agenor, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE.[citation needed]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. King Philoxenus (100–95 BC) briefly occupied the whole Greek territory from the Paropamisadae to Western Punjab, after what the territories fragmented again between smaller Indo-Greek kings. Throughout the 1st century BC, the Indo-Greeks progressively lost ground to the Indians in the east, and the Scythians, the Yuezhi, and the Parthians in the West. About 20 Indo-Greek kings are known during this period,[179] down to the last known Indo-Greek rulers, Strato II and Strato III, who ruled in the Punjab region until around 10 AD.[180]", "Chandragupta Maurya. After annexing Seleucus' provinces west of the Indus river, Chandragupta had a vast empire extending across the northern parts of the Indian Sub-continent, from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. Chandragupta then began expanding his empire further south beyond the barrier of the Vindhya Range and into the Deccan Plateau.[51] By the time his conquests were complete, Chandragupta's empire extended over most of the Indian subcontinent.[81]", "Silk Road. The Greeks remained in Central Asia for the next three centuries, first through the administration of the Seleucid Empire, and then with the establishment of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BCE) in Bactria (modern Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan) and the later Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE – 10 CE) in modern Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. They continued to expand eastward, especially during the reign of Euthydemus (230–200 BCE), who extended his control beyond Alexandria Eschate to Sogdiana. There are indications that he may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, leading to the first known contacts between [China and the West around 200 BCE. The Greek historian Strabo writes, \"they extended their empire even as far as the Seres (China) and the Phryni.\"[30]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks continued to rule a territory in the eastern Punjab, until the kingdom of the last Indo-Greek kings Strato II and Strato III were taken over by the Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap ruler Rajuvula around 10 AD.[188]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. Some narrative history has survived for most of the Hellenistic world, at least of the kings and the wars;[69] this is lacking for India. The main Greco-Roman source on the Indo-Greeks is Justin, who wrote an anthology drawn from the Roman historian Pompeius Trogus, who in turn wrote, from Greek sources, at the time of Augustus Caesar.[70] In addition to these dozen sentences, the geographer Strabo mentions India a few times in the course of his long dispute with Eratosthenes about the shape of Eurasia. Most of these are purely geographical claims, but he does mention that Eratosthenes' sources say that some of the Greek kings conquered further than Alexander; Strabo does not believe them on this, but modern historians do; nor does he believe that Menander and Demetrius son of Euthydemus conquered more tribes than Alexander[71] There is half a story about Menander in one of the books of Polybius which has not come down to us intact.[72]", "Maurya Empire. Under the Indo-Greek friendship treaty, and during Ashoka's reign, an international network of trade expanded. The Khyber Pass, on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan, became a strategically important port of trade and intercourse with the outside world. Greek states and Hellenic kingdoms in West Asia became important trade partners of India. Trade also extended through the Malay peninsula into Southeast Asia. India's exports included silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods. The external world came across new scientific knowledge and technology with expanding trade with the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka also sponsored the construction of thousands of roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses and other public works. The easing of many over-rigorous administrative practices, including those regarding taxation and crop collection, helped increase productivity and economic activity across the Empire.[citation needed]", "Maurya Empire. The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The Greco-Bactrian king, Demetrius, capitalized on the break-up, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, Menander, became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of Sialkot. However, the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas, Satavahanas, and Kalingas are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamed Indo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura, and Gujarat.[citation needed]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC. The Greeks in South Asia were eventually divided from the Graeco-Bactrians centered in Bactria (now the border between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan), and the Indo-Greeks in present-day north-western South Asia. The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander (Milinda). He had his capital at Sakala in the Punjab (present-day Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan).", "Ancient Greece. From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. To the east, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first, followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace, the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea.", "Ancient Greece. The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east.[49] Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the 1st century BC.", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka such as Dharmaraksita,[35] or the teacher Mahadharmaraksita,[36] are described in Pali sources as leading Greek (\"Yona\", i.e., Ionian) Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa, XII).[37] It is also thought that Greeks contributed to the sculptural work of the Pillars of Ashoka,[38] and more generally to the blossoming of Mauryan art.[39] Some Greeks (Yavanas) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka: the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman records that during the rule of Ashoka, a Yavana King/ Governor named Tushaspha was in charge in the area of Girnar, Gujarat, mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir.[40][41]", "Indo-Greek Kingdom. Maritime relations across the Indian Ocean started in the 3rd century BC, and further developed during the time of the Indo-Greeks together with their territorial expansion along the western coast of India. The first contacts started when the Ptolemies constructed the Red Sea ports of Myos Hormos and Berenike, with destination the Indus delta, the Kathiawar peninsula or Muziris. Around 130 BC, Eudoxus of Cyzicus is reported (Strabo, Geog.  II.3.4)[261] to have made a successful voyage to India and returned with a cargo of perfumes and gemstones. By the time Indo-Greek rule was ending, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India (Strabo Geog. II.5.12).[262]", "Chandragupta Maurya. After Chandragupta's renunciation, his son Bindusara succeeded as the Maurya Emperor. He maintained friendly relations with Greek governors in Asia and Egypt. Bindusara's son Ashoka became one of the most influential rulers in India's history due to his extension of the Empire to the entire Indian subcontinent as well as his role in the worldwide propagation of Buddhism.[citation needed]", "Megasthenes. The Indians who inhabit the hill country also claim that Herakles was one of them. Like the Greeks, they characterize him with the club and the lion's skin. According to them, Herakles was a powerful man who subjugated evil beasts. He had several sons and one daughter, who became rulers in different parts of his dominion. He founded several cities, the greatest of which was Palibothra (Pataliputra). Herakles built several places in this city, fortified it with water-filled trenches and settled a number of people in the city. His descendants ruled India for several generations, but never launched an expedition beyond India. After several years, the royal rule was replaced by democratic city states, although there existed a few kings when Alexander invaded India.[24]", "Maurya Empire. The Greek population apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule. In his Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, Ashoka relates that the Greek population within his realm was absorbed, integrated, and converted to Buddhism:", "Maurya Empire. Chandragupta extended the borders of the Maurya Empire towards Seleucid Persia after defeating Seleucus c. 305 BCE.[28]" ]

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[ "Aesthetics. The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning \"esthetic, sensitive, sentient, pertaining to sense perception\"), which in turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai, meaning \"I perceive, feel, sense\" and related to αἴσθησις (aisthēsis, \"sensation\").[7] The term \"aesthetics\" was appropriated and coined with new meaning by the German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten in his dissertation Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus (\"Philosophical considerations of some matters pertaining the poem\") in 1735,[8] Baumgarten chose \"aesthetics\" because he wished to emphasize the experience of art as a means of knowing. Aesthetics, a not very tidy intellectual discipline, is a heterogeneous collection of problems that concern the arts primarily but also relate to nature.[9] even though his later definition in the fragment Aesthetica (1750) is more often referred to as the first definition of modern aesthetics.[10]", "Aesthetics. Aesthetics (/ɛsˈθɛtɪks, iːs-/; also spelled esthetics) is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.[1]", "Aesthetics. In its more technical epistemological perspective, it is defined as the study of subjective and sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.[2] Aesthetics studies how artists imagine, create and perform works of art; how people use, enjoy, and criticize art; and what happens in their minds when they look at paintings, listen to music, or read poetry, and understand what they see and hear. It also studies how they feel about art—why they like some works and not others, and how art can affect their moods, beliefs, and attitude toward life.[3] More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as \"critical reflection on art, culture and nature\".[4][5] In modern English, the term aesthetic can also refer to a set of principles underlying the works of a particular art movement or theory: one speaks, for example, of the Cubist aesthetic.[6]", "Aesthetics. Viewer interpretations of beauty may on occasion be observed to possess two concepts of value: aesthetics and taste. Aesthetics is the philosophical notion of beauty. Taste is a result of an education process and awareness of elite cultural values learned through exposure to mass culture. Bourdieu examined how the elite in society define the aesthetic values like taste and how varying levels of exposure to these values can result in variations by class, cultural background, and education.[15] According to Kant in his book on the Critique of Judgment, beauty is subjective and universal; thus certain things are beautiful to everyone.[16] In the opinion of Władysław Tatarkiewicz, there are six conditions for the presentation of art: beauty, form, representation, reproduction of reality, artistic expression and innovation. However, one may not be able to pin down these qualities in a work of art.[17]", "Aesthetics. Various attempts have been made to define Post-Modern Aesthetics. The challenge to the assumption that beauty was central to art and aesthetics, thought to be original, is actually continuous with older aesthetic theory; Aristotle was the first in the Western tradition to classify \"beauty\" into types as in his theory of drama, and Kant made a distinction between beauty and the sublime. What was new was a refusal to credit the higher status of certain types, where the taxonomy implied a preference for tragedy and the sublime to comedy and the Rococo.", "Aesthetics. For some, aesthetics is considered a synonym for the philosophy of art since Hegel, while others insist that there is a significant distinction between these closely related fields. In practice, aesthetic judgement refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object (not necessarily an art object), while artistic judgement refers to the recognition, appreciation or criticism of art or an art work.", "Aesthetics. Philosophical aesthetics has not only to speak about art and to produce judgments about art works, but also has to give a definition of what art is. Art is an autonomous entity for philosophy, because art deals with the senses (i. e. the etymology of aesthetics) and art is as such free of any moral or political purpose. Hence, there are two different conceptions of art in aesthetics: art as knowledge or art as action, but aesthetics is neither epistemology nor ethics.[13]", "Sublime (philosophy). In aesthetics, the sublime (from the Latin sublÄ«mis) is the quality of greatness, whether physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual, or artistic. The term especially refers to a greatness beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement, or imitation.", "Aesthetic interpretation. An interpretation in philosophy of art, is an explanation of the meaning of some work of art. An aesthetic interpretation expresses a particular emotional or experiential understanding most often used in reference to a poem, or piece of literature, and may also apply to a work of visual art, or performance.[1]", "Aesthetics. Aesthetics is for the artist as Ornithology is for the birds.", "Poetry. Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, \"making\") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic[1][2][3] qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.", "Aesthetics. Judgments of aesthetic value rely on our ability to discriminate at a sensory level. Aesthetics examines our affective domain response to an object or phenomenon. Immanuel Kant, writing in 1790, observes of a man \"If he says that canary wine is agreeable he is quite content if someone else corrects his terms and reminds him to say instead: It is agreeable to me,\" because \"Everyone has his own (sense of) taste\". The case of \"beauty\" is different from mere \"agreeableness\" because, \"If he proclaims something to be beautiful, then he requires the same liking from others; he then judges not just for himself but for everyone, and speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things.\"", "Music. In ancient times, such as with the Ancient Greeks, the aesthetics of music explored the mathematical and cosmological dimensions of rhythmic and harmonic organization. In the 18th century, focus shifted to the experience of hearing music, and thus to questions about its beauty and human enjoyment (plaisir and jouissance) of music. The origin of this philosophic shift is sometimes attributed to Baumgarten in the 18th century, followed by Kant. Through their writing, the ancient term 'aesthetics', meaning sensory perception, received its present-day connotation. In the 2000s, philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment. For example, music's capacity to express emotion has been a central issue.", "Philosophy. Aesthetics is the \"critical reflection on art, culture and nature.\"[60][61] It addresses the nature of art, beauty and taste, enjoyment, emotional values, perception and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.[62][63] It is more precisely defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.[64] Its major divisions are art theory, literary theory, film theory and music theory. An example from art theory is to discern the set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement such as the Cubist aesthetic.[65] The philosophy of film analyzes films and filmmakers for their philosophical content and explores film (images, cinema, etc.) as a medium for philosophical reflection and expression.[citation needed]", "Ethos. Ethos (/ˈiːθɒs/ or US: /ˈiːθoʊs/) is a Greek word meaning \"character\" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviours, and even morals.[1] Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way. The word's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs.", "Aesthetics. Aesthetic judgments usually go beyond sensory discrimination. For David Hume, delicacy of taste is not merely \"the ability to detect all the ingredients in a composition\", but also our sensitivity \"to pains as well as pleasures, which escape the rest of mankind.\" (Essays Moral Political and Literary. Indianapolis, Literary Classics 5, 1987.) Thus, the sensory discrimination is linked to capacity for pleasure. For Kant \"enjoyment\" is the result when pleasure arises from sensation, but judging something to be \"beautiful\" has a third requirement: sensation must give rise to pleasure by engaging our capacities of reflective contemplation. Judgments of beauty are sensory, emotional and intellectual all at once.", "Aesthetics. Aesthetic ethics refers to the idea that human conduct and behaviour ought to be governed by that which is beautiful and attractive. John Dewey[23] has pointed out that the unity of aesthetics and ethics is in fact reflected in our understanding of behaviour being \"fair\"—the word having a double meaning of attractive and morally acceptable. More recently, James Page[24][25] has suggested that aesthetic ethics might be taken to form a philosophical rationale for peace education.", "Aesthetics. Croce suggested that \"expression\" is central in the way that beauty was once thought to be central. George Dickie suggested that the sociological institutions of the art world were the glue binding art and sensibility into unities.[31] Marshall McLuhan suggested that art always functions as a \"counter-environment\" designed to make visible what is usually invisible about a society.[32] Theodor Adorno felt that aesthetics could not proceed without confronting the role of the culture industry in the commodification of art and aesthetic experience. Hal Foster attempted to portray the reaction against beauty and Modernist art in The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. Arthur Danto has described this reaction as \"kalliphobia\" (after the Greek word for beauty, κάλλος kallos).[33] André Malraux explains that the notion of beauty was connected to a particular conception of art that arose with the Renaissance and was still dominant in the eighteenth century (but was supplanted later). The discipline of aesthetics, which originated in the eighteenth century, mistook this transient state of affairs for a revelation of the permanent nature of art.[34] Brian Massumi suggests to reconsider beauty following the aesthetical thought in the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari.[35] Walter Benjamin echoed Malraux in believing aesthetics was a comparatively recent invention, a view proven wrong in the late 1970s, when Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake analyzed links between beauty, information processing, and information theory. Dennis Dutton in \"The Art Instinct\" also proposed that an aesthetic sense was a vital evolutionary factor.", "Social status. Aesthetic dispositions are the result of social origin rather than accumulated capital and experience over time. The acquisition of cultural capital depends heavily on \"[t]otal, early, imperceptible learning, performed within the family from the earliest days of life\".[32] Bourdieu hypothetically guarantees that the opinions of the young are those that they are born into, the accepted \"definitions that their elders offer them\".[34]", "Aesthetics. Pierre Bourdieu disagrees with Kant's idea of the \"aesthetic\". He argues that Kant's \"aesthetic\" merely represents an experience that is the product of an elevated class habitus and scholarly leisure as opposed to other possible and equally valid \"aesthetic\" experiences which lay outside Kant's narrow definition.", "Music. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; \"art of the Muses\").[1] In Greek mythology, the nine Muses were the goddesses who inspired literature, science, and the arts and who were the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, song-lyrics, and myths in the Greek culture. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the term \"music\" is derived from \"mid-13c., musike, from Old French musique (12c.) and directly from Latin musica \"the art of music,\" also including poetry (also [the] source of Spanish musica, Italian musica, Old High German mosica, German Musik, Dutch muziek, Danish musik).\" This is derived from the \"...Greek mousike (techne) \"(art) of the Muses,\" from fem. of mousikos \"pertaining to the Muses,\" from Mousa \"Muse\" (see muse (n.)). Modern spelling [dates] from [the] 1630s. In classical Greece, [the term \"music\" refers to] any art in which the Muses presided, but especially music and lyric poetry.\"[6]", "Artist. The Greek word \"technÄ›\", often translated as \"art,\" implies mastery of any sort of craft. The adjectival Latin form of the word, \"technicus\",[1]\nbecame the source of the English words technique, technology, technical.", "Aesthetics. Early-twentieth-century artists, poets and composers challenged existing notions of beauty, broadening the scope of art and aesthetics. In 1941, Eli Siegel, American philosopher and poet, founded Aesthetic Realism, the philosophy that reality itself is aesthetic, and that \"The world, art, and self explain each other: each is the aesthetic oneness of opposites.\"[29][30]", "Aesthetics. Aesthetic judgments can often be very fine-grained and internally contradictory. Likewise aesthetic judgments seem often to be at least partly intellectual and interpretative. It is what a thing means or symbolizes for us that is often what we are judging. Modern aestheticians have asserted that will and desire were almost dormant in aesthetic experience, yet preference and choice have seemed important aesthetics to some 20th-century thinkers. The point is already made by Hume, but see Mary Mothersill, \"Beauty and the Critic's Judgment\", in The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics, 2004. Thus aesthetic judgments might be seen to be based on the senses, emotions, intellectual opinions, will, desires, culture, preferences, values, subconscious behaviour, conscious decision, training, instinct, sociological institutions, or some complex combination of these, depending on exactly which theory one employs.", "Poetry analysis. Reception aesthetics is a development of Reader Response that considers the public response to a literary work and suggests that this can inform analysis of cultural ideology at the time of the response.", "Artist. The word art derives from the Latin \"ars\" (stem art-), which, although literally defined, means \"skill method\" or \"technique\", and conveys a connotation of beauty.", "Culture of Greece. The word τραγῳδία (tragoidia), from which the word \"tragedy\" is derived, is a compound of two Greek words: τράγος (tragos) or \"goat\" and ᾠδή (ode) meaning \"song\", from ἀείδειν (aeidein), \"to sing\".[5]\nThis etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient Dionysian cults. It is impossible, however, to know with certainty how these fertility rituals became the basis for tragedy and comedy.[6]", "Aesthetics. A large number of derivative forms of aesthetics have developed as contemporary and transitory forms of inquiry associated with the field of aesthetics which include the post-modern, psychoanalytic, scientific, and mathematical among others.", "Aesthetics. Likewise, aesthetic judgments may be culturally conditioned to some extent. Victorians in Britain often saw African sculpture as ugly, but just a few decades later, Edwardian audiences saw the same sculptures as being beautiful. Evaluations of beauty may well be linked to desirability, perhaps even to sexual desirability. Thus, judgments of aesthetic value can become linked to judgments of economic, political, or moral value.[18] In a current context, one might judge a Lamborghini to be beautiful partly because it is desirable as a status symbol, or we might judge it to be repulsive partly because it signifies for us over-consumption and offends our political or moral values.[19]", "Aesthetics. Evolutionary aesthetics refers to evolutionary psychology theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of Homo sapiens are argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success.[74] One example being that humans are argued to find beautiful and prefer landscapes which were good habitats in the ancestral environment. Another example is that body symmetry and proportion are important aspects of physical attractiveness which may be due to this indicating good health during body growth. Evolutionary explanations for aesthetical preferences are important parts of evolutionary musicology, Darwinian literary studies, and the study of the evolution of emotion.", "Pierre Bourdieu. The development of aesthetic dispositions are very largely determined by social origin rather than accumulated capital and experience over time. The acquisition of cultural capital depends heavily on “total, early, imperceptible learning, performed within the family from the earliest days of life.”[20] Bourdieu argues that, in the main, people inherit their cultural attitudes, the accepted “definitions that their elders offer them.”[22]", "Rasa (aesthetics). A rasa (Sanskrit: रस, Malayalam: രാസ്യം) literally means \"juice, essence or taste\".[1][2] It connotes a concept in Indian arts about the aesthetic flavor of any visual, literary or musical work, that evokes an emotion or feeling in the reader or audience, but that cannot be described.[2]" ]

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[ "Ever Carradine. She starred in the film Dead & Breakfast and has appeared in films such as Bubble Boy, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, and Lucky 13. She appeared on the show Once and Again from 2001 to 2002, and on Commander in Chief from 2005 to 2006. She has had recurring guest roles on the shows Major Crimes (as Rusty's biological mother), Veronica's Closet, Party of Five, and Women's Murder Club. She has also appeared in television shows such as House, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, CSI, Will & Grace, Just Shoot Me!, and 24.", "Sharon Raydor. Sharon was estranged from her husband Jack (Tom Berenger), an attorney who moved to Las Vegas to gamble; by season three of Major Crimes, the two are divorced.[2][3] They have two grown children, Richard William \"Ricky\" and Emily Raydor. In \"Down the Drain\", Sharon adopts Rusty Beck (Graham Patrick Martin), the star witness against serial rapist/murderer Phillip Stroh (Billy Burke).[4]", "Sharon Raydor. Shortly after taking over the Major Crimes Division, Sharon discovered that murder witness Rusty Beck needed a secure foster home that he wouldn't run away from and took him in herself. The two had a rocky start with Rusty insisting on sleeping on her couch and that he was only staying until they found his missing mother. However, after Sharon started to lay down the law when she got tired of his antics, the two came to an understanding that resulted in Rusty behaving more. Sharon also relies on the squad to help her with Rusty, particularly Buzz and Provenza. Sharon quickly grows fond of the boy and gets upset when his mother seems about to return to his life and purposefully stays out of the situation so she won't cause conflict and is reluctant about informing Rusty of the identification of his father who she is suspicious of. After her suspicions prove right and Rusty's father hits him after purposefully ignoring him and being late, Sharon, while initially very angry, takes rational steps to remove him from Rusty's life forever with the squad backing her up. She is able to force him to sign away his parental rights or face child abuse charges and Rusty remains with Sharon.", "Major Crimes. Raydor decides to house Rusty Beck (Graham Patrick Martin), the key witness for the Stroh (Billy Burke) case, in her own home, paying for him to attend the Catholic high school her children attended. In Season 2, Deputy District Attorney Emma Rios (Velasquez) is introduced as part of the prosecution team on the Stroh case.", "List of Major Crimes episodes. Recurring guest stars will include Jon Tenney as Special Agent Fritz Howard, Tom Berenger as Sharon's husband Jack, Bill Brochtrup as Rusty's therapist Dr. Joe Bowman, Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Lt. Chuck Cooper, Ransford Doherty as Coroner Investigator Kendall, Kathe Mazur as Deputy DA Andrea Hobbs and Laurie Holden as SWAT Commander Ann McGinnis.[34] The theme for the season is expectations.[35]", "Sharon Raydor. By the end of the first season of Major Crimes, Provenza comes to identify with Raydor's own frustrations. He at one point berates Rusty for inconsiderate comments that left her nearly in tears because even he could tell how much she cared for the boy despite his dislike of Sharon. Over time, Raydor comes to rely on Provenza heavily in cases and he grows to respect her; they eventually become good friends, mutually offering each other support in difficult situations. Provenza goes from calling Sharon \"Captain\" all the time to occasionally addressing her by her first name, particularly in situations where she needs reassurance. On one occasion, when Sanchez was wounded while taking down a dangerous suspect, Provenza recognized that the situation would greatly bother Sharon despite Sanchez's wound being minor. In this case, Provenza tells Sharon to take comfort in the fact that it was her unexpected insight that allowed them to locate a very dangerous criminal and rescue his three hostages alive, including two young children.", "List of Squidbillies characters. Voiced by Mary Kraft, Krystal is Rusty's birth mother, a morbidly obese Caucasian woman who lives her life lying on a filthy junkyard mattress, where she had been deemed a local landmark as \"Georgia's first outdoor shut-in\" and given \"squatter's rights\" to the location. She spends most of her time drinking from a re-usable oversized \"Sip\" convenience store cup and scratching lottery tickets. She has an extremely low and long-winded voice, speaking in a perpetual slur. Her extraordinarily promiscuous lifestyle (including having sex with Charlie Sheen and all of the members of .38 Special) caused problems during her brief marriage to Early. She had a Siamese-twin (who had apparently become trapped in Krystal's fat folds) named Amber Jean (making her Rusty's aunt), but she had her removed (and possibly killed, as the doctor used a katana) in \"Krystal, Light\". She also has a tramp stamp, a \"tribute to our fallen heroes of 9/11\", which the tattoo artist confused as being a tribute to the band 311. After being informed of the permanent mistake, she displayed ambivalence apropos of the character. In \"Keeping it in the Family Way\", she is revealed to be the mother of Rusty's human girlfriend Tammi. In \"Rusty and Tammi Sitting in a Tree, B-A-S-T-A-R-D\", she becomes a grandmother of Rusty and Tammi's inbred son Macho-Man Randy Cuyler.", "Regina King. From 2015 to 2017, she starred in the ABC anthology series American Crime, for which she has received three nominations for Emmy Awards with two wins and was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award. From 2015 to 2017, she also played Erika Murphy on the critically acclaimed HBO drama The Leftovers, for which she has received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination. King has a recurring role as Janine Davis on The Big Bang Theory, and has starred in numerous films, including Ray, Poetic Justice, Friday, and Legally Blonde 2.", "List of Major Crimes episodes. The squad investigates the death of a landlord hated by all his tenants, former workers on a '70s TV medical examiner show. As in their show, Deputy Medical Examiner Morales comes up with the extra (beyond autopsy) evidence that solves the crime. Provenza faces desk duty if he can't improve his target practice results; Rusty tries to tell Kris he can't date her.", "American Crime (TV series). Elvis Nolasco and Caitlin Gerard were the first regular members to be cast, as announced on February 14, 2014.[47] Later Richard Cabral, Johnny Ortiz, Benito Martinez and W. Earl Brown were cast for regular supporting roles in the pilot.[48][49] In early March, Timothy Hutton was cast in a lead role as Russ, and Penelope Ann Miller signed on in a supporting role of the mother of the murdered man's wife.[50][51] Soon thereafter, it was announced that Felicity Huffman was cast in the lead role of Barb Skokie, Russ' stoic ex-wife and mother of the murdered young man.[52][53]", "Jacqueline Toboni. In 2015, she appeared on one episode of Major Crimes.[2]", "Canning Randy. Jennifer Morrison (Zoey Pierson)Will Forte (Randy Wharmpess)Bob Odenkirk (Arthur Hobbs) Laura Bell Bundy (Becky)", "Kelly Bishop. Bishop went on to play a \"mom\" to high-profile stars in features: Howard Stern's in the Betty Thomas-directed comedy Private Parts (1997), and Tobey Maguire's in Wonder Boys (2000). Additional feature credits include Ich und Er (USA: Me and Him, 1988), Queens Logic (1991), Café Society (1995), Miami Rhapsody (1995) and Blue Moon (2002). On television, Bishop starred in the Mike Nichols' The Thorns opposite Tony Roberts and Marilyn Cooper. She played Lisa Ann Walter's mother on My Wildest Dreams. She has guest-starred on Kate & Allie, Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Murphy Brown.", "Shirley Stelfox. After the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Stelfox started straight at the BBC in a play called The Case Before You in which she played a 15 year old arsonist - where the prompter did not respond to her long pauses. In December 1960, she appeared in her first episode of Coronation Street. She would later play many different characters in the world-famous soap opera, including, in 1983, running a dating agency in which one of her customers was the entrance cue for Jack Duckworth. She was the first actress to play Hyacinth Bucket's randy sister Rose in the first series of Keeping Up Appearances, but was later replaced by Mary Millar.[4] She appeared in several other well-known television series, including the successful Wicked Women, Making Out with Margi Clarke, Mrs Parkin in Heartbeat, - and Jean in Common as Muck, Juliet Bravo, Coronation Street, The Bill and Crossroads, and Inspector Morse,\nShe played Jane Healy, Melanie Owen's mother, in an episode of EastEnders. She appeared in the short-lived series Albion Market.\nStelfox had a long life in different soap operas, briefly appearing in Crossroads (as a police officer), Owen MD and Family Affairs. She had played in Brookside as Madge Richmond (1986-87), where she depicted two-timed the widowed pensioner Ralph Hardwick (Ray Dunbobbin), and in 1999 she appeared in two episodes of EastEnders as Jane Healy. Among many others of one-off parts, she played as Alice Hobson in Hobson’s Choice (1967), Helen in Civvies (1992), Julie Clegg in Three Seven Eleven (1993-94), Jean in Common as Muck (1994) and Mrs Nolan in Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married (1999-2000).[3]", "List of Major Crimes episodes. Major Crimes is an American police procedural starring Mary McDonnell on the TNT network. A spin-off of The Closer, Major Crimes follows the activities of the LAPD Major Crimes squad, charged with solving high-profile crimes in the city of Los Angeles, along with the members of the squad. The show features an ensemble cast including G. W. Bailey as Lt. Provenza, Anthony Denison as Lt. Flynn, Michael Paul Chan as Lt. Tao and Raymond Cruz as Det. Sanchez. Major Crimes, created by James Duff and produced by Greer Sheppard and Michael M. Robin, was the highest rated scripted cable drama of 2012.", "Sharon Raydor. In the second half of season 4, Rusty starts calling Sharon \"Mom\" more often than not when before, even after the adoption, it was usually just \"Sharon\" except as a joke. In Hindsight, Part 3, when Sharon is talking about Rusty's biological mother, Rusty hugs her and tells Sharon \"you're my mom\", stunning her. Even Rusty's biological mother, Sharon Beck notes how good Sharon Raydor is to her son and tells him that Sharon Raydor is a much better mother to him than she ever was.", "Faye Dunaway. In 2000, Dunaway appeared in the James Gray-directed crime film The Yards as Charlize Theron’s mother. Although failing to perform at the box office, the film was received with positive reviews. That same year, she turned down the opportunity to play a drug addict in Requiem for a Dream and the role went to Ellen Burstyn, who received an Academy Award nomination for her performance.[85] In 2001, Dunaway's role in Running Mates earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film. In 2002, she played Ian Somerhalder's rich Xanax-popping mother in Roger Avary's adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis' novel, The Rules of Attraction. She served as a judge on the 2005 reality show The Starlet, which sought, American Idol-style, to find the next young actress with the potential to become a major star.[86] In 2006, Dunaway guest-starred in one episode of the crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation because she was a huge fan of the show. She also appeared on Touched by an Angel, Alias and Grey's Anatomy. In 2008, Dunaway agreed to star in a low-budget Welsh horror film, Flick, for a fraction of her usual $1million fee after falling in love with the script. She called the writer and director David Howard personally to accept the part of a one-armed American detective, saying it was \"a really original story.\"[87] The film premiered at the Raindance Film Festival. That same year, she criticized Hollywood’s treatment of older women, saying: \"I am furious that they think I'm too old to play the love interest of guys like Jack Nicholson and Clint Eastwood. Why should I play sisters and mothers while guys like Jack and Clint, who are older than me, have on-screen lovers half their age?\"[88]", "Irene Ryan. In 1944, she played a ditzy secretary named Polly in a B-movie titled Hot Rhythm with Dona Drake. In 1946, she married Harold E. Knox, who worked in film production. (They divorced in 1961; the couple had no children.) She continued to work in motion pictures of the late 1940s and early 1950s, generally playing fussy or nervous women. In 1946, she joined the cast of The Jack Carson Show on CBS radio. She played \"a neighborhood storekeeper who operates a combination candy shop and lending library.\"[8] In January 1955, Ryan made her first television sitcom appearance in an episode of the CBS series The Danny Thomas Show. She appeared with Walter Brennan in the 1959 episode \"Grandpa's New Job\" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys. In the 1960-1961 CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy, starring Frank Aletter, she was cast in three episodes as Cynthia Boyle; and she appeared as Rusty Wallace in \"The Romance of Silver Pines\", a 1962 episode of My Three Sons, starring Fred MacMurray.[9]", "Major Crimes. Major Crimes received a score of 65/100 and \"generally favorable\" reviews based on 17 critics at Metacritic.[20] Newsday's Verne Gay gave the series a B+ grade, calling it \"sharply written, acted and directed\", adding \"producers now have to turn an (occasional) antagonist into a full-time protagonist. Let the metamorphosis begin.\"[21] Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times called the series a \"nice balance between the tragic and comic\", citing Mary McDonnell's performance as \"modulated and cool, but with a blue-flame intensity\".[22] Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker thought there were \"fundamental distinctions\" between The Closer's Brenda Leigh Johnson and Major Crimes' Sharon Raydor that \"render the shows very different\", adding \"I've always found Raydor's serene assurance a palliative to the twitchy eccentricity of Kyra Sedgwick's Johnson.\"[23] Mike Hale of The New York Times thought the series \"[made] the dullest character from the old show the central figure of the new one,\" adding \"Major Crimes feels like a reasonably sharp black-and-white copy of The Closer, but fans of the franchise are likely to miss the color provided by Ms. Sedgwick’s vivid performance.\"[24]", "Major Crimes. Major Crimes is an American television police procedural series starring Mary McDonnell. It is a successor spin-off of The Closer and premiered on TNT August 13, 2012, following that show's finale.[1][2][3]", "Julie Walters. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole. Walters appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she played the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen.", "Lorraine Toussaint. In 2012, Toussaint received critical acclaim and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her performance as a hardworking mother who struggles to support her daughter's (Emayatzy Corinealdi) decision to put her life on hold to support her incarcerated husband (Omari Hardwick), of Middle of Nowhere, a drama film written and directed by Ava DuVernay.[6][17][18] Toussaint was a promising contender for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress category in 2013, but she did not receive a nomination.[19][20][21] In 2012, she also guest-starred in Shonda Rhimes' dramas Grey's Anatomy as doctor, and on Scandal, as a bereaved and betrayed pastor’s wife.[19] In 2013, she had a recurring role in season 3 of Dana Delany's series Body of Proof as Angela Martin, the new police chief and main villain.[22] Later in 2013, she joined the cast of ABC Family drama series, The Fosters, as Sherri Saum's character mother.[23] In show she reunited on-screen with Annie Potts in first time as of Any Day Now finale in 2002.[7]", "Criminal Minds (season 7). In the episode \"Painless\", Eric Jungmann guest-starred as Robert Adams, a survivor of a high school shooting who copied the murders committed by Randy Slade. Julia Campbell guest-starred as Randy's mother, Martha Slade, and Aaron Hill guest-starred as Jerry Holtz, another survivor of the shooting who is murdered by Robert. In the episode \"From Childhood's Hour\", Isabella Hofmann guest-starred as Carolyn Baker, David Rossi's first wife who dies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Heather Tom guest-starred as Connie Barton, a mother who is abducted by George Kelling. In the episode \"There's No Place Like Home\", Alex Weed guest-starred as Travis James, a serial killer who abducted male prostitutes.", "Tess Harper. Tessie Jean \"Tess\" Harper (née Washam; born August 15, 1950) is an American actress. She was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her first film role in 1983's Tender Mercies, and for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1986 film Crimes of the Heart. Her other film appearances include Flashpoint (1984), Ishtar (1987), Far North (1988), and No Country for Old Men (2007). She portrayed Jesse Pinkman's mother on Breaking Bad (2008–2013), appearing in the first three seasons.", "Kim Dickens. From 2010 to 2013, Dickens was a regular on the HBO ensemble drama series, Treme, as Janette Desautel. From 2013 to 2014, she had a recurring role as Colette Jane in the FX crime drama, Sons of Anarchy.[13] In 2015, she had a recurring role in the Netflix political drama House of Cards. In film, she co-starred in Footloose (2011) and At Any Price (2012). In 2014, she had a major supporting role as Detective Rhonda Boney in the psychological thriller film Gone Girl, directed by David Fincher,[14][15] and in 2016, co-starred as the lead character's mother in Tim Burton's film Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children.[16]", "Lori Grimes. Sarah Wayne Callies' performance in the episode was unanimously praised, however. IGN writer Eric Goldman commended Callies[23] Sepinwall added that Callies \"absolutely sold\" the portrayal of a mother saying \"goodbye to the son who had to grow up much too quickly\".[8]", "Regina King. Beginning in the mid-2000s, she had ongoing roles on several TV series, including acclaimed work as the voice of Huey and Riley Freeman for the animated series The Boondocks and Detective Lydia Adams on the TNT police drama Southland. She also appeared in roles on 24, The Big Bang Theory, and Shameless. In 2007 she played Lisa Moore in This Christmas. She was a cast member on ABC's John Ridley-penned ensemble drama American Crime, and played a devout member of the Nation of Islam and sister to a drug addict accused of murder. In September 2015 and September 2016, King won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie for American Crime.[9]In 2018, she played the role of the mother of a murdered black teenager in Netflix original series Seven Seconds.", "Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 6). Fran Drescher and Michael Biehn portray Elaine and Leland Dockerty, a couple whose military daughter disappears over Thanksgiving after she comes home from a tour of duty. Leland Dockerty was the Deputy Commissioner of the NYPD. Rita Moreno also guest stars in \"The War at Home\" as Detective Robert Goren's mother, Frances, who has fallen ill from dealing with her cancer; she later returns in the Goren/Eames team season finale episode \"Endgame,\" where she succumbs to her cancer shortly after Goren brings up his paternity.", "Míriam Colón. In 1979, she starred alongside fellow Puerto Rican actors José Ferrer, Raúl Juliá, and Henry Darrow in Life of Sin, a film in which she portrayed Isabel la Negra, a real-life Puerto Rican brothel owner. In 1983, she played the mother of Tony Montana (played by Al Pacino) in Scarface. She was also cast as \"María\" in the 1999 film Gloria, which starred Sharon Stone. In 2013, Colón was cast in the role of Ultima, a New Mexico Hispanic healer, in the movie \"Bless Me, Ultima\" based on the novel by Rudolfo Anaya.[10]", "Diahann Carroll. In 2006, she appeared in the television medical drama Grey's Anatomy as Jane Burke, the demanding mother of Dr. Preston Burke. In December 2008, Carroll was cast in USA Network’s series White Collar as June, the savvy widow who rents out her guest room to Neal Caffrey.[6] In 2010, Carroll was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docudrama entitled, 1 a Minute, and she appeared as Nana in two Lifetime movies: At Risk and The Front, movie adaptations of two Patricia Cornwell novels.[7]", "Mary Tyler Moore. Moore appeared in the television movie Run a Crooked Mile (1969), and after the conclusion of her series in 1977, she starred in several prominent movies for television, including First, You Cry (1978), which brought her an Emmy nomination for portraying NBC correspondent Betty Rollin's struggle with breast cancer. Her later TV films included the medical drama Heartsounds (1984) with James Garner, which brought her another Emmy nomination, Finnegan Begin Again (1985) with Robert Preston, which earned her a CableACE Award nomination, the 1988 mini-series Lincoln, which brought her another Emmy nod for playing Mary Todd Lincoln, and Stolen Babies, for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1993.[59] Later she reunited with old co-stars in Mary and Rhoda (2000) with Valerie Harper, and The Gin Game (2003) (based on the Broadway play), reuniting her with Dick Van Dyke. Moore also starred in Like Mother, Like Son (2001), playing convicted murderer Sante Kimes.", "List of Big Time Rush episodes. Guest starring: Tanya Chisholm as Kelly Wainwright, Challen Cates as Mrs. Knight, Matt Riedy as Griffin, Stephen Keys as Freight Train, David Anthony Higgins as Mr. Bitters, Darren Schnase as Cuda Photographer, Erica Shaffer as Wendell's Mom, Evan Lake Schelton as Wendell, Melisa LeGree as Lead Stylist, Obdul Reid as Obdul, and Rob Paulsen as Voice of C.A.L." ]

[ 1.22265625, 2.4140625, -2.173828125, 2.419921875, -0.76318359375, -2.8359375, 0.515625, -3.58984375, -4.1640625, -2.265625, -1.482421875, -3.015625, -6.6328125, -5.44140625, -0.93115234375, 0.6611328125, -6.03515625, -3.4921875, 0.103515625, 1.8115234375, -5.62890625, -4.58203125, -5.4765625, -2.380859375, -3.484375, -1.138671875, -3.419921875, -6.4609375, -4.99609375, -4.2890625, -5.83203125, -6.88671875 ]

[ "Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States). The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. Killing eleven people,[10][11][12][13] it is considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill.", "Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The following is a timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout).[1][2][3][4] It was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history.[5] It was a result of the well blowout that began with the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010.", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill/leak, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect,[6][7][8][9] considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill. The U.S. government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3).[3] After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[10] Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.[11][12]", "Gulf of Mexico. In June 1979, the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.", "Gulf War oil spill. The Gulf War oil spill was one of the largest oil spills in history, resulting from the Gulf War in 1991.[1] The apparent strategic goal was to foil a potential landing by US Marines. It also made commandeering oil reserves dangerous for US forces as visibility and movement were inhibited. [2] The immediate reports from Baghdad said that American air strikes had caused a discharge of oil from two tankers. Coalition forces determined the main source of oil to be the Sea Island terminal in Kuwait.[3] On January 26, three US F-117 fighter-bombers destroyed pipelines to prevent further spillage into the Persian Gulf.[4] Several other sources of oil were found to be active: tankers and a damaged Kuwaiti oil refinery near Mina Al Ahmadi, tankers near Bubiyan Island, and Iraq's Mina Al Bakr terminal.[5]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On 31 August 2012, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) filed papers in federal court in New Orleans blaming BP for the Gulf oil spill, describing the spill as an example of \"gross negligence and willful misconduct.\" In their statement the DOJ said that some of BP's arguments were \"plainly misleading\" and that the court should ignore BP's argument that the Gulf region is \"undergoing a robust recovery\". BP rejected the charges saying \"BP believes it was not grossly negligent and looks forward to presenting evidence on this issue at trial in January.\"[342][343] The DOJ also said Transocean, the owner and operator of the Deepwater Horizon rig, was guilty of gross negligence as well.[342][344]", "Gulf of Mexico. On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles (64 km) off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day-and-a-half later.[44] It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems.[43] Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels (160 m3) of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, about 1-mile (1.6 km) below the surface on the ocean floor.[45] On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels (790 m3) per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead.[46] The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands, and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen.[47] Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be \"employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns\" to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway, but hampered by rough seas and the \"tea like\" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day (790 m3/d) to 12,000–19,000 barrels per day (3,000 m3/d)[48] an increase from earlier estimates. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days.", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In May 2010, a local native set up a network for people to volunteer their assistance in cleaning up beaches. Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boat to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. To assist with the efforts the captains had to register their ships with the Vessels of Opportunity, however an issue arose when more boats registered than actually participated in the clean up efforts - only a third of the registered boats. Many local supporters were disappointed with BP's slow response, prompting the formation of The Florida Key Environmental Coalition. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean up of the oil spill to try and gain some control over the situation. [119]", "Gulf War oil spill. The Financial Times, in reference to the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, cited the 1993 optimistic assessment of the Gulf War oil spill as evidence that \"Initial warnings of catastrophic environmental damage from oil spills can turn out to be overdone\".[13]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In the United States the Deepwater Horizon investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board.[60] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty.[2] BP conducted its internal investigation.", "Gulf War. On 23 January, Iraq dumped 400 million US gallons (1,500,000 m3) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf,[224] causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time.[223] It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore (Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt).[225] About 30–40% of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets.[226]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Tens of billions of dollars in liability and fines were at stake. A finding of gross negligence would result in a four-fold increase in the fines BP would have to pay for violating the federal Clean Water Act, and leave the company liable for punitive damages for private claims.[354]", "Deepwater Horizon explosion. The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010, explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 miles (60 km) southeast off the Louisiana coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history.[2][3][4]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The U.S. government rejected offers of cleanup help from Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations. The U.S. State Department listed 70 assistance offers from 23 countries, all being initially declined, but later, 8 had been accepted.[305][306] The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries.[307]", "Gulf of Mexico. On May 12, 2016, a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell's Brutus oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil. This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of Port Fourchon, Louisiana, according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.[50]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On 16 June 2010, after BP executives met with President Obama, BP announced and established the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), a $20 billion fund to settle claims arising from the Deepwater Horizon spill.[81][325] This fund was set aside for natural resource damages, state and local response costs, and individual compensation, but could not be used for fines or penalties.[81] Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility.[326]", "BP. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill has had a significant impact on the Gulf of Mexico economy and ecosystem, as well as a continuing financial, legal, and public relations burden for BP, whose conduct was found to be \"reckless\" in a court ruling in September 2014. BP had expended $28 billion because of the spill by September 2014 and faced $18 billion in additional penalties, which, The New York Times reported, \"casts a cloud over BP’s future.\"[383][384] On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon located in the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico exploded after a blowout, killing 11 people, injuring 16 others. After burning for two days, the rig sank and caused the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, estimated to be between 8% and 31% larger in volume than the earlier Ixtoc I oil spill.[14][385] Before the well was capped on 15 July 2010, an estimated 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3) of oil was leaked with plus or minus 10% uncertainty.[386] 810,000 barrels (34 million US gal; 129,000 m3) of oil was collected or burned while 4.1 million barrels (170 million US gal; 650,000 m3) entered the Gulf waters.[387][388] 1.8 million US gallons (6,800 m3) of Corexit dispersant was applied.[389][390]", "Whale shark. In 2010, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill resulted in 4,900,000 barrels (780,000 m3) of oil flowing into an area south of the Mississippi River Delta, where one-third of all whale shark sightings in the northern part of the gulf have occurred in recent years. Sightings confirmed that the whale sharks were unable to avoid the oil slick, which was situated on the surface of the sea where the whale sharks feed for several hours at a time. No dead whale sharks were found.[45]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In September 2014, a U.S. District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct.[28] In July 2015, BP agreed to pay $18.7 billion in fines, the largest corporate settlement in U.S. history.[29]", "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has been described as the worst environmental disaster in the United States, releasing about 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3) of crude oil making it the largest marine oil spill. Both the spill and the cleanup efforts had effects on the environment.", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. The Louisiana barrier island plan is a project initiated by Louisiana to construct barrier islands in the Gulf of Mexico protecting the coast of Louisiana from contamination by crude oil escaping from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On May 27, 2010, acting on an application by the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, the United States Army Corps of Engineers offered an emergency permit to the state to commence work.[15]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. Environmental groups attempted to obtain information regarding the composition and safety of ingredients in Corexit through the Freedom of Information Act but were denied by the EPA. After Earthjustice sued on behalf of the Gulf Restoration Network and the Florida Wildlife Federation, the EPA released a list of all 57 chemicals in the 14 dispersents on the EPA's National Contingency Plan Product Schedule. The dispersants used contain propylene glycol, 2-butoxyethanol, and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate.[33][34]", "Gulf Oil. Gulf Oil was the primary sponsor for NBC News special events coverage in the 1960s, notably for coverage of the U.S. space program. The company used the connection to its advantage by offering giveaway or promotional items at its stations, including sticker sheets of space mission logos, a paper punch-out lunar module model kit, and a book titled \"We Came in Peace,\" containing pictures of the Apollo 11 moon landing. Gulf was also a major sponsor of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, which also aired on NBC. Disney magazines and activity books were often given away with a gas fill-up. Gulf was also noted for its \"Tourgide\" road maps.", "Deepwater Horizon. On 20 April 2010, while drilling at the Macondo Prospect, an uncontrollable blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away.[14] The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the Horizon sank, leaving the well gushing at the seabed and causing the largest oil spill in U.S. waters.[15]", "Gulf Oil. In 1975, several senior Gulf executives, including chairman Bob Dorsey, were implicated in the making of illegal \"political contributions\" and were forced to step down from their positions.[24] This loss of senior personnel at a critical time in Gulf's fortunes may have had a bearing on the events that followed.[25][26][27][28]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service.[36] On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation.[308] The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to \"consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions.\"[309] The investigation by United States Attorney General Eric Holder was announced on 1 June 2010.[310] Also the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit.[81][311] According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's blowout preventer, built by Cameron International Corporation, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed.[312]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that \"Top Kill\" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise.[363][364][365] Three more BP employees were charged in November 2012. Site managers Donald Vidrine and Robert Kaluza were charged with manslaughter for acting negligently in their supervision of key safety tests performed on the rig prior to the explosion, and failure to alert onshore engineers of problems in the drilling operation.[366] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well.[367] Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well.[368]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On 3 January 2013 the US Justice Department announced \"Transocean Deepwater Inc. has agreed to plead guilty to violating the Clean Water Act and to pay a total of $1.4 billion in civil and criminal fines and penalties\".[348] $800 million goes to Gulf Coast restoration Trust Fund, $300 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $150 million to the National Wild Turkey Federation and $150 million to the National Academy of Sciences. MOEX Offshore 2007 agreed to pay $45 million to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $25 million to five Gulf state and $20 million to supplemental environmental projects.[60]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. According to the satellite images, the spill directly impacted 68,000 square miles (180,000 km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma.[4][50] By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125 miles (201 km) of Louisiana's coast and along the Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama coastlines.[51][52] Oil sludge appeared in the Intracoastal Waterway and on Pensacola Beach and the Gulf Islands National Seashore.[53] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi.[54] In July, tar balls reached Grand Isle and the shores of Lake Pontchartrain.[55][56] In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16 miles (26 km) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in Plaquemines Parish.[57] In October, weathered oil reached Texas.[58] As of July 2011, about 491 miles (790 km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074 miles (1,728 km) had been oiled since the spill began.[59] As of December 2012, 339 miles (546 km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations.[60]", "Maritime history. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was an alleged pair of attacks by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam against two American warships in 1964. The US Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that gave President Lyndon B. Johnson wide power to conduct the war on land, at sea and in the war. The Resolution was repealed in January 1971.[57]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The State of Louisiana was funded by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. Initial testing regularly showed detectable levels of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, a chemical used in the clean up. Testing over the past year reported by GulfSource.org, for the pollutants tested have not produced results.[190]", "Gulf War oil spill. The New York Times reported that a 1993 study sponsored by UNESCO, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the United States found the spill did \"little long-term damage\": About half the oil evaporated, 1,000,000 US barrels (120,000 m3) were recovered and 2,000,000 US barrels (240,000 m3) to 3,000,000 US barrels (360,000 m3) washed ashore, mainly in Saudi Arabia.[10]" ]

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[ "Iced coffee. Iced coffee was popularized by a marketing campaign of the Joint Coffee Trade Publicity Committee of the United States in 1920.[7] Much later, it was marketed by Burger King, Dunkin' Donuts, Starbucks.[8]", "Iced coffee. Coffee brewed then chilled with ice, called \"iced coffee\", appears in menus and recipes in the late 19th century.[6]", "Iced coffee. Long popular among coffee enthusiasts in the U.S.,[citation needed] iced coffee is quickly gaining popularity among the general consumer audience as evidenced by the fact that it is available in mass food franchises such as Dunkin' Donuts and sold bottled in grocery stores. Iced coffee is prepared many different ways, though traditionalists[who?] maintain that true iced coffee is cold brewed using one of a number of ways. Cold brew coffee contains up to 70% fewer bitter acids than heat brewed coffee, making for a smoother, richer tasting coffee drink.[citation needed]", "Iced coffee. In Japan, iced coffee (アイスコーヒー, aisu kōhī) has been drunk since Taishō period (around the 1920s) in coffeehouses. It is served with gum syrup and milk. Cold tea was already popular, so it was natural to drink cold coffee. Cold brew coffee is also common in Japan, where it is known as Dutch coffee (ダッチ・コーヒー, dacchi kōhī), due to the historical Dutch coffee trade from Indonesia. In 1969, UCC Ueshima Coffee released canned coffee, which made coffee available everywhere. Today, canned liquid coffee is consumed both cold and hot.", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee can be made from cold brew coffee, where coffee grounds are soaked overnight and then strained. Prior to the commercialization of cold brewers, consumers took the matter into their own hands, cold-brewing an iced coffee concentrate by soaking ground coffee and chicory with water in a mayonnaise jar.[14] The next day, the grounds would be filtered out. The result was a very strong coffee concentrate that was mixed with milk and sweetened. This sweeter, creamier form of iced coffee is the type commonly found in New Orleans, Louisiana, at local coffee chains such as CC's Coffee House.[14]", "Iced coffee. Mazagran, a cold, sweetened coffee beverage that originated in Algeria[1] circa 1840, has been described as \"the original iced coffee\".[2] It was prepared with coffee syrup and cold water.[2]", "Iced coffee. In Australia, iced coffee is occasionally served with ice cream and whipped cream. The drink may also include syrup, cream, cocoa powder or coffee beans.[9] The result is something like an unblended milkshake. Some commercial varieties of iced coffee are made from instant coffee or espresso coffee, while others contain only coffee flavouring. Iced coffee has been sold commercially in Australia since the late 19th century in the form of a syrup, an example of which is Bushells Coffee And Chicory Essence.", "Iced coffee. In Canada, the popular Tim Hortons coffee chain sells iced cappuccinos, known locally as Ice Capps. The chain has also recently introduced traditional iced coffee to its Canadian menu in addition to its U.S. menu. Other fast-food and beverage chains also provide iced coffee. A June 2016 study by research firm NPD found that the popularity of iced coffee drinks had increased by about 16 percent over the same period a year earlier.[11]", "Iced coffee. Pre-packaged iced coffee is available as a grocery item in several countries, though without ice. Iced coffee is also regularly available in most coffee shops. Regardless of brewing method, iced coffee is generally brewed at a higher strength than normal coffee, due to the dilution caused by the ice.", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee is a type of coffee served cold, brewed various brewing methods, with the fundamental division being cold brew – brewing the coffee cold, yielding different flavor, but not requiring cooling – or brewing hot and then cooling, generally by simply pouring over ice or into ice cold milk. In case of hot brewing this can be normally brewed coffee (drip, press pot, etc.), or espresso. Also in hot brewing, sweeteners and flavorings are often mixed into the hot coffee before cooling, due to faster dissolution in hot water. Alternatively, syrup (sugar pre-dissolved in water) may be used, particularly gum syrup.", "Iced coffee. Packaged iced coffee is gaining prominence in stores, featuring brands both foreign and domestic. For example, iced coffee (Nadeccino) has been introduced by a dairy company called NADEC, and powdered versions are introduced as an outstanding product innovation by a growing coffee brand called Cofique developed by a multinational food company called Goody.", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee is a very well known drink in Saudi Arabia; its popularity is almost that of hot coffee. Recently, iced coffee has become a preferred drink among young Saudis especially in the very hot summer; temperatures sometimes reach 50 °C (122 °F).", "The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf. By the 1970s, Coffee Bean had expanded to 10 stores in Southern California, and added exotic teas to the menu. In the summer of 1987, an employee brought a blender to a Westwood store, mixing together ice, coffee extract and chocolate powder, paving the way for the company's signature Ice Blended drinks.[5][6] With the invention of the Ice Blended, the Coffee Bean saw a surge in popularity.[7] The drink was a predecessor to the Starbucks Frappuccino.[8] In 1991, when it was first planning to expand into Los Angeles, Starbucks tried to purchase Coffee Bean, but Hyman turned them down. The opening of Starbucks stores in Los Angeles unexpectedly helped Coffee Bean's business, by driving curious customers to the area.[9]", "Iced coffee. Frozen coffee beverages, similar to slush, are documented in the 19th century, often called \"café frappé (à la glace)\".[3][4] Similar is the Italian granita al caffè.[5]", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee is commonly available as a prepackaged, ready to consume drink. Ice Break and Dare are arguably the most popular Iced Coffee brands in Australia today at grocery stores. In South Australia, Farmers Union Iced Coffee has outsold Coca-Cola and is one of the state’s biggest brands.[10] The brand is available in other states. Pauls \"Territory's Own\" Iced Coffee is hugely popular in the Northern Territory and Norco Real Iced Coffee is big in Northern New South Wales and South East Queensland. Other iced coffee varieties include Breaka, Big M, Brownes Chill, Moove, Masters, Dare, Max, Fleurieu iced coffee, Rush and Oak.", "Iced coffee. Many coffee retailers simply use hot-brewed coffee in their iced coffee drinks. Starbucks specifically uses the double-strength method in which the coffee is brewed hot with twice the amount of grounds.[15] With this method, the melted ice does not dilute the strength and flavor of the coffee. Unlike the cold-brew process, this method does not eliminate the acidity inherent in hot-brewed coffee.[15]", "Iced coffee. In Italy, the Nestlé company introduced Frappé coffee under its Nescafé Red Cup line, with the name Red Cup Iced Coffee. Many Italian coffee bars serve \"caffè freddo,\" which is straight espresso kept in a freezer and served as icy slush. In the Salento region of Apulia, this was perfected by brewing the espresso freshly, adding the desired amount of sugar, and finally pouring it into a whiskey glass filled with ice cubes right before being served, known as Caffè in ghiaccio, or coffee in ice. Affogato (espresso poured over a scoop of vanilla gelato or ice cream) is also served, typically as a dessert.[13]", "Iced coffee. In Greece, one of the most popular coffees is a variation of iced coffee called Frappé, invented by a Nescafe represenatative Dimitrios Vakondios in 1957. The preparation entails instant coffee (traditionally Nescafe), water, and optionally, sugar, together using either an electric mixer or a shaker to create a foam. Subsequently, milk is optionally added followed by ice cubes, and the remainder is topped with water. It became well known outside of Greece as a result of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, during which many tourists became fond of it and an article in the Los Angeles Times was published about it.[2] Since its founding, Frappe became a very popular drink in Cyprus, and in Romania.", "Iced coffee. In Chile, iced coffee is called café helado (iced coffee). It is very popular in the summertime. Café helado is composed of espresso, or Coffee powder. Ice cream is added to the coffee as well as sugary additives such as vanilla, cinnamon, or Dulce de leche. Iced coffee is enjoyed during the summer time at breakfast and at parties.[12] A top of Chilean iced coffee may also be whipped cream, and chopped nuts.", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee may be served already chilled, or poured hot over ice. Because sugar does not dissolve readily into cold liquids, it must be added either directly to the hot base, or to the finished product in the form of syrup.", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee is also popular in the Philippines, and it is served in a number of cafés. Notable chains of Philippines coffee shops include Figaro Coffee, Starbucks Coffee, Bo's Coffee, Fiorgelato Cafe and Coffee Bean Tea Leaf. For a more elaborate version, a scoop of ice cream is added on top. There are also Ready-to-Drink Coffee in cans.", "Iced coffee. In Germany there are different types of Eiskaffee (coffee with ice cream). The most widespread form is a flavoured milk drink similar to Australian iced coffee, generally spelled as Eiscafé (from the French café) and available in German coffeehouses and in Eisdielen (ice cream parlours). It consists of filtered, hot brewed and cooled coffee with vanilla ice cream and whipped cream on top. However, this type of iced coffee is rarely available in German supermarkets. The most widespread form of iced coffee in supermarkets is a canned version from a variety of brands with different flavours such as Cappuccino and Espresso. This iced coffee is very similar to the canned iced coffee in the UK and in the case of some brands (particularly Nestlé) actually the same product.", "Iced coffee. Iced coffee in India usually consists of instant coffee mixed with cold/frozen milk in a blender, producing a thin, coffee-flavored smoothie or often mixed with vanilla ice cream for thicker consistency. South Australians, especially in Adelaide, are also known for this drink. A more upscale version is popular in the espresso bar chains Barrista and Cafe Coffee Day. This is made with a shot of espresso and cold milk, similar to a latte.", "Latte. In the United States, an iced latte is usually espresso and chilled milk poured over ice.[10] Unlike a hot latte, it does not usually contain steamed milk or foam.[11] Iced lattes almost always have sugar or flavoring syrups added, and are sometimes served blended with the ice.[12][13][self-published source] The espresso can be pre-chilled (sometimes as a mixture of espresso and milk) or frozen in advance to avoid warming up the drink.[14]", "Ice trade. The ice trade enabled the consumption of a wide range of new products during the 19th century. One simple use for natural ice was to chill drinks, either being directly added to the glass or barrel, or indirectly chilling it in a wine cooler or similar container. Iced drinks were a novelty and were initially viewed with concern by customers, worried about the health risks, although this rapidly vanished in the US.[213] By mid-19th century, water was always chilled in America if possible.[214] Iced milk also popular, and German lager, traditionally drunk chilled, also used ice.[215] Drinks such as sherry-cobblers and mint juleps were created that could only be made using crushed ice.[214] There were distinct differences in 19th-century American and European attitudes to adding ice directly to drinks, with the Europeans regarding this as an unpleasant habit; British visitors to India were surprised to see the Anglo-Indian elite prepared to drink iced water.[216] Some Hindus in India regarded ice as unclean for religious reasons, and as such an inappropriate food.[217]", "List of coffee drinks. With the invention of the Gaggia machine, espresso, and espresso with milk such as cappuccino and latte, spread in popularity from Italy to the UK in the 1950s, then to America, and with the rise in popularity of the Italian coffee culture in the 1980s it began to spread worldwide via coffeehouses and coffeehouse chains.[2][3]", "Iced coffee. Cold coffee drinks such as Frappuccinos are premade, presweetened and typically shelf stable. They are usually made using heat-brewed coffee.", "List of coffee drinks. The drink originated in Australia in the early 1980s as an alternative to the frothier cappuccino. It became popular in New Zealand in the late 1980s and has since spread to the UK, where it was first served at independent cafes in London such as Department of Coffee and Social Affairs and Speak Easy where owners and staff from Australia and New Zealand brought the style of coffee into the UK before being adopted by chains Costa Coffee and Starbucks.[46] Available in the form of a 12 oz. double latte from Starbucks in the US since January 6, 2015,[47] it is rarely found in continental Europe.", "Iced coffee. In Slovenia, iced coffee is called \"ledena kava\". It is served in coffee shops and restaurants all across this tiny Alpine state. More popular during the summer than winter time. Ledena kava is composed with double espresso, vanilla ice cream, whipped cream, almond or chocolate flake and waffle. The most popular coffee brand Barcaffè is selling Prestige ice coffee in all supermarkets. Ice coffee is commonly prepared at home during summers and served typically as a desert.", "Espresso. In the English-speaking world, espresso became popular, particularly in the form of cappuccino, due to the tradition of drinking coffee with milk and the exotic appeal of the foam; in the United States, this was more often in the form of lattes, with or without flavored syrups added. The latte is claimed to have been invented in the 1950s by Italian American Lino Meiorin of Caffe Mediterraneum in Berkeley, California, as a long cappuccino, and was then popularized in Seattle,[15] and then nationally and internationally by Seattle-based Starbucks in the late 1980s and 1990s.", "Coffee. Canned coffee has been popular in Asian countries for many years, particularly in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Vending machines typically sell varieties of flavored canned coffee, much like brewed or percolated coffee, available both hot and cold. Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of bottled coffee drinks, which are typically lightly sweetened and pre-blended with milk. Bottled coffee drinks are also consumed in the United States.[121]", "Coffee. Once brewed, coffee may be served in a variety of ways. Drip-brewed, percolated, or French-pressed/cafetière coffee may be served as white coffee with a dairy product such as milk or cream, or dairy substitute, or as black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener. When served cold, it is called iced coffee." ]

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[ "History of Colorado. The Territory of Colorado was a historic, organized territory of the United States that existed between 1861 and 1876. Its boundaries were identical to the current State of Colorado. The territory ceased to exist when Colorado was admitted to the Union as a state on August 1, 1876. The territory was organized in the wake of the 1859 Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which had brought the first large concentration of white settlement to the region. The organic act[7] creating the territory was passed by Congress and signed by President James Buchanan on February 28, 1861, during the secessions by Southern states that precipitated the American Civil War. The organization of the territory helped solidify Union control over a mineral rich area of the Rocky Mountains.", "History of Colorado. When explorers, early trappers and hunters and gold miners visited and settled in Colorado, the state was populated by American Indian nations. Westward expansion brought European settlers to the area and Colorado's recorded history began with treaties and wars with Mexico and American Indian nations to gain territorial lands to support the transcontinental migration. In the early days of the Colorado gold rush, Colorado was a Territory of Kansas and Territory of Jefferson. On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted as a state, maintaining its territorial borders.", "History of Colorado. The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state.[9] On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the state of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker \"Centennial State\".[10] The borders of the new state coincided with the borders established for the Colorado Territory.", "Colorado. The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state.[13] On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker \"Centennial State\".[35]", "History of Colorado. Statehood was regarded as fairly imminent, as during the run-up to the 1864 presidential election the Republican–controlled Congress was actually eager to get two more Republican senators and three more electoral votes for President Lincoln's re-election bid. Territorial Governor John Evans persuaded Congress to adopt an enabling act, but a majority of the 6,192 Coloradoans who voted, in a population of around 35,000, turned down the first attempt at a state constitution and the second attempt at statehood.[8] Later, at the end of 1865, territorial ambitions for statehood were thwarted again, this time by a veto by President Andrew Johnson. Statehood for the territory was a recurring issue during the Ulysses Grant administration, with Grant advocating statehood against a less willing Congress during Reconstruction.", "Colorado. The state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28, 1861, and on August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the \"Centennial State\" because it became a state a century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.", "Independence Pass (Colorado). Three years later, in 1876, Colorado became a state. At the time settlement had pushed as far west from its capital, Denver, as Leadville. There was a variety of metals and minerals in the surrounding mountains, and some miners had become rich from their claims there. Those who had not been so successful heard about reports from prospectors of abundant silver deposits further west, over the Divide.[9]", "History of Colorado. In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico, and the defeated nation was forced to relinquish its northern territories by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This opened the Southern Rocky Mountains to American settlement, including what is now the lower portion of Colorado. The newly gained land was divided into the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, both organized in 1850, and the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska, organized in 1854. Most settlers avoided the rugged Rocky Mountains and headed for Oregon, the Deseret, or California, usually following the North Platte River and the Sweetwater River to South Pass in what is now Wyoming.", "History of Colorado. The first Europeans to visit the region were Spanish conquistadors. Juan de Oñate who lived until 1626, founded what would become the Spanish province of Santa Fé de Nuevo México among the pueblos of the Rio Grande on July 11, 1598. In 1706 Juan de Ulibarri claimed the territory of Colorado.[citation needed] In 1787 Juan Bautista de Anza established the settlement of San Carlos near present-day Pueblo, Colorado, but it quickly failed.[1] This was the only Spanish attempt to create a settlement north of the Arkansas River. Colorado became part of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.[2] The Spaniards traded with Native Americans who lived there and established the Comercio Comanchero (Comanche Trade) among the Spanish settlements and the Native Americans.[3]", "Colorado. The U.S. relinquished its claim to all land south and west of the Arkansas River and south of 42nd parallel north and west of the 100th meridian west as part of its purchase of Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. The treaty took effect February 22, 1821. Having settled its border with Spain, the U.S. admitted the southeastern portion of the Territory of Missouri to the Union as the state of Missouri on August 10, 1821. The remainder of Missouri Territory, including what would become northeastern Colorado, became unorganized territory, and remained so for 33 years over the question of slavery. After 11 years of war, Spain finally recognized the independence of Mexico with the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24, 1821. Mexico eventually ratified the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1831. The Texian Revolt of 1835–36 fomented a dispute between the U.S. and Mexico which eventually erupted into the Mexican–American War in 1846. Mexico surrendered its northern territory to the U.S. with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the war in 1848.", "History of Colorado. The human history of Colorado extends back more than 13,000 years. The region that is today the state of Colorado was first inhabited by American Indians. The Lindenmeier Site in Larimer County, Colorado, is a Folsom culture archaeological site with artifacts dating from approximately 8710 BCE.", "History of Colorado. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared Mexico's independence from Spain on September 16, 1810. In 1819, the United States ceded its claim to the land south and west of the Arkansas River to Spain with the Adams-Onís Treaty, at the same time purchasing Florida. Mexico finally won its independence with the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24, 1821, and assumed the territorial claims of Spain. Although Mexican traders ventured north, settlers stayed south of the 37th parallel north until the United States signed a peace treaty with the Ute Nation in 1850.", "History of Colorado. In 1803 the United States acquired a territorial claim to the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains by the Louisiana Purchase from France. However, the claim conflicted with Spain's claim to sovereignty over the territory. Zebulon Pike led a U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition into the disputed region in 1806. Pike and his men were arrested by Spanish cavalry in the San Luis Valley, taken to Chihuahua, then expelled from México.", "Colorado. Most Coloradans are native to other states (nearly 60% according to the 2000 census),[110] and this is illustrated by the fact that the state did not have a native-born governor from 1975 (when John David Vanderhoof left office) until 2007, when Bill Ritter took office; his election the previous year marked the first electoral victory for a native-born Coloradan in a gubernatorial race since 1958 (Vanderhoof had ascended from the Lieutenant Governorship when John Arthur Love was given a position in Richard Nixon's administration in 1973). In the 2016 election, the Democratic party won the Colorado electoral college votes.", "Colorado State University. Arising from the Morrill Act, the act to create the university was signed by the Colorado Territory governor Edward M. McCook in 1870. While a board of 12 trustees was formed to \"purchase and manage property, erect buildings, establish basic rules for governing the institutions and employ buildings,\" the near complete lack of funding by the territorial legislature for this mission severely hampered progress.", "History of Denver. Denver, Auraria and the land west to the Continental Divide were part of Arapahoe County which encompassed the entire western portion of the Kansas Territory. At the creation of Arapahoe County in 1855 it was occupied primarily by Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians with only a few white settlers, and thus the county was never organized. With no county government and the leaders of the Kansas Territory preoccupied with the violent events of Bleeding Kansas, little time or attention was given to those in Arapahoe County even by the United States Congress who were preoccupied with threats of secession by the slave states. In addition the mine fields were beginning to move beyond the borders of the Kansas Territory and because of their importance and ties to mining activity closer to Denver, calls began for a new territory or state.[4]", "History of Colorado. The Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson was organized on October 24, 1859, but the new territory failed to secure federal sanction. The Provisional Government freely administered the region despite its lack of official status until the U.S. Territory of Colorado was organized in 1861.", "Colorado. Most American settlers traveling overland west to the Oregon Country, namely the new goldfields of California, or the new Mormon settlements of the State of Deseret in the Salt Lake Valley, avoided the rugged Southern Rocky Mountains, and instead followed the North Platte River and Sweetwater River to South Pass (Wyoming), the lowest crossing of the Continental Divide between the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Central Rocky Mountains. In 1849, the Mormons of the Salt Lake Valley organized the extralegal State of Deseret, claiming the entire Great Basin and all lands drained by the rivers Green, Grand, and Colorado. The federal government of the U.S. flatly refused to recognize the new Mormon government, because it was theocratic and sanctioned plural marriage. Instead, the Compromise of 1850 divided the Mexican Cession and the northwestern claims of Texas into a new state and two new territories, the state of California, the Territory of New Mexico, and the Territory of Utah. On April 9, 1851, Mexican American settlers from the area of Taos settled the village of San Luis, then in the New Mexico Territory, later to become Colorado's first permanent Euro-American settlement.", "Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Ute, Arapaho and Cheyenne peoples were the first to inhabit the area which would become Colorado Springs.[14] Part of the territory included in the United States' 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854 Kansas Territory. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it became part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24 and of El Paso County on November 28. Colorado City at the Front Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was \"formally organized on August 13, 1859\"[15] during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of the Colorado Territory from November 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862, when the capital was moved to Denver.", "New Mexico Territory. The Colorado Territory was established by the \"Colorado Organic Act\" on February 28, 1861, with the same boundaries that would ultimately constitute the State of Colorado. This Act removed the Colorado lands from the New Mexico Territory.", "History of Colorado. On April 9, 1851, Hispanic settlers from Taos, New Mexico, settled the village of San Luis, then in the New Mexico Territory, but now Colorado's first permanent European settlement.", "History of Denver. Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until it became its own county in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the Territorial Capital. With its new-found importance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver. On August 1, 1876, Denver became the temporary state capital when Colorado was admitted to the Union, and a statewide vote in 1881 made Denver the permanent state capital.[10][12]", "Colorado. Colorado became the first western state to host a major political convention when the Democratic Party met in Denver in 1908. By the U.S. Census in 1930, the population of Colorado first exceeded one million residents. Colorado suffered greatly through the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, but a major wave of immigration following World War II boosted Colorado's fortune. Tourism became a mainstay of the state economy, and high technology became an important economic engine. The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Colorado exceeded five million in 2009.", "Colorado. The region that is today the state of Colorado has been inhabited by Native Americans for more than 13,000 years. The Lindenmeier Site in Larimer County contains artifacts dating from approximately 11200 BC to 3000 BC. The eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains was a major migration route that was important to the spread of early peoples throughout the Americas. The Ancient Pueblo peoples lived in the valleys and mesas of the Colorado Plateau.[31] The Ute Nation inhabited the mountain valleys of the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Western Rocky Mountains, even as far east as the Front Range of present day. The Apache and the Comanche also inhabited Eastern and Southeastern parts of the state. At times, the Arapaho Nation and the Cheyenne Nation moved west to hunt across the High Plains.", "History of Colorado. Women won the right to vote in Colorado in 1893. Colorado was the first state in the union to grant this right to women through a popular election. (Wyoming approved the right of women to vote in 1869 through a vote of the territorial legislature.)", "Colorado State University. After Colorado achieved statehood in 1876, the territorial law establishing the college was required to be reauthorized. In 1877, the state legislature created the eight-member State Board of Agriculture to govern the school. Early in the 21st century, the governing board was renamed the Board of Governors of the Colorado State University System. The legislature also authorized a railroad right-of-way across the campus and a mill levy to raise money for construction of the campus' first main building, Old Main, which was completed in December 1878. Despite wall cracks and other structural problems suffered during its first year, the building was opened in time for the welcoming of the first five students on September 1, 1879 by university president Elijah Evan Edwards. Enrollment grew to 25 by 1880.[10]", "Colorado. The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville in 1878 triggered the Colorado Silver Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 invigorated silver mining, and Colorado's last, but greatest, gold strike at Cripple Creek a few months later lured a new generation of gold seekers. Colorado women were granted the right to vote beginning on November 7, 1893, making Colorado the second state to grant universal suffrage and the first one by a popular vote (of Colorado men). The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to a staggering collapse of the mining and agricultural economy of Colorado, but the state slowly and steadily recovered. Between the 1880s and 1930s, Denver's floriculture industry developed into a major industry in Colorado.[36][37] This period became known locally as the Carnation Gold Rush.[38]", "History of Denver. On February 28, 1861, outgoing U.S. President James Buchanan signed an Act of Congress organizing the free Territory of Colorado.[9] President Abraham Lincoln appointed William Gilpin of Missouri the first Governor of the Territory of Colorado and he arrived in Denver City on May 29, 1861. On June 6, 1861, Governor Steele issued a proclamation declaring the Territory of Jefferson disbanded and urging all employees and residents to abide by the laws governing the United States.", "History of Denver. Seeking to augment the political power of the free states, the Republican led congress hurriedly admitted the portion of the Territory of Kansas east of the 25th meridian west from Washington to the Union as the free State of Kansas on January 29, 1861. Kansas statehood left the western portion of the now defunct Kansas Territory, which the Jefferson Territory also claimed, officially unorganized.", "History of Colorado. In the early 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan was an important political force in Colorado, but it was unable to get any of its proposals enacted into law, and it died out by 1930.[20]", "History of Denver. The same year that Colorado became a territory, the American Civil War broke out and Colorado was not spared. Most Denverites were from the North and their support for the Union drove many Southerners from town, including Denver's first mayor John C. Moore. William Gilpin, Colorado's first territorial governor, organized Colorado's volunteer militia, and sent them south in February 1862 to fight Confederate Texans at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. With resources tied up in the war there was little left over for mines, farms, and infrastructure, and Denver stagnated.[13]", "United States territorial acquisitions. The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 with Spain resulted in Spain's cession of East Florida and the Sabine Free State and Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country. Article III of the treaty, when properly surveyed, resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central Colorado.[5]" ]

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[ "Red-eared slider. The red-eared slider originated from the area around the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, in warm climates in the southeastern United States. Their native areas range from the southeast of Colorado to Virginia and Florida. In nature, they inhabit areas with a source of still, warm water, such as ponds, lakes, swamps, creeks, streams, or slow-flowing rivers. They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun. Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other. They also require abundant aquatic plants, as these are the adults' main food, although they are omnivores.[15] Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs.", "Red-eared slider. The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world.[2] It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world.[3] It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it outcompetes native species. The red-eared slider is included in the list of the world's 100 most invasive species[4] published by the IUCN.", "Red-eared slider. Red-eared sliders get their name from the small red stripe around their ears.. The \"slider\" in their name comes from their ability to slide off rocks and logs and into the water quickly. This species was previously known as Troost's turtle in honor of an American herpetologist; Trachemys scripta troostii is now the scientific name for another subspecies, the Cumberland slider.", "Red-eared slider. The red-eared slider belongs to the order Testudines, which contains about 250 turtle species. It is a subspecies of Trachemys scripta. They were previously classified under the name Chrysemys scripta elegans.", "Red-eared slider. Owing to their popularity as pets, red-eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world.[16] The turtle is considered one of the world’s worst invasive species.[17] Feral populations are now found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Israel, Bahrain, the Mariana Islands, Guam, and southeast and far-east Asia.[18][19] In Australia, it is illegal for members of the public to import, keep, trade, or release red-eared sliders, as they are regarded as an invasive species[20] - see below. Their import has been banned by the European Union[21] as well as specific EU member countries.[22] In 2015 Japan announced it was planning to ban the import of red-eared sliders, but it would probably not take effect until 2020.[23] Invasive red-eared sliders cause negative impacts in the ecosystems they occupy because they have certain advantages over the native populations, such as a lower age at maturity, higher fecundity rates, and larger body size, which gives them a competitive advantage at basking and nesting sites, as well as when exploiting food resources.[24] They also transmit diseases and displace the other turtle species with which they compete for food and breeding space.[25]", "Red-eared slider. Red-eared slider turtles are the world’s most commonly traded reptile, due to their relatively low price, small size and easy maintenance.[34][35] As with other turtles, tortoises, and box turtles, individuals that survive their first year or two can be expected to live generally around 30 years. But they are an infection risk, and when they mature they can inflict painful bites, which results in many being dumped into the wild with negative ecological, social and economic impacts.[36]", "Red-eared slider. Red-eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species - they mature more quickly, grow larger, produce more offspring and are more aggressive.[42] Numerous studies provide evidence that red-eared slider turtles can out-compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites.[43] Because red-eared slider turtles eat plants as well as animals, they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species, including rare frogs.[44] There is also a significant risk that red-eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species. There is evidence that a malaria-like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River, Sydney.[45]", "Red-eared slider. Turtles also have a complete skeletal system, with partially webbed feet that help them to swim and that can be withdrawn inside the carapace along with the head and tail. The red stripe on each side of the head distinguishes the red-eared slider from all other North American species and gives this species its name, as the stripe is located behind the eyes where their (external) ears would be. These stripes may lose their color over time.[8] Some individuals can also have a small mark of the same color on the top of their heads. The red-eared slider does not have a visible outer ear or an external auditory canal; instead, it relies on a middle ear entirely covered by a cartilaginous tympanic disc.[10]", "Red-eared slider. In Australia, breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland, and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia.[42]", "Red-eared slider. Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red-eared sliders because they can be an invasive species where they are not native and have been introduced through the pet trade. Now, it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild-type red-eared slider, as they interbreed with the local yellow-bellied slider population — Trachemys scripta scripta is another subspecies of pond sliders, and hybrids typically combine the markings of the two subspecies. However, unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale.[41]", "Red-eared slider. Reptiles are asymptomatic (meaning they suffer no adverse side effects) carriers of bacteria of the genus Salmonella.[37] This has given rise to justifiable concerns given the many instances of infection of humans caused by the handling of turtles,[38] which has led to restrictions in the sale of red-eared sliders in the USA. A 1975 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation bans the sale (for general commercial and public use) of both turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 in (10 cm). This regulation comes under the Public Health Service Act, and is enforced by the FDA in cooperation with state and local health jurisdictions. The ban was enacted because of the public health impact of turtle-associated salmonellosis. Turtles and turtle eggs found to be offered for sale in violation of this provision are subject to destruction in accordance with FDA procedures. A fine of up to $1,001 and/or imprisonment for up to one year is the penalty for those who refuse to comply with a valid final demand for destruction of such turtles or their eggs.[39] Many stores and flea markets still sell small turtles due to an exception in the FDA regulation which allows turtles under 4 in (10 cm) to be sold \"for bona fide scientific, educational, or exhibition purposes, other than use as pets.\"[40] As with many other animals and inanimate objects, the risk of Salmonella exposure can be reduced by following basic rules of cleanliness. Small children must be taught to wash their hands immediately after they finish playing with the turtle, feeding it, or changing its water.", "Yellow-bellied slider. The yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) is a land and water turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. This subspecies of pond slider is native to the southeastern United States, specifically from Florida to southeastern Virginia,[2] and is the most common turtle species in its range.[3] It is found in a wide variety of habitats, including slow-moving rivers, floodplain swamps, marshes, seasonal wetlands, and permanent ponds.[4] Yellow-bellied sliders are popular as pets.", "Red-eared slider. Within the second volume of the Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the popular comic book heroes were revealed as specimens of the red-eared slider. The popularity of the Turtles led to a craze for keeping them as pets in Great Britain, and subsequent ecological havoc as turtles were accidentally or deliberately released into the wild.[50]", "Turtle. Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red-eared sliders as pets because they are looked upon as invasive species or pests where they are not native, but have been introduced through the pet trade. As of July 1, 2007, it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild type red-eared slider.[63] Unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale.", "Red-eared slider. The species Trachemys scripta contains three subspecies: T. s. elegans (red-eared slider), T. s. scripta (yellow-bellied slider), and T. s. troostii (Cumberland slider).[5]", "Red-eared slider. There have been varying degrees of action by state governments to date, ranging from ongoing eradication efforts by the Queensland government to very little action by the government of New South Wales.[48] Experts have ranked the species as high priority for management in Australia and are calling for a national prevention and eradication strategy, including a concerted education and compliance program to stop the illegal trade, possession and release of slider turtles.[49]", "Red-eared slider. Red Eared Sliders do not hibernate, but actually brumate; while they become less active, they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air. Brumation can occur to varying degrees. In the wild, red-eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes. They generally become inactive in October, when temperatures fall below 10 °C (50 °F).[9] During this time, the turtles enter a state of sopor, during which they do not eat or defecate, they remain nearly motionless, and the frequency of their breathing falls. Individuals usually brumate underwater, but they have also been found under banks and rocks, and in hollow stumps. In warmer winter climates, they can become active and come to the surface for basking. When the temperature begins to drop again, however, they quickly return to a brumation state. Sliders generally come up for food in early March to as late as the end of April.", "Red-eared slider. Red-eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic, but as they are cold-blooded, they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature.", "Red-eared slider. The carapace of this species can reach more than 40 cm (16 in) in length, but the average length ranges from 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in).[6] The females of the species are usually larger than the males. They typically live between 20 and 30 years, although some individuals have lived for more than 40 years.[7] Their life expectancy is shorter when they are kept in captivity.[8] The quality of their living environment has a strong influence on their lifespans and well being.", "Red-eared slider. These turtles are poikilotherms, meaning they are unable to regulate their body temperatures independently; they are completely dependent on the temperature of their environment.[2] For this reason, they need to sunbathe frequently to warm themselves and maintain their body temperatures.", "Red-eared slider. The sex of red-eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos' development. Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of 22–27 °C (72–81 °F), whereas females develop at warmer temperatures.[33] Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos.", "Red-eared slider. The shell is divided into two sections: the upper or dorsal carapace, and the lower, ventral carapace or plastron.[2] The upper carapace consists of the vertebral scutes, which form the central, elevated portion; pleural scutes that are located around the vertebral scutes; and then the marginal scutes around the edge of the carapace. The rear marginal scutes are notched. The scutes are bony keratinous elements. The carapace is oval and flattened (especially in the male) and has a weak keel that is more pronounced in the young.[9] The color of the carapace changes depending on the age of the turtle. The carapace usually has a dark green background with light and dark, highly variable markings. In young or recently hatched turtles, it is leaf green and gets slightly darker as a turtle gets older, until it is a very dark green, and then turns a shade between brown and olive green. The plastron is always a light yellow with dark, paired, irregular markings in the centre of most scutes. The plastron is highly variable in pattern. The head, legs, and tail are green with fine, irregular, yellow lines. The whole shell is covered in these stripes and markings that aid in camouflaging an individual.", "Turtle. Turtles, particularly small terrestrial and freshwater turtles, are commonly kept as pets. Among the most popular are Russian tortoises, spur-thighed tortoises, and red-eared sliders.[59]", "Red-eared slider. Red-eared slider young look practically identical regardless of their sex, making it difficult to determine their sex. However, there is another method to determine their sex, by inspecting the markings under their carapace. These markings will fade as the turtles age. It is much easier to distinguish the sex of adults, as the shells of mature males are smaller than those of females.[12] Male red-eared sliders reach sexual maturity when their carapaces' diameters measure 10 cm (3.9 in) and females reach maturity when their carapaces measure 15 cm. Both male and females reach sexual maturity at five to six years. The male is normally smaller than the female, although this parameter is sometimes difficult to apply as individuals being compared could be of different ages.", "Yellow-bellied slider. Mating can occur in spring, summer, and autumn. Yellow-bellied sliders are capable of interbreeding with other T. scripta subspecies, such as red-eared sliders, which are commonly sold as pets. The release of non-native red-eared sliders into local environments caused the state of Florida to ban the sale of red-eared sliders in order to protect the native population of yellow-bellied sliders.[8]", "Painted turtle. The painted turtle has a very similar appearance to the red-eared slider (the most common pet turtle) and the two are often confused. The painted turtle can be distinguished because it is flatter than the slider. Also, the slider has a prominent red marking on the side of its head (the \"ear\") and a spotted bottom shell, both features missing in the painted turtle.[33]", "Painted turtle. According to a trade data study, painted turtles were the second most popular pet turtles after red-eared sliders in the early 1990s.[171] As of 2010, most U.S. states allow, but discourage, painted turtle pets, although Oregon forbids keeping them as pets,[172] and Indiana prohibits their sale.[162] U.S. federal law prohibits sale or transport of any turtle less than 10 cm (4 in), to limit human contact to salmonella.[173] However, a loophole for scientific samples allows some small turtles to be sold, and illegal trafficking also occurs.[159][174]", "Red-eared slider. Males have longer claws on their front feet than the females; this helps them to hold on to a female during mating and is used during courtship displays.[13] The male's tail is thicker and longer, it has a dark coloured retractable sexual organ known as their penis, inside the tail. Typically, the cloacal opening of the female is at or under the rear edge of the carapace, while the male's opening occurs beyond the edge of the carapace. The male's plastron is slightly concave, while that of the female is completely flat. The male's concave plastron also helps to stabilize the male on the female's carapace during mating.[14] Older males can sometimes have a dark greyish-olive green melanistic coloration, with very subdued markings. The red stripe on the sides of the head may be difficult to see or be absent. The female's appearance is substantially the same throughout her life.", "Jamaica. One species of freshwater turtle is native to Jamaica, the Jamaican slider. It is found only on Jamaica, Cat Island, and a few other islands in the Bahamas. In addition, many types of frogs are common on the island, especially treefrogs. Birds are abundant, and make up the bulk of the endemic and native vertebrate species. Beautiful and exotic birds, such as the Jamaican tody and the doctor bird (the national bird), can be found among a large number of others.", "Common snapping turtle. Snapping turtles are raised on some turtle farms in China.[20]", "Green sea turtle. The range of the green sea turtle extends throughout tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. The two major subpopulations are the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific subpopulations. Each population is genetically distinct, with its own set of nesting and feeding grounds within the population's known range.[5] One of the genetic differences between the two subpopulations is the type of mitochondrial DNA found in individual's cells. Individuals from rookeries in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea have a similar type of mitochondrial DNA, and individuals from The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have another type of Mitochondrial DNA.[29] Their native range includes tropical to subtropical waters along continental coasts and islands between 30°N and 30°S. Since green sea turtles are a migrating species, their global distribution spans into the open ocean. The differences in mitochondrial DNA more than likely stems from the populations being isolated from each other by the southern tips of both South America and Africa with no warm waters for the green sea turtles to migrate through. The green sea turtle is estimated to inhabit coastal areas of more than 140 countries, with nesting sites in over 80 countries worldwide throughout the year. In the United States Atlantic coast, green sea turtles can be found from Texas and north to Massachusetts. In the United States Pacific coast, they have been found from southern California north to the southernmost tip of Alaska. The largest populations of green sea turtles within the United States coastline are in the Hawaiian Islands and Florida. Globally, the largest populations of sea turtles are in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Caribbean islands.[30]", "Red-eared slider. The main internal organs of these reptiles are the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, intestines, and the urinary bladder. A cloaca serves both excretory and reproductive functions." ]

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[ "Applebee's. And most recently, in late September 2017, Applebee's brought back its most famous slogan from the early-to-mid 2000s, \"Eatin' Good in the Neighborhood.\"", "Applebee's. As part of the company's marketing campaign and slogan, Wanda Sykes was hired to voice the chain's new mascot, the Applebee's Apple.[19] The character appears in commercials touting Applebee's various specials and stating the new slogan, \"Together is good.\" or saying, \"Get it together, baby!\" as the slogan appears at the bottom right of the screen. A new campaign started on February 25, 2008, without Sykes' character (the spokesapple) with its slogan, \"It's a whole new neighborhood.\" The commercials used both the company's original and new logos.[citation needed] In 2009, Applebee's changed its slogan again to \"There's no place like the neighborhood.\"", "KFC advertising. The chain is well known for the \"finger lickin' good\" slogan, which originated in 1956.", "KFC advertising. The \"finger lickin' good\" slogan was trademarked in 1956.[31] After a local KFC television advertisement had featured Arizona franchisee Dave Harman licking his fingers in the background, a viewer phoned the station to complain.[31] The main actor in the advertisement, a KFC manager named Ken Harbough, upon hearing of this, responded: \"Well, it's finger lickin' good.\"[31] The phrase was adopted nationally by the company by the 1960s, and went on to become one of the best-known slogans of the twentieth century.[31] The trademark expired in the US in 2006, and was replaced in that market with \"Follow your taste\" until 2010.[32] In 2011, the \"finger lickin' good\" slogan was dropped in favor of \"So good\", to be rolled out worldwide.[31] A Yum! executive said that the new slogan was more holistic, applying to staff and service, as well as food.[33] Other slogans included \"It's America's Country-Good Meal\" (late 1970s) and \"We Do Chicken Right\" (1980s).[citation needed]", "Snickers. Some of the ads were done in conjunction with the National Football League, with whom Snickers had a sponsorship deal at the time. One ad featured a member of the grounds crew at Arrowhead Stadium painting the field for an upcoming Kansas City Chiefs game in hot, late-summer weather. After finishing one of the end zones, and visibly exhausted, one of the Chiefs players walks up to him and says the field looks great, \"but who are the Chefs?\", showing that despite all the hard work the painter accidentally omitted the \"i\" in Chiefs.[22] Another had Marv Levy in the Buffalo Bills locker room lecturing his team that \"no one's going anywhere\" until the Bills figure out how to actually win a Super Bowl.[23]", "Pizza Hut. Until early 2007, Pizza Hut's main advertising slogan was \"Gather 'round the good stuff\", and was \"Now You're Eating!\" from 2008 to 2009. From 2009 to 2012, the advertising slogan was \"Your Favorites. Your Pizza Hut.\" From 2012 to 2016, the advertising slogan was \"Make it great\". The advertising slogan is currently \"No one outpizzas the hut\".", "KFC advertising. In 2015, along with a revamp of their U.S. advertising, KFC returned to using \"Finger Lickin' Good\".[15] As of April 2016, KFC began using the slogan \"Colonel Quality, Guaranteed.\"", "Dominique Dawes. Shout out from Broad City S3 E1 Opening scene is a bakery named \"Dominique Däas Bakery\" that pioneered the Churron. (combination churro/macaron) Dawes' flipping ability has been used as the root metaphor in hip-hop songs by such artists as Ras Kass (\"It's a Given,\" \"12\"), The Hit Squad (\"International,\" \"Zero Tolerance\"), Janelle Monáe [\"Tightrope (Wondamix)\" featuring B.o.B and Lupe Fiasco], Cam'ron (featuring Beyonce and Jim Jones – Do It Again) and Lil Wayne's Stunt Hard.", "Harris Teeter. The official mascot of Harris Teeter has been \"Harry the Happy Dragon\" since 1992.[5] Its slogan is \"Your Neighborhood Food Market\", although the older slogan \"The Best Is What We're All About\" still appears frequently in stores. An advertising campaign that debuted in 2004 features the slogan \"My Harris Teeter\", which is used as a jingle.", "Starvin' Marvin (South Park). Tom Carson, television critic for The Village Voice, praised the episode, which he said \"featured some amazing sick jokes about American affluence and obliviousness\".[21] Dianne Williamson of the Telegram & Gazette praised \"Starvin' Marvin\" for taking a chance with the source material, and said, \"Often I'm in awe at the courage of these [South Park] creators.\"[22] The Advertiser of Lafayette, Louisiana, called the episode \"hysterical\"[6] and particularly praised its satire of American consumerism.[6] The St. Paul Pioneer Press described the episode as \"hilarious\"[23] and said, \"We know we shouldn't laugh, but we can't help it.\"[23] Vicki Englund of The Courier-Mail complimented the \"really bizarre storyline\"[24] and the moral of the episode, and especially praised the jokes about Struthers: \"It might be a good idea not to eat during the hilarious second episode. Enough said.\"[24]", "In-N-Out Burger. In addition to conventional, paid advertising, In-N-Out benefits from positive word of mouth spread by enthusiastic fans. For many years, it has given customers free bumper stickers which simply say \"In-N-Out Burger\".[69] The company helps devoted customers advertise its brand by selling souvenir clothing with the In-N-Out logo.[70] Celebrity fans and free endorsements in mass media also promote the business. When Heisman Trophy winner and Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith raved about In-N-Out cheeseburgers during a press conference before the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, a senior executive said, \"It does not get much better than that for us. We're kind of a small company, and we do not have any celebrity endorsers. But I think we just got the best one we could have.\"[71] Huell Howser was allowed, in what is believed to be a first, to film with his television cameras inside a store for a California's Gold Special. The show also included a behind-the-scenes tour of the In-N-Out Headquarters.[72]", "Keeping up with the Joneses. Keeping up with the Joneses is an idiom in many parts of the English-speaking world referring to the comparison to one's neighbor as a benchmark for social class or the accumulation of material goods. To fail to \"keep up with the Joneses\" is perceived as demonstrating socio-economic or cultural inferiority. The phrase originated in a comic strip of the same name.[1][2]", "Sagging (fashion). Two weeks after the \"Pants on the Ground\" video became popular thanks to American Idol (see below), a billboard campaign against the style of sagging pants was launched in the Dallas, Texas, area. The billboards feature Big Mama Joseph from the 1997 film Soul Food saying, \"Pull 'Em Up!\" and asks youngsters to \"Keep it a secret!\" The campaign is the brainchild of Dallas Mayor Pro Tem Dwaine R. Caraway, and uses advertising space donated by Clear Channel Outdoor.[22] Another billboard campaign against sagging pants was launched in Brooklyn, New York by New York State Senator Eric Adams on March 28, 2010.[23] In May 2010 New York State Senate President Malcolm Smith used US$2,200 from his campaign fund to launch a similar campaign in Queens.[24]", "Detroit Tigers. Additionally, the chant of a local man, the late James Earl Van Horn,[214] who patrolled the streets around Comerica Park yelling out \"Eat 'Em Up Tigers! Eat 'Em Up!\", has begun to make its way into the park. The chant originated in 1968 when the Tigers won their third World Series, \"Eat 'em Up\" referring to the St. Louis Cardinals. People have even been seen wearing James Van Horn's homemade shirts with the cheer written on the back as far away as Miller Park in Milwaukee.[215]", "Hank Aaron. We had breakfast while we were waiting for the rain to stop, and I can still envision sitting with the Clowns in a restaurant behind Griffith Stadium and hearing them break all the plates in the kitchen after we finished eating. What a horrible sound. Even as a kid, the irony of it hit me: here we were in the capital in the land of freedom and equality, and they had to destroy the plates that had touched the forks that had been in the mouths of black men. If dogs had eaten off those plates, they'd have washed them.[18]", "Shreveport, Louisiana. In 1895, Justin Vincent Gras (1868–1959), an immigrant from France, opened the largest grocery and liquor store in Shreveport. \"What is good for Shreveport is good for me\" became his motto. He had come to the city four years before to work for his uncle, and had quickly learned English and the mercantile business. Gras also invested in real estate; by the 1920s was the largest landholder in Caddo Parish. Gras and his wife, Eugenie, became philanthropists, donating $2.3 million to establish the Community Foundation of North Louisiana. During World War I, Gras rebuilt the home church of his native village in the Pyrenees. He is interred at St. Joseph Cemetery in Shreveport.[13][14]", "Good Eats. Episodes of Good Eats typically began with an introductory monologue or skit that leads into the phrase \"good eats.\" The show often closed with the phrase as well. For the first several seasons, Brown himself would say the words \"good eats.\" Since approximately season seven, however, Brown avoids saying \"good eats\" at the end of the intro, stopping just short and allowing the main title graphics to complete the phrase.", "Jim Varney. For the same agency, Varney created a different character, Sgt. Glory, a humorless drill instructor who harangued cows of the client dairy into producing better milk. In another spot, Sgt. Glory's home was shown as he had a date, which was so heavily decorated with the products of the sponsor and advertising specialty items that it was essentially devoid of any other decor. The Sgt. Glory character also appeared in an advertisement for a southern grocery chain, Pruitt's Food Town, in which he drilled the checkout clerks on proper behavior: \"Bread on top. Repeat: Bread on top.\" He approaches one of them at the end of the commercial with a look of menace and says, \"You're not smilin'.\" The checkout bagger gives a very nervous and forced smile.[citation needed]", "Godfather's Pizza. Godfather's Pizza is also known for its commercials featuring \"The Godfather\", a parody of Marlon Brando's character, Don Vito Corleone, from the 1972 film The Godfather. \"The Godfather\" has been played by two actors, the first being Omaha actor J. William Koll,[11] who typically wore a white fedora hat, a pin stripe suit, and a flower on his jacket. He also used the sayings \"A pizza you can't refuse!\", \"Do it!\", \"If you don't like anchovies, you'll be sleeping with the fishes\", \"Da goods is in da box!\" and \"I know your neighborhood.\"[citation needed]", "Captain Mainwaring. \"We're not savages, we're British!\" – Mainwaring uses this remark when a member of the Platoon attempts some sort of vandalism or damage to achieve a goal. An example is in Menace from the Deep where the Platoon are trapped on a pier overnight with no food. Mainwaring makes the Platoon win the chocolate from a machine fairly when breaking the glass would allow them easy and convenient access to the only nutrition available to them.[10]", "Good Eats. The crew of the show with their families were shown at the end of the first hour-long episodes (\"Right On Q\") eating BBQ while Brown narrated that truly a BBQ is just an event meant to be shared with friends and family. In the special Thanksgiving episode of 2011, \"Reromancing the Bird\", favorite characters of the show — sister Marsha, niece Marsha Jr., neighbor Chuck, the southerner Uncle Colonel Bob Boatwright, the food agent Sid, Frances Andersen portraying Uncle Bob's nurse, and the Dungeon Master — reappeared for a last time as a final tribute to their contribution to the show. At the end of the final episode, for the first time in years, Brown did not finish the show with the line \"see you next time on Good Eats\". Instead, he said, \"Stay dark, America\", snapped his fingers, and the screen went dark.", "Winn-Dixie. Winn-Dixie is known for its private label Chek brand soft drinks, which are produced in over 20 different flavors plus diet and caffeine-free varieties—one of the widest assortments. Winn-Dixie has been known as \"The Beef People\" throughout its lifetime. In its advertising and print media, Winn-Dixie uses the brand promises of \"Fresh Checked Every Day\" for its Jacksonville DMA, \"Getting Better All The Time\" in its locations in Central Florida, \"El Sabor De Tu País\", or \"The Flavor Of Your Country\", in its Miami area stores, and \"Local Flavor Since 1956\" in its Louisiana area stores.", "Big Mac. In 2003, McDonald's revived the phrase. In an English-language ad from McDonald's international \"i'm lovin' it\" campaign, a rapper rapidly spouts off the trademark in the background music. Also in 2003, American Greetings and Carlton Cards released a Christmas ornament of a Big Mac, on which the slogan was both printed and played aloud by pulling on a string. Roy Bergold, National Advertising Manager at McDonald's, has a big hand in championing the original campaign and helping to bring it back.", "Good Eats. The show had a distinct visual style involving Dutch angles and shots from cameras placed inside and on various items in the kitchen, including the ovens, refrigerator, and microwave oven. In some episodes, Brown and other actors play various characters to tell the story of the food. For example, in the episode \"The Big Chili\", Brown played a cowboy trying to rustle up the ideal pot of chili. In the episode \"Give Peas a Chance\" (a parody of The Exorcist), Brown plays a Father Merrin-like character who tries to convince a \"possessed\" child to eat (and like) peas. In other episodes Brown is simply himself, but interacts with fictional characters such as his eggplant- and tomato-wielding neighbor Mr. McGregor, or a city councilman who refuses to eat fudge. He also uses various makeshift teaching aids to demonstrate scientific concepts. They also feature many episodes where the ingredients themselves are portrayed by actors, represented by an agent who uses Brown to \"gussy up\" these foods for mainstream appeal.", "Chick-fil-A. \"Eat Mor Chikin\" is the chain's most prominent advertising slogan, created by The Richards Group in 1995.[6] The slogan is often seen in advertisements, featuring Holstein dairy cows[22] that are often seen wearing (or holding) signs that (usually) read: \"Eat Mor Chikin\" in all capital letters. The ad campaign was temporarily halted during a mad cow disease scare on January 1, 2004, so as not to make the chain seem insensitive or appear to be taking advantage of the scare to increase its sales. Two months later, the cows were put up again. The cows replaced the chain's old mascot, Doodles, an anthropomorphized chicken who still appears as the C on the logo.[23]", "Occupy Wall Street. The Occupy protesters' slogan \"We are the 99%\" refers to the protester's perceptions of, and attitudes regarding, income disparity in the US and economic inequality in general, which have been main issues for OWS. It derives from a \"We the 99%\" flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation \"We are the 99%\" originated from a tumblr page of the same name.[46][47] Huffington Post reporter Paul Taylor said the slogan is \"arguably the most successful slogan since Hell no, we won't go!\" of the Vietnam War era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing social friction.[46] The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October 2011.[48]", "Subway (restaurant). Subway used the advertising slogan \"Eat Fresh\", and focused on how its sandwiches were made from freshly baked bread and fresh ingredients, in front of customers to their exact specifications, by employees which Subway called \"Subway Sandwich Artists\".", "Timothy McVeigh. Go ahead, take everything I own; take my dignity. Feel good as you grow fat and rich at my expense; sucking my tax dollars and property.[26]", "Allstate. A study in 2000 by Northwestern University's Medill Graduate Department of Integrated Marketing Communications found that the Allstate slogan \"You're in good hands\" ranked as the most recognizable in America.[18]", "Matt Damon. Damon is also an ambassador for ONEXONE, a nonprofit foundation committed to supporting, preserving and improving the lives of children at home in Canada, the United States, and around the world.[92] Damon is also a spokesperson for Feeding America, a hunger-relief organization, and a member of their Entertainment Council, participating in their Ad Council public service announcements.[93] Damon is a board member of Tonic Mailstopper (formerly GreenDimes), a company that attempts to halt junk mail delivered to American homes each day.[94][nb 6]", "Victory garden. In New York City, the lawns around vacant \"Riverside\" were devoted to victory gardens, as were portions of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The slogan \"grow your own, can your own\", was a slogan that started at the time of the war and referred to families growing and canning their own food in victory gardens.[15]", "Hoi polloi. The phrase \"hoi polloi\" has been used to promote products and businesses. As described by the Pittsburgh Dish, the name \"Hoi Polloi\" may be chosen to indicate that the brand or service will appeal to the \"common people\".[31]" ]

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[ "It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. \"It Ain't Over 'til It's Over\" is a song recorded, written, and produced by American musician Lenny Kravitz for his second studio album, Mama Said (1991). Released as the album's second single in June 1991, the song is a mid-tempo ballad, musically inspired by Motown, Philly soul, and Earth, Wind & Fire (particularly \"That's the Way of the World\"). The horn line at the end is performed by the Phenix Horns from Earth, Wind & Fire. \"That song just came out one day, and I knew it had a classic vibe. And I still love that song very much today\", Kravitz said in an interview for VivaMusic.com in 2000.[1] The line is based on a Yogiism, or quotation from Yogi Berra: \"It ain't over 'til it's over.\"[2] It was Kravitz's first top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 of his career, and his highest peak in the chart. English singer Mutya Buena's 2007 song \"Real Girl\" contains a sample from \"It Ain't Over 'til It's Over\".", "It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. \"It Ain't Over 'til It's Over\" is Kravitz's most successful single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart to date, peaking at number two behind Bryan Adams' \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\". It was also popular in the United Kingdom, where it reached number eleven.", "It Ain't Over till It's Over. It Ain’t over Till It’s Over is a solo album by Fast Eddie Clarke, former Motörhead and Fastway guitarist. Lemmy guests on \"Laugh at the Devil\".[3]", "It Ain't Over till It's Over. The line is based on a Yogiism, or quotation from Yogi Berra: \"It ain't over till it's over.\"[4]", "Don't Dream It's Over. \"Don't Dream It's Over\" written by Neil Finn. \"That's What I Call Love\" written by Neil Finn and Paul Hester.", "It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. The music video, directed by Jesse Dylan, features Kravitz and his band performing the song. It also featured a violin section, which performs the main song riff. In the studio, Kravitz plays all the instruments, apart from the string and horn sections. Different kinds of background lighting colors were featured in the video.", "It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. 7\" single", "Fool (If You Think It's Over). \"Fool (If You Think It's Over)\" is the title of a popular song originally publicly released in 1978 by the British singer-songwriter Chris Rea. Rea also wrote the words and composed the music of the song, which appears on his 1978 debut album, Whatever Happened to Benny Santini?", "Del Shannon. In September 1967, Shannon began laying down the tracks for The Further Adventures of Charles Westover, which would be highly regarded by fans and critics alike, despite disappointing sales. The album yielded two 1968 singles, \"Thinkin' It Over\" and \"Gemini\" (recently the subject of a Pilooski remix). In October 1968, Liberty Records released their tenth (in the US) and final Del Shannon single, a cover of Dee Clark's 1961 hit \"Raindrops\". This brought to a close a commercially disappointing period in Shannon's career. In 1972, he signed with United Artists and recorded Live In England, released in June 1973. Reviewer Chris Martin critiqued the album favourably, saying that Shannon never improvised, was always true to the original sounds of his music and that only Lou Christie rivaled his falsetto.[7] In April 1975, he signed with Island Records.[8]", "Roy Orbison. Orbison also began collaborating with Bill Dees, whom he had known in Texas. With Dees, he wrote \"It's Over\", a number-one hit in the UK and a song that would be one of his signature pieces for the rest of his career. When Claudette walked in the room where Dees and Orbison were writing to say she was heading for Nashville, Orbison asked if she had any money. Dees said, \"A pretty woman never needs any money\".[62] Just 40 minutes later, \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" was completed. A riff-laden masterpiece that employed a playful growl he got from a Bob Hope movie, the epithet mercy Orbison uttered when he was unable to hit a note, and a merging of his vulnerable and masculine sides, it rose to number one in the fall of 1964 in the United States and stayed on the charts for 14 weeks. It rose to number one in the UK as well, spending 18 weeks total on the charts. The single sold over seven million copies.[6] Orbison's success was greater in Britain; as Billboard magazine noted, \"In a 68-week period that began on August 8, 1963, Roy Orbison was the only American artist to have a number-one single in Britain. He did it twice, with 'It's Over' on June 25, 1964, and 'Oh, Pretty Woman' on October 8, 1964. The latter song also went to number one in America, making Orbison impervious to the current chart dominance of British artists on both sides of the Atlantic.\"[63]", "It ain't over till the fat lady sings. The 1976 use of the phrase was discovered by Fred R. Shapiro, who published it in The Yale Book of Quotations. It had previously been attributed to sportswriter and broadcaster Dan Cook, who used the phrase after the first basketball game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Washington Bullets (now the Washington Wizards) during the 1978 NBA Playoffs. Cook used the line to illustrate that while the Spurs had won once, the series was not over yet.[5] Shapiro called this a notable example of misattribution.[6]", "Keith Whitley. Despite Whitley's death, his influence on country music has persisted. At the time of his death, he had just finished work on his fourth and final studio album, I Wonder Do You Think of Me. The album was released three months after his death, on August 1, 1989. The album produced two more No. 1 hits, with the title track and \"It Ain't Nothin'.\" \"I'm Over You\" also saw the Top 5 in early 1990, reaching No. 3.", "Aaron Barker. Barker has written number one songs for George Strait (\"Baby Blue\", \"Love Without End, Amen\", \"Easy Come, Easy Go\") and Lonestar (\"What About Now\").[2] His songs have also been recorded by Doug Supernaw, Clay Walker, Neal McCoy, Aaron Tippin and others.[2][3] Barker turned \"Love Without End, Amen\" into a book in 2002.[4][5] He was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters' Hall of Fame in 2007.[6]", "It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. CD single and 12\" single", "Off the Wall. Recording sessions took place between December 1978 and June 1979 at Allen Zentz Recording, Westlake Recording Studios, and Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, California. Jackson collaborated with a number of writers and performers, such as Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder and Rod Temperton. Five singles were released from the album; three of the singles had music videos released. Jackson wrote three of the songs himself, including the number-one Grammy Award-winning single \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough\".", "It ain't over till the fat lady sings. It ain't over till (or until) the fat lady sings is a colloquialism which is often used as a proverb. It means that one should not presume to know the outcome of an event which is still in progress. More specifically, the phrase is used when a situation is (or appears to be) nearing its conclusion. It cautions against assuming that the current state of an event is irreversible and clearly determines how or when the event will end. The phrase is most commonly used in association with organized competitions, particularly sports.", "Don't Dream It's Over. \"Don't Dream It's Over\" is a song by the Australian rock band Crowded House, recorded for their 1986 self-titled debut studio album.[5] The song was written by band member Neil Finn, and released in October 1986[2] as the fourth single from the album.", "I'll Be Over You. \"I'll Be Over You\" is a hit single by the American rock band Toto. Released as the lead single from their 1986 album, Fahrenheit, the song reached number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1986. Lead vocals were sung by guitarist Steve Lukather, who co-wrote the song with hit songwriter Randy Goodrum (one of several collaborations between the two). Guest musician Michael McDonald provided the vocal counterpoint on the recording.", "I'm Comin' Over (song). \"I'm Comin' Over\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Chris Young. It was released in May 11, 2015 as the lead single to his fifth studio album of the same name, which was released on November 13, 2015.", "The Party's Over (Willie Nelson song). In 1956, Nelson moved from Fort Worth, Texas to Portland, Oregon. He soon found a job on KVAN, in Vancouver, Washington, hosting the show The Western Express. Nelson became a popular DJ, while he continued to make live performances. During this time he wrote \"The Party's Over\".[1]", "Boz Scaggs. In 1976, using session musicians who later formed Toto, he recorded Silk Degrees.[1] The album reached #2 on the US Billboard 200, and #1 in a number of other countries, spawning four hit singles: \"It's Over\", \"Lowdown\", \"What Can I Say\", and \"Lido Shuffle\",[1] as well as the poignant ballad \"We're All Alone\", later recorded by Rita Coolidge and Frankie Valli. \"Lowdown\" sold over one million copies in the US.[4]", "Don't Dream It's Over. Rapper Classified sampled the riff on the song \"It Ain't Over\",[46] as did Irish R&B trio Dove on their hit \"Don't Dream\".[47] Italian singer Antonello Venditti recorded a re-written version of the song – \"Alta Marea\" – in 1991, with a then-unknown Angelina Jolie playing a seductress in the video.[48]", "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me. \"(There's) No Gettin' Over Me\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge and Tom Brasfield, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in June 1981 as the first single from the album There's No Gettin' Over Me. Known by many fans by its less grammatically correct title \"There Ain't No Gettin' Over Me\" — the song's official title appears nowhere in the lyrics — the song became one of Milsap's biggest country and pop hits during his recording career.", "Josh Osborne. Osborne signed a publishing agreement with Black River Entertainment in 2010.[1] His first number one hit as a songwriter was \"Come Over,\" performed by Kenny Chesney.[2] The song spent two weeks at the top of the Billboard Country Airplay charts.[2] Osborne's song \"Merry Go 'Round,\" co-written with Kacey Musgraves and Shane McAnally, became a top 10 Billboard Country Airplay hit for Musgraves, and has sold over one million copies to achieve Platinum status. The song went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Country Song of the Year, in recognition of the songwriters, at the 56th Grammy Awards.[3]", "Jennifer Hudson. In one of her first appearances on a record, Hudson is featured in a duet, \"The Future Ain't What It Used to Be\", on Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose. In September 2006, Hudson performed the song, \"Over It,\" live on Fox Chicago Morning News. In the interview she stated the song would be included on her debut album, to be released in early 2007; however, this was before she was signed to a record label.[24] In November 2006, Hudson signed a record deal with Arista Records.[25] On The Oprah Winfrey Show, Hudson announced plans to enter the studio in March 2007.[citation needed] Hudson said on The Tyra Banks Show, on February 23, 2007, that she just finished the first song for the album.[citation needed] Hudson also recorded a song she co-wrote with Bill Grainer and Earl Powell called \"Stand Up\", which was available for preview on her fan website. The track was produced by Chicago natives Powell and Herman Little III, who also arranged the song.[26] The power-ballad would later become available on the deluxe edition of Hudson's self-titled album as a bonus track.", "Off the Wall. \"She's Out of My Life\" had been written for Jones by Tom Bahler three years earlier. Jackson heard and enjoyed it, and Jones allowed him to use it on the record.[14] Jones called in Heatwave's keyboardist Rod Temperton to write three songs. The intention was for Jackson and Jones to select one of his songs, but Jackson, liking them all, included all of them in the final cut.[14] Jackson stayed up all night to learn the lyrics to these songs instead of singing from a sheet. He finished the vocals to these three Temperton songs in two recording sessions.[14] Temperton took a different approach to his song writing after spending some time researching the background to Jackson's music style. Temperton mixed his traditional harmony segments with the idea of adding shorter note melodies to suit Jackson's aggressive style.[14] Jackson wrote \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough\" after humming a melody in his kitchen.[17] After listening to hundreds of songs, Jackson and Jones decided upon a batch to record.[17] In hindsight, Jones believed they took a lot of risks in the production of Off the Wall and the final choice of album tracks.[14] Attention was also paid to the album cover, which shows Jackson smiling, wearing a tuxedo and trademark socks. His manager stated, \"The tuxedo was the overall plan for the Off the Wall project and package. The tuxedo was our idea, the socks were Michael'\".[18]", "Dave Frishberg. Frishberg cites songwriter Frank Loesser as an influence,[8] and has said that Loesser's \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\", along with Willie Nelson's \"Crazy\", are songs he wished he had written. Like Loesser before him, Frishberg has also worked strictly as a lyricist on a number of occasions; his collaborators include Johnny Mandel, Alan Broadbent, Al Cohn, Blossom Dearie, David Shire, Julius Wechter, Dan Barrett, Bob Brookmeyer, Bob Dorough, Gerry Mulligan and Johnny Hodges.[4]", "Got 'til It's Gone. The song inspired the title of the novel Got til It's Gone, published in 2008, and is mentioned throughout the book.[76] Larry Duplechan's 2008 novel was also titled after the song and references Jackson in the book.[77] Producer DJRum credits \"Got 'til It's Gone\" as one of the songs which inspired him to pursue a career as a DJ.[78] The song was used on the CBS science fiction series Now and Again, with the show's executive producer saying \"the song's melancholy was appropriate\" to be used during a scene where actor John Goodman's character passes away.[79] The song is mentioned in Jay-Z's 2010 memoir Decoded, in which he compares the song's meaning to the theme of \"December 4th\", which appeared on his eighth studio album The Black Album (2003).[80] The song is also mentioned in the novels Getting to the Good Part and In Due Time.[81][82]", "Washington Wizards. Although they had future hall of famers Elvin Hayes and Wes Unseld on the team, the Bullets finished the 77–78 season 44–38 and were a longshot to win the NBA Finals, but San Antonio journalist Dan Cook used the famed phrase \"The opera ain't over 'til the fat lady sings\". This became the rallying cry for the Bullets as they finished a playoff run that led to the NBA Finals, defeating the Seattle SuperSonics in seven games to bring a professional sports championship to Washington, D.C. for the first time in 36 years.", "Yogi Berra. Berra quit school after the eighth grade.[3] He was known for his malapropisms as well as pithy and paradoxical statements, such as \"It ain't over 'til it's over\", while speaking to reporters. He once simultaneously denied and confirmed his reputation by stating, \"I really didn't say everything I said.\"[2][4]", "Don't Dream It's Over. The song, described by AllMusic as a \"majestic ballad\",[6] became the band's biggest international hit, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in April 1987.[7] \"Don't Dream It's Over\" was also a great success in Neil Finn's native country New Zealand where it peaked at No. 1; it also topped the charts in Canada, while in Australia it peaked at No. 8. In Continental Europe, it reached No. 6 in Norway, No. 7 in the Netherlands, and No. 13 in Germany. In America the single was topped only by \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" by Aretha Franklin and George Michael.", "Bridge over Troubled Water. Bridge over Troubled Water is the fifth and final studio album by American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, released in January 1970 on Columbia Records. Following the duo's soundtrack for The Graduate, Art Garfunkel took an acting role in the film Catch-22, while Paul Simon worked on the songs, writing all tracks except Felice and Boudleaux Bryant's \"Bye Bye Love\" (previously a hit for the Everly Brothers)." ]

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[ "Operation Overlord. \"Overlord\" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent.[47] The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was code-named Operation Neptune.[42] To gain the required air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies launched a bombing campaign (codenamed Operation Pointblank) to target German aircraft-production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Under the Transport Plan, communications infrastructure and road and rail links were bombed to cut off the north of France and to make it more difficult to bring up reinforcements. These attacks were widespread so as to avoid revealing the exact location of the invasion.[42] Elaborate deceptions were planned to prevent the Germans from determining the timing and location of the invasion.[48]", "Operation Overlord. Allied planners considered tactical surprise to be a necessary element of the plan for the landings.[87] Information on the exact date and location of the landings was provided only to the topmost levels of the armed forces. Men were sealed into their marshalling areas at the end of May, with no further communication with the outside world.[88] Troops were briefed using maps that were correct in every detail except for the place names, and most were not told their actual destination until they were already at sea.[89] A news blackout in Britain increased the effectiveness of the deception operations.[48] Travel to and from the Republic of Ireland was banned, and movement within several kilometres of the coast of England restricted.[90]", "Normandy landings. Operation Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the Continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Operation Neptune.[24] To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies undertook a bombing campaign (codenamed Operation Pointblank) that targeted German aircraft production, fuel supplies, and airfields.[24] Elaborate deceptions, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion.[31]", "Operation Overlord. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted Operation Bodyguard, the overall strategy designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings.[71] Operation Fortitude included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio-traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway,[72] and Fortitude South, a major deception designed to fool the Germans into believing that the landings would take place at Pas de Calais in July. A fictitious First U.S. Army Group was invented, supposedly located in Kent and Sussex under the command of Lieutenant General George S. Patton. The Allies constructed dummy tanks, trucks, and landing craft, and positioned them near the coast. Several military units, including II Canadian Corps and 2nd Canadian Division, moved into the area to bolster the illusion that a large force was gathering there.[48][73] As well as the broadcast of fake radio-traffic, genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there.[74] Patton remained stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais.[75] Military and civilian personnel alike were aware of the need for secrecy, and the invasion troops were as much as possible kept isolated, especially in the period immediately before the invasion. One American general was sent back to the United States in disgrace after revealing the invasion date at a party.[48]", "Operation Overlord. An appeal for holiday pictures and postcards of Europe announced on the BBC produced over ten million items, some of which proved useful. Information collected by the French resistance helped provide details on Axis troop movements and on construction techniques used by the Germans for bunkers and other defensive installations.[60]", "Operation Overlord. The Allied Expeditionary Air Force undertook over 3,200 photo-reconnaissance sorties from April 1944 until the start of the invasion. Photos of the coastline were taken at extremely low altitude to show the invaders the terrain, obstacles on the beach, and defensive structures such as bunkers and gun emplacements. To avoid alerting the Germans as to the location of the invasion, this work had to be undertaken over the entire European coastline. Inland terrain, bridges, troop emplacements, and buildings were also photographed, in many cases from several angles, to give the Allies as much information as possible.[58] Members of Combined Operations Pilotage Parties clandestinely prepared detailed harbour maps, including depth soundings.[59]", "Operation Overlord. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion in 1944 was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), and General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all the land forces involved in the invasion. The coast of Normandy of northwestern France was chosen as the site of the invasion, with the Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed Utah and Omaha, the British at Sword and Gold, and the Canadians at Juno. To meet the conditions expected on the Normandy beachhead, special technology was developed, including two artificial ports called Mulberry harbours and an array of specialised tanks nicknamed Hobart's Funnies. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial military deception, Operation Bodyguard, using both electronic and visual misinformation. This misled the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. Führer Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion.", "Operation Bodyguard. Meanwhile, COSSAC had been working on its own deception strategy: \"Appendix Y\" of Operation Overlord plan. The plan, also known as Torrent, had originated in early September at COSSAC – it started life as a feint invasion of the Calais region shortly before D-Day and eventually (after the failure of a similar scheme during Cockade) transformed into a plan to divert attention from troop build up in the south-west of England.[9] These early ideas, which later became Operation Bodyguard, recognised that the Germans would expect an invasion. Instead the core of the plan suggested misleading the enemy as to the exact time and location of the invasion and to keep them on the back foot once it had landed.[7]", "Operation Overlord. Many German radio messages were encoded using the Enigma machine and other enciphering techniques and the codes were changed frequently. A team of code breakers stationed at Bletchley Park worked to break codes as quickly as possible to provide advance information on German plans and troop movements. British military intelligence code-named this information Ultra intelligence as it could only be provided to the top level of commanders. The Enigma code used by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, Oberbefehlshaber West (Supreme Commander West; OB West), commander of the Western Front, was broken by the end of March. German intelligence changed the Enigma codes right after the Allied landings of 6 June but by 17 June the Allies were again consistently able to read them.[61]", "Operation Overlord. A report by Rundstedt to Hitler in October 1943 regarding the weak defences in France led to the appointment of Rommel to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion-front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg.[103][105] Rommel was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B, which included the 7th Army, the 15th Army, and the forces guarding the Netherlands.[106][107] Nazi Germany's tangled command structure made it difficult for Rommel to achieve his task. He was not allowed to give orders to the Organisation Todt, which was commanded by armaments minister Albert Speer, so in some places he had to assign soldiers to do construction work.[104]", "Operation Overlord. Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August.", "Crossword. In 1944, Allied security officers were disturbed by the appearance, in a series of crosswords in The Daily Telegraph, of words that were secret code names for military operations planned as part of Operation Overlord.", "Operation Overlord. In response to the lessons learned at the disastrous Dieppe Raid, the Allies developed new technologies to help ensure the success of Overlord. To supplement the preliminary offshore bombardment and aerial assaults, some of the landing craft were equipped with artillery and anti-tank guns to provide close supporting fire.[62] The Allies had decided not to immediately attack any of the heavily protected French ports and two artificial ports, called Mulberry harbours, were designed by COSSAC planners. Each assembly consisted of a floating outer breakwater, inner concrete caissons (called Phoenix breakwaters) and several floating piers.[63] The Mulberry harbours were supplemented by blockship shelters (codenamed \"Gooseberries\").[64] With the expectation that fuel would be difficult or impossible to obtain on the continent, the Allies built a \"Pipe-Line Under The Ocean\" (PLUTO). Specially developed pipes 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter were to be laid under the Channel from the Isle of Wight to Cherbourg by D-Day plus 18. Technical problems and the delay in capturing Cherbourg meant the pipeline was not operational until 22 September. A second line was laid from Dungeness to Boulogne in late October.[65]", "Operation Overlord. By the evening of 4 June, the Allied meteorological team, headed by Group Captain James Stagg of the Royal Air Force, predicted that the weather would improve sufficiently so that the invasion could go ahead on 6 June. He met Eisenhower and other senior commanders at their headquarters at Southwick House in Hampshire to discuss the situation.[93] General Montgomery and Major General Walter Bedell Smith, Eisenhower's chief of staff, were eager to launch the invasion. Admiral Bertram Ramsay was prepared to commit his ships, while Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory expressed concern that the conditions would be unfavourable for Allied aircraft. After much discussion, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead.[94] Allied control of the Atlantic meant that German meteorologists did not have access to as much information as the Allies on incoming weather patterns.[77] As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris predicted two weeks of stormy weather, many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend war games in Rennes, and men in many units were given leave.[95] Marshal Erwin Rommel returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to meet Hitler to try to get more Panzers.[96]", "Operation Overlord. Alarmed by the raids on St Nazaire and Dieppe in 1942, Hitler ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but due to shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, most of the strongpoints were never built.[103] As the expected site of an Allied invasion, Pas de Calais was heavily defended.[103] In the Normandy area the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and Saint-Malo.[104]", "Manhattan Project. The Alsos Mission to Italy questioned staff of the physics laboratory at the University of Rome following the capture of the city in June 1944.[259] Meanwhile, Pash formed a combined British and American Alsos mission in London under the command of Captain Horace K. Calvert to participate in Operation Overlord.[260] Groves considered the risk that the Germans might attempt to disrupt the Normandy landings with radioactive poisons was sufficient to warn General Dwight D. Eisenhower and send an officer to brief his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith.[261] Under the codename Operation Peppermint, special equipment was prepared and Chemical Warfare Service teams were trained in its use.[262]", "Operation Overlord. The Germans thought they had an extensive network of spies operating in the UK, but in fact all their agents had been captured, and some had become double agents working for the Allies as part of the Double-Cross System. The double agent Juan Pujol García, a Spanish opponent of the Nazis known by the code name \"Garbo\", developed over the two years leading up to D-Day a fake network of informants that the Germans believed were collecting intelligence on their behalf. In the months preceding D-Day, Pujol sent hundreds of messages to his superiors in Madrid, messages specially prepared by the British intelligence service to convince the Germans that the attack would come in July at Calais.[74][76]", "Operation Overlord. The invasion planners specified a set of conditions regarding the timing of the invasion, deeming only a few days in each month suitable. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the highest tides. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles the enemy had placed on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men had to spend exposed in the open. Specific criteria were also set for wind speed, visibility, and cloud cover.[91] Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing; high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets.[92]", "Invasion of Normandy. The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion. Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the northern portion of the Continent. The first phase, the establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Neptune. According to the D-day museum:", "Operation Overlord. In June 1940, Germany's leader Adolf Hitler had triumphed in what he called \"the most famous victory in history\"—the fall of France.[24] British craft evacuated to England over 338,000 Allied troops trapped along the northern coast of France (including much of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF)) in the Dunkirk evacuation (27 May to 4 June).[25] British planners reported to Prime Minister Winston Churchill on 4 October that even with the help of other Commonwealth countries and the United States, it would not be possible to regain a foothold in continental Europe in the near future.[26] After the Axis invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing for a second front in Western Europe. Churchill declined because he felt that even with American help the British did not have adequate forces for such a strike,[27] and he wished to avoid costly frontal assaults such as those that had occurred at the Somme and Passchendaele in World War I.[28] Two tentative plans code-named Operation Roundup and Operation Sledgehammer were put forward for 1942–43, but neither was deemed by the British to be practical or likely to succeed.[29] Instead, the Allies expanded their activity in the Mediterranean, launching the invasion of French North Africa in November 1942, the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, and invading Italy in September.[30] These campaigns provided the troops with valuable experience in amphibious warfare.[31]", "Operation Overlord. Training exercises for the Overlord landings took place as early as July 1943.[79] As the nearby beach resembled the planned Normandy landing-site, the town of Slapton in Devon, was evacuated in December 1943, and taken over by the armed forces as a site for training exercises that included the use of landing craft and the management of beach obstacles.[80] A friendly fire incident there on 27 April 1944 resulted in as many as 450 deaths.[81] The following day, an additional estimated 749 American soldiers and sailors died when German torpedo-boats surprised members of Assault Force \"U\" conducting Exercise Tiger.[82][83] Exercises with landing craft and live ammunition also took place at the Combined Training Centre in Inveraray in Scotland.[84] Naval exercises took place in Northern Ireland, and medical teams in London and elsewhere rehearsed how they would handle the expected waves of casualties.[85] Paratroopers conducted exercises, including a huge demonstration drop on 23 March 1944 observed by Churchill, Eisenhower, and other top officials.[86]", "Operation Overlord. Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere.[196] The deceptions undertaken in Operation Fortitude were successful, leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline.[197] The Allies achieved and maintained air superiority, which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks.[198] Transport infrastructure in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies.[199] Much of the opening artillery barrage was off-target or not concentrated enough to have any impact,[200] but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha, providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches.[201] The indecisiveness and overly complicated command structure of the German high command was also a factor in the Allied success.[202]", "George Marshall. During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in preparing the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces for the invasion of the European continent. Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe. He initially scheduled Operation Overlord for April 1, 1943, but met with strong opposition from Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to commit troops to Operation Husky for the invasion of Italy. Some authors think that World War II could have ended earlier if Marshall had had his way; others think that such an invasion would have meant utter failure.", "Operation Barbarossa. The Nazi secret plan Generalplan Ost (\"General Plan for the East\"), which was prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942, called for a \"new order of ethnographical relations\" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. The plan envisaged ethnic cleansing, executions, and enslavement of the overwhelming majority of the populations of conquered countries with very small differing percentages of the various conquered nations undergoing Germanization, expulsion into the depths of Russia, and other fates. The net effect of this plan would be to ensure that the conquered territories would be Germanized. It was divided into two parts: the Kleine Planung (\"small plan\"), which covered actions to be taken during the war, and the Große Planung (\"large plan\"), which covered actions to be undertaken after the war was won, and to be implemented gradually over a period of 25 to 30 years.[46]", "Operation Bodyguard. Planning for Bodyguard began even before Operation Cockade was fully under way, following the decision that Normandy would be the site of the coming invasion. The departments responsible for deception, 'A' Force, COSSAC's Ops (B) and the London Controlling Section, began to address the problem of achieving tactical surprise for Overlord. They produced a paper, entitled \"First Thoughts\", on July 14, 1943 outlining many of the concepts that would later form the Bodyguard plan. However, as Cockade concluded with limited success, most of the Allied high command were sceptical that any new deception would work.[7][8]", "Operation Overlord. Attendees at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943 took the decision to launch a cross-Channel invasion within the next year.[32] Churchill favoured making the main Allied thrust into Germany from the Mediterranean theatre, but his American allies, who were providing the bulk of the men and equipment, over-ruled him.[33] British Lieutenant-General Frederick E. Morgan was appointed Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC), to begin detailed planning.[32] The initial plans were constrained by the number of available landing-craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and in the Pacific.[34] In part because of lessons learned in the Dieppe Raid of 19 August 1942, the Allies decided not to directly assault a heavily defended French seaport in their first landing.[35] The failure at Dieppe also highlighted the need for adequate artillery and air support, particularly close air support, and specialised ships able to travel extremely close to shore.[36] The short operating-range of British aircraft such as the Spitfire and Typhoon greatly limited the number of potential landing-sites, as comprehensive air-support depended upon having planes overhead for as long as possible.[37] Morgan considered four sites for the landings: Brittany, the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, and the Pas de Calais. As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, the Germans could have cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected.[38]", "Operation Overlord. You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world.", "Operation Overlord. By May 1944, 1.5 million American troops had arrived in the United Kingdom.[60] Most were housed in temporary camps in the south-west of England, ready to move across the Channel to the western section of the landing zone. British and Canadian troops were billeted in accommodation further east, spread from Southampton to Newhaven, and even on the east coast for men who would be coming across in later waves. A complex system called Movement Control assured that the men and vehicles left on schedule from twenty departure points.[88] Some men had to board their craft nearly a week before departure.[113] The ships met at a rendezvous point (nicknamed \"Piccadilly Circus\") south-east of the Isle of Wight to assemble into convoys to cross the Channel.[114] Minesweepers began clearing lanes on the evening of 5 June,[92] and a thousand bombers left before dawn to attack the coastal defences.[115] Some 1,200 aircraft departed England just before midnight to transport three airborne divisions to their drop zones behind enemy lines several hours before the beach landings.[116] The American 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned objectives on the Cotentin Peninsula west of Utah. The British 6th Airborne Division was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne.[117] The Free French 4th SAS battalion of 538 men was assigned objectives in Brittany (Operation Dingson, Operation Samwest).[118][119] Some 132,000 men were transported by sea on D-Day, and a further 24,000 came by air.[88] Preliminary naval bombardment commenced at 05:45 and continued until 06:25 from five battleships, twenty cruisers, sixty-five destroyers, and two monitors.[88][120] Infantry began arriving on the beaches at around 06:30.[121]", "Dieppe Raid. A similar crossword coincidence occurred in May 1944, prior to D-Day. Multiple terms associated with Operation Overlord (including the word \"Overlord\" itself) appeared in the Daily Telegraph crossword (also written by Dawe), and after another investigation by MI5 this was concluded to be a remarkable coincidence as well. Further to this, a former student identified that Dawe frequently requested words from his students, many of whom were children in the same area as US military personnel.[63]", "Tehran Conference. The leaders then turned to the conditions under which the Western Allies would open a new front by invading northern France (Operation Overlord), as Stalin had pressed them to do since 1941. Up to this point Churchill had advocated the expansion of joint operations of British, American, and Commonwealth forces in the Mediterranean, as Overlord in 1943 was physically impossible due to a lack of shipping, which left the Mediterranean and Italy as viable goals for 1943. It was agreed Overlord would occur by May 1944; Stalin agreed to support it by launching a concurrent major offensive on Germany's eastern front to divert German forces from northern France.[6]", "E Company, 506th Infantry Regiment (United States). For Operation Overlord, Easy Company's mission was to capture the entrances to and clear any obstacles around \"Causeway 2\", a pre-selected route off Utah Beach for the Allied forces landing from the sea a few hours later. The company departed from Upottery airbase in Devon, England, and dropped over the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy, France in the early hours of the morning of 6 June 1944.", "20th-century events. On June 6, 1944, the Western Allies finally launched the long-awaited assault on \"Fortress Europe\" so wanted by Stalin. The offensive, codenamed Operation Overlord, began the early morning hours of June 6. The day, known as D-day, was marked by foul weather. Rommel, who was now in charge of defending France against possible Allied attack, thought the Allies would not attack during the stormy weather, and was on holiday in Germany. Besides this, the Germans were expecting an attack, but at the natural harbor of Calais and not the beaches of Normandy; a blunder that sealed the operation's success. They did not know about the Allies' artificial harbours, and clues planted by the Allies suggested Calais as the landing site." ]

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[ "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi) (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface).[1] It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica.[2] It is named after India.[3] The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara (Sanskrit: रत्नाकर), \"the mine of gems\" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as Hind Mahāsāgar (Hindi: हिन्द महासागर), in Hindi.", "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean covers 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is 264,000,000 km3 (63,000,000 cu mi) or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of 3,741 m (12,274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7,906 m (25,938 ft).[5]", "Indian Ocean. The borders of the Indian Ocean, as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the Southern Ocean but not the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60째S from the Indian Ocean, but included the northern marginal seas.[4] Meridionally, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20째 east meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146째55'E, running south from the southernmost point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30째 north in the Persian Gulf.", "Indian Ocean. As the youngest of the major oceans,[8] the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. In the Indian Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the Rodrigues Triple Point with the Central Indian Ridge, including the Carlsberg Ridge, separating the African Plate from the Indian Plate; the Southwest Indian Ridge separating the African Plate form the Antarctic Plate; and the Southeast Indian Ridge separating the Australian Plate from the Antarctic Plate.The Central Ridge runs north on the in-between across of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.", "Indian Ocean. The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the Lombok Strait, the Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait. Seas include the Gulf of Aden, Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Laccadive Sea, Gulf of Mannar, Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea and other tributary water bodies. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean.", "Indian Ocean. Southern Indian Ocean", "Indian Ocean. Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east.", "Borders of the oceans. The Indian Ocean washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.", "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean.[11] Beach sands rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.", "Indian Ocean. Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:", "2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD.", "Indian Ocean. Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) are:", "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 0.7–1.2 °C (1.3–2.2 °F) during 1901–2012.[6] Indian Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical oceans, and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the Pacific. Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming, and changes in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events are a trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean.[6]", "Indian Ocean. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revived European interest in the East, but no nation was successful in establishing trade dominance. Since World War II the United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the area, to be replaced by India, the USSR, and the United States. The last two tried to establish hegemony[citation needed] by negotiating for naval base sites. Developing countries bordering the ocean, however, seek to have it made a \"zone of peace\"[citation needed] so that they may use its shipping lanes freely. The United Kingdom and United States maintain a military base on Diego Garcia atoll in the middle of the Indian Ocean.", "Ocean fisheries. The Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia, Socotra and Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) in India.", "Indian Ocean. The history of the Indian Ocean is marked by maritime trade; cultural and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand years.[14] During this period, independent, short-distance oversea communications along its littoral margins have evolved into an all-embracing network. The début of this network was not the achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and regional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Arabian Sea. Sherds of Ubaid (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at Dilmun, present-day Bahrain; traces of exchange between this trading centre and Mesopotamia. Sumerian traded grain, pottery, and bitumen (used for reed boats) for copper, stone, timber, tin, dates, onions, and pearls.[15] Coast-bound vessels transported goods between the Harappa civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) in India (modern-day Pakistan and Gujarat in India) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt.[14]", "Indian Ocean. A series of ridges and seamount chains produced by hotspots pass over the Indian Ocean. The Réunion hotspot (active 70–40 million years ago) connects Réunion and the Mascarene Plateau to the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the Deccan Traps in north-western India; the Kerguelen hotspot (100–35 million years ago) connects the Kerguelen Islands and Kerguelen Plateau to the Ninety East Ridge and the Rajmahal Traps in north-eastern India; the Marion hotspot (100–70 million years ago) possibly connects Prince Edward Islands to the Eighty Five East Ridge.[9] These hotspot tracks have been broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above.", "Islands of Africa. There are four sovereign island nations located in the Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. These countries have interrelated histories and populations over hundreds of years of interaction. These islands, in addition to the French territories of Réunion and Mayotte make up the membership of the Indian Ocean Commission.", "Indian Ocean. The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Port Blair, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, and Tuticorin are the major Indian ports. South Asian ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh, Colombo, Hambantota and Galle in Sri Lanka, Chabahar in Iran and ports of Karachi, Sindh province and Gwadar, Balochistan province in Pakistan. Aden is a major port in Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea. Major African ports on the shores of the Indian Ocean include: Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar (Tanzania), Durban, East London, Richard's Bay (South Africa), Beira (Mozambique), and Port Louis (Mauritius). Zanzibar is especially famous for its spice export. Other major ports in the Indian Ocean include Muscat (Oman), Yangon (Burma), Jakarta, Medan (Indonesia), Fremantle (port servicing Perth, Australia) and Dubai (UAE).", "Boundaries between the continents of Earth. The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations in the Indian Ocean associated with Africa. The island of Socotra may be considered African as it lies on this continent's shelf, but is part of Yemen, an Asian country.", "Indian Ocean. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, an Alexandrian guide to the world beyond the Red Sea — including Africa and India — from the first century CE, not only gives insights into trade in the region but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained knowledge about the monsoon winds.[14] The contemporaneous settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sailors shows that the littoral margins of the Indian Ocean were being both well-populated and regularly traversed at least by this time. Albeit the monsoon must have been common knowledge in the Indian Ocean for centuries.[14]", "Indian Ocean. An Indian Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Riding the southern Indian Ocean Gyre, this vortex of plastic garbage constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa, down the Mozambique Channel, and back to Australia in a period of six years, except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre.", "Indian Ocean. Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.[18] Maldivian ships used the Indian Monsoon Current to travel to the nearby coasts.[19]", "Indian Ocean. From 1405 to 1433 Admiral Zheng He led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.[20]", "2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the IMD, while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. On average, three to four cyclonic storms form in this basin every season.[1][2]", "Borders of the oceans. In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Indian Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name \"Southern Ocean\" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's \"Southern Ocean\", omitted from the 3rd edition.", "Indian Ocean. Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and Antarctic currents. North of 20° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east. Southward of 40° south latitude, temperatures drop quickly.", "Indian Ocean. Among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean are the Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Jubba and Irrawaddy. The ocean's currents are mainly controlled by the monsoon. Two large gyres, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise (including the Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current), constitute the dominant flow pattern. During the winter monsoon, however, currents in the north are reversed.", "List of islands in the Indian Ocean. This is a list of islands in the Indian Ocean.", "Borders of the oceans. The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the Indian Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]", "Indian Ocean. The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia (beginning with Sumer), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent (beginning with the Indus Valley civilization), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean. Civilizations soon arose in Persia (beginning with Elam) and later in Southeast Asia (beginning with Funan).", "Indian Ocean. The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres (120 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m (26,401 ft) deep; Sunda Trench has a depth of 7,258–7,725 m (23,812–25,344 ft). North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments, of which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenous sediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes." ]

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[ "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The PCAOB has five Board members, including a Chairman, each of whom is appointed by the SEC, after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Secretary of the Treasury. Two Board members must be Certified Public Accountants.[1] If the PCAOB Chairman is one of them, he or she may not have been a practicing CPA for at least five years prior to being appointed to the board. Each member serves full-time, for staggered five-year terms. The Board's budget, approved by the SEC each year, is funded by fees paid by the companies and broker-dealers who rely on the audit firms overseen by the Board. The organization has a staff of about 800 and offices in 11 states in addition to its headquarters in Washington.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The Board's Office of the Chief Auditor advises the Board on the establishment of auditing and related professional practice standards.\n[4]", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) is a private-sector, nonprofit corporation created by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 to oversee the audits of public companies and other issuers in order to protect the interests of investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, accurate and independent audit reports. The PCAOB also oversees the audits of broker-dealers, including compliance reports filed pursuant to federal securities laws, to promote investor protection. All PCAOB rules and standards must be approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In February 2006, the Free Enterprise Fund and Beckstead and Watts, LLP (a small Nevada-based accounting firm) filed a lawsuit in federal court challenging the constitutionality of the PCAOB. According to the lawsuit, the provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act establishing the PCAOB violated the \"Appointments Clause\" of the U.S. Constitution, since PCAOB Board members should be viewed as \"officers of the United States\" because of the public purposes PCAOB serves, and, as such, must either be appointed by the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate, or by the \"head\" of a \"department\", whereas PCAOB's board is appointed by the SEC, rather than by the Chairman of the SEC. The lawsuit also challenged the PCAOB as violating the Constitution's separation of powers clause, since the organization has quasi-executive, -legislative and -judicial functions.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The PCAOB has four primary functions in overseeing these auditors: registration, inspection, standard setting and enforcement.", "Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Subtitle I is concerned with the establishment of a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (or PCAOB). The PCAOB has the authority to establish oversight of certified public accounting firms. The Subtitle I provision allows the SEC to authorize necessary rules with respect to securities for borrowing. The SEC shall, as deemed appropriate, exercise transparency within this sector of the financial industry.[156] A council of Inspectors General On Financial Oversight, consisting of several members of federal agencies (such as the United States Department of the Treasury, the FDIC, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency) will be established.[157] The council will more easily allow the sharing of data with inspectors general (which includes members by proxy or in person from the SEC and CFTC) with a focus on dealings that may be applicable to the general financial sector at large with focus on the improvement of financial oversight.[158]", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. On Aug. 22, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the PCAOB as constitutional. The Court found that Board members are inferior officers not required to be appointed by the President, and that the President retains sufficient control of the Board via the SEC that the Board does not violate the separation of powers clause.[7]", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Each of these powers is subject to approval and oversight by the SEC. Individuals and audit firms subject to PCAOB oversight may appeal PCAOB decisions (including any disciplinary actions) to the SEC and the SEC has the power to modify or overturn PCAOB rules.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In creating the PCAOB, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act required that auditors of U.S. public companies be subject to external and independent oversight for the first time in history. Previously, the profession was self-regulated. Congress vested the PCAOB with expanded oversight authority over the audits of brokers and dealers registered with the SEC in 2010 through the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Under Section 101 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the PCAOB has the power to:", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The PCAOB periodically issues Inspection Reports of registered public accounting firms. While a large part of these reports is made public (called \"Part I\"), portions of the inspection reports that deal with criticisms of, or potential defects in, the audit firm's quality control systems are not made public if the firm addresses those matters to the Board's satisfaction within 12 months after the report date. Those portions are made public (called \"Part II\"), however, if (1) the Board determines that a firm's efforts to address the criticisms or potential defects were not satisfactory, or (2) the firm makes no submission evidencing any such efforts.[5]", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In addition, as part of the PCAOB's investigative powers, the Board may require that audit firms, or any person associated with an audit firm, provide testimony or documents in its (or his or her) possession. If the firm or person refuses to provide this testimony or these documents, the PCAOB may suspend or bar that person or entity from the public audit industry. The PCAOB may also seek the SEC's assistance in issuing subpoenas for testimony or documents from individuals or entities not registered with the PCAOB.", "American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. In the early 2000s, federal public policy makers concluded that where independent financial statement audits of public companies regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are concerned, that the AICPA's standards setting and related enforcement roles should be transferred to a government empowered body with more enforcement authority than a non-governmental professional association, such as the AICPA could provide. As a result, the Sarbanes-Oxley law created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) which has jurisdiction over virtually every area of CPA practice in relation to public companies. However, the AICPA retains its considerable standards setting, ethics enforcement and firm practice quality monitoring roles for the majority of practicing CPAs, who serve privately held business and individuals.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The PCAOB was created in response to an ever increasing number of accounting \"restatements\" (corrections of past financial statements) by public companies during the 1990s, and a series of high-profile accounting scandals and record-setting bankruptcies by large public companies, notably those in 2002 involving WorldCom and Enron, and the audit firm for both companies, Arthur Andersen. Prior to the creation of the PCAOB, the audit profession was self-regulated through its trade group, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). The AICPA's Public Oversight Board was formally dissolved on March 31, 2002, though its members had resigned en masse in January 2002 to protest then-SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt's proposal for a new private auditor oversight body to regulate the profession (a proposal which would evolve into the PCAOB).", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Registered accounting firms that issue audit reports for more than 100 issuers (primarily public companies) are required to be inspected annually. This is usually around 10 firms. Registered firms that issue audit reports for 100 or fewer issuers are generally inspected at least once every three years. Many of these firms are international non-U.S. firms. In addition, the PCAOB annually inspects at least 5 percent of all registered firms that play a substantial role in the audit of an issuer but that do not issue audit reports for issuers themselves. In 2011, the Board adopted an interim inspection program for the audits of broker-dealers, while the Board considers the scope and other elements of a permanent inspection program.", "Financial Accounting Standards Board. The FASB is subject to oversight by the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), which selects the members of the FASB and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board and funds both organizations.[11] The Board of Trustees of the FAF is selected by a nomination process that involves several organizations from investing, accounting, business, financial, and governmental sectors, but are ultimately selected by the existing Board. The selection process was amended as such in 2008 to reduce private sector influence on the Board of Trustees and its oversight of the FASB and GASB.[12][13]", "Auditing Standards Board. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 changed the hierarchy of generally accepted auditing principles and standards. The legislation established that the new Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) now had final authority over auditing regulation and public-auditor professional-practices standards for audits of public companies, also referred to as \"issuers\".[9] Public accountants and firms who audit public companies were required to register with the PCAOB and follow all standards, principles, rules, and interpretations issued by the PCAOB in regard to public company audits and audit reports, as well as attestation and quality control. The PCAOB adopted the ASB's auditing and attest standards as its temporary auditing rules in 2003.[9]", "Sarbanes–Oxley Act. The act contains eleven titles, or sections, ranging from additional corporate board responsibilities to criminal penalties, and requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement rulings on requirements to comply with the law. Harvey Pitt, the 26th chairman of the SEC, led the SEC in the adoption of dozens of rules to implement the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. It created a new, quasi-public agency, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, charged with overseeing, regulating, inspecting, and disciplining accounting firms in their roles as auditors of public companies. The act also covers issues such as auditor independence, corporate governance, internal control assessment, and enhanced financial disclosure. The nonprofit arm of Financial Executives International (FEI), Financial Executives Research Foundation (FERF), completed extensive research studies to help support the foundations of the act.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The SEC named William H. Webster, to be the first PCAOB Chairman. He was a prominent lawyer and former director of both the FBI and CIA. This appointment was controversial, however, for while Webster was widely recognized for his integrity and intellect, two of the SEC's five Commissioners believed that SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt had not properly vetted the candidates or consulted with them on the appointment (and had previously agreed with them to appoint TIAA-CREF Chairman John Biggs as PCAOB Chairman). In one of the most contentious SEC public hearings, these two Commissioners (Harvey Goldschmid and Roel Campos) publicly criticized the process of the appointment (though not Webster himself). Webster nonetheless was approved by the SEC by a 3-2 vote to become the PCAOB's first Chairman. An audio recording of this contentious October 25, 2002 SEC public hearing at which Webster's nomination was approved (and debated) can be heard at here.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The PCAOB's current Chairman is William D. Duhnke III, who was sworn in on January 2, 2018, by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Previously, he served as Staff Director and General Counsel to three Senate Committees.[2] From 2011-2017, James R. Doty served as Chairman, a former SEC General Counsel and a former partner at the law firm of Baker Botts LLP.[3] He was preceded by Mark W. Olson, a former member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The first Chairman in place at the PCAOB was former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, William Joseph McDonough. The SEC first appointed William H. Webster to the position, a prominent lawyer and former Director of both the FBI and CIA. He resigned after several weeks and prior to the Board's first official meeting (as explained below).", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Auditors of public companies are prohibited by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to provide non-audit services, such as consulting, to their audit clients. Congress made certain exceptions for tax services, which are therefore overseen by the PCAOB. This prohibition was made as a result of allegations, in cases such as Enron and WorldCom, that auditors' independence from their clients' managers had been compromised because of the large fees that audit firms were earning from these ancillary services.", "Auditor's report. Following the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was established in order to monitor, regulate, inspect, and discipline audit and public accounting firms of public companies. The PCAOB Auditing Standards No. 2 now requires auditors of public companies to include an additional disclosure in the opinion report regarding the auditee's internal controls, and to opine about the company's and auditor's assessment on the company's internal controls over financial reporting. These new requirements are commonly referred to as the COSO Opinion.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. On June 28, 2010, in a five-justice majority opinion written by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, the Supreme Court found the appointment provisions of the Act to be constitutional, but struck down the for-cause removal provision. The Court did not accept petitioners' argument that the constitutional infirmity made all of the Board's prior activity unconstitutional; rather, it simply severed the for-cause removal clause from the rest of Sarbanes-Oxley, leaving the Board itself intact.[10]", "Audit committee. Audit committees typically approve selection of the external auditor. The external auditor (also called a public accounting firm) reviews the entity's financial statements quarterly and issues an opinion on the accuracy of the entity's annual financial statements. Changing an external auditor typically also requires audit committee approval. Audit committees also help ensure the external auditor is independent, meaning no conflicts of interest exist that might interfere with the auditor's ability to issue its opinion on the financial statements.", "Auditing Standards Board. The Auditing Standards Board consists of 20 members (see table for current Board members),[10] each nominated by the Director of the AICPA Audit and Attest Standards Staff and approved by the AICPA Board of Directors.[11] The Board has a Chairman to direct Board meetings and to establish procedures, sub-committees, and perform other similar tasks in conjunction with the Director. To assure that the different industries and sectors are represented, the AICPA has reserved nominations for different industry segments as part of its operating policies:[11]", "Financial Accounting Standards Board. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a private, non-profit organization standard setting body[1] whose primary purpose is to establish and improve Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public's interest. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) designated the FASB as the organization responsible for setting accounting standards for public companies in the US. The FASB replaced the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) Accounting Principles Board (APB) on July 1, 1973.", "Audit committee. In a U.S. publicly traded company, an audit committee is an operating committee of the board of directors charged with oversight of financial reporting and disclosure. Committee members are drawn from members of the company's board of directors, with a Chairperson selected from among the committee members. A qualifying (cf. paragraph \"Composition\" below) audit committee is required for a U.S. publicly traded company to be listed on a stock exchange. Audit committees are typically empowered to acquire the consulting resources and expertise deemed necessary to perform their responsibilities.", "Auditing Standards Board. In the United States, the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) is the senior technical committee designated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) to issue auditing, attestation, and quality control statements, standards and guidance to certified public accountants (CPAs) for non-public company audits.[1] Created in October 1978, it is composed of 19 members representing various industries and sectors, including public accountants and private, educational, and governmental entities. It issues pronouncements in the form of statements, interpretations, and guidelines, which all CPAs must adhere to when performing audits and attestations.[2]", "Financial Accounting Standards Board. The FASB is based in Norwalk, Connecticut, and is led by seven full-time Board members,[6] one being the chairman, appointed by the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) to serve five-year terms and are eligible for one term reappointment.[7]", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In 2017, auditors began filing information on the names of engagement partners and other audit firms that participate in the audits of U.S. public companies. The PCAOB created a searchable database called AuditorSearch for investors and others to know more about who is leading and participating in audits through these filings, adding more specific data points to the mix of information that can be used when evaluating audit quality.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Free Enterprise Fund and Beckstead and Watts, LLP v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, et al., was argued on Dec. 7, 2009. In addition to the PCAOB, the United States (represented by Solicitor General Elena Kagan) also appeared as a respondent in the case and argued separately, defending the constitutionality of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Thirteen amici, ranging from libertarian think-tanks like the Cato Institute to managers of state public-employee pension funds, filed briefs in the case.[9]", "Accounting Standards Board (Canada). The Board also hires consultants as the need arises." ]

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[ "Dance in India. India has numerous folk dances. Every state has its own folk dance forms like Bedara Vesha, Dollu Kunitha in Karnataka, Thirayattam and Theyyam in Kerala, Garba, Gagari (dance), Ghodakhund & Dandiya in Gujarat, Kalbelia, Ghoomar, Rasiya in Rajasthan, Neyopa, Bacha Nagma in Jammu and Kashmir, Bhangra & Giddha in Punjab, Perini Dance in Telangana, Chholiya dance in Uttarakhand, Bihu and Bagurumba dance in Assam, Sambalpuri Dance in Western Odisha and likewise for each state and smaller regions in it.[105] Lavani, Koli dance is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. Thirayattam is a Ritual Performing Ethnic Art of Kerala state, This vibrant art form performed in courtyards of sacred groves and village shrines, during Thirayattam Festival. This art form combination of dance, music,drama,instrumental music, Facial and body makeup, martial art and ritualistic functions, composed in a harmonizing manner.[106]", "List of Indian folk dances. Tera Tali is another famous folk dance of Rajasthan. Performed by the ‘Kamar‘ tribe. The women folk sit on the ground while performing the Tera Tali. Men? Well they just sing. An interesting part of the Tera Tali dance is tying of metal cymbals (Manjiras) to different parts of the body, mostly on the legs. On many occasions the women clasp a sword in between their teeth and balance a decorative pot on their head.", "List of Indian folk dances. Chhau dance originated and performed in the Mayurbhanj District, Purulia District and Saraikela district and Nilagiri region of Odisha, West Bengal and Jharkhand respectively. It has its base in the martial arts tradition. The dance is a stylised mock battle in which two groups of dancers armed with swords and shields, alternatively attack and defend themselves with vigorous movements and elegant stances. Especially notable is the accompanying music, noted for its rhythmic complexities and vigorous percussion. The instruments include 'Mahuri' - a double reeded instrument, 'Dhola' - a barrel shaped two-sided drum, 'Dhumsa' - a hemispherical drum and 'Chadchadi' - a short cylindrical drum.", "Maharashtra. Marathi dance forms draw from folk traditions. Lavani is popular form of dance in the state. The Bhajan, Kirtan and Abhangas of the Varkari sect (Vaishanav Devotees) have a long history and are part of their daily rituals.[225][226] Koli dance (as called 'Koligeete') is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. As the name suggests, it is related to the fisher folk of Maharashtra, who are called Kolis. Popular for their unique identity and liveliness, their dances represent their occupation. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided into groups of two. These fishermen display the movements of waves and casting of the nets during their koli dance performances.,[227][228]", "Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh. The Keekali dance form is a dance of young girls. The girls hold each other's hand crosswise and rotate swiftly on their toes.\nThe Bhangra is a male dance which was originated in the Punjab and is also performed in some areas of Una.\nThe tribal dance forms of the trans Himalayan region differs a lot in content and music. The old tradition of both song and dance in these regions has been enthusiastically guarded against urban influence. Kinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti and Tehsils of Pangi and Bharmour of Chamba constitute this zone. The inhabitants in these regions are known as Kinnauras, Lahaulas, Spitians, Pangwals and Gaddis. Gujjars and many of these tribes have their own distinct traditions of folk dances, songs, dresses and ornaments.", "East India. Chhau dance (or Chau dance) is a form of tribal martial dance originating in Mayurbhanj, the princely state of Odisha. It is also seen in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. There are three regional variations of the dance. Seraikella Chau was developed in Seraikella, the administrative head of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand; Purulia Chau in Purulia district of West Bengal; and Mayurbhanj Chau in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.", "Chhau dance. The Seraikella Chhau developed in Seraikela, the present day administrative headquarters of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, the Purulia Chhau in Purulia district of West Bengal and the Mayurbhanj Chhau[10] in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The most prominent difference among the three subgenres is regarding the use of masks. While, the Seraikela and Purulia subgenres of Chhau use masks during the dance, the Mayurbhanj Chhau uses none.[7][11]", "Uttarakhand. The dances of the region are connected to life and human existence and exhibit myriad human emotions. Langvir Nritya is a dance form for males that resembles gymnastic movements. Barada Nati folk dance is another dance of Jaunsar-Bawar, which is practised during some religious festivals. Other well-known dances include Hurka Baul, Jhora-Chanchri, Jhumaila, Chauphula, and Chholiya.[47] Music is an integral part of the Uttarakhandi culture. Popular types of folk songs include Mangal, Basanti, Khuder and Chhopati.[48] These folk songs are played on instruments including dhol, damau, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora, mandan and mashakbaja. \"Bedu Pako\" is a popular folk song of Uttarakhand with international fame and legendary status within the state. It serves as the unofficial state anthem of Uttarakhand.[49] Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. Jagar is a form of spirit worship in which the singer, or Jagariya, sings a ballad of the gods, with allusions to great epics, like Mahabharat and Ramayana, that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked. Narendra Singh Negi and Meena Rana are popular folk singers of the region.[50]", "Chhau dance. Chhau dance, also spelled as Chau or Chhau, is a semi classical Indian dance with martial, tribal and folk traditions,[1] with origins in the eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha. It is found in three styles named after the location where they are performed, i.e. the Purulia Chau of Bengal, the Seraikella Chau of Jharkhand, and the Mayurbhanj Chau of Odisha.", "Indian folk music. Kolata/Kolattam is a traditional folk dance of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.[2] Similar to its North Indian counterpart Dandiya Ras, it is performed with coloured sticks and usually involves both men and women dancing together.", "List of Indian folk dances. Though Dusserah is the occasion of the Sambalpuri folk dance Dalkhai, it is often performed at other festivals such as Bhaijiuntia, Phagun Puni, and Nuakhai. It is mostly danced by young women of Binjhal, Kuda, Mirdha, Sama and some other tribes of Sambalpur, Balangir, Sundargarh, Bargarh, Nuapada and Kalahandi districts. During this dance men join them as drummers and musicians. The dance is accompanied by a rich orchestra of folk music played by a number of instruments known as Dhol, Nisan, Tamki, Tasa and Mahuri. The dhol player controls the tempo while dancing in front of the girls.", "Indian folk music. Lavani is a popular folk form of Maharashtra. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artists, but male artists may occasionally sing Lavanis. The dance format associated with Lavani is known as Tamasha.This dance format contains the dancer (Tamasha Bai), the helping dancer - Maavshi, The Drummer - Dholki vaala & The Flute Boy - Baasuri Vaala.", "Mathura. Raaslilas of Mathura have become an integral part of Indian Folklore. Krshnaji had danced the Raas with gopis on banks of Yamuna river. Charkula is a traditional folk dance of the Braj. In this dance, a woman balances a column of deepikas on her head and dances to the accompaniment of Rasiya songs by the menfolk.", "List of Indian folk dances. Puli Attam is a Folk Dance of early Tamil country. This Dance forms \"a play of the Tigers\". Normally the performers make movements of the majestic tigers.Their bodies are painted by local artists in vibrant yellow and black to resemble replica of a tiger. The music instruments used are Tharai, Thappu or Thappattai. Performed during temple festivals on the village streets.", "Chhattisgarh. Panthi, the folk dance of the Satnami community, has religious overtones. Panthi is performed on Maghi Purnima, tbla[clarification needed]", "Culture of India. In addition to the formal arts of dance, Indian regions have a strong free form, folksy dance tradition. Some of the folk dances include the bhangra of Punjab; the bihu of Assam; the zeliang of Nagaland; the chhau of Jharkhand and Bengal; the Ghumura Dance, Gotipua, Mahari dance and Dalkhai of Odisha; the qauwwalis, birhas and charkulas of Uttar Pradesh; the jat-jatin, nat-natin and saturi of Bihar; the ghoomar of Rajasthan and Haryana; the dandiya and garba of Gujarat; the kolattam of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana; the yakshagana of Karnataka; lavani of Maharashtra; Dekhnni of Goa. Recent developments include adoption of international dance forms particularly in the urban centres of India, and the extension of Indian classical dance arts by the Kerala Christian community, to tell stories from the Bible.[120]", "List of Indian folk dances. Normally conducted during village festivals, during the months of Panguni and Aadi. This is performed where three or four streets meet. Here, make-up and costumes are considered of prime importance. Only men take part; the female roles also played by them. The performance consists of story-telling, dialogue-rendering, songs and dance, all performed by the artistes. The stories are taken from Puranas, epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata, and also local folklore. The play starts in the late evening and gets over only during the small hours of the nights. Theru Koothu is popular in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu. The Koothu can be categorised as Nattu Koothu, including Vali Koothu, Kuravai Koothu etc. Samaya Koothu dealing with religious topics, Pei Koothu including Thunangai Koothu and Porkala Koothu dealing with martial events.[17]", "List of Indian folk dances. Dance forms of Haryana include:[10][11]", "Dance in India. A folk Indian dance is one which is largely an oral tradition,[14] whose traditions have been historically learnt and mostly passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth and casual joint practice.[11] A semi-classical Indian dance is one that contains a classical imprint but has become a folk dance and lost its texts or schools. A tribal dance is a more local form of folk dance, typically found in one tribal population; typically tribal dances evolve into folk dances over a historic period.[15][16]", "Holi. In Sirsi, Karnataka, Holi is celebrated with a unique folk dance called \"Bedara Vesha\", which is performed during the nights beginning five days before the actual festival day. The festival is celebrated every alternate year in the town, which attracts a large number of tourists from different parts of the India.[66]", "List of Indian folk dances. Ghodi and Kachchhi Ghodi is an Indian folk dance that originates from the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan. Dancers wear novelty horse costumes and participate in mock fights while a singer narrates folk tales about local bandits. It is commonly performed during wedding ceremonies to welcome and entertain the bridegroom's party, and during other social settings.", "Turkey. Turkey has a diverse folkloric dance culture. Hora is performed in East Thrace; Zeybek in the Aegean Region, Southern Marmara and East-Central Anatolia Region; Teke in the Western Mediterranean Region; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama in West-Central Anatolia, Western Black Sea Region, Southern Marmara Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region; Horon in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region; Halay in Eastern Anatolia and the Central Anatolia Region; and Bar and Lezginka in the Northeastern Anatolia Region.[435]", "Dance in India. Banjaara, Fire dance, Tera tali, Kachhi Ghori, Geedar[109]", "North India. Dance of North India too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, and rouf and bhand pather of Kashmir. Main dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama such as kathak of Uttar Pradesh.", "Indian classical dance. The text Natya Shastra describes religious arts as a form as margi, or a \"spiritual traditional path\" that liberates the soul, while the folk entertainment is called desi, or a \"regional popular practice\".[24][25][26]", "Bande Utkala Janani. This song was first sung at the Utkal Sammilani's Conference at Balasore in 1912, This song was used as a powerful weapon by the Utkal Sammilani to emancipate Odisha. In a meeting at Bhadrak, where the poet Kantakabi was felicitated, the then young leader of Odisha Harekrushna Mahtab admitted that the poet Laxmikanta's patriotic songs have inspired him a lot. In the past, Marathas, Mughals and Britishers ruled Odisha and its geographical boundaries changed from time to time accordingly. But one will find in this song Bande Utkal Janani that Odisha's natural beauty, God's bounty and boundaries remained unchanged. Odisha's high tradition of arts and crafts in the temples, culture or literature and the peaceful social living, all these things exist in this beautiful song which yet inspires and attracts everybody.", "India. Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.[305] Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known folk dances are the bhangra of Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the Jhumair and chhau of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal, garba and dandiya of Gujarat, ghoomar of Rajasthan, and the lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Odisha, and the sattriya of Assam.[306] Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.[307] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[308] India has a theatre training institute N.S.D that is situated at New Delhi It is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.[309]", "List of Indian folk dances. Ghoomar is a traditional women's folk dance of Rajasthan. It is performed by groups of women in swirling robes accompanied by men and women singing together. This folk dance gets its name from ‘ghoomna’, the pirouetting which displays the spectacular colours of the flowing ‘ghaghara’, the long skirt of the Rajasthani women. There is an amazing grace as the skirt flair slowly while the women twirl in circles, their faces covered with the help of the veil. They dance in measured steps and graceful inclinations of body, beating palms or snapping fingers at particular cadences, while singing some lilting songs.", "East India. The western Odisha has also great variety of dance forms unique to Odisha culture. The children's verses are known as \"Chhiollai\", \"Humobauli\" and \"Dauligit\". The adolescent poems are \"Sajani\", \"Chhata\", \"Daika\", \"Bhekani\". The eternal youth composes \"Rasarkeli\", \"Jaiphul\", \"Maila Jada\", \"Bayamana\", \"Gunchikuta\" and \"Dalkhai\". The work-man's poetry comprises \"Karma\" and \"Jhumer\", both pertaining to Lord Vishwakarma and the \"Karamashani\" goddess. The professional entertainers perform Dand, Danggada, Mudgada, Ghumra, Sadhana, Sabar – Sabaren, Disdigo, Nachina – Bajnia, Samparda and Sanchar. They are performed on a variety of occasions and their rhymes and rhythms change accordingly.", "Tamil Nadu. Tamils have a large number of folk dances. These are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, weddings and festivals. Tamil dance is closely intertwined with the Tamil theatrical tradition.", "List of Indian folk dances. This is a folk dance from Brij region of Uttar Pradesh. This is done by veiled women. They balance large multi-tiered circular wooden pyramids on their heads, alight with 108 oil lamps, dance to the strains of 'rasia' - songs of Lord Krishna. This dance is performed during various festivities in India.", "Odisha. The variety of dances includes Ghumura Dance, Chhau dance, Mahari dance, and Gotipua." ]

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[ "History of television. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10, 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London.[131] Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs.", "3D television. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London.[4] Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935, and stereoscopic 3D still cameras for personal use had already become fairly common by the Second World War. Many 3D movies were produced for theatrical release in the US during the 1950s just when television started to become popular. The first such movie was Bwana Devil from United Artists that could be seen all across the US in 1952. One year later, in 1953, came the 3D movie House of Wax which also featured stereophonic sound. Alfred Hitchcock produced his film Dial M for Murder in 3D, but for the purpose of maximizing profits the movie was released in 2D because not all cinemas were able to display 3D films. In 1946 the Soviet Union also developed 3D films, with Robinzon Kruzo being its first full-length 3D movie.[5] People were excited to view the 3D movies, but were put off by their poor quality. Because of this, their popularity declined quickly. There was another attempt in the 1970s and 80s to make 3D movies more mainstream with the releases of Friday the 13th Part III (1982) and Jaws 3-D (1983).[6] 3D showings became more popular throughout the 2000s, culminating in the success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009 and January 2010.[7]", "Television. 3D television conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic without the need of glasses. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London.[136] Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electromechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs. Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads with the public. Many 3D television channels which started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s.According to DisplaySearch 3D televisions shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010.[137] As of late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline.[138][139][140][141][142]", "3D television. The stereoscope was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838.[2][3] It showed that when two pictures are viewed stereoscopically, they are combined by the brain to produce 3D depth perception. The stereoscope was improved by Louis Jules Duboscq, and a famous picture of Queen Victoria was displayed at The Great Exhibition in 1851. In 1855 the Kinematoscope was invented. In the late 1890s, the British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3D movie process. On 10 June 1915, former Edison Studios chief director Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell presented tests in red-green anaglyph to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City and in 1922 the first public 3D movie The Power of Love was displayed.", "3D television. The first-ever 3D broadcast in the UK was an episode of the weekly science magazine The Real World, made by Television South and screened in the UK in February 1982. The program included excerpts of test footage shot by Philips in the Netherlands. Red/green 3D glasses were given away free with copies of the TV Times listings magazine, but the 3D sections of the programme were shown in monochrome. The experiment was repeated nationally in December 1982, with red/blue glasses allowing colour 3D to be shown for the first time. The programme was repeated the following weekend followed by a rare screening of the Western Fort Ti starring George Montgomery and Joan Vohs.", "3D television. 3D television episodes were a brief fad on U.S. television during the May 1997 sweeps. The sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun showed a two-part episode, \"Nightmare On Dick Street\", where several of the characters' dreams are shown in 3D. The episode cued its viewers to put on their 3D glasses (which used the Pulfrich effect) by including \"3D on\" and \"3D off\" icons in the corner of the screen as a way to alert them as to when the 3D sequences would start and finish. Customers were given free glasses courtesy of a joint venture between Little Caesars pizza and Barq's Root Beer. Also in May 1997, ABC had a special line-up of shows that showcased specific scenes in 3D. The shows included Home Improvement, Spin City, The Drew Carey Show, Ellen, Family Matters, Step by Step, Sabrina, The Teenage Witch, and America's Funniest Home Videos. Similar to 3rd Rock, an icon alerted viewers when to put on the 3D glasses. Customers were given free anaglyph glasses at Wendy's for the promotion. Nickelodeon had a special lineup of shows in 1997 that also showcased specific scenes in 3D promoted as Nogglevision; ChromaDepth was the technology of choice for Nickelodeon's 3D .", "3D television. In Brazil Rede TV! became the first Terrestrial television to transmit 3D signal freely for all 3D enabled audience on 21 May.[47][48][49][50]", "3D television. On 1 January 2010, the world's first 3D channel, SKY 3D, started broadcasting nationwide in South Korea by Korea Digital Satellite Broadcasting. The channel's slogan is \"World No.1 3D Channel\". This 24/7 channel uses the Side by Side technology at a resolution of 1920x1080i. 3D contents include education, animation, sport, documentary and performances.[52]", "3D television. The first Japanese television series in 3D, Tokyo Control, premiered on 19 January 2011.[78]", "3D television. 3D television (3DTV) is television that conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic without the need of glasses. 3D TV are to be discontinued in 2017 due to low consumer demand. LG and Sony were the last manufacturers to build the product.[1] However, only limited 4K TVs with 3D capability still exist.", "3D television. Philips was developing a 3D television set that would be available for the consumer market by about 2011 without the need for special glasses (autostereoscopy).[23] However it was canceled because of the slow adoption of customers going from 2D to 3D. (Citation needed)", "3D television. In November 1993, the BBC announced a one-off week of 3D programming filmed using the pioneering Pulfrich 3D technique. 3D glasses were sold in shops around the UK, a percentage of the sales going to the Children In Need charity. The week's programming concluded with a screening of the 3D Doctor Who special Dimensions In Time as well as specially shot segments of Noel's House Party and the annual Children In Need charity appeal.", "3D television. On 1 January 2012, China's first 3D Test Channel launched on China Central Television and 5 other networks.[62]", "History of television. Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public. Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s.[citation needed]", "Samsung Electronics. Samsung launched its first full HD 3D LED television in March 2010.[102] Samsung had showcased the product at the 2010 International Consumer Electronics Show (CES 2010) held in Las Vegas.[103]", "3D television. In early 2010, Discovery Communications, Imax, and Sony announced plans to launch a 3D TV channel in the US with a planned launch in early 2011. At the same time, a Russian company Platform HD and its partners – General Satellite and Samsung Electronics – announced about their 3D television project, which would be the first similar project in Russia.", "3D television. On 28 September 2010, Virgin Media launched a 3D TV on Demand service.[57]", "Channel 4. In November 2009, Channel 4 launched a week of 3D television, broadcasting selected programmes each night using stereoscopic ColorCode 3D technology. The accompanying 3D glasses were distributed through Sainsbury's supermarkets.[10]", "3D television. Though 3D movies were generally well received by the public, 3D television did not become popular until after the CES 2010 trade show, when major manufacturers began selling a full lineup of 3D televisions.[8] According to DisplaySearch, 3D television shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012, compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010.[9] In late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline,[10][11][12][13][14] and as of 2016, development of 3D TV is limited to a few premium models.[15]", "3D film. Also in December 1922, Laurens Hammond (later inventor of the Hammond organ) premiered his Teleview system, which had been shown to the trade and press in October. Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye prints and two interlocked projectors, left and right frames were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to the armrests of the theater seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean and clear stereoscopic result. The only theater known to have installed Teleview was the Selwyn Theater in New York City, and only one show was ever presented with it: a group of short films, an exhibition of live 3D shadows, and M.A.R.S., the only Teleview feature. The show ran for several weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty (M.A.R.S. itself got poor reviews), but Teleview was never seen again.[10]", "Samsung Electronics. Samsung sold more than one million 3D televisions within six months of its launch. This is the figure close to what many market researchers forecast for the year's worldwide 3D television sales (1.23 million units).[104] It also debuted the 3D Home Theater (HT-C6950W) that allows the user to enjoy 3D image and surround sound at the same time. With the launch of 3D Home Theater, Samsung became the first company in the industry to have the full line of 3D offerings, including 3D television, 3D Blu-ray player, 3D content, and 3D glasses.[105]", "3D film. The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an out-of-house audience was The Power of Love, which premiered at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles on 27 September 1922.[6][7][8] The camera rig was a product of the film's producer, Harry K. Fairall, and cinematographer Robert F. Elder.[2] It was projected dual-strip in the red/green anaglyph format, making it both the earliest known film that utilized dual strip projection and the earliest known film in which anaglyph glasses were used.[9] Whether Fairall used colored filters on the projection ports or whether he used tinted prints is unknown. After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered lost.", "OLED. Sony exhibited a 24.5\" (62 cm) prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2010.[140]", "3D television. In May 2011, 3net released the first docu-reality TV series entitled Bullproof filmed in native 3D made by Digital Revolution Studios.", "Bell TV. 3D television (3DTV) is available across Canada with Bell TV. The 2010 Masters Tournament on Bell TV was the first national 3D broadcast, making Bell TV the first Canadian satellite television service to broadcast in 3D. Content will be available free of charge to Bell HDTV subscribers, although a 3D HDTV and 3D glasses are required to view 3D programming.[9]", "3D film. The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the late 1890s when British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3D film process. In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images. Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical.[2] Frederic Eugene Ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. The camera had two lenses coupled together 1¾ inches (4.45 centimeters) apart.[3]", "Movie theater. The earliest 3-D movies were presented in the 1920s. There have been several prior \"waves\" of 3D movie distribution, most notably in the 1950s when they were promoted as a way to offer audiences something that they could not see at home on television. Still the process faded quickly and as yet has never been more than a periodic novelty in movie presentation. The \"golden era\" of 3D film began in the early 1950s with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, Bwana Devil.[17] The film starred Robert Stack, Barbara Britton and Nigel Bruce. James Mage was an early pioneer in the 3D craze. Using his 16 mm 3D Bolex system, he premiered his Triorama program in February 1953 with his four shorts: Sunday In Stereo, Indian Summer, American Life, and This is Bolex Stereo.[18] 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3D: Columbia's Man in the Dark and Warner Bros. House of Wax, the first 3D feature with stereophonic sound. For many years, most 3-D movies were shown in amusement parks and even \"4-D\" techniques have been used when certain effects such as spraying of water, movement of seats, and other effects are used to simulate actions seen on the screen. The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September 1953.", "3D television. In February 2012 Telecable de Tricom, a major Dominican cable TV provider, announced the launch of the first 3D TV programming package in Latin America. As of 3 July 2012, the only 3D channels available are 3flow and HIGH TV 3D.[64]", "3D film. The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest in stereoscopic pictures. In Paris, Louis Lumiere shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following March he exhibited a remake of his 1895 short film L'Arrivée du Train, this time in anaglyphic 3D, at a meeting of the French Academy of Science.[13]", "3D film. Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley, inventor of the Prizma color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Kelley then struck a deal with Samuel \"Roxy\" Rothafel to premiere the first in his series of \"Plasticon\" shorts entitled Movies of the Future at the Rivoli Theater in New York City .", "3D film. On October 1, 2010 Scar3D was the first-ever stereoscopic 3D Video-on-demand film released through major cable broadcasters for 3D televisions in the United States. Released in the United States on May 21, 2010, Shrek Forever After by DreamWorks Animation (Paramount Pictures) used the Real D 3D system, also released in IMAX 3D.", "3D television. In February 2012 Telecable de Tricom, a major Dominican cable TV provider, announced the launch of the first 3D TV programming package in Latin America. As of 10 August 2012 the only 3D channels available are Wildearth, 3 Flow 3D, and High TV 3D.[82]" ]

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[ "Sports in California. California currently has 19 major professional sports franchises, far more than any other US state. The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread amongst three cities: San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose. The Greater Los Angeles Area has twelve major league teams. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team.", "California. California has twenty major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium. A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7, 2016.[159]", "List of professional sports teams in California. Many professional sports teams are based in California. There are multiple teams playing baseball, American football, soccer, basketball, hockey, ice hockey and ultimate frisbee.", "Sports in Los Angeles. The Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to several professional and collegiate sports teams. The Greater Los Angeles Area has ten major league professional teams: the Anaheim Ducks, the Los Angeles Angels, the Los Angeles Chargers, the Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles FC, LA Galaxy, the Los Angeles Kings, the Los Angeles Lakers, and the Los Angeles Rams. USC Trojans football, UCLA Bruins men's basketball, USC Trojans baseball, USC Trojans track & field, and Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball are all historically premier organizations in college sports. Other major sports teams include UCLA Bruins Football, Los Angeles Sparks, Pepperdine Waves baseball, and formerly the Los Angeles Raiders and Los Angeles Aztecs. Between them, these Los Angeles area sports teams have won a combined 105 Championship Titles. Los Angeles area colleges have produced upwards of 200 National Championship Teams, primarily from USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins of the Pac-12 Conference. The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles. In 2028 the city will host the Olympics for a third time.", "Southern California. Professional sports teams in southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Chargers), NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres), NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks), and MLS (LA Galaxy, Los Angeles FC).", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports. New York and Los Angeles are the only two metropolitan areas with two teams in all four major sports (New York has MLB's Yankees and Mets, the NBA's Knicks and Nets, the NFL's Giants and Jets, and the NHL's Rangers, Islanders, and Devils. While Los Angeles has MLB's Dodgers and Angels, the NBA's Lakers and Clippers, the NFL's Rams and the Chargers, the NHL's Kings and the Ducks. The San Francisco Bay Area has two teams in two sports, the NFL's 49ers and Raiders and MLB's San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics.", "California. Below is a list of major league sports teams in California:", "Sports in California. Home to some of most prominent universities in the United States, California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs, in particular the University of Southern California, University of California, Berkeley, UCLA, Stanford University, all of which are members of the Pac-12 Conference. They are often nationally ranked in the various sports and dominate media coverage of college sports in the state. In addition, those Universities boast the highest academic standards (on average) of all major college (NCAA Division I) programs. All 4 schools are ranked, academically, in the top 30 nationally with Cal (specifically) ranked as the #1 public university in the country (usually about #15 overall) and Stanford is the highest academically ranked Division 1A university in the country (usually #5 overall).", "Sports in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is home to major league sports teams from all five major leagues — MLB, MLS, the NBA, the NFL, and the NHL — as well as one team in the Women's National Basketball Association, a top level women's league. The following are the major professional teams in the Los Angeles area.", "List of professional sports teams in California. 1 World Championships won while playing in California", "List of professional sports teams in California. 1 World Championships won while playing in California", "Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area. The San Francisco Bay Area, which includes the major cities of San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, hosts seven major league sports franchises, as well as several other professional and college sports teams, and hosts other sports events.", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports. The only areas with at least two franchises in all four sports are New York and Los Angeles, which are the largest and second largest largest cities and the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. In New York, three of the metro area's nine major sports franchises play outside the city limits and by extension, outside the state of New York: the NFL's Jets and Giants, and the NHL's Devils all play in New Jersey. However, all teams retain \"New York\" in their name except the New Jersey Devils and Brooklyn Nets. In Los Angeles, three of the areas eight teams play in other cities (the Ducks and Angels play in Anaheim, while the Chargers play in Carson) but will increase to four in 2020 when the Chargers and Rams move to Inglewood upon completion of their new stadium.", "University of California, Irvine. UC Irvine's sports teams are known as the Anteaters and the student body is known as Antourage. They participate in the NCAA's Division I, as members of the Big West Conference[100] and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.[101] UC Irvine fields nationally competitive teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, track and field, volleyball, and water polo. The university has won 28 national championships in nine different sports, and also has had 64 individual national champions, 53 Olympians, and over 500 All-Americans.", "Los Angeles. The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top level professional sports teams. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Galaxy & Los Angeles FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).", "Oakland, California. Oakland currently has professional teams in three sports: baseball, basketball, and football. The Oakland Athletics MLB club won three consecutive World Series championships in 1972, 1973, and 1974, and appeared in another three consecutive World Series from 1988 to 1990, winning their fourth championship in 1989. The Golden State Warriors won the 1974–75, 2014–15, and 2016–17 NBA championships, while losing in 2016. The Oakland Raiders of the NFL won Super Bowl XI in 1977, Super Bowl XV in 1981, and Super Bowl XVIII in 1984, while they were in Los Angeles. They also appeared in Super Bowl II in 1968 and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003. The Raiders left Oakland for Los Angeles in 1982, where they won a third Super Bowl championship and returned to Oakland in 1995. The Warriors announced in April 2014 that they will leave Oakland once their new arena is built across the Bay in San Francisco, while the Raiders are in the process of relocating to Las Vegas. On March 27, 2017, it was confirmed the Raiders would be moving to Las Vegas. Later in 2017, the Athletics announced plans to build a new ballpark in the Peralta district near Laney College.", "San Diego County, California. The most popular sports team in the San Diego metropolitan area is a major professional sports teams — the MLB's Padres — and the college sports teams of the San Diego State Aztecs. The following table shows all sports teams in the San Diego metropolitan area that average over 8,000 fans per game:", "Sports in California. Many of California's high school teams are often nationally ranked.[citation needed]", "Fresno, California. Fresno has no teams in any of the five major sports leagues: (NFL) football, (MLB) baseball, (NBA) basketball, (NHL) hockey or (MLS) soccer. Below are Fresno-based sports organizations.", "Sports in California. Most of the teams from Northern California and Southern California are involved in intrastate rivalries. There are particularly strong rivalries between the Bay Area and Los Angeles teams.", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports. There are 13 U.S. cities with teams from four major sports, where \"city\" is defined as the entire metropolitan area, and \"major professional sports leagues\" as:", "University of California, Los Angeles. UCLA is one of only five universities (Michigan, Stanford, Ohio State, and UC Berkeley being the others) to have won national championships in all three major men's sports (baseball, basketball, and football).[154]", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports. The sport that most commonly has two teams in one metropolitan area is baseball, with multiple teams in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Boston, St. Louis and Philadelphia also had two baseball franchises (New York had three during this time), but one team from each city moved in the 1950s. Only Chicago has had the same two baseball teams since the American League was established in 1901. In 2006, Philadelphia was the largest television market without two baseball teams, with Dallas being the next-largest.[1]", "Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. Major leagues tend to place franchises only in the largest, most populated metropolitan areas. Most major league teams are in metro areas having populations over two million. All but seven continental U.S. metropolitan areas over one million people host at least one major sports franchise. All five U.S.-based major leagues each currently have at least two teams in both the New York/North Jersey area and the Los Angeles/Anaheim market. MLB, which historically (as a result of its history as two rival leagues) had a team in each component league in Boston, Philadelphia and St. Louis up until the mid-20th century, still has AL and NL teams in Chicago and the San Francisco Bay Area; the NFL, at least until 2018, also has two teams in the Bay Area.", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports. The most recent city to be added to this list is Los Angeles, which regained the football Rams in 2016 after they had played the prior 21 seasons in St. Louis. (In 2017, the Chargers also moved to the city from San Diego, becoming the Los Angeles Chargers.)", "University of California, San Diego. The university also offers 29 sports club teams, including rugby, badminton, baseball, cycling, dancesport, ice hockey, sailing, soccer, snow skiing, tennis, volleyball, ultimate, water polo, and waterskiing.[187] The UC San Diego surf team has won the national championship six times and is consistently rated one of the best surfing programs in the United States.[188]", "Bakersfield, California. Bakersfield is not represented in any of the four major sports leagues: NFL, MLB, NBA, or NHL. The closest major sports teams are in Los Angeles and they have many fans in Bakersfield. The city is home to two minor league professional sports teams: the Bakersfield Condors (American Hockey League) and the Bakersfield Train Robbers baseball club (Pecos League). It was previously home to the California League's Bakersfield Blaze baseball team which ceased operations after the 2016 season. A third minor league team, the Bakersfield Jam of the D-League (basketball), was relocated to Prescott Valley, Arizona, in 2016.", "Sports in California. Most city municipals house a variety of sports activities. The available sports are typically listed on their city websites. Additionally, there are a variety of California Sports activities listed on FindSportsNow's California database.", "List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises. These four leagues are also commonly referred to as the Big Four. Each of these is the richest professional club competition in its sport worldwide. The best players can become cultural icons in both countries and elsewhere in the world, because the leagues enjoy a significant place in popular culture in the U.S. and Canada. The NFL has 32 teams, and the others have 30 each, although the NHL will expand in its 2017–18 season with the Vegas Golden Knights in Las Vegas, Nevada, a market the Big Four had historically avoided because of the city's notorious reputation of being a hub for illegal gambling. The vast majority of major league teams are concentrated in the most populous metropolitan areas of the United States.", "List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises. The major professional sports leagues, or simply major leagues, in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in the two countries. Although individual sports such as golf, tennis, and auto racing are also very popular, the term is usually limited to team sports.", "California State University, Sacramento. The university offers 21 intercollegiate sports. In hopes of expanding its athletics department even further, the university added its 21st sport, Women's Sand Volleyball in the Spring of 2013.[94] Sacramento State sports teams participate in NCAA Division I (FCS for College Football). Sacramento State's colors are green and gold and its mascot is the Hornet. Conference breakdowns are as follows:", "San Francisco Giants. The Giants are the only major professional sports team based in the City and County of San Francisco, following the San Francisco 49ers' relocation to Santa Clara, California in 2014. They will be joined by the Golden State Warriors once they move to the Chase Center in 2019." ]

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[ "Evelyn Waugh. In 1952 Waugh published Men at Arms, the first of his semi-autobiographical war trilogy in which he depicted many of his personal experiences and encounters from the early stages of the war.[138] Other books published during this period included When The Going Was Good (1946),[133] an anthology of his pre-war travel writing, The Holy Places (published by the Ian Fleming-managed Queen Anne Press, 1952) and Love Among the Ruins (1953), a dystopian tale in which Waugh displays his contempt for the modern world.[139] Nearing 50, Waugh was old for his years, \"selectively deaf, rheumatic, irascible\" and increasingly dependent on alcohol and on drugs to relieve his insomnia and depression.[24] Two more children, James (born 1946) and Septimus (born 1950), completed his family.[140]", "Dottie Rambo. Rambo reportedly composed upwards of 2,500 songs.[10] ASCAP and BMI show only several hundred registered titles attributed to Rambo in its online database.[11] Rambo's best-known songs include \"We Shall Behold Him\", \"Holy Spirit Thou Art Welcome (In This Place)\", \"I Go to the Rock\", \"Sheltered in the Arms of God\", \"I Will Glory in the Cross\", \"He Looked Beyond My Fault\", \"Tears Will Never Stain the Streets of That City\", \"For What Earthly Reason\", \"If That Isn't Love\", and \"Too Much to Gain to Lose\". She also wrote country music songs recorded by Jimmie Davis, Charlie Louvin, Rhonda Vincent, and Hank Snow, among others.", "Ray E. Heady. Ray E. Heady (February 17, 1916 – May 7, 2002) was an American clergyman.\nHeady devoted his adult life to the ministry of pastoring several churches in the North Texas area except for two years while pastoring in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He was the founding pastor of White Settlement Assembly of God and ministered at Broadview Assembly of God in Fort Worth, Texas for 28 years until he retired. Heady wrote the lyrics for over 100 gospel songs through the years. His songs have been recorded by such artists as The Blackwood Brothers, The Oak Ridge Boys, Red Foley and Gov. Jimmie Davis. These songs included \"In the Shelter of His Arms,\"\"At an Altar of Prayer,\"\"A Very Special Grace\" and many others.", "Dottie Rambo. In November 2007, Rambo completed another studio album with the working title of Sheltered. This album was released posthumously in September 2009 on Daywind Records. The project features 12 tracks, including duets with Porter Wagoner, Mel Tillis, The Whites and Lulu Roman. Upon completing this project, Rambo started another project that was to feature new compositions and music for a 2009 release.", "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone. \"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone\" is a song co-written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, performed by the English band Smokie.[2]", "Your Arms Too Short to Box with God. The phrase first appeared in James Weldon Johnson's poem \"The Prodigal Son,\" which was published in his 1927 book of poems God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse.[2] The passage — which refers to an arm singular rather than arms plural — reads:", "John Calvin. Calvin sheltered Marian exiles (those who fled the reign of Catholic Mary Tudor in England) in Geneva starting in 1555. Under the city's protection, they were able to form their own reformed church under John Knox and William Whittingham and eventually carried Calvin's ideas on doctrine and polity back to England and Scotland.[77]", "Bud Collyer. Collyer taught a Sunday school class at his Presbyterian church in Connecticut for more than thirty-five years and spent some of his off time as a caretaker at his church. According to one story, a parishioner called the church one Sunday during a particularly heavy snowstorm to inquire if the church would have services that day. \"Oh yes,\" Collyer replied, tongue in cheek, \"God and I are here.\" Collyer was known to have contributed to various Christian religious works, including authoring at least one religious book and making a recording of the New Testament of the Good News Bible. He wrote two inspirational books, Thou Shalt Not Fear (1962) and With the Whole Heart (1966).", "William Penn. A man of extreme religious convictions, Penn wrote numerous works in which he exhorted believers to adhere to the spirit of Primitive Christianity.[3] He was imprisoned several times in the Tower of London due to his faith, and his book No Cross, No Crown (1669), which he wrote while in prison, has become a Christian classic.[4]", "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms. Showalter said that he received letters from two of his former pupils saying that their wives had died. When writing letters of consolation, Showalter was inspired by the phrase in the Book of Deuteronomy 33:27 \"The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms\".[1]", "Kathy Troccoli. In addition to her musical activities, Kathy wrote several Christian books in collaboration with Dee Brestin, and also wrote some of her own as well. These books included Hope for a Woman's Heart, Falling in Love With Jesus (with Brestin), Living in Love with Jesus (with Brestin), Forever in Love with Jesus (with Brestin), Am I Not Still God?, My Life Is in Your Hands, and Seven Celebrations for the Soul. She likewise became a frequent popular speaker, and musician, for Christian organizations and at well-known Christian events such as \"Women of Faith\", \"Spaghetti for the Soul\" with Ellie Lofaro, \"Heritage Keepers\", and \"Time Out for Women Only\", as well as several cruises that are known to take place annually in February. Kathy performed at the 1999 Fiesta Bowl National Championship as well as the 1999 National Day of Prayer. Also, Kathy assisted Chuck Colson and Prison Fellowship in numerous outreaches to prisoners.", "Mariska Hargitay. Sheltered Outcasts (2016)", "Thomas Hood. In another annual called the Gem appeared the verse story of Eugene Aram. Hood started a magazine in his own name, which was mainly sustained by his own activity. He conducted the work from a sick-bed from which he never rose, and there also composed well-known poems such as \"The Song of the Shirt\", which appeared anonymously in the Christmas number of Punch, 1843 and was immediately reprinted in The Times and other newspapers across Europe. It was dramatised by Mark Lemon as The Sempstress, printed on broadsheets and cotton handkerchiefs, and was highly praised by many of the literary establishment, including Charles Dickens. Likewise \"The Bridge of Sighs\" and \"The Song of the Labourer\", which were also translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath. These are plain, solemn pictures of conditions of life, which appeared shortly before Hood's own death in May 1845.[citation needed]", "Arms of Mary. \"Arms of Mary\" is a 1976 hit single by the Sutherland Brothers and Quiver; group member Iain Sutherland wrote this mid-tempo ballad whose singer reminisces about the girl with whom he had his first intimate encounter.", "Nicolaus Copernicus. Some of Copernicus's close friends turned Protestant, but Copernicus never showed a tendency in that direction. The first attacks on him came from Protestants. Wilhelm Gnapheus, a Dutch refugee settled in Elbląg, wrote a comedy in Latin, Morosophus (The Foolish Sage), and staged it at the Latin school that he had established there. In the play, Copernicus was caricatured as a haughty, cold, aloof man who dabbled in astrology, considered himself inspired by God, and was rumored to have written a large work that was moldering in a chest.[47]", "Fear of God. Author Boyd C. Purcell and atheist Sam Harris have each compared doctrines promoting the fear of God to living under the Stockholm syndrome, where hostages feel a misplaced sense of connection and affection for the hostage taker.[11]", "Johannes Rebmann. Having almost lost his eyesight for unknown reasons, Rebmann went back to Europe in September 1875.[20][21] He returned to Germany for the first time in 29 years after being persuaded to do so by a fellow missionary who was working in the area. He then proceeded to take up residence in Korntal near Stuttgart, where he was close to his old friend Krapf. In spring 1876, upon the advice of Krapf, he married the widow of another missionary from India, Louise Rebmann née Däuble.[10][20] The marriage did not last long, as on October 4, 1876, Rebmann died of pneumonia.[4][20] Engraved on Rebmann's tombstone in the cemetery of Korntal are the words (in English) \"Saved in the arms of Jesus\" (a photo can be seen here).[20]", "Brothers in Arms (album). All songs were written by Mark Knopfler, except where indicated. The track lengths on the LP version differ from the lengths on the CD and cassette versions, due to the limitations of the vinyl medium. The full tracks would not all fit on a single disc.", "C. S. Lewis. The broadcasts were anthologised in Mere Christianity. From 1941, he was occupied at his summer holiday weekends visiting R.A.F. stations to speak on his faith, invited by the R.A.F.'s Chaplain-in-Chief Maurice Edwards.[47]", "Arms of Mary. Iain Sutherland would recall writing \"Arms of Mary\" at the family farmhouse in the Stoke-on-Trent village of Stockton Brook, adding: \"The stuff about 'the lights shine down the valley' [the opening line], I was looking down through Endon basically\",[1] citing the village of Endon situated in the Churnet Valley. \"Arms of Mary\" was introduced on the September 1975 album release Reach for the Sky which marked the debut of the Sutherland Brothers and Quiver on CBS Records: Iain Sutherland would comment: \"The main reason we left [previous label] Island [Records] was because they wouldn't distribute singles from our albums in the United States.\" [2] (In fact the group had reached No. 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1973 with the Island release \"(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway\".", "Brothers in Arms (album). British music journalist Robert Sandall wrote:", "Yashpal. Yashpal had been banned from entering Punjab following his release from prison and so settled with his wife in Lucknow.[8] His first work, Pinjre ki Uran (Flight from the Cage) (1939), was a notable success. He worked briefly for Karmayogi, a Hindi-language magazine, before establishing his own magazine, Viplav (Cataclysm), which was published in Hindi and Urdu until its closure in 1941. The closure became necessary because the government, which considered Viplav to be seditious, demanded a 13,000 rupee security; the magazine was restarted after India gained independence in 1947.[1] In 1941, he established a publishing house called Viplava Karyalaya and, in 1944, a printing press called Sathi Press.[8]", "Miller of Dee. This version was written by Charles Mackay.[2]", "Friedrich Engels. Engels was born on 28 November 1820 in Barmen, Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Prussia (now Wuppertal, Germany).[6] Barmen was an expanding industrial metropolis and he was the eldest son of a wealthy German cotton textile manufacturer Friedrich Sr. (1796–1860) and Elisabeth \"Elise\" Franziska Mauritia von Haar (1797–1873). His parents were Pietist Protestants[4] and Engels was raised accordingly. However, as Engels grew up, he developed atheistic beliefs and his relationship with his parents became strained.[7] His mother wrote to him of her concerns.[8] She said that he had \"really gone too far\" and \"begged\" him \"to proceed no further\".[8] She continued:", "Ian Curtis. The 2002 New Order song \"Here to Stay\" was dedicated to Ian Curtis, Rob Gretton and Martin Hannett.[90] Authors Mick Middles and Lindsay Reade released the book Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis in 2006. This biography takes a more intimate look at Curtis and includes photographs from personal family albums and excerpts from his letters to Honoré during their relationship. Music journalist Paul Morley wrote Joy Division, Piece by Piece, writing about Joy Division 1977–2007; it was published in late 2007. The book documents all of his writings and reviews about Joy Division, from their formation until Tony Wilson's death.", "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms. Leaning on the Everlasting Arms is a hymn published in 1887 with music by Anthony J. Showalter and lyrics by Showalter and Elisha Hoffman.", "The Kingdom of God Is Within You. In 1908 Tolstoy wrote, and Gandhi read, A Letter to a Hindu,[4] which outlines the notion that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the native Indian people overthrow the colonial British Empire. This idea ultimately came to fruition through Gandhi's organization of nationwide nonviolent strikes and protests during the years 1918–1947. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish A Letter to a Hindu in his native language, Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death a year later in 1910. The letters concern practical and theological applications of nonviolence, as well as Gandhi's wishes for Tolstoy's health. Tolstoy's last letter to Gandhi \"was one of the last, if not the last, writings from his pen.\" [5][6]", "Arms of Mary. A live version of \"Arms of Mary\" appears on the 2003 Chilliwack concert album There and Back - Live, which album features only founding member and group frontman from the personnel roster of Chilliwack's recorded albums.", "Gary S. Paxton. In the wake of his conversion to Christianity, Paxton focused his efforts on gospel music. He still kept one foot in the world of secular country during the early 1970s — writing and producing \"Woman (Sensuous Woman)\" for Don Gibson (a Grammy nominee and a million-plus seller in three different versions[9][20]) along with two other country-chart hits, and at one point signing with RCA Records as a solo country artist — but gospel was now his chief priority.[9] In 1973 he wrote and produced \"L-O-V-E\" for The Blackwood Brothers, who took home the Grammy for Best Gospel Performance.[20] In 1975, Paxton won the Best Inspirational Grammy for his album The Astonishing, Outrageous, Amazing, Incredible, Unbelievable, Different World of Gary S. Paxton, which contained his oft-recorded devotional song \"He Was There All the Time\".[21] Appearing on his gospel album covers in a halo of facial hair and a tall-top cowboy hat, Paxton infused his religious work with the same eccentricity, individuality, and hippie humor that had characterized his 60s material in Los Angeles: acting the role of the Jesus freak, likening himself to \"an armpit in the body of Christ\", and crafting song titles like \"When the Meat Wagon Comes for You\", \"Will There Be Hippies in Heaven?\", \"I'm a Fool for Christ (Whose Fool Are You?)\", and \"Jesus Is My Lawyer in Heaven\".[11][22]", "Park Yeon-mi. Park and her mother found a Christian shelter headed by Chinese and South Korean missionaries in the port city of Qingdao, China. Due to the city's large ethnic Korean population, they were able to evade the attention of authorities. With the help of the missionaries, they took a chance and fled to South Korea through Mongolia.[1]", "Gimme Shelter. I had been sitting by the window of my friend Robert Fraser’s apartment on Mount Street in London with an acoustic guitar when suddenly the sky went completely black and an incredible monsoon came down. It was just people running about looking for shelter — that was the germ of the idea. We went further into it until it became, you know, rape and murder are ‘just a shot away.[4]", "Thomas Hood. Thomas Hood (23 May 1799 – 3 May 1845) was an English poet, author and humorist, best known for poems such as \"The Bridge of Sighs\" and \"The Song of the Shirt\". Hood wrote regularly for The London Magazine, the Athenaeum, and Punch. He later published a magazine largely consisting of his own works. Hood, never robust, lapsed into invalidism by the age of 41 and died at the age of 45. William Michael Rossetti in 1903 called him \"the finest English poet\" between the generations of Shelley and Tennyson.[1] Hood was the father of playwright and humourist Tom Hood (1835–1874)." ]

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[ "iPhone 6. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The devices are part of the iPhone series and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014.[17] The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly serve as successors to the iPhone 5S and were themselves replaced as flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015.", "iPhone 6. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749.[29] In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were \"details which are not ready\"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's \"frequent locations\" function could expose \"state secrets.\"[30][31]", "iPhone 6. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were moved to the midrange spot in Apple's iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued in most countries on September 7, 2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. Their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31, 2016. The iPhone 6 was relaunched with 32 GB of storage in Asian markets in February 2017 as a midrange/budget iPhone. It was later expanded to Europe,[3][22] before hitting the US markets in May 2017,[23] and Canada in July 2017.[24]", "iPhone 6. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7, 2016, when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, and the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus's spot as the entry-level iPhone has since been taken by the iPhone SE. As the iPhone SE has more powerful internal hardware than the midrange iPhone 6 (largely the same as the 6S) and had been released earlier on March 31, 2016, this created an unusual situation when it was sold alongside the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus until September 7 despite being marketed as a lower-tier iPhone.", "iPhone. On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4.7 and 5.5 inches respectively.[50]", "iPhone 6. On August 21, 2015, Apple instituted a repair program for iPhone 6 Plus models released between September 2014 and January 2015, citing that faulty rear cameras on affected models may produce blurry pictures.[32][33][34]", "iPhone 6. On September 9, 2015, with the release of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the mid-range of the iPhone lineup. The 128 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus was discontinued along with the gold version of both phones, but the 16 GB and 64 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus in silver and space gray remain available for sale at a reduced price.[35]", "Apple Inc.. On September 7, 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone 7 and the iPhone 7 Plus, which feature improved system and graphics performance, add water resistance, a new rear dual-camera system on the 7 Plus model, and, controversially, remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack.[222][223]", "iPhone 7. iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22, 2017, and the iPhone X on November 3, 2017.", "iPhone 6S. iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus were officially unveiled on September 9, 2015, during a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco. Pre-orders began September 12, with the official release on September 25.[23][24]", "iPhone 6S. iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus (stylized and marketed as iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus) are smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. They were announced on September 9, 2015, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, with pre-orders beginning September 12 and official release on September 25, 2015. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were succeeded by the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus in September 2016.", "iPhone 6S. On September 7, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus as successors to the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus.[25][26]", "iPhone 6. When first released, the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were supplied pre-loaded with iOS 8, while the iPhone 5S was supplied pre-loaded with iOS 7. Apps are able to take advantage of the increased screen size in the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus to display more information on-screen; for example, the Mail app uses a dual-pane layout similar to its iPad version when the device is in landscape mode on the iPhone 6 Plus. As it uses an identical aspect ratio, apps designed for the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and 5S can be upscaled for use on the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus. To improve the usability of the devices' larger screens, an additional \"Reachability\" gesture was added; double-tapping the Home button will slide the top half of the screen's contents down to the bottom half of the screen. This function allows users to reach buttons located near the top of the screen, such as a \"Back\" button in the top-left corner.[18][19]", "iPhone 8. The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They were announced on September 12, 2017, alongside the higher-end iPhone X, at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus, and were released on September 22, 2017, succeeding iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus.", "Apple Inc.. On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, standing as evolutionary updates to its previous phones with a faster processor, improved display technology, upgraded camera systems and wireless charging.[224] The company also announced iPhone X, which radically changes the hardware of the iPhone lineup, removing the home button in favor of facial recognition technology and featuring a near bezel-less design along with wireless charging.[225][226]", "Apple Inc.. On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6, alongside the iPhone 6 Plus that both have screen sizes over 4-inches.[217] One year later, Apple introduced the iPhone 6S, and iPhone 6S Plus, which introduced a new technology called 3D Touch, including an increase of the rear camera to 12 MP, and the FaceTime camera to 5 MP.[218] On March 21, 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone SE that has a 4-inch screen size last used with the 5S and has nearly the same internal hardware as the 6S.[219]", "iPhone 6. On October 1, 2014, it was reported by Axel Telzerow, editor-in-chief of the German technology magazine Computer Bild, that following the posting of a video where a presenter was able to bend an iPhone 6 Plus, an Apple Germany representative informed the publication that it had been banned from future Apple events and that it would no longer receive devices directly from Apple for testing. Telzerow responded by saying that \"we congratulate you to your fine new generation of iPhones, even if one of them has a minor weakness with its casing. But we are deeply disappointed about the lack of respect of your company.\"[51]", "iPhone 7. In September 2017, Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus,[38] alongside the iPhone X.[39]", "iPhone 6S. On March 31, 2017, the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in Indonesia alongside the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, following Apple's research and development investment in the country.[27][28]", "iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 is shipped with iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012.[34] Many of the iPhone 5's features that work specifically with the included iOS 6.0 operating system only worked in certain territories on release.[36] Apple has said this is a rolling program, which will take longer to implement across more regions.[37]", "iPhone 6. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their improved design, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also panned, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. Pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus exceeded four million within its first 24 hours of availability—an Apple record.[20] More than ten million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days, another Apple record.[21] During its lifespan, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus sold 220 million in total, making it one of the most successful phones to date.", "iPhone. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which add water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack.[51]", "iPhone. On September 12, 2017, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging and improved system performance. It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near-bezelless design, face recognition dubbed \"Face ID\" with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR.[52]", "iPhone 6. The design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is influenced by that of the iPad Air with a glass front that is curved around the edges of the display, and an aluminum rear that contains two plastic strips for the antenna.[37] Both models come in gold, silver, and \"space gray\" finishes. The iPhone 6 has a thickness of 6.9 millimetres (0.27 in), while the iPhone 6 Plus is 7.1 mm (0.28 in) in thickness; both are thinner than the iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, with the iPhone 6 being Apple's thinnest phone to date. The most significant changes to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are its displays; both branded as \"Retina HD Display\" and \"ion-strengthened\", the iPhone 6 display is 4.7 inches in size with a 16:9 resolution of 1334x750 (326 ppi, minus one row of pixels), while the iPhone 6 Plus includes a 5.5-inch 1920x1080 (1080p) display (401 PPI). The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed \"dual-domain pixels\"; the RGB pixels themselves are skewed in pattern, so that every pixel is seen from a different angle. This technique helps improve the viewing angles of the display.[38]", "iPhone 8. On August 31, 2017, Apple sent out press invites for a media event at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus on September 12, 2017.[8] The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus were announced at that event,[9] and released on September 22, 2017.[9]", "iPhone. Apple has released eleven generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the eleven major releases of the iOS operating system. The original first-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents, such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations. The iPhone 3G added 3G network support, and was followed by the 3GS with improved hardware, the 4 with a metal chassis, higher display resolution and front-facing camera, and the 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apple's newly introduced Lightning connector. In 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring 4.7 and 5.5-inch displays. The iPhone 6S was introduced the following year, which featured hardware upgrades and support for pressure-sensitive touch inputs, as well as the SE—which featured hardware from the 6S but the smaller form factor of the 5S. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which add water resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new rear dual-camera setup on the Plus model, and new color options, while removing the 3.5 mm headphone jack found on previous models. The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus were released in 2017, adding a glass back and an improved screen and camera. The iPhone X was released alongside the 8 and 8 Plus, with its highlights being a near bezel-less design, an improved camera and a new facial recognition system, named Face ID, but having no home button, and therefore, no Touch ID.", "iOS version history. Apple announced iOS 6 on June 11, 2012 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 19, 2012 alongside the iPhone 5, iPod Touch (5th generation), and iPad 4. With this release, Apple dropped support for the iPod Touch (3rd generation) and the iPad (1st generation) due to hardware limitations, and offered only limited support on the iPhone 3GS, iPad 2, and iPod Touch (4th generation). The iPhone 4 onwards, the iPod Touch (5th generation), the iPad 3 onwards and the iPad Mini (1st generation) were fully supported.[88] iOS 6.1.6 was the final release supported for the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation). Support of iOS 6 ended in 2015.", "iPhone 5S. On September 19, 2014, the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price,[30] while the 64GB version was discontinued. The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9, 2015, when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus[31][32][33][34]", "iPhone 6. Apple Inc. announced that, within 24 hours of availability, over 4 million pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were made, exceeding the supply available.[74] More than 10 million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days.[75]", "iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 is a smartphone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012.[12] The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last iPhone to be overseen by Steve Jobs.", "Apple A8. The Apple A8 is a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. It first appeared in the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2014.[10] Apple states that it has 25% more CPU performance and 50% more graphics performance while drawing only 50% of the power of its predecessor, the Apple A7.[11]", "History of Apple Inc.. On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus with 3D Touch, the iPad Pro, and the fourth-generation Apple TV, along with the fourth-generation iPad Mini. On March 21, 2016, Apple announced the iPhone SE and the smaller iPad Pro." ]

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[ "One pound (British coin). The British one pound (£1) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling. Its obverse bears the Latin engraving ELIZABETH II D G REG “Dei Gratia Regina” meaning, “Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen” and F D meaning Fidei defensor,[1] Defender of the Faith.[2] It has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the original coin's introduction on 21 April 1983.[3] Four different portraits of the Queen have been used, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The design on the reverse side of the current, 12-sided coin features four emblems to represent each of the nations of the United Kingdom – the English rose, the leek for Wales, the Scottish thistle, and the shamrock for Northern Ireland – emerging from a single stem within a crown.", "One pound (British coin). The design of the reverse of the original coin was changed each year from 1983 to 2008 to show, in turn, an emblem representing the UK, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and England, together with an appropriate edge inscription. This edge inscription could frequently be \"upside-down\" (when obverse is facing upward).[20] From 2008, national-based designs were still minted, but alongside the new standard version and no longer in strict rotation. The inscription ONE POUND appeared on all reverse designs.", "One pound (British coin). All years except 1998 and 1999 have been issued into circulation, although the number issued has varied enormously – 1983, 1984 and 1985 in particular had large mintages to facilitate the changeover from paper notes, while some years such as 1988 are only rarely seen (although 1988 is more noticeable as it has a unique reverse). Production since 1997 has been reduced, thanks to the introduction of the circulating two pound coin.", "One pound (British coin). The original, round £1 coin replaced the Bank of England £1 note, which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988, though still redeemable at the Bank's offices, like all English banknotes. One-pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the pound coin is much more widely used. A new, dodecagonal (12-sided) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 [4] and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017. After that date, the older coin could only be redeemed at banks,[5] although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time.[6] The original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man.[7]", "Coins of the pound sterling. In the years since decimalisation, a number of changes have been made to the coinage. The twenty pence (20p) coin was introduced in 1982 to fill the gap between the 10p and 50p coins. The pound coin (£1) was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984 (although the Scottish banks continued producing them for some time afterwards; the last of them, the Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note, is still in production as of 2013[ref]). The designs on the one pound coin change annually in a largely five-year cycle.", "Bank of England £1 note. A new design for one pound notes was introduced in 1960, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly narrower, and were the first one-pound notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England. Series C notes were replaced by the series D notes from 1978 onward. These slightly smaller notes featured an entirely new design with Queen Elizabeth II on the front and scientist Isaac Newton on the back. The note was redesigned slightly in 1981 to feature brighter background colours.[2] Following a consultation with retailers and other groups it was announced on 31 July 1981 that the one pound note would be replaced by a one pound coin. Part of the reason for this change was that notes, on average, lasted only nine months in general circulation, while coins could last forty years or more. The government also believed that the growing vending industry would benefit from the introduction of a one-pound coin. The new cupro-nickel coin was introduced on 21 April 1983 and the one pound note ceased to be legal tender on 11 March 1988.[2][3] Bank of England £1 notes are still occasionally found in circulation in Scotland, alongside Royal Bank of Scotland £1 notes. This is because Scotland has no concept of Legal Tender, and any Sterling bank note, of any age, may be used provided the trader is content to accept it. The Bank of England will exchange old £1 notes for their face value in perpetuity.", "Pound sterling. Formal parliamentary proposals to decimalise sterling were first made in 1824 when Sir John Wrottesley, MP for Staffordshire, asked in the British House of Commons whether consideration had been given to decimalising the currency.[39] Wrottesley raised the issue in the House of Commons again in 1833,[40] and it was again raised by John Bowring, MP for Kilmarnock Burghs, in 1847[41] whose efforts led to the introduction in 1848 of what was in effect the first decimal coin in the United Kingdom, the florin, valued at one-tenth of a pound sterling. However, full decimalisation was resisted, although the florin coin, re-designated as ten new pence, survived the transfer to a full decimal system in 1971, with examples surviving in British coinage until 1993.", "One pound (British coin). The reverse of the new 12-sided, bimetallic pound coin, introduced on 28 March 2017,[4] was chosen by a public design competition.[22] The competition to design the reverse of this coin was opened in September 2014.[23] It was won in March 2015 by 15-year-old David Pearce from Walsall, and unveiled by Chancellor George Osborne during his Budget announcement. The design features a rose, leek, thistle and shamrock bound by a crown.[14]", "One pound (British coin). In an April 1993 The New Yorker article \"Real Britannia\", Julian Barnes describes the meetings to choose the 1994–1997 reverse designs.[50] This is reprinted in his book Letters from London as \"Britannia's New Bra Size\".", "Coins of the pound sterling. The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling (symbol \"£\"), and, since the introduction of the two-pound coin in 1994 (to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Bank of England 1694–1994), ranges in value from one penny to two pounds. Since decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 (new) pence. From the 16th century until decimalisation, the pound was divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 (old) pence. British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales. The Royal Mint also commissions the coins' designs.", "Coins of the pound sterling. In 2008, UK coins underwent an extensive redesign, which changed the reverse designs, and some other details, of all coins except the £2.[16] The original intention was to exclude both the £1 and £2 coins from the redesign because they were \"relatively new additions\" to the coinage, but it was later decided to include the £1 coin.[17] This was the first wholesale change to British coinage since the first decimal coins were introduced in April 1968. The new coins were initially to be put into circulation in early 2008,[18] although they did not actually start to appear until mid-2008.", "One pound (British coin). The final 'round pounds' were minted in December 2015; the replacement, a new 12-sided design, was introduced in 2017[46], the earliest dated as 2016. The coin has a 12-edged shape, similar to the pre-decimal brass threepence coin; it has roughly the same size as the previous £1 coin, and is bi-metallic like most £2 coins. The new design is intended to make counterfeiting more difficult, and also has an undisclosed hidden security feature called \"iSIS\" (Integrated Secure Identification Systems).[22][47]", "Bank of England £1 note. One pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797, following gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. Between 1797 and 1821 the lack of bullion meant that banks would not exchange banknotes for gold, but after the end of the Napoleonic Wars the shortage was alleviated such that notes could be exchanged for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. One pound notes ceased to be issued in 1821 and were replaced by gold sovereigns.[1]", "Bank of England £1 note. The Bank of England £1 note was a banknote of the pound sterling. After the ten shilling note was withdrawn in 1970 it became the smallest denomination note issued by the Bank of England. The one pound note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 and continued to be printed until 1984. The note was withdrawn in 1988 in favour of the one pound coin.", "Jersey pound. A square 1 pound coin was issued in circulation in 1981 to mark the bicentenary of the Battle of Jersey. The square pound could not be accepted by vending machines and was not issued after 1981 although it remains in circulation today. When the rest of the British Isles started to introduce a standardised pound coin in 1983, Jersey changed to a round coin to match. The square version although rare is still used in the islands. Neither round nor square versions of the coin are as common in Jersey as the 1 pound note.", "Coins of the pound sterling. The first decimal coins – the five pence (5p) and ten pence (10p) — were introduced in 1968 in the run-up to decimalisation in order to familiarise the public with the new system. These initially circulated alongside the pre-decimal coinage and had the same size and value as the existing one shilling and two shilling coins respectively. The fifty pence (50p) coin followed in 1969, replacing the old ten shilling note. The remaining decimal coins – at the time, the half penny (​1⁄2p), penny (1p) and two pence (2p) — were issued in 1971 at decimalisation. A quarter-penny coin, to be struck in aluminium, was proposed at the time decimalisation was being planned, but was never minted.", "Pound sterling. The silver penny (plural: pence; abbreviation: d) was the principal and often the only coin in circulation from the 8th century until the 13th century. Although some fractions of the penny were struck (see farthing and halfpenny), it was more common to find pennies cut into halves and quarters to provide smaller change. Very few gold coins were struck, with the gold penny (worth 20 silver pence) a rare example. However, in 1279, the groat, worth 4d, was introduced, with the half groat following in 1344. 1344 also saw the establishment of a gold coinage with the introduction (after the failed gold florin) of the noble worth six shillings and eight pence (6/8) (i.e. 3 nobles to the pound), together with the half and quarter noble. Reforms in 1464 saw a reduction in value of the coinage in both silver and gold, with the noble renamed the ryal and worth 10/- (i.e. 2 to the pound) and the angel introduced at the noble's old value of 6/8.", "Two pounds (British coin). The coin was introduced on 15 June 1998 (coins minted 1997) after a review of the United Kingdom's coinage decided that a general-circulation £2 coin was needed.[1] The new Bi-metallic coin design replaced a series of commemorative, uni-metallic coins which were issued between 1986 and 1996 to celebrate special occasions. Although legal tender, these coins have never been common in everyday circulation.", "Penny (British decimal coin). The British decimal one penny (1p) coin, usually simply known as a penny, is a unit of currency equaling one one-hundredth of a pound sterling. The penny’s symbol is p. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin’s introduction on 15 February 1971, the day British currency was decimalised.[1] Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The second and current reverse, featuring a segment of the Royal Shield, was introduced in 2008.", "Coins of the pound sterling. The English penny first appeared in Anglo-Saxon times, as a silver coin. It was derived from another silver coin, the sceat, of 20 troy grains weight, which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages. The weight of the English penny was fixed at ​22 1⁄2 troy grains (about 1.46 grams) by Offa of Mercia, an 8th-century contemporary of Charlemagne. The coin's designated value, however, was that of 24 troy grains of silver (one pennyweight, or ​1⁄240 of a troy pound, or about 1.56 grams), with the difference being a premium attached by virtue of the minting into coins. Thus, 240 pennyweights made one troy pound of silver in weight, and the monetary value of 240 pennies also became known as a \"pound\". (240 actual pennies, however, weighed only 5400 troy grains, known as tower pound, a unit used only by mints. The tower pound was abolished in the 16th century.) The silver penny remained the primary unit of coinage for about 500 years.", "Coins of the pound sterling. The 1p and 2p coins from 1971 are the oldest standard-issue coins still in circulation.", "Coins of the pound sterling. The first decimal coins were circulated in 1968. These were the five pence (5p) and ten pence (10p), and had values of one shilling (1/-) and two shillings (2/-), respectively, under the pre-decimal £sd system. The decimal coins are minted in copper-plated steel (previously bronze), nickel-plated steel, cupronickel and nickel-brass. The two-pound coins, and, as from 28 March 2017 the new one-pound coins, are bimetallic. The coins are discs, except for the twenty pence and fifty pence pieces, both of which have faces that are heptagonal curves of constant width, and the new one-pound coins, which have faces with 12 sides. All the circulating coins have an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, and various national and regional designs, and the denomination, on the reverse. The circulating coins, excepting the two-pound coin, were redesigned in 2008, keeping the sizes and compositions unchanged, but introducing reverse designs that each depict a part of the Royal Shield of Arms and form (most of) the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement (see photo). The exception, the 2008 one-pound coin, depicts the entire shield of arms on the reverse. All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX, meaning \"Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen and Defender of the Faith\".", "Coins of the pound sterling. †This coin was originally issued in a smaller size in a single metal in 1986 for special issues only. It was redesigned as a bi-metallic issue for general circulation in 1997.", "Coins of the pound sterling. In June 2009, the Royal Mint estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 dateless 20 pence coins had entered circulation, the first undated British coin to enter circulation in more than 300 years. It resulted from the accidental combination of old and new face tooling in a production batch, creating what is known as a mule, following the 2008 redesign which moved the date from the reverse (tails) to the obverse (heads) side.[47]", "Pound sterling. At present, the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the 1p and 2p copper coins introduced in 1971. No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation. Prior to the demonetisation of the larger 10p in 1993, the oldest circulating coins had usually dated from 1947: although older coins (shilling; florin, sixpence to 1980) were still legal tender, inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than their face value, which meant that they tended to be removed from circulation. Before decimalisation in 1971, a handful of change might have contained coins 100 or more years old, bearing any of five monarchs' heads, especially in the copper coins.", "One pound (British coin). In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin.[18] The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008.[19] The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the £1 coin. The coin's obverse remained unchanged.", "Shilling (British coin). The first coins of the pound sterling with the value of 12d were minted in 1503[4] or 1504[3] and were known as testoons. The testoon was one of the first English coins to bear a real (rather than a representative) portrait of the monarch on its obverse, and it is for this reason that it obtained its name from an Italian coin known as the testone, or headpiece, which had been introduced in Milan in 1474.[5] Between 1544 and 1551 the coinage was debased repeatedly by the governments of Henry VIII and Edward VI in an attempt to generate more money to fund foreign wars. This debasement meant that coins produced in 1551 had one-fifth of the silver content of those minted in 1544, and consequently the value of new testoons fell from 12d to 6d.[6] The reason the testoon decreased in value is that unlike today, the value of coins was determined by the market price of the metal contained within them. This debasement was recognised as a mistake, and during Elizabeth's reign newly minted coins, including the testoon (now known as the shilling), had a much higher silver content and regained their pre-debasement value.[7]", "Manx pound. In 1978 a 1 pound coin 22mm in diameter, 1.45mm thick and weighing 4g was introduced[6], but was not popular compared to the existing £1 note which remained in use. A 20 pence coin was introduced alongside its UK counterpart in 1982. In 1983, when the UK replaced £1 notes with pound coins, the Isle withdrew the pound coins issued since 1978 and began to issue ones to the UK coin's specification (22.5mm and 9.5g). Similarly, a bimetallic 2 pound coin was introduced alongside the UK version in 1998.", "Two pounds (British coin). The design itself was first tried out in 1994 when the Royal Mint produced a short run of demonstration pieces to the new bi-metal standard. These pieces were not for circulation and were simply intended to test the manufacturing process. The coin was technically similar to the version which eventually entered circulation with the Maklouf effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of a sailing ship similar to that previously used on the reverse of the pre-decimal halfpenny piece. The inscription on the reverse read ROYAL MINT TRIAL 1994 with an edge inscription based on the one pound coin which read DECUS ET TUTAMEN ANNO REGNI XLVI, meaning \"An ornament and a safeguard – in the 46th year of her reign\". The 1994 pieces were never legal tender but were eventually released for sale as part of a presentation set in 1998. At the same time in 1994 the Royal Mint produced a mono-metallic trial two-pound coin, with the same ship reverse and inscription, but otherwise similar to the earlier commemorative coins. These were never issued in presentation sets, and so are much scarcer than the bi-metallic version.", "Coins of the pound sterling. The farthing (​1⁄4d) had been demonetised on 1 January 1961, while the crown (5/-) was issued periodically as a commemorative coin but rarely found in circulation.", "One pound (British coin). To date, four different portraits of Elizabeth II have appeared on the obverse. For the first three of these, the inscription was ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. 2013,[13] where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting. The fourth design, unveiled in March 2015,[14] expanded the inscription slightly to ELIZABETH II DEI.GRA.REG.FID.DEF. 2015. The 12-sided design, introduced in March 2017, reverted to 2017 ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D.", "Coins of the pound sterling. A circulating bimetallic two pound (£2) coin was introduced in 1998 (first minted in, and dated, 1997). There had previously been unimetallic commemorative £2 coins which did not normally circulate. This tendency to use the two pound coin for commemorative issues has continued since the introduction of the bimetallic coin, and a few of the older unimetallic coins have since entered circulation." ]

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[ "The Call of the Wild. The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the veneer of civilization, and relies on primordial instinct and learned experience to emerge as a leader in the wild.", "Jack London. Egerton Ryerson Young[57][58] claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).[59] London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.[citation needed]", "The Saturday Evening Post. Jack London's best-known novel The Call of the Wild was first published, in serialized form, in the Saturday Evening Post in 1903.[6]", "The Call of the Wild. The Call of the Wild was enormously popular from the moment it was published. H. L. Menken wrote of London's story: \"No other popular writer of his time did any better writing than you will find in Call of the Wild.\"[4] A reviewer for The New York Times wrote of it in 1903: \"If nothing else makes Mr. London's book popular, it ought to be rendered so by the complete way in which it will satisfy the love of dog fights apparently inherent in every man.\"[39] The reviewer for The Atlantic Monthly wrote that it was a book: \"untouched by bookishness...The making and the achievement of such a hero [Buck] constitute, not a pretty story at all, but a very powerful one.\"[40]", "The Call of the Wild. London spent almost a year in the Yukon, and his observations form much of the material for the book. The story was serialized in the Saturday Evening Post in the summer of 1903 and was published a month later in book form. The book’s great popularity and success made a reputation for London. As early as 1923, the story was adapted to film, and it has since seen several more cinematic adaptations.", "Jack London. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan for $2,000. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.[23]", "The Call of the Wild. Written as a frontier story about the gold rush, The Call of the Wild was meant for the pulp market. It was first published in four installments in The Saturday Evening Post, which bought it for $750 in 1903.[16][17] In the same year, London sold all rights to the story for $2,000 to Macmillan, which published it in book format.[17] The book has never been out of print since that time.[17]", "The Call of the Wild. On his return to California, London was unable to find work and relied on odd jobs such as cutting grass. He submitted a query letter to the San Francisco Bulletin proposing a story about his Alaskan adventure, but the idea was rejected because, as the editor told him, \"Interest in Alaska has subsided in an amazing degree.\"[8] A few years later, London wrote a short story about a dog named Bâtard who, at the end of the story, kills his master. London sold the piece to Cosmopolitan Magazine, which published it in the June 1902 issue under the title \"Diablo — A Dog\".[14] London's biographer, Earle Labor, says that London then began work on The Call of the Wild to \"redeem the species\" from his dark characterization of dogs in \"Bâtard\". Expecting to write a short story, London explains: \"I meant it to be a companion to my other dog story \"Bâtard\" ... but it got away from me, and instead of 4,000 words it ran 32,000 before I could call a halt.\"[15]", "Jack London. Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"[citation needed]", "The Call of the Wild. In Alaska, London found the material that inspired him to write The Call of the Wild.[4] Dyea Beach was the primary point of arrival for miners when London traveled through there, but because its access was treacherous Skagway soon became the new arrival point for prospectors.[9] To reach the Klondike, miners had to navigate White Pass, known as \"Dead Horse Pass\", where horse carcasses littered the route because they could not survive the harsh and steep ascent. Horses were replaced with dogs as pack animals to transport material over the pass;[10] particularly strong dogs with thick fur were \"much desired, scarce and high in price\".[11]", "The Call of the Wild. The book secured London a place in the canon of American literature.[33] The first printing of 10,000 copies sold out immediately; it is still one of the best known stories written by an American author, and continues to be read and taught in schools.[24][41] It has been published in 47 languages.[42] London's first success, the book secured his prospects as a writer and gained him a readership that stayed with him throughout his career.[24][33]", "The Call of the Wild. The first chapter opens with the first quatrain of John Myers O'Hara's poem, Atavism,[35] published in 1902 in The Bookman. The stanza outlines one of the main motifs of The Call of the Wild: that Buck, when removed from the \"sun-kissed\" Santa Clara Valley where he was raised, will revert to his wolf heritage with its innate instincts and characteristics.[36]", "The Call of the Wild. After the success of The Call of the Wild London wrote to Macmillan in 1904 proposing a second book (White Fang) in which he wanted to describe the opposite of Buck: a dog that transforms from wild to tame: \"I'm going to reverse the process...Instead of devolution of decivilization ... I'm going to give the evolution, the civilization of a dog.\"[43]", "The Call of the Wild. London stayed in the Klondike for almost a year, living temporarily in the frontier town of Dawson City, before moving to a nearby winter camp, where he spent the winter in a temporary shelter reading books he had brought: Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and John Milton's Paradise Lost.[6] In the winter of 1898, Dawson City (today mostly deserted) was a city comprising about 30,000 miners, a saloon, an opera house, and a street of brothels.[7]", "Jack London. Some of his most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\" and \"The Heathen\", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf.", "The Call of the Wild. The Call of the Wild falls into the genre of animal fiction, in which an animal is anthropomorphized and given human traits. In the story, London attributes human thoughts and insights to Buck, so much so that when the story was published he was accused of being a nature faker for attributing \"unnatural\" feelings to a dog.[21] Along with his contemporaries Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser, London was influenced by the naturalism of European writers such as Émile Zola, in which themes such as heredity versus environment were explored. London's use of the genre gave it a new vibrancy, according to scholar Richard Lehan.[22]", "The Call of the Wild. The first adaptation of London's story was a silent film made in 1923.[44] The 1935 version starring Clark Gable and Loretta Young expanded John Thornton's role and was the first \"talkie\" to feature the story. The 1972 movie The Call of the Wild, starring Charlton Heston as John Thornton, was filmed in Finland.[45]  The Snoopy TV special What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown! is another adaptation. French Canadian film Director Christian Duguay has announced financing and distribution for a version of The Call of the Wild to be released in 2018.[46]", "Christopher McCandless. In January 1993, Jon Krakauer published McCandless' story in that month's issue of Outside magazine. He had been assigned the story and had written it under a tight deadline.[8] Inspired by the details of McCandless' story, Krakauer wrote and published the more extensive biographical book Into the Wild (1996), about McCandless' travels. The book was subsequently adapted into a 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless. That same year, McCandless' story also became the subject of Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild (2007).", "Chris McCandless. In January 1993, Jon Krakauer published McCandless' story in that month's issue of Outside magazine. He had been assigned the story and had written it under a tight deadline.[8] Inspired by the details of McCandless' story, Krakauer wrote and published the more extensive biographical book Into the Wild (1996), about McCandless' travels. The book was subsequently adapted into a 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless. That same year, McCandless' story also became the subject of Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild (2007).", "Jack London. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\".[28] Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901 and their second, Bessie (later called Becky), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "The Call of the Wild. The enduring appeal of the story, according to American literature scholar Donald Pizer, is that it is a combination of allegory, parable, and fable. The story incorporates elements of age-old animal fables, such as Aesop's Fables, in which animals speak truth, and traditional beast fables, in which the beast \"substitutes wit for insight\".[25] London was influenced by Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, written a few years earlier, with its combination of parable and animal fable,[26] and by other animal stories popular in the early 20th century. In The Call of the Wild, London intensifies and adds layers of meaning that are lacking in these stories.[15]", "The Call of the Wild. California native Jack London had traveled around the United States as a hobo, returned to California to finish high school (he dropped out at age 14), and spent a year in college at Berkeley, when in 1897 he went to the Klondike by way of Alaska during the height of the Klondike Gold Rush. Later, he said of the experience: \"It was in the Klondike I found myself.\"[4]", "The Call of the Wild. As a writer London tended to skimp on form, according to biographer Labor, and neither The Call of the Wild nor White Fang \"is a conventional novel\".[27] The story follows the archetypal \"myth of the hero\"; Buck, who is the hero, takes a journey, is transformed, and achieves an apotheosis. The format of the story is divided into four distinct parts, according to Labor. In the first part, Buck experiences violence and struggles for survival; in the second part, he proves himself a leader of the pack; the third part brings him to his death (symbolically and almost literally); and in the fourth and final part, he undergoes rebirth.[28]", "The Call of the Wild. The story was written as a frontier adventure and in such a way that it worked well as a serial. As Doctorow points out, it is good episodic writing that embodies the style of magazine adventure writing popular in that period. \"It leaves us with satisfaction at its outcome, a story well and truly told,\" he said.[24]", "The Call of the Wild. London would have seen many dogs, especially prized Husky sled dogs, in Dawson City and in the winter camps situated close to the main sled route. He was friends with Marshall Latham Bond and his brother Louis Whitford Bond, the owners of a mixed St. Bernard-Scotch Collie dog about which London later wrote: \"Yes, Buck is based on your dog at Dawson.\"[12] Beinecke Library at Yale University holds a photograph of Bond's dog, taken during London's stay in the Klondike in 1897. The depiction of the California ranch in the beginning of the story was based on the Bond family ranch.[13]", "The Call of the Wild. Old longings nomadic leap,\n Chafing at custom’s chain;\n Again from its brumal sleep\n Wakens the ferine strain.", "Klondike Gold Rush. Several novels, books and poems were generated as a consequence of the Klondike gold rush. The writer Jack London incorporated scenes from the gold rush into his novels set in the Klondike, including The Call of the Wild, a novel about a sled dog.[53][335] His colleague, poet Robert W. Service, did not join the rush himself, although he made his home in Dawson City in 1908. Service created well-known poems about the gold rush, among them Songs of a Sourdough, one of the bestselling books of poetry in the first decade of the 20th century, along with his novel, The Trail of '98, which was written by hand on wallpaper in one of Dawson's log cabins.[53][336][337] The Canadian historian Pierre Berton grew up in Dawson where his father had been a prospector, and wrote several historical books about the gold rush, such as The Last Great Gold Rush.[338] The experiences of the Irish Micí Mac Gabhann resulted the posthumous work Rotha Mór an tSaoil (translated into English as The Hard Road to Klondike in 1962), a vivid description of the period.[339]", "The Call of the Wild. Writing in the \"Introduction\" to the Modern Library edition of The Call of the Wild, E. L. Doctorow says the theme is based on Darwin's concept of survival of the fittest. London places Buck in conflict with humans, in conflict with the other dogs, and in conflict with his environment—all of which he must challenge, survive, and conquer.[24] Buck, a domesticated dog, must call on his atavistic hereditary traits to survive; he must learn to be wild to become wild, according to Tina Gianquitto. He learns that in a world where the \"club and the fang\" are law, where the law of the pack rules and a good-natured dog such as Curly can be torn to pieces by pack members, that survival by whatever means is paramount.[32]", "The Call of the Wild. London varied his prose style to reflect the action. He wrote in an over-affected style in his descriptions of Charles, Hal, and Mercedes' camp as a reflection of their intrusion in the wilderness. Conversely when describing Buck and his actions, London wrote in a style that was pared down and simple—a style that would influence and be the forebear of Hemingway's style.[23]", "Dawson City. The City of Dawson and the nearby ghost town of Forty Mile are featured prominently in the novels and short stories of American author Jack London, including The Call of the Wild. London lived in the Dawson area from October 1897 to June 1898. Other writers who lived in and wrote of Dawson City include Pierre Berton and the poet Robert Service. The childhood home of the former is now used as a retreat for professional writers.", "The Call of the Wild. Buck comes to love and grow devoted to Thornton as he nurses him back to health. He saves Thornton when the man falls into a river. After Thornton takes him on trips to pan for gold, a bonanza king (someone who hit it rich in a certain area), named Matthewson, wagers Thornton on the dog's strength and devotion. Buck wins by breaking a half-ton (1,000-pound (450 kg)) sled free of the frozen ground, pulling it 100 yards (91 m) and winning US$1,600 in gold dust. A king of the Skookum Benches offers a large sum to buy Buck, but Thornton has grown fond of him and declines.[3] While Thornton and his friends continue their search for gold, Buck explores the wilderness and socializes with a timber wolf from a local pack. One night, he returns from a long hunt with the wolf pack to find that his beloved master and the others in the camp have been killed by a group of Yeehat natives. Buck eventually kills the natives to avenge Thornton, and he then is attacked by an entire pack of wolves. Buck wins the fight, then finds that the same timber wolf he had socialized with is in the pack he fought. Buck then follows the wolf and its pack into the forest, and answers the call of the wild. At the end of the story, Buck returns each year as the Ghost Dog of the Northland Legend, to mourn at the site of Thornton's death.", "The Call of the Wild. London's story is a tale of survival and a return to primitivism. Pizer writes that: \"the strong, the shrewd, and the cunning shall prevail when ... life is bestial\".[29]" ]

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[ "Passport. Passport booklets from almost all countries around the world display the national coat of arms of the issuing country on the front cover. The United Nations keeps a record of national coats of arms.", "Coat of arms. In the Nordic countries, provinces, regions, cities, and municipalities have coats of arms. These are posted at the borders and on buildings containing official offices, as well as used in official documents and on the uniforms of municipal officers. Arms may also be used on souvenirs or other effects, given that an application has been granted by the municipal council.", "Coat of arms. A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest, and motto. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to an individual person, family (except in the United Kingdom),[citation needed] state, organisation or corporation.", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As the United Kingdom is governed in the monarch's name, the British Government also uses the Royal Arms as a national symbol of the United Kingdom,[7] and, in that capacity, the coat of arms can be seen on several government documents and forms, passports, in the entrance to embassies and consulates, etc. However, when used by the government and not by the monarch personally, the coat of arms is often represented without the helm. This is also the case with the sovereign's Scottish arms, a version of which is used by the Scotland Office.", "Coat of arms. The Vatican City State and the Holy See each have their own coat of arms. As the papacy is not hereditary, its occupants display their personal arms combined with those of their office. Some popes came from armigerous (noble) families; others adopted coats of arms during their career in the Church. The latter typically allude to their ideal of life, or to specific pontifical programmes.[17] A well-known and widely displayed example in recent times was Pope John Paul II's arms. His selection of a large letter M (for the Virgin Mary) was intended to express the message of his strong Marian devotion.[18] Roman Catholic dioceses are also each assigned a coat of arms, as are basilicas or papal churches, the latter usually displaying these on the building. These may be used in countries which otherwise do not use heraldic devices. In countries like Scotland with a strong statutory heraldic authority, arms will need to be officially granted and recorded.", "Crescent. Crescents, often with faces, are found on numerous modern municipal coats of arms in Europe, e.g. Germany: Bönnigheim, Dettighofen, Dogern, Jesenwang, Karstädt, Michelfeld (Angelbachtal), Waldbronn; Switzerland: Boswil, Dättlikon, Neerach (from the 16th-century Neuamt coat of arms); France: Katzenthal, Mortcerf; Malta: Qormi; Sweden: Trosa.", "Coat of arms. In the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son; wives and daughters could also bear arms modified to indicate their relation to the current holder of the arms. Undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the original bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference: usually a colour change or the addition of a distinguishing charge. One such charge is the label, which in British usage (outside the Royal Family) is now always the mark of an heir apparent or (in Scotland) an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents, the use of arms was strictly regulated; few countries continue in this today. This has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called \"heraldry\". In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, and other establishments.[4]", "National coat of arms. A national coat of arms is a symbol which denotes an independent state in the form of a heraldic achievement.[1] While a national flag is usually used by the population at large and is flown outside and on ships, a national coat of arms is normally considered a symbol of the government or (especially in monarchies) the head of state personally and tends to be used in print, on heraldic china, and as a wall decoration in official buildings. The royal arms of a monarchy, which may be identical to the national arms, are sometimes described as arms of dominion or arms of sovereignty.[2]", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The Royal Arms as shown above may only be used by the Queen herself. They also appear in courtrooms, since the monarch is deemed to be the fount of judicial authority in the United Kingdom and law courts comprise part of the ancient royal court (thus so named).[5] Judges are officially Crown representatives, demonstrated by the display of the Royal Arms behind the judge's bench in all UK courts (with the exceptions of the magistrates' court in the City of London, where behind the Justices of the Peace stands a sword upright flanked by the arms of the City and the Crown). In Northern Ireland, the Royal Arms cannot be displayed in courtrooms or on court-house exteriors. There are a few exceptions, with the Royal Arms allowed to be displayed in the courtrooms of the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast and the courts in Armagh, Banbridge, Downpatrick, Magherafelt, or Omagh. They may be shown on the exterior of court buildings that had them in place prior to the 2002 law.[6]", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The Royal Arms are also displayed in all courts in British Columbia, as well as in other Canadian provinces such as Ontario, where the judges are appointed by Crown authority.[11]", "National coat of arms. Another common type of national coat of arms is the seal. Originally, a seal was used for authenticating documents by stamping an impression on documents and the like. These seals would often contain coats of arms. The United States adopted a seal whose graphical design would also be used as a state symbol and not only as impressions on state documents. This is common in the Americas but also around the world. The round form with text saying what it stands for is easy to recognise.", "National coat of arms. The original national coats of arms were (and continue to be) heraldic arms, which have a shield (escutcheon) which carries symbols upon it (charges) and often other symbols such as a crown on top of the shield and supporters. In the real sense of the word, these national coats of arms are the only ones which should be called coats of arms, since that term reflects that the emblem used is following the rules of heraldry.[3] Heraldry originated in Western Europe and has now spread to all parts of the world.", "Coat of arms. Coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the higher social classes of Europe, inherited from one generation to the next. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, varied to some degree between countries. In the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and \"burghers\" (non-noble free citizens) used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of arms spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers, and to royally chartered organizations such as universities and trading companies. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology and heraldry are closely related. The coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo.[citation needed]", "Pedigree chart. In England and Wales pedigrees are officially recorded in the College of Arms, which has records going back to the Middle Ages, including pedigrees collected during roving inquiries by its heralds during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The purpose of these heraldic visitations was to register and regulate the use of coats of arms. Those who claimed the right to bear arms had to provide proof either of a grant of arms to them by the College, or of descent from an ancestor entitled to arms. It was for this reason that pedigrees were recorded by the visitations. Pedigrees continue to be registered at the College of Arms and kept up to date on a voluntary basis but they are not accessible to the general public without payment of a fee.", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. This table breaks down the official blazons to enable comparison of the differences between the general coat and the coat used in Scotland.", "Coat of arms of New York. The flag of the state of New York is the coat of arms on a solid blue background. The state seal of New York is the coat of arms surrounded by the words \"The Great Seal of the State of New York.\"", "Law of heraldic arms. In most countries, scholars agree that a coat of arms is an indication of nobility, but that (in times past) simply assuming a coat of arms did not ennoble the armiger. In certain countries (viz. the Italian states pre-1860), armorial heraldry was not strictly regulated, while titles of nobility were.", "Coat of arms. In his book, The Visual Culture of Violence in the Late Middle Ages, Valentin Groebner argues that the images composed on coats of arms are in many cases designed to convey a feeling of power and strength, often in military terms.[6] The author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo.[7] Museums on medieval armoury also point out that as emblems they may be viewed as precursors to the corporate logos of modern society, used for group identity formation.[8]", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Various versions of the Royal Arms are used by Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, the Parliament of the United Kingdom and courts in some parts of the Commonwealth.", "Coat of arms of Australia. The escutcheon is the focal point of the coat of arms, contained within is the badge of each Australian state, the whole surrounded by an ermine border representing the federation of the states:.[1]", "Coat of arms. The Queen of Canada has delegated her prerogative to grant armorial bearings to the Governor General of Canada. Canada has its own Chief Herald and Herald Chancellor. The Canadian Heraldic Authority is situated at Rideau Hall.[14][15] The Great Seal of the United States uses on the obverse as its central motif an heraldic achievement described as being the arms of the nation.[16] The seal, and the armorial bearings, were adopted by the Continental Congress on 20 June 1782, and is a shield divided palewise into thirteen pieces, with a blue chief, which is displayed upon the breast of an American bald eagle. The crest is thirteen stars breaking through a glory and clouds, displayed with no helm, torse, or mantling (unlike most European precedents). Only a few of the American states have adopted a coat of arms, which is usually designed as part of the respective state's seal. Vermont has both a state seal and a state coat of arms that are independent of one another (though both contain a pine tree, a cow and sheaves of grain); the seal is used to authenticate documents, whilst the heraldic device represents the state itself.", "Coat of arms of South Africa. The coat of arms is a series of elements organised in distinct symmetric egg-like or oval shapes placed on top of one another. The completed structure of the coat of arms combines the lower and higher oval shape in a symbol of infinity. The path that connects the lower edge of the scroll, through the lines of the tusks, with the horizon above and the sun rising at the top, forms the shape of the cosmic egg from which the secretary bird rises. In the symbolic sense, this is the implied rebirth of the spirit of the great and heroic nation of South Africa.", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Government continues to use the Arms on some official documents.", "National coat of arms. An important use for national coats of arms is as the main symbol on the covers of passports, the document used internationally to prove the citizenship of a person.", "Coat of arms. The ancient Greek hoplites used individual insignia on their shields.[3] The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units. The first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial.", "Banner. A heraldic banner, also called banner of arms, displays the basic coat of arms only: i.e. it contains the design usually displayed on the shield and omits the crest, helmet or coronet, mantling, supporters, motto or any other elements associated with the coat of arms (for further details of these elements, see heraldry).", "Coat of arms. Flags are used to identify ships (where they are called ensigns), embassies and such, and they use the same colors and designs found in heraldry, but they are not usually considered to be heraldic. A country may have both a national flag and a national coat of arms, and the two may not look alike at all. For example, the flag of Scotland (St Andrew's Cross) has a white saltire on a blue field, but the royal arms of Scotland has a red lion within a double tressure on a gold (or) field.", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, or the Royal Arms for short, is the official coat of arms of the British monarch,[1][2] currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom. Variants of the Royal Arms are used by other members of the British royal family; and by the British government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, there exists a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office. The arms in banner form serve as basis for the monarch's official flag, known as the Royal Standard.", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. It is customary (but not mandatory) for churches throughout the United Kingdom whether in the Church of England or the Church of Scotland to display the Royal Arms to show loyalty to the Crown.[9][10]", "Coat of arms of New York. The shield displays a masted ship and a sloop on the Hudson River (symbols of inland and foreign commerce), bordered by a grassy shore and a mountain range in the background with the sun rising behind it. The unheraldic nature of the Hudson River landscape reveals the modern origin of the design.", "Law of heraldic arms. The law of heraldic arms (or laws of heraldry) governs the \"bearing of arms\", that is, the possession, use or display of arms, also called coats of arms, coat armour or armorial bearings. Although it is believed that the original function of coats of arms was to enable knights to identify each other on the battlefield, they soon acquired wider, more decorative uses. They are still widely used today by countries, public and private institutions and by individuals. The earliest writer on the law of arms was Bartolus de Saxoferrato. The officials who administer these matters are called pursuivants, heralds, or kings of arms (in increasing order of seniority). The law of arms is part of the law in countries which regulate heraldry, although not part of common law in England and in countries whose laws derive from English law.", "Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The simplified Royal Arms also feature:" ]

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[ "Page numbering. In books, some pages, known as blind folios,[1] of the front matter and back matter are numbered, but the numbers are not always printed on the pages. Publishers are not consistent about how they number the pages of their books. Some publishers stick with the default numbering of the tool they are using, which is typically to number the first page of the front matter as one and all pages after that in a consecutive order. When publishers wish to distinguish between the front matter and the story, the initial title pages are not numbered, the front matter is numbered using lower-case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.) and the first page of the story or main content begins with one. The title page of the story is not numbered, but if a story is broken into multiple parts (Part I, Part II, etc.), the title page for the section may be included in the numbering but not shown on the page. The first page of Chapter One would then be numbered as page three rather than page one as would be the normal case.", "Page numbering. Page numbering is the process of applying a sequence of numbers (or letters, or roman numerals) to the pages of a book or other document. The number itself, which may appear in various places on the page, can be referred to as a page number or as a folio.[1] Like other numbering schemes such as chapter numbering, page numbers allow the citation of a particular page of the numbered document and facilitates to the reader to find specific parts of the document and to know the size of the complete text (by checking the number of the last page).", "Page numbering. The sixteenth edition of the Chicago Manual of Style[1] calls for the beginning of the text to begin with the Arabic number 1, while the front matter that precedes it is to be numbered with lower-case Roman numerals. If the front matter is extensive and a second half-title page is included, it is to be numbered as page one and its verso as page two. If a part title is included, it is to be included in the same numbering as the text. Page numbers do not appear on part titles. Most citation systems also call for the identification of the page number from which a quote or point is drawn. For example, such usage is specified in their citation formats of both the Chicago Manual of Style,[2] and the Bluebook.[3]", "Table of contents. Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts, while digital ones offer links to go to each part. The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher. If the page numbers appear after the heading text, they might be preceded by characters called leaders, usually dots or periods, that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page, or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles. In some cases, the page number appears before the text.", "Book design. Front matter, or preliminaries (\"prelims\", for short), is the first section of a book, and is usually the smallest section in terms of the number of pages. The pages are numbered in lower-case Roman numerals. Each page is counted, but no folio or page number is expressed, or printed, on either display pages or blank pages.[citation needed] Front matter generally only appears in the first volume in a multi-volume work, although some elements (such as a table of contents or index) may appear in each volume.", "Page numbering. While reading devices for reflowable documents such as EPUB e-books may display page numbers, these numbers change from device to device depending on factors such as the size of the display and the selected font size. This makes them unsuitable for citation purposes. To remedy this problem, Amazon Kindle e-books contain what are called \"location numbers\", that is, numbers in the margin of the electronic text that indicate where the corresponding page begins in the printed version of the book.[4]", "Foreword. The pages containing the foreword and preface (and other front matter) are typically not numbered as part of the main work, which usually uses Arabic numerals. If the front matter is paginated, it uses lowercase Roman numerals. If there is both a foreword and a preface, the foreword appears first; both appear before the introduction, which may be paginated either with the front matter or the main text.", "Page numbering. E-books and other electronic documents published in a non-reflowable format such as PDF are normally paginated and numbered in the same way as their printed counterparts.", "Page numbering. In codicology, each physical sheet (folium, abbreviated fol. or f.) of a manuscript is numbered, and the sides are referred to as folium rectum and folium versum, abbreviated as r and v respectively. This results in designations like 5r (the front side of the fifth sheet), or 8v (the back side of the eight sheet).", "Wikipedia:Citing sources. Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions.", "Wikipedia:Citing sources. When the page number is a Roman numeral, commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for page xvii (Roman numeral 17) of the same book:\n     https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17\nThe &pg=PR17 indicates \"page, Roman, 17\", in contrast to the &pg=PA18, \"page, Arabic, 18\" the URL given earlier.", "International Article Number. The EAN \"country code\" 978 (and later 979) has been allocated since the 1980s to reserve a Unique Country Code (UCC) prefix for EAN identifiers of published books, regardless of country of origin, so that the EAN space can catalog books by ISBNs[3] rather than maintaining a redundant parallel numbering system. This is informally known as \"Bookland\". The prefix 979 with first digit 0 is used for International Standard Music Number (ISMN) and the prefix 977 indicates International Standard Serial Number (ISSN).", "Oxford University Press. Books published by Oxford have International Standard Book Numbers that begin with 0–19, making the Press one of a tiny number of publishers who have two-digit identification numbers in the ISBN system. By internal agreement, the first digit of the individual edition number (following 0–19–) can indicate a particular originating division, for example: 3 for music (before ISMNs were defined); 5 for the New York office; 8 for Clarendon Press publications.", "International Standard Book Number. Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (132 = 12 x 11) − this is the only number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and the complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2. The value \n\n\n\n\nx\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle x_{10}}\n\n required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.", "Edition (book). The numbering of book editions is a special case of the wider field of revision control. The traditional conventions for numbering book editions evolved spontaneously for several centuries before any greater applied science of revision control became important to humanity, which did not occur until the era of widespread computing had arrived (when software and electronic publishing came into existence). The old and new aspects of book edition numbering (from before and since the advent of computing) are discussed below. The first lot if books that have been published.", "Table of contents. Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there. However, all pages except the outside cover are counted, and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number. Many popular word processors, such as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and StarWriter are capable of automatically generating a table of contents if the author of the text uses specific styles for chapter titles, headings, subheadings, etc.", "International Standard Book Number. Partly because of an expected shortage in certain ISBN categories, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to migrate to a thirteen-digit ISBN (ISBN-13). The process began 1 January 2005 and was planned to conclude 1 January 2007.[45] As of 2011, all the 13-digit ISBNs began with 978. As the 978 ISBN supply is exhausted, the 979 prefix was introduced. Part of the 979 prefix is reserved for use with the Musicland code for musical scores with an ISMN. 10 digit ISMN codes differed visually as they began with an \"M\" letter; the bar code represents the \"M\" as a zero (0), and for checksum purposes it counted as a 3. All ISMNs are now 13 digits commencing 979-0; 979-1 to 979-9 will be used by ISBN.", "Book. Modern bound books are organized according to a particular format called the book's layout. Although there is great variation in layout, modern books tend to adhere to as set of rules with regard to what the parts of the layout are and what their content usually includes. A basic layout will include a front cover, a back cover, and the book's content which is called its body copy or content pages. The front cover often bears the book's title (and subtitle, if any) and the name of its author or editor(s). The inside front cover page is usually left blank in both hardcover and paperback books. The next section, if present, is the book's front matter, which includes all textual material after the front cover but not part of the book's content— such things as a forward, a dedication, and a table of contents as well as publisher data such as the book's edition or printing number and place of publication. Between the body copy and the back cover goes the end matter which would include any indices, sets of tables, or diagrams, glossaries, or lists of cited works (though an edited book with multiple contributing authors usually places cited works at the end of each authored chapter). The inside back cover page, like that inside the front cover, is usually blank. The back cover itself is the usual place for the book's ISBN, and maybe a photograph of the author(s)/ editor(s), perhaps with a short introduction to them. Also here often appear plot summaries, barcodes, and excerpted reviews of the book.[27]", "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers. As with date ranges (see above), number ranges in general, such as page ranges, should state the full value of both the beginning and end of the range, with an en dash between, e.g. pp. 1902–1911,  entries 342–349. Forms such as 1901–11 and 342–9 may be used where space is limited (such as in tables and infoboxes), or where a citation style formally requires it. (As usual, quotations are not changed.)", "International Standard Book Number. Currently the barcodes on a book's back cover (or inside a mass-market paperback book's front cover) are EAN-13; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits for the currency and the recommended retail price.[44] For 10 digit ISBNs, the number \"978\", the Bookland \"country code\", is prefixed to the ISBN in the barcode data, and the check digit is recalculated according to the EAN13 formula (modulo 10, 1x and 3x weighting on alternate digits).", "Dewey Decimal Classification. The Dewey Decimal Classification has a number for all subjects, including fiction, although many libraries create a separate fiction section shelved by alphabetical order of the author's surname. Each assigned number consists of two parts: a class number (from the Dewey system) and a book number, which \"prevents confusion of different books on the same subject.\" [7] A common form of the book number is called a Cutter number, which represents the author and distinguishes the book from other books on the same topic.[41]", "Dedication (publishing). In newer books, the dedication is located on a dedication page on its own, usually on the recto page after the main title page inside the front matter. It can occupy one or multiple lines depending on its importance. It can also be \"in a longer version as a dedication letter or dedication preface at the book's beginning\".[1] Nowadays, the dedication's function is mainly part of the self-portrayal of the author in front of his or her readers.", "Help:Talk pages. A new section can also be started by editing the whole page or an existing section, going to a new line and typing == Heading ==, replacing \"Heading\" with a suitable title, but make sure to add new discussions at the bottom of the page. A new section automatically adds the heading to the \"Contents\" box on pages with at least four sections.", "Book size. In order for the pages to come out in the correct order, the printers would have to properly lay out the pages of type in the printing press. For example, to print two leaves in folio containing pages 1 through 4, the printer would print pages 1 and 4 on one side of the sheet and, after that has dried, print pages 2 and 3 on the other side. If a printer was printing a folio in 8s, as described above, he would have to print pages 1 and 16 on one side of a leaf with pages 2 and 15 on the other side of that leaf, etc. The arrangement of the pages of type in the press is referred to as the imposition and there are a number of methods of imposing pages for the various formats, some of which involve cutting the printed pages before binding.[4]:80–110", "International Standard Book Number. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN.[11] The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007. An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):", "Program database. The PDB is organized in fixed-size pages, typically 1K, 2K, or 4K, numbered consecutively starting at 0.", "Introduction (writing). ln technical writing, the introduction typically includes one or more standard subsections: abstract or summary, preface, acknowledgments, and foreword. Alternatively, the section labeled introduction itself may be a brief section found side-by-side with abstract, foreword, etc. (rather than containing them). In this case the set of sections that come before the body of the book are known as the front matter. When the book is divided into numbered chapters, by convention the introduction and any other front-matter sections are unnumbered and precede chapter 1.", "International Standard Book Number. The 2001 edition of the official manual of the International ISBN Agency says that the ISBN-10 check digit[38] – which is the last digit of the ten-digit ISBN – must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol X is used for 10), and must be such that the sum of all the ten digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 1, is a multiple of 11.", "International Standard Book Number. The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero (0) to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN.", "International Standard Book Number. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country.", "Bundahishn. Following MacKenzie,[2] the following chapter names in quotation marks reflect the original titles. Those without quotation marks are summaries of chapters that have no title. The chapter/section numbering scheme is based on that of B.T. Anklesaria[3] for the greater recension, and that of West[4] for the lesser recension. The chapter numbers for the greater recension are in the first column and in Roman numerals, and the chapter numbers for the lesser recension are in the second column, and are noted in Arabic numerals and in parenthesis.", "Book. During the 20th century, librarians were concerned about keeping track of the many books being added yearly to the Gutenberg Galaxy. Through a global society called the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), they devised a series of tools including the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). Each book is specified by an International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is unique to every edition of every book produced by participating publishers, worldwide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. An ISBN has four parts: the first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a check digit, and can take values from 0–9 and X (10). The EAN Barcodes numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for Bookland, and calculating a new check digit." ]

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[ "13 Reasons Why. On May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season. A short promo was released on various 13 Reasons Why social media accounts.[17] Filming for the second season began on June 12, 2017,[18] but was briefly halted in October in response to the then-ongoing California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed.[19]", "13 Reasons Why. The series has received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences, who have praised its subject matter and casting, particularly the two leads, Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford. It has attracted controversy from some, including mental health professionals, over the series' graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape, along with other mature content. In May 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, scheduled to premiere in 2018.[3]", "Thirteen Reasons Why. Universal Pictures purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011.[8] On October 29, 2015, it was announced Netflix and Paramount Television would be taking on the book to become a miniseries, with Selena Gomez as an executive producer.[9] The series was released on March 31, 2017. On May 7, 2017, Netflix announced that they had ordered a second season of the series.[10]", "Thirteen Reasons Why. Thirteen Reasons Why has received recognition and awards from several young adult literary associations, and the paperback edition reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list in July 2011. A screenplay was written, based on the original release of the book, that became the basis of the dramatic television series 13 Reasons Why released through Netflix on March 31, 2017. The screenplay contains several deviations from the book, including, but not limited to, name changes, plot elements, and character personalities.", "Back to You (Selena Gomez song). A lyric video with scenes of the second season of 13 Reasons Why was released on May 10, 2018.[9]", "13 Reasons Why. Diana Son and Brian Yorkey serve as showrunners on the series. The first season consists of thirteen episodes.[2] The series is produced by July Moon Productions, Kicked to the Curb Productions, Anonymous Content and Paramount Television. Originally conceived as a film set to be released by Universal Pictures with Selena Gomez in the role of Hannah Baker, the adaptation was picked up as a television series by Netflix in late 2015. Gomez serves as an executive producer. The first season, and the special 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, were released worldwide on Netflix on March 31, 2017.", "13 Reasons Why. Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016.[13][14] The first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[15]", "Someone Knows Something. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is \"coming soon\".[21] The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016,[5] with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3.[22]", "Selena Gomez. Gomez serves as executive producer for the series adaptation of the novel Thirteen Reasons Why.[60] She shared the first trailer of the show on January 25, 2017,[199] and the show premiered on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[200] Besides the project, Gomez has been working in new music with producers The Futuristics, Jonas Jeberg,[201] Ryan Tedder[202][203] and songwriters Julia Michaels, Justin Tranter[204] and Jacob Kasher.[205][203] On May 5, 2017 Gomez launched a countdown on her official website which led to May 18. Many websites speculated about the release of a new single.[206][207][208] On May 11, it was confirmed the release of the single \"Bad Liar\" as the countdown result.[209] On May 18, it was premiered alongside its first music video, which was available for streaming only through Spotify.[210] A second music video was released on YouTube the next month which also teased the follow-up single \"Fetish\",[211] released on July 13, 2017.[212]", "8 Simple Rules. In August 2008, Lionsgate Home Entertainment announced that they had acquired the rights to the series from ABC Studios. They subsequently released Season 2 on DVD in Region 1 on May 19, 2009.[18]", "Katherine Langford. Langford auditioned for the role of American high school student Hannah Baker in the mystery teen drama TV series 13 Reasons Why, over Skype. She had only 10 days to get an O-1 visa as she had not worked in the United States before.[22] She has received critical acclaim for her work on the show.[23] Langford researched the role, speaking with a representative of the sexual assault awareness campaign \"It's On Us\" and a psychiatrist who specializes in adolescence.[24] In December 2016, she signed with the William Morris Endeavor agency.[25] Langford reprised the role in the second season of the series, released on May 18, 2018.[26] On May 25, 2018, Langford confirmed that she will not return as Hannah Baker in the third season of the series.[27]", "Haters Back Off. The first season was released on October 14, 2016. It follows Miranda from the time she uploads her first video until one of her videos goes viral. The second season was released on October 20, 2017. It concerns Miranda's schemes to raise money from fans, leading to her family's financial ruin and her 15 minutes of fame on a New York stage. Ballinger told Entertainment Weekly that the writers of Season 2 continued to craft the scenarios and plot points \"from things that actually happened to me in my career\".[9]", "Eight Is Enough. On November 13, 2012, Warner Bros. released Season 2, parts one and two on DVD-R via their Warner Archive Collection.[60] These are Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases and are available through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. Season 3, Parts One and Two were released on April 30, 2013.[61]", "Newhart. In November 2013, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series. As of April 15, 2017, they have released the second through eighth seasons.[14][15][16]", "Amy Poehler. On April 7, 2014, TV4 picked up the show for a second season of ten episodes. NBC followed suit on August 4, 2014.[27] Season two premiered on July 19, 2015 in the United States.[28] The series was canceled by NBC on July 28, 2015, due to low ratings.[29]", "13 Reasons Why. Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker.[10] On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.[11] Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes.[12] The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.[12]", "Jessica Jones (season 2). The season is scheduled to be released on March 8, 2018.", "Kyle XY. After the 10-episode debut season on ABC Family during summer 2006, news reported a total of 23 new episodes were ordered for the second season, which started on June 11, 2007, with rebroadcasts on ABC beginning on June 15, 2007.[1] The second season’s 13th episode, \"Leap of Faith\", aired on Monday, September 3, 2007; the remaining 10 began airing on January 12, 2008.", "F Is for Family. The show premiered on December 18, 2015 to generally favorable reviews.[3] Season 2 premiered May 30, 2017.[4] On June 28, 2017, the show was renewed for a third season.[5]", "Angie Tribeca. A second season of an additional ten episodes was announced, which premiered on June 6, 2016.[2][9][10][11]", "List of The Following characters. On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season to air in 2014,[2] and, on March 7, 2014, renewed for a third season to air in 2015.[3][4]", "13 Reasons Why. The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show's release in the country.[34][35][36]", "Jessica Jones (season 2). In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date.[35]", "13 Reasons Why. 13 Reasons Why (stylized onscreen as Th1rteen R3asons Why) is an American mystery teen drama web television series based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and adapted by Brian Yorkey for Netflix. The series revolves around a high school student, Clay Jensen, and his friend Hannah Baker, a girl who committed suicide after suffering a series of demoralizing circumstances brought on by select individuals at her school. A box of cassette tapes recorded by Hannah before her suicide details thirteen reasons why she ended her life.", "Prison Break (season 2). The second season of Prison Break, an American serial drama television series, commenced airing in the United States on August 21, 2006 on Mondays at 9:00 pm (EST) on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Prison Break is produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Rat Television, Original Television Movie and 20th Century Fox Television. The season contains 22 episodes, and concluded on April 2, 2007. Series creator Paul Scheuring describes the second season as \"The Fugitive times eight\", and likens it to the \"second half of The Great Escape\".[1]", "To Tell the Truth. On August 4, 2016, ABC announced it had renewed the show for a second season.[14] The second season debuted January 1, 2017. The house band and regular panelists was eliminated (although Rose still made occasional appearances); Bowman still appeared on each episode.[15] The second season resumed, with new episodes, beginning June 21, 2017.", "Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle. Season 2 was released on 20 June 2011 as a single-disc region-2 PAL issue. Red-button extras are absent.[5]", "13 Reasons Why. Writing for The Guardian, Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, \"a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me.\" Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So-Called Life: \"It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening.\"[30]", "Duffer Brothers. It premiered in the summer of 2016 to excellent reviews,[9] specifically for its characterization, pacing, atmosphere, acting, soundtrack, directing, writing, and homages to 1980s genre films, and subsequently began to develop a cult following online.[10] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an approval rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with a weighted average score of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus states, \"Exciting, heartbreaking, and sometimes scary, Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television.\"[11] On August 31, 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes, which were released on October 27, 2017.", "Jessica Jones (TV series). All episodes of the first season premiered on November 20, 2015. They were released to critical acclaim, with critics noting Ritter's and Tennant's performances as well as the series' noir tone, approach to sexuality, and depiction of darker topics such as rape, assault and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In January 2016, Netflix renewed Jessica Jones for a second season, scheduled to be released in 2018.", "House of Cards (season 2). On December 4, 2013, Netflix announced that the 13-episode season would be released in its entirety on February 14, 2014.[6] Along with the scheduling announcement, Netflix confirmed that Francis (now Vice President) and Claire would \"continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts\".[6] After season 1 received four nominations for the 71st Golden Globe Awards on December 12, a season 2 trailer was released on December 13.[50] However, the first official full trailer was released on January 6.[51]", "Snapped. On April 12, 2017, Oxygen announced that the series' 20th season would premiere on May 7, 2017.[10] All season 20 episodes adapted from:[11]" ]

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[ "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. The 2017 Central Mexico earthquake struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of Mw 7.1 and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicenter was about 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.[2][3][4] 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in Mexico City,[5][6] and more than 6,000 were injured.[7]", "1985 Mexico City earthquake. Every 19 September, in all public buildings at Mexico City and all the nation the civil protection authorities conduct evacuation drills to evaluate the evacuation response in the case of an earthquake. On September 19, 2017, 32 years after the 1985 earthquake, Mexico City also faced another earthquake at around 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC), nearly two hours after the earthquake drills took place.", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. According to the bulletin of Mexico's SASMEX earthquake warning system, 20 seconds' advance warning was given in Mexico City;[20] however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before, or during the quake.[21][22][23][24] Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill.[25] 25 of the early-warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake, and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Puebla, with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds.", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake, trapping people inside, creating large plumes of dust, and starting fires.[35] At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens.[28][37][28] Several buildings caught fire.[38] Condesa, Roma and del Valle neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone: a building located on Álvaro Obregón Avenue collapsed, and several buildings on Ámsterdam Avenue suffered damage.[39][40][41]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Collapsed building in Mexico City", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Mexico City International Airport suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00 p.m. CDT (2100 UTC). 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure.[44][3][45] A plane carrying President Enrique Peña Nieto, returning from touring damage in Oaxaca from the earlier Chiapas earthquake, was diverted to Santa Lucía Air Force Base.[46] Mexico City Metro service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers.[47] Building evacuations also caused delays to Metrobús service in the city.[48]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. 19 September is designated as a day of remembrance for the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed approximately 10,000 civilians. Every year at 11 a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City.[16] The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11 a.m., around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake.[9][17]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed around 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11 a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake.[8][9] Twelve days earlier, the even larger 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck 650 km (400 mi) away, off the coast of the state of Chiapas.[10]", "Oaxaca. In 2017, a series of earthquakes brought death and destruction to parts of Mexico, including Oaxaca. According to the US Geological Survey, early on September 23, 2017, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake shook Matías Romero, about 275 miles southeast of Mexico City. The epicenter was about 12 miles from Matías Romero and centered approximately between the two even more violent earthquakes felt by Mexico earlier in the month, and is considered an aftershock. On September 8, an 8.1 magnitude quake had struck off of the southern Pacific coast, near Chiapas state. Mexico City, on September 19, then endured a 7.1 magnitude quake, which also marked the 32nd anniversary of the devastating 1985 earthquake, in which more than 10,000 people had been killed.[29]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. On 1 October the number of people known to have been killed was stated to be 361,[26] with more than 4,500 injured. By place, 220 were killed in Mexico City, 74 in the state of Morelos, 45 in Puebla, 15 in Mexico State, six in Guerrero, and one in Oaxaca.[33]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Nine days after the earthquake, at least 361 people had been reported killed.[27][26] At least 74 people were killed in the state of Morelos, 220 in Mexico City, 45 in Puebla, 13 in the State of Mexico, 6 in the state of Guerrero and one in the state of Oaxaca.[27][28][26] In Mexico City, the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for as of the evening of 19 September[update].[29][30] The Mexico City campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education suffered damage, with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured.[31]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. According to the National Seismological Service (SSN) of Mexico, the epicenter was located 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Axochiapan, Morelos, and 120 km (75 mi) from Mexico City.[11] The earthquake was measured at a magnitude of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 Central Daylight Time, at a depth of 51 km (32 mi).[11] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) placed the epicenter 5 km (3.1 mi) ENE of San Juan Raboso and reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale;[2] While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute, which is a long time for an earthquake,[18] acceleration/velocity/displacement seismograms at UNAM showed about 20 seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈1 second.[19] SSN reported a peak ground acceleration of 112 cm/s2 (0.114 g0) at the Popocatépetl reporting station in Tlamacas, Estado de México.[11] According to the USGS, the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault.[2]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. The federal Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) declared a state of emergency for all 33 municipalities of Morelos,[49] for all 16 boroughs of Mexico City,[50] and 112 of the 217 municipalities of Puebla.[51] The declarations allow funds from the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) to be used during the emergency response phase.[49][50][51] The Mexican Army and Mexican Navy deployed 3,000 active-duty troops to Mexico City through the DN-III-E and Plan Marina emergency response plans. The troops were tasked with debris cleanup, search and rescue, and security missions. Additionally, the Secretariat of National Defence moved eight helicopters to Mexico City, and activated 3 shelters in the affected areas.[52]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by an earthquake in Chiapas on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an aftershock of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were 650 km (400 mi) apart.[14]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Volunteers and rescuers working at collapsed building at Colonia Roma, Mexico City.", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Crumbled sidewalk outside a Hilton hotel, Mexico City.", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Volunteers and rescuers working at a collapsed warehouse, colonia Obrera, Mexico City.", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake, with more than 300 confirmed dead[32] as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue.", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Gas leaks were reported, along with \"piles\" of rubble from collapsed buildings.[37] Stock prices declined at the Mexico Stock Exchange but recovered before trading was suspended.[42] Comisión Federal de Electricidad, the national electric utility, reported that 4.78 million customers lost power in Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and parts of Mexico City—roughly 35% of the company's customers in those states. However, none of the generating stations in the region sustained structural damage.[43]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City, with no public record of how many were followed up. Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake. After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat (Seduvi) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints. Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt, and said that some developers circumvent building regulations, and city authorities frequently ignore complaints.[34]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting tectonic plates. The border between the Cocos Plate and North American Plate, along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates a subduction zone that generates large seismic events.[2] Activity along the edges of the Rivera and Caribbean plates also generate seismic events. All together, these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico.[11]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Volunteers moving debris at Colonia Obrera, Mexico City", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. Mexico City is built on a dry lakebed with soft soil made up of sand and clay, which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause.[12] Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves' speed from 1.5 miles (2,414m) per second (8690.4 km/h) to roughly 150 feet (45,72m) per second (164.592 km/h).[13] This increases the shockwaves' amplitude, which causes more violent shaking. Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves' destructive duration.[13]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. In Puebla, church steeples had toppled in the city of Cholula,[35] and a church on the slopes of Popocatépetl in Atzitzihuacan collapsed during mass, killing 15 people.[35] A second church, which was built in the 17th century, fell in Atzala during a baptism, killing 11 people including the baby.[36]", "1985 Mexico City earthquake. The 1985 Mexico City earthquake struck in the early morning of 19 September at 07:17:50 (CST) with a moment magnitude of 8.0 and a Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The event caused serious damage to the Greater Mexico City area and the deaths of at least 5,000 people. The sequence of events included a foreshock of magnitude 5.2 that occurred the prior May, the main shock on 19 September, and two large aftershocks. The first of these occurred on 20 September with a magnitude of 7.5 and the second occurred seven months later on 30 April 1986 with a magnitude of 7.0. They were located off the coast along the Middle America Trench, more than 350 kilometres (220 mi) away, but the city suffered major damage due to its large magnitude and the ancient lake bed that Mexico City sits on. The event caused between three and four billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city.", "1985 Mexico City earthquake. The earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of the Mexican state of Michoacán, a distance of more than 350 km (217 mi) from the city, in the Cocos Plate subduction zone, specifically in a section of the fault line known as the Michoacán seismic gap.[3] The Cocos Plate pushes against and slides under the North American Plate, primarily along the coasts of the states of Michoacán and Guerrero in Mexico. Volatile trenches along the Cocos plate generally have had seismic events 30 to 70 years before 1985.[3] This subduction zone outside the Michoacán gap was the source of 42 earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 or stronger in the 20th century prior to the 1985 event.[10] However, this particular section of the subduction zone had not had an event for a much longer time.[3] Shockwaves from the earthquake hit the mouth of the Río Balsas on the coast at 7:17 am and hit Mexico City, 350 km (217 mi) away, two minutes later at 7:19 am.[11] The 19 September quake was a multiple event with two epicenters and the second movement occurring 26 seconds after the first. Because of multiple breaks in the fault line, the event was of long duration. Ground shaking lasted more than five minutes in places along the coast and parts of Mexico City shook for three minutes,[3] with an average shaking time of 3–4 minutes.[11] It is estimated the movement along the fault was about three meters. The main tremor was foreshadowed by a quake of magnitude 5.2 on 28 May 1985, and was followed by two significant aftershocks: one on 20 September 1985 of magnitude 7.5 lasting thirteen seconds and the third occurring seven months later on 30 April 1986 with magnitude 7.0 lasting ten seconds.[3] However, at least twelve other minor aftershocks were associated with the seismic event.[12]", "Mexico City. On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1[54] on the Richter magnitude scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America,[55] it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.[56]", "Mexico City Metro. On the morning of September 19, 1985, an 8.1 Richter magnitude earthquake struck Mexico City. Many buildings as well as streets were left with major damage making the transportation on the ground difficult, but the STC Metro was not damaged because a rectangular structure had been used instead of arches, making it resistant to earthquakes, thus proving to be a safe means of transportation in a time of crisis.[citation needed]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with unreinforced masonry walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames.[53]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. All Round of 16 matches of the Copa MX, an association football cup competition, were suspended until further notice.[54]", "1985 Mexico City earthquake. In the port of Lázaro Cárdenas, near the epicenter, the 19 September event registered as IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale; in parts of Mexico City, it registered the same, even at a distance of about 400 km (249 mi) away. There was no historic record of such a strong quake in Mexico.[3]", "2017 Central Mexico earthquake. US President Donald Trump called Peña Nieto to offer condolences, while the White House has offered search and rescue assistance.[61] The U.S. Agency for International Development deployed an urban search and rescue team from the Los Angeles County Fire Department and experts from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to the affected regions.[62]" ]

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[ "Sonny with a Chance. Sonny with a Chance is a video game published by Disney Interactive Studios for the Nintendo DS. It was released on March 16, 2010 in America.", "Sonny with a Chance. The series debuted on February 8, 2009, in the United States. This is the first Disney Channel Original Series to be shot and aired in high-definition from the beginning. Like most of Disney Channel's sitcoms, it is shot on tape but uses a \"filmized\" appearance. The second season, some scenes are shot on location. The series is one of the three Disney Channel Original Series to feature a show-within-a-show, along with The Famous Jett Jackson and Shake It Up. On June 1, 2009, TV Guide reported that Disney Channel had renewed Sonny with a Chance for a second season, with Gary Marsh saying \"Sonny was a hit right out of the gate\".[3] The second season premiered on March 14, 2010 to 6.3 million viewers, and was reportedly cancelled over a year later on April 19, 2011 following Lovato's official departure announcement and Disney Channel's decision to rebrand the series.[4][5]", "Sonny with a Chance. The complete first season was released on May 7, 2010 in Poland[17] and Mexico, and on August 26, 2010 in Germany.[18]", "Sonny with a Chance. Sonny with a Chance is an American sitcom created by Steve Marmel which aired for two seasons on Disney Channel from February 8, 2009 to January 2, 2011. The series follows the experiences of teenager Sonny Munroe, portrayed by Demi Lovato, who becomes the newest accepted cast member of her favorite live comedy television show, So Random!.[2]", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). Guest star: Lanny Horn as Howie\nNote: This episode can be seen on the DVD, \"Sonny's Big Break\" was released on August 25, 2009, as a bonus feature and was also recorded to show on online flights with Delta Air Lines. This episode premiered in Disney Channel India on November 6, 2009.\nReferences: Four Weddings and a Funeral and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, are referenced as spoofed films.", "Sonny with a Chance. The series originally premiered on February 8, 2009 on Disney Channel, Family Channel, and Disney Channel (UK and Ireland). In Australia it premiered on April 27, 2009 on Disney Channel and on February 13, 2010 on Seven Network. In New Zealand the series premiered on April 27, 2009 on Disney Channel and on August 15, 2010 on TV2. The series started airing on May 22, 2009 on Disney Channel (India), on September 5, 2009 on Disney Channel (Europe, Middle East and Africa), and on October 17, 2009 on Disney Channel (Southeast Asia).", "Sonny with a Chance. The soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on October 5, 2010.[11] It was preceded by the single \"Me, Myself and Time\", was released on August 3, 2010.[12]", "Sonny with a Chance (season 2). Disney Channel initially renewed Sonny for a second season on June 1, 2009, alongside the fourth season of Hannah Montana.[1] Production for the series moved from NBC Studios in Burbank, California to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California. Episodes were taped from November 2, 2009 and ended on June 4, 2010.", "Sonny with a Chance. Disney Channel originally renewed the series for a third season on November 12, 2010, but Lovato's role was at an uncertainty at the time after she checked into treatment two weeks prior. No word on whether Lovato would return to her role had been said, and production on the season carried out as planned in January 2011 without Lovato, focusing on the So Random! aspect rather than behind the scenes. An official name change to So Random! was announced on April 4, 2011, and later that month Lovato announced that she would not be returning to her role as Sonny Munroe, putting an end to Sonny with a Chance. So Random! premiered on Disney Channel on June 5, 2011 to an audience of 4.1 million viewers, but ratings soon dropped and the series was cancelled after a 26-episode first season.", "Sonny with a Chance. A full-length version of this theme was released via the Radio Disney network on March 31, 2009, less than two months after the show's U.S. premiere. The theme song is also featured as a track on the Disney compilation album, Disney Channel Playlist, released by Walt Disney Records on June 9, 2009. The song is also available as the bonus track on Lovato's second album Here We Go Again, released by Hollywood Records on July 21, 2009.", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). The first season of the television series Sonny with a Chance aired on Disney Channel from February 8, 2009 to November 22, 2009, and included 21 episodes. It introduces the six main characters of the series which are Sonny Munroe (Demi Lovato), Tawni Hart (Tiffany Thornton), Chad Dylan Cooper (Sterling Knight), Nico Harris (Brandon Mychal Smith), Grady Mitchell (Doug Brochu), and Zora Lancaster (Allisyn Ashley Arm).", "Sonny with a Chance. The second season originally premiered on March 14, 2010. It premiered on April 5, 2010 in Canada and on April 23, 2010 in the UK and Ireland. In New Zealand it premiered on May 10, 2010 on Disney Channel. In Australia it started on the same date on Disney Channel and on February 12, 2011 on Seven Network. It premiered on November 20, 2010 in India, on May 1, 2010 in the EMEA region and on April 3, 2011 in Southeast Asia.", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). Episode taping began in September 15, 2008 and ended on February 13, 2009. Episodes were taped on Stage 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank, California.", "Sonny with a Chance. Gary Marsh, president of entertainment, Disney Channel Worldwide, stated \"This series is rooted in one of the core thematic attributes that we stand for, which is following your dreams, there also was the opportunity to do a hybrid show.\"[8] The show began production on September 15, 2008 and the first season was taped at Stage 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank, California;[8] for the second season, the show's production moved to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California, where The Suite Life on Deck, Wizards of Waverly Place and Jonas are also filmed.", "Sonny with a Chance. It was announced on November 12, 2010 that the third season would begin production without Lovato, due to her recovering from health issues. The series would now focus on the sketch/comedy/music-variety show So Random!, centering on guest stars, sketches, digital shorts, and musical performances, a similar format to Saturday Night Live, but targeted at a much younger audience.[6][9] Production of the third season began on January 30, 2011.[21][22]", "Sonny with a Chance (season 2). The second and final season of the television series Sonny with a Chance aired on Disney Channel from March 14, 2010 to January 2, 2011. The six main characters are Sonny Monroe (Demi Lovato), Tawni Hart (Tiffany Thornton), Chad Dylan Cooper (Sterling Knight), Nico Harris (Brandon Mychal Smith), Grady Mitchell (Doug Brochu), and Zora Lancaster (Allisyn Ashley Arm).", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). Guest star: Andrew Abelson as Director\nNote: This was one of the episodes that were on unlocked on DisneyChannel.com by counting how many times they say \"princess\" (or variations of the word) during the presentation of Princess Protection Program\nTitle Reference: Punk'd", "Sonny with a Chance. Sonny with a Chance has a show-within-a-show, So Random!, complete with fully produced sketches. The show's executive producer Brian Robbins previously wrote for and served as an executive producer on the real-life kids sketch comedy series All That and The Amanda Show for Nickelodeon.", "Sonny with a Chance. First seven episodes (4:3 versions)", "Sonny with a Chance (season 2). Note: On this episode's first broadcast, the 16:9 widescreen picture seen on Disney Channel HD was mistakenly compressed into the 4:3 center cut picture on Disney Channel's SD feed; the rebroadcast on March 21, 2010 corrected this. This is the first episode broadcast that was taped at Hollywood Center Studios, joining Wizards of Waverly Place, The Suite Life on Deck and Jonas at the lot; the series was shot at NBC Studios in Burbank for the first season. The series' record breaking season premiere was led in by the season finale for Hannah Montana, which topped the week with 7.6 million viewers.[2]", "Demi Lovato. That month, Lovato also announced her departure from Sonny with a Chance, putting her acting career on hiatus and ending the series;[89] she later said that she would return to acting when she felt confident doing so.[90] Her departure led to the spin-off series So Random! with the Sonny cast, featuring sketches from the former show-within-a-show. The series was cancelled after one season.[91] Lovato released her third album, Unbroken, on September 20, 2011.[92] Begun in July 2010, the album experimented with R&B and featured less pop rock.[8] The album and the stylistic change received mixed reviews from critics, who saw a growth in musicianship because of her struggles and have praised Lovato's vocals but found the music more generic than her previous efforts.[93] The record was a commercial success, peaking at number four on the Billboard 200, with sales exceeding 97,000 copies in its first week of release, and going on to sell over 500,000 copies in the United States, being certified Gold.[94]", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance. Seven episodes (4:3 versions)", "Sonny with a Chance. Seven episodes (4:3 versions)", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance (season 1). So Random! sketches:", "Sonny with a Chance. Six episodes (4:2 versions)" ]

[ 6.84765625, 6.6953125, 5.54296875, 5.609375, 3.212890625, 6.671875, 4.2109375, 2.54296875, 3.95703125, 4.12109375, 5.45703125, 5.453125, 2.3828125, 2.798828125, 2.015625, 4.72265625, -2.58984375, -2.888671875, -3.43359375, 1.203125, -2.916015625, -2.796875, -2.796875, -3.474609375, -3.474609375, -2.796875, -2.796875, -2.796875, -2.796875, -2.796875, -2.796875, -3.33984375 ]

[ "Eternity ring. An eternity ring, also known as an infinity ring, is a woman's ring[citation needed] comprising a band of precious metal (usually gold) set with a continuous line of identically cut gemstones (usually diamonds)[1] to symbolize neverending love, usually given by a spouse to their wife on the occasion of a significant anniversary, typically after 1 or more years of marriage date[citation needed]\nBecause the presence of stones all the way round the eternity ring can make it cumbersome to wear, the alternative is to have the stones across the face of the ring only. This is sometimes referred to as a \"half-eternity\" ring rather than a \"full\" eternity ring.[citation needed]", "Eternity ring. The concept of the diamond eternity ring was created in the 1960s by diamond merchant De Beers.[3][4] American investigative journalist Edward Jay Epstein stated that at the time the company had a secret agreement with the Soviet Union which, in return for the creation of a \"single channel\" controlling the world's supply of diamonds, 'required' the purchase of 90-95% of the uncut gem diamonds produced by Russia.[4] The prevailing fashion at the time, particularly for engagement rings, was for them to be set with a single, large diamond. The Soviet gems, however, were small, often less than 0.25 carats.[3] To avoid stockpiling, De Beers embarked on a campaign of promotion of jewelry containing a number of small diamonds culminating in the eternity ring, which was aimed at older, married women.[3] One campaign slogan aimed at husbands was, \"She married you for richer or poorer. Let her know how it’s going.\"[5]", "Eternity ring. Eternity rings featuring paste gems, white topaz or a mix of stones appeared in the 18th century.[2]", "De Beers. Other successful campaigns include the 'eternity ring' (meant as a symbol of continuing affection and appreciation),[36] the 'trilogy ring' (meant to represent the past, present, and future of a relationship) and the 'right hand ring' (meant to be bought and worn by women as a symbol of independence).[39]", "Traditions of Texas A&M University. The Aggie Ring cannot be purchased unless specific requirements are met: a current student must be in good standing with a minimum 2.00 GPA on a 4.00 scale. In addition, the student must have completed 90 hours of coursework, including at least 45 hours at A&M. Graduate students may receive a Ring after 75% of their graduate coursework is completed. If your graduate degree requires a thesis, your Ring will be delivered on Aggie Ring Day if the thesis has been defended by the deadline set by the Office of Graduate Studies. If the thesis has not been defended by this date, the Aggie Ring will be held until the qualification is met. A Ph.D. student may receive their Ring if they have completed all formal coursework in the degree plan, has a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or above, has successfully completed the residency requirement, has successfully passed the preliminary exam, and has an approved research proposal on file. A Ring may be purchased upon graduation if a student, either undergraduate or graduate, did not meet these criteria while pursuing the degree.", "Texas A&M University. A visible designation tradition among senior undergraduates and former students is the wearing of the Aggie Ring, whose design has been relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1894.[179] Students may order a ring after completing 90 credit hours of coursework, including at least 45 hours at A&M, or after graduation. Graduate students may receive a ring after 75% of their graduate coursework is completed or after the acceptance of their dissertation or thesis.[180] Though unsanctioned by the university, many students \"dunk\" their newly acquired Aggie Rings into a pitcher of beer and quickly chug the entire pitcher to \"earn\" the ring. Some students dunk their rings in alternative substances, including ice cream or nonalcoholic beverages.[181]", "Claddagh ring. While Claddagh rings are sometimes used as friendship rings, they are most commonly used as engagement and wedding rings. Mothers sometimes give these rings to daughters when they come of age. There are several mottos and wishes associated with the ring, such as: \"Let love and friendship reign.\"[23] In Ireland, the United States, Canada, and other parts of the Irish diaspora, the Claddagh is sometimes handed down mother-to-eldest daughter or grandmother-to-granddaughter.[24]", "Engagement ring. A ring is presented as an engagement gift by a partner to their prospective spouse when they propose marriage or directly after a marriage proposal is accepted. It represents a formal agreement to future marriage.", "The Infinity Gauntlet. Eternity summons the Living Tribunal to determine if Warlock is worthy of the Infinity Gauntlet. When he is judged mentally unfit for power over the universe, he agrees to give five of the gems to individuals he determines to be best suited to protect them.[55] Shortly thereafter, the Living Tribunal decrees that the gems can no longer be used together.[56]", "Claddagh ring. The Claddagh ring (Irish: fáinne Chladaigh) is a traditional Irish ring given which represents love, loyalty, and friendship (the hands represent friendship, the heart represents love, and the crown represents loyalty).[1][2]", "Class ring. A class ring (also known as a graduation, graduate, senior, or grad ring) is a ring worn by students and alumni to commemorate their graduation, generally for a high school, college, or university.", "Engagement ring. In England and Wales, the gift of an engagement ring is presumed to be an absolute gift to the fiancée. This presumption may be rebutted however by proving that the ring was given on condition (express or implied) that it must be returned if the marriage did not take place, for whatever reason. This was decided in the case Jacobs v Davis (1917).[40]", "Traditions of Texas A&M University. Many students receive their Rings on Aggie Ring Day, which is held at the Clayton W. Williams, Jr. Alumni Center three times yearly.[3] Aggie Ring Day is a special time for Aggies, their family and friends to celebrate being a part of the Aggie Network. The Association of Former Students gave out over 11,000 Rings at Aggie Ring Days in 2012.", "Wedding ring. Depending on culture, a wedding ring is typically worn on the base of the left or right ring finger. Many spouses wear their wedding rings day and night, causing an indentation in the skin that is visible even when the ring is removed. Another indication of their cultural importance is that wedding rings are among the few items that prison inmates and visitors are permitted to wear[where?].[3][4]", "Engagement. Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract,[13] from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol (two hands clasping a heart) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people. Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity, but was first practiced on the fourth finger/ring finger by the Romans, who believed this finger to be the beginning of the vena amoris (\"vein of love\"), the vein that leads to the heart.[14] In cultures with European origin, and many other countries, an engagement ring is worn following the practice of the Romans who \"...wore the ring either on the right middle finger or the left ring [4th] finger, from which, according to ancient Egyptian physicians, a nerve led directly to the heart.\"[14] The custom in Continental Europe and other countries is to wear it on the right hand. One historical exception arose in monarchical regimes, in which a nobleman entering into morganatic marriage, a marriage in which the person, usually the woman, of lower rank stayed at the same rank instead of rising ranks, would present their left hand to receive the ring, hence the alternative term 'marriage with the left hand' (Ger. Ehe zur linken Hand), the offspring of such marriages considered to be disinherited from birth.[15]", "Pinky ring. A variety of pinky rings are awarded to graduating engineering students in North America, generally intended to serve as a reminder of the significance and impact of their chosen profession. In Canada, these include the Iron Ring, made of either crudely worked iron or stainless steel and worn on the dominant hand, presented to engineering students during the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer,[1] and the silver, but otherwise similar Earth Ring, associated with the geologists and geophysicists of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta.[2] In the United States, the Engineer's Ring, awarded by the Order of the Engineer, is similar to the Canadian Iron Ring.[3]", "Wedding ring. It is commonly believed that the first examples of wedding rings were found in ancient Egypt. Relics dating to 6,000 years ago, including papyrus scrolls, are evidence of the exchange of braided rings of hemp or reeds between spouses. Ancient Egypt considered the circle to be a symbol of eternity, and the ring served to signify the perpetual love of the spouses. This was also the origin of the custom of wearing the wedding ring on the ring finger of the left hand, because the ancient Egyptians believed that this finger enclosed a special vein that was connected directly to the heart,[5] denominated in Latin the \"Vena amoris\".", "2000s (decade). Under the Bush administration, organizations that promote abstinence and encourage teens to sign virginity pledges or wear purity rings have received federal grants. The Silver Ring Thing, a subsidiary of a Pennsylvania evangelical church, has received more than $1 million from the government to promote abstinence and to sell its rings in the United States and abroad.", "Engagement. The first recorded tradition of giving a ring for marriage is in Genesis 24:22 of the Hebrew Bible when a golden nose ring (Chayei Sarah 24:22) was given by Eliezer of Damascus to Rebecca,[when?][12] with Saadiah Gaon also citing as a possible source of the practice in the phrase in Nehemiah 7:46 be’nei tabbaot (children of the rings).[citation needed] The latter case refers to betrothal (see above) rather than engagement; one of the three ways in which betrothal may be effected in Judaism is by the husband giving the bride money or an object of at least nominal value. In fact, it is a long-standing practice within Judaism to contract the betrothal with a ring.", "South African family law. Arrhae sponsalitiae are gifts which reflect the seriousness of the intention of the donor to marry the other party. These are given with the intention that they will be forfeited to the receiver should the donor commit a breach of promise. The engagement ring, therefore, may be retained by the receiver and need only be returned if the engagement is terminated without any fault on the part of the donor.[128]", "Engagement ring. Tradition generally holds that if the betrothal fails because the man himself breaks off the engagement, the woman is not obliged to return the ring. This reflects the ring's role as a form of compensation for the woman's damaged reputation.[35] Legally, this condition can be subject to either a modified or a strict fault rule. Under the former, the fiancé can demand the return of the ring unless he breaks the engagement. Under the latter, the fiancé is entitled to the return unless his actions caused the breakup of the relationship, the same as the traditional approach. However, a no-fault rule is being advanced in some jurisdictions, under which the fiancé is always entitled to the return of the ring. The ring only becomes the property of the woman when marriage occurs. An unconditional gift approach is another possibility, wherein the ring is always treated as a gift, to be kept by the fiancée whether or not the relationship progresses to marriage. Recent court rulings have determined that the date in which the ring was offered can determine the condition of the gift. E.g. Valentine's Day and Christmas are widely recognized as gift giving holidays in the United States and some other countries. A ring offered in the form of a Christmas present is likely to remain the personal property of the recipient in the event of a breakup.[37]", "United States Military Academy. West Point began the collegiate tradition of the class ring, beginning with the class of 1835.[219] The class of 1836 chose no rings, and the class of 1879 had cuff links in lieu of a class ring. Before 1917, cadets could design much of the ring individually, but now only the center stone can be individualized.[219] One side of the ring bears the academy crest, while the other side bears the class crest and the center stone ring bears the words West Point and the class year. The academy library has a large collection of cadet rings on display.[220] Senior cadets receive their rings during Ring Weekend in the early fall of their senior year. Immediately after senior cadets return to the barracks after receiving their rings, fourth class cadets take the opportunity to surround senior cadets from their company and ask to touch their rings. After reciting a poem known to cadets as the Ring Poop, the senior usually grants the freshmen permission to touch the ring.[221] In 2002, the Memorial Class ring donor program began. Donations of class rings are melted and merged. A portion of the original gold is infused with gold from preceding melts to become part of the rings for each 'Firstie' class.[222]", "Museum of Old and New Art. MONA also offers an unusual membership program called \"Eternity Membership\", which not only includes lifetime free admission but notably earns members the right to be cremated and their remains housed in the MONA Cemetery.[11][12]", "Engagement ring. In most states of the United States, engagement rings are considered \"conditional gifts\" under the legal rules of property. This is an exception to the general rule that gifts cannot be revoked once properly given. See, for example, the case of Meyer v. Mitnick, 625 N.W.2d 136 (Michigan, 2001), whose ruling found the following reasoning persuasive: \"the so-called 'modern trend' holds that because an engagement ring is an inherently conditional gift, once the engagement has been broken, the ring should be returned to the donor. Thus, the question of who broke the engagement and why, or who was 'at fault,' is irrelevant. This is the no-fault line of cases.\" Though in certain states, whether a judicial action can be maintained at all to require return of an engagement ring is blocked by statute, as many states have statutes which state that no civil action shall be maintained for breach of promise to marry.[38]", "Engagement. Customs for engagement rings vary according to time, place, and culture. An engagement ring has historically been uncommon, and when such a gift was given, it was separate from the wedding ring.", "Wedding ring. Some customs include the wedding ring as the final of a series of gifts, which also may include the engagement ring, traditionally given as a betrothal present. This custom was practiced in ancient Rome and is possibly much older.[14]", "Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series. As they watch the skies, Peter suddenly finds the Eternity Forge in his hands and hears his mother ask to \"Come find me\" - after which either Gamora or Rocket will snap Star-Lord out of it and tell him that he's been standing there for hours talking to the relic. Realizing the Eternity Forge isn't an inert trinket, Star-Lord decides not to sell it with Thanos' body.", "Traditions of Texas A&M University. Traditionally, students wear their Rings with the class year facing them to signify the fact that their time at A&M is not yet complete. At the annual Ring Dance, or at the end of the student's collegiate career, the student turns his Ring around so that the class year faces away, symbolizing readiness to \"face the world.\"[16]", "Indulgence. Special indulgences are also granted on occasions of particular spiritual significance such as a jubilee year[40] or the centenary or similar anniversary of an event such as the apparition of Our Lady of Lourdes[41]", "Texas A&M ring. A series of requirements are needed to receive the Texas A&M ring that include 90 Credits, a 2.0 GPA and 45 hours in residence at Texas A&M.", "Texas A&M ring. The Texas A&M ring is an important rite of passage for students at the university. Typically worn on the right hand though allegedly some wear it on the left due to being part of a secret society at Texas A&M.", "Engagement ring. A couple in a committed relationship may give each other and wear pre-engagement rings, also called friendship or promise rings. Neither the engagement nor any other ring is worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride as part of the ceremony,[1] and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is usually put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring. Some brides have their engagement and wedding rings permanently soldered together after the wedding." ]

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[ "Coco (2017 film). Miguel now lives with the elderly Coco and their family, who are all shoemakers. He idolizes Ernesto de la Cruz, a popular actor and singer of Coco's generation, and also a Santa Cecilia native, and secretly teaches himself to play guitar from de la Cruz's old movies. One day, Miguel accidentally damages the picture frame holding a photo of Coco with her parents at the center of the family ofrenda and removes the photograph, discovering that his great-great-grandfather (whose face had been torn out) was holding Ernesto's famous guitar.", "Coco (2017 film). Bratt voiced Ernesto De la Cruz, a character who he described as \"the Mexican Frank Sinatra\"; \"[a] larger than life persona\".[39] On the advice of the filmmakers, Bratt watched videos of equivalent Mexican actors including Jorge Negrete and Pedro Infante. Bratt found the character similar to his father in physical appearance, \"swagger and confidence\", and worked in the film as a tribute to him.[40]", "Coco (2017 film). Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich, it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina. The film's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez, Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Alanna Ubach, Renée Victor, Ana Ofelia Murguía, and Edward James Olmos. The story follows a 12-year-old boy named Miguel who is accidentally transported to the Land of the Dead, where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great-great-grandfather to return him to his family among the living.", "Coco (2017 film). As the sun rises, Héctor is in danger of being forgotten by Coco and disappearing. Imelda and Héctor bless Miguel unconditionally so he can return to the Land of the Living. Miguel plays \"Remember Me\", a lullaby Héctor used to sing for Coco, revitalizing her memory of Héctor. She gives Miguel the torn-off piece of the photo from the ofrenda, which shows Héctor's face, and tells her family stories about her father, thus keeping his memory alive. Miguel's family reconciles with him and accepts music again.", "Coco (2017 film). One year later, Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda – including the restored photo of Héctor and Imelda, and a new photo of the now-deceased Coco – to his new baby sister. Letters from Héctor saved by Coco contain evidence of Ernesto's crimes; thus, Ernesto's legacy is destroyed and Héctor is honored in his place. In the Land of the Dead, Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living as Miguel sings and plays for his relatives, both living and dead.", "Coco (2017 film). Coco is the first-ever motion picture with a nine-figure budget to feature an all-Latino cast, with a cost of $175–200 million.[32] Gonzalez first auditioned for the role of Miguel when he was nine, and was finalized in the role two years later.[33] Speaking of his character, Gonzalez said: \"[Miguel and I] both know the importance of following our dream and we know the importance of following our tradition, so that's something that I connected with Miguel a lot\".[34] During the film's pre-production, Miguel was originally set to be voiced by a child named Emilio Fuentes, but was removed from the role after his voice deepened due to puberty over the course of the film's production.[35]", "Coco (2017 film). To maintain his legacy, Ernesto steals the photo and has Miguel and Héctor thrown into a cenote pit, where Miguel realizes that Héctor is his real great-great-grandfather and that Coco is Héctor's daughter. Imelda and the family find and rescue the duo. Miguel explains that Héctor's decision to return home resulted in his death, and Imelda and Héctor gradually reconcile. They infiltrate Ernesto's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor's photo from Ernesto, who attempts to kill Miguel to prevent him from returning with the photo. However, his family broadcasts Ernesto's confession to the concertgoers, who jeer Ernesto as he is propelled into a bell tower, where he is crushed, repeating his death.", "Coco (2017 film). Unkrich found writing the script \"the toughest nut to crack\".[30] Earlier versions of the film had different universe rules regarding how Miguel (originally called Marco) would get back from the land of the dead; in one case he physically had to run across the bridge. In one version of the story, his family is cursed with singing when trying to speak, which was included as a technique to add music to a story where music is banned. Originally, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez had written many more songs for the film than what ended up in the released version; one piece that survived in storyboard until late into the production was an expository song that explained the Mexican holiday to viewers to begin the film. In another song, Miguel's mother explains the tradition of shoe-making in their family, and how this means he is not allowed to pursue music.[31]", "Bogeyman. In Spain, parents will sing lullabies or tell rhymes to children, warning them that if they do not sleep, El Coco will come to get them. The rhyme originated in the 17th century has evolved over the years, but still retains its original meaning. Coconuts (Spanish: coco) received that name because their brownish hairy surface reminded Portuguese explorers of coco, a ghost with a pumpkin head. Latin America also has El Coco, although its folklore is usually quite different, commonly mixed with native beliefs, and, because of cultural contacts, sometimes more related to the boogeyman of the United States. However, the term El Coco is also used in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, such as Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Peru, Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, although there it is more usually called El Cuco, as in Puerto Rico, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina. Among Mexican-Americans, El Cucuy is portrayed as an evil monster that hides under children's beds at night and kidnaps or eats the child that does not obey his/her parents or go to sleep when it is time to do so. However, the Spanish American bogeyman does not resemble the shapeless or hairy monster of Spain: social sciences professor Manuel Medrano says popular legend describes El cucuy as a small humanoid with glowing red eyes that hides in closets or under the bed. \"Some lore has him as a kid who was the victim of violence... and now he's alive, but he's not,\" Medrano said, citing Xavier Garza's 2004 book Creepy Creatures and other Cucuys.\"[9]", "Coco (2017 film). Miguel encounters Héctor, a down-on-his-luck skeleton who once played music with Ernesto. Héctor offers to help Miguel reach Ernesto; in return, he asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living, so that he might visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely. Upon learning he has other relatives, however, Héctor attempts to return Miguel to them. Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto's mansion, learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor's death. Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant, but Héctor confronts them, again imploring Miguel to take his photo to the Land of the Living. An argument between Ernesto and Héctor, stemming from Héctor's decision to leave the duo and return to his family, causes Miguel to realize that Ernesto murdered Héctor by poisoning him and stole his guitar and his songs, passing them off as his own to become famous.", "Coco (2017 film). In Santa Cecilia, Mexico, 12-year-old Miguel dreams of being a musician, even though his family strictly forbids it. His great-great-grandmother Imelda was married to a man who left her and their 4-year-old daughter Coco to pursue a career in music, and when he never returned, Imelda banished music from her family's life and started a shoemaking business instead.", "Coco (2017 film). Concluding that Ernesto is his great-great-grandfather, Miguel leaves to enter a talent show for the Día de Los Muertos despite his family's objections. He breaks into Ernesto's mausoleum and takes his guitar to use in the show, but once he strums it, he becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza. However, he can interact with his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday. Taking him there, they learn that Imelda cannot visit, as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda. Miguel discovers that he is cursed for stealing from the dead, and must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead; to do so, he must receive a blessing from a member of his family. Imelda offers Miguel a blessing, but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits. Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto's blessing.", "Coco (2017 film). Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010, when Toy Story 3, which he also directed, was released.[15] Initially the film was to be about an American child, learning about his Mexican heritage, while dealing with the death of his mother. Eventually, the team decided that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead.[23] Of the original version, Unkrich noted that it \"reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico.\"[23] The fact that the film depicted \"a real culture\" caused anxiety for Unkrich, who \"felt an enormous responsibility on [his] shoulders to do it right.\"[23]", "Coco (2017 film). Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said, \"At every imaginative juncture, the filmmakers (the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling, fully dimensional characters, clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre, and vivid, beautifully textured visuals.\"[99] Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film, saying: \"If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death, it's hard to envision a more spirited, touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco.\"[100] In his review for Variety, Peter Debruge wrote, \"In any case, it works: Coco's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they'd nailed down all the other details, and though the movie drags in places, and features a few too many childish gags... the story's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it's sure to inspire.\" Debruge also described the film as \"[An] effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre.\"[101] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four, writing that \"There's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film's matter-of-fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living, as well as its portrayal of certain creatures\" such as Dante and Pepita. He concluded his review by stating, \"I had some minor quibbles about [Coco] while I was watching it, but I can't remember what they were. This film is a classic.\"[102]", "Coco (2017 film). In 2016, the Coco team made an official announcement about the cast, which revealed that Gael Garcia Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Renée Victor, and Anthony Gonzalez would voice the characters.[36] Bernal, who voiced Héctor, was \"moved\" when he realized that Disney-Pixar wanted to make a film on Latin culture.[37] Disney officials closely monitored Bernal's movements and expressions while he voiced the characters and used their input for animating Héctor.[38]", "Coco (2017 film). Unkrich stated that it was a struggle to find a role in the film for John Ratzenberger, who is not Latino but has voiced a character in every Pixar film since Toy Story. As Unkrich did not want to break Pixar's tradition, Ratzenberger was given a minor role with one line.[42]", "Coco (2017 film). Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 out of four, calling it a \"loving tribute to Mexican culture\", while praising the animation, vocal performances (particularly of Gonzalez, García Bernal, and Bratt), and its emotional and thematic tone and depth.[103] The Chicago Tribune's Michael Phillips called the film \"vividly good, beautifully animated\", praising Giacchino's musical score and the songs, as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out.[104] A. O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as \"a time-tested tune with captivating originality and flair, and with roving, playful pop-culture erudition\", and called the film's cultural vibe \"inclusive\" and \"a 21st-century Disney hallmark\".[105] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times found the film to be \"full of life\" and deemed it \"a bouncy and heart-tugging adventure\", while lauding the vocal performances as \"fantastic\" and \"first-rate\".[106] Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as \"effervescent, clever and thoughtful,\" calling it one of \"Pixar's most gorgeously animated outings\", and \"the most musical Pixar film, with a host of catchy tunes\".[107] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger wrote that the backgrounds \"have a vibrancy, and its atmosphere carries a warmth. And even after it's done, both linger, just a bit—like a perfectly struck guitar chord\".[108]", "Bing (TV series). Coco, voiced by Jocelyn Macnab, is one of Bing's cousins (the other being her little brother, Charlie).[6] Coco is the eldest of the child characters.", "Bogeyman. El Coco (also El Cuco and Cucuy, sometimes called El Bolo) is a monster common to many Spanish-speaking countries.", "The Bold and the Beautiful characters (2017). Coco is the teen sister of Sally Spectra (Hope), the grand-niece of Sally Spectra (Conley) and the granddaughter of Sally's sister, Shirley Spectra (Darbo).", "Coco (2017 film). The first teaser of Coco was released on March 15, 2017, two days before Disney's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide.[50] The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film, while highlighting its focus on music.[51] Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as \"a terrific old-school Pixar sell, mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what's to come.\"[50] The film's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around Día de Muertos, The Book of Life (2014).[51][52] A two-minute short film, titled Dante's Lunch—A Short Tail, was released online on March 29, 2017. It introduces the film's supporting character, a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante. The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character.[53]", "Coco (2017 film). Coco is the second Pixar offering of the year, following Cars 3, with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films, after 2015 (with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur).[59][60][61] The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios' 21-minute featurette Olaf's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering,[62] featuring the characters from Frozen, making Coco the first Pixar film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first film, Toy Story, in 1995.[63] The film will also have its own VR game, being Pixar's first VR development.[64]", "Robert Lopez. The Disney/Pixar film Coco, released in November 2017, heavily features Lopez and his wife's song \"Remember Me.\" The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lopez and his wife (second time winning this category), making him the first ever double EGOT winner.", "Cocoa Krispies. In 1963, Coco the Monkey was introduced, and he remains the mascot in those countries where the cereal is known as Coco Pops, Choco Krispies, and Choco Pops. In recent years, the design of Coco has been refined to give him a younger look. Coco's friends are Shortie Giraffe, Randy Rhino, Alan Anteater, Heftie Hippo, Fanny Flamingo, Osmelda Ostrich, and Kylie Kangaroo, while Crafty Croc and the gorillas are his arch enemies.", "Coco (2017 film). The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco. Unkrich said, \"I'd seen it portrayed in folk art. It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright, festive colors that captured my imagination. It has led me down a winding path of discovery. And the more I learn about [el] Día de los Muertos, the more it affects me deeply.\"[24] The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures, as they lacked any muscular system, and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts.[25] Coco also took inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki's anime films Spirited Away (2001) and Howl's Moving Castle (2004) as well as the action film John Wick (2014).[26]", "Coco (2017 film). Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them, including several for Best Animated Feature.[109] The song \"Remember Me\" was particularly praised. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it won Best Animated Feature Film while it was nominated for Best Original Song for the song, \"Remember Me\".[110] It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations, garnering thirteen, among them Best Animated Feature, Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production, Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production, and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez.[111] At the 90th Academy Awards, it won the Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song.[112] Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017.[113]", "Pixar universe theory. In Coco, we learn that Lightning McQueen had a human driver, named Bobby, at that time due to an easter egg of Lightning McQueen shoes worn by Bobby. Also, the town from Coco is seen briefly on a computer screen in Cars 3. In Coco, we see that if someone is forgotten they fade. Just like Bing Bong's death in Inside Out because there were no memory orbs left of him. The deaths of the characters even looked similar. This happens in Avengers as well, where if they are forgotten they fade out.", "The Golden Girls. The pilot included a gay houseboy, Coco (Charles Levin), who lived with the girls. Levin had been suggested by then-NBC president Brandon Tartikoff based on Levin's groundbreaking portrayal of a recurring gay character, Eddie Gregg, on NBC's Emmy-winning drama Hill Street Blues. After the pilot, the character of Coco was eliminated from the series.[17][18]", "CoCo (O.T. Genasis song). The music video for the song was released on October 13, 2014.[1] The music video has O.T. Genasis and a few of his friends scraping together and bagging baking soda. Another video with a higher budget was released, dubbed the TV version, which features O.T. Genasis on a boat with a theme of drug cartels and the large-scale importation of cocaine. The music video features a (Conglomerate Records) sign in the beginning. The video was directed by Busta Rhymes (Conglomerate C.E.O). It also features cameo appearances by Director Busta Rhymes, DJ Khaled, Timbaland, Ice T and his wife, Nicole \"Coco\" Austin. The TV version was filmed in Miami.[2]", "Coco (2017 film). On April 13, 2016, Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation.[43] The film's writer, Adrian Molina, was promoted to co-director in late 2016.[15]", "Ang Probinsyano. The story revolves around the journey of twins Dominador \"Ador\" de Leon and Ricardo \"Cardo\" Dalisay, (both played by Coco Martin), who were separated from each other due to financial reasons, even as they followed the path of being police officers.", "Coco (2017 film). The concept for Coco is inspired by the Mexican Day of the Dead holiday. The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich, Jason Katz, Aldrich and Molina. Pixar began developing the animation in 2016; Unkrich and some of the film's crew visited Mexico for research. Composer Michael Giacchino, who had worked on prior Pixar animated features, composed the score. Coco is the first film with a nine-figure budget to feature an all-Latino principal cast, with a cost of $175 million." ]

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[ "Soledad, California. The median income for a household in the city was $42,602, and the median income for a family was $41,188. Males had a median income of $31,566 versus $23,964 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,442. About 16.3% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.", "List of California locations by income. California had a per capita income of $29,906 during the five-year period comprising years 2010 through 2014. About every third county and every third place in California had per capita incomes above the state average. Though somewhat counterintuitive, this implies that counties and places with per capita incomes even slightly exceeding that of the state can be classified as \"high income\" given the natural division of places into a top third (high), middle third (medium), and lower third (low) when ranked by per capita income. Hence, the upper third of all places in this ranking have a per capita income with a lower bound roughly equal to that of the state, about $30,000. The median place and county in California had a per capita income of roughly $25,000, and the lower third of both types of geographies had per capita incomes with an upper bound of about $20,000. Places and counties with the highest per capita income were concentrated in the San Francisco Bay Area, which has a relatively high cost of living. Those with the lowest per capita incomes were concentrated in the Central Valley, an economy in which agriculture assumes a primary role.", "Economy of California. The maximum 13.3% state personal income tax rate is the highest in the nation, but only applies to incomes over $1 million.[49] For a married couple the first $15,164 has an income tax rate of 1.0% on taxable income (all income minus allowable deductions). The rate on taxable income between $15,164 and $35,952 is 2.0%; from $35,952 to $56,742 it is 4.0%; from $56,742 to $78,768 it is 6.0%; from $78,768 to $99,548 income has an 8.0% rate. On taxable income from $99,548 to $508,500 the rate is 9.3%. Taxable income from $508,500 to $610,200 the tax is 10.30% (of all income over $508,500). Taxable income from $610,200 to $1,017,000 the tax is 11.30% of all income over $610,200. All income over $1,017,000 has a tax of 13.3%. The standard deduction for a married couple is now $212.00. This means a married couple earning less than $18,182.00 pays no income tax. Rates for single persons are the same but the bracket amounts are halved.[50]", "Sacramento, California. The median income for a household in the city is $37,049, and the median income for a family is $42,051. Males have a median income of $35,946 versus $31,318 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,721. 20.0% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.5% of those under the age of 18 and 9.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.", "Economy of California. Per capita income was $58,272 in 2017, ranking 6th in the nation,[40] though with wide variation by geographic region and profession. The highest income counties in California are Marin County and San Francisco County, which both have per capita personal incomes of over $100,000, and are 2 of the top 12 highest-income counties in the United States. Some coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S., notably in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area.", "Lancaster, California. The median income for a household in the city was $41,127, and the median income for a family was $48,276 (based on Merrit Research).[23] Males had a median income of $40,710 versus $27,619 for females (+/- $3,000 per year).", "Soledad, California. The mean household income within the Soledad city limits was $58,841, and the median household income was $44,343. Roughly 7.8% of households were below the poverty line.", "Los Angeles County, California. The median personal earnings for all workers 16 and older in Los Angeles County are $30,654, slightly below the US median; earnings, however vary widely by neighborhood, race and ethnicity, and gender.[31] The median income for a household in the county was $42,189, and the median income for a family was $46,452. Males had a median income of $36,299 versus $30,981 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,683. There are 14.4% of families living below the poverty line and 17.9% of the population, including 24.2% of under 18 and 10.5% of those over 64.\nLos Angeles County has the highest number of millionaires of any county in the nation, totaling 261,081 households as of 2007.[32]", "Big Bear City, California. The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,615, and the median income for a family was $42,995. Males had a median income of $33,994 versus $20,844 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,301. About 5.1% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 1.2% of those age 65 or over.", "Huntington Beach, California. The median income for a household in the city was $76,527, and the median income for a family was $94,597. Adult males had a median income of $50,021 versus $33,041 for adult females. The per capita income for the city was $40,183. About 5.1% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Redlands, California. The median income for a household in the city was $58,155, and the median income for a family was $76,254. Males had a median income of $64,408 versus $52,122 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,237. About 2.7% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.", "Long Beach, California. The median income for a household in the city was $37,270, and the median income for a family was $40,002. Males had a median income of $36,807 versus $31,975 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,040. About 19.3% of families and 22.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.7% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over. In 2008, the Census Bureau showed the number of people living below the poverty line had dropped to 18.2%.[52]", "Paradise, California. The median income for a household in the town was $31,863, and the median income for a family was $41,228. Males had a median income of $35,419 versus $25,231 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,267. About 9.7% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.", "Riverside, California. The median income for a household in the city was $41,646, and the median income for a family was $47,254. Males had a median income of $36,920 versus $28,328 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,882. 15.8% of the population and 11.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 18.9% of those under the age of 18 and 8.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.", "Ojai, California. The median income for households in the city was $44,593, and the median income for a family was $52,917. Males had a median income of $40,919 versus $30,821 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,670. About 7.9% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.", "Sonoma County, California. The median household income was $53,076, and the median family income was $61,921. Males had a median income of $42,035, females $32,022. The per capita income for the county was $25,724. About 4.7% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.", "San Jose, California. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the U.S. for any city with more than a quarter million residents with $76,963 annually. The median income for a family was $86,822.[104] Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,697. About 6.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Upland, California. The median income for a household in the city was $48,734, and the median income for a family was $57,471. Males had a median income of $43,485 versus $29,973 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,343. About 9.1% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Alameda County, California. The median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857 (these figures had risen to $66,430 and $81,341 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[27]). Males had a median income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,680. About 7.7% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.", "Santa Monica, California. According to a 2009 estimate, the median income for a household in the city is $71,095, and the median income for a family is $109,410.[43] Males have a median income of $55,689 versus $42,948 for females. The per capita income for the city is $42,874. 10.4% of the population and 5.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.9% of those under the age of 18 and 10.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.", "List of California locations by income. San Francisco is an extreme example of a place in California with both a large population (829,072) and high per capita income ($49,986). In fact, it has the highest per capita income of all places in California with a population of over 100,000. Though Sunnyvale ($48,203), San Mateo ($46,782), Thousand Oaks ($46,231), and Carlsbad ($44,305) join San Francisco to make up the top five places in California with the highest per capita income in that population class, none of them have populations even close to San Francisco. The next place with a population similar to that of San Francisco that appears in the per capita income rankings is San Jose ($34,992), and at this point, the difference in per capita income with the entire state of California is only about $5,000.", "San Bernardino County, California. The median income for a household in the county was $42,066, and the median income for a family was $46,574. Males had a median income of $37,025 versus $27,993 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,856. About 12.6% of families and 15.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.6% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Santa Rosa, California. The median income for a household in the city was $50,931, and the median income for a family was $59,659. Males had a median income of $40,420 versus $30,597 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,495. 8.5% of the population and 5.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.5% of those under the age of 18 and 4.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.", "Spring Valley, San Diego County, California. The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,271, and the median income for a family was $51,217. Males had a median income of $36,338 versus $30,297 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,504. About 6.5% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.", "Santa Barbara, California. The median income for a household in the city was $47,498, and for a family was $57,880. Males had a median income of $37,116 versus $31,911 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,466. About 7.7% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. If one compares the per capita income to the actual cost of living, the number of people living below the poverty line is considerably higher.", "List of California locations by income. Of counties with a population exceeding 1,000,000, Santa Clara County had the highest per capita income ($42,666), followed by Contra Costa County ($38,770). San Diego ($31,043), Los Angeles ($27,987), and Sacramento ($27,071) counties all had per capita incomes near that of the state.", "Humboldt County, California. The median income for a household in the county was $31,226, and the median income for a family was $39,370. Males had a median income of $32,210 versus $23,942 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,203. About 12.9% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.", "Torrance, California. The median income for a household in the city in 2008 was $79,312, and the median income for a family was $98,473.[30] Males had a median income of $50,606 versus $36,334 for females. The per capita income for the city was $39,118. About 4.7% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Anderson, California. The median income for a household in the city was $24,558, and the median income for a family was $29,259. Males had a median income of $28,074 versus $20,745 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,744. About 22.2% of families and 28.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.3% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.", "Palo Alto, California. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $119,046, and the median income for a family was $153,197.[37] Males had a median income of $91,051 versus $60,202 for females. The per capita income for the city was $56,257. About 3.2% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.", "Ventura, California. The median income for a household in the city was $52,297, and the median income for a family was $60,466. Males had a median income of $43,828 versus $31,793 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,065. About 6.4% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.", "Lompoc, California. The median income for a household in the city was $47,587, and the median income for a family was $62,199. Males had a median income of $35,074, versus $26,824 for females. The per capita income was $15,509. About 12.6% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.8% of those under 18 and 6.7% of those 65 or older." ]

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[ "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The Joy Luck Club is a 1989 novel written by Amy Tan. It focuses on four Chinese American immigrant families in San Francisco who start a club known as The Joy Luck Club, playing the Chinese game of mahjong for money while feasting on a variety of foods. The book is structured somewhat like a mahjong game, with four parts divided into four sections to create sixteen chapters. The three mothers and four daughters (one mother, Suyuan Woo, dies before the novel opens) share stories about their lives in the form of vignettes. Each part is preceded by a parable relating to the game.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The Joy Luck Club consists of sixteen interlocking stories about the lives of four Chinese immigrant mothers and their four American-born daughters.[1] In 1949, the four mothers meet at the First Chinese Baptist Church in San Francisco and agree to continue to meet to play mah jong. They call their mah jong group the Joy Luck Club. The stories told in this novel revolve around the Joy Luck Club women and their daughters. Structurally, the novel is divided into four major sections, with two sections focusing on the stories of the mothers and two sections on the stories of the daughters.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The first section, Feathers from a Thousand Li Away, introduces the Joy Luck Club through daughter Jing-Mei Woo, whose late mother Suyuan Woo founded the Joy Luck Club, and focuses on the four mothers. Jing-Mei relates the story of how her mother Suyuan was the wife of an officer in the Kuomintang during World War II and how she was forced to flee from her home in Kweilin and abandon her twin daughters. Suyuan later found out her first husband died, remarried to Canning Woo, and immigrated to the United States where Jing-Mei was born. Suyuan and Canning attempted to find Suyuan's daughters, and Canning assumed that Suyuan had given up hope. Jing-Mei, who has been asked to take her mother's place in the Joy Luck Club, learns from the other mothers that her half-sisters are alive. They ask that Jing-Mei go to China and meet her sisters, and tell them about Suyuan's death.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). In 1993, the novel was adapted into a feature film directed by Wayne Wang and starring Ming-Na, Lauren Tom, Tamlyn Tomita, France Nguyen, Rosalind Chao, Kieu Chinh, Tsai Chin, Lisa Lu, and Vivian Wu. The screenplay was written by the author Amy Tan along with Ronald Bass. The novel was also adapted into a play, by Susan Kim, which premiered at Pan Asian Repertory Theatre in New York.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The novel's final episode returns to Jing-Mei, and her mother's desire to find her lost twin daughters. Jing-Mei and her father fly to China, where Jing-Mei meets her half-sisters and embraces her Chinese heritage. In doing so, she was finally able to make peace with Suyuan.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The other three mothers relate the stories of their childhood. An-Mei Hsu's story relates how her mother left her family to become the fourth concubine of Wu Tsing, a rich merchant, while An-Mei was raised by her maternal grandmother. Her mother returns only to cut off a piece of her flesh to cook a soup in hopes of healing An-Mei's grandmother, though An-Mei's grandmother still dies. Lindo Jong explains how in childhood she was forced into a loveless marriage and was pressured by her mother-in-law's desire for Lindo to produce grandchildren. Through her own ingenuity, Lindo fabricates a convincing story to annul her marriage and immigrate to the United States. The final story of the first section follows Ying-Ying St. Clair, who tells the story of how she fell into a lake during the Zhongqiujie festival when she was only four. After being rescued by a group of fishermen, she realizes that she is lost. This experience emotionally traumatizes her, and she is dropped at the shore, and wanders into an outdoor performance featuring the Moon Lady, said to grant wishes. But when Ying-Ying approaches the Moon Lady after the play to wish to be returned to her family, she discovers the Moon Lady is played by a man.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The Joy Luck Club has received criticism for perpetuating racist stereotypes about Asian Americans.[3][4] Literary figures such as Chinese American author Frank Chin said that it depicted Chinese culture as backwards, cruel, and misogynistic. He attributed the acclaim and popularity of The Joy Luck Club to playing up racist stereotypes welcomed in mainstream America.[5] He also noted that it lacks authenticity for its fabricated Chinese folk tales that depict \"Confucian culture as seen through the interchangeable Chinese/Japanese/Korean/Vietnamese mix (depending on which is the yellow enemy of the moment) of Hollywood.\"[6][7]", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The final section of the novel returns to the viewpoints of the mothers as adults dealing with difficult choices. An-Mei reveals what happened after her grandmother died; she accompanied her mother back to where she lived as the abused fourth concubine of Wu Tsing, whose second concubine manipulates and controls the household and has taken An-Mei's half-brother as her son. An-Mei learns how her mother was forced into accepting her position after Wu Tsing's second wife arranged for An-Mei's mother to be raped and shamed. When she came to her family for help, they cruelly turned their backs on her mother and told her to leave. An-Mei finds her mother has poisoned herself two days before Chinese New Year, knowing that Wu Tsing's superstitious beliefs will ensure An-Mei will grow in favorable conditions. During the funeral, she takes her younger half-brother and forces Wu Tsing to honor both them and their deceased mother out of fear of him being haunted by their mother's ghost. When the Second Wife attempts to discredit her, An-Mei quickly makes an example of her by destroying the fake pearl necklace that she originally gave to her, which exposes her cruelty and manipulation. This causes the Second Wife to realize that she has lost control of the household and brought trouble on herself, so she backs down. Fearing bad karma on the way, Wu Tsing honors both An-Mei and her brother as his children and their mother as his favorite 1st wife. Ying-Ying St. Clair reveals how her first husband, a womanizer, abandoned her and how she married an American man she did not love after relinquishing her sense of control in her life. She later took back her sense of control when she finally had a talk to Lena and convinced her to leave Harold. Lindo Jong relates how she arrived in San Francisco and met An-Mei Hsu when they both worked at a fortune-cookie factory, which eventually gave her the means to plant the idea of marriage in her boyfriend's head.", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The second section traces the childhoods of the Joy Luck children. In the first story, Waverly Jong talks about how she started playing chess, first with her brothers and then with old men in the playground near her school. At the age of nine, she becomes a national chess champion. She is embarrassed when her mother, Lindo, introduces her to everyone she meets, showing her off like a trophy and seeming to take the credit for her daughter's brilliance. This leads to an angry confrontation between the two of them. Lena relates the stories her mother told her when she was younger (her great grandfather sentenced a beggar to die in the worst possible manner). Lena’s family moves to North Hill from Oakland. Her mother, who seems restless, delivers an anencephalic child who dies at birth. In Lena’s eyes, her mother becomes a ‘living ghost’. The story of their neighbors and the relationship between the mother and the daughter of the neighboring household is also mentioned. Rose Hsu Jordan wishes to tell her mother that she plans to divorce her husband Ted. She reflects on their relationship. She then goes on to relate an incident in which her family (her parents and six siblings) go to the beach. Her youngest brother, Bing, drowns. She returns along with her mother An Mei to search for Bing, but in vain. The last story is that of Jing Mei Woo and the pressure that her mother puts on her to perform exceedingly well in some field (to be a child prodigy). She begins to learn to play the piano but doesn't perform well in a concert and stops playing. This disappoints her mother because she wanted her to be a great pianist and Jing-Mei shows no interest in being anything else but herself. Around her 30th birthday, Suyuan presents her an old piano which she used to play as a child. Although Jing-Mei admits she had forgotten how to play the piano, Suyuan encourages her to try again. She admits to Jing-Mei that she still has the talent to be a great pianist, but self-doubt holds her back.", "Fortune cookie. The non-Chinese origin of the fortune cookie is humorously illustrated in Amy Tan's 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club, in which a pair of immigrant women from China find jobs at a fortune cookie factory in America. They are amused by the unfamiliar concept of a fortune cookie but, after several hilarious attempts at translating the fortunes into Chinese, come to the conclusion that the cookies contain not wisdom but \"bad instruction\".", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). Harvard Crimson writer, Allen Soong, reflected that \"while the women ... are fully fleshed-out characters who are a remarkable improvement over the \"exotic Oriental\" Cassandra from \"Wayne's World,\" the male characters are merely additions to the long list of negative images of Asian men in our culture.\"[8]", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). Novelist Nancy Willard, in a somewhat positive critique, said that \"Amy Tan's special accomplishment in this novel is not her ability to show us how mothers and daughters hurt each other, but how they love and ultimately forgive each other.\"[9]", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The third section follows the Joy Luck children as adult women, all facing various conflicts. In Lena's story, she narrates her troubling marital problems and how she fears being inferior to her husband, but does not realize he has taken advantage of her both at home and at work, where he is also her boss and earns much more than her. Ying-Ying is very much aware of this and encourages Lena to stop being passive and stand up to her husband or nothing will change. Waverly Jong worries about her mother's opinion of her white fiance, Rich, and recalls quitting chess after becoming angry at her mother in the marketplace (believing that her mother still has absolute power over her and will object to her forthcoming marriage to Rich). After a disastrous attempt at a dinner party to tell her mother of their wedding, Waverly confronts her mother the morning afterwards and realizes that her mother has known all along about her relationship with Rich and has accepted him. Rose Hsu Jordan learns that Ted intends to marry someone else after divorcing her, she realizes through her mother's advice that she needs to fight for her rights and refuses to sign the conditions set forth by his divorce papers. She hires a good lawyer and wins possession of the house, forcing Ted to take her more seriously. In Jing-Mei's story, Jing-Mei has an argument with Waverly at a Chinese New Year's dinner the year before the story begins. Realizing that Jing-Mei has been humiliated, Suyuan gives her a special jade pendant called \"life's importance,\" which Jing-Mei rues that she never learned the meaning of the pendant's name. She also confronts Suyuan with the belief that she had always been disappointed in Jing-Mei and admitted she could never live up to her high expectations. Jing-Mei believes that because she has never finished college, doesn't have a good career and remains unmarried are reasons that she is seen as a failure in her mother's eyes. Suyuan eventually reveals her true meaning; that while Waverly has style, she lacks the kind and generous heart that Jing-Mei has. She also tells Jing-Mei that she understands the frustrations of never being good enough in her eyes and admits she is proud of Jing-Mei.", "San Jose State University. Amy Tan — Novelist; author of The Joy Luck Club.", "The Cavern Club. The Cavern Club was a nightclub at 10 Mathew Street, Liverpool, England.", "Lauren Tom. Tom landed a lead role in the film The Joy Luck Club in 1993, which led to roles in other films such as When a Man Loves a Woman and North.", "American literature. Other notable Asian-American (but not immigrant) novelists include Amy Tan, best known for her novel, The Joy Luck Club (1989), tracing the lives of four immigrant families brought together by the game of Mahjong, and Korean American novelist Chang-Rae Lee, who has published Native Speaker, A Gesture Life, and Aloft. Such poets as Marilyn Chin and Li-Young Lee, Kimiko Hahn and Janice Mirikitani have also achieved prominence, as has playwright David Henry Hwang. Equally important has been the effort to recover earlier Asian American authors, started by Frank Chin and his colleagues; this effort has brought Sui Sin Far, Toshio Mori, Carlos Bulosan, John Okada, Hisaye Yamamoto and others to prominence.", "Cotton Club. Francis Ford Coppola's 1984 film The Cotton Club offers a history of the club in the context of race relations in the 1930s and the conflicts between Madden, Dutch Schultz, Vincent \"Mad Dog\" Coll, Lucky Luciano, and Ellsworth \"Bumpy\" Johnson.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. In 1867, John O'Hanlan and Harley Sullivan are aging cowboys working on open cattle ranges in Texas. O'Hanlan gets a letter from an attorney in Cheyenne, Wyoming, that his disreputable and now deceased brother, DJ, left him something called The Cheyenne Social Club in his will.", "Social Club Misfits. Social Club formed in the middle of 2011 in Miami, Florida.[1] They rebranded themselves as Social Club Misfits in April 2016, when they signed to Capitol Christian Music Group.[5][6][7][8]", "Cotton Club. The Cotton Club was a New York City nightclub located in Harlem on 142nd Street and Lenox Avenue from 1923 to 1935, then briefly in the midtown Theater District from 1936 to 1940.[1] The club operated most notably during the United States' era of Prohibition. The club was a whites-only establishment, but featured many of the most popular black entertainers of the era, including musicians Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Fats Waller, Willie Bryant; vocalists Adelaide Hall,[2][3] Ethel Waters, Cab Calloway, Bessie Smith, Aida Ward, Avon Long, the Dandridge Sisters, the Will Vodery Choir, The Mills Brothers, Nina Mae McKinney, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne; and dancers Bill Robinson, The Nicholas Brothers, Charles 'Honi' Coles, Leonard Reed, Stepin Fetchit, the Berry Brothers, The Four Step Brothers, Jeni Le Gon and Earl Snakehips Tucker.", "Two Kinds. \"Two Kinds\" is a short story from the book The Joy Luck Club[1] by Amy Tan. It was first published in 1989.[2] The short story outlines the main character Jing-mei Woo’s childhood and the effects of her mother’s high expectations for her life. It is clear that some of the events in the short story reflect events that happened in the author’s life. For example, the main character's mother left China, leaving behind her family and children. The same is true with Amy Tan's mother.[3] In 1993, a movie based on the book was made.[4]", "Stan Lee's Lucky Man. DI Harry Clayton is a detective in Central London's Murder Squad suffering from an addiction to gambling. Clayton becomes the recipient of an ancient bracelet—after a night spent with the mysterious Eve, he wakes up with the bracelet on his wrist and discovers that it gives him supernatural luck. With his gambling addiction having cost him his wife and daughter and being in debt for thousands of pounds to a casino owner, Clayton soon begins to use the bracelet to his own advantage.[4]", "The Cavern Club. Tribute clubs exist in Dallas, Buenos Aires,[13] Tokyo, Adelaide, Wellington, Exeter and Costa Teguise in Lanzarote.[citation needed] A similar looking club was also featured in the opening sequence of the film Across the Universe, in homage to The Beatles' beginnings, though the club's name was never mentioned. The footage for this scene was actually shot in The Cavern Club itself. The Cavern Club is the first playable location in The Beatles: Rock Band.", "Tara (plantation). Twelve Oaks, a neighboring plantation in the novel, is now the name of many businesses and a high school stadium in nearby Lovejoy, Georgia.", "The Cavern Club. Soon after the Cavern club closed in 1973, a new Cavern club re-opened at 7 Mathew Street, later re-named the Revolution Club. In 1984, this club was taken over by Liverpool F.C. player Tommy Smith and rebuilt with bricks from the original Cavern club.[1] The new design was to resemble the original as closely as possible. This was a period of massive economic and political change in and around Liverpool and the club only survived until 1989, when it came under financial pressures and closed for 18 months.[citation needed] In 1991,[7] two friends—schoolteacher Bill Heckle and taxi driver Dave Jones—reopened it.[citation needed] They still run the club today and are now the longest-running owners in its history. The club continues to function primarily as a live music venue. The music policy varies from 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s classic pop music to indie, rock and modern chart music.[citation needed]", "The Beatles at The Cavern Club. The Cavern Club at 10 Mathew Street, in Liverpool was the venue where the Beatles' (formerly known as the Quarrymen) UK popularity started. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Pete Best were first seen by Brian Epstein at the club. Epstein eventually became their manager, going on to secure them a record contract. Best was replaced by Ringo Starr on 16 August 1962, which upset many Beatles fans. After taunts of, \"Pete forever, Ringo never!\", one agitated fan headbutted Harrison in the club.", "Angel Island (California). In 1938, hearings concerning charges of membership in the Communist political party against labor leader Harry Bridges were held on Angel Island before Dean James Landis of Harvard Law School. After eleven weeks of testimony that filled nearly 8,500 pages, Landis found in favor of Bridges. The decision was accepted by the United States Department of Labor and Bridges was freed.[citation needed]", "The Cheyenne Social Club. After making the 1,000 mile (1,600 km) trek to Cheyenne, O'Hanlan and Sullivan learn The Cheyenne Social Club is a high-class brothel next to the railroad. O'Hanlan's efforts to close the Club are thwarted, so O'Hanlan has his brother's lawyer transfer ownership of the Club to Jenny, and he leaves town again, with Sullivan in tow.", "Soho. Gerrard Street was built between 1677–85 on land owned by Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield called the Military Ground. The initial development contained a large house belonging to the Earl of Devonshire, which was subsequently occupied by Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of Manchester, Baron Wharton and Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough. Several foreign restaurants had become established on Gerrard Street by the end of the 19th century, including the Hotel des Etrangers and the Mont Blanc.[103] Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club opened at 39 Gerrard Street in 1959 and remained there until its move to No 47 Frith Street in 1965. Scott kept 39 Gerrard Street open for up and coming British Jazz musicians (referred to as 'the Old Place') until the lease ran out in 1967.[104] The 43 Club was based on Gerrard Street. It was one of the most notorious clubs in Soho, run as a cover for organised crime and illegal after-hours selling of alcohol and following a police investigation, the owner Kate Meyrick was jailed in 1928.[85] During the 1950s, the cheap rents on Gerrard Street attracted Chinese Londoners, many who moved from Poplar. By 1970, the street had become the centre of London's Chinatown, and it became pedestrianised and decorated with a Chinese gateway and lanterns. It continues to host numerous Chinese restaurants and shops into the 21st century.[49]", "How to Make an American Quilt. In a review for The New York Times, Caryn James gave praise to both Moorhouse's \"cut-to-the-quick\" direction and Anderson's script for crafting an adaptation of a \"decidedly uncinematic novel.\" She added that the film manages to give off the impression that \"we are not watching movie women but real women, with shaky judgment and lifetimes of reasons to resent and forgive one another as well as all the men in their lives.\"[4] Roger Ebert commended the stories involving Woodard and Capshaw's characters for being the most heartfelt but found the rest of them devoid of any emotional resonance compared to the tales told in the film adaptation of Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club, saying that they have lives \"largely recycled from sweet movies and tasteful romantic novels.\"[5] Eve Zibart of The Washington Post said that despite Bancroft's performance being \"right on the ceiling\" in terms of over the top and saying that Ryder \"seems for once to be acting, and not entirely comfortably\", she praised the rest of the actresses for being \"theatrical indulgence by a cast of stahs.\"[6]", "Kevin Trudeau. In February 2014, the court-appointed receiver announced that a number of Trudeau's known assets, including a home in Ojai, California, would be auctioned, with proceeds to be applied toward unpaid fines and restitutions.[89] The receiver also assumed control of Trudeau's Global Information Network (GIN), the Nevis-based \"secret club\" that had promised extraordinary \"secrets to success\". Court officials informed GIN members that the club’s business model “likely amounted to an illegal pyramid scheme\", and that its relentlessly publicized group of 30 billionaire financial advisors known as the “GIN Council” did not exist. GIN's remaining assets were later auctioned as well.[90]" ]

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[ "Epistle of James. The Epistle of James was included among the twenty-seven New Testament books first listed by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Thirty-Ninth Festal Epistle (AD 367)[42] and was confirmed as a canonical epistle of the New Testament by a series of councils in the Fourth Century. Today, virtually all denominations of Christianity consider this book to be a canonical epistle of the New Testament.[citation needed]", "Epistle of James. The Epistle of James (Ancient Greek: Ἰάκωβος, translit. Iakōbos), the Book of James, or simply James, is one of the twenty-one epistles (didactic letters) in the New Testament.", "Epistle of James. The earliest extant manuscripts of James usually date to the mid-to-late 3rd century.[6]", "Epistle of James. Many scholars consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries:[15]", "Epistle of James. The Epistle was first explicitly referred to and quoted by Origen of Alexandria, and possibly a bit earlier by Irenaeus of Lyons[41] as well as Clement of Alexandria in a lost work according to Eusebius, although it was not mentioned by Tertullian, who was writing at the end of the Second Century.[40] It is also absent from the Muratorian fragment, the earliest known list of New Testament books.[citation needed]", "Epistle of James. Martin Luther's description of the Epistle of James changes. In some cases, Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle; but in other cases, he describes James as the work of an apostle.[47] He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God[48] and describes James as \"a good book, because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God.\"[49] Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament, citing its authority in the Book of Concord,[44] however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena.[50]", "Epistle of James. Other scholars, such as Luke Timothy Johnson, suggest an early dating for the Epistle of James:", "New Testament. The author of the Epistle of James identifies himself in the opening verse as \"James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ\". From the middle of the 3rd century, patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James the Just.[82] Ancient and modern scholars have always been divided on the issue of authorship. Many consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries.[83]", "Luther's canon. Martin Luther's description of the Epistle of James changes. In some cases, Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle; but in other cases, he describes James as the work of an apostle.[9] He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God[10] and describes James as \"a good book, because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God.\"[11] Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament, citing its authority in the Book of Concord,[12] however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena.[13]", "Epistle of James. According to Robert J. Foster, \"there is little consensus as to the genre, structure, dating, and authorship of the book of James.\"[4] There are four \"commonly espoused\" views concerning authorship and dating of the Epistle of James:[5]", "Epistle of James. From the middle of the 3rd century, patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James, the brother of Jesus and a leader of the Jerusalem church.[3] Not numbered among the Twelve Apostles unless he is identified as James the Less,[12] James was nonetheless a very important figure: Paul described him as \"the brother of the Lord\" in Galatians 1:19 and as one of the three \"pillars of the Church\" in 2:9.", "Epistle of James. Its late recognition in the Church, especially in the West, may be explained by the fact that it was written for or by Jewish Christians, and therefore not widely circulated among the Gentile Churches. There is some indication that a few groups distrusted the book because of its doctrine. In Reformation times a few theologians, most notably Martin Luther in his early career,[44] argued that this epistle should not be part of the canonical New Testament.[45][46]", "Epistle of James. If written by James the brother of Jesus, it would have been written sometime before AD 69 (or AD 62), when he was martyred. Jerusalem would also be the place of writing.[18][citation needed]", "Development of the Old Testament canon. The original King James Bible of 1611 included King James Version Apocrypha which is frequently omitted in modern printings. These texts are: 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, Rest of Esther, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy, Song of the Three Children, Story of Susanna, The Idol Bel and the Dragon, Prayer of Manasses, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees.[97]", "Epistle of James. John Calvin and others suggested that the author was the Apostle James, son of Alphaeus, who is referred to as James the Less. The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an \"epistle of straw\"[14] as compared to some other books in the New Testament, partly because of the conflict he thought it raised with Paul on the doctrine of justification (see below).[citation needed]", "Epistle of James. \"The Letter of James also, according to the majority of scholars who have carefully worked through its text in the past two centuries, is among the earliest of New Testament compositions. It contains no reference to the events in Jesus' life, but it bears striking testimony to Jesus' words. Jesus' sayings are embedded in James' exhortations in a form that is clearly not dependent on the written Gospels.\"[17]", "King James Version. As early as 1814, we find King James' version, evidently a descriptive phrase, being used.[26] \"The King James Version\" is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855.[27] The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source.[28] In the United States, the \"1611 translation\" (actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below) is generally known as the King James Version today.", "Epistle of James. Rather, evidence points to James, the brother of Jesus, to whom Jesus evidently had made a special appearance after his resurrection described in the New Testament. This James was prominent among the disciples.[8][9] The writer of the letter of James identifies himself as \"a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ\" in much the same way as did Jude, who introduced the Epistle of Jude by calling himself \"a slave of Jesus Christ, but a brother of James\" (Jas 1:1; Jude 1). Furthermore, the salutation of his letter concludes with the term “greetings\" (Greek χαίρειν), much like the letter on circumcision that was sent to the congregations.[10] In the latter instance it was apparently Jesus's brother, James, who spoke prominently in the assembly of \"the apostles and the older men\" at Jerusalem.[11]", "Modern English Bible translations. The King James Version of 1611 (in its 1769 amended Oxford edition) still has an immense following, and as such there have been a number of different attempts to update or improve upon it. The English Revised Version and its derivatives also stem from the King James Version.", "Epistle of James. James is considered New Testament wisdom literature: \"like Proverbs and Sirach, it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature.\"[19]", "Wisdom. [42] The book of James, written by the apostle James, is said to be the New Testament version of the book of Proverbs, in that it is another book that discusses wisdom. It reiterates Proverbs message of wisdom coming from God by stating, \"If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you.\" James 1:5. James also explains how wisdom helps one acquire other forms of virtue, \"But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere.\" James 3:17. In addition, James focuses on using this God-given wisdom to perform acts of service to the less fortunate.", "King James Version. King James's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation (on a par with the \"Genevan Bible\" or the \"Rhemish Testament\") in Charles Butler's Horae Biblicae (first published 1797).[16] Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic: it is found both in a \"Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible\" published in Massachusetts in 1815,[17] and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is \"generally known by the name of King James's Bible\".[18] This name was also found as King James' Bible (without the final \"s\"): for example in a book review from 1811.[19] The phrase \"King James's Bible\" is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description.[20]", "Epistle of James. Within the New Testament canon, the Epistle of James is noteworthy because it makes no reference to the death, resurrection, or divine sonship of Jesus. It refers to Jesus twice, as \"the Lord Jesus Christ\" and as \"our glorious Lord Jesus Christ\" (James 1:1, 2:1).", "King James Version. Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version, as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha – generally, following the Luther Bible, in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text – and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles;[169][170] The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop's Bible; however, following the practice of the Geneva Bible, the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras, as compared to the names in the Thirty-nine Articles, with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah. Starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded. In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound.[171]", "James VI and I. In the Millenary Petition of 1603, the Puritan clergy demanded the abolition of confirmation, wedding rings, and the term \"priest\", among other things, and that the wearing of cap and surplice become optional.[122] James was strict in enforcing conformity at first, inducing a sense of persecution amongst many Puritans;[123] but ejections and suspensions from livings became rarer as the reign continued.[124] As a result of the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, a new translation and compilation of approved books of the Bible was commissioned to resolve discrepancies among different translations then being used. The Authorized King James Version, as it came to be known, was completed in 1611 and is considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose.[125] It is still in widespread use.[126]", "Epistle of James. The writer refers to himself only as \"James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ.\"[Jas 1:1] As many as six different men in the Bible are named James, and if none of them wrote this letter, some other man not mentioned might be the author.[citation needed]", "Epistle of James. Jesus had two apostles named James: James, the son of Zebedee and James, the son of Alphaeus, but it is unlikely that either of these wrote the letter. According to the Book of Acts, James, the son of Zebedee, was martyred about 44 AD.[7] That would be very early for him to have been the writer. The other apostle James, the son of Alphaeus, is not prominent in the Scriptural record, and very little is known about him.[citation needed]", "King James Version. For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James.[13] A 1761 \"Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English\" refers to the 1611 version merely as a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation, despite referring to the Great Bible by its name, and despite using the name \"Rhemish Testament\" for the Douay-Rheims Bible version.[14] Similarly, a \"History of England\", whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that [a] new translation of the Bible, viz., that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611.[15]", "Epistle of James. The content of James is directly parallel, in many instances, to sayings of Jesus found in the gospels of Luke and Matthew, i.e., those attributed to the Q Source. Compare, e.g., \"Do not swear at all, either by heaven...or by the earth....Let your word be 'Yes, Yes' or 'No, No'; anything more than this comes from the evil one\" (Matthew 5:34, 37) and \"...do not swear either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath, but let your 'Yes' be yes and your 'No' be no, so that you may not fall under condemnation\" (James 5:12). According to James Tabor, the epistle of James contains \"no fewer than thirty direct references, echoes, and allusions to the teachings of Jesus found in the Q source.\"[20]", "Epistle of James. In the first centuries of the Church the authenticity of the Epistle was doubted by some, including Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia. Because of the silence of several of the western churches regarding it, Eusebius classes it among the Antilegomena or contested writings (Historia ecclesiae, 3.25; 2.23). Jerome gives a similar appraisal but adds that with time it had been universally admitted.[citation needed] Gaius Marius Victorinus, in his commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, openly questioned whether the teachings of James were heretical.[43]", "King James Version. By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches, except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century, this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford, and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualified title \"King James Version\" usually indicates this Oxford standard text.", "Epistle of James. A 2013 journal article[28] explores a violent historical background behind the epistle and offers the suggestion that it was indeed written by James, the brother of Jesus, and it was written before AD 62, the year he was killed.[29] The 50s saw the growth of turmoil and violence in Roman Judea, as Jews became more and more frustrated with corruption, injustice and poverty. It continued into the 60s, four years before James was killed. War broke out with Rome and would lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the people. The epistle is renowned for exhortations on fighting poverty and caring for the poor in practical ways (1:26–27; 2:1-4; 2:14-19; 5:1-6), standing up for the oppressed (2:1-4; 5:1-6) and not being \"like the world\" in the way one responds to evil in the world (1:26-27; 2:11; 3:13-18; 4:1-10). Worldly wisdom is rejected and people are exhorted to embrace heavenly wisdom, which includes peacemaking and pursuing righteousness and justice (3:13-18)." ]

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[ "Melanie Lynskey. On television, Lynskey achieved fame with her portrayal of Rose on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men (2003–15). From 2015–16, she starred as Michelle Pierson on the HBO series Togetherness, earning a Critics' Choice Award nomination for her performance. She also provided the voices of Beatrice in the Cartoon Network miniseries Over the Garden Wall (2014), and Megan on Disney XD's Future-Worm! (2016–18). She currently plays Molly Strand on Hulu's Castle Rock (2018–present).", "Melanie Lynskey. In 2003, Lynskey played a writer for The New Republic in Shattered Glass, a film based on the career of former journalist Stephen Glass (played by Hayden Christensen). Jeff Otto of IGN called it \"a tension-filled drama with great performances\".[32] Later that year, she landed the part of Rose, the devious—but lovable—neighbor of Charlie Harper (played by Charlie Sheen) on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men. After initially appearing in the pilot episode as a guest character, Lynskey was invited to become a series regular, and went on to appear frequently throughout the show's first two seasons.[2] Despite leaving the main cast in 2005 to concentrate on film work,[33] she continued to make guest appearances on the show up until its final episode, which aired in February 2015.[34]", "Rose McGowan. She made her film debut in the 1992 comedy Encino Man, where she played a small role. In 1995, her performance as Amy Blue in Gregg Araki's dark comedy The Doom Generation brought her wider attention, and for it she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination. McGowan then appeared in the 1996 hit horror film Scream and starred alongside Ben Affleck in the 1997 coming-of-age feature Going All the Way. Later, she appeared in several Hollywood films, including Devil in the Flesh (1998), Jawbreaker (1999), Ready to Rumble (2000), Monkeybone (2001) and The Black Dahlia (2006). In 2005, McGowan played Ann-Margret alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Elvis Presley in the CBS miniseries Elvis. In 2007, she starred in Planet Terror, part of the double-feature film directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino, Grindhouse. The following year, she starred in the crime thriller film Fifty Dead Men Walking.", "Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men). Charlie and Rose (Melanie Lynskey) spent one night together shortly before the events portrayed in the show; after this, Rose became increasingly obsessed with him. She usually spends time at his beach house when Charlie and Alan are gone, and when they come back they usually find a surprise, such as cabinets that are glued shut. Rose demonstrates her obsession with Charlie in numerous ways: when taking up with Charlie's pizza boy Gordon, she flaunted him to Charlie in an obvious but useless attempt to make the latter jealous; she then attempted to mold Gordon into Charlie by dressing him in short pants and designer bowling shirts like those Charlie usually wears, and instructing him to try to emulate Charlie's poses; she has named all of her five ferrets Charlie.[13] Rose's father (portrayed by Sheen's real-life father Martin) became similarly obsessed with Charlie's mother Evelyn; Charlie and Evelyn sought \"expert\" assistance (i.e., Rose) to get rid of him. Charlie is usually charmed by Rose, but is not interested in a relationship with her, even though Berta thinks they are a good couple together. When Rose decided to leave to go to London Charlie believed that she was only pretending in order to get him into a relationship with her; after she really left, Charlie realized that he made a horrible mistake by letting Rose go.[14] He then went to London to meet her but quickly returned home when Rose started talking about his moving there and starting a family together. Rose has since returned to Malibu and continues to stalk Charlie. As of \"The Devil's Lube,\" there is a chance of a future relationship between the two; in this episode Charlie points out that he has not seen Rose in a while, but she cannot say the same. In \"Above Exalted Cyclops,\" Rose, after being set up by Chelsea, now has moved on from Charlie and is stalking Alan, or possibly stalking both brothers. In \"Gumby with a Pokey\" (her only appearance in Season 7), she is still noted as Charlie's stalker, implying that she is either done stalking Alan and back to Charlie, or stalking both brothers. Gordon is unaware of Rose's brief relationship with Alan.[15] In Season 8's \"The Crazy Bitch Gazette,\" Rose is again stalking Charlie. This time it has become too much for Charlie's new girlfriend Michelle, who is convinced that Charlie loves Rose. Rose tells Charlie that she is marrying a guy named \"Manfred Quinn,\" which appears to be verified when Charlie and Alan go to the church and peer through a door window to see a wedding in progress. The two walk away, with Charlie confused and apparently heartbroken. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that, with the exception of the priest and Rose, all the other attendants are mannequins (hence the name of Rose's purported groom: Manfred \"Manny\" Quinn). Later in Season 8, Charlie tells Rose that he loves her and they begin a romantic relationship with Charlie even taking her on a romantic getaway to Paris despite the fact that he still thinks she is truly married. It is implied that Rose has something to do with Charlie's death in Paris after it is revealed she caught him having an affair. Charlie had proposed to her in Paris also which was mentioned by Rose at Charlie's funeral and Rose said yes to the proposal. In \"That's Not What They Call It in Amsterdam\", Rose begins a relationship with Walden, and after \"Ferrets, Attack!\" begins stalking him and ruining his life.", "April Rose Haydock. April Rose (Haydock) (born November 3, 1987) is an American model, and actress. After being voted Maxim's \"Hometown Hotties\" winner in 2008, she has been featured in magazines such as Maxim Canada as the cover girl, and has also appeared as herself in television shows such as Guy Code, Girl Code, Chicago Faceoff with April Rose, and Chicago Huddle. She has also appeared in various feature films such as Grown Ups 2 and appeared on the Speed channel as a co-host for Barrett-Jackson Auto Auction.", "Maggie Lawson. Margaret Cassidy \"Maggie\" Lawson (born August 12, 1980) is an American actress who is best known for her role as Detective Juliet \"Jules\" O'Hara in the TV show Psych. She also has starred in the sitcoms Inside Schwartz, It's All Relative, and Crumbs, as well as the television movie Nancy Drew. In late 2014 and early 2015, she had a supporting role as Miss McMartin in the 12th and final season of Two and a Half Men.", "McKaley Miller. McKaley Nicole Miller[1] (born May 14, 1996)[2][3] is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring roles as Dana Monohan on the ABC series The Gates and as Rose Hattenbarger on The CW series Hart of Dixie.", "April Rose Haydock. From 2011 to 2014 April Rose wrote and hosted MAXIM weekly web series.[3] April is an original cast member of MTV2 series Guy Code now entering its fourth season [3] and its sister spinoff MTV's Girl Code entering its third season.[3] April Rose is the host for MTV Spring Break 2014 from Cancun Mexico alongside Guy Code castmate Andrew Schultz. April Rose was cast as Kasey Knox 'Hot Dance Teacher' in the feature film Grown Ups 2 where she plays a Russian dance instructor and girlfriend of Tommy Cavanaugh played by Stone Cold Steve Austin.[3] April became an on-air contributor for Speed live coverage of the Barrett-Jackson Auction in 2011. She stayed with them as they transitioned to Fox Sports Networks.[3] April has been an on-air contributor for Comcast SportsNet Chicago since 2009. She also hosts and writes a Chicago-based Hockey show that airs on Comcast SportsNet Chicago called Chicago Face-Off with April Rose that will run through 8 episodes featuring a different Chicago Blackhawks player each week.[4]", "Two and a Half Men. The series revolved initially around the life of the Harper brothers Charlie (Charlie Sheen) and Alan (Jon Cryer), and Alan's son Jake (Angus T. Jones). Charlie is a bachelor who writes commercial jingles for a living while leading a hedonistic lifestyle. When Alan's wife Judith (Marin Hinkle) decides to divorce him, he moves into Charlie's Malibu beach house, with Jake coming to stay over the weekends. Charlie's housekeeper is Berta (Conchata Ferrell), a sharp-tongued woman who initially resists the change to the household, but grudgingly accepts it. Charlie's one-night stand Rose (Melanie Lynskey) was first introduced as his stalker in the pilot episode.", "Mary Millar. Irene Mary Wetton (26 July 1936 – 10 November 1998), better known by her stage name Mary Millar,[1] was a British actress and singer best remembered for her role as the second actress to play Rose in the highly successful BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances between 1991 and 1995.[2]", "Lindsay Pulsipher. Lindsay Pulsipher (born May 6, 1982) is an American actress.[1] She has had several roles in film and television, and is known for her series regular role as Rose Lawrence on A&E Network's The Beast (2009). She joined the third season of HBO's True Blood (2010), playing were-panther Crystal Norris and love interest to Jason Stackhouse.[2][3]", "Miss Rosa. Miss Rosa has a unique Hispanic accent which Rosenblat created and puts on. She drew inspiration from her scripts and costume. When she first placed a wig cap and looked in the mirror she began to envision how her character should sound.[1] Though it was not until she filmed later episodes that she made a decision. Rosenblat told Anna Silman from Vulture that it was a scene involving Miss Rosa and Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), in which she states \"I could have been the jefa\".[1] Rosenblat said that the Spanish word made her realize that her character is Hispanic and her dialect is indicative of something Latin.[1]", "Two and a Half Men. Charlie Sheen's real-life brother Emilio Estevez has guest-starred as an old friend of Charlie's;[64] his father Martin Sheen has appeared as Rose's father. Sam Sheen, the real-life daughter of Denise Richards and Charlie Sheen, appeared as Lisa's daughter on November 22, 2004.[65] Mila Kunis, Ashton Kutcher's fiancée and later wife, appeared on the show as his love interest in season 11.", "Vera Farmiga. In February 1996, Farmiga starred as Miranda in the American Conservatory Theater's production of The Tempest.[21] That same year, she also portrayed Anne Hartman in a production of Good at The Barrow Group.[22] Farmiga made her Broadway debut alongside Ed Harris and Daniel Massey in October 1996, understudying the role of Emmi Straube, in Ronald Harwood's play Taking Sides.[25] Following these stage roles she co-starred in the Hallmark Hall of Fame western television film Rose Hill, portraying Emily Elliot, which aired in April 1997.[26]", "Anika Noni Rose. Rose was born in Bloomfield, Connecticut, the daughter of Claudia and John Rose, a corporate counsel.[1][2] She began her acting career in high school, appearing in a school production during her freshman year. She then attended Florida A&M University where she earned a Bachelor's Degree in theatre, and started studying drama at the American Conservatory Theatre in San Francisco, California.", "Ruby Rose. Emma Teitel of Maclean's stated, \"Rose [...] resembles an androgynous Angelina Jolie; she is a rare combination of angular and soft. She is a badass with a permanently arched brow and a Justin Bieber haircut. In other words, she is the lesbian James Dean. And straight women are falling madly in love with her.\"[51] Alex Rees of Cosmopolitan said that everyone was enamored with Rose at the time of her season three appearance on Orange Is the New Black.[54]", "Carol Woods. Her first film credit was as the infamous Aunt Bunny in Eddie Murphy Raw (1987). She reprised her stage role of Rose in Stepping Out, based on the play of the same name, with Liza Minnelli, Shelley Winters, Bill Irwin and Jane Krakowski. Rose's son in the film was played by Carol's real son Raymond Rickman. She performed at both the Toronto Benefit for Starlight during the filming and at the \"Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS\" New York Premiere of the film.", "Missi Pyle. Pyle played Jake's Elementary School teacher Ms. Pasternak on Two and a Half Men. The role was recast in 2009 for undisclosed reasons, but Pyle returned to the series in the same role in 2011 and again in the series finale \"Of Course He's Dead\" in 2015.", "Denise Richards. In 2001, she guest-starred in Friends as Ross and Monica Geller's cousin, Cassie Geller in the episode \"The One with Ross and Monica's Cousin\".[19][20] Later that year she appeared in four episodes of Spin City as Jennifer Duncan, a love interest of Charlie Sheen's character. She starred as Sheen's character's ex-girlfriend two years later in two episodes of Two and a Half Men. In 2005, she starred in the short-lived UPN series Sex, Love & Secrets. Richards appeared in films such as Valentine (2001), Undercover Brother (2002) and Scary Movie 3 (2003). In 2003, she made a very brief appearance in the British romantic comedy, Love Actually. In 2005, she starred in the ensemble drama, Edmond alongside Julia Stiles.", "Side Show. In 2001, Signature Theatre Company's production starred Amy Goldberger (Daisy), Sherri Edelen (Violet), Will Gartshore (Buddy Foster) Matt Bogart (Terry Connor), Eric Jordan Young (Jake), and Michael Sharp (The Boss).[5]", "Two and a Half Men. Guest stars have included:", "Lauren Cohan. Cohan played the recurring character Rose, a 560-year-old vampire, in The Vampire Diaries. In 2011, she joined the television series Chuck in a recurring role playing Vivian McArthur Volkoff, a \"charming, sophisticated socialite\" from the United Kingdom, and the daughter of primary villain, Alexei Volkoff. She also guest starred on shows such as Modern Family, CSI: NY, Cold Case, Life, Archer, and The Bold and the Beautiful.[citation needed]", "Rose McGowan. In 2007, McGowan headlined the Quentin Tarantino/Robert Rodriguez double-feature Grindhouse, released on April 6, 2007. McGowan appears in both portions of the film, as go-go dancing Cherry Darling in Planet Terror, and as Pam in Death Proof. She followed up the project with a role in the IRA thriller Fifty Dead Men Walking and a recurring role as a con artist on the acclaimed drama series Nip/Tuck. After Fifty Dead Men Walking concluded filming, McGowan sparked controversy in the UK in September 2008 when she stated that she would have joined the IRA had she lived in Belfast during the Troubles and that her \"heart just broke for the cause\".[15]", "Dot Cotton. In May 2011, it was reported that Dot's estranged half-sister, Rose, would join the series, played by Polly Perkins. Reports stated that Dot and Rose fell out when the latter had an affair with the former's husband, Charlie, but Dot would decide to track Rose down after suffering a bout of hypochondria,[53] feeling it is time to put things right, however, Rose will not be pleased to see Dot again after so many years.[54]", "Rose McGowan. McGowan made her first appearance in a Hollywood film with a role in the 1992 Pauly Shore comedy Encino Man. Her role as Amy Blue in the 1995 dark comedy The Doom Generation brought her to the attention of film critics, and she received a nomination for \"Best Debut Performance\" at the 1996 Independent Spirit Awards. McGowan achieved widespread recognition when she was cast as Tatum Riley in the 1996 hit horror film Scream. The film became a huge critical and financial hit, grossing over $100 million in its initial run.[7] She was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album Shots in the Dark, which was released in 1996. She became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998–99.", "Rose McGowan. She also appeared briefly in Charli XCX's video for \"Break the Rules\".[40]", "Drew Barrymore. In 2002, Barrymore starred with Sam Rockwell and Julia Roberts in George Clooney's directorial debut Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, based on the autobiography of television producer Chuck Barris.[63] In 2003, she reprised her role as Dylan Sanders in Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle,[1][61] and starred with Ben Stiller in Duplex. Flower Films and Adam Sandler's Happy Madison Productions produced 50 First Dates (2004), in which Barrymore took on the role of woman with short-term memory loss and the love interest of a marine veterinarian (Sandler).[64][65] Summing up Barrymore's appeal, Roger Ebert, in his review for the film, remarked that Barrymore displayed a \"smiling, coy sincerity,\" in what he described as a \"ingratiating and lovable\" film.[66] 50 First Dates was a commercial success; it made US$120.9 million in North America and US$196.4 million worldwide.[67]", "Della Reese. Reese has had a wide variety of guest-starring roles, beginning with an episode of The Mod Squad. This led to other roles in such series as: The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, Getting Together, Police Woman, Petrocelli, Joe Forrester, Police Story, The Rookies, McCloud, Sanford and Son with old friend Redd Foxx, Vega$, Insight and two episodes of The Love Boat. She also had a recurring role on It Takes Two opposite Richard Crenna and Patty Duke, three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox, four episodes of Charlie & Co. opposite Flip Wilson, 227 with best friend Marla Gibbs, MacGyver, Night Court, Dream On, Designing Women, Picket Fences, Disney Channel's That's So Raven and The Young and the Restless.", "Rose Parade. One Tree Hill and Chicago P.D. actress Sophia Bush was Rose Queen in 2000. 1997 Rose Princess Lisa Remillard is an anchor with San Diego's KUSI television station.[27]", "Lauren Stamile. Lauren Stamile (born September 12, 1976) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying Nurse Rose on the ABC series Grey's Anatomy, Michelle Slater on the NBC series Community, and CIA Agent Dani Pearce on the USA Network series Burn Notice.", "Julie Berman. After leaving daytime television, Berman guest-starred on prime time comedy series include Two and a Half Men and Jane the Virgin. In 2015, she began the recurring role opposite Michaela Watkins and Frances Conroy in the Hulu comedy series, Casual.[10] She was promoted to series regular for second season.[11] Later that year, Berman joined the cast of NBC medical drama Chicago Med, playing the recurring role of Dr. Samantha \"Sam\" Zanetti.[12]", "Rose Leslie. Rose Eleanor Arbuthnot-Leslie[3] (born 9 February 1987),[3] known professionally as Rose Leslie, is a Scottish actress. After winning a Scottish BAFTA for Best Acting Performance for her role in New Town, she rose to fame as Gwen Dawson in the ITV drama series Downton Abbey and as Ygritte in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones. She currently stars as Maia Rindell in the CBS All Access legal and political drama The Good Fight." ]

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[ "Lori Grimes. The love triangle involving Lori, Rick, and Shane, however, was commended. Meslow felt that the interactions between Lori and Rick possessed \"as much rawness and honesty as could be hoped for.\"[9]", "Lori Grimes. In the comics, Kirkman resolved the love triangle between Lori, Shane, and Rick very quickly, but in the TV show he decided to spend more time exploring this relationship.[5]", "Andrew Lincoln. Andrew James Clutterbuck (born 14 September 1973),[1] better known by his stage name Andrew Lincoln, is an English actor. He is most recognised for his portrayal of Rick Grimes, the lead character in the AMC post-apocalyptic horror television series—based on the eponymous comic book series of the same name—The Walking Dead. His first major role was in the BBC drama This Life,[2] followed by roles such as Simon Casey in the Channel 4 sitcom Teachers and Mark in the Christmas-themed romantic comedy film Love Actually (2003).", "The Walking Dead (comic book). Rick Grimes is the main character, a deputy who is comatose when the zombie apocalypse begins. With his wife Lori and son Carl, he joins with groups other survivors. He is joined by former best friend Shane, who secretly has a sexual relationship with Lori. The group consists of firm clerk and college graduate Andrea and her sister Amy, a mechanic named Jim, car salesman Dale, shoe salesman Allen and his wife, Donna as well as their children, Ben and Billy. Lori and Carl form friendships with other survivors such as Carol and Sophia.", "Rick Grimes. In the season premiere, \"Seed\", eight months have passed and Rick and Lori's relationship has deteriorated. The group finds an overrun prison facility and decide to settle there. When exploring the building's interior, they encounter some prisoners, who try to assassinate Rick and then unleash walkers into the facility, causing Lori's death. Rick falls into a downward spiral and begins hallucinating, imagining a series of phone calls and seeing visions of Lori in the prison courtyard. He comes into conflict with The Governor (David Morrissey), the leader of a small town called Woodbury, after Michonne (Danai Gurira), a mysterious katana-wielding survivor arrives at the prison to reveal Glenn and Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) have been kidnapped (in order to gain information on the location of the prison, a more secure environment than Woodbury). Rick follows Michonne while somewhat distrustful of her in the episode \"Made to Suffer\" and retrieves the couple by killing several soldiers and consequently causing a firefight in the streets. The Governor launches an assault on the prison in the episode \"Home\" in retaliation. A former member of Rick's group, Andrea (Laurie Holden), now a Woodbury citizen and The Governor's lover, unsuccessfully tries to negotiate terms of peace with the two conflicting communities in the episodes \"I Ain't a Judas\" and \"Arrow on the Doorpost.\" In the episode \"Clear\", Rick and Michonne form a stronger bond on a journey to retrieve guns after the assault, where they meet the mentally unbalanced Morgan, who has lost his son. Rick refuses to give Michonne over to The Governor in the episode \"This Sorrowful Life\", asking Merle, The Governor's former ally, to do so. Merle ultimately sacrifices himself. In the season finale, \"Welcome to the Tombs\", Rick, Daryl and Michonne go out to confront The Governor after he fails to take the prison and massacres his own troops. They discover a bitten Andrea in The Governor's torture chamber. Rick reaffirms her as a group member before she uses his revolver to commit suicide to avoid turning. Rick brings the surviving residents of Woodbury - including Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) and his sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) - to the prison. He also confiscates Carl's pistol after hearing that his son killed a boy from Woodbury whom he believed to be a threat. Rick stops seeing visions of Lori, realizing his ruthlessness was the reason for her appearances.", "Rick Potion No. 9. Morty has a nervous crush on a girl at school named Jessica. On the night of the Flu Season Dance at his school, Harry Herpson High, his desire leads him to ask Rick for a love serum to make his interest in Jessica requited, and Rick acquiesces, giving him a serum derived from voles. Upon Morty giving Jessica (who, unbeknownst to Morty, has the flu) the serum, it latches onto the flu virus and goes airborne, spreading through the entire planet in a matter of minutes and causing every person not directly related to Morty to fall in love with him. In an attempt to counteract the DNA used in the original serum, Rick makes an antidote from mantis DNA, but the serum fails, instead causing the world's population to mutate into monstrous mantis-people, all of whom want to eat Morty after mating with him.", "Shane Walsh (The Walking Dead). In the comics, Kirkman resolved the love triangle between Lori, Shane, and Rick very quickly, but in the TV show he decided to spend more time exploring this relationship.[19] Bernthal said of the character in the first season, \"I love the way that he feels about Rick [...] I love the friendship there. I love the way he uses this unbelievable dialogue that Frank [Darabont] wrote to be a good friend to Rick and to be by his side. Any time you can have a character that starts in one place and go somewhere completely different, that's the journey that we're mostly hungry for.\"[20]", "Michonne. Michonne's backstory is slightly altered in the television series, having a three-year-old son named Andre Anthony, while the fate of her boyfriend and friend remain the same. In the television series, Michonne's trauma and guarded nature gradually diminishes as she slowly recovers and finds herself opening up and investing in a community as well as Rick's core group. Her conflict with The Governor is motivated by his attempt to kill her after leaving the town under suspicion that he is dangerous and trying to protect her friend, Andrea. In addition, her relationship with the Grimes family is explored in more depth as she pushes her group to strive for a sanctuary in Washington, DC. She also develops a romance with protagonist Rick Grimes, which is implied in the comic, but never developed. In both media, she becomes a constable at the Alexandria Safe-Zone.", "Glenn Rhee. In both forms of media, Glenn is a young pizza delivery boy from Atlanta (although in the television series it’s stated that he’s originally from Yeun’s home state, Michigan) who is separated from his family after the zombie outbreak and joins a group of survivors led by Rick Grimes. Glenn is known for being quick thinking and resourceful, which makes him the group's primary supply runner. As the group begins to move around the region looking for sanctuary, Glenn meets Maggie Greene and they fall in love. Their relationship is tested in numerous ways throughout the course of the series as their humanity is challenged in the face of numerous threats, including hostile survivors the group comes into contact with. They eventually marry and have a child together, although he is killed by Negan before the child is born.", "Secrets (The Walking Dead). The love triangle involving Lori, Rick, and Shane was cited as an episode highlight. Meslow felt that the interactions between Lori and Rick possessed \"as much rawness and honesty as could be hoped for.\"[10] Kine criticized the emotion during the interactions between Shane and Rick, and summated that it was a \"standard Walking Dead attempt at trying to convince us that Grimes and Shane are friends by way of showing us their casual, good-old-boy-tinged banter.\"[14] Ritkoff expressed that the episode's conclusion was a rational and level-headed resolution to the storyline; \"Whatever jealousy he might feel, it would have been absurd for Rick to punish the woman he loves most in the world for post-apocalyptic infidelity under these circumstances.\"[12] Sepinwall commended Rick's reaction to Lori's confessions,[18] and Goldman felt that their interaction was well acted and perfectly scripted.[11] Venable appraised the segment as \"very engaging\", and applauded Lincoln's performance. He wrote, \"Andrew Lincoln delivered these lines of pitiable understanding as well as anyone could.\"[13] CNN's Henry Hanks opined: \"If you thought Rick and Shane had blow-ups before, you ain't seen nothing yet.\"[19]", "Rick Grimes. The growing tensions between Rick Grimes and Shane Walsh have been well received by television critics. In a review for \"Bloodletting\", Joe Oesterle of Mania.com commended the performances of Lincoln and Bernthal. Oesterle wrote, \"Andrew Lincoln and Jon Bernthal [...] gave a fine bit of acting, and I found it interesting how the character Rick started looking and walking a little bit zombish after giving blood. The scenes between the two men were moving, and if you listened close you could decipher the main differences between these two cowboy cops. Rick is bound and determined to get back to his wife and let her know their son is in mortal danger, without ever doubting his own ability to successfully complete the mission, while Shane on the other hand is not quite as automatically selfless and heroic.\"[90]", "Michonne. Michonne, Rick and several others travel to a community known as \"The Kingdom\" where Rick plans to get help from Ezekiel to defeat Negan.[43] She and Ezekiel become romantically involved, despite starting off on the wrong foot.[43] Michonne participates in the war against Negan and the Saviors, which ends in Rick's group emerging victorious and imprisoning Negan.[44]", "Maya Avant. The character first develops a romance with Rick Forrester (Young), who is volunteering as a waiter at the local coffee house Dayzee's. Maya assumes he is homeless. \"I think Maya brings out something in Rick that fans aren't used to seeing\" Mosley said of the relationship.[22] In March 2013, it was announced the series had cast Ricky Paull Goldin as Maya's jealous ex-boyfriend, Jesse.[23] With Rick's ex-girlfriend Caroline Spencer (Linsey Godfrey) still pursuing him, Rick and Maya start dating and Jesse threatens that new relationship. \"He's absolutely the last person\" Maya expects to see. According to Mosley, Maya sacrificed so much for Jesse \"that she lost her freedom.\" Though she should be angry Jesse is still a man she fell for and had a child with.[24] The relationship is also plagued by Maya's insecurities. For Maya, Rick is the \"fairy tale.\" \"Maya is really in love with Rick\" but she feels insecure about him working so closely with Caroline. Rick is not supportive enough. At the same time, she falls for Carter Walton (Lawrence Saint-Victor) who \"consistently supportive\" Mosley said. For Maya, Carter is a \"good guy\" and he is her \"good friend\" first. For the first time, Maya is reminded how different she and Rick actually are when he isn't there for her.[12] Maya and Carter become engaged in September 2013 but when Maya constantly tries to hold off wedding plans, they split up because she still loves Rick.[25]", "Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty). Rick reveals his disdain for love in the episode \"Rick Potion #9\", in which he claims that it is \"a chemical reaction that compels animals to breed\".[5] When Rick and Morty irreversibly mutate all humans on Earth except for their family members, they abandon their original dimension, Dimension C-137 (and their family in that dimension), for a new one. Rick locates a universe in which the alternate version of himself has undone the damage inflicted by the love potion, but where the new dimension's Rick and Morty have been killed, allowing the C-137 Rick and Morty to take their place. Despite Morty's trauma concerning this knowledge, Rick is nonchalant about moving to the new dimension.", "Bloodletting (The Walking Dead). \"Bloodletting\" begins with a flashback of Rick Grimes' relationship with Lori, before she became romantically linked to Shane. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Robert Kirkman asserted that it \"speaks to Shane and his relationship to Lori and Rick in the early days.\"[8] He continued:", "Michonne. In the midseason premiere, Jessie and her sons are devoured by the walkers.[64] Michonne is forced to stab Ron, who shoots Carl in the eye. Rick and Michonne get Carl to the infirmary and help the surviving residents drive the herd out of Alexandria. Two months later, Alexandria is being rebuilt and things have more or less returned to normal. After sharing a sincere moment with Carl, Michonne realizes what she desires in her life. That night, she and Rick kiss and have sex, beginning a romantic relationship.[65] However, Rick's group soon becomes involved in a conflict with Negan, who captures most of the survivors and kills one of them with \"Lucille\" a bat wrapped in barbed wire.[66]", "Rick Grimes. Rick Grimes is a fictional character and the protagonist in the comic book series The Walking Dead and the television series of the same name, portrayed by Andrew Lincoln. Created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore, the character made his debut in The Walking Dead #1 in 2003. Rick Grimes is a small town sheriff's deputy who has a son, Carl, with wife Lori. He awakens from a coma after a life-threatening gun shot wound to find the world overrun by zombies, to which they refer as \"walkers\".[1]", "Rick Grimes. Before the zombie apocalypse, Rick was a police officer in the small town of Cynthiana, Kentucky. While in a shootout against an escaped convict with his partner and best friend, Shane Walsh, Rick is wounded and subsequently awakens from a coma some time later. After Duane Jones mistakes Rick for a zombie and hits him over the head with a shovel, Duane's father Morgan takes Rick in and informs him about what unfolded during his coma.[5] In search of his wife, Lori, and son, Carl, Rick heads to Atlanta, where it is said people were taken for protection. Rick runs out of gas and stops at a farm. Rick finds the owners inside who have committed suicide. Rick throws up outside and searches their barn where he finds a horse. Upon arrival, Rick is rescued from a large group of zombies by a fellow survivor named Glenn, who takes him to a camp where Rick is reunited with his wife Lori and son Carl, as well as Shane.[6] Tension between Rick and Shane over leadership of the group and Lori's affections boils over in a confrontation which ends with Carl shooting Shane to protect his father.[7] Afterwards, Rick leads the group away from Atlanta, trying to find shelter and safe haven from the undead.[8] Rick's early settlement plan proves to be disastrous, as the abandoned planned community he thought to be safe is ultimately found to be zombie infested, resulting in a death of one of their own.[9] Lori Grimes, Rick's wife, shamefully admits to Rick that she is pregnant (presumably with Shane's baby), but Rick plans to care for it.[10][11] Carl Grimes, Rick's son, is accidentally shot in the back by a man named Otis, who escorts Rick and another survivor, Tyreese, a recently joined member of Rick's group to the farm of Hershel Greene and his family.[12] The group stays there for a brief amount of time before Rick is held at gunpoint by Hershel and forced to move out. While on the road again, two other members of the survivors discover a prison, where everyone seeks refuge and settles down.[13]", "Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead). During the climax of the episode, The Governor is about to kill Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) when The Governor is mortally wounded by Michonne (Danai Gurira) and later shot in the head by Lilly Chambler (Audrey Marie Anderson), who incidentally also kills him in the comics. Kirkman explained the reason behind Lilly - The Governor's lover, being the one to kill The Governor:", "Rick and Morty (season 1). Morty is interested in going to the dance at his school with his classmate Jessica, so he asks Rick for a love potion. However, because Jessica has the flu, the potion becomes airborne and goes haywire, causing not only her but the whole population of Earth to fall for Morty save for blood relatives. Rick attempts to fix up an antidote, but he fails twice, ultimately causing all humans affected by the love potion to turn into mutated monsters called \"Cronenbergs\" (a reference to famous director of body horror films David Cronenberg). Meanwhile, Jerry visits Beth in her workplace because he is concerned about her fidelity, and they find Summer later. Rick and Morty then migrate to another dimension where their duplicates died soon after successfully curing all of Earth, thus allowing Rick and Morty to assume their roles.", "Shane Walsh (The Walking Dead). In the comic series, Shane is portrayed as a Cynthiana Sheriff's Deputy, as well as the longtime friend and fellow police officer of series protagonist Rick Grimes. After Rick is shot and put into a coma, and the zombie outbreak occurs, he rescues Rick's family and leads a group of survivors, becoming romantically involved with Rick's wife, Lori. When Rick returns to his family alive, Shane grows increasingly jealous of their relationship, as well as Rick's role in the group.", "Rick Grimes. An indefinite number of years later, Rick and the others have rebuilt Alexandria into a thriving sanctuary. He welcomes newcomers, Magna and her group[65] who are initially wary of the safe haven,[66] but eventually come to understand the running of the community.[67] Carl convinces his father to let him relocate to the Hilltop Colony to become a blacksmith apprentice, which Rick agrees on.[66] Rick reunites with Maggie Greene and her adoptive daughter Sophia as he brings Carl to the Hilltop.[67] Rick leaves Carl under Maggie's care.[67] Unaware that his son has joined Alpha and the Whisperers, a tribe of thousands who disguise themselves as zombies, Rick reunites with Michonne as a ship arrives revealing her presence. He is concerned by her behaviour, telling her to sort out her issues and move on after the loss of her daughters.[68] Later, as Michonne and Rick go to Alexandria to attend a fair that has been planned months in advance, they discover Carl is missing and decide to go after him, along with Andrea. Alpha, however, confronts them, and points a gun at Rick's head as she marches him up to an unknown building where he sees thousands of Whisperers. Michonne's sword is also smeared with blood.[69] Alpha decides to leave her daughter Lydia, who has feelings for Carl, with Rick, believing her to be a weakness. She criticizes Rick's leadership and trying to re-establish society as it had been, before telling him she has marked a border. As Rick reaches the border, he is horrified to find many civilians from each of the four communities decapitated, including Ezekiel and the pregnant Rosita. Michonne begins to cry as Andrea solemnly asks him what they do next.[70] Rick decides to tell the communities, who take it terribly. He is attacked by two of the citizens. One man made it out alive, the other, Morton Rose, the husband of one of the decapitated victims, did not. He starts training the people of the joined communities to fight against walkers as well as the Whisperers.", "Rick Grimes. In both media, Rick adopts a more dark and assertive nature as the story progresses. In the comic, he is faced with dealing against a murderous sociopath that claims the life of two group members, as well as an attempted suicide indirectly provoked by his close and trusted friend. Perhaps the most significant moment, he is eventually put under physical and mental torture by The Governor as a result of vulnerability and mistaken trust, ultimately causing him to become crippled and causing the death of many within the group, including his wife and newborn child. The first hand witnessing of the savageness around him leads him to gradually adapt a more primal mindset, becoming less affected by violence and death (at times brutally murdering/mutilating people). Similarly, his perspective becomes increasingly deluded, as his decreased trust in people and decreased tolerance level leads him to take no issue in risking the life of an innocent. This is specifically shown as Rick struggles when eventually being given the chance to return to normalcy. He is however shown to be very protective of those who have suffered alongside him and most protective of his son, Carl, which leads to him being caring and considerate to them one moment and cold and detached the next. Later in the series, after his wife's death and his son suffering from amnesia after being shot, his long friend Andrea helps him see a brighter future for the community they reside in called Alexandria and Rick begins to embrace his leadership position, as well as start a relationship with her. He then begins a trading network with other communities, which is threatened by the tyrannical Negan who is eventually subdued and imprisoned. He continues to grow and expand his community, and create safety perimeters around Washington, DC to travel to other communities.", "Rick Grimes. Several critics lauded Grimes' interactions with Walsh in \"18 Miles Out.\" Writing for CNN, Henry Hanks said that \"Rick made it clear to Shane that he had to respect his rules from now on.\"[91] Alex Crumb of The Faster Times evaluated their physical confrontation as \"wholly satisfying,\"[92] while Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich appreciated the fight scene involving Grimes and Walsh; \"The Shane/Rick fight was great, a brilliantly extended scuffle that started out with an air of boys-will-be-boys pettiness but quickly escalated into something genuinely homicidal.\"[93] Berriman of SFX summated: \"It's shocking when Shane hurls a wrench at Rick’s head, but even more shocking that Rick is prepared to cut and run and leave him for dead. Rick's change of heart when he looks down at the two dead walkers on the floor and is reminded of the friendship between himself and his former partner is a beautifully played moment, which speaks volumes without a single line of dialogue being uttered. The fact that, come the end, he's willing to trust Shane again after all that has gone on between them is genuinely touching.\"[94]", "Glenn Rhee. Resourceful and clever, Glenn makes it out of Atlanta and comes upon the group of survivors on the outer limits of the city. Due to his knack for scavenging, he is often nominated to sneak into the city and find supplies. On one of these runs, he finds group leader Rick Grimes and brings him back to the group, reuniting them with his family.[1] His use of MacGyver-like tactics to outsmart and kill walkers enabled him to successfully recover guns for Jim, another of the group's members.[2] Glenn develops a nascent crush on Maggie, but his shyness initially prevents him from acting on his feelings. Maggie eventually realizes this and confronts Glenn about his feelings and they start a relationship. After Maggie's father Hershel catches him in bed with Maggie, Glenn and Hershel have a brief argument. Despite the rocky start, Hershel understands that he cannot stop his daughter from wanting to be with Glenn. While Hershel kicks the majority of the survivors out, he accepts Glenn's decision to stay with Maggie.[3]", "Rick Grimes. In the season premiere, \"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be\", Abraham and Glenn are killed and Negan torments Rick. He is forced to accept Negan's way of living. In \"Service\", Rick is forced to abide by Negan's rules and the opposition of Spencer, who he threatens. In \"Hearts Still Beating\", Rick and Aaron return from a supply run to Negan killing Spencer. Negan explains Spencer cowardly asked him to Rick to take over. Eugene is captured for making the bullet to try and kill Negan, culminating in Rick agreeing with Michonne to stand up and fight, and goes to the Hilltop, reuniting with everyone to fight. In \"Rock in the Road\", Rick attempts to build an army against Negan; when they fail to rally enough people in Hilltop, Jesus brings them to a community known as the Kingdom. There, Rick meets with their leader King Ezekiel, who decides not to fight. Rick and the group are able to procure some wired explosives left by the Saviors. Later, Rick and the others are surrounded by a new junkyard group. In \"\"New Best Friends\", Rick negotiates with the leader Jadis, and she agrees on one-third of supplies once the war is over, but they need a large quantity of guns to make a formal alliance. In \"Say Yes\", Rick and Michonne look for guns. They bond, have sex, and have a deep conversation about whether he will die in the war, asking her to take over if he does. From the guns he finds, Jadis states it isn't enough, so Rick manages to convince her to let them keep some of them while they find more. In \"Something They Need\", Tara leads Rick to Oceanside where they have guns, haven kept it a secret. They huddle the community at gunpoint but assure they will return them later. They fail to convince Oceanside to fight. In \"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life\", Dwight, no longer Negan's ally, offers to help Rick and delays Negan's arrive, while Rick brings Jadis and the Scavengers to Alexandria to prepare for an attack. It backfires when it is revealed Jadis was already working with Negan. Negan threatens to kill Sasha, and Rick asks to see her. Sasha, having killed herself to prevent herself from being used as bait, attacks Negan, buying the Alexandrians a chance to open fire against the Scavengers and Saviors. Rick is shot by Jadis after he tries to re-negotiate and later soldiers from the Kingdom and the Hilltop arrive to save the day. This prompts Negan to retreat, allowing Rick and his allies a victory. The episode ends with Rick, Maggie and Ezekiel uniting the three communities together.", "List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters. Rick Grimes, portrayed by Andrew Lincoln, is a former sheriff's deputy from a small Georgia town. He is often described as an everyman[1][2][3] — smart, calm, just, and a good friend, husband and father, but with his own set of flaws. Rick is a natural leader even when he might doubt himself, but these doubts contribute to the ups and downs his character experiences throughout the series. His overwhelming need to do the right thing and protect those who can't protect themselves may pull him away from his family, causing tension within his marriage with Lori and his relationship with his son, Carl.", "Rick Grimes. In the season premiere, \"30 Days Without an Accident\", having relinquished leadership, Rick tries to live a quieter, peaceful life as a farmer, growing crops and raising livestock for the community. However, his new life is disrupted by the threat of an illness breaking out. In the episode \"Isolation\", Carol admits that she killed two infected people to spare others from getting infected; Rick exiles her in the following episode, \"Indifference\". In the episode \"Internment\", he resolves problems with zombies carving through the fences as the illness dies out with Hershel's medical assistance. In the mid-season finale, \"Too Far Gone\", The Governor returns with a militia to take over the prison and decapitates his hostage, Hershel, calling Rick a liar for proposing they can live together in the community. The Governor's men drive a tank through the fences, destroying Rick's home and causing a battle between the two sides. The Governor tries to strangle a badly wounded Rick to death, but Michonne stabs him through the chest. Rick discovers Judith's empty cradle and believes that she has been killed by walkers; heartbroken, he escapes with Carl. After reuniting with Michonne in the episode \"Claimed\", Rick escapes from a dangerous group called the Claimers, before travelling towards Terminus, a supposed sanctuary. In the season finale, \"A\", Rick re-encounters the Claimers, who try to kill him, as well as sexually assault Michonne and Carl, but an enraged Rick bites the leader Joe (Jeff Kober) in the neck as Michonne and the reunited Daryl (who had joined the Claimers) kill the others. The four head to Terminus, but become suspicious as they discover the inhabitants wearing the clothes belonging to the survivors they knew. The citizens of Terminus trap the group in a boxcar, where they find Glenn, Maggie, Sasha and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) and new allies Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), whom Rick recognizes from the prison invasion, Sergeant Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos).", "Andrea (The Walking Dead). Also in the comics, Andrea and Rick eventually become romantically involved within their time at the Alexandria Safe-Zone community. Their relationship, while genuine and affectionate, was initially shown to be strained, as Rick struggled to get over the deaths of his past lovers and Andrea found herself constantly at odds with some of Rick's decisions in life-threatening matters.[49] Later, especially near the end of the war and two years later, Andrea and Rick's relationship is very intimate and close, as Carl looks to Andrea as a maternal figure, referring to her \"mom\".[36]", "Lori Grimes. Lori Grimes is an average middle-class housewife living in Cynthiana, Kentucky. As the outbreak begins, she and her son, Carl, are evacuated out of the city with help from her husband Rick's best friend and work partner, Shane Walsh, in hopes of getting to where her parents live. During the evacuation, the guilt that she has been wracked with over abandoning Rick leads her to have a sexual relationship with Shane,[1] which she deeply regrets afterward.[volume & issue needed] She continually brushes off Shane's attempts at advancing and ignores him even more when Rick miraculously arrives at their campsite.[volume & issue needed]", "Beside the Dying Fire. \"Beside the Dying Fire\" is seen as a transitional stage for several characters in the series. The transformation of Rick Grimes to a dark character continues in the episode. He has changed from the person who wanted to save Merle Dixon (in Season 1) and find Sophia Peletier (first half of season 2), to the person who is willing to abandon any hope of finding Andrea. Furthermore, Rick yells at his group for being unappreciative of his sacrifices as a leader. This backlash and hostility has been interpreted as a foreshadowing event for future development for The Walking Dead. \"Rick is clearly in a much darker place now than he was at the start of the season,\" concluded Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich.[7] In a similar fashion, Lori Grimes is furious at Rick after he admits that he killed Shane Walsh. According to Kirkman, \"it looks pretty clear that he has lost [Lori and Carl] by doing this\" at the end of \"Beside the Dying Fire.\"[3] In response to the interactions between Rick and Lori, he opined: \"I think he feels that he has sacrificed for this group, and that sacrifice hasn’t really been appreciated. His confession to Lori did not get the reaction that he had hoped. He thought she would be supportive. Instead, she reacts in a particular way that he feels is hatred and disgust. I think that’s really affecting him. Let's not forget: This is taking place hours after he murdered his best friend. So he is still reeling. He’s trying to keep that a secret. He opens his heart to his wife, and it doesn’t go well. So I think that he’s just done with these people. I think he doesn’t want to be the leader. As he says: If they don’t like it, they’re free to leave.\"[7]", "Rick Grimes. Rick remains at conflict with Negan and the Saviors. Carl reveals to his father that the Saviors live in a factory. Paul Monroe tells Rick that they should see Ezekiel, the leader of the Kingdom. Ezekiel, residing in a high school, greets Paul Monroe and welcomes Rick to his community. He agrees to work with Rick, and explains that he has another visitor, Dwight, a Savior secretly working against Negan. Rick, initially angry with Dwight's appearance, eventually forms an alliance with him, but remains wary of whether to trust Dwight or not.[57] During the war, the Alexandria Safe Zone, the Kingdom and the Sanctuary suffer many losses.[58] Rick rescues Andrea and Carl when the Alexandria Safe Zone is bombed by the Saviors.[59] Maggie, now the de facto leader of the Hilltop Colony, relocates the residents to the Hilltop, where all three communities unite.[60] Negan arrives at the Hilltop Colony as the Saviors break down the front gates and swarm the community. Rick orders the survivors to open fire, destroying the truck that smashed through, killing several Saviors in the process. During the firefight, Rick takes Nicholas and Aaron to box in the attackers. While they take cover, Rick unknowingly leaves himself vulnerable from behind. Negan, who separates from the other Saviors with Dwight, finds Rick at a close distance and demands that Dwight shoot him with his infected crossbow. Dwight shows some hesitation, but is ultimately forced to shoot Rick.[61] An arrow pierces Rick's side, taking him down, but Dwight's loyalties are revealed to be on Rick's side as he has not succumbed to the infection.[62] He confronts Negan, showing his perspective, and Negan finally understands Rick's view of rebuilding society. In response, Rick slashes Negan's throat before Negan breaks his leg.[63] Negan passes out, before he is saved by a doctor. Rick chooses to imprison Negan, believing that watching the regrowth of civilization from behind a cell is a better punishment than killing him. Dwight takes over as leader of the Saviors, supporting Rick and the war is won.[64]" ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Rosenberg wrote that the two main themes of Half-Blood Prince were love and death and praised Rowling's \"affirmation of their central position in human lives\". She considered love to be represented in several forms: the love of parent to child, teacher to student, and the romances that developed between the characters.[28] Zipp noted trust and redemption to be themes promising to continue in the final book, which she thought \"would add a greater layer of nuance and complexity to some characters who could sorely use it.\"[27] Deepti Hajela also pointed out Harry's character development, that he was \"no longer a boy wizard; he's a young man, determined to seek out and face a young man's challenges\".[33] Paolini had similar views, claiming, \"the children have changed...they act like real teenagers.\"[29]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the sixth and penultimate novel in the Harry Potter series. Set during protagonist Harry Potter's sixth year at Hogwarts, the novel explores the past of Harry's nemesis, Lord Voldemort, and Harry's preparations for the final battle against Voldemort alongside his headmaster and mentor Albus Dumbledore.", "Fictional universe of Harry Potter. Voldemort is a half-blood, and his most guarded secret which few Wizards know is that his father was Tom Riddle, a Muggle. Severus Snape is also a half-blood (he gave himself the nickname \"The Half-Blood Prince\"), as his father Tobias Snape was a Muggle. Harry himself is a half-blood, since his pure-blood father, James, married a Muggle-born woman named Lily, and his maternal grandparents are Muggles.", "Death Eater. In reality, the idea of blood purity is a misnomer – Voldemort himself is a half-blood – and it is unlikely that all of them could be pure-bloods, as very few, if any, such people could exist given the small gene pool. In Half-Blood Prince, Rowling depicts the Gaunts as a family who are obsessed with their ancestry and driven to inbreeding to preserve its integrity. Rowling has stated on her website that there are no true pure-blood families left but that those who call themselves such simply strike Muggles, Squibs, and half-bloods from their family records.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Dumbledore instructs Harry to hide and not to interfere no matter what happens. Draco arrives and disarms Dumbledore revealing that he has been chosen by Voldemort to kill the headmaster. When Draco is unable to bring himself to do it, Snape casts the killing curse instead. An enraged Harry confronts Snape, who reveals that he is the Half-Blood Prince. Harry returns to the school to find the staff and students mourning Dumbledore. Harry later reveals to Ron and Hermione that the locket Horcrux was a fake. The locket contains a message from \"R.A.B.\", stating that he has stolen the real Horcrux with the intent of destroying it. Rather than returning for final year at Hogwarts, the three decide to finish Dumbledore's plan and hunt down the remaining Horcruxes.", "Harry Potter. In the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Voldemort begins waging open warfare. Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts. They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence – Harry eventually begins dating Ginny, Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown, and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron. Near the beginning of the novel, lacking his own book, Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled; \"the Half-Blood Prince.\" This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master, Horace Slughorn, but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it, becomes a source of concern. With war drawing near, Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore, who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve. These reveal that in order to preserve his life, Voldemort has split his soul into pieces, creating a series of Horcruxes – evil enchanted items hidden in various locations, one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book.[20] On their way to collect a Horcrux, Draco, who has joined with the Death Eaters, attempts to attack Dumbledore, and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape, the titular Half-Blood Prince.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was met with positive reviews. Liesl Schillinger of The New York Times praised the novel's various themes and suspenseful ending. However, she considered Rowling's gift \"not so much for language as for characterisation and plotting\".[30] Kirkus Reviews said it \"will leave readers pleased, amused, excited, scared, infuriated, delighted, sad, surprised, thoughtful and likely wondering where Voldemort has got to, since he appears only in flashbacks\". They considered Rowling's \"wry wit\" to turn into \"outright merriment\", but called the climax \"tragic, but not uncomfortably shocking\".[34] Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor praised the way Rowling evolved Harry into a teenager and how the plot threads found as far back as Chamber of Secrets came into play. On the other hand, she noted that it \"gets a little exposition-heavy in spots\" and older readers may have seen the ending coming.[27]", "Fictional universe of Harry Potter. Half-blood refers to those wizards and witches who have magic and Muggle ancestors in their family trees. Half-bloods are the most common wizard blood, far outnumbering pure-bloods and Muggle-borns. Rowling has stated that, of the Hogwarts annual intake, 50% are half-bloods. Pure-blood supremacists view half-bloods as inferior to them, although superior to Muggles and Muggle-borns. The Malfoy family, a family of wealthy Wizards who showed disdain to Muggles, attempted to maintain blood purity, but found it acceptable to marry half-bloods if there was a dearth of marriageable pure-bloods.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). In an interview with Dark Horizons, Yates said that \"I was still working on Order of the Phoenix when they asked me to do Half-Blood Prince. So they were really delighted with the material that they were seeing while we were in post-production, and the conversations happened before the movie was released, because I had to start pre-production on it while Order of the Phoenix was being promoted. It was just something they see in the work that they really liked, and responded to.\"[16] Yates described Half-Blood Prince as being \"a cross between the chills of Prisoner of Azkaban and the fantastical adventure of Goblet of Fire.\"[17]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Some reviewers noted that Half-Blood Prince contained a darker tone than the previous Potter novels. The Christian Science Monitor's reviewer Yvonne Zipp considered the first half to contain a lighter tone to soften the unhappy ending.[27] The Boston Globe reviewer Liz Rosenberg wrote, \"lightness [is] slimmer than ever in this darkening series...[there is] a new charge of gloom and darkness. I felt depressed by the time I was two-thirds of the way through\". She also compared the setting to Charles Dickens's depictions of London, as it was \"brooding, broken, gold-lit, as living character as any other\".[28] Christopher Paolini called the darker tone \"disquieting\" because it was so different from the earlier books.[29] Liesl Schillinger, a contributor to The New York Times book review, also noted that Half-Blood Prince was \"far darker\" but \"leavened with humor, romance and snappy dialogue\". She suggested a connection to the 11 September attacks, as the later, darker novels were written after that event.[30] David Kipen, a critic of the San Francisco Chronicle considered the \"darkness as a sign of our paranoid times\" and singled out curfews and searches that were part of the tightened security at Hogwarts, as a resemblance to our world.[31]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The students return to school, where Dumbledore announces that Snape will be teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts. In the meantime, Horace Slughorn will resume his post as Potions teacher. Harry now excels in Potions, thanks to having received a used Potions textbook that once belonged to someone named \"The Half-Blood Prince,\" a mysterious former student who wrote numerous tips and spells in his Potions textbook that Harry uses to achieve superb results. After a class contest, The Half-Blood Prince's tips help Harry win a bottle of Felix Felicis, more commonly known as \"Liquid Luck.\" Though Harry's success pleases Slughorn, his newfound brilliance in potions angers Hermione, who feels he is not truly earning his grades and does not trust the Half-Blood Prince.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series.[1] The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries.[2] By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[3] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[6] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003.[7] After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007.[8] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[9]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game). Half-Blood Prince features the exploration of Hogwarts and casting spells on objects around the school, similar to its predecessor Order of the Phoenix.[1] The game also includes multiplayer games, classes, different times of day, Quidditch, Wizard Duels and Potion making.[4] The Marauder's Map is included in the game, as further progressing can open parts of the school. Harry can also call Nearly Headless Nick to show him around the school. Harry is the main playable character in the game, but Ron and Ginny are also available in two levels. The first has Ron concentrate on following Harry after taking love potion (if he doesn't follow Harry, the mission fails). The second has Ginny fill in Harry for Quidditch when he gets detention and play against the rival seeker Cho Chang.[5]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Rowling revealed the title of Half-Blood Prince on her website on 29 June 2004.[15][16] This was the title she had once considered for the second book, Chamber of Secrets, though she decided that the information disclosed belonged better in book six.[16] On 21 December 2004, she announced she had finished writing it, along with the release date of 16 July.[17][18] Bloomsbury unveiled the cover on 8 March 2005.[19]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Reviewers noted that the book took on a darker tone than its predecessors, though it did contain some humour. Some considered the main themes to be love and death, and trust and redemption. The character development of Harry and several other teenage characters was also remarked upon.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Harry spends the Christmas holidays with the Weasleys. On Christmas Eve, Harry discusses his suspicions about Draco to the Order of the Phoenix. Harry's suspicions are dismissed by the Order, but later on Arthur Weasley tells Harry privately that the Malfoys may have been interested in a Vanishing Cabinet. Bellatrix and Greyback attack the Burrow and burn it down, drawing Harry into a battle before the Order arrive and fight them off. At Hogwarts, Dumbledore reveals to Harry that Slughorn possesses a memory of Voldemort that Dumbledore needs desperately. Slughorn gave Dumbledore the memory, but it was an altered version that made it appear that Slughorn didn't know anything. Dumbledore shows Harry the altered memory and asks him to confront Slughorn and retrieve the real one, but when Harry brings it up Slughorn gets angry and refuses to talk any more about it. After Ron accidentally ingests a love potion, Harry brings him to Slughorn for a cure and to smooth over their argument from earlier. After curing Ron, the trio celebrate with mead that Slughorn had intended to gift to Dumbledore. The mead poisons Ron, and Harry is forced to save his life after Slughorn hesitates. Ron murmurs Hermione's name while recovering in the infirmary, causing Lavender to end their relationship. Harry confronts Draco about the poisoned mead and a cursed necklace, and the two duel. Harry uses a curse from the Half-Blood Prince's potion book to severely injure Malfoy, who is rescued and healed by Professor Snape. Fearing the potion book may be filled with more Dark Magic, Ginny and Harry hide it in the Room of Requirement and share their first kiss.", "Harry Potter (character). A new character appears when former Hogwarts Potions master Horace Slughorn replaces Snape, who assumes the Defence Against the Dark Arts post. Harry suddenly excels in Potions, using an old textbook once belonging to a talented student known only as \"The Half-Blood Prince.\" The book contains many handwritten notes, revisions, and new spells; Hermione, however, believes Harry's use of it is cheating. Through private meetings with Dumbledore, Harry learns about Voldemort's orphaned youth, his rise to power, and how he splintered his soul into Horcruxes to achieve immortality. Two Horcruxes have been destroyed—the diary and a ring; and Harry and Dumbledore locate another, although it is a fake. When Death Eaters invade Hogwarts, Snape kills Dumbledore. As Snape escapes, he proclaims that he is the Half-Blood Prince (being the son of a muggle father and the pure-blood Eileen Prince). It now falls upon Harry to find and destroy Voldemort's remaining Horcruxes and to avenge Dumbledore's death. In a 2005 interview, Rowling stated that [after the events in the sixth book] Harry has, \"taken the view that they are now at war. He does become more battle-hardened. He's now ready to go out fighting. And he's after revenge [against Voldemort and Snape].\"[15]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). At Hogwarts, Harry and Ron borrow textbooks for Slughorn's Potions class, and Harry is stuck with a copy that turns out to be filled with helpful notes and spells left by the \"Half-Blood Prince\". Harry uses the book to excel in the class and impresses Slughorn, winning a vial of Liquid Luck. Ron becomes Keeper of the Gryffindor Quidditch team and forms a romantic relationship with Lavender Brown, upsetting Hermione. Harry consoles Hermione and reveals that he now has feelings for Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Near the end of the year, Harry and Dumbledore journey to a cave to retrieve a suspected Horcrux, Slytherin's locket. Dumbledore expertly finds a secret passageway to a large, pitch black underground lake, which Harry and Dumbledore cross in a small boat to an island in the centre. The locket is at the bottom of a basin and can only be reached by drinking the potion above it. Harry helps Dumbledore, who drinks the potion, and though Dumbledore is severely weakened, together they manage to fight off Voldemort's Inferi that have been hiding in the lake. They take the locket and return to find that the Dark Mark has been placed over the highest tower in Hogwarts in their absence. Harry and Dumbledore ascend the tower where they are ambushed by Draco Malfoy, accompanied by Death Eaters that he helped get inside Hogwarts. Dumbledore freezes Harry under his Invisibility Cloak with a body-bind spell to keep him hidden. Draco disarms Dumbledore of his wand and then threatens to kill him, which turns out to have been his mission from Voldemort. Draco is unable to go through with it, and Snape arrives and casts the spell to kill Dumbledore instead. Harry ignores the battle raging in Hogwarts to pursue Dumbledore's killer. Snape successfully fights Harry off, and he reveals that he is in fact the Half-Blood Prince before he, Draco, and the rest of the Death Eaters escape.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Harry decides to use his Liquid Luck potion to convince Slughorn to give up the memory Dumbledore needs. Harry views the memory with Dumbledore and learns that Voldemort wanted information for creating Horcruxes, magical objects that could contain pieces of a wizard's soul and save them from death. Dumbledore concludes that Voldemort successfully created seven Horcruxes, two of which have already been destroyed: Tom Riddle's diary and Marvolo Gaunt's ring. Harry and Dumbledore travel to a seaside cave where Harry aids Dumbledore in drinking a potion that hides another Horcrux, Slytherin's locket. A weakened Dumbledore defends them from Inferi and apparates back to Hogwarts. Bellatrix, Greyback, and more Death Eaters enter Hogwarts with Draco's help through the vanishing cabinet in the Room of Requirement that Draco managed to connect to the one he had been working on in Knockturn Alley.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game). In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore prepares Harry for the final battle that he knows is fast approaching as Voldemort is tightening his grip on both the Muggle and wizarding worlds. Together they work to find the key to unlock Voldemort's defences and, to this end, Dumbledore recruits his old friend and colleague, the well-connected and unsuspecting bon vivant Professor Horace Slughorn, whom he believes holds crucial information.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Half-Blood Prince received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 268 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Dark, thrilling, and occasionally quite funny, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is also visually stunning and emotionally satisfying.\"[128] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating to reviews, the film has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"generally favourable\" reviews.[129] The film scored an 87 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association; it is the first Harry Potter film to receive a Critic's Choice certificate.[130] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A-\" on an A+ to F scale.[131]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Severus Snape, a member of the Order of the Phoenix, meets with Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother, and Lord Voldemort's faithful supporter Bellatrix Lestrange. Narcissa expresses concern that her son might not survive a dangerous mission given to him by Lord Voldemort. Bellatrix feels Snape will be of no help until he surprises her by making an Unbreakable Vow with Narcissa, swearing on his life that he will protect and assist Draco in his mission.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). While at the middle of the series in length, the film Half-Blood Prince did add or change events in the literary canon. The book begins with a scene involving the Muggle Prime Minister. Yates and his crew debated over this scene, as well as the character Rufus Scrimgeour, but gave up the beginning of the movie to events described but not seen in the book.[60] Yates thought it would give the audience a feel for what the Death Eaters were doing if they showed the collapse of the Millennium Bridge rather than describe it.[61] As with Goblet of Fire, the Dursleys were cut, which Steve Kloves did to \"break the pattern\".[60] Further background of Tom Riddle was removed, such as the Gaunts because they felt it more important to concentrate on Riddle as a young boy, and an additional action scene at the Burrow was added to keep with the tone of the franchise.[60] Yates felt that they needed \"an injection of jeopardy and danger\" and that without it there was too much comedy and lightness.[62] A small battle scene at Hogwarts which happened during the end of the book was cut; Heyman commented that it was removed to \"[avoid] repetition\" with the forthcoming adaptation of the Battle of Hogwarts in Deathly Hallows.[60] Dumbledore's funeral was removed as it was believed it did not fit with the rest of the film.[63]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Julia Keller, a critic for the Chicago Tribune, highlighted the humour found in the novel and claimed it to be the success of the Harry Potter saga. She acknowledged that \"the books are dark and scary in places\" but \"no darkness in Half-Blood Prince...is so immense that it cannot be rescued by a snicker or a smirk.\" She considered that Rowling was suggesting that difficult times could be worked through with imagination, hope, and humour, and compared this concept to works such as Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time and Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows.[32]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). The date change was met with a heavily negative reaction by Harry Potter fans, as the Los Angeles Times noted: \"Petitions were circulating, rumors were flying and angry screeds were being posted on Internet sites within minutes of the Thursday announcement.\"[88] The move was mocked by Entertainment Weekly which had Half-Blood Prince on the cover on its \"Fall Preview Issue\". Despite each being owned by Time Warner Inc., EW was unaware of the change until it was publicly announced by WB and noted that readers would now be in possession of a \"Dewey Defeats Truman collectible\".[89] Several days after the announcement, Horn released a statement in response to the \"large amount of disappointment\" expressed by fans of the series.[92] Following the date change, Half-Blood Prince's release slot was taken by Summit Entertainment's Twilight[93] and Walt Disney Pictures' Bolt.[94]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Lord Voldemort is tightening his grip on both the wizarding and Muggle worlds, kidnapping Ollivander from Diagon Alley and destroying the Millennium Bridge. After the Malfoy family is disgraced when Lucius is apprehended and sent to Azkaban for his involvement with the Death Eaters, Voldemort chooses Draco to carry out a secret mission at Hogwarts. Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother, seek help from Severus Snape, who claims to have been acting as a mole within the Order of the Phoenix all along. Snape makes an Unbreakable Vow with Narcissa to protect Draco and fulfill the assignment if he fails.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince has won several awards, including the 2006 British Book of the Year Award[36] and the 2006 Royal Mail Award for Scottish Children's Books for ages 8–12 in its native United Kingdom.[37] In the United States, the American Library Association listed it among its 2006 Best Books for Young Adults.[38] It won both the 2005 reader-voted Quill Awards for Best Book of the Year and Best Children's Book.[39][40] It also won the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Seal for notable book.[41]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Harry accompanies Albus Dumbledore from Surbiton to the village of Budleigh Babberton to visit former Potions professor Horace Slughorn. Professor Slughorn has been in hiding but agrees to return to teach at Hogwarts. Dumbledore then takes Harry to The Burrow, where Harry reunites with his best friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. When the three go visit Fred and George Weasley's new joke shop at Diagon Alley, they see Draco entering Knockturn Alley with a group of Death Eaters including Fenrir Greyback. Harry believes Voldemort has made Draco a Death Eater, but Ron and Hermione are skeptical. On the Hogwarts Express, Harry hides in the Slytherin carriage using his Invisibility Cloak. Harry is spotted by Malfoy, who petrifies him and breaks his nose. Harry is found and saved by Luna Lovegood.", "Rubeus Hagrid. In Half-Blood Prince, Harry inherits Buckbeak, and allows Hagrid to look after him again. To avoid suspicion from the Ministry of Magic, he is given the alias \"Witherwings\". A fiercely loyal creature, Buckbeak chases Severus Snape away from Harry by slashing his claws at the end of the book. Buckbeak also features in the Battle of Hogwarts at the end of the Deathly Hallows leading the Hogwarts' Thestrals against Voldemort’s giants.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published simultaneously in the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.[48] Along with the rest of the books in the Harry Potter series, it was eventually translated into 67 languages.[49] However, because of high security surrounding the manuscript, translators did not get to start on translating Half-Blood Prince until its English release date, and the earliest were not expected to be released until the fall of 2005.[50] In Germany, a group of \"hobby translators\" translated the book via Internet in less than two days after release, far before German translator Klaus Fritz could translate and publish the book.[51]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a 2009 British-American[3] fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[2] It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the sixth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron.[4] The story follows Harry Potter's sixth year at Hogwarts as he receives a mysterious textbook, falls in love, and attempts to retrieve a memory that holds the key to Lord Voldemort's downfall." ]

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[ "Caldera. The word comes from Spanish caldera, and Latin caldaria, meaning \"cooking pot\". In some texts the English term cauldron is also used. The term caldera was introduced into the geological vocabulary by the German geologist Leopold von Buch when he published his memoirs of his 1815 visit to the Canary Islands,[note 1] where he first saw the Las Cañadas caldera on Tenerife, with Montaña Teide dominating the landscape, and then the Caldera de Taburiente on La Palma.", "List of English words of Spanish origin. caldera (used in geology)", "Caldera. A caldera is a large cauldron-like depression that forms following the evacuation of a magma chamber/reservoir. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the crust above the magma chamber is lost. The ground surface then collapses downward into the partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a massive depression at the surface (from one to dozens of kilometers in diameter). Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Only seven known caldera-forming collapses have occurred since the start of the 20th century, most recently at Bárðarbunga volcano in Iceland.[1]", "Long Valley Caldera. The caldera is a giant bowl-shaped depression, approximately 20 miles (32 km) wide, surrounded by mountains, but open to the southeast. The elevation of the bottom of the bowl ranges from 6,500 to 8,500 feet (2,000 to 2,600 m), being higher in the west.[2]", "Caldera. Some volcanoes, such as shield volcanoes Kīlauea and Mauna Loa (respectively the most active and second largest on Earth, are both on the island of Hawaii), form calderas in a different fashion. The magma feeding these volcanoes is basalt which is silica poor. As a result, the magma is much less viscous than the magma of a rhyolitic volcano, and the magma chamber is drained by large lava flows rather than by explosive events. The resulting calderas are also known as subsidence calderas, and can form more gradually than explosive calderas. For instance, the caldera atop Fernandina Island underwent a collapse in 1968, when parts of the caldera floor dropped 350 meters.[9] Kilauea Caldera has an inner crater known as Halema‘uma‘u, which has often been filled by a lava lake.", "Calderón. Calderón may refer to:", "Caldera. At some points in geological time, rhyolitic calderas have appeared in distinct clusters. The remnants of such clusters may be found in places such as the San Juan Mountains of Colorado (formed during the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene periods) or the Saint Francois Mountain Range of Missouri (erupted during the Proterozoic).", "Lava. A caldera, which is a large subsidence crater, can form in a stratovolcano, if the magma chamber is partially or wholly emptied by large explosive eruptions; the summit cone no longer supports itself and thus collapses in on itself afterwards. Such features may include volcanic crater lakes and lava domes after the event. However, calderas can also form by non-explosive means such as gradual magma subsidence. This is typical of many shield volcanoes.", "Caldera. If volcanic activity continues, the center of the caldera may be uplifted in the form of a resurgent dome such as is seen at Cerro Galán, Lake Toba, Yellowstone, etc., by subsequent intrusion of magma. A silicic or rhyolitic caldera may erupt hundreds or even thousands of cubic kilometers of material in a single event. Even small caldera-forming eruptions, such as Krakatoa in 1883 or Mount Pinatubo in 1991, may result in significant local destruction and a noticeable drop in temperature around the world. Large calderas may have even greater effects.", "Teide. About 150,000 years ago, a much larger explosive eruption occurred, probably of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It created the Las Cañadas caldera, a large caldera at about 2,000 m above sea level, around 16 km (9.9 mi) from east to west and 9 km (5.6 mi) from north to south. At Guajara, on the south side of the structure, the internal walls rise as almost sheer cliffs from 2,100 to 2,715 m (6,890 to 8,907 ft). The 3,718 m (12,198 ft) summit of Teide itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (3,134 m (10,282 ft)), are both situated in the northern half of the caldera and are derived from eruptions later than this prehistoric explosion.", "Life Is a Dream. The age of Calderón was also marked by deep religious conviction in Spain.[8] The Catholic church had fostered Spanish pride and identity, to the extent that \"speaking Christian\" became, and remains, synonymous with speaking Spanish.[9]", "Tenerife. South of La Caldera is Guajara Mountain, which has an elevation of 2,718 metres (8,917 feet), rising above Teide National Park. At the bottom, is an endorheic basin flanked with very fine sedimentary material which has been deposited from its volcanic processes, and is known as Llano de Ucanca.[30][45][47]", "Teide. Two theories on the formation of the 16 km × 9 km (9.9 mi × 5.6 mi) caldera exist.[20] The first states that the depression is the result of a vertical collapse of the volcano triggered by the emptying of shallow magma chambers at around sea level under the Las Cañadas volcano after large-volume explosive eruptions.[17][21][22] The second theory is that the caldera was formed by a series of lateral gravitational collapses similar to those described in Hawaii.[23] Evidence for the latter theory has been found in both onshore observations[24][25][26] and marine geology studies.[17][27]", "Caldera. Eruptions forming even larger calderas are known, especially La Garita Caldera in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, where the 5,000-km3 Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a single major eruption about 27.8 million years ago.", "Ring of Fire. A 2-km-wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic-to-andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera. About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica's flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano, but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Lahars from the glacier-covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks.", "Caldera. A collapse is triggered by the emptying of the magma chamber beneath the volcano, sometimes as the result of a large explosive volcanic eruption (see Tambora in 1815), but also during effusive eruptions on the flanks of a volcano (see Piton de la Fournaise in 2007) or in a connected fissure system (see Bárðarbunga in 2014–2015). If enough magma is ejected, the emptied chamber is unable to support the weight of the volcanic edifice above it. A roughly circular fracture, the \"ring fault\", develops around the edge of the chamber. Ring fractures serve as feeders for fault intrusions which are also known as ring dykes. Secondary volcanic vents may form above the ring fracture. As the magma chamber empties, the center of the volcano within the ring fracture begins to collapse. The collapse may occur as the result of a single cataclysmic eruption, or it may occur in stages as the result of a series of eruptions. The total area that collapses may be hundreds or thousands of square kilometers.", "Haleakalā. Contrary to popular belief, Haleakalā \"crater\" is not volcanic in origin, nor can it accurately be called a caldera (which is formed when the summit of a volcano collapses to form a depression). Scientists believe that Haleakalā's \"crater\" was formed when the headwalls of two large erosional valleys merged at the summit of the volcano. These valleys formed the two large gaps — Koʻolau on the north side and Kaupō on the south — on either side of the depression.", "Long Valley Caldera. The rim of the caldera is formed from pre-existing rock, rising about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the caldera floor.[2] However, the eastern rim is lower, only about 500 feet (150 m).[2]", "Shield volcano. Calderas are a common feature on shield volcanoes. They are formed and reformed over the volcano's lifespan. Long eruptive periods form cinder cones, which then collapse over time to form calderas. The calderas are often filled up by future eruptions, or formed elsewhere, and this cycle of collapse and regeneration takes place throughout the volcano's lifespan.[8]", "Mount Vesuvius. The caldera started forming during an eruption around 17,000 (or 18,300) years ago[16][17][18] and was enlarged by later paroxysmal eruptions,[19] ending in the one of AD 79. This structure has given its name to the term \"somma volcano\", which describes any volcano with a summit caldera surrounding a newer cone.[20]", "Caldera. If the magma is rich in silica, the caldera is often filled in with ignimbrite, tuff, rhyolite, and other igneous rocks. Silica-rich magma has a high viscosity, and therefore does not flow easily like basalt. As a result, gases tend to become trapped at high pressure within the magma. When the magma approaches the surface of the Earth, the rapid off-loading of overlying material causes the trapped gases to decompress rapidly, thus triggering explosive destruction of the magma and spreading volcanic ash over wide areas. Further lava flows may be erupted.", "Tenerife. The principal structures in Tenerife, make the central highlands, with the Teide–Pico Viejo complex and the Las Cañadas areas as most prominent. It comprises a semi-caldera of about 130 km2 (50 sq mi) in area, originated by several geological processes explained under the Origin and formation section. The area is partially occupied by the Teide-Pico Viejo strato-volcano and completed by the materials emitted in the different eruptions that took place. A known formation called Los Azulejos, composed by green-tinted rocks were created by hydrothermal processes.[30][45][47]", "Olympus Mons. The caldera complex at the peak of the volcano is made of at least six overlapping calderas and caldera segments (pictured).[25] Calderas are formed by roof collapse following depletion and withdrawal of the subsurface magma chamber after an eruption. Each caldera thus represents a separate pulse of volcanic activity on the mountain.[26] The largest and oldest caldera segment appears to have formed as a single, large lava lake.[27] The size of a caldera is a reflection of the size of the underlying magma chamber. Using geometric relationships of caldera dimensions from laboratory models, scientists have estimated that the magma chamber associated with the largest caldera on Olympus Mons lies at a depth of about 32 km (105,000 ft) below the caldera floor.[28] Crater size-frequency distributions on the caldera floors indicate the calderas range in age from 350 Mya to about 150 Mya. All probably formed within 100 million years of each other.[29][30]", "Andes. The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate. To the east, the Andes range is bounded by several sedimentary basins, such as Orinoco, Amazon Basin, Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco, that separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America. In the south, the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane. To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean, although the Peru-Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range.", "Fault (geology). Ring faults, also known as caldera faults, are faults that occur within collapsed volcanic calderas[11] and the sites of bolide strikes, such as the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Ring faults are result of a series of overlapping normal faults, forming a circular outline. Fractures created by ring faults may be filled by ring dikes[11].", "Yellowstone Caldera. The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 km).[4]", "Yellowstone Caldera. The volcanic eruptions, as well as the continuing geothermal activity, are a result of a great cove of magma located below the caldera's surface. The magma in this cove contains gases that are kept dissolved by the immense pressure under which the magma is contained. If the pressure is released to a sufficient degree by some geological shift, then some of the gases bubble out and cause the magma to expand. This can cause a chain reaction. If the expansion results in further relief of pressure, for example, by blowing crust material off the top of the chamber, the result is a very large gas explosion.", "Long Valley Caldera. Long Valley Caldera is a depression in eastern California that is adjacent to Mammoth Mountain. The valley is one of the Earth's largest calderas, measuring about 20 miles (32 km) long (east-west), 11 miles (18 km) wide (north-south), and up to 3,000 feet (910 m) deep.", "Yellowstone Caldera. Over the past 18 million years or so, this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basaltic lava. Together these eruptions have helped create the eastern part of the Snake River Plain from a once-mountainous region. At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they are classified as supereruptions. Volcanic eruptions sometimes empty their stores of magma so swiftly that the overlying land collapses into the emptied magma chamber, forming a geographic depression called a caldera.", "Ring of Fire. Villarrica is one of Chile's most active volcanoes, rising above the lake and town of the same name. The volcano is also known as Rucapillán, a Mapuche word meaning \"House of the Pillán\". It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault. Villarrica, along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín, are protected within Villarrica National Park. Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer.", "Caldera. The Moon has an outer shell of low-density crystalline rock that is a few hundred kilometers thick, which formed due to a rapid creation. The craters of the moon have been well preserved through time and were once thought to have been the result of extreme volcanic activity, but actually were formed by meteorites, nearly all of which took place in the first few hundred million years after the Moon formed. Around 500 million years afterward, the Moon's mantle was able to be extensively melted due to the decay of radioactive elements. Massive basaltic eruptions took place generally at the base of large impact craters. Also, eruptions may have taken place due to a magma reservoir at the base of the crust. This forms a dome, possibly the same morphology of a shield volcano where calderas universally are known to form.[10] Although caldera-like structures are rare on the Moon, they are not completely absent. The Compton-Belkovich Volcanic Complex on the far side of the Moon is thought to be a caldera, possibly an ash-flow caldera.[12]", "Caldera. When Yellowstone Caldera last erupted some 650,000 years ago, it released about 1,000 km3 of material (as measured in dense rock equivalent (DRE)), covering a substantial part of North America in up to two metres of debris. By comparison, when Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, it released ~1.2 km3 (DRE) of ejecta. The ecological effects of the eruption of a large caldera can be seen in the record of the Lake Toba eruption in Indonesia." ]

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[ "A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride. A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride was filmed in Calgary, Alberta, Canada", "A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride. A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride is a 2008 television movie starring Joanna García and Luke Perry. The film originally aired in Canada on December 15, 2008, and in the United States on December 20, 2008 on Lifetime.[1]", "The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock. Much of the outdoor footage was shot at the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., including a number of scenes depicting the oversized blonde beauty at her new home—a barn. The barn was part of a ranch set on the Upper Iverson known as the Fury Set, which was originally built for the television show Fury.", "The Princess Bride (film). The film was shot in various locations in Great Britain and Ireland:[11]", "The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. The 2003 movie, American Wedding used the Ritz-Carlton in Half Moon Bay, California, as the filming location for the wedding venue.", "A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride. A wedding planner named Roxanne (García) tries to foil her mother's plans to get married to a man she just met by sabotaging their Christmas wedding. But she soon finds herself falling in love just as quickly as her mother did.", "Hi-de-Hi!. However, the majority of filming was done at Mill Rythe Holiday Village on Hayling Island in Hampshire.", "Turville. The 1942 Ealing Studios film Went the Day Well?, in which German paratroopers invade a small English village, was filmed in Turville, as were many of the scenes from the 1963 comedy film Father Came Too!. Additionally many of the outdoor scenes of television show Goodnight Mr Tom were filmed in Turville, as was the dream scene in Bride and Prejudice, and a brief scene from I Capture the Castle.", "A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride. Luke Perry as Charlie\nJoAnna Garcia Swisher as Roxanne\nHelen Shaver as Rose\nKenneth Welsh as Jack\nLucas Bryant as Dylan\nChantal Perron as Tish\nLuke Perry as Charlie", "Shakespeare in Love. Among the locations used in the production were Hatfield House, Hertfordshire (for the fireworks scene), Broughton Castle, Oxfordshire (which played the role of the de Lesseps home), the beach at Holkham in Norfolk, the chapel at Eton College, Berkshire, and the Great Hall of Middle Temple, London.[8]", "Bride Wars. Some principal photography took place at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts.[6] Most filming occurred in Boston, New York City, and in Salem, Massachusetts.[citation needed]", "The Holiday. The UK part of the film was partially shot in Godalming and Shere, a town and village in the county of Surrey in South East England that dates back to the 11th century.[16] Filming began January 4, 2006 and concluded in June 15.", "Katharine McPhee. In early 2009, McPhee was cast in a lead role in the independent $6 million romantic-comedy You May Not Kiss the Bride,[74] which was filmed in Hawaii. McPhee played the role of Masha, alongside Dave Annable.[75] The film debuted at the 14th Annual Sonoma International Film Festival that was held April 6–10, 2011[76] The film was released theatrically in the US in late 2012, premiering August 29, 2012, in Hawaii and September 21, 2012, in several mainland markets including Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles, as well as Video On Demand, iTunes, and Amazon. One of the songs included in the movie was co-written by McPhee.[77][78][79]", "Father of the Bride (1991 film). George Banks (Steve Martin) is the owner of a successful athletic shoe company called Side Kicks in San Marino, California. His 22-year-old daughter, Annie (Kimberly Williams) who just graduated from college, returns home from Europe, announcing that she is engaged to Bryan MacKenzie (George Newbern), a man from an upper-class family from Bel-Air, despite their only having known each other for six months. The sudden shock turns the warm reunion into a heated argument between George and Annie, but they quickly reconcile in time for Bryan to arrive and meet them. Despite Bryan's good financial status and likeable demeanour, George takes an immediate dislike to him while his wife, Nina (Diane Keaton), accepts him as a potential son-in-law. George does not want to let go of his daughter.", "The Mistletoe Inn. The TV movie was filmed in Langley, British Columbia; Squamish, Vancouver; and Furry Creek golf course.[3]", "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are. Filming took place in and around Denton, Texas. Several parts were shot in Slidell, Texas on a large ranch.[7] The scene with the \"beauty at the edge of town\" washing her car was filmed in Valley View, Texas, near to the Oklahoma border.[8]", "Didn't We Almost Have It All?. The wedding scenes were filmed at the First Baptist Church of Los Angeles.[3] Kenneth Pool designed the Amsale wedding dress worn by Cristina.[4]", "Anna Chancellor. The daughter of John Chancellor and Mary Jolliffe, a daughter of Lord Hylton, Chancellor was brought up in Somerset and educated at St Mary's School, Shaftesbury, a Roman Catholic boarding school for girls in Dorset, but left at sixteen to live in London, later describing her early years there as \"quite wild\".[1] She became the partner of the poet Jock Scot (1952–2016), and in her early twenties had a daughter, Poppy, whilst still studying at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. She separated from Scot a few years later.[2] She got her first acting role on television playing Mercedes Page in Jupiter Moon, a BSkyB soap, then came a commercial for Boddingtons and a part in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994),[1] playing \"Duckface\" opposite Hugh Grant.", "The Princess Bride (film). The framing story scenes, the last to be filmed, were recorded at Shepperton Studios in Surrey.[3]", "One, Two, Three. Some scenes were shot at Bavaria Film Studios.[10]", "The Seeds of Doom. Location shooting at Chase's estate took place at Athelhampton Hall in Dorset. This is the third serial of the programme to shoot exterior location scenes on Outside Broadcast (OB) videotape rather than film; the previous two were Robot and The Sontaran Experiment. On 7 December 1975, whilst location filming the closing scene outside the TARDIS at Buckland, the TARDIS prop collapsed on Elisabeth Sladen; it was the original prop used since 1963.[3]", "James Cagney. This film was shot mainly at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, and on his arrival at Southampton aboard the Queen Elizabeth 2, Cagney was mobbed by hundreds of fans. Cunard Line officials, who were responsible for the security at the dock, said they had never seen anything like it, although they had experienced past visits by Marlon Brando and Robert Redford.", "The Return of the Native. The Return of the Native was filmed for Hallmark Hall of Fame and broadcast on television in 1994. It was filmed in Exmoor National Park. The film stars Catherine Zeta Jones as Eustacia Vye, Clive Owen as Damon Wildeve, Ray Stevenson as Clym Yeobright, and Joan Plowright as Mrs. Yeobright. Jack Gold directed.[7]", "Viva Las Vegas. \"Little Church of the West,\" the oldest Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, is the location used in the closing scene.", "Ellie Darcey-Alden. According to Darcey-Alden and Clarke at a 2013 LeakyCon cast junket in London, production alternated between sets at Leavesden Studios and on location shooting by the River Lea in the gardens of Hatfield Park near Hatfield House—both set in Hertfordshire, respectively. Of the river scene in particular, Clarke elaborated by saying:", "Rules Don't Apply. Principal photography for the film began on February 24, 2014 in Los Angeles, California.[26][27] Studio production took place at the Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood.[22] On location filming took place at multiple venues, including S. Grand Avenue, Musso & Frank Grill, and the Millennium Biltmore Hotel.[28][29][30] It was reported that production had been completed on June 8, 2014, after 74 filming days.[31] Additional filming took place in late February 2015.[22]", "Runaway Bride (film). Much of the film production took place in and around historic Berlin, Maryland, which was made over to become the fictitious town of Hale, Maryland. Main Street in Berlin as well as some of the landmarks such as the Atlantic Hotel were left nearly as-is during production, while some of the business names on Main Street were changed.[citation needed]", "The Preacher's Wife. Filming was scheduled to wrap at the end of February, but the crew was still shooting at the beginning of May. Some final scenes shot were those at the Main Street cafe in Tarrytown, New York. The entire street had to be dressed for Christmas in fake snow laid down along the street.[7]", "You Can Count On Me. The film was primarily shot in and around Margaretville, New York, in the Catskill Mountains, in June 1999.[note 2]", "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday. The film was filmed on location in Nantucket, Massachusetts and in and around Wilmington, North Carolina,[1] although some of the beach scenes were filmed at Long Beach, California and the sailing accident was filmed at Marina del Rey, California; the obvious differences between the two were noticeable enough to be mentioned by The New York Times reviewer.[2]", "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness. For the production of The Inn of the Sixth Happiness 20th Century Fox rented space at MGM British Studios Borehamwood, where the Chinese villages were built on the backlot, with location scenes filmed in Nantmor, near Beddgelert in North Wales.", "Winter Is Coming. All the scenes shot in Morocco were reshot in Malta.[18] The original pilot reused the sets of Kingdom of Heaven in Morocco to stand in for Pentos and the site of Drogo and Daenerys's wedding.[24] In Malta, the Verdala Palace, the 16th century summer palace of the president of Malta, was used for the exterior scenes at Illyrio's mansion. The Azure Window was used as the backdrop for the wedding.[25] Filming at the Azure Window, however, caused some controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor.[26]" ]

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[ "Christian Coulson. Coulson gained worldwide attention and popularity for his role in 2002's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in which he portrayed a 16-year-old Tom Riddle, even though Coulson was 24 years old at the time. However, in 2007, director David Yates indicated on MTV that Coulson would not reprise his role in Half-Blood Prince, since, at 29, he was now too old.[1]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Christian Coulson, who played the young Tom Riddle in Chamber of Secrets, expressed an interest in returning in the role for flashback sequences;[21] Yates responded that Coulson was too old, nearing 30, to be playing the role.[22] Jamie Campbell Bower, who appeared in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, previously noted that he had his \"fingers crossed\" he would be cast as a young Riddle.[23] (Bower was, however, later cast as the teenage Gellert Grindelwald in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.) Thomas James Longley was the original choice to take on the role but Riddle was ultimately played by Hero Fiennes-Tiffin as a child and Frank Dillane as a teenager.[24][25]", "Christian Coulson. Christian Peter Coulson (born 3 October 1978) is an English actor best known for playing the 16-year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.", "Hero Fiennes-Tiffin. Hero Beauregard Fiennes-Tiffin (born 6 November 1997) is an English actor best known for his role as the 11-year-old Tom Riddle, the young version of antagonist Lord Voldemort (played in the films by his uncle, Ralph Fiennes), in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, the sixth installment of the Harry Potter films.[1] He also played the role of \"younger Charlie\" in the war based film Private Peaceful.", "Lord Voldemort. Fiennes's nephew, Hero Fiennes-Tiffin, portrayed Tom Riddle as a child in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. By the time filming arrived Christian Coulson was 29, and not considered suitable to return as the adolescent Riddle. Thomas James Longley was originally scheduled to take over the role, but last minute renegotiations saw Frank Dillane cast instead.[37][38]", "Frank Dillane. Frank Dillane was born in London, England. He spent part of his childhood in Brixton, before moving to East Sussex, where he grew up in a creative environment. His mother, Naomi Wirthner, is Afro-Jamaican. Wirthner manages a theatre company called The Barebones Project.[2] His father, Stephen Dillane, is an actor who has starred in numerous movies and TV series (e.g., Game of Thrones and The Tunnel),[3] and was awarded a BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor on Television in 2009. Dillane made his film debut at his side as an extra in Welcome to Sarajevo (1997) when he was six. He became more widely known when he portrayed Tom Riddle (a teenage Lord Voldemort) in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009).[4]", "Frank Dillane. Frank Stephenson Dillane (born 21 April 1991)[1] is an English actor, best known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead (2015–18), and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009). He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015).", "Ralph Fiennes. Fiennes is an eighth cousin of Charles, Prince of Wales,[7] and a third cousin of adventurer Ranulph Fiennes and author William Fiennes.[8] He is the eldest of six children. His siblings are actor Joseph Fiennes; Martha Fiennes, a director (in her film Onegin, he played the title role); Magnus Fiennes, a composer; Sophie Fiennes, a filmmaker; and Jacob Fiennes, a conservationist. His foster brother, Michael Emery, is an archaeologist. His nephew Hero Fiennes-Tiffin played Tom Riddle, young Lord Voldemort, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.", "Hero Fiennes-Tiffin. Fiennes-Tiffin made his first film appearance as Spartak in the 2008 drama, Bigga Than Ben. Fiennes-Tiffin earned the part of young Voldemort even though thousands of young actors auditioned for the role;[3] at least one publication, however, has alleged his family relation alone landed him the part.[4] David Yates, director of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, said Fiennes-Tiffin was cast as Tom Riddle due to his ability to find \"the darker space\" in his line readings. Yates said he did not get the role due to his relation to Ralph Fiennes, who was his maternal uncle, but admitted the family resemblance was \"a clincher\".[5] Yates described the actor as \"very focused and disciplined\"[6] and said he \"got the corners and dark moods and odd spirit of the character\"[3] and had a \"wonderful haunted quality that seemed to bring Tom Riddle alive on-screen for us.\"[6]", "Lord Voldemort. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Voldemort's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell's head, an effect achieved by computer generated imagery. Ian Hart, the actor who played Quirrell in the same film, provided the voice and the facial source for this character. Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn. As Voldemort's face was altered enough by CG work, and Hart's voice was affected enough, there was no confusion by Hart's playing of the two roles. In that film, he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them. In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer,[34] though his face is never seen. His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16-year-old Tom Marvolo Riddle (portrayed by Christian Coulson).", "David Tennant. Tennant contributed to several audio dramatisations of Shakespeare for the Arkangel Shakespeare series (1998). His roles include a reprisal of his Antipholus of Syracuse in The Comedy of Errors, as well as Launcelot Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice, Edgar/Poor Tom in King Lear, and Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet, all of which he performs in his natural accent. In 1995, Tennant appeared at the Royal National Theatre, London, playing the role of Nicholas Beckett in Joe Orton's What the Butler Saw. In television, he appeared in the first episode of Reeves and Mortimer's revamped Randall and Hopkirk in 2000, playing an eccentric artist. This is one of his few TV roles in his native Scottish accent. During the Christmas season of 2002, he starred in a series of television advertisements for Boots the Chemists.[20] He began to appear on television more prominently in 2004 and 2005, when he appeared in a dramatisation of He Knew He Was Right (2004), Blackpool (2004), Casanova (2005), and The Quatermass Experiment (2005). In film, he appeared in Bright Young Things (2003), and later that same year appeared as Barty Crouch Jr. in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.", "Sean Biggerstaff. Biggerstaff obtained his first professional acting role at ten, playing the son of MacDuff in a Michael Boyd production of Macbeth at the Tron Theatre, Glasgow. He then joined the Scottish Youth Theatre and spent six years with the group.[2] In 1996, at the age of 13, Biggerstaff secured his first major TV role, playing Young Darren in the BBC production of The Crow Road.[3] At 14 he was cast by future fellow Harry Potter actor Alan Rickman in his new movie, The Winter Guest, as Tom, a mischievous schoolboy. In a 2002 interview, Biggerstaff recalled: \"It was while at the Scottish Youth Theatre that I was chosen for The Winter Guest. Alan Rickman (known to most of the kids as \"the bad guy from Die Hard\") popped along one day looking for two boys to accompany him to the coldest place on Earth, Fife, for two months to make a film. Myself and the suspicious character that is Douglas Murphy were the lucky ones.\"[2]", "Toby Jones. Jones has appeared in more than 20 films since his first acting role in the 1992 film Orlando. He voiced Dobby in two Harry Potter films: Chamber of Secrets (2002) and The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). He played Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury in the HBO/Channel 4 production Elizabeth I. In 2006, he portrayed Truman Capote in the biopic Infamous. He appeared in the film adaptation of Stephen King's The Mist in 2007. In 2008, he portrayed Karl Rove in Oliver Stone's W and Hollywood agent Swifty Lazar in Frost/Nixon. He appeared alongside his father in the 2004 film Ladies in Lavender.[3]", "Josh Bolt. Josh began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009 he starred alongside Aaron Johnson and Kristin Scott Thomas playing \"Pete Shotton\" in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy.", "Tom Hollander. Thomas Anthony Hollander (born 25 August 1967)[1][2] is an English actor. He began his career in theatre, winning the Ian Charleson Award in 1992 for his performance as Witwoud in The Way of the World at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre. He is known for his roles in comedic films such as Pirates of the Caribbean and In the Loop and drama films such as Enigma, Pride & Prejudice, Gosford Park, and Hanna. He played the lead role in the sitcom Rev., which won the British Academy Television Award for best sitcom in 2011. He also played the lead in the ITV's Doctor Thorne and won[3] the BAFTA Television Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Major Lance \"Corky\" Corkoran in the BBC series The Night Manager.", "Rupert Grint. Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint[2] (born 24 August 1988) is an English actor and producer. He rose to prominence playing Ron Weasley, one of the three main characters in the Harry Potter film series. Grint was cast as Ron at the age of 11, having previously acted only in school plays and at his local theatre group. From 2001 to 2011, he starred in all eight Harry Potter films alongside Daniel Radcliffe playing as Harry Potter and Emma Watson playing as Hermione Granger.", "Toby Regbo. Regbo started his acting career with a small role in 2006 ITV television film Sharpe's Challenge.[5] In 2007, he played American teen spy Chad Turner in an episode of CBBC children's spy-fi adventure series M.I. High.[6] He continued to pursue his acting career in 2009, when he played Michael Walton in Stephen Poliakoff's period drama Glorious 39.[7] One of his most notable roles was in a science fiction drama Mr. Nobody, premiered in 2009. He played eponymous character Nemo Nobody (in his teenage years).[8] He also played young Albus Dumbledore in the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.[9] He made his stage début as Eliot in Tusk Tusk, a 2009 play by Polly Stenham, at the Royal Court Theatre in London.[10][11][12][13] Regbo played James Sveck in the film version of Peter Cameron's novel Someday This Pain Will Be Useful To You, shot in the summer 2010 in New York.[14] In 2013, Regbo played John in drama-thriller film uwantme2killhim? directed by Andrew Douglas and produced by Bryan Singer. He was originally cast in Disney's Maleficent (film) as young Stefan, but was ultimately replaced by Michael Higgins as the directors decided they wanted a younger boy to play the part.[15]", "Jim Tavaré. Jim Tavaré (/ˈtævəreɪ/; born 30 April 1963)[1] is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and musician. He is best known for his work on The Sketch Show on ITV, which won a BAFTA award. He played the role of Tom (the owner of the Leaky Cauldron) in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and has appeared in several music videos, including Roots Manuva's \"Too Cold\", McFly's \"It's All About You\" (for BBC Comic Relief), Phoenix Foundation's \"Thames Soup\", and Letlive's \"Banshee\".", "Lord Voldemort. In Time, Lon Tweeten shows with Continuing the Magic possible future book covers laced with pop culture references. One of them, the \"Dark Lord of the Dance\", shows Voldemort teaming up with Harry on Broadway.[67] In the MAD Magazine parodies of the films, the character is called Lord Druckermort, a backwards reference to the magazine's longtime caricaturist Mort Drucker. In Alan Moore's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: 1969, a young Tom Marvolo Riddle (introduced as \"Tom\", whose middle name is a \"marvel\" and last name is a \"conundrum\") appears, and becomes the new avatar of Oliver Haddo at the story's conclusion.[68] In A Very Potter Musical, Voldemort is played by actor Joe Walker.", "Ralph Fiennes. Since then, Fiennes has been in a number of notable films, including Quiz Show (1994), Strange Days (1995), The End of the Affair (1999), Red Dragon (2002), The Constant Gardener (2005), In Bruges (2008), The Reader (2008), Clash of the Titans (2010), Great Expectations (2012) and The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014). He voiced Rameses in The Prince of Egypt (1998) and Alfred Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie (2017). Fiennes is also known for his roles in major film franchises such as the Harry Potter film series (2005–2011), in which he played the villainous Lord Voldemort, and the James Bond series, in which he has played Gareth Mallory / M, starting with the 2012 film Skyfall.", "Tom Felton. Thomas Andrew Felton[1] (born 22 September 1987)[2] is a British actor. Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers (1997) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999). He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best-selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011.", "Roger Lloyd-Pack. Roger Lloyd-Pack (8 February 1944 – 15 January 2014) was an English actor. He was best known for the role of Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003. He had a supporting role of Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007, and as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He was also well known for his appearance as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes \"Rise of the Cybermen\" and \"The Age of Steel\". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died early in 2014 from pancreatic cancer.", "Rubeus Hagrid. Former English rugby union player Martin Bayfield portrayed Hagrid as a stunt performer in longer shots due to his large size to emphasise Hagrid’s height. Bayfield also appeared as a young Hagrid in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.", "John Hurt. Hurt earned his third competitive BAFTA, along with his second Oscar and Golden Globe nominations, as Joseph Merrick in David Lynch's biopic The Elephant Man (1980). Other significant roles during the 1980s included Bob Champion in biopic Champions (1984), Mr. Braddock in the Stephen Frears drama The Hit (1984), Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) and Stephen Ward in the drama depicting the Profumo affair, Scandal (1989). Hurt was again BAFTA-nominated for his work in Irish drama The Field (1990) and played the primary villain, James Graham, in the epic adventure Rob Roy (1995). His later films include the Harry Potter film series (2001–11), the Hellboy films (2004 and 2008), supernatural thriller The Skeleton Key (2005), western The Proposition (2005), political thriller V for Vendetta (2006), sci-fi adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) and the Cold War espionage film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011). Hurt reprised his role as Quentin Crisp in An Englishman in New York (2009), which brought his seventh BAFTA nomination and he portrayed the War Doctor in BBC TV series Doctor Who in 2013.[4][5]", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[2] It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film is a sequel to the 2001 film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series. It was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets, unleashing a monster that petrifies the school's denizens. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger and is also the last film to feature Richard Harris as Professor Albus Dumbledore, due to his death that same year.", "Daniel Radcliffe. Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989)[1] is an English actor best known for his role as Harry Potter in the film series of the same name. He made his acting debut at 10 years of age in BBC One's 1999 television film David Copperfield, followed by his cinematic debut in 2001's The Tailor of Panama. At age 11, he was cast as Harry Potter in the first Harry Potter film, and starred in the series for 10 years until the release of the eighth and final film in 2011.", "Asa Butterfield. Asa Maxwell Thornton Farr Butterfield (/ˈeɪsə/;[1][2] born 1 April 1997) is an English actor. He began his acting career at the age of 9 in the television drama After Thomas (2006) and the comedy film Son of Rambow (2007). He became known for playing the main character Bruno in the Holocaust film The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2008), for which he received nominations for the British Independent Film Award and the London Film Critics Circle Award for Young British Performer of the Year at the age of 11. He also played the young Mordred in the hit BBC TV Series Merlin (2008–2009) and Norman in the fantasy film Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (2010).", "Rupert Grint. Starting in 2000, casting began for the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the best-selling novel written by author J. K. Rowling. Rowling personally insisted that the cast be British and assisted Susie Figgis and director Chris Columbus in casting the roles.[7] Grint chose to audition for the role of protagonist Ron Weasley, one of Harry Potter's best friends at Hogwarts, and was a fan of the book series. Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting, he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the role. His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him.[8] On 8 August 2000, Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, and an 11-year-old Grint were selected to play the roles of Harry, Hermione Granger, and Ron, respectively.[9] Grint is the oldest member of the trio.[10] The release of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 2001 was Grint's debut screen performance. Breaking records for opening-day sales and opening-weekend takings, it was the highest-grossing film of that year.[11] With a total of US$974 million in its theatrical run, Philosopher's Stone stands as the second most commercially successful entry in the series.[12] It was also critically well-received, scoring mainly positive reviews from critics. However, a number of critics found the adaption staying faithful to the book to be both its best and worst quality.[13] Grint won a Satellite Award in the category of \"Outstanding New Talent\", and a Young Artist Award for \"Most Promising Young Newcomer\".[14][15]", "Tom Hollander. Hollander was born in Bristol, the son of teachers, and was raised in Oxford. His father is descended from Czech Jews who converted to Catholicism and his mother is of English background.[12] He attended the Dragon School and then Abingdon School, where he was chief chorister.[13][14] As a youngster, he was a member of the National Youth Theatre and the National Youth Music Theatre (then known as the Children's Music Theatre).[15] In 1981, at the age of 14, he won the lead role in a BBC dramatisation of Leon Garfield's John Diamond.[16]", "Lord Voldemort. The Riddle family, an old gentry family, consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son, Tom Riddle, Esq. They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in, and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town. They lived in a large house with fine gardens, but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes. Tom, apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary, indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century, socialising with attractive women of his class, riding horses, and enjoying his status in the town.", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film). The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. It also features well-known actors in supporting roles, including Gary Oldman as Sirius Black, David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, Michael Gambon (in his debut in the role of Albus Dumbledore), Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney and Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.", "Jamie Campbell Bower. James Metcalfe Campbell Bower[1] (born 22 November 1988) is an English actor, singer, and model. He is best known for his roles as Anthony Hope in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Caius in The Twilight Saga, King Arthur in the Starz series Camelot, the young Gellert Grindelwald in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, Jace Wayland in The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and playwright Kit Marlowe in the short-lived series Will." ]

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[ "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi River lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately 65,000 square kilometres (25,000 sq mi).[1]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land. The plateau has been formed by continental uplift from forces acting deep inside the earth.[3] The Gondwana substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which broke free from the southern continent during the Cretaceous to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was violently interrupted by the northern Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau, where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.[4]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The name Nagpur is probably taken from Nagavanshis, who ruled in this part of the country. Chota is a corruption of the word small, a village in the outskirts of Ranchi, which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis.[2]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests, a tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregion, encompasses the plateau. The ecoregion has an area of 122,100 square kilometres (47,100 sq mi), covering most of Jharkhand state and adjacent portions of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where pats, as a plateau is locally called, are 910 to 1,070 metres (3,000 to 3,500 ft) above sea level. The highest point is 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is 610 metres (2,000 ft). The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around 300 metres (1,000 ft). It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section - Parasnath Hills rise to a height of 1,370 metres (4,480 ft) and Dalma Hills to 1,038 metres (3,407 ft).[2] The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaux or sub plateaux.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The western plateau with an average elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above mean sea level merges into the plateau of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateaux, locally known as pats are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau.[5] Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat etc. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan lava.[6]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of minerals like mica, bauxite, copper, limestone, iron ore and coal.[3] The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive coal deposits are found in the central basin spreading over 2,883 square kilometres (1,113 sq mi). The important coalfields in the basin are Jharia, Raniganj, West Bokaro, East Bokaro, Ramgarh, South Karanpura and North Karanpura.[21]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is the largest part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The elevation of the plateau land in this part is about 700 m (2,300 ft) and gradually slopes down towards south-east into the hilly and undulating region of Singhbhum (earlier Singhbhum district or what is now Kolhan division).[7] The plateau is highly dissected. Damodar River originates here and flows through a rift valley.[3] To the north it is separated from the Hazaribagh plateau by the Damodar trough.[6] To the west is a group of plateaux called pat[3]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. In the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers the present Purulia district in West Bengal, and Dhanbad district and parts of Bokaro district in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers Kolhan division of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about 300 metres (1,000 ft) and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones.[14] Adjacent Bankura district of West Bengal has been described as the “connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.”[15] The same could be said of the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions of Bardhaman district.Recently a website launched for chotonagpur Manbhum-Singhbhum region specially with the mission to save wildlife and conserve the forest in plateau. Visit chotonagpurplateau.in for a detail information and articles.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. Forests range from dry to wet and reach up to 25 metres (82 ft) tall. The plateau is also swampy in some places and in other parts is covered with bamboo grasslands and shrubs such as Holarrhena and Dodonaea. The flora of the plateau is distinct from the wetter parts of India that surround it and includes a number of endemic plants such as Aglaia haslettiana and endangered plant species including Madhuca longifolia and Butea monosperma.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Palamu division generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The Son River touches the north-western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about 72 kilometres (45 mi). The general system of the area is a series of parallel ranges of hills running east and west through which the North Koel River passes. The hills in the south are the highest in the area, and the picturesque and isolated cup-like Chhechhari valley is surrounded by lofty hills on every side. Lodh Falls drops from a height of 150 metres (490 ft) from these hills, making it the highest waterfall on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Netarhat and Pakripat plateaux are physiographically part of the Pat region.[12][13]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The plateau is covered with a variety of various habitats of which Sal forest is predominant. The plateau is home to the Palamau Tiger Reserve and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of tiger and Asian elephants.[4]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. More than half of the natural forest on the plateau has been cleared for grazing land and the scale of the mining operations on the plateau is disturbing to the movement and therefore the survival of wildlife including elephants and tigers.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The ecoregion is drier than surrounding ones, including the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests that covers the Eastern Ghats and Satpura Range to the south, and the Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the lowlands to the east and north.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The northern face of the Koderma plateau, elevated above the plains of Bihar, has the appearance of a range of hills, but in reality it is the edge of a plateau, 240 metres (800 ft) from the level of the Gaya plain. Eastward this northern edge forms a well-defined watershed between heads of the tributaries of Gaya and those of the Barakar River, which traverses the Koderma and Giridih districts in an easterly direction. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle and is continued past the river, which bears to the south-east, into the Santhal Parganas and gradually disappears in the lower plains of Bengal. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the Lilajan River.The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau, as far as its eastern extremity, where for some distance a low and undistinguished watershed runs eastward to the western spurs of Parasnath Hills. The drainage to the south of this low line passes by the Jamunia River to the Damodar.[9]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Koderma plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh lower plateau[9][10] or as the Chauparan-Koderma-Girighi sub-plateau.[11]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five to six months of the year, from October onward the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is 23 °C (73 °F). The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross 38 °C (100 °F) but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant.[18] The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around 1,400 millimetres (55 in), which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.[19]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. About 6 percent of the ecoregion's area is within protected areas, comprising 6,720 square kilometres (2,590 sq mi) in 1997. The largest are Palamau Tiger Reserve and Sanjay National Park.[20]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The western portion of Hazaribagh plateau constitutes a broad watershed between the Damodar drainage on the south and the Lilajan and Mohana rivers on the north. The highest hills in this area are called after the villages of Kasiatu, Hesatu and Hudu, and rise fronting the south 180 m (600 ft) above the general level of the plateau. Further east along the southern face a long spur projects right up to the Damodar river where it ends in Aswa Pahar, elevation 751 metres (2,465 ft). At the south-eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at 932 metres (3,057 ft). Mahabar Jarimo at 666 m (2,185 ft) and Barsot at 660 m (2,180 ft) stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at 670 m (2,210 ft) and Mahuda at 734 m (2,409 ft) are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to 860 m (2,810 ft). On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east. In the south it falls almost sheer in a swoop of 670 m (2,200 ft) to the bed of Bokaro River, below Jilinga Hill. Seen from the north the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills,[9] at the foot of which (on the Koderma plateau) runs the Grand Trunk Road and NH 2 (new NH19).", "Chota Nagpur Division. Chota Nagpur Division, also known as the South-West Frontier, was an administrative division of British India. It included most of the present-day state of Jharkhand as well as adjacent portions of West Bengal, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Singhbhum area contains much more hilly and broken country. The whole of the western part is a mass of hill ranges rising to 910 metres (3,000 ft) in the south-west. Jamshedpur sits on an open plateau, 120 to 240 metres (400 to 800 ft) above mean sea level, with a higher plateau to the south of it. The eastern part is mostly hilly, though near the borders of West Bengal it flattens out into an alluvial plain.[16] In the Singhbhum area, there are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country. The centre of the area consists of an upland plateau enclosed by hill ranges. This strip, extending from the Subarnarekha River on the east to the Angarbira range to the west of Chaibasa, is a very fertile area. Saranda forest is reputed to have the best Sal forests in Asia.[17]", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau is often subdivided into two parts – the higher plateau and the lower plateau. Here the higher plateau is referred to as Hazaribagh plateau and the lower plateau as Koderma plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau on which Hazaribagh town is built is about 64 km (40 mi) east by west and 24 km (15 mi) north by south with an average elevation of 610 m (2,000 ft). The north-eastern and southern faces are mostly abrupt; but to the west it narrows and descends slowly in the neighbourhood.of Simaria and Jabra where it curves to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori pargana.[9] It is generally separated from the Ranchi plateau by the Damodar trough.[6]", "Chota Nagpur Division. Chota Nagpur division was a hilly and forested area. The region came under the control of the British in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was annexed to the Bengal Presidency, the largest province of British India. After the Kol rebellion of 1831-2, the division was exempted by Regulation XIII of 1833 from the general laws and regulations governing Bengal, and every branch of the administration was vested in an officer appointed by the supreme Government and called the Agent to the Governor-General of India for the South-West Frontier.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. Tigers, Asian elephants, four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), chinkara (Gazella bennettii), dhole wild dog (Cuon alpinus) and sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) are some of the animals found here while birds include the threatened lesser florican (Eupodotis indica), Indian grey hornbill and other hornbills.", "Ranchi. Ranchi is located in the southern part of the Chota Nagpur plateau, which is the eastern section of the Deccan plateau.", "Chota Nagpur Plateau. The Damodar basin forms a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaux resulting from enormous fractures at their present edges, which caused the land between to sink to a great depth and incidentally preserved from denudation the Karanpura, Ramgarh and Bokaro coalfields. The northern boundary of the Damodar valley is steep as far as the south eastern corner of the Hazaribagh plateau. On the south of the trough the Damodar keeps close to the edge of the Ranchi plateau till it has passed Ramgarh, after which a turn to the north-east leaves on the right hand a wide and level valley on which the Subarnarekha begins to intrude, south of Gola till the Singhpur Hills divert it to the south. Further to the east the Damodar River passes tamely into the Manbhum sector of lowest step of the Chotanagpur plateau.[9]", "Jharkhand. Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79.70 lakh hectare. Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: Damodar, Brahmani, Koel, Subarnarekha and Kharkairivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of Elephants and tigers.", "Damodar River. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an average annual rainfall of around 1,400 mm (55 in), almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.[7] The huge volume of water that flows down the Damodar and its tributaries during the monsoons used to be a fury in the upper reaches of the valley. In the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas.", "Chota Nagpur Division. The division included five districts:", "Paschim Bardhaman district. The rocky undulating topography with laterite soil found in Paschim Bardhaman district is a sort of extension of the Chota Nagpur plateau. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal in the 18th century led to industrialisation. Most of the forests in the coal-bearing areas have been cleared but some areas in the eastern part of the district remained thickly forested till more recent times and some are still there. The eastern part of the district gradually slopes down to the rice plains of the agriculturally rich Purba Bardhaman district.[11][12]", "Chota Nagpur Division. The administrative headquarters of the division was at Ranchi. The total area of the division was 27,101 square miles (70,161 km2.), and the population was 4,900,429 in 1901. In 1901 Hindus constituted 68.5% of the total population, animists 22.7%, Muslims 5.7%, Christians 2.9%, and 853 Jains. The Chota Nagpur States, a group of princely states, was under the political authority of the division's commissioner.[2]", "Nagpur. The city lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula and has a mean altitude of 310.5 meters above sea level.[46] The underlying rock strata are covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River. In some places these give rise to granular sandy soil. In low-lying areas, which are poorly drained, the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the eastern part of the city, crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and granites are found, while in the northern part yellowish sand stones and clays of the lower Gondwana formations are found.[47]\nNagpur city is dotted with natural and artificial lakes. The largest lake is Ambazari Lake. Other natural lakes include Gorewada Lake and Telangkhedi lake. Sonegaon and Gandhisagar Lakes are artificial, created by the city's historical rulers.[48] Nag river, Pilli Nadi, and nallas form the natural drainage pattern for the city.[49] Nagpur is known for its greenery and was adjudged the cleanest and second greenest in India after Chandigarh in 2010.[50]" ]

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[ "Do It for Love (Hall & Oates album). Do It for Love is the sixteenth studio album by pop duo Hall & Oates, released in 2003. The title track peaked at #1 on Adult Contemporary charts making it the 8th #1 hit of their career, and \"Forever For You\", \"Man on a Mission\", and \"Getaway Car\" all charted as well. It was their first album of all-new material in six years.", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). \"What You Won't Do for Love\" is a blue-eyed soul-styled single\nrecorded by Bobby Caldwell for his eponymous debut album (1978). It was written by Caldwell and Alfons Kettner, and released in by Clouds Records domestically and by TK Records internationally.", "Bobby Caldwell (album). Bobby Caldwell (reissued as What You Won't Do for Love) is the debut album by singer and songwriter Bobby Caldwell. The album was released in 1978 on the Clouds imprint of TK Records.", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). Go West recorded a version on their 1992 album Indian Summer that was released as a single.", "Do What U Want. \"Do What U Want\" reached number one in Hungary while peaking within the top 10 in Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Norway, Scotland, South Korea, Spain and the United Kingdom as well as the top 20 in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Live performances of the song were televised on the 2013 American Music Awards, Alan Carr: Chatty Man, Saturday Night Live, America's The Voice, and Britain's The X Factor. Several remixes of the song were released, including ones with vocals from Christina Aguilera and Rick Ross.", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). The vocal group Boyz II Men released a cover of the song on their 2004 album Throwback, Vol. 1, featuring rapper MC Lyte.", "Do What U Want. It is a synthpop and R&B song featuring 1980s-style synthesizers and an electronic instrumental track. The song's lyrics represent themes of sexual submission, with Gaga telling detractors that her thoughts, dreams, and feelings are her own, no matter what one does with her body. Critics praised the song's simplicity, production, and commercial appeal. The single cover for \"Do What U Want\", a close-up of Gaga's buttocks in a floral thong, was photographed by Terry Richardson who had also directed the song's music video, which was planned to be released through BitTorrent in December 2013; the release was cancelled due to unknown circumstances.", "The Things We Do for Love (song). \"The Things We Do for Love\" is a song by British band 10cc, released as a single in 1976. It later featured on the album Deceptive Bends released in 1977 and was the group's first release after the departure of band members Godley and Creme. The song was a huge hit in various countries worldwide, reaching number one in Canada,[2] as well as peaking at number 6 in the UK,[3] number 5 in the US[4] and Australia, number 13 in the Netherlands,[5] and number 2 in Ireland.[6]", "I Know What You Want. UK CD maxi-single", "Adam Faith. \"What Do You Want?\" was the first number one hit for Parlophone, Faith the only pop act on the label.[3]", "Blended Family (What You Do for Love). \"Blended Family (What You Do for Love)\" is a song by American recording artist Alicia Keys, featuring vocals from rapper ASAP Rocky. It was written by Keys, Rocky, John Bush, Brandon Aly, Tish Hyman, Dave Kuncio, Kenneth Withrow and Edie Brickell for her sixth studio album Here (2016), while production was helmed by Keys and Mark Batson.[1][2][3][4][5] The song refers to the former marriage of Keys' husband Swizz Beats and musician Mashonda Tifrere. It was released on October 7, 2016 by RCA Records.", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). Year-end charts", "Do What U Want. \"Do What U Want\" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga, featuring guest vocals from singer R. Kelly. The song was released to digital outlets on October 21, 2013 as the second single from Gaga's third studio album Artpop (2013). The singers wrote the song with DJ White Shadow, Martin Bresso, and William Grigahcine. DJ White Shadow first presented Gaga with the song's initial concept two years prior to its release. The song's production was completed in 2013, with Kelly's vocals added soon after. A snippet of \"Do What U Want\" premiered in a Best Buy/Beats by Dr. Dre commercial on October 17. Warm reception from fans and music critics led to its release as the album's second single.", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). Barry Black also performed the song as a contestant on The Voice Season 5 in 2012.", "Do What U Want. On September 3, 2013, Gaga asked her fans through Twitter to help her choose the second single: options given were \"Manicure\", \"Sexxx Dreams\", \"Aura\", and \"Swine\".[17] On September 20, 2013, Gaga announced that \"Venus\" had been chosen as the second single, and that it would be released before the album.[18] A snippet of \"Do What U Want\" debuted in a US commercial for Best Buy/Beats on October 17, 2013.[15][19][20] It was also used in promotion for British mobile company, O2, as part of their \"Be More Dog\" campaign.[21] Subsequently, Gaga and her label decided to release \"Do What U Want\" as the second official single from Artpop, instead of \"Venus\".[22] \"Do What U Want\" officially impacted Italian radio stations on October 25, 2013, and five days later in the UK. The song impacted Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic radio stations in the United States on November 5, 2013.[23][24] Lipshutz compared the song's last-minute release to that of \"Judas\" from Born This Way in April 2011. After quick commercial success, the label soon decided to rush a single release.[10]", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). Caldwell wanted the song to be the sixth track on the album since he figured the Album's second track, \"My Flame\", which featured him playing guitar, would be the hit. However, TK Records felt confident that \"What You Won't Do for Love\" would be the breakout hit. When it was released to R&B radio, TK Records did its best to shield Caldwell's identity (Caucasian) hoping not to alienate its predominantly black audience. However, when Caldwell began making performances live on stage, it only increased demand. The song would become Caldwell's most successful single and also his signature song, reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 6 on the Hot Selling Soul Singles chart, and number 10 on the Easy Listening chart.[1]", "I Know What You Want. Australian/European CD maxi-single", "The Things We Do for Love (song). UK 7\" single", "If It's Lovin' that You Want. \"If It's Lovin' that You Want\" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna, from her debut studio album Music of the Sun (2005). It was written by Samuel Barnes, Scott La Rock, Makeba Riddick, Jean-Claude Oliver, Lawrence Parker, and produced by Poke & Tone. It was released on September 13, 2005, as the second and final single from the album. The lyrics revolve around \"basically telling a guy, 'If it's lovin' that you want, you should make me your girl because I've got what you need\".[1]", "For the Love of You. \"For the Love of You\" (sometimes titled \"For the Love of You (Part 1 & 2)\") is a song recorded by The Isley Brothers, who released the song as the second single off their landmark 1975 album, The Heat Is On. The record was unique in that it showcased the two sides of the act, with the album's first single \"Fight the Power\" reflecting a fast-paced funk vibe while showcasing a ballad side on the latter. The song later became a crossover hit for the brothers and one of their most enduring records by their legion of fans.", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). \"What You Won't Do for Love\" has been sampled on the following songs, among others:", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). Elliott Yamin also performed the song as a contestant on American Idol Season 5 in 2006.", "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me). I pictured somebody single wishing that they could find that special person for themselves. It wasn't, 'I wanna go down the disco and dance,' really. It was, 'I wanna do that dance of life with somebody.' That was the thought behind the song. So we sent our demo version off to Clive Davis and he loved it.[2]", "What I Did for Love (A Chorus Line). 7\" Single (MS-507)", "Do What U Want. \"I've been living in Chicago and spending a lot of time there, and that's where R. Kelly hails from. I was working on Artpop and I wrote ['Do What U Want'] on tour. It was about my obsession with the way people view me. I have always been an R. Kelly fan and actually it is like an epic pastime in the Haus of Gaga that we just get fucked up and play R. Kelly. This is a real R&B song and I [said 'I] have to call the king of R&B and I need his blessing.' It was a mutual love.\"[8]", "I Want to Know What Love Is. Australian CD2 Maxi Single – The Remixes", "I Know What You Want. Canadian CD single", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). Songs with vocal interpolations of \"What You Won't Do For Love\" include the following:", "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love. The White Stripes' song, \"Forever for Her (Is Over for Me)\" from their 2005 album Get Behind Me Satan borrows lyrics and themes from the song. Brazilian singers Chico Buarque and Elza Soares recorded a Portuguese adaptation by Carlos Rennó, \"Façamos - Vamos Amar\" on Buarque's 2002 album Duetos. Scottish singer Shirley Manson of Garbage incorporated lyrics from the song into Garbage's performance of their song \"Vow\" at Bizarre festival in 1996.[10]", "What You Won't Do for Love (song). After gaining a reputation in Miami clubs as a talented musician, Caldwell was signed to an exclusive contract with TK Records in 1978 by TK Records president Henry Stone. Heading to the studio, Caldwell recorded his first album, which was given a redo after Stone felt the album was good but \"didn't have a hit\". Caldwell returned to the studio and came up with the final product, which included \"What You Won't Do for Love\". The song's horn arrangement was written and recorded by Miami arranger Mike Lewis.", "A Chorus Line. In 1976, \"One\" and \"What I Did For Love\" were performed by the cast of \"The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.\"", "Duran Duran. The next album Big Thing (1988) yielded the singles \"I Don't Want Your Love\" (number 4 in the US), and \"All She Wants Is\" (the last top ten hit in the UK until 1993). The record was experimental, mixing influences from house music and raves with Duran's atmospheric synthpop and the creative guitar work of Cuccurullo (now a full band member), as well as more mature lyrics." ]

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[ "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30. The postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31.[2]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, the regular season has been extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off-days for all teams. All teams were scheduled to play Opening Day, March 29–the earliest domestic start of a regular season in MLB history. There will no longer be a Sunday-night game on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played on the Thursday after the All-Star Game (which for 2018, will be played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs), before all other teams return from break the next day.[3][4][5]", "Major League Baseball schedule. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season. The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off-days for all teams. All teams will play on Opening Day, which for 2018 will be held on March 29. Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game, in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday.[4][5]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Nine regular season games will be broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch, beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies.[60]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Updated through April 26", "2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2018. The season is progressing through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and will conclude with the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2018 College World Series. The College World Series, consisting of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha, Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, will end in June 2018.", "Opening Day. Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November.[23] Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30).[24]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 MLB Draft will be held from June 4 to 6 in Secaucus, New Jersey.", "2017 Major League Baseball season. The 2017 Major League Baseball season began on April 2, 2017 with three games, including the 2016 World Series champions Chicago Cubs facing off against the St. Louis Cardinals, and ended on October 1. The postseason began on October 3. The 2017 World Series began October 24 and Game 7 was played on November 1, in which the Houston Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, 5-1, to capture their first World Series championship in franchise history.", "Major League Baseball schedule. The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months—a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day.[1][2] It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series).", "2018 Major League Baseball draft. The 2018 Major League Baseball (MLB) First-Year Player Draft began on June 4, 2018. The draft assigned amateur baseball players to MLB teams. The draft order was determined based on the reverse order of the 2017 MLB season final standings. In addition, compensation picks were distributed for players who did not sign from the 2017 MLB Draft and for teams who lose qualifying free agents.[1] The first 43 picks, including the first round and compensatory picks, were broadcast by MLB Network on June 4. The remainder of the draft was streamed on MLB.com on June 5 and 6.", "2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 2018 College World Series will begin on June 16 in Omaha, Nebraska.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 89th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be held on July 17 at Nationals Park, the home of the Washington Nationals.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The Minnesota Twins and the Cleveland Indians played a two-game series at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico on April 17 and 18,[6] while the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres will play a three-game series at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico from May 4 to 6.[7] The Little League Classic game at BB&T Ballpark in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, coinciding with the Little League World Series, will return to the schedule. It will be played between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Mets on August 19.[8]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. This is the fifth year of the current eight-year deals with Fox Sports, ESPN and TBS. Fox will air eight weeks of baseball on Saturday Nights leading up to the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game which will also air on Fox. Fox will then televise Saturday afternoon games for the last four weeks of the regular season. FS1 will televise games on Tuesday and on Saturdays both during the afternoon and night. ESPN will televise games on its flagship telecast Sunday Night Baseball as well as Monday and Wednesday Nights. TBS will televise Sunday afternoon games for the last 13 weeks of the regular season. Fox and ESPN Sunday Night Baseball telecasts will be exclusive; all other national telecasts will be subject to local blackout.", "2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. The 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday, June 1, 2018 as part of the 2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 64-team, double-elimination tournament concluded with the 2018 College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska, starting on June 16 and ended on June 28.[1] Oregon State defeated Arkansas in the best-of-three final series to win the championship.", "Opening Day. Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April.", "Major League Baseball. The current MLB regular season, consisting of 162 games per team, typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October. Each team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, with occasional two- or four-game series.[117] Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series. A team's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together. Teams generally play games five to seven days per week, commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day. Frequently, games are scheduled at night. Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game. In addition, teams will play day games frequently on Opening Day, holidays, and getaway days.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The Athletics and White Sox wore 1968 throwbacks April 17 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Athletics' first season in Oakland.[45]", "Spring training. Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the regular season, traditionally the first week of April. In some years, teams not scheduled to play on Opening Day will play spring training games that day. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A few days later, position players arrive and team practice begins.", "Major League Baseball schedule. The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other (except in the instance of making up a postponed game); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Most often the series are of three or four games, but two-game series are also scheduled. Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week. Depending on the length of the series, mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday, while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday. Beginning in 2018, teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 26½ weeks. Due to the mid-week all-star break in July, teams are scheduled to play 27 weekend series and 25 mid-week series for a total of 52 series (24 divisional series, 20 inter-divisional series, 8 inter-league series). A team's road games are usually grouped into a multi-series road trip; home series are grouped into homestands.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. As has been the case since 2013, all teams will play their four division opponents 19 times each for a total of 76 games. They will play six or seven games against each of the other 10 same-league opponents for a total of 66 games, and 20 inter-league games. The primary inter-league match-ups are AL East vs NL East, AL Central vs NL Central, and AL West vs NL West. Since \"natural rivalry\" matchups are part of the three-year divisional rotation, the schedule format for interleague games will be different from previous years. The 20 interleague games each team will play will consist of two three-game series (one home, one away) against its natural rival (total of six games), two two-game series (one home, one away) against each team for two other opponents (total of eight games), and a single three-game series against each team for the last two (one home, one away; total of six games).", "2018 NCAA Division I baseball season. For the first time, the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament will seed the top 16 teams, rather than only the top 8 teams as has been the practice since 1999. This will ensure that the regional featuring the top-seeded team will be paired with the regional hosted by the 16th-seeded team, where in the past Super Regionals were paired generally along geographical lines.[5]", "2018 Toronto Blue Jays season. The 2018 Toronto Blue Jays season is the 42nd season of the franchise in the American League East division of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the 28th full season of play (29th overall) at Rogers Centre.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. “MSD” patch in memory of the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting (March 29-April 1)", "2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Balloting began on June 1 and ended on July 5.[3] As in previous games, the top vote-getters at each position will be the selected starters for their respective positions, barring any suspensions, injuries or other issues. The reserve players are picked in a more convoluted way involving fan votes, players, and Commissioner's Office. For the fourth year, voting was conducted online exclusively.[4] The results were announced on July 8.[5]", "2018–19 NHL season. The regular season began on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. Each team will receive a five-day \"bye week\", all of which will take place in mid-January. The regular season schedule was released on June 21.[37][38]", "2018 Major League Soccer season. The 2018 Major League Soccer season is the 23rd season of Major League Soccer, top division of soccer in the United States and Canada. The regular season began on March 3, 2018 and will conclude on October 28, 2018. The MLS Cup Playoffs will begin on October 31, 2018 and conclude with the MLS Cup 2018 on December 8, 2018. The league will take a nine-day hiatus in early June for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, reduced from previous breaks.[1]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. Beginning in the 2018 season, MLB implemented new pace of play rules, which include limiting the amount of mound visits for each team to six visits per nine innings. Teams will receive an additional visit for every extra inning played.[9]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The Orioles wore special caps and green uniforms on April 22, Earth Day.[42]", "Opening Day. Opening Day festivities extend throughout the sport of baseball, from hundreds of Minor League Baseball franchises to college, high school, and youth leagues in North America and beyond. Since Major League Baseball generally starts their season first among professional leagues, their Opening Day is the one most commonly recognized by the general public. Most of the minor leagues start a few days later, but within the same week; the short season Class A and Rookie leagues are exceptions, since they begin play in June. (College, high school and youth baseball seasons vary widely depending on location and weather conditions.) Opening Day ignores the exhibition games played during spring training in the month leading up to Opening Day.", "Opening Day. Since 1994 ESPN has televised a regular-season game the night before \"Opening Day\" and recent years have seen the staging of season-opening series in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Australia. While these are technically \"opening games\", Major League Baseball still reserves the title \"Opening Day\" for the first day in which multiple games are played. (For the first time ever, three televised games were played on Sunday, April 3, 2016, before the traditional \"Opening Day\" slate of games on Monday, April 4.)[5][6][7]" ]

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[ "Stye. Styes are most commonly caused by the blocking of an oil gland at the base of the eyelash. Styes are experienced by people of all ages. Styes can be triggered by poor nutrition, sleep deprivation, lack of hygiene, lack of water, and rubbing of the eyes.[13] Styes often result from a Staphylococcal infection in the eye, and can be secondary to blepharitis or a deficiency in immunoglobulin.[14] Sharing of washcloths or face towels should be curtailed to avoid spreading the infection between individuals.[15][16] Styes can last from one to two weeks without treatment, or as little as four days if treated properly.[17]", "Stye. A stye, also known as a hordeolum, is an infection of an oil gland in the eyelid.[4] This results in a red tender bump at the edge of the eyelid.[1][5] The outside or the inside of the eyelid can be affected.[3]", "Stye. The cause of a stye is usually a bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus.[3][6] The internal ones are due to infection of the meibomian gland while the external ones are due to an infection of the gland of Zeis.[5] A chalazion on the other hand is a blocked oil gland without infection.[4] They are typically in the middle of the eyelid and non painful.[5]", "Stye. Eyelid cellulitis is another potential complication of eye styes, which is a generalized infection of the eyelid. Progression of a stye to a systemic infection (spreading throughout the body) is extremely rare, and only a few instances of such spread have been recorded.[11]", "Stye. Although styes are harmless in most cases and complications are very rare, styes often recur. They do not cause intraocular damage, meaning they do not affect the eye. Styes normally heal on their own by rupturing within a few days to a week causing the relief of symptoms, but if it does not improve or it worsens within two weeks, a doctor's opinion should be sought. Few people require surgery as part of stye treatment. With adequate treatment, styes tend to heal quickly and without complications.", "Stye. Stye complications occur in very rare cases. However, the most frequent complication of styes is progression to a chalazion that causes cosmetic deformity, corneal irritation, and often requires surgical removal.[10] Complications may also arise from the improper surgical lancing, and mainly consist of disruption of lash growth, lid deformity or lid fistula. Styes that are too large may interfere with one's vision.", "Stye. Stye prevention is closely related to proper hygiene. Proper hand washing can reduce the risks of developing not only styes, but also many other types of infections.", "Stye. Surgery is the last resort in stye treatment. Styes that do not respond to any type of therapies are usually surgically removed. Stye surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist, and generally under local anesthesia. The procedure consists of making a small incision on the inner or outer surface of the eyelid, depending if the stye is pointing externally or not. After the incision is made, the pus is drained out of the gland, and very small sutures are used to close the lesion. Sometimes the removed stye is sent for a histopathological examination to investigate possibility of skin cancer.", "Stye. Most cases of styes resolve on their own, without professional care.[3] The primary treatment is application of warm compresses. As a part of self-care at home, people may cleanse the affected eyelid with tap water or with a mild, nonirritating soap or shampoo (such as baby shampoo) to help clean crusted discharge. Cleansing must be done gently and while the eyes are closed to prevent eye injuries.[19]", "Stye. The first sign of a stye is a small, yellowish spot at the center of the bump that develops as pus and expands in the area.[7]", "Stye. Other stye symptoms may include:", "Stye. The word sty (first recorded in the 17th century) is probably a back-formation from styany (first recorded in the 15th century),[24] which in turn comes from styan plus eye,[25] the former of which in turn comes from the old English stígend, meaning riser, from the verb stígan, rise (in Old English G is often a Y sound). The older form styan is still used in Ulster Scots today.", "Stye. People with styes should avoid eye makeup (e.g., eyeliner), lotions, and wearing contact lenses, since these can aggravate and spread the infection (sometimes to the cornea). People are advised not to lance the stye themselves, as serious infection can occur. Pain relievers such as acetaminophen may be used.", "Stye. Upon awakening, application of a warm washcloth to the eyelids for one to two minutes may be beneficial in decreasing the occurrence of styes by liquefying the contents of the oil glands of the eyelid and thereby preventing blockage.[18]", "Stye. Antibiotics are normally given to people with multiple styes or with styes that do not seem to heal, and to people who have blepharitis or rosacea.", "Stye. To prevent developing styes, it is recommended to never share cosmetics or cosmetic eye tools with other people. People should also keep their eye tools clean and generally practice proper eye hygiene. It is also recommended to remove makeup every night before going to sleep and discard old or contaminated eye makeup.", "Tiger's eye. Common sources of tiger's eye include Australia, Burma, India, Namibia, South Africa, the United States,[7] Brazil, Canada, China, Korea and Spain.[citation needed]", "Stye. The synonym late Latin expression is \"Hordeolum\" a modulation of the word \"Hordeolus \" simply related to \"Horde\" ( barley), in a resemblance of the growing plant from the seed, in ancient languages, for example Arabic it has the same meaning as a barley fascicle, while in Czech a sty called Ječné zrno (from Ječmen barley and zrno seed or grain).", "Stye. Often a stye will go away without any specific treatment in a few days or weeks.[3] Recommendations to speed improvement include warm compresses.[5] Occasionally antibiotic eye ointment may be recommended.[6] While these measures are often recommended evidence to support them is poor.[3] The frequency at which they occur is unclear.[2] They may happen at any age.[2]", "Stye. The prognosis is better if one does not attempt to squeeze or puncture the stye, as infection may spread to adjacent tissues. Also, patients are recommended to call a doctor if they encounter problems with vision, the eyelid bump becomes very painful, the stye bleeds or reoccurs, or the eyelid or eyes becomes red.[12]", "Eye color. In humans, brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and longer wavelengths to be absorbed.[57]", "Eye color. Wilson's disease involves a mutation of the gene coding for the enzyme ATPase7B, which prevents copper within the liver from entering the Golgi apparatus in cells. Instead, the copper accumulates in the liver and in other tissues, including the iris of the eye. This results in the formation of Kayser–Fleischer rings, which are dark rings that encircle the periphery of the iris.[85]", "Herpes simplex. Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, a primary infection, typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids (blepharoconjunctivitis), accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea.", "Periorbital cellulitis. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci, and anaerobes are the most common causes, depending on the origin of the infection.[3]", "Boil. Boils may appear on the buttocks or near the anus, the back, the neck, the stomach, the chest, the arms or legs, or even in the ear canal.[8] Boils may also appear around the eye, where they are called styes.[9] A boil on the gum is called intraoral dental sinus, or more commonly, a gumboil.", "Lye. Lyes are used to cure many types of food, including the traditional Nordic lutefisk, olives (making them less bitter), canned mandarin oranges, hominy, lye rolls, century eggs, pretzels, bagels, and the traditional Turkish pumpkin dessert[1] (creating a hard crust while the inside remains soft). They are also used as a tenderizer in the crust of baked Cantonese moon cakes, in \"zongzi\" (glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves), in chewy southern Chinese noodles popular in Hong Kong and southern China, and in Japanese ramen noodles. They are also used in kutsinta, a type of rice cake from the Philippines together with pitsi-pitsî.[2]", "Evolution of the eye. At a cellular level, there appear to be two main \"designs\" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by the deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms).[22]", "Eye. Another kind of compound eye, found in males of Order Strepsiptera, employs a series of simple eyes—eyes having one opening that provides light for an entire image-forming retina. Several of these eyelets together form the strepsipteran compound eye, which is similar to the 'schizochroal' compound eyes of some trilobites.[25] Because each eyelet is a simple eye, it produces an inverted image; those images are combined in the brain to form one unified image. Because the aperture of an eyelet is larger than the facets of a compound eye, this arrangement allows vision under low light levels.[1]", "Eye black. One of the earliest known instances of a player wearing eye black is baseball legend Babe Ruth, who, in or around the 1930s, used the grease in an attempt to reduce sun glare. According to Paul Lukas of ESPN.com, eye black caught on with American football player Andy Farkas.[1] He also states that the original eye black was made from the ashes of burned cork.", "Ptosis (eyelid). Ptosis may be due to a myogenic, neurogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical or traumatic cause and it usually occurs isolated, but may be associated with various other conditions, like immunological, degenerative, or hereditary disorders, tumors, or infections [4]", "Lacrimal gland. The lacrimal artery, derived from the ophthalmic artery supplies the lacrimal gland. Venous blood returns via the superior ophthalmic vein.", "Sunburn. The eyes are also sensitive to sun exposure at about the same UV wavelengths as skin; snow blindness is essentially sunburn of the cornea. Wrap-around sunglasses or the use by spectacle-wearers of glasses that block UV light reduce the harmful radiation. UV light has been implicated in the development of age-related macular degeneration,[38] pterygium[39] and cataract.[40] Concentrated clusters of melanin, commonly known as freckles, are often found within the iris." ]

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[ "Cougar. The cougar (Puma concolor), also commonly known as the mountain lion, puma, panther, or catamount, is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America, is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere.[3] An adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second-heaviest cat in the New World, after the jaguar. Secretive and largely solitary by nature, the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular, although there are daytime sightings.[4][5][6][7] The cougar is more closely related to smaller felines, including the domestic cat (subfamily Felinae), than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae,[1][8][9] of which only the jaguar is native to the Americas.", "Cougar. A successful generalist predator, the cougar will eat any animal it can catch, from insects to large ungulates (over 500 kg). Like all cats, it is an obligate carnivore, meaning it needs to feed exclusively on meat to survive. The mean weight of vertebrate prey (MWVP) that pumas attack increases with the puma's body weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator.[3] Its most important prey species are various deer species, particularly in North America; mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk and even bull moose are taken. Other species such as the bighorn and Dall's sheep, horse, fallow deer, caribou, mountain goat, coyote, pronghorn, and domestic livestock such as cattle and sheep are also primary food bases in many areas.[57] A survey of North America research found 68% of prey items were ungulates, especially deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, often preferring feral hogs and armadillos.[3]", "Felidae. Puma concolor (cougar or mountain lion)", "Big cat. Puma / Cougar / Mountain lion", "Trophy hunting. After the attention gained from the death of Cecil the African Lion, activists[who?] turned to the North American Wildlife, the mountain lion in particular.[citation needed] The North American Mountain Lion, also called puma, cougar, and panther, is hunted for sport across its expansive habitat.[citation needed] According to the Washington,[7] the only federally protected populations in the country are the Florida Panther and the Eastern cougar, believed to be extinct.[citation needed] [8]", "Cougar. With its vast range across the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture. Currently, it is referred to as \"puma\" by most scientists[22] and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas.[23] \"Puma\" is the common name in Spanish or Portuguese-speaking countries but the cat has many local or regional names in the United States and Canada, of which cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.[24] \"Mountain lion\" was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George Andrew Jackson of Colorado.[25] Other names include catamount (probably a contraction from \"cat of the mountain\"), mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers regard painter as a primarily upper-Southern US regional variant on panther.[26]", "Cougar. The puma of the plains of South America (P. concolor cabrerae,[150] called the Argentine cougar by North Americans) is noted for its extreme unwillingness to attack humans. According to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson[151] \"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or threatens to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma will not even defend itself against man\". And: \"All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma—and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point—agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, \"When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy\". Hudson adds that, except in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the much stronger jaguar.[151]", "San Gabriel Mountains. Larger animals include mule deer, black bear, coyote and the rarely seen puma (mountain lion or cougar). Smaller mammals include raccoon, opossum, skunk and bobcats. Golden and bald eagles are found rarely, but hawks are common. Rattlesnakes are common, and one should be on the lookout for them when hiking.", "Cougar. In the southern part of South America, the puma is a top level predator that has controlled the population of guanaco and other species since prehistoric times.[114]", "Cougar. A pumapard is a hybrid animal resulting from a union between a cougar and a leopard. Whether born to a female puma mated to a male leopard, or to a male puma mated to a female leopard, pumapards inherit a form of dwarfism. Those reported grew to only half the size of the parents. They have a puma-like long body (proportional to the limbs, but nevertheless shorter than either parent), but short legs. The coat is variously described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, chestnut or \"faded\" rosettes.[115]", "Cougar. Due to the expanding human population, cougar ranges increasingly overlap with areas inhabited by humans. Attacks on humans are very rare, as cougar prey recognition is a learned behavior and they do not generally recognize humans as prey.[10] Attacks on people, livestock, and pets may occur when a puma habituates to humans or is in a condition of severe starvation. Attacks are most frequent during late spring and summer, when juvenile cougars leave their mothers and search for new territory.[95]", "List of fatal cougar attacks in North America. This is a list of known or suspected fatal cougar attacks that occurred in North America by decade in chronological order. The cougar is also commonly known as mountain lion, puma, mountain cat, catamount, or panther. The sub-population in Florida is known as the Florida panther.", "Cougar. Cougars can be almost as large as jaguars, but are less muscular and not as powerfully built; where their ranges overlap, the cougar tends to be smaller on average. The cougar is on average larger than all felids apart from lions, tigers, and jaguars. Despite its size, it is not typically classified among the \"big cats\", as it cannot roar, lacking the specialized larynx and hyoid apparatus of Panthera.[49] Compared to \"big cats\", cougars are often silent with minimal communication through vocalizations outside of the mother-offspring relationship.[50] Cougars sometimes voice low-pitched hisses, growls, and purrs, as well as chirps and whistles, many of which are comparable to those of domestic cats. They are well known for their screams, as referenced in some of their common names, although these screams are often misinterpreted to be the calls of other animals or humans.[51]", "Cougar. As with any predator at or near the top of its food chain, the cougar impacts the population of prey species. Predation by cougars has been linked to changes in the species mix of deer in a region. For example, a study in British Columbia observed that the population of mule deer, a favored cougar prey, was declining while the population of the less frequently preyed-upon white-tailed deer was increasing.[110] The Vancouver Island marmot, an endangered species endemic to one region of dense cougar population, has seen decreased numbers due to cougar and gray wolf predation.[111] Nevertheless, there is a measurable effect on the quality of deer populations by puma predation.[112][113]", "Cougar. Like almost all cats, the cougar is a solitary animal. Only mothers and kittens live in groups, with adults meeting only to mate. Estimates of territory sizes vary greatly. Canadian Geographic reports large male territories of 150 to 1000 km2 (58 to 386 sq mi) with female ranges half the size.[64] Other research suggests a much smaller lower limit of 25 km2 (10 sq mi), but an even greater upper limit of 1300 km2 (500 sq mi) for males.[63] In the United States, very large ranges have been reported in Texas and the Black Hills of the northern Great Plains, in excess of 775 km2 (300 sq mi).[72] Male ranges may include or overlap with those of females but, at least where studied, not with those of other males, which serves to reduce conflict between cougars. Ranges of females may overlap slightly with each other. Scrape marks, urine, and feces are used to mark territory and attract mates. Males may scrape together a small pile of leaves and grasses and then urinate on it as a way of marking territory.[56]", "Species. The commonly used names for kinds of organisms are often ambiguous: \"cat\" could mean the domestic cat, Felis catus, or the cat family, Felidae. Another problem with common names is that they often vary from place to place, so that puma, cougar, catamount, panther, painter and mountain lion all mean Puma concolor in various parts of America, while \"panther\" may also mean the jaguar (Panthera onca) of Latin America or the leopard (Panthera pardus) of Africa and Asia. In contrast, the scientific names of species are chosen to be unique and universal; they are in two parts used together: the genus as in Puma, and the specific epithet as in concolor.[11][12]", "Cougar. Linnaeus placed the cougar in Felis (Felis concolor), the genus which includes the domestic cat.[2] The cougar and jaguarundi are now placed in Puma, and are most closely related to the modern cheetah of Africa and western Asia,[34][35] but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is suggested by some studies to have diverged from the Puma lineage in the Americas (see American cheetah) and migrated back to Asia and Africa,[34][35] while other research suggests the cheetah diverged in the Old World itself.[36]", "List of mammals of West Virginia. North American cougar\nThe last officially accepted wild cougar kills in both Virginia and West Virginia were in the 1880s and the animal — eastern cougar, or mountain lion, puma or panther (Puma concolor couguar) — was considered totally exterminated in West Virginia by 1900. In 1936, however, came a last officially confirmed record of cougar tracks in the state; by a Smithsonian worker, near Cranberry Glades in Pocahontas County.[5][6][7] Recently, the eastern cougar was federally listed as \"endangered\" in West Virginia and sporadic, unconfirmed accounts of its presence (tracks and sightings) continued to be reported. P. c. couguar was deemed to be extirpated by a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service evaluation released in 2011.[8]", "Ecology of the Rocky Mountains. Cougars are one of the most important carnivores in the ecosystems of the Rockies. They prefer to prey on mule deer, but occasionally kill elk, white-tailed deer, and bighorn sheep, and in Alberta, moose kills have been documented. Recently, cougars have recolonized many areas where they were eliminated in the 1800s and early 1900s, and have greatly increased in number.[27] The highest densities of cougars are in foothill and montane areas, which are more diverse and rich than subalpine or alpine environments.", "Cougar. The cougar is an ambush predator and pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources are ungulates, particularly deer, but also livestock. It also hunts species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, but can also live in open areas. The cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the jaguar, gray wolf, American black bear, and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people. Fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories.[10]", "Cougar. In the Central and South American cougar range, the ratio of deer in the diet declines. Small to mid-sized mammals are preferred, including large rodents such as the capybara. Ungulates accounted for only 35% of prey items in one survey, about half that of North America. Competition with the larger jaguar has been suggested for the decline in the size of prey items.[3] Other listed prey species of the cougar include mice, porcupines, beavers, raccoons, hares, guanaco, peccary, vicuna, rhea, and wild turkey.[61] Birds and small reptiles are sometimes preyed upon in the south, but this is rarely recorded in North America.[3]", "Cougar. Both species, meanwhile, are capable of killing mid-sized predators, such as bobcats and coyotes, and tend to suppress their numbers.[58] Although cougars can kill coyotes, the latter have been documented attempting to prey on cougar cubs.[107]", "Cougar. Until the late 1980s, as many as 32 subspecies were recorded; genetic study of mitochondrial DNA[35] found many of these are too similar to be recognized as distinct at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonical Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.) recognizes six subspecies, five of which are solely found in Latin America:[1]", "Cougar. Cougars are the largest of the small cats. They are placed in the subfamily Felinae, although their bulk characteristics are similar to those of the big cats in the subfamily Pantherinae.[1] The family Felidae is believed to have originated in Asia about 11 million years ago. Taxonomic research on felids remains partial, and much of what is known about their evolutionary history is based on mitochondrial DNA analysis,[33] as cats are poorly represented in the fossil record,[34] and significant confidence intervals exist with suggested dates. In the latest genomic study of the Felidae, the common ancestor of today's Leopardus, Lynx, Puma, Prionailurus, and Felis lineages migrated across the Bering land bridge into the Americas 8.0 to 8.5 million years ago (Mya). The lineages subsequently diverged in that order.[34] North American felids then invaded South America 2–4 Mya as part of the Great American Interchange, following formation of the Isthmus of Panama.[35]", "Cougar. The first English record of \"puma\" was in 1777, where it had come from the Spanish, who in turn borrowed it from the Peruvian Quechua language in the 16th century, where it means \"powerful\".[32]", "Cougar. The cougar is also protected across much of the rest of its range. As of 1996, cougar hunting was prohibited in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela, and Uruguay. The cat had no reported legal protection in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Guyana.[44] Regulated cougar hunting is still common in the United States and Canada, although they are protected from all hunting in the Yukon; it is permitted in every U.S. state from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only state in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not protect that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a cougar regardless of the season, number killed, sex or age of the animal.[126] Killed animals are not required to be reported to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Conservation work in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc. (BEI), as part of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.[127] Cougars are generally hunted with packs of dogs, until the animal is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the tree at close range. The cougar cannot be legally killed without a permit in California except under very specific circumstances, such as when a cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.[92] Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple dogs have been attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection cougars have from being hunted and are now becoming desensitized to humans; most are removed from the population after the attacks have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of Fish and Game indicate that cougar killings in California have been on the rise since the 1970s with an average of over 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also state on their website that there is a healthy number of cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project aims to obtain information on cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.[128]", "Cougar. The grace and power of the cougar have been widely admired in the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Inca city of Cusco is reported to have been designed in the shape of a cougar, and the animal also gave its name to both Inca regions and people. The Moche people represented the puma often in their ceramics.[131] The sky and thunder god of the Inca, Viracocha, has been associated with the animal.[132]", "Cougar. On March 2, 2011, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service declared the Eastern cougar (Puma concolor couguar) officially extinct.[130]", "Cougar. \"Cougar\" may be borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana; the term was originally derived from the Tupi language susua'rana, meaning \"similar to deer (in hair color)\". A current form in Brazil is suçuarana. It may also be borrowed from the Guaraní language term guaçu ara or guazu ara. Less common Portuguese terms are onça-parda (brown onça, in distinction of the black-spotted [yellow] one, onça-pintada, the jaguar) or leão-baio (lit. chestnut lion), or unusually non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when native to a region other than South America (especially for those who do not know that suçuaranas are found elsewhere but with a different name). People in rural regions often refer to both the cougar and the jaguar as simply gata (she-cat), and outside of the Amazon, both are colloquially referred to as simply onça by many people (that is also a name for the leopard in Angola).", "Cougar. A high level of genetic similarity has been found among North American cougar populations, suggesting they are all fairly recent descendants of a small ancestral group. Culver et al. propose the original North American population of P. concolor was extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions some 10,000 years ago, when other large mammals, such as Smilodon, also disappeared. North America was then repopulated by a group of South American cougars.[35]", "Cougar. Though capable of sprinting, the cougar is typically an ambush predator. It stalks through brush and trees, across ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the back of its prey and a suffocating neck bite. The cougar is capable of breaking the neck of some of its smaller prey with a strong bite and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.[48]", "Cougar. The cougar has the largest range of any wild land animal in the Americas. Its range spans 110 degrees of latitude, from northern Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes. Its wide distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is found in all forest types, as well as in lowland and mountainous deserts. The cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can live with little vegetation in open areas.[2] Its preferred habitats include precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and dense brush.[56]" ]

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[ "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. In the Clue mailout for September 2008 Naismith stated: \"Despite the rumours, we've made no decisions about possible replacements for Humph, and are unlikely to make any decisions this year at least. Certainly I don't envisage us selecting anyone on a permanent basis for several series.\"[23] It was announced that the show would continue recording beginning in 2009. The first new shows would be hosted by rotating guest presenters (similarly to the format of Have I Got News for You) before a permanent replacement host was decided.[22] In the Clue mailout for February 2009 Naismith announced that Stephen Fry, Jack Dee and Rob Brydon would host two shows each, to be recorded in April, May and June 2009 respectively.[24] The programme returned on 15 June 2009, chaired by Fry with the usual panellists and special guest Victoria Wood. Every series since then has been chaired by Dee.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue is a BBC radio comedy panel game. Introduced as \"the antidote to panel games\", it consists of two teams of two comedians \"given silly things to do\" by a chairman. The show launched in April 1972 as a parody of radio and TV panel games, and has been broadcast since on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service, with repeats aired on BBC Radio 4 Extra. The 50th series was broadcast in November and December 2007.[1]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue developed from the long-running radio sketch show I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, the writers of which were John Cleese, Jo Kendall, David Hatch, Bill Oddie, Tim Brooke-Taylor and especially Graeme Garden who suggested the idea of an unscripted show[9] which, it was decided, would take the form of a parody panel game. A panel game with no competition was not itself a new idea: the BBC had a history of successful quiz shows designed to allow witty celebrities to entertain where winning was not important. Examples include Ignorance is Bliss, Just a Minute, My Word! and My Music on the radio and Call My Bluff on television.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. On 18 April 2008 the producer of I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue, Jon Naismith, announced that, owing to hospitalisation to repair an aortic aneurysm, Humphrey Lyttelton would be unable to record the scheduled shows and that they would have to be postponed. The final show of the 2008 Best of tour on 22 April would be presented by Rob Brydon.[18] Following Lyttelton's death there was speculation that the series might be cancelled because replacing him would be extremely difficult if not impossible.[19] In a eulogy in The Guardian Barry Cryer did not allude to the future of the programme but said that there's \"got to be an agonising reappraisal\" and that Lyttelton was the \"very hub of the show\".[20] Cryer, Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden all ruled themselves out as hosts: Cryer did not think the programme would work if a panellist became chairman and it \"would need somebody of stature to be parachuted in\".[21] Jeremy Hardy also ruled himself out, saying \"Humph had big shoes to fill and I wouldn't do it.\"[22]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Clue has been broadcast since 11 April 1972 on BBC Radio 4 with new series rotating with the other Monday night comedy staples such as The Unbelievable Truth, The Museum Of Curiosity and Just a Minute.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. The panellists play as individuals or as two teams. \"Celebrity What's My Line?\" completely destroyed the intent of the original — for players to guess the occupation of a third party by asking yes/no questions. The I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue version once employed the famous actress (and fan of the show) Dame Judi Dench in this role and the renowned television gardener Alan Titchmarsh. Each began by performing a mime illustrating their occupation, giving a cryptic clue to the panel (appearing to a radio listener as a short silence punctuated by exclamations from the panel and laughter from the studio audience), before fielding apparently serious questions from the teams (e.g. \"Is that your own hair?\" or \"Do you kill people for money?\"), who pretended not to know who they were.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. \"Hello and welcome to I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Tonight, we promise you a nail-biting contest. Which will be followed by a nose-picking contest.\"", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. In 2007, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue: The Official Stage Tour visited 9 locations across England. While the broadcast shows are recorded on location, this was the first ISIHAC touring stage show in the show's 35-year history. It was a best of show, featuring favourite rounds from the past 35 years, and the guest panellist was Jeremy Hardy. The shows were not recorded for broadcast on Radio 4, although it was suggested that they may be recorded for release as part of the BBC Radio Collection.[44]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. In 2008, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue: The Official Stage Tour embarked on another best of tour, with the intention of visiting many parts of the UK that were missed in the autumn 2007 dates.[45]", "Just a Minute. I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, another BBC radio comedy panel show which occupies the same Monday-night slot in the Radio 4 schedule, occasionally parodies its rival show with a round entitled \"Just a Minim\".[35] In this spoof version the contestants must sing songs — always chosen for their highly repetitive lyrics — without repetition, hesitation, or deviation (from the tune.) The chairman, currently Jack Dee who has himself been a guest on Just a Minute, imitates Nicholas Parsons' style.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. A regular feature on the programme, preceding the game Mornington Crescent, is a fictional letters section which begins with the chairman's comments (\"I notice from the sheer weight of this week's postbag, we've received a little over no letters\" and \"I see from the number of letters raining down on us this week that the Scrabble factory has exploded again\"). The invariably single letter each week is from \"A Mrs Trellis of North Wales\", one of the many prompts for a cheer from the audience, whose incoherent letters usually mistake the chairman for another Radio 4 presenter or media personality. \"Dear Libby\" (she writes), \"why oh why ... very nearly spells YOYO\", or \"Dear Mr Titchmarsh, never let them tell you that size isn't important. My aunt told me that, but then all my new wallpaper fell off.\"", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Episodes of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue were included in the package of programmes held in 20 underground radio stations of the BBC's Wartime Broadcasting Service (WTBS), designed to provide public information and morale-boosting broadcasts for 100 days after a nuclear attack.[47]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Many games are played on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, some frequently and dozens less often. A few have only been played once either because the joke only works once or because the result was not particularly successful. Popular games include \"One Song to the Tune of Another\", \"Mornington Crescent\", \"Sound Charades\", \"Late Arrivals\", \"Double Feature\", \"Cheddar Gorge\" and \"Uxbridge English Dictionary\". \"One Song to the Tune of Another\" is always introduced using a complex analogy, despite its self-explanatory title, often ending with a joke at the expense of Colin Sell.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. The show has over two million listeners on Radio 4 and its recording sessions typically fill 1500-seat theatres within a week of being advertised.[9] At least one recording for the spring 2006 series filled all its seats within three hours of the free tickets being made available, and the London recording of the autumn series in that year sold out in ten minutes. Although there are twelve Clue shows broadcast per year these are the result of just six recording sessions, with two programmes being recorded back-to-back. The show was recently voted the second funniest radio programme ever, after The Goon Show. It has a large following among professional comedians such as Armando Iannucci, who turned down opportunities to work on it, preferring to remain a listener.[12]", "Stephen Fry. Besides working in television, Fry has contributed columns and articles for newspapers and magazines and written four novels and three volumes of autobiography, Moab Is My Washpot, The Fry Chronicles, and More Fool Me. He also appears frequently on BBC Radio 4, starring in the comedy series Absolute Power, being a frequent guest on panel games such as Just a Minute, and acting as chairman for I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, where he was one of a trio of hosts who succeeded the late Humphrey Lyttelton.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. After a period of split chairmanship in the first series,[2] Humphrey Lyttelton (\"Humph\") served in this role from the programme's inception until his death in 2008.[3] In April 2008, following the hospitalisation and subsequent death of Lyttelton, recording of the 51st series was postponed.[4] The show recommenced on 15 June 2009[5] with Lyttelton being replaced by a trio of hosts serving in tandem: Stephen Fry, Jack Dee and Rob Brydon.[6] Dee went on to host all episodes of the 52nd series later that year.[7] He continues in that role for forthcoming series. The chairman's script is written by Iain Pattinson, who has worked on the show since 1992.[8]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. The official, authorised history of the show and ISIRTA, The Clue Bible by Jem Roberts, was published by Preface Publishing in October 2009.", "Cunt. As well as obvious references, there are also allusions. On I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Stephen Fry once defined countryside as the act of \"murdering Piers Morgan\".[128]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. \"As I introduce the teams today I must say we couldn't have asked for four better comedians. So that's answered your next question...\"", "Alex Jones (Welsh presenter). Charlotte Alexandra Jones (born 18 March 1977)[2] is a Welsh television presenter and model, best known for co-presenting the BBC One magazine programme The One Show with Matt Baker.[3][4]", "Cerys Matthews. Matthews programmes and hosts a weekly music show on BBC Radio 6 Music and a show on BBC World Service, makes documentaries for television and radio and is a roving reporter for The One Show. She founded 'The Good Life Experience', a festival of culture and the great outdoors in Flintshire in 2014, with Charlie and Caroline Gladstone, writes a column for British Airways Highlife magazine and is author of Hook, Line and Singer published by Penguin and children's stories Tales From The Deep and Gelert, A Man's Best Friend, Gomer.", "Wynne Evans. In 2011, Evans began presenting. He presented a programme about the Eisteddfod for the BBC and his own TV show on S4C. In 2012, Evans became a regular presenter on BBC Radio Wales and from October 2013 Evans presented a weekly Friday afternoon show called 'Wynne Evans' Big Welsh Weekend'. Since February 2016, he has presented an entertainment show on the station from 11 am to 1 pm every weekday.", "Alex Jones (Welsh presenter). Following her graduation,[when?] Jones became a television researcher,[when?] but after being sacked twice, was asked by a producer at Avanti productions to audition in front of the camera.[when?][5] Her first presenting job was for BBC Choice,[when?] and she then joined S4C as a presenter on the singing programme Cân i Gymru (A Song for Wales).[when?][5] Jones developed a speciality presenting Welsh-language children's programmes on S4C, including Hip neu Sgip?[6] and Salon, alongside occasional appearances on mainstream British television, including Channel 4's RI:SE.[5]", "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates. Hetty Wainthropp is a retired working-class woman from Darwen in North West England, who has a knack for jumping to conclusions and solving crimes of varying bafflement which often are too minor to concern the police. Although on occasion her husband offers assistance, he more often than not tends to the home while Hetty gads about the countryside with young Geoffrey in search of resolution and justice. In many episodes Hetty seeks the help and advice of DCI Adams of the local constabulary.", "Kenny Everett. Everett returned to Capital Radio in June 1984, reviving his Saturday lunchtime show. In May 1985, he was called in to replace Graeme Garden for one episode of the Radio 4 game show, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. After Capital split its frequencies in 1988, he returned to daily broadcasting on Capital Gold, as part of a strong presenting line-up including Tony Blackburn and David Hamilton. Everett presented daytime shows on weekdays until 1994, when his health deteriorated to the point that he was unable to continue. During that same year, he was awarded the Gold Award at Sony's Radio Academy Awards for his contribution to radio.[23][24]", "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia. In the \"Film Club\" round of the popular long-running BBC Radio 4 panel comedy I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue, regular reference is made to this film—usually by Graeme Garden—with one or more words changed to satisfy that week's theme of comedy film titles.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. The show at the Lowry in Salford was filmed and broadcast on BBC Four on 13 September 2008. Although some unaired pilots had previously been made, this was the first time ISIHAC has been shown on television. An extended version was released on DVD on 10 November 2008.", "Alex Jones (Welsh presenter). Since 2012, Jones, along with Matt Baker and John Inverdale has co-hosted The Sport Relief Games Show, live coverage of the Sport Relief games that afternoon.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. On one occasion Humph announced that they had a very distinguished actor as a guest who would join in the game of Mornington Crescent. When the game started, after great ceremony, the penultimate player, the last of the panellists, won on his first move, thus denying the distinguished guest the opportunity to make a single move. The chairman apologised but explained that this was an unavoidable possibility and the guest left without having uttered a word. The show was allegedly inundated with complaints at the treatment of Sir Alec Guinness as on the actual recording Lyttelton can be heard to say, \"Well I'm very sorry about that. Rather unfortunate. We would like to go on and ask you a few things about what you're doing currently, Sir Alec, but we do have to hurry on to the next game.\"[35] This story became a favourite of Lyttelton's, who claimed in interviews that the \"distinguished actor\" had never actually been named on the show.[36]", "Alex Jones (Welsh presenter). During an appearance on the panel show Eight Out Of Ten Cats, Jones recounted how a former boyfriend came out as gay to her on April Fools' Day, not realising his confession would be considered a joke by her. \"It was a mess\", she said, and that he was \"happily married\" to his husband now.", "Alex Jones (Welsh presenter). She has also presented Tumble (2014), Close Calls: On Camera (2015–2016) and Shop Well for Less? (2016–present).", "Alex Jones (Welsh presenter). In 2015, Jones began presenting the daytime series Close Calls: On Camera for BBC One and in 2016 she began co-hosting the BBC series Shop Well for Less? alongside Steph McGovern. In September 2016 she fronted a one-off documentary Alex Jones – Fertility and Me for BBC One. She also presented The Secrets in My Family, a primetime documentary series for UKTV's W channel." ]

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[ "Middle East. The term \"Middle East\" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office.[6] However, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902[7] to \"designate the area between Arabia and India\".[8][9] During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf.[10][11] He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East, and said that after Egypt's Suez Canal, it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India.[12] Mahan first used the term in his article \"The Persian Gulf and International Relations\", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal.", "Middle East. The first official use of the term \"Middle East\" by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, which pertained to the Suez Crisis. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as \"the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia.\"[16] In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms \"Near East\" and \"Middle East\" were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.[18]", "Middle East. Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the \"Near East\", while the \"Far East\" centered on China,[16] and the Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma, namely the area between the Near East and the Far East.[citation needed] In the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term \"Middle East\" gained broader usage in Europe and the United States, with the Middle East Institute founded in Washington, D.C. in 1946, among other usage.[17]", "History of the Middle East. The earliest civilizations in history were established in the region now known as the Middle East around 3500 BC by the Sumerians, in Mesopotamia (Iraq), widely regarded as the cradle of civilization. The Sumerians and the Akkadians (later known as Babylonians and Assyrians) all flourished in this region.", "History of the Middle East. During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, Syria and Egypt made moves towards independence. The British, the French, and the Soviets departed from many parts of the Middle East during and after World War II (1939–1945). The struggle between the Arabs and the Jews in Palestine culminated in the 1947 United Nations plan to partition Palestine. Later in the midst of Cold War tensions, the Arabic-speaking countries of Western Asia and Northern Africa saw the rise of pan-Arabism. The departure of the European powers from direct control of the region, the establishment of Israel, and the increasing importance of the oil industry, marked the creation of the modern Middle East. In most Middle Eastern countries, the growth of market economies was inhibited by political restrictions, corruption and cronyism, overspending on arms and prestige projects, and over-dependence on oil revenues. The wealthiest economies in the region per capita are the small oil-rich countries of Persian Gulf: Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates.", "Timeline of Middle Eastern history. This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the Middle East. The Middle East is the territory that comprises today's Egypt, the Persian Gulf states, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Cyprus and Northern Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Gaza Strip, UAE, and Yemen. The Middle East with its particular characteristics was not to emerge until the late second millennium CE. To refer to a concept similar that of today's Middle East but earlier in time, the term Ancient Near East is used.", "History of the Middle East. After a century of hiatus, the idea of the Persian Empire was revived by the Parthians in the 3rd century BC—and continued by their successors, the Sassanids from the 3rd century AD. This empire dominated sizable parts of what is now the Asian part of the Middle East and continued to influence the rest of the Asiatic and African Middle East region, until the Arab Muslim conquest of Persia in the mid-7th century AD. Between the 1st century BC and the early 7th century AD, the region was completely dominated by the Romans and the Parthians and Sassanids on the other hand, which often culminated in various Roman-Persian Wars over the seven centuries. Eastern Rite, Church of the East Christianity took hold in Persian-ruled Mesopotamia, particularly in Assyria from the 1st century AD onwards, and the region became a center of a flourishing Syriac–Assyrian literary tradition.", "History of the Middle East. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh.[1] Mesopotamia was home to several powerful empires that came to rule almost the entire Middle East—particularly the Assyrian Empires of 1365–1076 BC and the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911–609 BC. From the early 7th century BC and onwards, the Iranian Medes followed by Achaemenid Persia and other subsequent Iranian states empires dominated the region. In the 1st century BC, the expanding Roman Republic absorbed the whole Eastern Mediterranean, which included much of the Near East. The Eastern Roman Empire, today commonly known as the Byzantine Empire, ruling from the Balkans to the Euphrates, became increasingly defined by and dogmatic about Christianity, gradually creating religious rifts between the doctrines dictated by the establishment in Constantinople and believers in many parts of the Middle East. From the 3rd up to the course of the 7th century AD, the entire Middle East was dominated by the Byzantines and Sassanid Persia. From the 7th century, a new power was rising in the Middle East, that of Islam. The dominance of the Arabs came to a sudden end in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turks. In the early 13th century, a new wave of invaders, the armies of the Mongol Empire, mainly Turkic, swept through the region. By the early 15th century, a new power had arisen in western Anatolia, the Ottoman emirs, linguistically Turkic and religiously Islamic, who in 1453 captured the Christian Byzantine capital of Constantinople and made themselves sultans.", "History of the Middle East. Large parts of the Middle East became a warground between the Ottomans and Iranian Safavids for centuries starting in the early 16th century. By 1700, the Ottomans had been driven out of Hungary and the balance of power along the frontier had shifted decisively in favor of the West. The British also established effective control of the Persian Gulf, and the French extended their influence into Lebanon and Syria. In 1912, the Italians seized Libya and the Dodecanese islands, just off the coast of the Ottoman heartland of Anatolia. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Middle Eastern rulers tried to modernize their states to compete more effectively with the European powers. A turning point in the history of the Middle East came when oil was discovered, first in Persia in 1908 and later in Saudi Arabia (in 1938) and the other Persian Gulf states, and also in Libya and Algeria. A Western dependence on Middle Eastern oil and the decline of British influence led to a growing American interest in the region.", "Middle East. Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled \"The Middle Eastern Question,\" written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include \"those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India.\"[14] After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term.[15]", "Middle East. The Greater Middle East was a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century,[25] to denote various countries, pertaining to the Muslim world, specifically Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan.[26] Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included.[27]", "History of the Middle East. Christian Western Europe staged a remarkable economic and demographic recovery in the 11th century since its nadir in the 7th century. The fragmentation of the Middle East allowed joined forces, mainly from England, France, and the emerging Holy Roman Empire, to enter the region. In 1095, Pope Urban II responded to pleas from the flagging Byzantine Empire and summoned the European aristocracy to recapture the Holy Land for Christianity. In 1099 the knights of the First Crusade captured Jerusalem and founded the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which survived until 1187, when Saladin retook the city. Smaller crusader fiefdoms survived until 1291.", "History of the Middle East. Geographically, the Middle East can be thought of as Western Asia with the addition of Egypt (which is the non-Maghreb region of Northern Africa) and with the exclusion of the Caucasus. The Middle East was the first to experience a Neolithic Revolution (c. the 10th millennium BC), as well as the first to enter the Bronze Age (c. 3300–1200 BC) and Iron Age (c. 1200–500 BC).", "History of the Middle East. From the early 6th century BC onwards, several Persian states dominated the region, beginning with the Medes and non-Persian Neo-Babylonian Empire, then their successor the Achaemenid Empire known as the first Persian Empire, conquered in the late 4th century BC. by the very short-lived Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great, and then successor kingdoms such as Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid state in Western Asia.", "Middle East. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the (geopolitical) importance of the region being recognized for millennia.[3][4][5] Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; the Baha'i faith, Mandaeism, Unitarian Druze, and numerous other belief systems were also established within the region.", "Middle East. The Middle East[note 1] is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa). The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to the Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.", "Middle East. Perhaps because of the influence of the Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ), has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press, comprehending the same meaning as the term \"Middle East\" in North American and Western European usage. The designation, Mashriq, also from the Arabic root for East, also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant, the eastern part of the Arabic-speaking world (as opposed to the Maghreb, the western part).[21] Even though the term originated in the West, apart from Arabic, other languages of countries of the Middle East also use a translation of it. The Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه (Khāvar-e miyāneh), the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון (hamizrach hatikhon) and the Turkish is Orta Doğu.", "Middle East. The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onwards.", "Middle East. With the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, \"Near East\" largely fell out of common use in English, while \"Middle East\" came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage \"Near East\" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East).", "History of the Middle East. The dominance of the Arabs came to a sudden end in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turks, migrating south from the Turkic homelands in Central Asia. They conquered Persia, Iraq (capturing Baghdad in 1055), Syria, Palestine, and the Hejaz. Egypt held out under the Fatimid caliphs until 1169, when it too fell to the Turks.", "History of the Middle East. When the Ottoman Empire was defeated by an Arab uprising and the British forces after the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1918, the Arab population did not get what it wanted. Islamic activists of more recent times have described as an Anglo-French betrayal. British and French governments concluded a secret treaty (the Sykes–Picot Agreement) to partition the Middle East between them. The British in 1917 announced the Balfour Declaration promised the international Zionist movement their support in re-creating the historic Jewish homeland in Palestine.", "History of the Middle East. \"In the course of the fourth millennium BC, city-states developed in southern Mesopotamia that were dominated by temples whose priests represented the cities' patron deities. The most prominent of the city-states was Sumer, which gave its language to the area, [presumably the first written language,] and became the first great civilization of mankind. About 2340 BC, Sargon the Great (c. 2360–2305 BC) united the city-states in the south and founded the Akkadian dynasty, the world's first empire.\"[13]", "History of the Middle East. By the early 15th century, a new power had arisen in western Anatolia, the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman khans, who in 1453 captured the Christian Byzantine capitol of Constantinople and made themselves sultans. The Mamluks held the Ottomans out of the Middle East for a century, but in 1514 Selim the Grim began the systematic Ottoman conquest of the region. Syria was occupied in 1516 and Egypt in 1517, extinguishing the Mameluk line. Iraq was conquered almost in 40 years from the Iranian Safavids, who were successors of the Aq Qoyunlu.", "Middle East. The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, \"Near East\" was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while \"Middle East\" referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. In contrast, \"Far East\" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. China, Japan, Korea, etc.)", "History of the Middle East. In the 1st century BC, the expanding Roman Republic absorbed the whole Eastern Mediterranean, which included much of the Near East. The Roman Empire united the region with most of Europe and North Africa in a single political and economic unit. Even areas not directly annexed were strongly influenced by the Empire, which was the most powerful political and cultural entity for centuries. Though Roman culture spread across the region, the Greek culture and language first established in the region by the Macedonian Empire continued to dominate throughout the Roman period. Cities in the Middle East, especially Alexandria, became major urban centers for the Empire and the region became the Empire's \"bread basket\" as the key agricultural producer. Ægyptus was by far the most wealthy Roman province.[16][17]", "History of the Middle East. The modern Middle East was shaped by three things: departure of European powers, the founding of Israel, and the growing importance of the oil industry. These developments led increased U.S. involvement in Middle East. The United States was the ultimate guarantor of the region's stability as well as the dominant force in the oil industry after the 1950s. When revolutions brought radical anti-Western regimes to power in Egypt (1954), Syria (1963), Iraq (1968), and Libya (1969), the Soviet Union, seeking to open a new arena of the Cold War, allied itself with Arab socialist rulers like Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt and Saddam Hussein in Iraq.", "History of the Middle East. The Eastern Roman Empire, today commonly known as the Byzantine Empire, ruling from the Balkans to the Euphrates, became increasingly defined by and dogmatic about Christianity, gradually creating religious rifts between the doctrines dictated by the establishment in Constantinople and believers in many parts of the Middle East. By this time, Greek had become the 'lingua franca' of the region, although ethnicities such as the Syriacs and the Hebrew continued to exist. Under Byzantine/Greek rule the area of the Levant met an era of stability and prosperity.", "History of the Middle East. Home to the Cradle of Civilization, the Middle East (usually interchangeable with the Near East) has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations. This history started from the earliest human settlements, continuing through several major pre- and post-Islamic Empires through to the nation-states of the Middle East today.", "Middle East. The term Middle East has also been criticised as Eurocentric (\"based on a British Western perception\") by Hanafi (1998).[20]", "History of the Middle East. As the Christian religion spread throughout the Roman and Persian Empires, it took root in the Middle East, and cities such as Alexandria and Edessa became important centers of Christian scholarship. By the 5th century, Christianity was the dominant religion in the Middle East, with other faiths (gradually including heretical Christian sects) being actively repressed. The Middle East's ties to the city of Rome were gradually severed as the Empire split into East and West, with the Middle East tied to the new Roman capital of Constantinople. The subsequent Fall of the Western Roman Empire therefore, had minimal direct impact on the region.", "History of the Middle East. The term Near East can be used interchangeably with Middle East, but in a different context, especially when discussing ancient times, it may have a limited meaning, namely the northern, historically Aramaic-speaking Semitic area and adjacent Anatolian territories, marked in the two maps below.", "Western culture. As Europe discovered the wider world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the Orient (\"the East\") became the Near East, as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time, in the 19th century.[33] Thus, the Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 occurred in the Far East, while the troubles surrounding the decline of the Ottoman Empire simultaneously occurred in the Near East.[34] The term Middle East, in the mid-19th century, included the territory east of the Ottoman Empire, but West of China—Greater Persia and Greater India—is now used synonymously with \"Near East\" in most languages." ]

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[ "Disney's River Country. Disney's River Country was the first water park at Walt Disney World. Located near Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground, it opened on June 20, 1976, and closed indefinitely in November 2001. On January 20, 2005, The Walt Disney Company announced that River Country would remain closed permanently.", "Walt Disney Studios Park. The park is represented by the Earffel Tower, a water tower similar to one that was installed at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank, California.", "Knott's Berry Farm. Wild Water Wilderness is a section of Ghost Town that features two major rides: the Bigfoot Rapids river rafting adventure, and Pony Express, a horse themed family roller coaster installed in 2008. Nearby Bigfoot Rapids is Rapids Trader, a small merchandise stand. It is also home to Mystery Lodge, a multimedia show based on an Expo 86 pavilion featuring a Native American storyteller.", "Disney's River Country. In 1989, Disney opened a second water park, Typhoon Lagoon. It had much more parking, many more slides, newer amenities, and was much larger. In 1995, Disney opened a third water park, Blizzard Beach, which was also much bigger than River Country.", "SeaWorld Ohio. The park opened as Geauga Lake's Wildwater Kingdom in 2008 but \"Geauga Lake\" was later removed leaving the current name, Wildwater Kingdom. The park remained operating until 2016. The waterpark has not featured a new attraction since 2006 and many remaining SeaWorld Ohio structures have been demolished. Harbor Theater, Shark Encounter, the Japanese Village, and the Triquarium remain standing but are unused, along with many other various buildings. Cedar Fair has not listed the nearby property for sale, which leaves room for future expansion to Wildwater Kingdom. On September 5, Wildwater Kingdom closed permanently.", "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. River Country water park closed on September 1, 2001.[CDC 14][44] Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in January 2008.[45] Pleasure Island's core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World.[46]", "Disney's River Country. As it did every year, the park closed at the end of the warm-weather season in November 2001, with the expectation that it would reopen in spring of 2002. On April 11, 2002, the Orlando Sentinel reported that “Walt Disney World’s first water park, River Country, has closed and may not reopen.\" Disney World spokesman Bill Warren stated that River Country could be reopened if ‘there’s enough guest demand.’”[5]", "Geauga Lake. In 2005, Cedar Fair invested $26 million in Wildwater Kingdom, a new water park on the former SeaWorld site, which resulted in the name being altered slightly to Geauga Lake & Wildwater Kingdom. The Wildwater Kingdom side had about six water slides and a children's water play area. The Hurricane Hannah area remained.[14]", "Disney's Art of Animation Resort. Disney's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks.", "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. At Walt Disney World, Mickey's Birthdayland closed on April 22, 1991, then reopened on May 26 as Mickey's Starland.[CDW2 2]324, 329, 333 In order to expand Disney World on wetland, on April 23, 1993, the company agreed to form a 8,500-acre (3,400 ha) wilderness preserve in Florida.[CDW2 3] The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1, 1994, by the US Army, then purchased on January 12, 1996, and later renamed Shades of Green.[CDW2 2]130 Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17, 1994.[CDW1 12] The third water park at Walt Disney World, Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened on April 1, 1995.[CDW3 1] In June 1995, the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995.[CDW3 2] Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot, the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28, 1995.[CDW3 3] In 1996, the Disney Institute opened on February 9,[CDW3 4] and the Boardwalk resort area opened on July 1.[CDW3 5] The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3.[CDW3 6] The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997, combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island.[CDW3 7] A fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened at Disney World the week of April 20, 1998.[30]", "Orange County, California. Other tourist destinations include the theme parks Disneyland and Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim and Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park. Since the 2011 closure of Wild Rivers in Irvine, the county is home to just one water park: Soak City in Buena Park. The Anaheim Convention Center is the largest such facility on the West Coast. The old town area in the City of Orange (the traffic circle at the middle of Chapman Ave. at Glassell) still maintains its 1950s image, and appeared in the That Thing You Do! movie.", "Six Flags White Water. Six Flags White Water was constructed by Silver Dollar City, a theme park company known today as Herschend Family Entertainment, as a corporate sibling to their White Water park in Branson, Missouri and their White Water (Now White Water Bay) waterpark in Oklahoma, and first opened in 1984. In June 1998, the park was the site of an E. coli outbreak, which sickened at least ten children,[2] including the son of then-Atlanta Braves baseball player Walt Weiss.[3] In May 1999, the park was sold to the group of limited partners that own the nearby Six Flags Over Georgia theme park, with the park becoming \"Six Flags White Water,\" and, like its sister park, being managed by Six Flags Theme Parks.[4] Today, the two parks operate together, despite being roughly 15 miles apart, with each offering promotions for the other.", "Disney's River Country. Positioned on the shore of Bay Lake, near Discovery Island, the park featured a rustic wilderness theme, complete with rocks and man-made boulders. It was described as an \"old-fashioned swimming hole\"[1] with \"a twist of Huckleberry Finn.\"[2] The original working title was \"Pop's Willow Grove.\"[3]", "Disney's Hollywood Studios. Disney's Hollywood Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division. Based on an idea by Marty Sklar, Randy Bright, and Michael Eisner, the park opened on May 1, 1989, as the Disney-MGM Studios Theme Park, and was the third of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World. Spanning 135 acres (55 ha), the park is dedicated to the facets of show business, including film, television, music, and theatre, drawing inspiration from the heyday of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s.", "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. In 1990, the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development.[CDC 4] This was announced as WestCOT in 1991, to be placed at the Disneyland Resort.[16] On July 31, 1990, a new 350-acre (140 ha) ocean-themed park and resort, Port Disney, was announced for Long Beach. Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal, five hotels, restaurants, and shopping area, costing $2 billion to build.[CDC 5] On December 12, 1991, Disney selected only one California project to go forward with, Disneyland Resort, which was to include the WestCOT Center, hotels, a shopping mall and a lake. [CDL5 1] Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992, and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation.[CDC 6] Mickey's Toontown, a new themed land at Disneyland, opened on January 24, 1993.[CDL5 2] Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the park's projected high cost. That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park, hotels and a retail district.[29]", "Disney's River Country. The park featured a sandy bottom and unique water filtering system using confluent water from adjacent Bay Lake, which was dammed off creating a natural-looking man-made lagoon. The park's water was at a higher level than the lake's, which was an effort to prevent lake water from going into the park.[4]", "Epcot. Epcot (originally named EPCOT Center) is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. It is owned and operated by the Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division. Inspired by an unrealized concept developed by Walt Disney, the park opened on October 1, 1982[2] and was the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World, after the Magic Kingdom. Spanning 300 acres (120 ha), more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park,[3] Epcot is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement, namely technological innovation and international culture, and is often referred to as a \"permanent world's fair\".[4][5] The park is divided into two sections: Future World, made up of eight pavilions, and World Showcase, themed to 11 world nations.", "Disney's River Country. On August 25, 2016, Disney announced that they would drain and fill in Upstream Plunge, the 330,000 gallon pool. There were no immediate plans to tear down any other part of the park.[7]", "Geauga Lake. The park changed ownership again in 2004 after a purchase by Cedar Fair. The park's SeaWorld portion was transformed into a water park in 2005, and together they became known as Geauga Lake and Wildwater Kingdom. On September 21, 2007, Cedar Fair announced the closing of the amusement park in 2008, and that the property would operate solely as a water park under the title Wildwater Kingdom. Cedar Fair announced Wildwater Kingdom would not reopen after the 2016 season.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction). Pirates of the Caribbean is a dark ride attraction at Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Park in Paris. The original version at Disneyland, which opened in 1967, was the last attraction whose construction was overseen by Walt Disney; he died three months before it opened. The ride, which tells the story of a band of pirates and their troubles and exploits, was replicated at the Magic Kingdom in 1973, at Tokyo Disneyland in 1983, and at Disneyland Paris in 1992. Each of the initial four versions of the ride has a different façade but a similar ride experience. A reimagined version of the ride, Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure, opened at the Shanghai Disneyland Park in 2016.", "The Haunted Mansion. Disney, however, rejected the idea of having a run-down building in his park.[1] He visited the Winchester Mystery House in San Jose, California, and was captivated by the massive mansion with its stairs to nowhere, doors that opened to walls and holes, and elevators.[2] Anderson envisioned stories for the mansion, including tales of a ghostly sea captain who killed his nosy bride and then hanged himself, a mansion home to an unfortunate family, and a ghostly wedding party with well-known Disney villains and spooks.[1] Imagineers Rolly Crump and Yale Gracey recreated Ken Anderson's stories in a studio at WED Enterprises.", "Magic Kingdom. Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, the park opened on October 1, 1971, as the first of four theme parks at the resort. Initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters.", "Frozen Ever After. Frozen Ever After is a dark water ride attraction in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. Part of the Norway Pavilion of the park's World Showcase section, the attraction features scenes inspired by Disney's 2013 animated film Frozen as well as the 2015 animated short Frozen Fever. It opened on June 21, 2016 and replaced the former Maelstrom attraction, utilizing the same ride vehicles and a similar track layout.", "Ebenezer Floppen Slopper's Wonderful Water slides. The park subsequently closed for good at the end of the 1989 season for unknown reasons. Neglected and abandoned since, the slides and wading pool have fallen into ruin. As of July 2009, the two large concrete slides have numerous cracks and splits in the concrete that have sprouted saplings that are 6 to 8 feet tall as of July 2009, the rubber foam lining has peeled off the slide walls and now lies jumbled in the slides, the slide walls are covered with graffiti, and the slides are also filled with tree branches and dirt, especially about 150 feet above the plunge pool where a retaining wall had recently collapsed and filled one of the slides to its rim with dirt and weeds. Both racers are cracked and peeled badly with surfacing missing in a few spots with more weeds and overgrowth sprouting from those, the body slides are choked with leaves and branches, the smaller inner tube slide has numerous saplings sprouting from its base and is also split and cracked pretty badly, and the wading pool is also cracked and full of weeds. Other retaining walls elsewhere in the park that once held elevated gardens continue to sag severely as of July 2009, and it has also been mentioned that the hill itself resembles \"an overgrown jungle.\"", "Seven Seas Lagoon. The Seven Seas Lagoon is a man-made lake at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Located south of the Magic Kingdom theme park, the Seven Seas Lagoon serves as a natural buffer between the Magic Kingdom and its parking lot and connects with the adjacent Bay Lake. The lake reaches a depth of 14 feet. The lagoon is used mainly for recreational boating, as well as by the resort's three Disney Transport ferryboats that transport guests between the Magic Kingdom and the Transportation and Ticket Center.", "Disney's River Country. On March 5, 2018, Disney officially filed permits for a new mystery development labeled \"Project 89\" to be built along Bay Lake and over the former River Country site.[8]", "Six Flags Discovery Kingdom. In April 2017, Six Flags entered into an agreement with the owner of Waterworld California in nearby Concord, to operate the water park, which was formerly owned by Six Flags.[8]", "Walt Disney World. Much of Walt Disney's plans for his Progress City were abandoned after his death after the company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city. The concept evolved into the resort's second theme park, EPCOT Center (renamed Epcot in 1996), which opened in 1982. While still emulating Walt Disney's original idea of showcasing new technology, it is closer to a world's fair than a \"community of tomorrow\". Some of the urban planning concepts from the original idea of EPCOT would instead be integrated into the community of Celebration much later. The resort's third theme park, Disney-MGM Studios (renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2008), opened in 1989 and is inspired by show business. The resort's fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened in 1998.", "Disney's River Country. In 2005, Disney officially announced that River Country would be closed permanently and would never reopen. River Country was left abandoned, instead of being demolished and is currently fenced off with signs up reading \"Sorry River Country is closed\".[6]", "RMS Queen Mary. Through the late 1980s and early 1990s the Queen Mary struggled financially. Disney pinned their hopes for turning the attraction around on Port Disney,[42] a huge planned resort on the adjacent docks. It was to include a theme park known as DisneySea, themed around the world's oceans. The plans eventually fell through; in 1992 Disney gave up the lease on the ship to focus on building what would become Disney California Adventure Park. The DisneySea concept was recycled a decade later in Japan as Tokyo DisneySea, with a recreated ocean liner resembling Queen Mary named the SS Columbia as the centrepiece of the American Waterfront area.", "Herschend Family Entertainment. HFE built several water parks in the 1980s which have since sold to other companies such as Wet 'n Wild, Frontier City, and Six Flags. White Water Branson, built in 1980, was the forerunner and is still owned by HFE; while the White Waters in Oklahoma City (1981), Grand Prairie, Texas (1982), Garland, Texas (1982) and Atlanta (1983) have been sold.", "Wet'n'Wild Toronto. Wet'n'Wild Toronto (formerly known as \"Sunshine Beach\" and later Wild Water Kingdom) is a water park in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1986, the 100-acre (0.40 km2) complex hosts a variety of attractions, including numerous water slides, a wave pool, a lazy river, a four lane zip-line and two kid's splash areas. [9] [10] The park is also home to a number of bars and food vendors and cabanas for parties.[11]" ]

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[ "Nandalal Bose. He was also famously asked by Jawaharlal Nehru to sketch the emblems for the Government of India's awards, including the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Shri.[10] Along with his students, Nandalal Bose took up the historic task of beautifying/decorating the original manuscript of the Constitution of India.[11]", "Preamble to the Constitution of India. The preamble-page, along with other pages of the original Constitution of India, was designed and decorated by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur who was at Shantiniketan with acharya Nandalal Bose at that time. Nandalal Bose endorsed Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's artwork without any alteration whatsoever. As such, the page bears Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's short signature Ram in Devanagari lower-right corner. The calligraphy was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.", "Nandalal Bose. He was given the work of illustrating the constitution of India", "Constitution of India. The assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The original Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda. It was published in Dehra Dun, and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India. The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India.[17] Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. It has undergone many amendments since its enactment.[18]", "Modern Indian painting. Raja Ravi Varma considered his work as \"establishing a new civilisational identity within the terms of 19th Century India\".[2]:147 He aimed to form an Indian canton of art in the manner of those of the classic Greek and Roman civilisations.[2] Varma's art came to play an important role in the development of the Indian national consciousness. Varma purchased a printing press which churned out oleograph copies of his paintings which graced the middle-class homes of India, many decades after he died.[2] Considered a genius in his heydey, within a few years of his passing, Varma's paintings came under severe strictures for mimicking Western art.[citation needed]", "State Emblem of India. In 1947, as the date of freedom for India and Pakistan approached, Jawaharlal Nehru gave charge of finding a suitable national emblem to Badruddin Tyabji, a civil servant, freedom fighter and member of the Constituent Assembly. Art schools all over the country were approached for designs, but none of them were found suitable as most were similar to the emblem of British Raj. Along with the Flag Committee headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Tyabji and his wife suggested the use the Ashoka Capital, with four lions on top and the Ashoka Chakra flanked by a bull and horse below. Tyabji's wife Surayya Tyabji drew it and sent it to the printing press at Viceregal lodge for printing. This design was selected and has remained the emblem of the Indian government ever since.[3]", "History of India. A steel engraving from the 1850s, which depicts the creative activities of Prajapati, a Vedic deity who presides over procreation and protection of life.", "Indian painting. A new trend in manuscript illustration was set by a manuscript of the Nimatnama painted at Mandu, during the reign of Nasir Shah (1500–1510). This represent a synthesis of the indigenous and the patronized Persian style, though it was the latter which dominated the Mandu manuscripts.[citation needed] There was another style of painting known as Lodi Khuladar that flourished in the Sultanate's dominion of North India extending from Delhi to Jaunpur.[citation needed]", "Constitution Day (India). The Government of India declared 26 November as Constitution Day on 19 November 2015 by a gazette notification. The Prime Minister of India made the declaration on 11 October 2015 while laying the foundation stone of the B. R. Ambedkar memorial in Mumbai.[2] The year of 2015 is the 125th birth anniversary of Ambedkar, who had chaired the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly and played a pivotal role in the drafting of the constitution[1] which was illuminated to become the most beautiful Constitution of the world by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha under the mentorship of Nandalal Bose. Previously this day was celebrated as Law Day.[3] 26 November was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar.[4]", "Indian painting. Raja Ravi Varma Shakuntala (1870); oil on canvas.", "Mughal painting. Mir Sayyid Ali's depiction of a young scholar in the Mughal Empire, reading and writing a commentary on the Quran, 1559.", "Constitution of India. It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[10] The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which, it held eleven sessions over 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.[11] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community.[citation needed] Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members.[citation needed]", "Akbar. The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Nine Jewels (Hindi: Navaratnas) of Akbar's royal court. It is stated that the book took seven years to be completed and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts, and all the paintings represented the Mughal school of painting, and work of masters of the imperial workshop, including Basawan, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in Indian art.[171]", "Raja Ravi Varma. Raja Ravi Varma[3][4] (29 April 1848 – 2 October 1906) was a celebrated Malayali Indian painter and artist. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of Indian art for a number of aesthetic and broader social reasons. Firstly, his works are held to be among the best examples of the fusion of European techniques with a purely Indian sensibility. While continuing the tradition and aesthetics of Indian art, his paintings employed the latest European academic art techniques of the day. Secondly, he was notable for making affordable lithographs of his paintings available to the public, which greatly enhanced his reach and influence as a painter and public figure. Indeed, his lithographs increased the involvement of common people with fine arts and defined artistic tastes among common people for several decades. In particular, his depictions of Hindu deities and episodes from the epics and Puranas have received profound acceptance from the public and are found, often as objects of worship, across the length and breadth of India.[citation needed]", "Modern Indian painting. The work of Varma was considered to be among the best examples of the fusion of Indian traditions with the techniques of European academic art, in the colonial-nationalistic framework of the 19th Century. He is most remembered for his paintings of beautiful sari-clad women, who were portrayed as shapely and graceful. Varma became the best-known allegorist of Indian subjects in his depiction of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.", "Ustad Mansur. Ustad Mansur was not the only artist in the Mughal court to illustrate flora and fauna. Other artists included Abu'l Hasan, Farrukh Beg, Govardhan, Inayat, Manohar, Muhammad Nadir, Murad and Pidarath. Jehangir considered Mansur and Abu'l Hasan to be exceptional artists.[17] Abu'l Hasan was given the titled of Nadir uz Zaman.[5] Several 17th-19th century artists have come to both imitate and copy his works (sometimes with his signature[18]), especially for export to Europe. It is therefore not easy to assess a true work by Ustad Mansur, which can in case of the chameleon (left) be done by taking in account the quality of the work. The painting is highly detailed and is presumed to be an Indian chameleon on account of the highly detailed view of the feet of the animal showing each foot exhibiting \"fused digits in opposed groups\", a lighter band by the edge of the mouth, and a line of white scales on the underside of the belly.[19]", "Constitution of India. On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented.[10] Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State), N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member) and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice, 1950–54). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). On D P Khaitan's death, T T Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee. A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947, which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years. Finally on 26 November 1949, the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete.[14] This day is celebrated as National Law Day[15] or Constitution Day.[16]", "Modern Indian painting. Post-1857, John Griffiths and John Lockwood Kipling (father of Rudyard Kipling) came out to India together; Griffith going on to head the Sir J. J. School of Art and being considered as one of the finest Victorian painters to come to India and Kipling went on to head both the J. J. School of Art and the Mayo School of Arts established in Lahore in 1878.[2][4]", "Amartya Sen. A 2001 portrait of Sen by Annabel Cullen is in Trinity College's collection.[39] A 2003 portrait of Sen hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in London.[40]\nIn 2011, he was present at the Rabindra Utsab ceremony at Bangabandhu International Conference Centre (BICC), Bangladesh. He unveiled the cover of Sruti Gitobitan, a Rabindrasangeet album comprising all the 2222 Tagore songs, brought out by Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal of Shurer Dhara School of Music.[41]", "Granville Austin. In 2011, in recognition for his writing on the framing and working of the Indian Constitution, Granville Austin was awarded a Padma Shri award, the fourth highest civilian honor of the Republic of India.[5][6] National Translation Mission of the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India has selected The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation for translation into Indian languages. The book has already been published in Telugu, Marathi, Punjabi and Odia languages.[7]", "Mughal painting. The scribe and painter of the Khamsa of Nizami manuscript for Akbar", "Modern Indian painting. Raja Ravi Varma died in 1906 at the age of 58. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of Indian art.", "Indian painting. Painters of these pictures were from the local society.\" Vaachhak \" was the famous painter of the time.Painters tried to make the subject of the manuscript live by these pictures so that the readers of the manuscript can enjoy reading.", "Modern Indian painting. Other famous painters like Narayan Shridhar Bendre, K.K.Hebbar, K. C. S. Paniker, Sankho Chaudhuri, Antonio Piedade da Cruz,[19][20] K. G. Subramanyan, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, Satish Gujral, Bikash Bhattacharjee, Jehangir Sabavala, Sakti Burman, A. Ramachandran, Ganesh Pyne, Nirode Mazumdar, Ghulam Mohammed Sheikh, Jahar Dasgupta, Prokash Karmakar, John Wilkins, Vivan Sundaram, Jogen Chowdhury, Jagdish Swaminathan, Jyoti Bhatt, Bhupen Khakhar, Jeram Patel, Narayanan Ramachandran, Paramjit Singh, Pranab Barua, Dom Martin (the Surrealistic Painter from Goa) and Bijon Choudhuri enriched the art culture of India and they have become the icons of modern Indian art. Women artists like B. Prabha, Shanu Lahiri, Arpita Singh, Anjolie Ela Menon and Lalita Lajmi have made immense contributions to Modern Indian Art and Painting. Art historians like Prof. Rai Anand Krishna have also referred to those works of modern artistes that reflect Indian ethos. Some of the acclaimed contemporary Indian artists include Nagasamy Ramachandran, Jitish Kallat, Atul Dodiya and Geeta Vadhera who has had acclaim in translating complex, Indian spiritual themes onto canvas like Sufi thought, the Upanishads and the Bhagwad Geeta.", "Jahangir. Jahangir was fascinated with art and architecture. Jahangir himself is far from modest in his autobiography when he states his prowess at being able to determine the artist of any portrait by simply looking at a painting. He also preserved paintings of Emperor Akbar's period. An excellent example of this is the painting of Musician Naubat Khan, son in law of legendary Tansen. It was the work of Ustad Mansur.\nAs he said:", "Ottoman Empire. Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (cilt) and paper marbling (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of tughra, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.", "Constituent Assembly of India. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.", "Printing in Goa. The earliest, surviving printed book in India is the Compendio Spiritual Da Vide Christaa (Spiritual Compendium of the Christian life) of Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira, the Portuguese Archbishop of Goa. It was printed by Joao Quinquencio in 1561 and re-edited by Manuel de Araujo in 1600, and was embellished with ornate woodcut initials on each opening chapter. This was followed by the printing of Garcia da Orta’s Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia on 10 April 1563 by Joao de Endem. In 1568, the first illustrated cover page (the illustration being done with the relief technique of woodblock) was printed in Goa for the book Constituciones Do Arcebispado De Goa.", "B. R. Ambedkar. Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was appointed by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution.[64]", "Constitution of India. \"If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people.\"[67]", "Constitution Day (India). Since 2015 is the 125th birth anniversary year of B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), who is known as the architect of the Indian constitution, the government decided in May 2015 to celebrate this year \"in a big way\".[5][6][7] A special committee chaired by Prime Minister of India was announced for year-long celebrations. Various programmes will be held by various ministries and departments throughout the year to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar.[8][6] As part of the celebrations while laying foundation stone for an Ambedkar memorial at the Indu Mills compounds in Mumbai in October 2015, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi announced that 26 November will be celebrated as \"Constitution Day\".[9][10][11][12] In November 2015, the government officially announced celebration of the day.[13]", "Artistic depictions of the partition of India. Azadi (Freedom). New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, and Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1975; London, Deutsch, 1977 ISBN 9780395194010." ]

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[ "Assumption of Mary. The Assumption of Mary was celebrated in the West under Pope Sergius I in the 8th century and Pope Leo IV confirmed the feast as official.[24] Theological debate about the Assumption continued, following the Reformation. But the people celebrated the Assumption as part of the cult of Mary that flourished from the Middle Ages. In 1950 Pope Pius XII defined it as dogma for the Catholic Church.[26] Catholic theologian Ludwig Ott stated, \"The idea of the bodily assumption of Mary is first expressed in certain transitus-narratives of the fifth and sixth centuries.... The first Church author to speak of the bodily assumption of Mary, in association with an apocryphal transitus B.M.V., is St. Gregory of Tours.\"[27] The Catholic writer Eamon Duffy states that \"there is, clearly, no historical evidence whatever for it.\"[28] However, the Catholic Church has never asserted nor denied that its teaching is based on the apocryphal accounts. The Church documents are silent on this matter and instead rely upon other sources and arguments as the basis for the doctrine.", "Assumption of Mary. In some versions of the story, the event is said to have taken place in Ephesus, in the House of the Virgin Mary. This is a much more recent and localized tradition. The earliest traditions say that Mary's life ended in Jerusalem (see \"Mary's Tomb\"). By the 7th century, a variation emerged, according to which one of the apostles, often identified as St Thomas, was not present at the death of Mary but his late arrival precipitates a reopening of Mary's tomb, which is found to be empty except for her grave clothes. In a later tradition, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event.[23] This incident is depicted in many later paintings of the Assumption.", "Assumption of Mary. The Assumption of Mary into Heaven (often shortened to the Assumption) is, according to the beliefs of the Catholic Church, Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy,[3] as well as parts of Anglicanism, the bodily taking up of the Virgin Mary into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.", "Assumption of Mary. In many places, religious parades and popular festivals are held to celebrate this day. In Canada, Assumption Day is the Fête Nationale of the Acadians, of whom she is the patron saint. Some businesses close on that day in heavily francophone parts of New Brunswick, Canada. The Virgin Assumed in Heaven is also patroness of the Maltese Islands and her feast, celebrated on 15 August, apart from being a public holiday in Malta is also celebrated with great solemnity in the local churches especially in the seven localities known as the Seba' Santa Marijiet. The hamlet of Praha, Texas holds a festival during which its population swells from approximately 25 to 5000 people.", "Assumption of Mary. The Assumption (Latin: assumptio, \"a taking\") was defined as dogma by the Catholic Church in 1950, when Pope Pius XII defined it ex cathedra in his Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus.[12] The Catholic Church itself interprets chapter 12 of the Book of Revelation as referring to it.[13] The earliest known narrative is the so-called Liber Requiei Mariae (The Book of Mary's Repose), which survives intact only in an Ethiopic translation.[14][15][16] Probably composed by the 4th century, this Christian apocryphal narrative may be as early as the 3rd century. Also quite early are the very different traditions of the \"Six Books\" Dormition narratives.[17] The earliest versions of this apocryphon are preserved in several Syriac manuscripts of the 5th and 6th centuries, although the text itself probably belongs to the 4th century.[18][19][20]", "Assumption of Mary. Teaching of the Assumption of Mary became widespread across the Christian world, having been celebrated as early as the 5th century and having been established in the East by Emperor Maurice around AD 600.[24] St. John Damascene records the following:", "Assumption of Mary. Prominent Catholic and Orthodox countries in which Assumption Day is an important festival but is not recognized by the state as a public holiday include Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Ireland, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia.", "Assumption of Mary. Assumption Day on 15 August is a nationwide public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, East Timor, France, Gabon, Greece, Georgia, Republic of Guinea, Haiti, Italy, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malta, Mauritius, Republic of Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro (Albanian Catholics), Paraguay, Poland (Polish Army Day), Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tahiti, Togo, and Vanuatu;[51] and was also in Hungary until 1948. In India, August 15th also celebrates Independence Day.[52]", "Assumption of Mary. The Latin Catholic Feast of the Assumption is celebrated on 15 August, and the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholics celebrate the Dormition of the Theotokos (the falling asleep of the Mother of God) on the same date, preceded by a 14-day fast period. Eastern Christians believe that Mary died a natural death, that her soul was received by Christ upon death, and that her body was resurrected on the third day after her death and that she was taken up into heaven bodily in anticipation of the general resurrection. Her tomb was found empty on the third day.", "Assumption of Mary. In the churches that observe it, the Assumption is a major feast day, commonly celebrated on 15 August. In many countries, the feast is also marked as a Holy Day of Obligation in the Roman Catholic Church.", "Assumption of Mary. The present Italian name of the holiday, \"Ferragosto\", may derive from the Latin name, Feriae Augusti (\"Holidays of the Emperor Augustus\"),[50] since the month of August took its name from the emperor. The Solemnity of the Assumption on 15 August was celebrated in the eastern Church from the 6th Century. The Catholic Church adopted this date as a Holy Day of Obligation to commemorate the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a reference to the belief in a real, physical elevation of her sinless soul and incorrupt body into Heaven.", "Assumption of Mary. \"St. Juvenal, Bishop of Jerusalem, at the Council of Chalcedon (451), made known to the Emperor Marcian and Pulcheria, who wished to possess the body of the Mother of God, that Mary died in the presence of all the Apostles, but that her tomb, when opened upon the request of St. Thomas, was found empty; wherefrom the Apostles concluded that the body was taken up to heaven.\"[25]", "Mary, mother of Jesus. The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.", "Assumption of Mary. The Assumption is important to many Catholic and Orthodox Christians as the Virgin Mary's heavenly birthday (the day that Mary was received into Heaven). Belief about her acceptance into the glory of Heaven is seen by some Christians as the symbol of the promise made by Jesus to all enduring Christians that they too will be received into paradise. The Assumption of Mary is symbolised in the Fleur-de-lys Madonna.", "Assumption of Mary. By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.[29]", "Mary, mother of Jesus. The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to Mary and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to Catholic and Orthodox teachings, at the end of her earthly life her body was assumed directly into Heaven; this is known in the Christian West as the Assumption.[6][7]", "Assumption of Mary. Many Catholics also believe that Mary first died before being assumed, but they believe that she was miraculously resurrected before being assumed. Others believe she was assumed bodily into Heaven without first dying.[35][36] As mentioned earlier, this aspect of the Assumption is not authoritatively described in Catholic theology, and either understanding may be legitimately held by Catholics, with Eastern Catholics observing the Feast as the Dormition.", "Assumption of Mary. Finally, he mentioned in the next paragraph \"that woman clothed with the sun [Revelation 12:1–2] whom John the Apostle contemplated on the Island of Patmos\" was support for the creating this dogmatic doctrine for Catholics.", "Assumption of Mary. In Pius XII's dogmatic statement, the phrase \"having completed the course of her earthly life,\" leaves open the question of whether the Virgin Mary died before her assumption or not. Mary's assumption is said to have been a divine gift to her as the 'Mother of God'. Ludwig Ott's view is that, as Mary completed her life as a shining example to the human race, the perspective of the gift of assumption is offered to the whole human race.[32]", "Italy. The Assumption of Mary coincides with Ferragosto on 15 August, the summer vacation period which may be a long weekend or most of the month.[325] Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the occasion of the festival of the local patron saint, for example: Rome on 29 June (Saints Peter and Paul) and Milan on 7 December (S. Ambrose).[326]", "Cajuns. \"Our Lady of the Assumption\" is Patroness of The Acadians (Cajuns). In 1638, the colonies of France, to include Acadie, and France were consecrated by the Pope and the King to Mary under the aforementioned title; the date of consecration was August 15 which is the Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and is a Holy Day of Obligation for Roman Catholics (Source 4).", "Assumption of Mary. In Anglicanism and Lutheranism, the feast is kept, but without official use of the word \"Assumption\". In the Armenian tradition, a cultural custom of blessing of the grapes is annually observed each 12 August in religious commemoration of the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos.[citation needed] In Eastern Orthodox churches following the Julian Calendar, the feast day of Assumption of Mary falls on 28 August.", "Council of Clermont. Urban's own letter, written in December 1095 and addressed to the faithful \"waiting in Flanders,\" does lament that \"a barbaric fury has deplorably afflicted and laid waste the churches of God in the regions of the Orient\". Urban does allude to Jerusalem, saying that this barbaric fury has \"even grasped in intolerable servitude its churches and the Holy City of Christ, glorified by His passion and resurrection\". He calls upon the princes to \"free the churches of the East\", appointing Adhemar of Le Puy as the leader of the expedition, to set out on the day of the Assumption of Mary (15 August 1096).[7]", "Assumption of Mary. It is also a public holiday in parts of Germany (Bavaria and Saarland) and Switzerland (in 14 of the 26 cantons). In Guatemala, it is observed in Guatemala City and in the town of Santa Maria Nebaj, both of which claim her as their patron saint.[53] Also, this day is combined with Mother's Day in Costa Rica and parts of Belgium.", "Assumption of Mary. The Protestant Reformer Heinrich Bullinger believed in the assumption of Mary. His 1539 polemical treatise against idolatry[45] expressed his belief that Mary's sacrosanctum corpus (\"sacrosanct body\") had been assumed into heaven by angels:", "Mary, mother of Jesus. The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, on December 8. In certain Anglo-Catholic parishes this feast is called the Immaculate Conception. Again, the Assumption of Mary is believed in by most Anglo-Catholics, but is considered a pious opinion by moderate Anglicans. Protestant minded Anglicans reject the celebration of these feasts.[76]", "Assumption of Mary. Within Anglican doctrine, the Assumption of Mary is either rejected, or regarded as adiaphora (\"a thing indifferent\"),[38] it therefore disappeared from Anglican worship in 1549, partially returning in some branches of Anglicanism during the 20th century under different names.[39] A Marian feast on 15 August is celebrated by the Church of England as a non-specific feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a feast called by the Scottish Episcopal Church simply \"Mary the Virgin\",[40][41][42] and in the USA-based Episcopal Church it is observed as the feast of \"Saint Mary the Virgin: Mother of Our Lord Jesus Christ\",[43]\nwhile other Anglican provinces have a feast of the Dormition[44] - the Anglican Church of Canada for instance marks the day as the \"Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary\",[2]", "Assumption of Mary. On 1 November 1950, in the Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus Pope Pius XII declared the Assumption of Mary as a dogma:", "Assumption of Mary. The New Testament contains no explicit narrative about the death or Dormition, nor of the Assumption of Mary, but several scriptural passages have been theologically interpreted to describe the ultimate fate in this and the afterworld of the Mother of Jesus (see below).[11]", "Mary, mother of Jesus. Her death is not recorded in the scriptures, but Catholic and Orthodox tradition and doctrine have her assumed (taken bodily) into Heaven. Belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary is a dogma of the Catholic Church, in the Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches alike, and is believed as well by the Eastern Orthodox Church,[58][59] the Coptic Orthodox Church, and parts of the Anglican Communion and Continuing Anglican movement.[60]", "Assumption of Mary. Psychologist Carl Jung, who was deeply interested in archetypes and comparative religion, celebrated that the Catholic Church had officially elevated the Virgin Mary (whom he noted as symbolizing the feminine principle) to standing with three masculine figures in the panoply of the church. (Jung: \"Answer to Job\")[citation needed]", "Assumption of Mary. Pope Pius XII deliberately left open the question of whether Mary died before her Assumption.[30][31]" ]

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[ "Don't Close Your Eyes (Keith Whitley song). \"Don't Close Your Eyes\" is a song written by Bob McDill, and recorded by American country music artist Keith Whitley. It was released in March 1988 as third single from his album of the same name. It peaked at number-one in the United States, and number 2 in Canada. Additionally, it was Billboard's number-one country single of the year 1988.[1]", "Don't Close Your Eyes (Keith Whitley song). On July 1, 2015 Billboard Magazine announced the release of \"Don't Close Your Eyes (Ashamed)\" a tribute to Keith Whitley on his 60th birthday. The song is performed by Shady Records recording artist Kxng Crooked fka Crooked I (from Slaughterhouse), Truth Ali, Jonathan Hay and Morgan McRae. \"I feel the rap verses really capture the emotional torment of the original,\" producer Jonathan Hay tells Billboard. \"As you may or may not know, Keith Whitley died from alcoholism -- Kxng Crooked talks about his own chilling battle with alcoholism in his verse,\" he adds of the evocative tribute. \"One of the main reasons I wanted to do this tribute is because I was raised in Kentucky, just like Keith Whitley,\" Hay continues. \"Being all over the United States, it seems Whitley is more iconic back home in the 'Bluegrass State'", "Don't Close Your Eyes (Keith Whitley song). The song was covered by Alan Jackson for Keith Whitley's 1995 tribute album, by Kellie Pickler for the deluxe edition of her 2008 self-titled second album, and by The Voice Season 6 contestant Jake Worthington for his audition song and fan-chosen final performance. Garth Brooks performed the song at the 50th CMA Awards whilst Whitley's widow Lorrie Morgan looked emotional in the audience.", "Don't Close Your Eyes (Keith Whitley song). The song has sold 404,000 digital copies in the United States as of November 2016.[2]", "Don't Close Your Eyes (Keith Whitley song). The music video was directed by Michael McClary and premiered in mid-1988.", "Don't Close Your Eyes (Keith Whitley song). The music video premiered on MTV News on August 27.[6]", "When I Close My Eyes (Keith Palmer song). \"When I Close My Eyes\" is the title of a country music song written by Nettie Musick and Mark Alan Springer. It was originally recorded by Keith Palmer on his 1991 self-titled debut album, and later by Restless Heart singer Larry Stewart on his 1993 debut album Down the Road. Kenny Chesney later recorded it on his 1996 album, Me and You. Released in December 1996 as that album's third and final single, it peaked at #2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, giving Chesney his fifth Top 40 country hit. Rhonda Vincent later covered the song on her album Back Home Again in 2000.", "When You Close Your Eyes. \"When You Close Your Eyes\" is a power ballad by Night Ranger from their 1983 album Midnight Madness.[1]", "I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes. \"I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in July 2009 as the third and final single from his 2009 album Feel That Fire. Bentley wrote the song with Brett Beavers.", "Keith Whitley. During the new recording sessions in 1987, Whitley started feeling that the songs he was doing were not up to his standards, so he approached RCA and asked if the project of 15 songs could be shelved. He asked if he could assert himself more with the songs and production. The new album, titled Don't Close Your Eyes, was released in 1988, and the album sold extremely well. The album contained one of the many songs that Whitley had a hand in writing in his years at Tree Publishing, \"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\". Also on the album was a remake of Lefty Frizzell's classic standard \"I Never Go Around Mirrors,\" and the song became a huge hit at Whitley's concerts. The first three singles from the album—\"When You Say Nothing at All,\" \"I'm No Stranger to the Rain,\" and the title cut—all reached number one on Billboard Magazine's country charts during the fall of 1988 and the winter of 1989, with the title track \"Don't Close Your Eyes\" being ranked as Billboard's No. 1 Country song of 1988. Shortly thereafter, \"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\" also earned Whitley his first and only Country Music Association award as a solo artist and a Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male.", "I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes. \"I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes\" debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 52. On the week of January 26, 2010, it peaked at number 2 on the country chart, making it the first single from this album to miss the top spot.", "Empty Hands and Heavy Hearts. Empty Hands and Heavy Hearts is the second full-length album by Texas melodic hardcore band Close Your Eyes, released on October 24, 2011, through Victory Records. It is the band's last album to feature lead vocalist Shane Raymond.", "Dreamland Express. Dreamland Express is the 18th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver released in June, 1985. The singles from this album were \"Dreamland Express\" and \"Don't Close Your Eyes Tonight\".", "Mike Ward (singer). Michael 'Mike' Joseph Ward (born 14 December 1990) is an English Country singer who took part in UK series 2 of The Voice as part of Tom Jones' team singing mostly country music and became finalist in the last Final 4 round.[1] Ward took part in the show after his mother Julie signed him up for the show without telling him.[2] He auditioned with the song \"Don't Close Your Eyes\" from Keith Whitley, with three of the four judges, Jessie J, Danny O'Donoghue and Sir Tom Jones turning their chairs. He opted to be in \"Team Tom\" and was his team's finalist in the competition singing \"Suspicious Minds\" solo and \"Green Green Grass of Home\" with Tom Jones. As a result of the public vote, he and Leah McFall were runners up, with the title going to Andrea Begley. Throughout the series, he was credited for trying to get country music get noticed in the UK.", "When I Close My Eyes (Keith Palmer song). \"When I Close My Eyes\" was the third and final single from Chesney's 1996 album Me and You. It debuted at number 74 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated December 21, 1996. Having charted for 21 weeks on that chart, it peaked at number 2 on the country chart dated April 19, 1997, behind Clay Walker's \"Rumor Has It\".", "Don't Pass Me By. The song has been covered by alt-country band the Gourds, by the Southern rock band the Georgia Satellites on their 1988 album, Open All Night,[7] and by the Punkles on their 2004 album, Pistol.[8]", "I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes. This song is a country ballad, in which the song's male narrator tells his lover that he \"want[s] to make [her] close [her] eyes\" (i.e., he wants to feel sexual arousal to the point that she closes her eyes to savor it).", "Close My Eyes Forever. \"Close My Eyes Forever\" is a duet by Lita Ford with Ozzy Osbourne from Ford's 1988 album Lita and later remixed and released as a single titled \"Close My Eyes Forever (remix)\" in 1989, with the single only differing from the album version in sound quality editing. The song was written by Ford and Osbourne as the result of an accident in the studio during which they both drank heavily and inadvertently wrote the lyrics to the song together.[1][2] This song is Ford's highest charting single, peaking at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1989 and also peaked at number twenty five on the U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. This song is also Osbourne's highest charting single of his solo career. It was one of four singles from the album, Lita.[3]", "Tennessee Waltz. Other artists who have recorded \"Tennessee Waltz\" (with the parent album): LaVern Baker (Woke Up This Mornin' 1993), Pat Boone (I'll See You in My Dreams/ 1962), Eva Cassidy (Imagine/ 2002), Holly Cole (Don't Smoke in Bed 1993), Connie Francis (Country & Western Golden Hits/ 1959), Emmylou Harris (Cimarron 1981), Tom Jones backed by The Chieftains (Long Black Veil 1995), (1995), Pete Molinari (Today, Tomorrow and Forever 2009), Anne Murray (Let's Keep It That Way 1978), Elvis Presley, Billie Jo Spears (Country Girl 1981), Lenny Welch, Kitty Wells (Kitty's Choice/ 1960), Dottie West (Feminine Fancy/ 1968), Margaret Whiting (Margaret/ 1958).[18]", "We Close Our Eyes. \"We Close Our Eyes\" is a song by British pop band Go West, composed by both members Peter Cox and Richard Drummie. Recognizable by its synthesizer hook, it was the first single from their début album Go West.", "When I Close My Eyes (Keith Palmer song). Chesney recorded an acoustic version of the song on his 1997 album I Will Stand.", "When I Close My Eyes (Keith Palmer song). Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic described Kenny Chesney's rendition of the song as \"a great soft rock crossover, tuneful and easy but never forced and not dripping with sentiment.\".[1] Deborah Evans Price of Billboard Magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it \"another pretty ballad.\" Price also described the production as having \"a simple, understated quality that places the focus on the lovelorn lyric and Chesney's evocative vocals.\" [2]", "If I Close My Eyes. Promotional edition 7\" single[6]", "Cook's Country. The theme music, \"Right Between Your Eyes\", is performed by the San Francisco bluegrass band, Hot Buttered Rum.[3]", "If I Close My Eyes. Standard edition 7\" single[4]", "Don't Cry, Joni. The song was also covered by Irish country singer Daniel O'Donnell with his sister Margo.[10][11]", "Dickey Lee. After the 1960s, Lee devoted his efforts to country music performing and songwriting. His 1970s country hits as a singer include two remakes of pop songs, Delaney & Bonnie's \"Never Ending Song of Love\" and Austin Roberts's \"Rocky\" (another bitter-sweet song, written by Jay Stevens of Springfield, MO – a.k.a. Woody P. Snow), in addition to original songs such as \"Angels, Roses, and Rain,\" and \"9,999,999 Tears.\" He also co-wrote several songs with Bob McDill, including \"Someone Like You\" (by Emmylou Harris), \"I've Been Around Enough To Know\" (first recorded by Jo-El Sonnier in 1973, but would became a #1 hit in 1984 for John Schneider), and \"The Door is Always Open\" (by several artists, most notably by Dave and Sugar).", "Close My Eyes Forever. The song was covered in 2013 by David Draiman's solo project Device with the part of Lita Ford being done by Lzzy Hale from Halestorm", "The Bluest Eyes in Texas. \"The Bluest Eyes in Texas\" (originally released as \"Bluest Eyes in Texas\") is a song written by Tim DuBois, Dave Robbins and Van Stephenson, and recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in May 1988 as the lead single from Restless Heart's album Big Dreams in a Small Town.", "When You Close Your Eyes. It reached number 14 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks charts in the U.S.", "Every Time I Close My Eyes. UK CD maxi single (6642492)[6]", "Story of the Year. Story of the Year recorded a cover of Waterproof Blonde's song \"Just Close Your Eyes\" for the WWE wrestling star Christian Cage. Their cover version was included in WWE Music album A New Day, Vol. 10 that was released on January 28, 2010." ]

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[ "White House Reconstruction. Fire: In August 1814 the White House was gutted by a fire set by British troops during the War of 1812; only a heavy rainstorm prevented the entire structure from being destroyed. By 1817 the building had been rebuilt. Key portions of the scorched wooden structure were re-used. Later in the 19th Century, used bricks were used in renovations and by 1948 were crumbling.[19]", "White House. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[29] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[29] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[30][31] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[32]", "American Civil War Museum. The White House was closed in 1976, to be fully restored to its wartime appearance. The restoration project was completed in 1988, gaining high marks from the preservation community for its accuracy and richness of detail.[citation needed] Reopened for public tours in June of that year, the White House featured extensive reproduction wall coverings and draperies, as well as significant numbers of original White House furnishings from the Civil War period.", "White House Reconstruction. The White House Reconstruction, also known as the Truman Reconstruction, was a comprehensive dismantling and rebuilding of the interior of the White House between 1949-1952. A century-and-a-half of wartime destruction and rebuilding, hurried renovations, additions of new services, technologies, an added Third Floor, and inadequate foundations brought the Executive Residence portion of the White House Complex to near-imminent collapse. In 1948 architectural and engineering investigations deemed it unsafe for occupancy and President Harry S. Truman, his family, and the entire residence staff were relocated across the street. For over three years the White House was gutted, expanded, and rebuilt. The scope, costs, and historical authenticity of the work were controversial, with the reconstruction being called both structurally essential, and a disaster.[1]", "White House. The White House as it looked following the conflagration of August 24, 1814", "White House Reconstruction. That year was an election year and the president feared that news of the collapsing White House would provide an undesirable metaphor for his administration. On September 30, 1948, the White House Architect announced that the White House's \"structural nerves\" had been damaged, the second floor would need to be rebuilt, but that overall the building was in \"good shape\". He estimated the cost of repairs might be $1 million.[17]", "White House. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban[2] in the neoclassical style. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage.[3] In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829.", "White House Reconstruction. When the Trumans moved into the executive mansion in 1945, they found it badly in need of repair after twelve years of neglect during the Depression and war. In 1946 Congress authorized $780,000 for repairs. The mansion's heaving floors and mysterious sounds had been known by staff and First Families for many years.[2] For the first two years of his presidency, according to White House photographer Abbie Rowe, President Truman heard \"ghosts\" roaming the halls of the Second Floor residence.[3][4] Government agencies had expressed concern about the condition of the building, including a 1941 report from the Army Corps of Engineers warning of failing wood structure, crumbling masonry, and major fire hazards. The report was dismissed by President Roosevelt.[5]", "White House Reconstruction. The First Family returned to the White House on the evening of March 27, 1952. It was ready for its residents, but the work was not complete. Deficiencies included the main kitchen not being operable in time for a state visit; some rooms without electrical outlets; drafty fireplaces rendering rooms unfit to sleep in; and kitchen sinks were found to be too small for the dinner service.[38]", "White House Reconstruction. On December 13, 1949, construction work began on site. There was no groundbreaking or commencement ceremony. Security fencing went around the work area and a solid screen provided privacy for the West Wing. Temporary sheds and buildings were erected on the South Lawn. By March 20, 1950, the removal of historic material slated for salvage had been completed. New underpinning foundations extending down 20 feet to better bearing material were hand dug under the existing exterior walls. Interior steel shoring was added to brace the exterior walls and support the existing Third Floor and roof. Demolition began with much of the material removed from the interior via chutes through window openings and by wheelbarrow. By mid-1950 the White House interior was essentially a shell encompassing over a million cubic feet of mostly empty space. By October the new, permanent steel structure was in place and construction of suspended concrete floors to replace the former wood and masonry structure began. For the following year-and-a-half, the new interior walls, doors, windows, wiring, pipes, services, and finishes were constructed.", "Burning of Washington. Fearful that there might be pressure to relocate the capital altogether, Washington businessmen financed the construction of the Old Brick Capitol, where Congress met while the Capitol was reconstructed from 1815 to 1819. Madison resided in The Octagon House for the remainder of his term. Reconstruction of the White House began in early 1815 and was finished in time for President James Monroe's inauguration in 1817.[45]", "White House. After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[33] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[17] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[34] An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[35] although this matter is one of great debate.[36] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[35] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.", "White House Reconstruction. Congress created the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion following the March 1949 recommendation of the president. It was granted authority to act on behalf of the federal government in the execution of the project, including responsibility for the White House and its site. It was composed of six men: two each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the House of Representatives. The president appointed Orr and Dougherty. Supporting them were a team of consulting architects, engineers, and contractors. It continued its work until October 1952.", "White House Reconstruction. 1902 Renovation: In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt engaged architect Charles F. McKim of McKim, Mead, and White for a major renovation. In addition to adding a “temporary” West Wing and upgrading interior finishes, the work included adding bathrooms, removing the west stair, expanding the second floor West Sitting Hall, and expanding the State Dining Room. This involved removing a load-bearing wall which had supported the floor and walls above and then hanging them from the existing attic (later Third Floor) and roof structure. Many structural deficiencies were noted and partially addressed in what McKim termed a \"nip and tuck\".[22]", "White House. Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[45] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[17] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951.[46] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[45] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$ 53 million in 2017).[47] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[45] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[17] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[17] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[48]", "White House Reconstruction. During 1949 the investigations were completed, the architectural and engineering design was finalized, and cost estimates concluding the early estimate of $1 million was inadequate. In addition to simply replacing the interior, the mansion was to be modernized, the Third Floor expanded, two basement levels added, and a major expansion of underground spaces for air conditioning and other services. The total number of rooms was nearly doubled to 132.[23] There was significant debate amongst Congressional committee members considering the project, including many in Congress who were outwardly hostile towards the president. Both Trumans lobbied in favor of preserving the exterior walls intact, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote a newspaper column advocating for its preservation, and the White House Architect also expressed his support.[24][25] The desire to seek the most economic solution was weighed against the costs of maintaining the White House's historic presence. In the autumn of 1949 Congress authorized funding of $5.4 million for the entire project to reconstruct the White House while keeping the exterior walls in place.", "White House Reconstruction. To bring the White House's history closer to the people, President Truman conducted the first television tour of the White House on April 22, 1952 and opened the mansion to public tours; previously tours were only by way of Congressional appointments.[43]", "Washington, D.C.. On August 24–25, 1814, in a raid known as the Burning of Washington, British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812. The Capitol, Treasury, and White House were burned and gutted during the attack.[25] Most government buildings were repaired quickly; however, the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868.[26]", "Blue Room (White House). The White House was completely gutted and rebuilt from 1950 to 1952 during the Harry S. Truman administration. When it came time to redecorate the Blue Room, Truman's designers selected for wall coverings a deep blue silk, which contained a pattern of gold urns draped with flowers.[9] The addition of the Truman Balcony provided shade to the oval portico outside the Blue Room.", "White House Reconstruction. The scope of the project involved the complete removal of the interior of the White House, except for the Third Floor, and included salvage and storage of critical interior elements, excavation of new basement levels, and construction of new foundations, steel and concrete structure, masonry interior walls with plaster finish and wood paneling, custom plaster moldings, refurbished and replacement windows, and new heating, ventilation, air conditioning, plumbing, electrical, and communications systems. The bulk of the work was to be accomplished within the exterior stone walls which were to be kept in place and repainted. Landscaping around the house was to be replaced. All workers were subjected to security clearance by the Secret Service. The West Wing was to be kept fully operational and occupied by the president and his staff. All work was to be completed for a total cost of $5.4 million and completed by late 1951 (in 660 days, approximately 22 months).[30]", "Executive Residence. Rebuilt after the burning of the White House in 1814, its walls remained bare brick and it was used as storage space.[50] President James Monroe's daughter was married in the East Room, at which time it was temporarily furnished, but it was not until the administration of John Quincy Adams that its walls were plastered and painted.[50] The East Room was finally completed in 1829 under President Andrew Jackson.[51] Major redecorations have occurred, but the room continues to serve its function as a site for large social events.", "War of 1812. The British commanders ate the supper that had been prepared for the President and his departmental secretaries after returning from hopeful glorious U.S. victory, before they burned the Executive Mansion; American morale was reduced to an all-time low. The British viewed their actions as retaliation for the destructive American invasions and raids into Canada, most notably the Americans' burning of York earlier in 1813. Later that same evening, a furious storm (some later weather experts called it a thunderstorm, almost a hurricane) swept into Washington, D.C., sending one or more tornadoes into the rough, unfinished town that caused more damage but finally extinguished the fires with torrential rains, leaving fire-blackened walls and partial ruins of the President's House, The Capitol and Treasury Department that were set alight the first night.[216] In addition, the combustibles used to finish off the Navy Yard destruction that the Americans had started, exploded, killing or maiming a large number of \"Red-Coats.\" The British left Washington, D.C. the day after the storm subsided.", "White House Reconstruction. By late 1948 three main options were considered for replacement of the White House:", "White House Reconstruction. Upon returning to the White House the day after winning the election, the president was informed that the Federal Works Agency was about to do what his political opponents could not: remove him from the White House. On November 7, 1948, the news was made public.[19] The Trumans departed town and within two weeks the White House was vacated. Furniture, staff, and the First Family moved into the White House guest house across Pennsylvania Avenue.", "White House. When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[38] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[39] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.", "White House Reconstruction. The Public Buildings Administration was asked to investigate the condition of the White House, but no action was taken until January 1948. After the commissioner of the Public Buildings Administration, which had responsibility for the White House, noticed the Blue Room chandelier swaying overhead during another crowded reception, he and the White House Architect conducted their own on-site investigation the next day. They discovered split and gouged-out beams supporting the ceiling and second floor above. He reported \"that the beams are staying up there from force of habit only.\"[10][11] The number of occupants in the second floor was restricted, temporary fixes were made to some of the beams, and scaffolding-type supports were erected throughout the First Family's second floor living quarters.", "White House Reconstruction. The style Winslow selected for the interior finishes of the re-created main public rooms was the Federal style from the 1800-1820 period of President Monroe's rebuilding. This was a reversal from the variety of styles added in the previous 120 years. Winslow incorporated more marble flooring and paneling for aesthetics and ease of maintenance. Some changes requested by the Trumans, such as brightening the State Dining Room by painting the dark wood paneling \"Federalist\" celadon green, were also popular in the mid-20th Century.", "White House Reconstruction. Schedule: A contributing factor common to most of this work was a rushed schedule. Presidents facing a four-year term didn't have the time, and in many cases the patience, to provide the time needed for the design and construction to be done in a proper manner. For the 1902 renovation, the president allowed just four months.[22]", "White House Reconstruction. There were multiple contributing factors that led to the White House's pending collapse in 1948, including original and subsequent design flaws, improper materials, multiple small and major renovations carried out by many presidents to accommodate differing tastes, needs, and advances in technologies. Collectively they were described as a \"slow murder\" of the White House.[20]", "White House. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. In the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.", "United States Capitol. Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812. George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda, rising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor, Bulfinch, also played a major role, such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper.", "White House Reconstruction. The original schedule called for the work to be finished in late 1951. By the end of 1950 the contractor estimated it would take until 1952. John McShain encountered the president at a football game on January 1, 1951 and jokingly told the president he would be in the White House that summer. The president took him seriously, announced it publicly, and invited Princess Elizabeth to visit in the autumn. The state visit occurred, but not in the (unfinished) White House. In early 1952 the president directed that the work needed to be complete by early April in time for a state visit by Queen Juliana of The Netherlands. Soon afterwards he announced he would be returning to the White House two weeks earlier than previously stated." ]

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[ "Euclid. Euclid (/ˈjuːklɪd/; Greek: Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs [eu̯.klěː.dɛːs]; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria[1] to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the \"founder of geometry\"[1] or the \"father of geometry\". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century.[2][3][4] In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and rigor.", "René Descartes. Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system (see below) was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.", "Euclidean geometry. Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements. Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians,[1] Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system.[2] The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language.[3]", "Geometry. Euclid took an abstract approach to geometry in his Elements, one of the most influential books ever written. Euclid introduced certain axioms, or postulates, expressing primary or self-evident properties of points, lines, and planes. He proceeded to rigorously deduce other properties by mathematical reasoning. The characteristic feature of Euclid's approach to geometry was its rigor, and it has come to be known as axiomatic or synthetic geometry. At the start of the 19th century, the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries by Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1792–1856), János Bolyai (1802–1860), Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and others led to a revival of interest in this discipline, and in the 20th century, David Hilbert (1862–1943) employed axiomatic reasoning in an attempt to provide a modern foundation of geometry.", "Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma. Swati Tirunal, now thirteen... took up a book of mathematics and selecting the forty-seventh proposition of Euclid sketched the figure on a country slate but what astonished me most was his telling us in English that Geometry was derived from the Sanskrit, which as Jaw metor (Jyamiti) to measure the earth and that many of our mathematical terms were also derived from the same source such as hexagon, heptagon, octagon... This promising boy is now, I conclude, sovereign of the finest country in India for he was to succeed to the Musnud (throne) the moment he had attained his 16th year.[3]", "Geometry. In the 7th century BC, the Greek mathematician Thales of Miletus used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem.[1] Pythagoras established the Pythagorean School, which is credited with the first proof of the Pythagorean theorem,[14] though the statement of the theorem has a long history.[15][16] Eudoxus (408–c. 355 BC) developed the method of exhaustion, which allowed the calculation of areas and volumes of curvilinear figures,[17] as well as a theory of ratios that avoided the problem of incommensurable magnitudes, which enabled subsequent geometers to make significant advances. Around 300 BC, geometry was revolutionized by Euclid, whose Elements, widely considered the most successful and influential textbook of all time,[18] introduced mathematical rigor through the axiomatic method and is the earliest example of the format still used in mathematics today, that of definition, axiom, theorem, and proof. Although most of the contents of the Elements were already known, Euclid arranged them into a single, coherent logical framework.[19] The Elements was known to all educated people in the West until the middle of the 20th century and its contents are still taught in geometry classes today.[20] Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC) of Syracuse used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave remarkably accurate approximations of Pi.[21] He also studied the spiral bearing his name and obtained formulas for the volumes of surfaces of revolution.", "Geometry. Geometry (from the Ancient Greek: γεωμετρία; geo- \"earth\", -metron \"measurement\") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer.", "Geometry. In the early 17th century, there were two important developments in geometry. The first was the creation of analytic geometry, or geometry with coordinates and equations, by René Descartes (1596–1650) and Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665). This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and a precise quantitative science of physics. The second geometric development of this period was the systematic study of projective geometry by Girard Desargues (1591–1661). Projective geometry is a geometry without measurement or parallel lines, just the study of how points are related to each other.", "Euclidean geometry. René Descartes (1596–1650) developed analytic geometry, an alternative method for formalizing geometry which focused on turning geometry into algebra.[29]", "Euclidean geometry. Archimedes (ca. 287 BCE – ca. 212 BCE), a colorful figure about whom many historical anecdotes are recorded, is remembered along with Euclid as one of the greatest of ancient mathematicians. Although the foundations of his work were put in place by Euclid, his work, unlike Euclid's, is believed to have been entirely original.[28] He proved equations for the volumes and areas of various figures in two and three dimensions, and enunciated the Archimedean property of finite numbers.", "Geometry. Geometry arose independently in a number of early cultures as a practical way for dealing with lengths, areas, and volumes. Geometry began to see elements of formal mathematical science emerging in the West as early as the 6th century BC.[1] By the 3rd century BC, geometry was put into an axiomatic form by Euclid, whose treatment, Euclid's Elements, set a standard for many centuries to follow.[2] Geometry arose independently in India, with texts providing rules for geometric constructions appearing as early as the 3rd century BC.[3] Islamic scientists preserved Greek ideas and expanded on them during the Middle Ages.[4] By the early 17th century, geometry had been put on a solid analytic footing by mathematicians such as René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat. Since then, and into modern times, geometry has expanded into non-Euclidean geometry and manifolds, describing spaces that lie beyond the normal range of human experience.[5]", "Geometry. Geometry has also had a large effect on other areas of mathematics. For instance, the introduction of coordinates by René Descartes and the concurrent developments of algebra marked a new stage for geometry, since geometric figures such as plane curves could now be represented analytically in the form of functions and equations. This played a key role in the emergence of infinitesimal calculus in the 17th century. The subject of geometry was further enriched by the study of the intrinsic structure of geometric objects that originated with Euler and Gauss and led to the creation of topology and differential geometry.", "James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell was fascinated by geometry at an early age, rediscovering the regular polyhedra before he received any formal instruction.[25] Despite winning the school's scripture biography prize in his second year, his academic work remained unnoticed[25] until, at the age of 13, he won the school's mathematical medal and first prize for both English and poetry.[29]", "Omar Khayyam. Rashed and Vahabzadeh (2000) have argued that because of his thoroughgoing geometrical approach to algebraic equations, Khayyam can be considered the precursor of Descartes in the invention of analytic geometry.[18]:248 In The Treatise on the Division of a Quadrant of a Circle Khayyam applied algebra to geometry. In this work, he devoted himself mainly to investigating whether it is possible to divide a circular quadrant into two parts such that the line segments projected from the dividing point to the perpendicular diameters of the circle form a specific ratio. His solution, in turn, employed several curve constructions that led to equations containing cubic and quadratic terms.[18]:248", "Geometry. In the Middle Ages, mathematics in medieval Islam contributed to the development of geometry, especially algebraic geometry.[26][27] Al-Mahani (b. 853) conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra.[28] Thābit ibn Qurra (known as Thebit in Latin) (836–901) dealt with arithmetic operations applied to ratios of geometrical quantities, and contributed to the development of analytic geometry.[4] Omar Khayyám (1048–1131) found geometric solutions to cubic equations.[29] The theorems of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), Omar Khayyam and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi on quadrilaterals, including the Lambert quadrilateral and Saccheri quadrilateral, were early results in hyperbolic geometry, and along with their alternative postulates, such as Playfair's axiom, these works had a considerable influence on the development of non-Euclidean geometry among later European geometers, including Witelo (c. 1230–c. 1314), Gersonides (1288–1344), Alfonso, John Wallis, and Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri.[30]", "Geometry. Two developments in geometry in the 19th century changed the way it had been studied previously. These were the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries by Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, János Bolyai and Carl Friedrich Gauss and of the formulation of symmetry as the central consideration in the Erlangen Programme of Felix Klein (which generalized the Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries). Two of the master geometers of the time were Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866), working primarily with tools from mathematical analysis, and introducing the Riemann surface, and Henri Poincaré, the founder of algebraic topology and the geometric theory of dynamical systems. As a consequence of these major changes in the conception of geometry, the concept of \"space\" became something rich and varied, and the natural background for theories as different as complex analysis and classical mechanics.", "Democritus. Democritus was also a pioneer of mathematics and geometry in particular. We only know this through citations of his works (titled On Numbers, On Geometrics, On Tangencies, On Mapping, and On Irrationals) in other writings, since most of Democritus's body of work did not survive the Middle Ages. Democritus was among the first to observe that a cone and pyramid with the same base and height has one-third the volume of a cylinder or prism respectively .", "Carl Friedrich Gauss. Bolyai's son, János Bolyai, discovered non-Euclidean geometry in 1829; his work was published in 1832. After seeing it, Gauss wrote to Farkas Bolyai: \"To praise it would amount to praising myself. For the entire content of the work ... coincides almost exactly with my own meditations which have occupied my mind for the past thirty or thirty-five years.\"", "Proto-Cubism. Louis Vauxcelles along similar lines dubbed Princet, sarcastically, the 'father of Cubism': \"M. Princet has studied at length non-Euclidean geometry and the theorems of Riemann, of which Gleizes and Metzinger speak rather carelessly. Now then, M. Princet one day met M. Max Jacob and confided him one or two of his discoveries relating to the fourth dimension. M. Jacob informed the ingenious M. Picasso of it, and M. Picasso saw there a possibility of new ornamental schemes. M. Picasso explained his intentions to M. Apollinaire, who hastened to write them up in formularies and codify them. The thing spread and propagated. Cubism, the child of M. Princet, was born\".[65]", "Algebra. In the context where algebra is identified with the theory of equations, the Greek mathematician Diophantus has traditionally been known as the \"father of algebra\" but in more recent times there is much debate over whether al-Khwarizmi, who founded the discipline of al-jabr, deserves that title instead.[15] Those who support Diophantus point to the fact that the algebra found in Al-Jabr is slightly more elementary than the algebra found in Arithmetica and that Arithmetica is syncopated while Al-Jabr is fully rhetorical.[16] Those who support Al-Khwarizmi point to the fact that he introduced the methods of \"reduction\" and \"balancing\" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation) which the term al-jabr originally referred to,[17] and that he gave an exhaustive explanation of solving quadratic equations,[18] supported by geometric proofs, while treating algebra as an independent discipline in its own right.[19] His algebra was also no longer concerned \"with a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study\". He also studied an equation for its own sake and \"in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems\".[20]", "Geometry. In the nearly two thousand years since Euclid, while the range of geometrical questions asked and answered inevitably expanded, the basic understanding of space remained essentially the same. Immanuel Kant argued that there is only one, absolute, geometry, which is known to be true a priori by an inner faculty of mind: Euclidean geometry was synthetic a priori.[51] This dominant view was overturned by the revolutionary discovery of non-Euclidean geometry in the works of Bolyai, Lobachevsky, and Gauss (who never published his theory). They demonstrated that ordinary Euclidean space is only one possibility for development of geometry. A broad vision of the subject of geometry was then expressed by Riemann in his 1867 inauguration lecture Ãœber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen (On the hypotheses on which geometry is based),[52] published only after his death. Riemann's new idea of space proved crucial in Einstein's general relativity theory, and Riemannian geometry, that considers very general spaces in which the notion of length is defined, is a mainstay of modern geometry.", "János Bolyai. János Bolyai (Hungarian: [ˈjaːnoʃ ˈboːjɒi]; 15 December 1802 – 27 January 1860) or Johann Bolyai,[2] was a Hungarian mathematician, one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry — a geometry that differs from Euclidean geometry in its definition of parallel lines. The discovery of a consistent alternative geometry that might correspond to the structure of the universe helped to free mathematicians to study abstract concepts irrespective of any possible connection with the physical world.[3]", "Ibn al-Haytham. In mathematics, Alhazen built on the mathematical works of Euclid and Thabit ibn Qurra and worked on \"the beginnings of the link between algebra and geometry.\"[99]", "Archimedes. Archimedes of Syracuse (/ˌɑːrkɪˈmiːdiːz/;[2] Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 – c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.[3] Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time,[4][5] Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola.[6]", "Greek mathematics. Euclid, fl. 300 BC, collected the mathematical knowledge of his age in the Elements, a canon of geometry and elementary number theory for many centuries.", "Algebra. By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them.[4] Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations,[10] and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation.", "René Descartes. One of Descartes' most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry. He \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\". He also \"pioneered the standard notation\" that uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 2 used in x2 to indicate x squared.[105][106] He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in our system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities. European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra. Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by mathematicians such as Pacioli, Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari. Equations of degree higher than the third were regarded as unreal, because a three-dimensional form, such as a cube, occupied the largest dimension of reality. Descartes professed that the abstract quantity a2 could represent length as well as an area. This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians, such as Vieta, who argued that it could represent only area. Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in envisioning a more general science of algebra or \"universal mathematics,\" as a precursor to symbolic logic, that could encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning.[107]", "History of mathematics. Eudoxus (408–c.355 BC) developed the method of exhaustion, a precursor of modern integration[49] and a theory of ratios that avoided the problem of incommensurable magnitudes.[50] The former allowed the calculations of areas and volumes of curvilinear figures,[51] while the latter enabled subsequent geometers to make significant advances in geometry. Though he made no specific technical mathematical discoveries, Aristotle (384–c.322 BC) contributed significantly to the development of mathematics by laying the foundations of logic.[52]", "Pierre de Fermat. Together with René Descartes, Fermat was one of the two leading mathematicians of the first half of the 17th century. According to Peter L. Bernstein, in his book Against the Gods, Fermat \"was a mathematician of rare power. He was an independent inventor of analytic geometry, he contributed to the early development of calculus, he did research on the weight of the earth, and he worked on light refraction and optics. In the course of what turned out to be an extended correspondence with Pascal, he made a significant contribution to the theory of probability. But Fermat's crowning achievement was in the theory of numbers.\"[20]", "History of mathematics. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel postulate of Euclidean geometry no longer holds. The Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky and his rival, the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai, independently defined and studied hyperbolic geometry, where uniqueness of parallels no longer holds. In this geometry the sum of angles in a triangle add up to less than 180°. Elliptic geometry was developed later in the 19th century by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann; here no parallel can be found and the angles in a triangle add up to more than 180°. Riemann also developed Riemannian geometry, which unifies and vastly generalizes the three types of geometry, and he defined the concept of a manifold, which generalizes the ideas of curves and surfaces.", "Geometry. Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways. For instance, the theory of perspective showed that there is more to geometry than just the metric properties of figures: perspective is the origin of projective geometry.", "Euclidean geometry. Apollonius of Perga (ca. 262 BCE–ca. 190 BCE) is mainly known for his investigation of conic sections." ]

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[ "Cummins B Series engine. The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) 6BT, aka the Cummins \"12-valve\" was the first member of the \"B\" engine family to be used in a light truck vehicle. The 6BT used Robert Bosch GmbH fuel systems, injector, and VE rotary pump and P7100 inline injection pumps. Some early 6BTs were supplied with CAV rotary pumps instead, before the Bosch system became the sole standard. This engine started life in 1984 designed as an agricultural engine, for use in Case agricultural equipment.[3][full citation needed]\nAfter 1989, the 6BT engine was used in light duty, medium duty and select heavy duty trucks and buses.[citation needed]", "Ram Pickup. A natural-gas-powered engine debuted for 1995 but was not popular and was only used in fleet vehicles on a very limited production run. The Cummins B Series engine was switched from the 12-valve to the 24-valve (ISB) version in the middle of the 1998 model-year Dodge Rams due to emissions regulations. The ISB featured a new computer-controlled injection pump, 24-valve head design, and an electronic injection pump.", "Cummins B Series engine. Every Cummins powered Dodge Pickup (since initial production in 1989) has come equipped with a turbocharger. It uses a gear-drive camshaft for extra reliability. Also specified is a deep-skirt engine block and extra-strong connecting rods. A Holset turbocharger is used. The original B Series was updated with 24 valves and an electronic engine management system to become the ISB in 1998.", "Ram Pickup. A Cummins B Series engine was also added to the engine lineup in 1989.[3] For the first time, Dodge saw sales increase. The Cummins was coupled with a heavier-duty version of the A727 automatic or a 5-speed manual transmission and is available on 250 and 350 pickups and pickup-based chassis-cab trucks. This diesel engine option was different from the optional diesels in Ford and GM trucks. The Cummins features direct injection, whereas the Ford and GM diesels feature indirect injection; this also means that the Cummins does not have to rely on glowplugs. The Cummins is a straight-six engine, whereas the GM and Ford diesel engines are V8 engines. Additionally, the Cummins is turbocharged, while the 6.2 L GM/DDC and 7.3 IDI Ford/IH are naturally aspirated.[3]", "Clessie Cummins. Clessie Lyle Cummins (December 27, 1888 - August 17, 1968) was the founder of the Cummins Engine Co. He was an entrepreneur who improved on existing diesel engines, created new diesel engine designs, was awarded 33 United States patents for his inventions, and set five world records for endurance and speed for trucks, buses and race cars.", "Cummins B Series engine. For the 2003 model year, the Cummins was introduced with Bosch high pressure common rail fuel injection, again increasing power output. On automatic equipped vehicles, the 47RE was upgraded internally to increase durability and torque capacity, now known as the 48RE. The 2003 rating for the Dodge truck was released at 305 horsepower (224 kW; 308 PS) and 555 foot-pounds (752 N·m). Midway through the 2004 model year, the Cummins 600 was introduced, producing 325 horsepower (242 kW; 330 PS) at 2,900 rpm and 600 pound-feet (813 N⋅m) at 1,600 rpm. This engine was noticeably quieter than the previous engines.[4][non-primary source needed]", "Clessie Cummins. In 1919, Clessie Cummins founded the Cummins Engine Co, Inc (now Cummins, Inc). At the time of its founding, Cummins developed the first engine as licensee of R.M. Hvid Co. This engine was a 6 horsepower (4.5 kW) model designed for use on the farm.", "Clessie Cummins. Cummins' times with the engine company continued to be tumultuous even after this success, but money was being made. Cummins' first successful engine design, the Model F [(1924)], was originally used for marine applications, but came to be used in other applications. In 1931 Cummins entered the Indianapolis 500 with a self-built (3,389 pound, 361 cubic-inch) four cylinder, three-valve, 85 horsepower (63 kW), Model U marine diesel that he installed into Model A Duesenberg. The Cummins Duesy averaged 86 miles per hour (138 km/h) and completed the race on 1 tank of fuel, without any pit stops! [Car & Driver Magazine. October 2003]", "Cummins B Series engine. The Cummins B Series is a family of American straight-four and straight-6 diesel piston engines that are manufactured by Cummins. This particular family, or Series, is one of the most prolific offerings for On-Highway, Automotive purposes from Cummins, and is widely used for the Off-Highway Markets it serves such as Construction, Mining, Agriculture, Marine and Industrial sectors to name a few.", "AMC straight-6 engine. The 232 cu in (3.8 L) (231.9 cu in / 3,801 cc) 232 was produced from 1964 to 1979. The 232 was the base six-cylinder engine on many models through 1979, and even towards the end of its usage was considered reasonably modern in design.[6]", "Overhead valve engine. However, in 2002, Chrysler introduced a new pushrod engine: a 5.7-litre Hemi engine. The new Chrysler Hemi engine presents advanced features such as variable displacement technology and has been a popular option with buyers. The Hemi was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2003 through 2007. Chrysler also produced the world's first production variable-valve OHV engine with independent intake and exhaust phasing. The system is called CamInCam,[9] and was first used in the 600 horsepower (447 kW) SRT-10 engine for the 2008 Dodge Viper.", "Cummins B Series engine. Type\nInline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection \nDisplacement \n359 cu in\nBore\n4.02 inches (102.0 mm)\nStroke\n4.72 inches (120.0 mm) \nCompression ratio\n17.2:1\nMax power325hP at 2900 rpm\nMax torque610 lb-ft at 1600 rpm\nValve gear\nIn block cam with 4 valves per cylinder\nCylinders\n6 in line\nCylinder head\ncast iron\nCylinder block cast iron\nCamshaft drive\nGear driven \nCrankshaft\nForged steel, seven main bearings\nEngine management\nBosch\nFuel injection\nHigh pressure diesel direct injection, symmetrical combustion chamber\nEmission control\nElectric fuel control\nEmission level\n?\nTurbocharger\nHolset \nLubrication system\nWet sump\nSystem capacity with filter\n3 Gallons\nCooling system\n?\nSystem capacity incl heater\n?", "Clessie Cummins. During the 1920s, many of the company's engines were used in yachts—a market that vanished during the Great Depression of the 1930s. At that time, his employer and patron, Will Irwin, owned a controlling interest in the Purity Supreme supermarket chain, in California. Cummins convinced Irwin to install diesel engines in the fleet of trucks used to deliver food and staples to the stores. The diesel trucks were far better at managing the California mountains than the gasoline engines of that time,[citation needed] and were much more durable[citation needed] and economical to run.[citation needed] The success at Purity Supreme attracted considerable attention, and the over-the-road diesel truck industry thus came into being. Thereafter, the growth of Cummins Engine came mainly from supplying high-speed, high-torque engines, which buyers specified for installation in semi-trailer tractors from most of the major manufacturers.", "Cummins B Series engine. The B Series is known for the popular 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) B Series Cummins engines. The engine was originally designed by Cummins and Case Corporation for construction machinery applications, and gained much of its popularity after appearing in the Dodge Ram, in 1989.", "Cummins B Series engine. Type\nInline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection \nDisplacement \n408 cu in\nBore\n4.21 inches (107.0 mm)\nStroke\n4.88 inches (124.0 mm) \nCompression ratio\n17.3:1\nMax power\n385HP at 2800 rpm\nMax torque 930 lb-ft at ~1600 rpm\nValve gearOHV with 4 valves per cylinder\nCylinders\n6 in line\nCylinder head\nCast iron\nCylinder block\nCast iron\nCamshaft drive\nGear driven \nCrankshaft\nForged steel, seven main bearings\nEngine management\nBosch\nFuel injection\nHigh pressure diesel direct injection with 7-hole injectors\nEmission control\nExhaust gas recirculation and Diesel particulate filter\nEmission level\n?\nTurbocharged arger\nHolset (variable)\nLubrication system\nWet sump\nOil System capacity with filter\n3 Gallons\nCooling system\n?\nSystem capacity incl heater\n?", "AMC straight-6 engine. American Motors' first straight-six engine was the 195.6 cu in (3.2 L). It was produced from 1952 through 1965 in both overhead valve (OHV) and flathead (L-head) side-valve versions.", "Cummins B Series engine. Type\nInline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection \nDisplacement \n359 cu in\nBore\n4.02 inches (102.0 mm)\nStroke\n4.72 inches (120.0 mm) \nCompression ratio\n17.5:1\nMax power\n215HP at 2500 rpm\nMax torque440 lb-ft at 1600 rpm\nValve gear\nIn block cam with 2 valves per cylinder\nCylinders\n6 in line\nCylinder head\nCast iron\nCylinder block\nCast iron\nCamshaft drive\nGear driven \nCrankshaft\nForged steel, seven main bearings\nEngine management\nBosch\nFuel injection\nHigh pressure diesel direct injection\nEmission control\nNone\nEmission level\n?\nTurbocharger\nHolset \nLubrication system\nWet sump\nSystem capacity with filter\n3 Gallons\nCooling system\n?\nSystem capacity incl heater\n?", "Cummins B Series engine. Midway through model year 1998, the Dodge Ram switched from the 6BT to the ISB to meet updated emissions requirements. Like other ISB's, these engines started out using the Bosch VP44 rotary injection pump. The VP44 setup meant that timing and fuel could be precisely controlled, which led to cleaner emissions. However, VP44 failure rates were higher than the older P7100 injection pump. The compression ratio in these engines was 17.2:1. The 1998–2000 ISB was rated at 215 horsepower (160 kW; 218 PS) and 420 pound-feet (569 N⋅m) when equipped with the 47RE automatic transmission. The 1998 ISB was rated at 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with the manual transmission. The 1999–2000 ISB was rated at 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with a manual transmission. For the 2001–2002 model years, a standard output and a high output ISB Cummins engine were offered. The standard output, which was the same as the previous engines was rated to 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with either a manual transmission or automatic. The high output ISB was rated at 245 horsepower (183 kW; 248 PS) and 505 pound-feet (685 N⋅m), with only a NV5600 six-speed manual transmission available. The high output engine was different in a few ways from the standard output engine; it had higher compression (17.1:1), powdered metal valve seat inserts, a larger flywheel, the Bosch fuel system was reworked to allow higher fuel flows, and fuel-injection timing was altered.", "Clessie Cummins. Clessie Cummins continued to innovate until his death. He identified the problem of vehicle brakes overheating and becoming non-functional during long, steep downhill descents. As a result, he designed and patented the first compression release engine brake. The design was first offered to Cummins, but Jacobs was ultimately the company with which he partnered. In 1954, the product was and still is sold under the Jake Brake name by Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Inc. As he approached eighty years of age, he designed, built, and ran in his basement shop a new concept engine.", "Mitsubishi Triton. Four-wheel drive was added for 1982. This created the Power Ram 50 in the US, as in Dodge's nomenclature the \"Power Ram\" name was used for four wheel drive models. A turbo diesel engine was available in US models between 1983 and 1985. The 1983 turbodiesel was fitted with a TC05 non-wastegated turbo and produced 80 hp (60 kW) and 125 lb·ft (169 N·m) torque. The 1984–85 turbodiesels were fitted with a TD04 wastegated turbo which resulted in 86 hp (64 kW) and 134 lb·ft (182 N·m) torque.", "Mack Trucks. Mack started making diesels in 1938, in 1957 the END and turbocharged ENDT 673 diesel were introduced. This 672 cu in (11.0 L) I6 engine family was successful, and remained in production for over 30 years.", "Cummins B Series engine. The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) ISB (Interact System B) is one of the largest straight-six engines used for light truck vehicles and school buses, and the improved high output 600 version was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2004.", "Cummins B Series engine. One unusual feature of the ISB is that it is a multi-valve pushrod engine design. The engine displaces 5,883 cubic centimetres (359.0 cu in), with a 102.0 millimetres (4.02 in) cylinder bore and 120.0 millimetres (4.72 in) piston stroke. A turbocharger is used to increase the output in the high-compression (17.2:1 in recent versions) diesel. It is an all-iron engine with forged steel connecting rods, an assembled camshaft, and a cast aluminum intake manifold. The engine is produced in Columbus, Indiana.", "Nissan Navara. In 2014 Nissan released a concept truck with a 2.8-liter Inline-four engine Cummins Diesel engine paired with a ZF 8HP transmission.[19]", "Kawasaki MULE. The MULE 2500 series was introduced in 1992 and featured a new 617 cc (37.65 cu in) V-twin engine with a fan cooled CVT.[1] The 2500 series also featured four wheel self-adjusting hydraulic brakes and introduced a high mounted air intake system for the engine and transmission that drew air through the rear cab frame tubes.[2] The two-seat compact model 550 followed in 1996 and a turf version of that model, known as the 520, followed in 1999.[1] The first diesel MULE with a 953 cc (58.2 cu in) three-cylinder engine was introduced in 1999 as part of the 2500 series.[1]", "Cummins B Series engine. Appearing in the 1989–1998 Dodge Ram pickup truck, it became a popular alternative to the large V8 gasoline engines normally used in full-size pickup trucks, since it produced the torque at low engine speeds, and significantly better fuel mileage. During that time, the Dodge Ram was the only diesel pickup that did not rely on glowplugs for cold weather starting.[3]", "Ram Pickup. Pre-1994 Cummins-engined Dodge pickups are often termed a \"1st Gen Cummins\".", "Duramax V8 engine. RPO LB7 (engine code \"1\") was first introduced in 2001 and continued until early-2004. It is a 32-valve design with high-pressure common-rail direct injection and an experimental composite design cylinder head. The most common issue with the LB7 is injector failure, so common that a special policy bulletin was issued (#04039B). Fuel leaked and entered the crankcase, causing oil dilution. Early on, customers came forward complaining of severe overheating, and in some situations, blown head gaskets. Initially GM denied it was a problem, but after being sued by a consumer group, GM relented and included overheating and blown head gaskets as a warranted item.", "Ford Modular engine. The 1993–1998 4-valve engines featured cylinder heads with two intake ports per cylinder (split-port) and variable runner length intake manifolds with either vacuum or electrically activated intake manifold runner controls (IMRC) depending on application. The engine was revised for 1999 with new cylinder heads featuring tumble-style intake ports (one intake port feeding two intake valves), new camshaft profiles, and fixed runner-length intake manifolds. These changes resulted in more power, torque and a broader power-band when compared to the earlier 4-valve engines.[7]", "Honda Gold Wing. The GL1200's competitors were becoming more numerous. Last of the big Japanese manufacturers to do so, Suzuki finally entered the marketplace in 1985 with their full-dress tourer, the GV1400 Cavalcade with a DOHC, four valves per cylinder, V4 engine. In 1986 Yamaha enlarged the Venture's V4 engine to 1300cc, and Kawasaki introduced the ZG 1200 Voyager XII with a four-valve, DOHC, Inline-four engine.[76]", "Ram Pickup. Engine offerings continued over from the first-generation Ram and were the 3.9 L V6, 5.2 L V8, 5.9 L V8, and 5.9 L I6 Cummins turbo diesel. Added to the line up was a new 488 cubic inch 8.0L V10 engine designed as an alternative for those who wanted superior pulling power but did not want a diesel. The new V10 and Cummins turbo diesel could only be had in the 2500 and higher designation models. Models were now the 1500 half-ton, 2500 three-quarter-ton, and 3500 dual-rear-wheel one-ton in both 2- and 4-wheel drive. 1500 Rams offered both 6.5- and 8-foot (2 and 2.4 m, respectively) boxes. 2500 Rams offered 6.5-foot (2.0 m) boxes with club or quad Cabs.", "High-voltage direct current. An enhancement of this arrangement uses 12 valves in a twelve-pulse bridge. The AC is split into two separate three phase supplies before transformation. One of the sets of supplies is then configured to have a star (wye) secondary, the other a delta secondary, establishing a 30° phase difference between the two sets of three phases. With twelve valves connecting each of the two sets of three phases to the two DC rails, there is a phase change every 30°, and harmonics are considerably reduced. For this reason the twelve-pulse system has become standard on most line-commutated converter HVDC systems built since the 1970s." ]

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[ "Call Me by Your Name (film). The Asian-inspired paintings, maps, and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan.[79] Books used in background were published before 1982.[46] The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area.[8][79] A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion's garden.[46] In public places, the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983,[46] and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time.[46] Guadagnino did not want the film to \"look like a reflection on the 80s, [...] when it becomes period.\"[13] His team performed extensive research, with an assist from the residents of Crema, by entering people's houses and collecting their pictures of the '80s.[13][80] Chen Li, a Chinese woman who lives in Milan, served as graphic designer. She wrote the titles in the opening credits, in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman's personal items.[46]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In the United States, the film began its limited run on November 24, 2017 at four theaters: The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City, and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles.[114] The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend—a per-theater average of $101,219.[115][116] It was the highest average of 2017, the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December,[117] and had the best per-screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain (2005).[115][118] In its second weekend, the film grossed $281,288,[119][120] with an \"excellent\" per-screen average of $70,320.[121][122] The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend, grossing $291,101 for a \"solid\" $32,345 per-theater average.[123] It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend, averaging $16,398.[94]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2017,[25] and in the United States on November 24, 2017.[93] It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on December 15, 2017,[94] and then to 114 theaters on December 22.[95] It hit 174 theaters on January 12, 2018,[96] before going into wide release, just days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony, on January 19, 2018, reaching 815 theaters.[97][98] The film was opened in Italy on January 25;[99][100] special screenings will be take place in Crema on January 27 and 29.[100][101]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In the United Kingdom, the film opened on October 27, 2017 and earned £231,995 ($306,000) in its opening weekend, from 112 screens,[126] including £4,000 from previews.[127] After ten days, it had made a total of £568,000 ($745,000),[128] before reaching the $1 million mark (£767,000) in its third weekend.[129][130] As of 10 January 2018[update], the film has grossed $1,776,942 in the United Kingdom.[4]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim.[131][91] It received a ten-minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall, the longest recorded in the festival's history.[29][132] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer.\"[133] It was the best-reviewed limited release and second best-reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site.[134][135] On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[136] It was the year's fifth-best rated film on Metacritic.[137]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007, when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman's novel. Ivory had been set to co-direct the film, but ended up writing the script and producing instead. Guadagnino, who came on board as a location consultant, eventually became director and producer. The film was financed by several international companies, and principal photography took place in Crema, Italy in May and June 2016. Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35-mm film.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film was shot primarily in Crema,[14][25] and in the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano. It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy, described by the weather reports as a \"once-in-century rain.\"[48] The pre-production in Crema was fast:[10] a search for extras began there in March and April.[55][56] Scenes from Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from May 17,[57][58] before moving to Crema on June 1.[59] Additional outdoor scenes were shot at the Palazzo Albergoni on December 4, 2016.[60][61] Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production, including the Crema Cathedral.[57][62] Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure, scheduled for May 30 and 31.[63] Two days' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather.[62] Production in Crema cost €18,000,[64] with a promotion campaign that cost €7,500.[65] Filming also took place at the Grottoes of Catullus by Lake Garda in Sirmione,[66] the Cascate del Serio in Bergamo,[67] and in two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema: Montodine and Ripalta.[8][60]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 romantic coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman. It is the third and final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in Northern Italy in 1983, Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), a 17-year-old living in Italy, and his father's American assistant, Oliver (Armie Hammer). The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film differs from its source material in a number of ways. While the novel serves as a memory-piece from Elio's perspective, the filmmakers behind Call Me by Your Name chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline, a \"much more efficient\" solution, to help the audience understand the characters and \"reflect the essence of the book.\"[8][16] The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema, Lombardy, where Guadagnino lives.[8][28] He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983—which he explained was a year, \"in Italy at least, when everything that was great about the '70s is definitely shut down\", and one in which the characters \"are in a way untouched by the corruption of the '80s—in the U.S., Reagan, and in the UK, Thatcher\".[29][18] Mr. Perlman's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to \"an art historian/archeologist type.\"[8][28]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct, but he declined, citing a busy schedule.[8][11] A native of northern Italy, he was first hired as a location consultant instead,[12][13] to help \"put the movie together from the Italian side.\"[14] Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory—without any contractual agreement yet in place.[9][14] Ivory accepted the offer,[9] and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay.[7][15] Guadagnino, who has described the novel as \"a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things,\"[16] wrote the adaptation with Ivory, while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to \"really fine-tune it\".[14][17] It took place at Ivory's house, Guadagnino's kitchen table in Crema, and sometimes in New York.[18] Ivory hardly met the director during the process, as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash (2015).[15]", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino. The screenplay, written by James Ivory, is based on André Aciman's 2007 novel of the same name. Set in Italy in 1983, the film follows Elio (Timothée Chalamet), an American-Italian Jewish boy, and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a visiting American Jewish scholar, and their ensuing romantic relationship. Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles. Sayombhu Mukdeeprom served as the cinematographer and Sufjan Stevens contributed three songs to the soundtrack.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small-town life.[8] Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers, and often cooked and showed films for them in his house.[6] Hammer and Chalamet, who did not have to do a screen test together,[16][68] met for the first time during the production in Crema.[50][8] They spent a month together before filming began,[50] watched Mike Tyson documentaries and went to local restaurants,[23][40] to build character development.[50] \"We’d hang out with each other all the time, because we were pretty much the only Americans there, and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another,\" Chalamet recalled.[42] In the first two days of production, Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script.[18] Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal.[68] The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting, and spent several days shooting nude.[69] \"I’ve never been so intimately involved with a director before. Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me,\" Hammer said.[32]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In revising Ivory's draft of the script, Guadagnino removed the voice-over narration and a considerable amount of nudity.[16][12] The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively, stating that \"it kills the surprise\".[16] Toward the end of the novel, the two protagonists go off on a trip to Rome together, which lasts an entire chapter.[15] Because of the limited budget, Ivory and the producers came up with several variations, including the idea to have \"everyone else leave and they are alone in the house\"; and changed into \"another kind of a little trip\", where they spend \"some time together away from the house\".[15] Ivory had to cut down Mr. Perlman's speech at the end of the film, but was committed to keeping it in the script.[34] Ivory described the scene where Elio confronts his feelings for Oliver as one of the most important moments, capturing the \"euphoric passion and nervousness\" of their first love.[35]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted about 32–34 days.[48][46] It began on May 9, 2016, shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States,[49] and was completed in June 2016.[50][37] The process occurred quietly,[51] with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks.[52][53] The director's first cut of the film was four hours long.[54][20] Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano took only a month—between June and July,[14] the fastest Guadagnino had edited.[50]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). In response to a note from Elio, Oliver leaves a note on Elio's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight. Elio spends the day with Marzia, all the while longing to see Oliver. Finally, at midnight, he approaches Oliver on the patio. The two make love for the first time. During the next few days, they grow closer, having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret. In bed, Oliver tells Elio, \"Call me by your name and I'll call you by mine\". They become more intimate both physically and emotionally. On one occasion, Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open, and when Oliver discovers it, he tries to take a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio. Completely smitten with Oliver by this point, Elio starts avoiding Marzia.", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017.[1] Sony Pictures Classics gave the film a limited release in the United States on November 24, 2017,[2][3] before a wide release on January 19, 2018.[4] Its $101,219 per theater average was the highest opening average of the year,[5] and so far has earned $40 million at the worldwide box office, against a production budget of $3.5 million.[2][6] Call Me by Your Name received widespread acclaim, particularly for its direction, cinematography, screenplay, music, and performances. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 272 reviews and judged 96% of them to be positive.[7] Metacritic calculated a weighted average score of 93/100 based on 51 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[8] Call Me by Your Name was Metacritic's fifth-best reviewed film of 2017.[9]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The main location for the Perlmans' residence was an uninhabited 17th-century mansion in Moscazzano.[8] The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it, so he made a film at the place instead.[78][20] Six weeks before production, the crew—including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone—gradually decorated the house with furniture, objects, and decoration inspired by the characters.[78][8] Much of the furniture, including the dishes and glassware from the '50s, belonged to Guadagnino and Visconti's parents. \"That made it cozy and personal,\" Visconti said, \"I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by.\"[79]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order,[18][70] which allowed the filmmakers to \"witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor\".[71] The scene where Mr. Perlman delivered an educational speech to Elio was filmed the day before shooting wrapped.[23][18] Stuhlbarg spent months to prepare for the scene,[23][45] one that Guadagnino wanted to make \"as simple as possible\" by taking less setups and \"let the actors be.\"[72] According to Fasano, the scene took three takes, where Stuhlbarg was \"on three different levels of getting emotional.\"[71] During the dancing sequence, Hammer had to perform in front of \"50 extras off camera,\" with the music being turned down to record the dialogue. \"That was not fun, I don't really enjoy dancing,\" Hammer said.[40] The filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and shot the scene where Elio confronts his feelings for Oliver in one take, to provide the flexibility and the \"flow of emotion\" that a cut scene could not.[73] Chalamet was listening to \"Visions of Gideon\", one of the original songs written for the film, in an earpiece, while filming the final sequence,[74][75] in which the director asked him to perform for three variations, one per take.[76]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative, largely for Sony Pictures' \"misleading\" use of a still of Chalamet and Garrel instead of focusing on the protagonist's relationship.[110] Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as \"an attempt to 'straight-wash' the movie's predominant same-sex romance\",[111] while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a \"disastrous attempt to push Oscar-buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story,\" and said the advert \"belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness\".[112] Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its nationwide expansion on January 19, 2018.[97]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2017 and in the United States on November 24. The film received widespread critical acclaim and several accolades, with particular praise to its performances, screenplay, direction, and music. At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\")[5]. At the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay. Chalamet was also nominated for a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Writing in The Hollywood Reporter, Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an \"extremely sensual [...] intimate and piercingly honest\" adaptation of Aciman's novel. He further called Chalamet's performance \"the true breakout of the film\".[138] Peter Debruge of Variety said the film \"advances the canon of gay cinema\" by portraying \"a story of first love [...] that transcends the same-sex dynamic of its central couple.\" He compared Guadagnino's \"sensual\" direction to the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon, while putting the film \"on par with the best of their work.\"[87] David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction, which helps the film in \"match[ing] the artistry and empathy\" of Carol (2015) and Moonlight (2016).[139] Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg's performance \"puts a frame around the movie's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore,\" and called it \"one of his finest\" to date. He extolled the work as one of \"many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné.\"[140]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Sayombhu Mukdeeprom, who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino's Antonia (2015), served as the director of photography.[26][53] He read Aciman's novel before receiving the script, and spent time walking around the filming locations to \"get a feeling for everything [...] to see the color, to see how the light changed during the day, and input it into my data.\"[77] Lighting is an important factor in Mukdeeprom's work, as he needs the light to be engaged with the characters.[26] In order to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name,[14] he had to create completely artificial light, due to the heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot.[26][48] Mukdeeprom had to adapt his technical approach to the weather condition, \"so I had to order a package of lights. I ended up with 15Ks, down to 2.5,\" he said.[77] The cinematographer also connected to the actors during the scene; when they finished shooting the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio, Mukdeeprom was crying in a corner of the room.[14] The film was shot using 35 mm film and a single lens, a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg in order to \"solidif[y] the point of view,\"[24] and make \"the tension of the performance come off the screen.\"[3]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After seeing an early galley of André Aciman's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007, American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published.[6] Before developing it into a film, the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation, which he accepted.[7] Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008.[8] They soon found themselves in development hell:[9] they met with three different sets of directors and writers but could not find anyone who would commit to the project.[6][10] Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult.[6][10]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino found that the lyricism of Sufjan Stevens' work resonated with him.[26] The director initially asked Stevens to narrate the film through the older Elio's perspective, and record an original song for Call Me by Your Name, \"almost as a break in the narrative\".[74][26] Stevens declined the voiceover role,[74] and eventually contributed three songs to the soundtrack: \"Mystery of Love\", \"Visions of Gideon\", and a new rendition of \"Futile Devices\" with piano.[16] Stevens took inspiration from the script, the book, and conversations with the director about the characters.[26] He submitted the songs a few days before shooting began. Surprised by the result, the director listened to them with the actors and Fasano on-set.[8][50] Call Me by Your Name marks Stevens' first contributions to a feature film soundtrack.[82] A soundtrack album was digitally released under Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on November 3, 2017[83] and physically on November 17.[84] It features songs by Stevens, The Psychedelic Furs, Loredana Bertè, Bandolero, Giorgio Moroder, Joe Esposito, and F. R. David, with compositions by John Adams, Frank Glazer, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Maurice Ravel.[85]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). During Hanukkah, Elio receives a phone call from Oliver. Oliver tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married. After they hang up, a pained Elio sits by the fire. A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017.[86][87] Prior to its premiere, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $6 million.[88] The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group.[89] International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International, a French company, which showed the promo reel for the film at the American Film Market in November 2016.[19][90] It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 13, 2017, the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2017,[91][50][14] and the New York Film Festival on October 3, 2017.[92]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year.[149][150] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\").[151] The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards for Best Film, Best Director for Guadagnino, Best Leading Actor for Chalamet and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory[152]. It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay.[153] It led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with most nominations, garnering six, among them Best Feature, Best Director, Best Male Lead, Best Supporting Male, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing.[154] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet, and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer.[155] At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.[156] The film garnered four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, and Best Adapted Screenplay.[157]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Oliver and Elio grow distant in the subsequent days. Elio begins an affair with Marzia, a local girl around his own age. Seeking reconciliation, Elio slips a note under Oliver’s bedroom door, with a plan to meet at midnight. At midnight, Elio enters Oliver’s room, where they have sex. Elio feels guilty about the encounter, and decides that he cannot continue his relationship with Oliver.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Twenty years after their first meeting and one year before the narrator’s present, Oliver visits Elio’s family home in Italy. They recall their time together; Elio informs Oliver that his father has died, and that he has spread his ashes all over the world. The novel concludes with Elio, as the narrator, remarking to the reader that if Oliver remembered everything as he says he did, he should once more \"look me in the face, hold my gaze, and call me by your name.\"", "The People's Court. Then the opening was changed to:", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino has described Call Me By Your Name as a family-oriented film for the purpose of \"transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together.\"[17] He never saw it as a \"gay\" movie, but rather calls it a film about the \"beauty of the newborn idea of desire, unbiased and uncynical,\" and reflecting his motto of living \"with a sense of joie de vivre\",[24][14] in which \"we should always be very earnest with one's feelings, instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves\".[23] The director attempted to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming-of-age films, in which growth is often portrayed as a result of resolving certain preconceived dilemmas—such as having to choose between two lovers.[13] He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment, rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy,[24] a specific approach inspired by À Nos Amours (1983), directed by Maurice Pialat.[13][16] As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters' behavior and identity,[26] Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film, in order to keep the tone as planned, saying, \"I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love […] It was important to me to create this powerful universality, because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful—enlightens you, elevates you.\"[27]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015).[23][11] The film represents a departure from his previous work, as on it he took a \"non-aggressive\" and simple approach; he has said this is \"the most calm\" movie he has made.[14][24] Despite being a literary adaptation, many scenes in the film play out wordlessly. \"Words are part of what's going on, but it's not necessarily what's going on underneath. I think this film celebrates the underneath,\" he said.[8] Guadagnino considers the film an \"homage to fathers,\" referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him—Jean Renoir, Jacques Rivette, Éric Rohmer, and Bernardo Bertolucci.[25]" ]

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[ "John the Apostle. Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament — the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the \"disciple whom Jesus loved\" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in John 20:2. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the \"Beloved Disciple\". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200.[2][3] Some[by whom?] doubt that the \"Gospel of John\" was even written by an individual named \"John\" (Ἰωάννης or יוחנן). Nevertheless, the notion of \"John the Evangelist\" exists, and is still considered by some the same as the Apostle John.", "New Testament. The First Epistle of John is traditionally held to have been composed by John the Apostle (the author of the Gospel of John) when the writer was in advanced age. The epistle's content, language and conceptual style indicate that it may have had the same author as the Gospel of John, 2 John and 3 John.[91] Eusebius claimed that the author of 2nd and 3rd John was not John the Apostle, but an \"elder John\" which refers either to the apostle at an advanced age or a hypothetical second individual (\"John the Elder\").[92] Scholars today are divided on the issue.", "Third Epistle of John. The Third Epistle of John, often referred to as Third John and written 3 John or III John, is the antepenultimate book of the New Testament and attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John. The Third Epistle of John is a private letter composed to a man named Gaius, recommending to him a group of Christians led by Demetrius, which had come to preach the gospel in the area where Gaius lived. The purpose of the letter is to encourage and strengthen Gaius, and to warn him against Diotrephes, who refuses to cooperate with the author of the letter.", "First Epistle of John. The First Epistle of John, often referred to as First John and written 1 John, is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament, and the fourth of the catholic epistles. It is attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two Johannine epistles. This epistle was probably written in Ephesus in AD 95–110.[1] The work was written to counter docetism, which is the belief that Jesus did not come \"in the flesh\", but only as a spirit. It also defined how Christians are to discern true teachers: by their ethics, their proclamation of Jesus in the flesh, and by their love.[1]", "New Testament. There is a tradition that the Apostle John was the author of the Gospel of John. Traditionalists (such as Biblical commentators Albert Barnes and Matthew Henry) claim that the writer of the Gospel of John himself claimed to be an eyewitness in their commentaries of John 21:24 and therefore the gospel was written by an eyewitness;[52][53] however, this idea is rejected by the majority of modern scholars.[54]", "Second Epistle of John. The Second Epistle of John, often referred to as Second John and often written 2 John, is a book of the New Testament attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John.", "First Epistle of John. The epistle is traditionally held to have been composed by John the Evangelist, at Ephesus,[13] when the writer was in advanced age. The epistle's content, language and conceptual style are very similar to the Gospel of John, 2 John, and 3 John, indicating that they were written by the same author.[1] Indeed, at the end of the 19th century scholar Ernest DeWitt Burton wrote that there could be \"no reasonable doubt\" that 1 John and the gospel were written by the same author,[14] and Amos Wilder has said that, \"Early Christian tradition and the great majority of modern scholars have agreed on the common authorship of these writings, even where the author has not been identified with the apostle John.\"[2]", "John the Apostle. The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous author.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] According to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel \"contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions\".[24] F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an \"emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority\".[25] Bart D. Ehrman, however, does not think the gospel claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events.[17][26][27]", "John the Apostle. Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel of John had been attributed to the Apostle John. However, most modern critical scholars have their doubts.[7][8] Some scholars place the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85;[9][page needed] John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50–55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul.[10]:pp.284,307 Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages.[11]:p.43 Most contemporary scholars consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD, and with an earliest possible date of AD 75-80.[12] \"...a date of AD 75-80 as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel\". Other scholars think that an even later date, perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 - 100), is applicable.[13]", "Gospel of John. Although the Gospel of John is anonymous,[1] Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle, son of Zebedee and one of Jesus' Twelve Apostles. The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books,[2] along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not necessarily written by the same author.[Notes 1]", "Disciple whom Jesus loved. Nevertheless, while some modern academics continue to share the view of Augustine and Polycrates,[13][14]\na growing number do not believe that John the Apostle wrote the Gospel of John or indeed any of the other New Testament works traditionally ascribed to him, making this linkage of a 'John' to the beloved disciple difficult to sustain.[4]", "John the Apostle. In his Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John. The revelation of John could only be what is now called the book of Revelation.[4] The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades earlier. The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary. John probably knew and undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist.[5] Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that \"two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder\" and, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos, it was \"later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus\",[6] presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style.", "New Testament people named John. Nevertheless, many ancient sources and many modern scholars identify John the Apostle as the author of some or all of the Johannine books, thereby claiming apostolic authority for them. Thus, John the Apostle is identified with John the Evangelist, probably also John the Elder, and, with still less certainty, John the Revelator, and also with the John who survived to old age in Ephesus.", "Third Epistle of John. 3 John was almost certainly written by the same author who wrote 2 John, and likely 1 John as well.[20] This individual may have been John the Evangelist himself or someone else, perhaps John the Presbyter, though according to scholar C. H. Dodd, \"If we attempt to ... identify the anonymous author of these epistles with some known individual, we have little but surmise to go on.\"[21]", "John the Apostle. Some modern higher critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, and John of Patmos were three separate individuals.[34] These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John. For one, the author of Revelation identifies himself as \"John\" several times, but the author of the Gospel of John never identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that \"vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel\".[35]", "Authorship of the Bible. John 21:24 identifies the author of the Gospel of John as \"the beloved disciple,\" and from the late 2nd century tradition, first attested by Irenaeus, this figure, unnamed in the Gospel itself, was identified with John the son of Zebedee.[92] Today, however, most scholars agree that John 21 is an appendix to the Gospel, which originally ended at John 20:30–31.[93] The majority of scholars date the Gospel of John to c. 80–95,[71][94] and propose that the author made use of two major sources, a \"Signs\" source (a collection of seven miracle stories) and a \"Discourse\" source.[95]", "New Testament people named John. The Acts of John, an apocryphal Gnostic work thought to have been composed around the late 2nd century, paints a rich, full narrative about John that was profoundly influential on later sources. Here we find the first explicit identification with the son of Zebedee, the story of the attempted execution by boiling oil also reported by Tertullian,[83] the manner of John’s natural death, and a great deal more.[84] From the 3rd century onward, legends about John abound, with little hope of untangling any truth from the fiction.", "Apostles. Although the Gospel of John is anonymous,[36] Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle, son of Zebedee and one of Jesus' Twelve Apostles. The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books,[37] along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not necessarily written by the same author.[Notes 2]", "New Testament people named John. Only in Revelation does the text itself name its author as John;[38] the other Johannine works are ascribed to John only through their attached titles and other external references.", "New Testament people named John. The fourth of the gospels is of John, one of the disciples. To his fellow-disciples and bishops, who were encouraging him, he said: “Fast with me today for three days, and whatever will be revealed to each of us, let us tell to one another.” The same night it was revealed to Andrew, one of the apostles, that all should certify what John wrote in his own name.… Why, then, is it remarkable that John so constantly brings forth single points even in his epistles, saying of himself, “What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears and our hands have handled, these we write to you”?[82] Thus he professes himself not only an eyewitness and hearer but also a writer of all the miracles of our Lord in order.", "New Testament people named John. This John is occasionally proposed as author of some of the Johannine works as well.[35][36] Tarazi even goes so far as to attribute to him the Gospels of both Mark and John and all the other Johannine books.[37]", "Gospel of John. Most scholars consider the Gospel of John to be anonymous. According to a Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, first attested by Irenaeus, the author was \"the Disciple whom Jesus loved\" mentioned in John 21:24,[15] who is understood to be John son of Zebedee, one of Jesus' Twelve Apostles.[16] These identifications, however, are rejected by many modern biblical scholars.[1][17][Notes 5] Nevertheless, the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist, often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated.", "New Testament. The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself several times as \"John\".[Rev. 1:1, 4, 9; 22:8] and states that he was on Patmos when he received his first vision.[Rev. 1:9; 4:1-2] As a result, the author is sometimes referred to as John of Patmos. The author has traditionally been identified with John the Apostle to whom the Gospel and the epistles of John were attributed. It was believed that he was exiled to the island of Patmos during the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian, and there wrote Revelation. Justin Martyr (c. 100–165 AD) who was acquainted with Polycarp, who had been mentored by John, makes a possible allusion to this book, and credits John as the source.[93] Irenaeus (c. 115–202) assumes it as a conceded point. According to the Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, modern scholars are divided between the apostolic view and several alternative hypotheses put forth in the last hundred years or so.[94] Ben Witherington points out that linguistic evidence makes it unlikely that the books were written by the same person.[95]", "John the Apostle. The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as \"Ἰωάννης\" (\"John\" in standard English translation)[28] The early 2nd century writer, Justin Martyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle.[29] However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals.[7][30]", "Authorship of the Bible. The author of the Book of Revelation was traditionally believed to be the same person as both John, the apostle of Jesus and John the Evangelist, the traditional author of the Fourth Gospel – the tradition can be traced to Justin Martyr, writing in the early 2nd century.[100] Most biblical scholars now believe that these were separate individuals.[101][102] The name \"John\" suggests that the author was a Christian of Jewish descent, and although he never explicitly identifies himself as a prophet it is likely that he belonged to a group of Christian prophets and was known as such to members of the churches in Asia Minor. Since the 2nd century the author has been identified with one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. This is commonly linked with an assumption that the same author wrote the Gospel of John. Others, however, have argued that the author could have been John the Elder of Ephesus, a view which depends on whether a tradition cited by Eusebius was referring to someone other than the apostle. The precise identity of \"John\" therefore remains unknown.[103]", "Third Epistle of John. If 3 John was written by John the Apostle, however, it is strange that Diotrephes would oppose him since the apostles were highly respected in the early church.[28] One possible alternative view of the epistle's authorship arises from a fragment written by Papias of Hierapolis and quoted by Eusebius which mentions a man named \"the Presbyter John\". However, since nothing else is known of this individual it is not possible to positively identify him as the author of 3 John.[29]", "New Testament people named John. The author of the Gospel is termed John the Evangelist.", "New Testament people named John. Patristic sources from as early as the 2nd century widely attest to a certain John, a disciple of Jesus, who lived to old age in Ephesus, and to whom all the Johannine works are ascribed.[67]", "New Testament people named John. Five canonical books of the New Testament are ascribed to John and thus called collectively the Johannine literature:", "Third Epistle of John. Dodd argues for a date between 96–110 A.D., concluding from the absence of references to persecution in the letters that they were probably written after the harsh reign of the Roman emperor Domitian, whose persecution of Christians seems to have prompted the writing of the Book of Revelation. Dodd notes, however, that they could have been written in the pre-Domitian era, which is likely if the author was a personal disciple of Jesus.[32] Marshall suggests a date of between the 60s and 90s.[33] Rensberger suggests a dating of around 100, assuming that the Gospel of John was written in the 90s and the letters must have followed after.[34] Brown argues for a date of between 100 and 110, with all three letters composed in close time proximity.[31] A date past 110–115 is unlikely, as parts of 1 John and 2 John are quoted by Polycarp and Papias.[35]", "Second Epistle of John. The language of this epistle is remarkably similar to 3 John. It is therefore suggested by a few that a single author composed both of these letters. The traditional view contends that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the linguistic structure, special vocabulary, and polemical issues all lend toward this theory.[1]", "Book of Revelation. The author names himself in the text as \"John\", but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate. Second century Christian writers such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Melito the bishop of Sardis, and Clement of Alexandria and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the \"John\" of Revelation.[1] Modern scholarship generally takes a different view,[2] and many consider that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet.[3] Some modern scholars characterise Revelation's author as a putative figure whom they call \"John of Patmos\". The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the emperor Domitian (AD 81–96), and the evidence tends to confirm this.[4]" ]

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[ "Agent Orange. Agent Orange was to a lesser extent used outside Vietnam. Land in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia was also sprayed with Agent Orange during the Vietnam War because forests on the border with Vietnam were used by the Vietcong. Some countries, such as Canada, saw testing, while other countries, such as Brazil, used the herbicide to clear out sections of land for agriculture.", "United States–Vietnam relations. Agent Orange is the combination of the code names for Herbicide Orange (HO) and Agent LNX, one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the British military during the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. Vietnam estimates 400,000 people were killed or maimed, and 500,000 children born with birth defects as a result of its use.[8] The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to Agent Orange.[9] The United States government has dismissed these figures as unreliable and unrealistically high.[10][11]", "Agent Orange. Agent Orange was used as a defoliant in eastern Cambodia during the Vietnam War, but its impacts are difficult to assess due to the chaos caused by the Khmer Rouge regime.[118]", "Agent Orange. In mid-1961, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam asked the United States to conduct aerial herbicide spraying in his country.[18] In August of that year, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force conducted herbicide operations with American help. But Diem's request launched a policy debate in the White House and the State and Defense Departments. However, U.S. officials considered using it, pointing out that the British had already used herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s. In November 1961, President John F. Kennedy authorized the start of Operation Ranch Hand, the codename for the U.S. Air Force's herbicide program in Vietnam.", "Agent Orange. During the Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed nearly 20,000,000 U.S. gallons (75,700,000 L) of various chemicals – the \"rainbow herbicides\" and defoliants – in Vietnam, eastern Laos, and parts of Cambodia as part of the aerial defoliation program known as Operation Ranch Hand, reaching its peak from 1967 to 1969. For comparison purposes, an olympic size pool holds approximately 660,000 U.S. gallons (2,500,000 L).[19][20][21] As the British did in Malaya, the goal of the US was to defoliate rural/forested land, depriving guerrillas of food and concealment and clearing sensitive areas such as around base perimeters.[22] The program was also a part of a general policy of forced draft urbanization, which aimed to destroy the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, forcing them to flee to the U.S.-dominated cities, depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base.[20][23]", "Agent Orange. George Jackson stated that \"if the Americans were guilty of war crimes for using Agent Orange in Vietnam, then the British would be also guilty of war crimes as well since they were the first nation to deploy the use of herbicides and defoliants in warfare and used them on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency. Not only was there no outcry by other states in response to Britain's use, but the U.S. viewed it as establishing a precedent for the use of herbicides and defoliants in jungle warfare.\" The U.S. government was also not a party in the lawsuit, due to sovereign immunity, and the court ruled the chemical companies, as contractors of the U.S. government, shared the same immunity. The case was appealed and heard by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan on June 18, 2007. Three judges on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Weinstein's ruling to dismiss the case. They ruled that, though the herbicides contained a dioxin (a known poison), they were not intended to be used as a poison on humans. Therefore, they were not considered a chemical weapon and thus not a violation of international law. A further review of the case by the whole panel of judges of the Court of Appeals also confirmed this decision. The lawyers for the Vietnamese filed a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case. On March 2, 2009, the Supreme Court denied certiorari and refused to reconsider the ruling of the Court of Appeals.[104][105]", "Agent Orange. U.S. Army armored personnel carrier (APC) spraying Agent Orange over Vietnamese rice fields during the Vietnam War.", "Agent Orange. After the Malayan conflict ended in 1960, the U.S. considered the British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a legal tactic of warfare. Secretary of State Dean Rusk advised President John F. Kennedy that the British had established a precedent for warfare with herbicides in Malaya.[17]", "Agent Orange. The Department of Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency's (ARPA) Project AGILE was instrumental in the United States' development of herbicides as a military weapon, an undertaking inspired by the British use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to destroy jungle-grown crops and bushes during the insurgency in Malaya. The United States considered British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a legally accepted tactic of war. On November 24, 1961, Secretary of State Dean Rusk advised President John F. Kennedy that herbicide use in Vietnam would be lawful, saying that \"[t]he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war. Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of helicopters for destroying crops by chemical spraying.\"[102][103]", "Agent Orange. On January 31, 2004, a victim's rights group, the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/dioxin (VAVA), filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn, against several U.S. companies for liability in causing personal injury, by developing, and producing the chemical, and claimed that the use of Agent Orange violated the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, 1925 Geneva Protocol, and the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Dow Chemical and Monsanto were the two largest producers of Agent Orange for the U.S. military, and were named in the suit, along with the dozens of other companies (Diamond Shamrock, Uniroyal, Thompson Chemicals, Hercules, etc.). On March 10, 2005, Judge Jack B. Weinstein of the Eastern District – who had presided over the 1984 U.S. veterans class-action lawsuit – dismissed the lawsuit, ruling there was no legal basis for the plaintiffs' claims. He concluded Agent Orange was not considered a poison under international law at the time of its use by the U.S.; the U.S. was not prohibited from using it as a herbicide; and the companies which produced the substance were not liable for the method of its use by the government.[99] Weinstein used the British example to help dismiss the claims of people exposed to Agent Orange in their suit against the chemical companies that had supplied it.[100][101]", "Orange (colour). A herbicide called Agent Orange was widely sprayed from aircraft by the Royal Air Force during the Malayan Emergency and the US Air Force during the Vietnam War to remove the forest and jungle cover beneath which enemy combatants were believed to be hiding, and to expose their supply routes. The chemical was not actually orange, but took its name from the colour of the steel drums in which it was stored. Agent Orange was toxic, and was later linked to birth defects and other health problems.", "New Zealand–United States relations. Like veterans from many of the other allied nations, as well as Vietnamese civilians, New Zealand veterans of the Vietnam War claimed that they (as well as their children and grandchildren) had suffered serious harm as a result of exposure to Agent Orange, a herbicidal warfare program used by the British military during the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. In 1984, Agent Orange manufacturers paid New Zealand, Australian and Canadian veterans in an out-of-court settlement[3], and in 2004 Prime Minister Helen Clark's government apologised to Vietnam War veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange or other toxic defoliants[4], following a health select committee's inquiry into the use of Agent Orange on New Zealand servicemen and its effects[5]. In 2005, the New Zealand government confirmed that it supplied Agent Orange chemicals to the United States military during the conflict. Since the early 1960s, and up until 1987, it manufactured the 2,4,5T herbicide at a plant in New Plymouth which was then shipped to U.S. military bases in South East Asia", "Agent Orange. The aftermath of the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam resulted in massive legal consequences. The United Nations ratified United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72 and the Environmental Modification Convention. Lawsuits filed on behalf of both US and Vietnamese veterans sought compensation for damages.", "Agent Orange. Agent Orange was tested by the United States in Thailand during the war in Southeast Asia. Buried drums were uncovered and confirmed to be Agent Orange in 1999.[145] Workers who uncovered the drums fell ill while upgrading the airport near Hua Hin District, 100 km south of Bangkok.[146]", "Agent Orange. Major Tự Đức Phang was exposed to dioxin-contaminated Agent Orange.", "Agent Orange. Agent Orange is an herbicide and defoliant chemical. It is widely known for its use by the U.S. Military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand,[1] during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971.[2] It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D. In addition to its damaging environmental effects, the chemical has caused major health problems for many individuals who were exposed.", "Agent Orange. A breakthrough in the diplomatic stalemate on this issue occurred as a result of United States President George W. Bush's state visit to Vietnam in November 2006. In the joint statement, President Bush and President Triet agreed \"further joint efforts to address the environmental contamination near former dioxin storage sites would make a valuable contribution to the continued development of their bilateral relationship.\"[93]", "Agent Orange. Parts of Laos were sprayed with Agent Orange during the Vietnam War.[133]", "Agent Orange. An analysis of chemicals present in the island's soil, together with resolutions passed by Guam's legislature, suggest that Agent Orange was among the herbicides routinely used on and around military bases Anderson Air Force Base, Naval Air Station Agana, Guam. Despite the evidence, the Department of Defense continues to deny that Agent Orange was ever stored or used on Guam. Several Guam veterans have collected an enormous amount of evidence to assist in their disability claims for direct exposure to dioxin containing herbicides such as 2,4,5-T which are similar to the illness associations and disability coverage that has become standard for those who were harmed by the same chemical contaminant of Agent Orange used in Vietnam.[127]", "Agent Orange. In 2013, VA determined that herbicides used on the Thailand base perimeters may have been tactical and procured from Vietnam, or a strong, commercial type resembling tactical herbicides.[147]", "Agent Orange. The U.S. Air Force operation to remove Herbicide Orange from Vietnam in 1972 was named Operation Pacer IVY, while the operation to destroy the Agent Orange stored at Johnston Atoll in 1977 was named Operation Pacer HO. Operation Pacer IVY (InVentorY) collected Agent Orange in South Vietnam and removed it in 1972 aboard the ship MV Transpacific for storage on Johnston Atoll.[137] The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that 1,800,000 gallons of Herbicide Orange was stored at Johnston Island in the Pacific and 480,000 gallons at Gulfport in Mississippi.[138]", "History of Thailand. Agent Orange, a herbicide and defoliant chemical used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, was tested by the United States in Thailand during the war in Southeast Asia. Buried drums were uncovered and confirmed to be Agent Orange in 1999.[42] Workers who uncovered the drums fell ill while upgrading the airport near Hua Hin District, 100 km south of Bangkok.[43]", "Agent Orange. Agent Orange was used in Korea in the late 1960s.[128]", "Agent Orange. American policy during the Vietnam war was to destroy crops, accepting the sociopolitical impact that that would have.[64] The RAND Corporation's Memorandum 5446-ISA/ARPA states: \"the fact that the VC [the Vietcong] obtain most of their food from the neutral rural population dictates the destruction of civilian crops ... if they are to be hampered by the crop destruction program, it will be necessary to destroy large portions of the rural economy – probably 50% or more\".[65] Crops were deliberately sprayed with Agent Orange, areas were bulldozed clear of vegetation, and the rural population was subjected to bombing and artillery fire. In consequence, the urban population in South Vietnam nearly tripled, growing from 2.8 million people in 1958 to 8 million by 1971. The rapid flow of people led to a fast-paced and uncontrolled urbanization; an estimated 1.5 million people were living in Saigon slums due to people moving to cities.[66][64]", "Agent Orange. The use of Agent Orange has been controversial in New Zealand, because of the exposure of New Zealand troops in Vietnam and because of the production of Agent Orange for Vietnam and other users at an Ivon Watkins-Dow chemical plant in Paritutu, New Plymouth. There have been continuing claims, as yet unproven, that the suburb of Paritutu has also been polluted; see New Zealand in the Vietnam War.[134] There are cases of New Zealand soldiers developing cancers such as bone cancer but none has been scientifically connected to exposure to herbicides.[135]", "Agent Orange. Vietnam-era Veterans whose service involved duty on or near the perimeters of military bases in Thailand anytime between February 28, 1961, and May 7, 1975, may have been exposed to herbicides and may qualify for VA benefits.[147]", "Agent Orange. The first batch of herbicides was unloaded at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam, on January 9, 1962.[27] U.S. Air Force records show at least 6,542 spraying missions took place over the course of Operation Ranch Hand.[28] By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended U.S. Department of Agriculture application rate for domestic use.[29] In South Vietnam alone, an estimated 10 million hectares of agricultural land was ultimately destroyed.[30] In some areas, TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered safe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.[31][32]", "Agent Orange. Starting in 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to work with the Vietnamese government to measure the level of dioxin at the Da Nang Airbase. Also in 2005, the Joint Advisory Committee on Agent Orange, made up of representatives of Vietnamese and U.S. government agencies, was established. The committee has been meeting yearly to explore areas of scientific cooperation, technical assistance and environmental remediation of dioxin.[92]", "Agent Orange. Attorney Hy Mayerson was an early pioneer in Agent Orange litigation, working with environmental attorney Victor Yannacone in 1980 on the first class-action suits against wartime manufacturers of Agent Orange. In meeting Dr. Ronald A. Codario, one of the first civilian doctors to see afflicted patients, Mayerson, so impressed by the fact a physician would show so much interest in a Vietnam veteran, forwarded more than a thousand pages of information on Agent Orange and the effects of dioxin on animals and humans to Codario's office the day after he was first contacted by the doctor.[71] The corporate defendants sought to escape culpability by blaming everything on the U.S. government.[72]", "Agent Orange. On June 16, 2010, members of the U.S.-Vietnam Dialogue Group on Agent Orange/Dioxin unveiled a comprehensive 10-year Declaration and Plan of Action to address the toxic legacy of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. The Plan of Action was released as an Aspen Institute publication and calls upon the U.S. and Vietnamese governments to join with other governments, foundations, businesses, and nonprofits in a partnership to clean up dioxin \"hot spots\" in Vietnam and to expand humanitarian services for people with disabilities there.[111][112][113] On September 16, 2010, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) acknowledged the work of the Dialogue Group by releasing a statement on the floor of the United States Senate. The statement urges the U.S. government to take the Plan of Action's recommendations into account in developing a multi-year plan of activities to address the Agent Orange/dioxin legacy.[114]", "Agent Orange. In 2002, Vietnam and the U.S. held a joint conference on Human Health and Environmental Impacts of Agent Orange. Following the conference, the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) began scientific exchanges between the U.S. and Vietnam, and began discussions for a joint research project on the human health impacts of Agent Orange.[91]", "Agent Orange. Mayerson, with Sgt. Charles E. Hartz as their principal client, filed the first US Agent Orange class-action lawsuit, in Pennsylvania in 1980, for the injuries military personnel in Vietnam suffered through exposure to toxic dioxins in the defoliant.[73] Attorney Mayerson co-wrote the brief that certified the Agent Orange Product Liability action as a class action, the largest ever filed as of its filing.[74] Hartz's deposition was one of the first ever taken in America, and the first for an Agent Orange trial, for the purpose of preserving testimony at trial, as it was understood that Hartz would not live to see the trial because of a brain tumor that began to develop while he was a member of Tiger Force, Special Forces, and LRRPs in Vietnam.[75][76] The firm also located and supplied critical research to the Veterans' lead expert, Dr. Codario, including about 100 articles from toxicology journals dating back more than a decade, as well as data about where herbicides had been sprayed, what the effects of dioxin had been on animals and humans, and every accident in factories where herbicides were produced or dioxin was a contaminant of some chemical reaction.[71]" ]

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[ "Electoral fraud. The secret ballot, in which only the voter knows how they have voted, is believed by many to be a crucial part of ensuring free and fair elections through preventing voter intimidation or retribution.[55] Others argue that the secret ballot enables election fraud (because it makes it harder to verify that votes have been counted correctly) [56][57] and that it discourages voter participation.[58] Although the secret ballot was sometimes practiced in ancient Greece and was a part of the Constitution of the Year III of 1795, it only became common in the nineteenth century. Secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in the former British colony—now an Australian state—of Tasmania on 7 February 1856. By the turn of the century, the practice had spread to most Western democracies.", "Secret ballot. The first city to start using the Australian ballot in the United States was Louisville, Kentucky, using a ballot drafted by Lewis Naphtali Dembitz, the uncle of and inspiration for future Supreme Court associate justice Louis Brandeis, and the first state to adopt the Australian ballot was Massachusetts. For this reason it is also known as the \"Massachusetts ballot\". In the U.S., voting by secret ballot was universal by 1892 but criminal prohibitions against paying people to vote were only instituted in 1925.[18]", "Secret ballot. In the United States, most states had moved to secret ballots soon after the presidential election of 1884. Kentucky was the last state to do so in 1891, when it quit using an oral ballot. But seven states did not have government-printed ballots until the 20th century; South Carolina created them in 1950\nand Georgia in 1922.[17]", "Henry George. George was one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for adoption of the secret ballot in the United States.[61] Harvard historian Jill Lepore asserts that Henry George's advocacy is the reason Americans vote with secret ballots today.[43] George's first article in support of the secret ballot was entitled \"Bribery in Elections\" and was published in the Overland Review of December 1871. His second article was \"Money in Elections,\" published in the North American Review of March 1883. The first secret ballot reform approved by a state legislature was brought about by reformers who said they were influenced by George.[62] The first state to adopt the secret ballot, also called The Australian Ballot, was Massachusetts in 1888 under the leadership of Richard Henry Dana III. By 1891, more than half the states had adopted it too.[63]", "Secret ballot. Until the original Tasmanian Electoral Act 1856 was \"re-discovered\" recently, credit for the first implementation of the secret ballot often went to Victoria, where it was pioneered by the former mayor of Melbourne, William Nicholson,[12] and simultaneously South Australia.[13] Victoria enacted legislation for secret ballots on 19 March 1856,[14] and South Australian Electoral Commissioner William Boothby generally gets credit for creating the system finally enacted into law in South Australia on 2 April of that same year (a fortnight later). The other Australian colonies followed: New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859), and Western Australia (1877). New Zealand implemented secret voting in 1870.", "Secret ballot. Before 1890, partisan newspapers printed filled-out ballots which party workers distributed on election day so voters could drop them directly into the boxes. All of the states replaced these with secret ballots around 1890, popularly called \"Australian ballots.\" They were printed by the local government and listed all the candidates impartially.[15]", "Secret ballot. State electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of federal elections and referenda. \nThe Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 does not explicitly set out the secret ballot but a reading of sections 206, 207, 325, 327 of the Act would imply its assumption. Sections 323 and 226(4) do however, apply the principle of a secret ballot to polling staff and would also support the assumption.", "Politics of the United States. Another critical factor has been ballot access law. Originally, voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported. Later on, this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party's ballot into the voting box. In the late nineteenth century, states began to adopt the Australian Secret Ballot Method, and it eventually became the national standard. The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected (hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters) and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot. The fact that state legislatures were dominated by Democrats and Republicans provided these parties an opportunity to pass discriminatory laws against minor political parties, yet such laws did not start to arise until the first Red Scare that hit America after World War I. State legislatures began to enact tough laws that made it harder for minor political parties to run candidates for office by requiring a high number of petition signatures from citizens and decreasing the length of time that such a petition could legally be circulated.", "Secret ballot. After several failed attempts (several of them spearheaded by George Grote[10]) the secret ballot was eventually extended generally in the Ballot Act 1872, substantially reducing the cost of campaigning (as \"treating\" was no longer realistically possible) and was first used on 15 August 1872 to re-elect Hugh Childers as MP for Pontefract in a ministerial by-election following his appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is held at Pontefract museum.[11]", "Secret ballot. Article 31 of the Constitution of the Year III of the revolution (1795)[3] states that \"All elections are to be held by secret ballot\". The same goes with the constitution of 1848:[4] voters could hand-write the name of their preferred candidate on their ballot at home (the only condition was to write on white paper[5]) or receive one distributed on the street.[6] The ballot was folded in order to prevent other people from reading its contents.[citation needed]", "Secret ballot. This measure is thought to be justified as a security arrangement so that if there was an allegation of fraud, false ballot papers could be identified. The process of matching ballot papers to voters is formally permissible only if an Election Court requires it; in fact the Election Court has never made such an order since the secret ballot was introduced in 1872, although reportedly prisoners in a UK prison were observed identifying voters' ballot votes on a list in 2008.[26] The legal authority for this system is set out in the Parliamentary Elections Rules in Schedule 1 of the Representation of the People Act 1983.[27]", "Secret ballot. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a voter's choices in an election or a referendum is anonymous, forestalling attempts to influence the voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote buying. The system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy.", "Secret ballot. Secret ballots are used in conjunction with various voting systems. The most basic form of secret ballot utilizes blank pieces of paper, upon which each voter writes his or her choice. Without revealing the votes to anyone, the voter would fold the ballot paper and place it in a sealed box, which is emptied later for counting. An aspect of secret voting is the provision of a voting booth to enable the voter to write on the ballot paper without others being able to see what is being written. Today, printed ballot papers are usually provided, with the names of the candidates or questions and respective check boxes. Provisions are made at the polling place for the voters to record their preferences in secret, and the ballots are designed to eliminate bias and to prevent anyone from linking voter to ballot.", "Secret ballot. In Australia, secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in Tasmania on 7 February 1856.", "History of democracy. The notion of a secret ballot, where one is entitled to the privacy of their votes, is taken for granted by most today by virtue of the fact that it is simply considered the norm. However, this practice was highly controversial in the 19th century; it was widely argued that no man would want to keep his vote secret unless he was ashamed of it.[citation needed]", "Secret ballot. In ancient Rome, the laws regulating elections were collectively known as Tabellariae Leges, the first of which was introduced in 139 BC (lex Gabinia tabellaria).[2]", "Electoral fraud. In the United States, the popularity of the Australian ballot grew as reformers in the late 19th century sought to reduce the problems of election fraud. Groups such as the Greenbackers, Nationalist, and more fought for those who yearned to vote, but were exiled for their safety. George Walthew, Greenback, helped initiate one of the first secret ballots in America in Michigan in 1885. Even George Walthew had a predecessor in John Seitz, Greenback, who campaigned a bill to \" preserve the purity of elections\" in 1879 after the discovery of Ohio's electoral fraud in congressional elections.", "History of Kentucky. The first city to start using the Australian secret ballot in the United States was Louisville, Kentucky. The Australian ballot law was introduced by A.M. Wallace of Louisville, and enacted February 24, 1888. The act applied only to the city of Louisville, because the state constitution required viva voce voting at state elections. The mayor printed the ballots, and candidates had to be nominated by 50 or more voters in order to have their names placed upon the ballot. The blanket form of the ballot was used, with the names of the candidates arranged in alphabetical order according to surnames, but without any political party designations of any kind.[100][101]", "Electoral system of Australia. Secret balloting was implemented by Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia in 1856,[42] followed by other Australian colonies: New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859), and Western Australia (1877). Colonial (soon to become States) electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of all elections in Australia and also applies to referendums.", "Secret ballot. The London School Board election of 1870 was the first large-scale election by secret ballot in Britain.", "Secret ballot. In the United States, sometimes the number on the ballot is printed on a perforated stub which is torn off and placed on a ring (like a shower curtain ring) before the ballot is cast into the ballot box. The stubs prove that an elector has voted and ensure that they can only vote once, but the ballots themselves are both secret and anonymous. At the end of voting day, the number of ballots inside the box should match the number of stubs on the ring, certifying that every ballot was cast by a registered elector, and that none of them were lost or fabricated. Sometimes the ballots themselves are numbered, making the vote trackable. This was ruled legal by Federal District Judge Christine Arguello, who ruled that the U.S. Constitution does not grant a right to a secret ballot.[28]", "Secret ballot. The demand for a secret ballot was one of the six points of Chartism.[9]\nThe British parliament of the time refused even to consider the Chartist demands, but it is notable that Lord Macaulay, in his speech of 1842, while rejecting Chartism's six points as a whole, admitted that the secret ballot was one of the two points he could support.", "Privacy. Political privacy has been a concern since voting systems emerged in ancient times. The secret ballot helps to ensure that voters cannot be coerced into voting in certain ways, since they can allocate their vote as they wish in the privacy and security of the voting booth while maintaining the anonymity of the vote. Secret ballots are nearly universal in modern democracy, and considered a basic right of citizenship, despite the difficulties that they cause (for example the inability to trace votes back to the corresponding voters increases the risk of someone stuffing additional fraudulent votes into the system: additional security controls are needed to minimize such risks).", "Secret ballot. Today, the practice of casting secret ballots is so commonplace that most voters would not consider that any other method might be used. Other methods which had been used and which are still used in some places and contexts include \"oral votes\" as well as Open ballot systems involving the public display of votes or roll calls. Other public voting methods include raising a hand to indicate a vote, or the use of coloured marbles or cards to indicate a voting choice.", "Secret ballot. According to the official web site of the Assemblée nationale (the lower house of the French parliament), the voting booth was permanently adopted only in 1913.[8]", "Secret ballot. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted to abolish the secret ballot for the 1851 plebiscite with an electoral decree requesting electors to write down \"yes\" or \"no\" (in French: \"oui\" or \"non\") under the eyes of everyone. But he faced strong opposition and finally changed his mind, allowing secret ballot to take place.[7]", "Ballot box. The first British secret ballot using ballot papers and a ballot box was held in Pontefract on 15 August 1872, under the terms of the recently enacted Ballot Act 1872. In a ministerial by-election following his appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Hugh Childers was re-elected as MP for Pontefract. The original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is held at Pontefract Museum.[1][2]", "Human rights in Australia. In 1856, an innovative secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, in which the government supplied voting paper containing the names of candidates and voters could select in private. This system was adopted around the world, becoming known as the \"Australian Ballot\". the \"Australian Ballot\" became well known throughout Australia.", "Secret ballot. Elections in the United States are mostly held by secret ballot,[19] although some states use mail ballots instead, which violate requirements 3 and 4 of the \"Australian ballot\", as it is distributed to the home, and potentially marked in the presence of other people. The states of Colorado, Oregon, and Washington conduct all elections by mailed ballots.[20] The Constitution for the state of West Virginia still allows voters to cast \"open ballots\".[21]", "United States labor law. In 2010, the organization \"Save Our Secret Ballot\" pushed four states: Arizona, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Utah to pass constitutional amendments to ban Card check.", "Secret ballot. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which entered into force in 2008 assures secret ballot for disabled voters. Article 29 of the Convention requires that all Contracting States protect \"the right of the person with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums\". According to this provision, each Contracting State should provide for voting equipment which would enable disabled voters to vote independently and secretly. Some democracies, e.g. the United States, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Albania or India allow disabled voters to use electronic voting machines. In others, among them Azerbaijan, Canada, Ghana, the United Kingdom, and most African and Asian countries, visually impaired voters can use ballots in Braille or paper ballot templates. Article 29 also requires that Contracting States ensure \"that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use.\" In some democracies, e.g. United Kingdom, Sweden and the United States, all the polling places already are fully accessible for disabled voters.", "Secret ballot. Others oppose the secret ballot because it discourages voter participation.[32]" ]

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[ "Anglo-Norman language. During the 15th century, English became the main spoken language, but Latin and French continued to be exclusively used in official legal documents until the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the French language used in England changed from the end of the 15th century into Law French. This variety of French was a technical language, with a specific vocabulary, where English words were used to describe everyday experience, and French grammatical rules and morphology gradually declined, with confusion of genders and the adding of -s to form all plurals. Law French was banished from the courts of the common law in 1731, almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French.", "Hundred Years' War. When the war ended, England was bereft of its Continental possessions, leaving it with only Calais on the continent. The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French, but the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest, left many vestiges in English vocabulary. English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385.[85]", "History of French. After the conquest of England in 1066, the Normans's language developed into Anglo-Norman. Anglo-Norman served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce in England from the time of the conquest until the Hundred Years' War,[26] by which time the use of French-influenced English had spread throughout English society.", "Anglo-Norman language. From the conquest (1066) until the end of the 14th century, French was the language of the king and his court. During this period, marriages with French princesses reinforced the French status in the royal family. Nevertheless, during the 13th century, intermarriages with English nobility became more frequent. French became progressively a second language among the upper classes. Moreover, with the Hundred Years' War and the growing spirit of English nationalism, the status of French diminished.", "France in the Middle Ages. After the conquest of England in 1066, the Normans's language developed into Anglo-Norman. Anglo-Norman served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce in England from the time of the conquest until the Hundred Years' War,[7] by which time the use of French-influenced English had spread throughout English society.", "England in the Middle Ages. The Normans and French who arrived after the conquest saw themselves as different from the English. They had close family and economic links to the Duchy of Normandy, spoke Norman French and had their own distinctive culture.[156] For many years, to be English was to be associated with military failure and serfdom.[157] During the 12th century, the divisions between the English and Normans began to dissolve as a result of intermarriage and cohabitation.[158] By the end of the 12th century, and possibly as early as the 1150, contemporary commentators believed the two peoples to be blending, and the loss of the Duchy in 1204 reinforced this trend.[159] The resulting society still prized wider French cultural values, however, and French remained the language of the court, business and international affairs, even if Parisians mocked the English for their poor pronunciation.[160] By the 14th century, however, French was increasingly having to be formally taught, rather than being learnt naturally in the home, although the aristocracy would typically spend many years of their lives in France and remained entirely comfortable working in French.[161]", "Anglo-Norman language. Around the same time, as a shift took place in France towards using French as a language of record in the mid-13th century, Anglo-Norman French also became a language of record in England though Latin retained its pre-eminence for matters of permanent record (as in written chronicles). From around this point onwards, considerable variation begins to be apparent in Anglo-French, which ranges from the very local (and most anglicized) to a level of language which approximates to and is sometimes indistinguishable from varieties of continental French. Thus, typically, local records are rather different from continental French, with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm.[7] English remained the vernacular of the common people throughout this period. The resulting virtual trilinguism in spoken and written language was one of medieval Latin, diverse French varieties and Middle English.", "History of French. Once the key international language in Europe, being the language of diplomacy from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, French lost most of its international significance to English in the 20th century, especially after World War II, with the rise of the United States as a dominant global superpower. A watershed was when the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I, was written in both French and English. A small but increasing number of large multinational firms headquartered in France are using English as their working language even in their French operations, and to gain international recognition, French scientists often publish their work in English. These trends have met some resistance. In March 2006, President Chirac briefly walked out of an EU summit after Ernest-Antoine Seilliere began addressing the summit in English.[31] And in February 2007, Forum Francophone International began organising protests against the \"linguistic hegemony\" of English in France and in support of the right of French workers to use French as their working language.[32]", "History of French. From the 4th to 7th centuries, Brythonic-speaking peoples from Cornwall, Devon, and Wales traveled across the English Channel, both for reasons of trade and of flight from the Anglo-Saxon invasions of England. They established themselves in Armorica. Their language became Breton in more recent centuries, giving French bijou \"jewel\" (< Breton bizou from biz \"finger\") and menhir (< Breton maen \"stone\" and hir \"long\").", "Languages of the United Kingdom. Although Jèrriais is now the first language of a very small minority, until the 19th century it was the everyday language of the majority of the population, and even until the Second World War up to half the population could communicate in the language. The use of Jèrriais is also to be noted during the German occupation of the Channel Islands during the Second World War; the local population used Jèrriais among themselves as a language neither the occupying Germans, nor their French interpreters, could understand. However, the social and economic upheaval of the War meant that use of English increased dramatically after the Liberation. It is considered that the last monolingual adult speakers probably died in the 1950s, although monolingual speaking children were being received into schools in St. Ouen as late as the late 1970s.", "Anglo-Norman language. It was spoken in the law courts, schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French: manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, dating mostly from the late 14th century onwards.", "English language in Europe. For 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Anglo-Norman language was the language of administration and few Kings of England spoke English. A large number of French words were assimilated into Old English, which lost most of its inflections, the result being Middle English. Around the year 1500, the Great Vowel Shift marked the transformation of Middle English into Modern English.", "Anglo-Norman language. When William the Conqueror led the Norman conquest of England in 1066, he, his nobles, and many of his followers from Normandy, but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of langues d'oïl (northern varieties of Gallo-Romance). One of these was Old Norman, also known as \"Old Northern French\". Other followers spoke varieties of the Picard language or western French. This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 12th until the 15th century. It is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, but it is clear that Anglo-Norman was, to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England.", "Geographical distribution of French speakers. French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the language of European courts and diplomacy. The importance of French began to wane in the early 20th century, when the spread of English due to the British Empire and the rise of the English-speaking United States to superpower status eroding its place as the language of diplomacy.[2]", "Anglo-Norman language. By the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised: see Law French. It continued to be known as \"Norman French\" until the end of the 19th century even though, philologically, there was nothing Norman about it.[4]", "Anglo-Norman language. French was the mother tongue of every English king from William the Conqueror (1066-1087) until Henry IV (1399–1413). Henry IV was the first to take the oath in English, and his son, Henry V (1413–1422), was the first to write in English. By the end of the 15th century, French became the second language of a cultivated elite.[8]", "Anglo-Norman language. Much of the earliest recorded French is in fact Anglo-Norman French. In Northern France, almost nothing was at that time[when?] being recorded in the vernacular because Latin was the language of the Church and consequently of education and historiography, and was thus used for the purpose of records. Latin also remained in use in medieval England by the Church, the royal government and much local administration, as it had been before 1066, in parallel with Middle English. The early[when?] adoption of Anglo-Norman as a written and literary language probably owes something to this history of bilingualism in writing.[citation needed]", "Languages of the United Kingdom. Norman French is still used in the Houses of Parliament for certain official business between the clerks of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and on other official occasions such as the dissolution of Parliament.", "France in the Middle Ages. From the 4th to 7th centuries, Brythonic-speaking peoples from Cornwall, Devon, and Wales travelled across the English Channel, both for reasons of trade and of flight from the Anglo-Saxon invasions of England. They established themselves in Armorica. Their language became Breton in more recent centuries.", "Middle English. Gradually, the wealthy and the government Anglicised again, although Norman (and subsequently French) remained the dominant language of literature and law until the 14th century, even after the loss of the majority of the continental possessions of the English monarchy. The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed word order that also occurred in other Germanic languages, and therefore cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the vernacular. It is also argued[14] that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse- and English-speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other due to similar morphology, the Norse-speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings.", "Latin influence in English. The Norman Conquest of 1066 gave England a two tiered society with an aristocracy which spoke Anglo-Norman and a lower class which spoke English. From 1066 until Henry IV of England ascended the throne in 1399, the royal court of England spoke a Norman language that became progressively Gallicised through contact with French. However, the Norman rulers made no attempt to suppress the English language, apart from not using it at all in their court. In 1204, the Anglo-Normans lost their continental territories in Normandy and became wholly English. By the time Middle English arose as the dominant language in the late 14th century, the Normans (French people) had contributed roughly 10,000 words to English of which 75% remain in use today. Continued use of Latin by the Church and centres of learning brought a steady, though dramatically reduced, influx of new Latin lexical borrowings.", "Languages of the United Kingdom. The Sercquiais dialect of Sark is descended from Jèrriais, but is not recognised under this framework and the last native speaker died in 2004.[citation needed] Auregnais, the Norman dialect of Alderney, is now extinct.", "History of French. Urban T. Holmes Jr. estimated that German was spoken as a second tongue by public officials in western Austrasia and Neustria as late as the 850s, and that it completely disappeared as a spoken language from these regions only during the 10th century,[24] though some traces of Germanic elements still survive, especially in dialectal French (Poitevin, Norman, Burgundian, Walloon, Picard, etc.).", "France–United Kingdom relations. The first foreign language most commonly taught in schools in Britain is French, and the first foreign language most commonly taught in schools in France is English. Those are also the languages perceived as \"most useful to learn\" in both countries. Queen Elizabeth II of the UK is fluent in French[118][119] French is a substantial minority language and immigrant language in the United Kingdom, with over 100,000 French-born people in the UK. According to a 2006 European Commission report, 23% of UK residents are able to carry on a conversation in French and 39% of French residents are able to carry on a conversation in English.[120] French is also an official language in both Jersey and Guernsey. Both use French to some degree, mostly in an administrative or ceremonial capacity. Jersey Legal French is the standardized variety used in Jersey. However, Norman (in its local forms, Guernésiais and Jèrriais) is the historical vernacular of the islands.", "History of English. Until the 14th century, Anglo-Norman and then French were the language of the courts and government. Even after the decline of Norman, standard French retained the status of a formal or prestige language, and about 10,000 French (and Norman) loan words entered Middle English, particularly terms associated with government, church, law, the military, fashion, and food[13] (see English language word origins and List of English words of French origin). The strong influence of Old Norse on English (described in the previous section) also becomes apparent during this period. The impact of the native British Celtic languages that English continued to displace is generally held to be much smaller, although some attribute such analytic verb forms as the continuous aspect (\"to be doing\" or \"to have been doing\") to Celtic influence.[14][15] Some scholars have also put forward hypotheses that Middle English was a kind of creole language resulting from contact between Old English and either Old Norse or Anglo-Norman.", "Languages of the United Kingdom. There is intercomprehension (with some difficulty) with Jèrriais-speakers from Jersey and Norman-speakers from mainland Normandy. Guernésiais most closely resembles the Norman dialect of La Hague in the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais). The creation of a Guernsey Language Commission was announced on 7 February 2013[81] as an initiative by government to preserve the linguistic culture. The Commission has operated since Liberation Day, 9 May 2013.", "Edward III of England. This reinforcement of the aristocracy must be seen in conjunction with the war in France, as must the emerging sense of national identity.[98] Just as the war with Scotland had done, the fear of a French invasion helped strengthen a sense of national unity, and nationalise the aristocracy that had been largely Anglo-Norman since the Norman conquest. Since the time of Edward I, popular myth suggested that the French planned to extinguish the English language, and as his grandfather had done, Edward III made the most of this scare.[106] As a result, the English language experienced a strong revival; in 1362, a Statute of Pleading ordered the English language to be used in law courts,[107] and the year after, Parliament was for the first time opened in English.[108] At the same time, the vernacular saw a revival as a literary language, through the works of William Langland, John Gower and especially The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.[109] Yet the extent of this Anglicisation must not be exaggerated. The statute of 1362 was in fact written in the French language and had little immediate effect, and parliament was opened in that language as late as 1377.[110] The Order of the Garter, though a distinctly English institution, included also foreign members such as John IV, Duke of Brittany and Sir Robert of Namur.[111][112] Edward III – himself bilingual – viewed himself as legitimate king of both England and France, and could not show preferential treatment for one part of his domains over another.", "Demography of the United Kingdom. The French language is spoken in some parts of the Channel Islands although the islands, like the Isle of Man, are not part of the United Kingdom.[76] British Sign Language is also common.", "France–United Kingdom relations. Modern and Middle English reflect a mixture of Oïl and Old English lexicons after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, when a Norman-speaking aristocracy took control of a population whose mother tongue was Germanic in origin. Due to the intertwined histories of England and continental possessions of the English Crown, many formal and legal words in Modern English have French roots. For example, buy and sell are of Germanic origin, while purchase and vend are from Old French.", "France–United Kingdom relations. The English monarchy increasingly integrated with its subjects and turned to the English language wholeheartedly during the Hundred Years' War between 1337 and 1453. Though the war was in principle a mere dispute over territory, it drastically changed societies on both sides of the Channel. The English, although already politically united, for the first time found pride in their language and identity, while the French united politically.[16]", "Middle English. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 saw the replacement of the top levels of the English-speaking political and ecclesiastical hierarchies by Norman rulers who spoke an Old French dialect called Old Norman, which in England developed into a variety called Anglo-Norman. Norman thus came into use as a language of polite discourse and literature, and this fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration, even though many Normans of the early period were illiterate and depended on the clergy for written communication and record-keeping. Large numbers of words of French origin started to be borrowed into the English language, often existing alongside native English words of similar meaning, giving rise to such Modern English pairs as pig/pork, chicken/poultry, calf/veal, cow/beef, sheep/mutton, wood/forest, house/mansion, worthy/valuable, bold/courageous, freedom/liberty.", "Geographical distribution of French speakers. French is the most popular foreign language studied in British schools. According to a 2006 European Commission report, 23% of UK residents are able to carry on a conversation in French.[69] Other surveys put the figure at 15%.[70][71]" ]

[ -0.2216796875, 1.4365234375, 1.0791015625, -0.5234375, 0.6064453125, -0.6123046875, -0.56005859375, 1.6962890625, -0.06500244140625, -0.80078125, -2.30078125, -0.08740234375, -2.279296875, 0.1806640625, -0.355224609375, 0.24462890625, -1.7451171875, -4.3046875, -2.025390625, -2.908203125, -2.544921875, -3.345703125, -1.7119140625, -3.9765625, 0.169921875, -2.2890625, -2.748046875, -4.29296875, -1.7373046875, 0.96728515625, -2.787109375, -2.8984375 ]

[ "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten critic Anders Houmøller Thomsen compared the song to The Beatles' \"When I'm Sixty-Four\": \"The ballad '7 Years' sounds like a current answer to The Beatles' 'When I'm Sixty-Four'. '7 Years' bubbles with ignited storytelling about life's fast speed, when the daydreams of childhood and youth suddenly becomes replaced by retirement-melancholia. Graham finds his own path between sweet sentimentality and heartbreaking empathy, and like a young McCartney, Graham also has a similar instinctive ability to craft superglue-sticking choruses.\"[7]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). \"7 Years\" is a song by Danish soul-pop band Lukas Graham from their second studio album, Lukas Graham. The song was released as a digital download on 18 September 2015 by Copenhagen Records.[citation needed] The lyric video was uploaded to YouTube on 17 November 2015, and the music video was uploaded on 15 December 2015.", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). It topped the charts in Denmark, Sweden, Italy, Austria, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the UK, and Canada, while reaching the top ten in other European countries, as well as the United States. The song was written by Lukas Forchammer, Stefan Forrest, Morten Ristorp, and Morten \"Pilo\" Pilegaard. The song was produced by Stefan Forrest and Morten Ristorp under their stage name Future Animals, and Pilegaard. The song was mixed by Delbert Bowers and Morten Pilegaard.[1]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). For the issue dated 6 February 2016, \"7 Years\" debuted at number 96 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It became Lukas Graham's first single on the Hot 100.[9] The song peaked at number two on the chart dated 9 April 2016, and became the highest-charting Danish act since \"Apache\" (1961) by Jørgen Ingmann.[10] The song stayed there for four non-consecutive weeks, being held off of the top spot by Rihanna and Drake's \"Work\" and Desiigner's \"Panda\".[11] \"7 Years\" also debuted at number 28 on the US Digital Songs chart with 26,000 digital copies sold.[12] During 2016, the song sold 2.089 million copies in the US, making it the fourth best-selling song of the year, behind The Chainsmokers' \"Closer\", Flo Rida's \"My House\" and Justin Timberlake's \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\".[13] \"7 Years\" was biggest hit in the US by a foreign-born act since Gotye's \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" in 2012.[13]", "Once Upon a Time (Simple Minds album). Once Upon a Time is the seventh studio album by Scottish pop rock band Simple Minds, released in October 1985 by record label Virgin (A&M in the US).", "Britain's Got Talent (series 7). The audition of 11-year old Asanda was also criticised for being \"sexualised\". She sang \"Diamonds\" by Rihanna, but viewers complained about it for the same reason as Arisxandra's audition – that the lyrics, such as \"I see a vision of ecstasy when you hold me\", \"I knew that we'd become one right away\" and \"as we moonshine and molly\" (a reference to drinking illicit spirits and taking the powder or crystal form of MDMA) were not appropriate for someone her age, as well as her somewhat provocative dancing. Some also took to Twitter to claim that this proved Rihanna is not a good role model for children. However, Asanda's father Lennox insisted that his daughter is \"mature for her age\": stating, \"I know she is young but, believe me, she's ready... We know there will always be negative as well as positive comments. We don't want her to get hurt so we've prepared her. We will always give her our support.\"[53]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). On 12 February 2016, \"7 Years\" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, with combined weekly sales of 105,000 units (including 3.65 million streams). The song became the first number-one single by a Danish act since Aqua's \"Turn Back Time\" (1998).[14] On 11 March 2016, \"7 Years\" spent its fifth consecutive week at number-one, becoming the longest-running number-one single by a Danish act.[15] On 18 March 2016, \"7 Years\" was replaced by Mike Posner's \"I Took a Pill in Ibiza\" at number one, selling 261 copies less than Posner.[16] It was the best-selling song in the UK in 2016 with 856,559 copies sold that year,[17] although as it had fewer streams than Drake's \"One Dance\", which gave \"7 Years\" a combined total 1.49 million units against \"One Dance\"'s 1.95 million, it was ranked number 2 on the chart.[18]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). Frontman Lukas Forchhammer described \"7 Years\" as a song about his life so far and what he hopes to achieve in the future. He said that the reason the lyrics go as far as the age of 60 is because his father died at 61 and he needed to \"pass it to believe it.\" He continued: \"It's a song about growing older. I'm also coming to a realisation that being a father is the most important thing. My biggest dream is not to be some negative old dude, but to have my kids' friends say, 'You're going to visit your dad? Say hi! He's awesome.' I had a perfect father.\"[3]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). \"7 Years\" is a soul-pop song with hip hop influences,[5] written in the key of G minor. It runs at 60 bpm. It is accompanied by a midtempo piano line, a percussion backbeat, slideshow projector incorporations, and a synthesized string section.[6]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). On 12 February 2017, \"7 Years\" was nominated for three Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), \"7 Years\" was the seventh best-selling song of 2016 worldwide with 10.4 million digital downloads and track-equivalent streams.[2]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). \"7 Years\" peaked at number one on the Australian Singles Chart, which makes Lukas Graham only the third Danish act to chart at number one (since Cut 'N' Move's \"Give It Up\", and Aqua's \"Barbie Girl\" and \"Doctor Jones\").[19] On the chart issue dated 11 April 2016, \"7 Years\" spent its eighth consecutive week at number one, becoming the longest-running number-one single by a Danish act. It overtook the previous record set by Aqua's \"Doctor Jones\", which spent seven consecutive weeks at number one in 1997–98.[20]", "Britain's Got Talent (series 7). 11-year old schoolgirl Arisxandra auditioned successfully in Salford singing Jennifer Hudson's \"One Night Only\", after which she received a standing ovation from the judges and the audience.[50] However, upon the broadcast of her audition during the launch episode of the series, many viewers were outraged at that the fact that she was singing a song about a one-night stand.[51] Vivienne Pattison, director of Mediawatch UK, said the show was \"sexualising children\" and that \"We are sleepwalking into a situation where pornography is the norm.\"[52]", "Seven (Bob Seger album). Seven is the seventh studio album by American rock singer-songwriter Bob Seger, released in 1974. It is currently out of print.[citation needed]", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). Regarding the band's prior failure to break into the international market Forchhammer stated, \"It's like my father died at exactly the right moment – and I know that's something I shouldn't say, but I just did! If my dad hadn't died in 2012 I wouldn't have written our song 'Happy Home', which catapulted us into a Scandinavian success story. I wouldn't have written '7 Years', which got us signed to a publisher in America and ultimately signed to Warner Bros.\"[4]", "Once Upon a Time (Donna Summer album). Once Upon a Time is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer. It was released on October 31, 1977, and peaked at No. 26 on the US Billboard 200,[1] number thirteen on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart[1] and No. 24 on the UK Albums Chart.[2] The entire album charted as one entry at No. 1 on the Hot Dance/Disco chart. Once Upon a Time includes the singles \"I Love You\", \"Fairy Tale High\", \"Once Upon a Time\" and \"Rumour Has It\". The album was not as successful as Summer's previous album I Remember Yesterday; it did not spawn a hit single as popular as \"I Feel Love\".", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). Time magazine named \"7 Years\" one of the Top 10 Worst Songs of 2016, they commented saying, \"Good luck explaining the meteoric popularity of this (yes, catchy) chewy contemporary pop-rock ballad, which makes a listener yearn for the artistic integrity of a band like Maroon 5.\"[8]", "I Cry When I Laugh. I Cry When I Laugh is the debut studio album by English singer and songwriter Jess Glynne. It was released on 21 August 2015 in the United Kingdom and 11 September 2015 in the United States by Atlantic Records and Warner Music Group. I Cry When I Laugh was recorded in a span of three years, with Glynne working with several record producers on it. Upon release, the album received mixed reviews from music critics, but had a positive commercial performance, with it peaking at number one in the United Kingdom and Scotland, and reaching the top ten in Australia, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Italy. In the United States, the album peaked at number 25 on the Billboard 200, where it spent 12 weeks on the chart.", "Sarah Blackwood (Canadian singer). Blackwood was born in the Canadian province of Ontario, in the city of Burlington. At the age of 27, Sarah first performed with the Psychobilly-Band The Creepshow, replacing her sister, Jennifer Blackwood, who was pregnant at the time. Originally, Jennifer was supposed to return to the band, [1] but when she never did, Sarah became a full band member. In 2008, Sarah published her debut album Way Back Home, and her first album Run For Your Life with The Creepshow. In 2010, she followed with her solo album Wasting Time and They All Fall Down with The Creepshow. She left The Creepshow in 2012, after she gained international fame when a video was uploaded to YouTube where Blackwood, together with Walk Off The Earth, covered the song Somebody That I Used to Know by the Australian singer Gotye.[2] 2013 she released the album R.E.V.O. with Walk Off The Earth.", "Handbags and Gladrags. In 2001, Welsh rock band Stereophonics released a version of the song on single. It was subsequently added to their previous album's re-release Just Enough Education to Perform as track seven and on their first compilation album as the final track.[6][7] The band originally recorded their version as a demo \"for a laugh\", but after the record company heard it they saw the potential of it being a single and subsequently had it commissioned as one.[8] Despite receiving criticism it became one of their most successful singles: in Ireland it peaked at number three and was certified gold in the UK.", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). A music video to accompany the release of \"7 Years\" was first released on YouTube on 15 December 2015 at a total length of four minutes.[21] As of November 2017, it has received over 610 million views on YouTube.", "7 Years (Lukas Graham song). English singer Jasmine Thompson released a cover version of the song on 22 April 2016 through Atlantic Records.[22] On 24 April 2016, Dutch singer Jan Versteegh released a cover version of the song through 8Ball Music, which was later included on his debut album, It Takes Swing, which was released on 13 May 2016.[23][24] English singer Conor Maynard covered the song on the album Covers, which was released on 5 August 2016 by Parlophone.[25] Linkin' Bridge, an American musical group from Louisville, Kentucky, covered the song during the semi-finals of NBC's America's Got Talent season 11 on 14 September 2016.[26]", "Seven Nation Army. British singer and The X Factor runner-up Marcus Collins covered the song as his debut single, in a version based on the cover by Ben l'Oncle Soul. It was released in the United Kingdom on March 4, 2012, a week prior to his debut album Marcus Collins.", "UK Singles Chart records and statistics. Westlife became the first act to have their first seven singles (\"Swear It Again\", \"If I Let You Go\", \"Flying Without Wings\", \"I Have a Dream / Seasons in the Sun\", \"Fool Again\", \"Against All Odds\" & \"My Love\") reach number one in 2000. [3]", "A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song. 17-year-old aspiring singer Katie Gibbs (Lucy Hale) is over-worked, bullied, and constantly harassed by her stepfamily - mom Gail (Missi Pyle), teenage sister Bev, and young brother Victor (Matthew Lintz). Despite how badly they treat her, Katie does their bidding with no complaints in fear that they might put her in foster care and is only putting up their emotional abuse until she turns 18 and graduates from High School.", "After All These Years (Journey song). \"After All These Years\" is a power ballad by the band Journey, the first single from their 2008 album Revelation. It peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart on September 20, 2008,[1] giving the band their first top-ten hit in twelve years. It stayed on the chart for over 23 weeks. This is the first single from Journey to feature lead vocalist Arnel Pineda.", "FourFiveSeconds. In Australia, \"FourFiveSeconds\" debuted at number 13 on the singles chart for the week dated February 8, 2015. The next week it jumped to number three and became Rihanna's 28th top-ten song on the chart. For the week dated February 16, the song topped the chart and became Rihanna's ninth song to reach number one. It also became West's second chart-topper and McCartney's third (post Beatles). With the feat, McCartney became the oldest artist at age 72 to reach number one on the chart, a record which was previously held by American singer Cher; she was 52 when her single \"Believe\" topped the chart.[59] Furthermore, \"FourFiveSeconds\" also peaked at number one on the Australian Urban Singles Chart.[60] The single was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting sales of over 210,000 digital copies.[61] In New Zealand, it debuted at number nine and peaked at number one for the week dated March 9. It became Rihanna's 31st top-ten single and sixth number-one on the chart.[62] \"FourFiveSeconds\" topped the charts for five consecutive weeks[62] and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for selling over 30,000 copies in the country.[63]", "Lil Wayne. Originally thought to be an EP, Lil Wayne released his tenth album, I Am Not a Human Being, on his 28th birthday, September 27, 2010. The album has sold over 953,000 copies in the U.S.[76] and has spawned successful single \"Right Above It\", which peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. Tha Carter IV was later delayed into 2011, after Lil Wayne began recording from scratch after his release from prison.[77] He described his first song since his release as \"a 2010 version of A Milli on steroids.\" The album's lead single, \"6 Foot 7 Foot\" featuring Cory Gunz, was released on December 15, 2010 and made available for digital download on iTunes on December 16, 2010. The song is produced by Bangladesh, who also produced \"A Milli\".[78]", "Got7. On October 10, the group released their seventh EP titled 7 for 7. The title track \"You Are\" is co-composed and co-written by group leader JB, the album also features songs written and composed by the members themselves.[60] Following the release of their album, title track \"You Are\" topped real-time music charts in South Korea.[61]", "Seven Little Girls Sitting in the Backseat. Ingrid Reuterskiöld (Ninita) wrote lyrics in Swedish, as \"Flickor bak i bilen\", which was recorded by Siw Malmkvist in 1959.[2] Her version peaked at No. 4 in 1960, according to the bestselling list in the Swedish music paper, Show Business.", "Years & Years. The band was formed in 2010, after Goldsworthy moved to London from Australia and met Noel Leeman and then later, Türkmen online.[2] Alexander later joined the band as its lead vocalist, after Goldsworthy heard him singing in the shower.[3] The band was originally a five-piece group, with Noel Leeman and Olivier Subria.[4] Leeman and Subria left the band in 2013.[5] Years & Years' first single, called \"I Wish I Knew\" was released in July 2012 on the Good Bait label, with the band performing as a five-piece group.[6] In 2013, the group signed a deal to the French label Kitsuné as a three-piece and released their second single, called \"Traps\" in September 2013.[7] Their third single, called \"Real\" was released by Kitsuné in February 2014 and its music video featured an appearance by Alexander's Peter and Alice co-star, Ben Whishaw, and the former Misfits actor Nathan Stewart-Jarrett.[8] In 2014, the group signed a deal to Polydor Records and then released their fourth single, called \"Take Shelter\". The song reached number one on the iTunes UK Singles Electronic Chart.[9] In December 2014, the group released their fifth single, called \"Desire\", which peaked at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.[10]", "First Time (Robin Beck song). 7\" single", "First Time (Robin Beck song). 7\" single" ]

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[ "Cell (biology). DNA replication, or the process of duplicating a cell's genome,[3] always happens when a cell divides through mitosis or binary fission. This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.", "DNA replication. In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in the genome.[3] Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands, accommodated by an enzyme known as ligase, results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin. A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. Most prominently, DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each (template) strand. DNA replication occurs during the S-stage of interphase.", "DNA replication. In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential.", "DNA replication. Within eukaryotes, DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle. As the cell grows and divides, it progresses through stages in the cell cycle; DNA replication takes place during the S phase (synthesis phase). The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints. Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.[27] Unlike bacteria, eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus.[28]", "DNA replication. In vertebrate cells, replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci.[25] Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP-tagged replication factors. By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks.", "Cell (biology). In meiosis, the DNA is replicated only once, while the cell divides twice. DNA replication only occurs before meiosis I. DNA replication does not occur when the cells divide the second time, in meiosis II.[21] Replication, like all cellular activities, requires specialized proteins for carrying out the job.[3]", "Viral replication. This may take place in the cell's nucleus, cytoplasm, or at plasma membrane for most developed viruses.", "Eukaryotic DNA replication. In eukaryotic cells, termination of replication usually occurs through the collision of the two replicative forks between two active replication origins. The location of the collision varies on the timing of origin firing. In this way, if a replication fork becomes stalled or collapses at a certain site, replication of the site can be rescued when a replisome traveling in the opposite direction completes copying the region. There are programmed replication fork barriers (RFBs) bound by RFB proteins in various locations, throughout the genome, which are able to terminate or pause replication forks, stopping progression of the replisome.[92]", "Viral replication. Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Though the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.[1]", "DNA replication. Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle, through the process of D-loop replication.", "Eukaryotic DNA replication. DNA replication is the action of DNA polymerases synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the original template strand. To synthesize DNA, the double-stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases, forming a replication fork containing two single-stranded templates. Replication processes permit the copying of a single DNA double helix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome.[1]", "Eukaryotic DNA replication. The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus essential to all organisms. Much of the cell cycle is built around ensuring that DNA replication occurs without errors.[1]", "Eukaryotic DNA replication. The replisome is responsible for copying the entire genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. The base pairing and chain formation reactions, which form the daughter helix, are catalyzed by DNA polymerases.[54] These enzymes move along single-stranded DNA and allow for the extension of the nascent DNA strand by \"reading\" the template strand and allowing for incorporation of the proper purine nucleobases, adenine and guanine, and pyrimidine nucleobases, thymine and cytosine. Activated free deoxyribonucleotides exist in the cell as deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs). These free nucleotides are added to an exposed 3'-hydroxyl group on the last incorporated nucleotide. In this reaction, a pyrophosphate is released from the free dNTP, generating energy for the polymerization reaction and exposing the 5' monophosphate, which is then covalently bonded to the 3' oxygen. Additionally, incorrectly inserted nucleotides can be removed and replaced by the correct nucleotides in an energetically favorable reaction. This property is vital to proper proofreading and repair of errors that occur during DNA replication.", "Life. Cells reproduce through a process of cell division in which the parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. For prokaryotes, cell division occurs through a process of fission in which the DNA is replicated, then the two copies are attached to parts of the cell membrane. In eukaryotes, a more complex process of mitosis is followed. However, the end result is the same; the resulting cell copies are identical to each other and to the original cell (except for mutations), and both are capable of further division following an interphase period.[189]", "Gene. After DNA replication is complete, the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells.[2]:18.2 In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission, in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions. Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase, whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase.[2]:18.1", "Viral replication. The virus attaches to the cell membrane of the host cell. It then injects its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection.", "Cell growth. The process of cell division, called cell cycle, has four major parts called phases. The first part, called G1 phase is marked by synthesis of various enzymes that are required for DNA replication. The second part of the cell cycle is tCell reproduction is asexual. For most of the constituents of the cell, growth is a steady, continuous process, interrupted only briefly at M phase when the nucleus and then the cell divide in two. he S phase, where DNA replication produces two identical sets of chromosomes. The third part is the G2 phase in which a significant protein synthesis occurs, mainly involving the production of microtubules that are required during the process of division, called mitosis. The fourth phase, M phase, consists of nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis), accompanied by the formation of a new cell membrane. This is the physical division of \"mother\" and \"daughter\" cells. The M phase has been broken down into several distinct phases, sequentially known as prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase leading to cytokinesis.", "Nuclear DNA. Prior to cell division, the DNA material in the original cell must be duplicated so that after cell division, each new cell contains the full amount of DNA material. The process of DNA duplication is usually called replication. The replication is termed semiconservative since each new cell contains one strand of original DNA and one newly synthesized strand of DNA. The original polynucleotide strand of DNA serves as a template to guide the synthesis of the new complementary polynucleotide of DNA. The DNA single strand template serves to guide the synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA.[11]", "Prokaryotic DNA replication. Prokaryotic DNA replication is the process by which a prokaryote duplicates its into another copy that is passed on to daughter cells.[1] Although it is often studied in the model organism E. coli, other bacteria show many similarities.[2] Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC).[3] It consists of three steps: Initiation, elongation, and termination.[4]", "Eukaryotic DNA replication. In G1 phase of the cell cycle, many of the DNA replication regulatory processes are initiated. In eukaryotes, the vast majority of DNA synthesis occurs during S phase of the cell cycle, and the entire genome must be unwound and duplicated to form two daughter copies. During G2, any damaged DNA or replication errors are corrected. Finally, one copy of the genomes is segregated to each daughter cell at mitosis or M phase.[2] These daughter copies each contain one strand from the parental duplex DNA and one nascent antiparallel strand.", "DNA replication. DNA replication, like all biological polymerization processes, proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps: initiation, elongation and termination.", "DNA. Cell division is essential for an organism to grow, but, when a cell divides, it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent. The double-stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication. Here, the two strands are separated and then each strand's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing and bonding it onto the original strand. As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5′ to 3′ direction, different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix.[115] In this way, the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand, and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA.", "DNA replication. Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome. Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes. Due to this problem, DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome. Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening. Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells. This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome. As a result, cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division. (This is known as the Hayflick limit.) Within the germ cell line, which passes DNA to the next generation, telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation. Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells, sometimes leading to cancer formation. Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer.", "DNA replication. DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication.[1][2]", "Central dogma of molecular biology. In the sense that DNA replication must occur if genetic material is to be provided for the progeny of any cell, whether somatic or reproductive, the copying from DNA to DNA arguably is the fundamental step in the central dogma. A complex group of proteins called the replisome performs the replication of the information from the parent strand to the complementary daughter strand.", "Eukaryotic DNA replication. DNA replication is initiated from specific sequences called origins of replication, and eukaryotic cells have multiple replication origins. To initiate DNA replication, multiple replicative proteins assemble on and dissociate from these replicative origins.[4] The individual factors described below work together to direct the formation of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), a key intermediate in the replication initiation process.", "Origin of replication. The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.[1] This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses.[2]", "Cell cycle. The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells. In bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods. The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. DNA replication occurs during the C period. The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells.[1] In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle is also divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the chromosomes separate. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.", "Reverse transcriptase. There are three different replication systems during the life cycle of a retrovirus. First of all, the reverse transcriptase synthesizes viral DNA from viral RNA, and then from newly made complementary DNA strand. The second replication process occurs when host cellular DNA polymerase replicates the integrated viral DNA. Lastly, RNA polymerase II transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA, which will be packed into virions. Therefore, mutation can occur during one or all of these replication steps.[15]", "Norovirus. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of replication. Translation takes place by leaky scanning and RNA termination-reinitiation. Humans and other mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and contamination.[38]", "Circular bacterial chromosome. Bacterial chromosome replication is best understood in the well-studied bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Chromosome replication proceeds in three major stages: initiation, elongation and termination. The initiation stage starts with the ordered assembly of \"initiator\" proteins at the origin region of the chromosome, called oriC. These assembly stages are regulated to ensure that chromosome replication occurs only once in each cell cycle. During the elongation phase of replication, the enzymes that were assembled at oriC during initiation proceed along each arm (\"replichore\") of the chromosome, in opposite directions away from the oriC, replicating the DNA to create two identical copies. This process is known as bidirectional replication. The entire assembly of molecules involved in DNA replication on each arm is called a \"replisome.\" At the forefront of the replisome is a DNA helicase that unwinds the two strands of DNA, creating a moving \"replication fork\". The two unwound single strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA polymerase, which moves with the helicase (together with other proteins) to synthesise a complementary copy of each strand. In this way, two identical copies of the original DNA are created. Eventually, the two replication forks moving around the circular chromosome meet in a specific zone of the chromosome, approximately opposite oriC, called the terminus region. The elongation enzymes then disassemble, and the two \"daughter\" chromosomes are resolved before cell division is completed.", "DNA replication. Most bacteria do not go through a well-defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA; during rapid growth, this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication.[29] In E. coli, the best-characterized bacteria, DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms, including: the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence, the ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the levels of protein DnaA. All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences." ]

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[ "Kentucky. The commonwealth term was used in citizen petitions submitted between 1786 and 1792 for the creation of the state.[citation needed] It was also used in the title of a history of the state that was published in 1834 and was used in various places within that book in references to Virginia and Kentucky.[57] The other two states officially called \"commonwealths\" are Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.", "Kentucky. Kentucky (/kənˈtʌki/ ( listen), kən-TUCK-ee), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Although styled as the \"State of Kentucky\" in the law creating it,[5] Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.", "Kentucky. On December 18, 1789, Virginia again gave its consent to Kentucky statehood. The United States Congress gave its approval on February 4, 1791.[45] (This occurred two weeks before Congress approved Vermont's petition for statehood.[46]) Kentucky officially became the fifteenth state in the Union on June 1, 1792. Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected its first Governor.[47]", "Kentucky. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states to officially use the term commonwealth. The term was used for Kentucky as it had also been used by Virginia, from which Kentucky was created. The term has no particular significance in its meaning and was chosen to emphasize the distinction from the status of royal colonies as a place governed for the general welfare of the populace.[56]", "History of Kentucky. Kentucky's final push for statehood, now under the Federal Constitution, officially began with a convention, again held at Danville, in April 1792. There delegates drafted Kentucky's first Constitution and submitted it to the United States Congress. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union as the fifteenth state.[65]", "History of Kentucky. The prehistory and history of Kentucky spans thousands of years, and has been influenced by the state's diverse geography and central location. It is not known exactly when the first humans arrived in what is now Kentucky. Around 1,800 BCE, a gradual transition began from a hunter-gatherer economy to agriculturalism. Around 900 CE, a Mississippian culture took root in western and central Kentucky; by contrast, a Fort Ancient culture appeared in eastern Kentucky. While the two had many similarities, the distinctive ceremonial mounds of the former were absent in the latter. The first permanent European settlement, Harrod's Town, was established in 1774. Kentucky was the 15th U.S. state, admitted to the Union on June 1, 1792. Kentucky was initially neutral in the American Civil War, but joined the Union side after a Confederate invasion in 1861. The state remained under Union control for most of the war.", "History of Kentucky. The state's official nickname is the \"Bluegrass State,\" which is derived from the famed species of grass grown in central Kentucky, Bluegrass, or Poa. \"The nickname also recognizes the role that the Bluegrass region has played in Kentucky's economy and history.\"[49]", "History of Kentucky. Kentucky was a border state during the American Civil War. The state was officially neutral until a new legislature took office on August 5, 1861 with strong Union sympathies. The majority of the Commonwealth's citizens also had strong Union sympathies. On September 4, 1861, Confederate General Leonidas Polk broke Kentucky's neutrality by invading Columbus, Kentucky. As a result of the Confederate invasion, Union General Ulysses S. Grant entered Paducah, Kentucky. On September 7, 1861, the Kentucky State Legislature, angered by the Confederate invasion, ordered the Union flag to be raised over the state capitol in Frankfort, declaring its allegiance with the Union. In November 1861, during the Russellville Convention, Southern sympathizers attempted to establish an alternative state government with the goal of secession but failed to displace the legitimate government in Frankfort.[94][95]", "Kentucky Constitution. The first constitutional convention of Kentucky was called by Colonel Benjamin Logan on December 27, 1784 in Danville, the capital of Kentucky County, Virginia. Over the next eight years, ten constitutional conventions were called, each making some progress toward a viable constitution. The state's first constitution was accepted by the United States Congress on June 1, 1792, making Kentucky the fifteenth state.[1]", "Commonwealth (U.S. state). On September 28, 1786, the residents of Kentucky County began petitioning the Virginia legislature for permission to become a \"free and independent state, to be known by the name of the Commonwealth of Kentucky\".[citation needed] On June 1, 1792, Kentucky County officially became a state. As in Virginia, the official title of the elected local prosecutor in each of Kentucky's political subdivisions is the \"Commonwealth's Attorney,\" as opposed to State's Attorney in other States or the more standard District Attorney. Kentucky is the only state outside of the first 13 that uses commonwealth in its name.", "History of Louisville, Kentucky. From 1784 through 1792, a series of conventions were held to discuss the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the United States and Isaac Shelby was named the first Governor.", "History of Kentucky. In 1788, Virginia granted its consent to Kentucky's statehood in the form of two enabling acts. The second and operative act required that the Confederation Congress admit Kentucky into the Union by July 4, 1788. A Committee of the Whole reported that Kentucky be so admitted, and on July 3, the full Congress took up the question of Kentucky statehood. Unfortunately, one day earlier, Congress had learned of New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States. In light of this development, Congress thought that it would be \"unadvisable\" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so \"under the Articles of Confederation\" only, but not \"under the Constitution\". Therefore it resolved...", "History of Kentucky. The origin of the name \"Kentucky\" is not known with any certainty. One suggestion is that it is derived from an Iroquois name meaning \"land of tomorrow\".[47] Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia states that \"Various authors have offered a number of opinions concerning the word's meaning: the Iroquois word \"kentake\" meaning \"meadow land,\" the Wyandotte (or perhaps Cherokee or Iroquois) word \"ken-tah-the\" meaning \"land of tomorrow,\" the Algonquian term \"kin-athiki\" referring to a river bottom, a Shawnee word meaning \"at the head of a river,\" or an Indian word meaning land of \"cane and turkeys.\" However, the name does not mean \"dark and bloody ground\" in any language.\"[48] There were many variations of the word during early pioneer times, including Kentucke (as in The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke), Kaintuckee and Cantuckey.", "History of Kentucky. Before 1750, Kentucky was populated nearly exclusively by Cherokee, Chickasaw, Shawnee, Yuchi, Mosopelea, and several other tribes of Native Americans. Early British exploration of the area that would become Kentucky was made in 1750 by a scouting party led by Dr. Thomas Walker,[54] and in 1751 by Christopher Gist for the Ohio Company.", "Kentucky. Kentucky was one of the border states during the American Civil War.[48] Although frequently described as never having seceded, representatives from 68 of 110 counties met at Russellville calling themselves the \"Convention of the People of Kentucky\" and passed an Ordinance of Secession on November 20, 1861.[49] They established a Confederate government of Kentucky with its capital in Bowling Green.[50]", "History of Kentucky. Kentucky was mostly rural, but two important cities emerged before the American Civil War, Lexington, the first city settled, and Louisville, which would become the largest. Lexington, was the center of the Bluegrass Region, an agricultural area featuring production of tobacco and hemp. It was also known for the breeding and training of high-quality livestock, including horses. It was the base for many prominent planters, most notably Henry Clay, the politician who led the Whig Party , and who brokered important compromises over the issue of slavery. Before the west was considered to begin west of the Mississippi River, it was considered to begin at the Appalachian Mountains, and young Lexington was the cultural center of the region. It later claimed for itself the designation of \"Athens of the West.\"", "History of Kentucky. That the said Legislature and the inhabitants of the district aforesaid [Kentucky] be informed, that as the constitution of the United States is now ratified, Congress think it unadviseable [sic] to adopt any further measures for admitting the district of Kentucky into the federal Union as an independent member thereof under the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union; but that Congress thinking it expedient that the said district be made a separate State and member of the Union as soon after proceedings shall commence under the said constitution as circumstances shall permit, recommend it to the said legislature and to the inhabitants of the said district so to alter their acts and resolutions relative to the premisses [sic] as to render them conformable to the provisions made in the said constitution to the End that no impediment may be in the way of the speedy accomplishment of this important business.[66]", "History of Kentucky. The magnitude of these problems increased with the rapid growth of population in Kentucky, leading Colonel Benjamin Logan to call a constitutional convention in Danville in 1784. Over the next several years, nine more conventions were held. During one, General James Wilkinson proposed secession from both Virginia and the United States to become a ward of Spain, but the idea was defeated.", "History of Kentucky. Kentucky's second largest city, and former capital Lexington, is named for Lexington, Massachusetts, site of one of the first battles of the Revolution. As the first \"new\" west for the Patriots, Kentucky was situated in the Western theater of the American Revolutionary War. Bryan's Station is the fort built there during the last year of the war for defense against the British and their Native American allies. Kentucky was a battleground during the war. The Battle of Blue Licks, one of the last major battles of the Revolution, was fought there; the Americans were defeated.", "Commonwealth (U.S. state). Commonwealth is a designation used by four of the 50 states of the United States in their full official state names: Kentucky[1] (the law creating Kentucky names it the \"State of Kentucky\"[2] but it was originally part of the land grant of the Colony of Virginia), Massachusetts,[3] Pennsylvania,[4] and Virginia.[5] Each was, prior to 1776, a British colony, or parts thereof, and share a strong influence of English common law in some of their laws and institutions.[6][7]", "Kentucky. One petition, which had Virginia's assent, came before the Confederation Congress in early July 1788. Unfortunately, its consideration came up a day after word of New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States. In light of this development, Congress thought that it would be \"unadvisable\" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so \"under the Articles of Confederation\" only, but not \"under the Constitution\", and so declined to take action.[44]", "History of Kentucky. On March 18, 1976, to correct a historical oversight, Kentucky finally ratified the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, with the signing of House Resolution 75 by Governor Julian Carroll. Mae Street Kidd, a legislator from Louisville, campaigned for the passage of the three Reconstruction Amendments.[120]", "History of Kentucky. After 1775, Kentucky grew rapidly as the first settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains were founded, with settlers migrating primarily from Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania; they entered the region via the Cumberland Gap and the Ohio River. It was claimed by Virginia as part of its territory. The most famous of these early explorers and settlers was Daniel Boone, one of the founders of the state. During this period, the settlers introduced commodity agriculture to the area. Tobacco, corn, and hemp were developed as the major commodity crops of Kentucky, and the hunting stage of frontier life faded away. Due to the ongoing violence, however, as Native Americans resisted white settlement, by 1776 there were fewer than 200 settlers in Kentucky.", "Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County,[6] named for the Kentucky River.[citation needed] The precise etymology of the name is uncertain,[7] but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning \"(on) the meadow\" or \"(on) the prairie\"[8][9] (cf. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca gëdá'geh (phonemic /kẽtaʔkeh/), \"at the field\").[10]", "History of Kentucky. By 1860, the population of the state had reached 1,115,684; of this number, 25% was slaves, concentrated in the Bluegrass Region and Louisville and Lexington. Louisville had been a major slave market, and shipped many slaves downriver to the Deep South and New Orleans for sale or delivery. Kentucky also had strong trade relations to both the east and western regions, reinforced by a shifting of trade from the rivers to the railroads and Great Lakes. Many Kentucky residents had migrated south to Tennessee and west to Missouri, creating familial ties to those regions. The state voted against secession and remained loyal to the Union, although there were disputes among numerous residents.", "History of Kentucky. Although Kentucky was a slave state, it had not seceded and was not subject to military occupation during the Reconstruction Period. It was subject to the Freedmen's Bureau oversight of new labor contracts and work to institute free labor. A congressional investigation was undertaken because of issues raised about the propriety of its elected officials. During the election of 1865, ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was a major political issue. Kentucky eventually rejected the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments but had to implement them when they were ratified.", "Kentucky. On December 31, 1776, the region of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains was established as Kentucky County by the Virginia General Assembly.[6] (Kentucky County was abolished on June 30, 1780, when it was divided into Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties.) On several occasions the region's residents petitioned the General Assembly and the Confederation Congress for separation from Virginia and statehood. Ten constitutional conventions were held in Danville between 1784 and 1792.", "History of Kentucky. The westernmost part of Kentucky, west of the Tennessee River, was recognized as hunting grounds belonging to the Chickasaw by the 1786 Treaty of Hopewell, and remained so until they sold it to the U.S. in 1818, albeit under pressure.[citation needed] This region is still sometimes known as the Jackson Purchase in reference to President Andrew Jackson of the period.", "Kentucky. Kentucky was a slave state, and blacks once comprised over one-quarter of its population. However, it lacked the cotton plantation system and never had the same high percentage of African Americans as most other slave states. With less than 8% of its current population being black, Kentucky is rarely included in modern-day definitions of the Black Belt, despite a relatively significant rural African American population in the Central and Western areas of the state.[146][147][148]", "Kentucky in the American Civil War. The elected government of Kentucky being decidedly Union, a group of Southern sympathizers began formulating a plan to create a Confederate shadow government for the Commonwealth. Following a preliminary meeting on October 29, 1861, delegates from 68 of Kentucky's 110 counties met at the Clark House in Russellville on November 18.[34] The convention passed an ordinance of secession, adopted a new state seal, and elected Scott County native George W. Johnson as governor.[34] Bowling Green, now occupied by General Johnston himself, was designated as the state capital, though the delegates provided that the government could meet anywhere deemed appropriate by the provisional legislative council and governor.[35] Being unable to flesh out a complete constitution and system of laws, the delegates voted that \"the Constitution and laws of Kentucky, not inconsistent with the acts of this Convention, and the establishment of this Government, and the laws which may be enacted by the Governor and Council, shall be the laws of this state.\"[35] Though President Davis had some reservation about the circumvention of the elected General Assembly in forming the Confederate government, Kentucky was admitted to the Confederacy on December 10, 1861.[36] Kentucky was represented by the central star on the Confederate battle flag.[37]", "History of Kentucky. A Mississippian culture developed in western Kentucky and the surrounding area, while a Fort Ancient culture dominated in the eastern portion of what became Kentucky. While the two cultures are similar in numerous ways, the Fort Ancient culture didn't have the temple mounds and chiefs' houses like the Mississippian culture had.[8]", "History of Kentucky. Any French claims to Kentucky were lost after the British defeated them in the French and Indian War and signed the Treaty of Paris (1763) on February 10, 1763. The Iroquois claim to much of what is now Kentucky was purchased by the British in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix on November 5, 1768." ]

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[ "Bad Lip Reading. The Star Wars Trilogy Bad Lip Reading videos also spawned a second musical number titled \"Bushes of Love\", which featured Ben Kenobi singing to Luke Skywalker about the perils of love. The song would hit #2 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart.[15] Hamilton creator and star Lin-Manuel Miranda described the song as \"THE summer jam of 2017\".[16]", "Bad Lip Reading. On June 8, 2014 the BLR Facebook page announced the release of the full version of \"Modify\" by Kniles, a song that has been used in multiple BLR productions. The fact that this song was used without previous attribution, as well as stylistic similarities to other BLR-produced songs, have prompted speculation that Kniles is another pseudonym for the individual behind Bad Lip Reading.[18]", "Bad Lip Reading. The \"Bad Lip Reader\" behind the channel is an anonymous music and video producer originally from Texas.[3] The first Bad Lip Reading video released was a spoof of Rebecca Black's song \"Friday\", entitled \"Gang Fight\". New music and lyrics were matched to Black's video to make it appear as though she were singing about gang warfare. The \"Gang Fight\" YouTube video, released in March 2011, earned BLR a million hits and thousands of subscribers.[1]", "Bad Lip Reading. Bad Lip Reading (abbreviated as BLR) is a YouTube channel, run by an anonymous individual[1][2] in the music production business, that spoofs clips from films, TV shows, songs, sports, and political news stories by overdubbing humorous vocal work that matches the lip movements of the targets. Rolling Stone described the channel as \"the breakout hit\" of the 2012 United States presidential cycle.[1] As of January 2018, the Bad Lip Reading YouTube channel had amassed over 6.5 million subscribers and over 942 million views across its videos.", "Bad Lip Reading. In September 2011, BLR branched out from pop singers to politicians with a \"bad lip-reading\" of Texas governor and US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry. BLR replaced clips of Perry with invented dialogue matched to his lip movements. After airing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, the video was featured by news and media outlets across the United States, leading to a sudden surge in Bad Lip Reading's popularity. Following the Perry spoof, BLR released bad lip-readings of President Obama,[7] Republican presidential candidates Michele Bachmann,[8] Mitt Romney, Herman Cain, Ron Paul, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum.", "Bad Lip Reading. In December of 2015, Bad Lip Reading simultaneously released three new videos, one for each of the three films in the original Star Wars trilogy. These videos found BLR using guest voices for the first time, featuring Jack Black as Darth Vader, Maya Rudolph as Princess Leia, and Bill Hader in multiple roles.[12] The Empire Strikes Back BLR video featured a scene of Yoda singing to Luke about an unfortunate encounter with a seagull on the beach. BLR would later expand this scene into a full-length standalone song known as \"Seagulls! (Stop It Now)\", which was released in November 2016 (eventually hitting #1 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart[13].) As of late 2017, the \"Seagulls!\" video is Bad Lip Reading's second most viewed YouTube upload, and most popular musical production. In the song, Yoda sings to Luke Skywalker about the dangers posed by vicious seagulls if one dares to go to the beach. Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars films, publicly praised \"Seagulls!\" (and Bad Lip Reading in general) while speaking at Star Wars Celebration in 2017: \"I love them, and I showed Carrie [Fisher] the Yoda one… we were dying. I showed it to her in her trailer. She loved it. I retweeted it… and [BLR] contacted me and said ‘Do you want to do Bad Lip Reading?’ And I said, ‘I’d love to…’”. Hamill and Bad Lip Reading would go on to collaborate on Bad Lip Reading's version of The Force Awakens, with Hamill providing the voice of Han Solo.[14]", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Atwell:\n\"Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)\" by The Offspring\n\"Bad Romance\" by Lady Gaga", "Bad Lip Reading. The channel found even more success in November 2012 when it began overdubbing popular movie and television shows. BLR's version of Twilight quickly went viral, followed by parodies of The Hunger Games; The Walking Dead; and Game of Thrones. The videos have been well-received not only by the public, but also by the cast and creators of the properties being spoofed. In her online blog, Elizabeth Banks, Jennifer Lawrence's co-star in The Hunger Games, said, \"Bad Lip Reading is awesome. I was introduced to it by none other than Jennifer Lawrence. Yup — she saw this, people. And she laughed. And so did I. A lot.\" Lawrence's co-star Josh Hutcherson also praised the video, tweeting it to his fans. The cast and creators of The Walking Dead have publicly praised the Bad Lip Reading \"Walking Dead\" videos on several occasions.[citation needed]", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Special performances:\n\"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\" performed by the cast\n\"Bad\" performed by Michael Jackson: One from Cirque du Soleil", "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (album). Notes below indicated the voices sampled, from the liner notes.[full citation needed]", "Bad Boy Records. In 1998, Combs decided to expand Bad Boy's roster to genres other than hip-hop and R&B, and subsequently signed Fuzzbubble to the label as its 1st rock act.[4] The group appeared on the rock remix of Puff Daddy's \"It's All About the Benjamins\", but parted ways with the label before releasing a full-length album.[5]", "Bad Lip Reading. In 2013, Bad Lip Reading won the Webby Awards' People's Voice Award for \"Comedy: Long Form or Series\". In April 2014, BLR won the American Comedy Award for Best Viral Video for its \"NFL: A Bad Lip Reading\" video. Patrick Stewart accepted the award on BLR's behalf during the televised ceremony on NBC.", "Bad Lip Reading. One of Bad Lip Reading's works, \"Dirty Spaceman\", a redubbing of \"Check It Out\" by Will.i.am featuring Nicki Minaj, was taken down due to a claim of copyright infringement. It is unclear if Universal Music issued a formal DMCA takedown request or if YouTube's Content ID Match system detected the work and removed it automatically.[19] Also, in March 2012, the video \"Beard With Glue,\" a bad lip reading of \"You're Beautiful\" by James Blunt, was taken down by Warner Music Group on a copyright claim. Unlike \"Dirty Spaceman\", the claim was soon released, and the video was returned. Likewise, \"Gang Fight\" was taken down in 2011, but returned. UMG has also taken down \"Rockin' All Nite Long\", the Taylor Swift spoof that also features Wiz Khalifa.", "Bad Lip Reading. In a Rolling Stone interview, the producer behind the Bad Lip Reading videos said that he first encountered the technique of lip reading when his mother, then in her 40s, lost her hearing due to unknown causes. While she excelled at lip reading, he was unable to pick up the skill despite trying: \"I was terrible at it.\"[1]", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Caleb McLaughlin:\n\"I'm Bad\" by LL Cool J", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Tamblyn:\n\"You Oughta Know\" by Alanis Morissette\n\"I Wanna Sex You Up\" by Color Me Badd", "? and the Mysterians. In 1998, the cover version of \"Can't Get Enough of You, Baby\" by Smash Mouth reached number 14 on the US record charts.", "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (album). According to Byrne’s 2006 sleeve notes, neither he nor Eno had read Tutuola’s novel before the album was recorded, but felt the title apt:", "Bad Lip Reading. A Bad Lip Reading of the Disney Channel original movie High School Musical premiered as a half-hour special on July 11, 2016 on Disney XD.", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Green:\n\"Rapper's Delight\" by The Sugarhill Gang\n\"Rock and Roll All Nite\" by Kiss", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. We Sing of Only Blood or Love is dominated by dark neo-blues rock songwriting structures, and also contains heavy metal, folk music, gothic rock, protopunk, and some experimental material. The album is a continuation of Riggs' musical evolution since fronting the Louisiana sludge metal band Acid Bath in the 1990s. Riggs uses a trained, rich vocal style most frequently sung in a blues-influenced baritone rasp. His lyrics contain various stylistic elements of metaphor and imagery, and touch upon personal and poetic subjects such as death, love, Satan, nocturnal hallucinations, mortality, phantoms, and morbidity.", "The Seeds of Love. The song \"Sowing the Seeds of Love\" was written in June 1987, the same week as the UK General Election in which Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative Party won a third consecutive term in office (reflected in the lyric \"Politician granny with your high ideals, have you no idea how the majority feels?\"). Hughes and longtime TFF keyboardist Ian Stanley both left the project later in 1987 citing \"creative differences\", though their contributions to the track remained on the final album. After two failed attempts to make the album, the band opted to produce it themselves, assisted by engineer Dave Bascombe. Also in 1987, Orzabal and Smith flew over to the US to track down a hotel lounge pianist/vocalist named Oleta Adams, whom they had seen playing in Kansas City during their 1985 American tour. Hoping she could add to the organic feel by bringing a soulful warmth to their music, they invited Adams to work with them on their new album. Adams would ultimately perform on three tracks (\"Woman in Chains\", \"Badman's Song\" and \"Standing On The Corner Of The Third World\"), and a solo recording contract was also offered to her by the band's record company Fontana.[8]", "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (album). In the 1982 second edition, the track \"Qu'ran\"—which features samples of Qur'anic recital—was removed at the request of the Islamic Council of Great Britain. In its place \"Very, Very Hungry\" (the B-side of \"The Jezebel Spirit\" 12\" EP)[32] was substituted. The first edition of the CD (1986) included both tracks, with \"Very, Very Hungry\" as a bonus track. Later editions (1990 and later) followed the revised LP track order without \"Qu'ran.\"", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Wiley:\n\"Un-Break My Heart\" by Toni Braxton\n\"O.P.P.\" by Naughty by Nature", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes. Blunt:\n\"No Diggity\" by Blackstreet\n\"Piece of My Heart\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company", "The Notorious Cherry Bombs. Although they served as Crowell's backing band for several years, The Cherry Bombs did not record an album of their own until a 2004 reunion (at which point \"Notorious\" had been added to the band's name).[1] The album, also titled The Notorious Cherry Bombs, produced a hit on the country music charts in \"It's Hard to Kiss the Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long\".", "Kiss (band). During this period, Kiss nostalgia started to pick up steam. June 1994 saw the release of Kiss My Ass: Classic Kiss Regrooved, a compilation album featuring popular artists of the era putting their own spin on Kiss songs. The result was an eclectic mix, featuring Lenny Kravitz's funky version of \"Deuce\" (with Stevie Wonder on harmonica), a ska punk version of \"Detroit Rock City\" by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones and Garth Brooks' straightforward take on \"Hard Luck Woman\", with Kiss themselves as his backing band.", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. We Sing of Only Blood or Love (erroneously titled We Sing Only of Blood or Love on the vinyl format) is the debut solo album released by American singer and songwriter Dax Riggs. It was slated to be the next Deadboy and the Elephantmen album before that band's dissolution. Riggs decided to release it under his own name, on August 21, 2007. Matt Sweeney provided a combination of guitar, bass, piano and backing vocals for all of the tracks, as well as producing the record.", "Our Lips Are Sealed. The following year, co-writer Terry Hall re-recorded the song with his own band, Fun Boy Three. It was included on their second album Waiting and reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart and was the last single to chart in the UK, before their split later in 1983. Backing vocals were provided by Mo-dettes drummer June Miles-Kingston, who also played drums on the single and the Waiting LP.", "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (album). While it initially received mixed reviews, My Life is now widely regarded as a high point in the discographies of Eno and Byrne.[5][6] AllMusic critic John Bush describes it as a \"pioneering work for countless styles connected to electronics, ambience and Third World music\".[3] The extensive use of sampling on the album is widely considered ground-breaking and innovative, though its actual influence on the sample-based music genres that later emerged continues to be debated.[7][8] Pitchfork listed it as the 21st best album of the 1980s, while Slant Magazine listed the album at No. 83 on its list of the \"Best Albums of 1980s\".[9]", "Bad Lip Reading. Expanding his scope yet again, in January 2013 BLR released a bad lip-reading of National Football League players, coaches, and referees, which would go on to become the channel's most popular video. A second NFL video followed in 2014,[9][10] and a third was released in 2015.[11] The NFL Bad Lip Reading video would go on to become an annual event for the channel, with each video being released shortly before the Super Bowl each year.", "Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt. All of the music on the record was written by Frusciante, save for the cover of hardcore punk band Bad Brains' song \"Big Takeover\". The track was intentionally slowed down and recorded melodically because of a pastime in which Frusciante sang punk songs in different time signatures: \"It was just something I had been walking around thinking of in my head. Sometimes I'll walk around singing punk rock songs to myself, but as if they were regular songs instead of punk rock songs, you know, slow it down and make a melody instead of just yelling them out. And then the idea occurred me to record it like a Led Zeppelin ballad with mandolins and stuff.\"[18] River Phoenix, a friend of Frusciante's, had contributed guitar and backing vocals to two songs that were intended be included on the record, but they were ultimately left off due to protests from his family. These were later included under different names on the album Smile from the Streets You Hold in 1997.[18]" ]

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[ "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). In 2007, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd created the new ministerial position of Cabinet Secretary with Australian Labor Party veteran Senator John Faulkner appointed conjointly as Special Minister of State to drive an integrity agenda.[6] The position was carried over by Prime Minister Julia Gillard from 2010 to 2013 and again by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in 2013.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). From 1996 to 2007, Prime Minister John Howard appointed a political staffer to the position of Cabinet Secretary, under the Member of Parliament (Staffing) Act 1984, to head the new Cabinet Policy Unit.[4][5] Howard also appointed junior ministerial positions of Parliamentary Secretary (Cabinet) to the Prime Minister held by Chris Miles MP and Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet held by Senator Bill Heffernan. Howard's Cabinet Secretary practice was resumed by Prime Minister Tony Abbott from 2013 to 2015.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). The following individuals have been appointed as Cabinet Secretary, with some serving concurrently:", "Cabinet Secretary. The Cabinet Secretary was a former title conferred on an Australian minister responsible for assisting the Prime Minister to manage the day-to-day procedural and operational matters of the Cabinet and any Cabinet committees. As per all other ministers in the Westminster system, the Cabinet Secretary was a sitting member of Parliament, chosen by the Prime Minister and officially appointed by the Governor-General. The Cabinet Secretary was a portfolio minister of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and existed at various stages between 2007 and 2017, when the position was abolished.[1]", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). The Assistant Cabinet Secretary, a junior ministerial position, was established by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull on the 21 September 20105 to support the work of the Cabinet Secretary. The position was renamed the Minister Assisting the Cabinet Secretary on the 18 February 2016, reflecting the renaming of parliamentary secretary level positions as assistant ministers. The first Assistant Cabinet Secretary and re-titled Minister Assisting the Cabinet Secretary was Scott Ryan, conjointly holding the portfolio of Special Minister of State.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). The Cabinet Secretary was a former title conferred on an Australian minister responsible for assisting the Prime Minister to manage the day-to-day procedural and operational matters of the Cabinet and any Cabinet committees. As per all other ministers in the Westminster system, the Cabinet Secretary was a sitting member of Parliament, chosen by the Prime Minister and officially appointed by the Governor-General. The Cabinet Secretary was a portfolio minister of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and existed at various stages between 2007 and 2017, when the position was abolished.[1][2][3]", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). On the 18 January 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced a ministerial reshuffle in which the position of Cabinet Secretary was disbanded and its functions returned to the Prime Minister's Office as per the Howard Government.[7]", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). In 2015, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull resumed the ministerial position of Cabinet Secretary, broadening its responsibilities and including it in Cabinet.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). In line with the Cabinet reshuffle on the 18 January 2017 which disbanded the Cabinet Secretary, Scott Ryan was named the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet whilst continuing as Special Minister of State. On the 13 November 2017, Scott Ryan was appointed the President of the Senate and the position of Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet was not continued. [1]", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). The Cabinet Secretary should not be confused with the Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which is the senior Australian Public Service departmental secretary, or other Cabinet Secretary positions in other Westminster systems. The United Kingdom Minister for the Cabinet Office has similar but not analogous functions as the Australian Cabinet Secretary.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). With the discontinuation of the ministerial Cabinet Secretary, the position is now an held by an Australian Public Service officer within Prime Minister's Office in support of the Cabinet Division of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). Under the Turnbull Government, the Cabinet Secretary was a full member of the Cabinet and a sits on the National Security Committee, the Expenditure Review Committee, the National Infrastructure Committee, the Innovation and Science Committee, the Indigenous Policy Committee, the Governance Committee, and the Digital Transformation Committee.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). The roles and responsibilities of the Cabinet Secretary have varied since 2007 to 2013 and again since 2015, depending on the priorities and agenda of the Prime Minister of the day. Conventionally though, the Cabinet Secretary supports the Prime Minister through overseeing the Cabinet process and providing political and policy coordination when delegated.[8]", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). Under the Turnbull Government, according to the Cabinet Handbook, through delegations from the Prime Minister, the Cabinet Secretary has the power to:[9]", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). The Cabinet Division (formerly the Cabinet Secretariat and the Cabinet Implementation Unit) of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet provides operational support and procedural advice to the Prime Minister, the Cabinet Secretary, the Minister Assisting the Cabinet Secretary and the chairs of the Cabinet committees. The Cabinet Division is also responsible for the management of the records of successive Cabinets. It maintains the collection of Cabinet documents for the current Government and preserves the Cabinet records of previous Governments. The Cabinet Division is led by a First Assistant Secretary and includes the Cabinet Secretariat and the Strategic Coordination and National Security Branch.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). Historically, the position has been a junior ministerial portfolio, either of Parliamentary Secretary rank or of the Outer Ministry, held conjointly with another ministerial portfolio such as the Special Minister of State, the Minister for Home Affairs, and the Parliamentary Secretary for Climate Change.", "Cabinet Secretary. In Australia, the equivalent position is the Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, although both the Department and its secretary have wider responsibilities than in most other governments derived from the Westminster System.", "Cabinet of Australia. Following the Liberal Party leadership spill on Friday 24 August 2018, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull was replaced as Prime Minister by Scott Morrison. Josh Frydenberg replaced the Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop as deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the same leadership ballot, and assumed the role of Treasurer.", "Cabinet Secretary (Australian minister). From 1959 to 1968 the duties of the Cabinet Secretary were handed by the Secretary of the Prime Minister's Department. From 1968 to 1971, the Department of the Cabinet Office existed led by the Secretary to the Cabinet, a senior Australian Public Service departmental secretary[3] From 1971 to 1996, the duties of the Cabinet Secretary were handed by the Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.", "Women's suffrage in Australia. The Coalition Abbott Ministry formed in September 2013 contained only one woman in cabinet — Julie Bishop, the Liberal Party deputy leader — to widespread criticism,[18] and Abbott added a second woman to his cabinet in Sussan Ley following a reshuffle in December 2014.[19][20][21][22] The First Turnbull Ministry, announced on 20 September 2015, increased the number of female ministers to five, out of 21 Cabinet Ministers, including for the first time a female Assistant Treasurer in Kelly O'Dwyer and a Minister of Defence in Senator Marise Payne.[23] In a reshuffle on 13 February 2016, the number of women in cabinet became six, with the election by the National Party of Fiona Nash to the position of deputy leader, the first woman to hold the position, who was also brought into the cabinet. Sussan Ley resigned from the Ministry on 13 January 2017. On 27 October 2017, the High Court ruled that Fiona Nash had been ineligible to have been elected to Parliament.[24] She was replaced by Bridget McKenzie as deputy leader of the Nationals.", "Department of Human Services (Australia). The head of the department is the Secretary of the Department of Human Services, currently Renée Leon PSM,[4] who is responsible to the Minister for Human Services, currently the Hon. Alan Tudge MP.", "Government of Australia. The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.[13] There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital, with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street.", "Cabinet of Australia. The Cabinet of Australia is the Australian Government's council of senior ministers of the Crown, responsible to Parliament. Ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who serve at the former's pleasure. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. The Cabinet is also composed of a number of Cabinet committees focused on governance and specific policy issues. Outside the Cabinet there is an Outer Ministry and also a number of Assistant Ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister of their portfolio. The Cabinet, the Outer Ministry, and the Assistant Ministers collectively form the full Commonwealth Ministry of the government of the day.", "Attorney general. In Australia, the Attorney-General is the chief law officer of the Crown and a member of the Cabinet. The Attorney-General is the minister responsible for legal affairs, national and public security, and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The Senator the Hon. George Brandis QC is the current Attorney-General. The Australian states each have separate attorneys-general, who are state ministers with similar responsibilities to the federal minister with respect to state law.", "Kitchen Cabinet. Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's reliance on a kitchen Cabinet (Treasurer Wayne Swan, Rudd's successor Julia Gillard and Finance Minister Lindsay Tanner) was a factor in his removal as PM.", "Government of Australia. The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown, responsible to the Federal Parliament. The ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who serve at the former's pleasure. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers, called Parliamentary secretaries, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.", "Cabinet Secretary. With the retirement of Gus O'Donnell, who served from 2005 until the end of 2011, the three roles hitherto performed by the Cabinet Secretary were split: the Cabinet Secretary would provide policy advice to the Prime Minister and Cabinet; the Head of the Home Civil Service would provide leadership for the whole Civil Service; and the Permanent Secretary would oversee the Cabinet Office.[8] O'Donnell was succeeded by Jeremy Heywood as Cabinet Secretary, Bob Kerslake as Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary at the Department for Communities and Local Government and Ian Watmore as lastly, Permanent Secretary at the Cabinet Office.[9]", "Cabinet of Australia. The National Security Committee (NSC) focuses on major international security issues of strategic importance to Australia, border protection policy, national responses to developing situations (either domestic or international) and classified matters relating to aspects of operation and activities of the Australian Intelligence Community. Decisions of the NSC do not require the endorsement of the Cabinet. The NSC is chaired by the Prime Minister with the Deputy Prime Minister as deputy chair and includes the Attorney-General, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister for Defence, the Treasurer, the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, and the Cabinet Secretary.", "Cabinet of Australia. The Australian Cabinet follows the traditions of the British parliamentary cabinet system, in following the principle of cabinet collective responsibility. While the Cabinet is responsible to parliament for making policy decisions, Cabinet discussions are confidential and are not disclosed to the public apart from the announcement of decisions. This secrecy is necessary to ensure that items of national security are not made public, and so that ministers can speak freely and disagree with each other during discussions.[3]", "Cabinet Secretary. In Israel, the Cabinet Secretary (also called the Government Secretary) heads an office responsible for preparing the agenda of cabinet meetings and facilitating communication between ministers. The Secretariat is also responsible for presenting government-initiated bills to the Knesset and for conducting certain press briefings. The Secretary is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, with the current Secretary being Avichai Mandelblit.", "Cabinet of Australia. All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. While the Governor-General is a nominal presiding officer, they almost never attend Executive Council meetings. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the stead of the Governor-General.[1]", "United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2016. In July 2016, it was revealed that former Labor Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd asked the Government of Australia (then a government of the Liberal/National Coalition) to nominate him for Secretary-General in April 2016.[31][32][33] At its meeting on 28 July, the Cabinet was divided on his suitability for the role and, on that basis, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull decided to decline the request the next day; since nomination by the Australian government was considered a necessary prerequisite for candidacy, Turnbull's decision essentially ended Rudd's campaign;[34] Rudd later confirmed as much.[35][36][37]" ]

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[ "Suffrage. In the United States, the President and Vice President must be natural-born citizens. All other governmental offices may be held by any citizen, although citizens may only run for Congress after an extended period of citizenship (seven years for the House of Representatives and nine for the Senate).", "United States presidential election, 2016. Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.", "United States presidential election, 2020. Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as President of the United States the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old and a United States resident for at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States, in which case each party develops a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. The primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The nominee then personally chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party's presidential ticket (with the exception of the Libertarian Party, which nominates its vice presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the nominee's preference). The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors then directly elect the President and Vice President.[1]", "United States presidential election, 2000. Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties of the United States, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.", "United States presidential election. Article Two of the United States Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as President, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years. A candidate may start running his or her campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency, but must meet the age and residency requirements by Inauguration Day. The Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution also sets a term limit: a President cannot be elected to more than two terms.", "United States Congress. To be eligible for election, a candidate must be aged at least 25 (House) or 30 (Senate), have been a citizen of the United States for seven (House) or nine (Senate) years, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent.", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. Fifteen Republican members of the Missouri House of Representatives sponsored an amendment to the Missouri Constitution in March 2009 that would require \"candidates who are required by the Constitution of the United States to be natural born citizens\" to provide a birth certificate to the Missouri Secretary of State to confirm their eligibility. A certificate of live birth would not be accepted. Failure to comply would result in the candidate being deemed ineligible to stand. The only political offices to be affected would be the President and Vice President, which are the only two positions for which there is a specific constitutional citizenship requirement. The proposed amendment is part of a \"voter’s bill of rights\", which would serve \"as a defense against corruption, fraud, and tyranny\". Political commentators interpreted the proposal as being \"aimed at advancing the claims of the fringe movement that doubts President Barack Obama's eligibility to serve as president\".[53][54] The proposed amendment, House Joint Resolution No. 34, was subsequently withdrawn.[55]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.[1]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. On November 16, 2010, Texas state representative Leo Berman introduced legislation requiring any candidate for president or vice president running in Texas to submit to the Texas Secretary of State an \"original birth certificate indicating that the person is a natural-born United States citizen.” In introducing the bill, Berman said that the \"bill is necessary because we have a president whom the American people don’t know whether he was born in Kenya or some other place.” If signed into law, the bill would take effect September 1, 2011, about 6 months ahead of the Texas presidential primaries for the 2012 presidential election.[79]", "United States presidential line of succession. To be eligible to serve as president, a person must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, at least 35 years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19(e)).", "Elections in the United States. The constitution states that members of the United States House of Representatives must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least seven years, and be a (legal) inhabitant of the state they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least nine years, and be a (legal) inhabitant of the state they represent. The President must be at least 35 years old, a natural born citizen of the United States and a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years. It is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate the qualifications for a candidate appearing on a ballot paper, although in order to get onto the ballot, a candidate must often collect a legally defined number of signatures.", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. Proposed legislation introduced in January 2011 would have required a presidential or vice presidential candidate to provide proof of birth that includes the names of the candidate's parents, and proof that the parents were United States citizens at the time of the candidate's birth; the candidate would also have to swear of affirm, \"I was born a citizen of the United States of America and was subject exclusively to the jurisdiction of the United States of America, owing allegiance to no other country at the time of my birth. On the day I was born, both my birth mother and birth father were citizens of the United States of America.\"[64] The proposed legislation failed to be voted out of committee.[65]", "Natural-born-citizen clause. The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a \"natural born citizen\" of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens. See, e.g. United States v. Ark [sic] ...[145]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. In April 2010, Georgia state representative Mark Hatfield introduced legislation that would require presidential and vice presidential candidates to submit an affidavit \"stating the candidate’s citizenship and age and shall append to the affidavit documents that prove the candidate is a natural born citizen, prove the candidate’s age, and prove that the candidate meets the residency requirements for President of the United States.\"[36]", "Age of candidacy. In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. In January 2016, two Democratic legislators proposed barring the Secretary of State from placing on the ballot any presidential or vice-presidential candidate who was not a natural-born citizen.[78]", "Citizenship Clause. Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution requires that a candidate for President of the United States be a \"natural-born citizen.\" According to the US Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual: \"the fact that someone is a natural born citizen (citizen at birth) pursuant to a statute does not necessarily imply that he or she is such a citizen for Constitutional purposes.\"[35]", "Natural-born-citizen clause. Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents.[101] In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible, only that there was some controversy about their eligibility, which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility.[102]", "List of foreign-born United States politicians. A person who acquired U.S. citizenship at birth is a natural-born citizen, and thus eligible to serve as President or Vice President.", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. In January 2011, Republican State Representative Lyle Rowland introduced legislation that would require \"proof of identity and proof of United States citizenship\" for all presidential and vice-presidential candidates.\"[56] In May 2011, the requirement that presidential candidates present proof of natural born citizenship was added but later trimmed from an omnibus election law reform bill.[57] Rowland introduced similar legislation in 2012.[58] On March 29, 2012, the House of Representatives passed legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to prove their U.S. citizenship before appearing on the ballot.[59] The bill then passed a Missouri senate committee.[60]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Mike Callton would require presidential candidates to submit their birth certificates.[52]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. Posey's bill gained the support of twelve Republican co-sponsors - Representatives John R. Carter, Kenny Marchant, Louie Gohmert, John Culberson, Randy Neugebauer, Mike Conaway and Ted Poe (all from Texas), Rep. John Campbell (California), Rep. Bob Goodlatte (Virginia), Rep. Dan Burton (Indiana), Rep. Marsha Blackburn (Tennessee), and Rep. Trent Franks (Arizona).[12][13] Republican Senator Tom Coburn (Oklahoma) also stated that he would \"likely support it\" if the bill reached the Senate, saying that Obama \"meets the constitutional requirement to be president,\" and that \"It is each state's responsibility to determine the eligibility of those running for federal office.\"[14] H.R. 1503 was never voted upon by either house of Congress and died when the 111th Congress adjourned at the end of 2010.[15]", "Arnold Schwarzenegger. Schwarzenegger cannot run for president as he is not a natural-born citizen of the United States. Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian/United States citizen.[85] He has held Austrian citizenship since birth and U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.[86]", "Vice President of the United States. To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according to the 12th Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:", "Natural-born-citizen clause. Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot.[99] Alternatively, there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president-elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress.[100] Some legal scholars assert that, even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts, and are not undertaken in Congress, there are other avenues for adjudication, such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access.[6][7]", "Territories of the United States. Every four years, U.S. political parties nominate their presidential candidates at conventions, which include delegates from these territories.[26] However, the U.S. citizens living in territories such as Puerto Rico cannot vote in the general election for president of the U.S.[25] Non-citizen nationals in American Samoa also can't vote for the president.[16]", "United States nationality law. Chester Arthur, born in the U.S. state of Vermont of an American mother and Irish father, was sworn in as President, but his status as a \"natural-born citizen\" was challenged on the grounds that he was allegedly born in Canada or Ireland. Presidential candidates George W. Romney (born in Mexico), Barry Goldwater and John McCain (born in U.S. territories), were never seriously challenged on the basis of their \"natural born\" citizenship, but no candidate falling under this classification has been elected President.[citation needed] Charles Curtis falls under this classification by birth in Kansas Territory, was elected and served as Vice President, proving constitutional eligibility for President.", "Birthright citizenship in the United States. According to the Constitution of the United States only natural born citizens are eligible to serve as President of the United States or as Vice President. The text of the Constitution does not define what is meant by natural born: in particular it does not specify whether there is any distinction to be made between persons whose citizenship is based on jus sanguinis (parentage) and those whose citizenship is based on jus soli (birthplace). As a result, controversies have arisen over the eligibility of a number of candidates for the office.", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Daryl Metcalfe would require candidates for president and vice president to provide proof of citizenship to qualify for a spot on the state ballot.[73]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation. In March 2009, Representative Bill Posey, a newly elected Republican from Florida's 15th congressional district, introduced a bill, H.R. 1503, in the U.S. House of Representatives. Had this bill been enacted into law, it would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to require candidates for the Presidency \"to include with the [campaign] committee's statement of organization a copy of the candidate's birth certificate\" plus supporting documentation.[6]", "Natural-born-citizen clause. Status as a natural-born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President. This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence.[1]" ]

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[ "Mychal Thompson. Mychal George Thompson (born January 30, 1955) is a Bahamian retired basketball player. He played the power forward and center positions for the University of Minnesota and the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers, San Antonio Spurs, and Los Angeles Lakers. Thompson won two NBA championships with the Lakers during their Showtime era in the 1980s. He is the father of basketball players Klay Thompson, and Mychel Thompson, and baseball player Trayce Thompson.", "Splash Brothers. Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson were both born into athletic families. Their fathers, Dell Curry and Mychal Thompson, each had productive NBA careers, while mothers Sonya Curry and Julie Thompson were both volleyball players in college. Their brothers, Seth Curry and Mychel Thompson, also became basketball players.[1] However, neither Stephen nor Klay were highly recruited by college basketball programs.[1]", "Mychal Thompson. Thompson married his wife Julie in 1987.[3] His oldest son, Mychel, played basketball for Pepperdine University and made his NBA debut with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2012. His middle son, Klay, played basketball for Washington State University and was selected with the 11th pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors who won the 2015 and 2017 NBA Finals. His youngest son, Trayce, plays baseball for the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "Mychal Thompson. As of 2017, Mychal and his son Klay, are the fourth father-son duo to have each won an NBA Championship as a player; the others were (in chronological order of completing the feat), Matt Guokas, Sr. and his son Matt Guokas, Jr., Hall of Famer Rick Barry and his son Brent Barry, and Hall of Famer Bill Walton and his son Luke Walton. The Thompsons, along with the Waltons, are also the only father-son tandems to have each won two championships each.", "Seth Curry. Curry's father, Dell, is a former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Both of his parents were athletes at Virginia Tech; Dell played basketball and Curry's mother, Sonya, played volleyball. His older brother, Stephen, is the starting point guard for the Golden State Warriors and a two-time NBA MVP, while his younger sister, Sydel, plays college volleyball at Elon University.[53][54]", "Dell Curry. Curry currently works as a color commentator, alongside Eric Collins and Stephanie Ready, on Charlotte Hornets television broadcasts. He is the father of current NBA players Stephen Curry and Seth Curry.", "Jae Crowder. Crowder's father, Corey, played in the NBA for the Utah Jazz and the San Antonio Spurs and had a 14 year-spanning career as a professional, mostly playing in Europe.[44] Crowder has seven siblings.[1] He majored in communication studies at Marquette's Diederich College of Communication.[1]", "Splash Brothers. The sons of former NBA players, Curry and Thompson were not highly recruited out of high school, but enjoyed relatively successful college basketball careers before being selected in the first round of the NBA draft by the Warriors. Curry was chosen with the seventh overall pick in 2009, while Thompson was the eleventh overall selection in 2011. In 2014–15, they became the first teammates in the league to be the starting guards in the same All-Star Game since 1975, and they were the Warriors' first pair of All-Stars since 1993. They also became the first guard combo to be named to the All-NBA Team in the same season since 1979–80. The two also enjoyed team success, helping the Warriors win the 2015 NBA Finals for the team's first title in 40 years. They would later replicate the feat in 2017 and 2018, for three championships. Additionally, they were teammates on the United States national team in 2014, winning the gold medal at the FIBA Basketball World Cup.", "Kenny Smith. Kenny \"The Jet\" Smith (born March 8, 1965) is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played in the NBA from 1987 to 1997 as a member of the Sacramento Kings, Atlanta Hawks, Houston Rockets, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, and Denver Nuggets.[1] Nicknamed \"The Jet\", Smith was an All-American at the University of North Carolina and a two-time NBA Champion with the Houston Rockets. Smith is currently a basketball analyst, and has won several Emmys for his work on Inside the NBA on TNT. He also works as an analyst for CBS/Turner during the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.[2]", "David Stockton. Stockton is the son of John and Nada Stockton. His father played 19 years for the Utah Jazz and entered the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009. His great-grandfather, Houston Stockton, played football for Gonzaga from 1922 to 1924, going undefeated his senior year of 1924 as he earned All-America honorable mention honors. His eldest brother, Houston Jr., played football for University of Montana, and older brother, Michael, currently plays professionally.[1]", "Stephen Curry. Stephen Curry is the son of Sonya (Adams) and Dell Curry. He was born in Akron, Ohio while his father was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers.[2][3] He grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina, where his father spent most of his NBA career with the Charlotte Hornets.[4] Dell often took Curry and his younger brother Seth to his games, where they would shoot with the Hornets during warm-ups.[5] The family briefly relocated to Toronto, where Dell finished out his career as a member of the Raptors.[4] During this time, Curry played for the Queensway Christian College boys' basketball team, leading them to an undefeated season.[6][7] He was also a member of Toronto 5–0, a club team that plays across Ontario,[8][9] pitting him against fellow future NBA players Cory Joseph and Kelly Olynyk.[9] Curry led the team to a 33–4 record, en route to winning the provincial championship.[10]", "Brent Barry. In the summer of 2004, Barry was signed as a free agent by the San Antonio Spurs, where he spent most of the season as a backup. After losing their first playoff game to the Denver Nuggets in the 2005 NBA Playoffs, San Antonio inserted Barry into the starting lineup. The Spurs' new lineup helped them beat the Nuggets in the series four games to one. Later in those same playoffs, Barry earned his first championship ring when the Spurs defeated the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals. Brent and his father, Rick Barry, are the second father-son duo to each win an NBA Championship as a player; the first was Matt Guokas, Sr. and his son Matt Guokas, Jr.. The only other father-son duos are Bill Walton and his son Luke Walton, and Mychal Thompson and his son Klay Thompson.", "Splash Brothers. The Splash Brothers are a duo of American basketball players consisting of Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson. The two guards play professionally for the Golden State Warriors in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Excellent long-range shooters, they have combined to set various NBA records for three-point field goals by a pair of teammates, and each has won the Three-Point Contest. The two NBA All-Stars have won three NBA championships with the Warriors.", "Kenan Thompson. Kenan has starred in several films including Good Burger, based on the All That sketch of the same title, and Fat Albert, in which he played the title character. He has also had supporting roles in the movies Heavyweights, D2: The Mighty Ducks, D3: The Mighty Ducks, Love Don't Cost a Thing, Barbershop 2: Back in Business, My Boss's Daughter, and Snakes on a Plane. Thompson had a recurring role on The Steve Harvey Show as Junior, with co-star Kel Mitchell.", "Tim Hardaway Jr.. He has a sister named Nia,[4] a dog named Tito, and is the son of five-time NBA All-Star Tim Hardaway. During the 2012–13 season, Hardaway memorialized deceased friends on his left shoe and deceased family members on his right shoe.[10]", "Masai Ujiri. He grew up in Zaria, Nigeria, born of Isoko father from Aviara in Delta state. The mother however is a Kenyan, a Kamba to be specific, from Machakos. The son of a doctor mother and a hospital administrator/nursing educationist father, Ujiri originally played football as a youth before focusing on basketball. His interest with basketball started as a 13-year-old playing with friends on outdoor basketball courts in northern Nigeria. This interest would be fed by American sports magazines and VHS tapes of NBA games or basketball movies.[1] He admired Hakeem Olajuwon, an NBA star who was also born in Nigeria.", "Questlove. Ahmir Khalib Thompson was born in Philadelphia on January 20, 1971. His father was Lee Andrews of Lee Andrews & the Hearts, a 50s doo-wop group.[3] His mother, Jacquelin Thompson, together with his father, was also part of the Philadelphia-based soul group Congress Alley.[4] His parents did not want to leave him with babysitters, so they took him on tour with them.[5] He grew up in backstages of doo-wop shows. By the age of seven, Thompson began drumming on stage at shows, and by 13, had become a musical director.", "Nate Thurmond. Nathaniel Thurmond (July 25, 1941 – July 16, 2016) was an American basketball player who spent the majority of his 14-year career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Golden State Warriors. He played the center and power forward positions.[1] Thurmond was a seven-time All-Star and the first player in NBA history to record an official quadruple-double. In 1965, he grabbed 42 rebounds in a game; only Wilt Chamberlain and Bill Russell recorded more rebounds in an NBA game. Thurmond was named both a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History.[2]", "Tom Payne (basketball). Payne was drafted by the Atlanta Hawks and, during the 1971-1972 season, averaged 4.1 points in 29 games.[2] During the season, his father, a major influence in his life, died.", "Death Lineup. The lineup features the Splash Brothers, a three-point shooting backcourt consisting of two-time NBA MVP Stephen Curry, and perennial two-way All-Star Klay Thompson. It also features versatile defender Andre Iguodala on the wing alongside scorer Kevin Durant, and 2016–17 Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green at center.[4] Green's defensive versatility has been described as the \"key\" that allows the lineup to be so effective; although his natural position is power forward, he is able to play as an undersized center in lieu of a traditional center who might be slower or lack the playmaking and shooting abilities of Green.[5][6] The lineup originally included Harrison Barnes, who was replaced by former league MVP Durant in 2016–17, when the group also began to be known as the Hamptons Five.[7][8]", "2018 NBA Finals. Klay Thompson of the Warriors suffered a leg injury in the first quarter, but returned to the game in the second quarter.[22] With the score tied at 107 in the last five seconds of regulation, J. R. Smith of the Cavaliers dribbled the ball towards half court rather than taking a final shot. Tyronn Lue, Cleveland's coach, later said that Smith thought the Cavaliers were ahead, though Smith denied not knowing the correct score, and claimed he assumed his team would take a time-out. Cleveland was not able to score in the final seconds and the game went to overtime.[23] In overtime, the Warriors outscored the Cavaliers 17–7 to win the game.[24] Tristan Thompson was ejected following a flagrant foul with 2.6 seconds remaining in overtime.[22]", "Kyrie Irving. Irving enjoys reading and keeping a journal.[4] He also likes to sing, dance, and play the baritone sax. His godfather is former NBA player Rod Strickland.[11] His cousin, Isaiah Briscoe, was a highly rated basketball player who played at the University of Kentucky before declaring for the 2017 NBA draft.[112] Irving and his ex-partner have a daughter together, Azurie Elizabeth Irving, who was born on November 23, 2015. Azurie's middle name, Elizabeth, was given to her in honor of Irving's late mother.[113]", "Seth Curry. During his time at Santa Cruz, Curry played in the back court with Mychel Thompson. At the same time their respective brothers, Stephen and Klay, were playing together in the Golden State backcourt in a tandem nicknamed the \"Splash Brothers.\"[14]", "Sport in South Africa. So far, no basketball player of South African nationality has made it to the NBA. However, South Africa was the birthplace to Steve Nash, two-time MVP in the NBA,[5] and Swiss NBA player Thabo Sefolosha has a South African father.", "2017 NBA draft. The draft class is the youngest draft class ever, with the most freshmen and fewest seniors selected in the first round; the top seven picks in the draft were all college freshmen. It was the third time, and the second in a row, that three players were selected from Serbian team KK Mega Basket in the same draft (Vlatko Čančar, Ognjen Jaramaz, Alpha Kaba), with it previously occurring during the 2014 and 2016 NBA draft. The draft also received a lot of media coverage from ESPN pertaining to eventual No. 2 pick Lonzo Ball and his outspoken father, LaVar Ball, much to the chagrin of many sports fans and even some ESPN employees.[3][4]", "Kenan Thompson. Thompson was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, to Fletcher and Elizabeth Ann Thompson. He has two siblings, an older brother and a younger sister. He began acting at age 15, appearing in the school play The Gingerbread Duck.[3] He auditioned for a theatre company The Youth Ensemble of Atlanta (YEA).[4] One of his earliest roles was as an entertainment reporter for CNN's \"Real News for Kids\",[5] and he would go on to star in All That, and Kenan & Kel.[5] While Kenan attended Tri-Cities High School, a Visual and Performing Arts Magnet School in East Point, Georgia, he began filming his first movie, D2: The Mighty Ducks.", "2003 NBA draft. ^ a: Chris Kaman was born in the United States, but also has German citizenship through his great-grandparents and competes internationally for Germany.[30]", "Steve Nash. In the early 1990s, Nash was cut from the Canadian junior national team by head coach Ken Olynyk, father of future NBA player Kelly Olynyk.[77] At age 17, he was the youngest member of Team Canada at the 1991 World University Games, where the team won a silver medal.[78]", "LaVar Ball. LaVar Christopher Ball (born October 23, 1967)[1] is an American media personality and businessman. He is the father of three basketball players: Los Angeles Lakers guard Lonzo; LiAngelo, who was enrolled at UCLA briefly with a basketball scholarship;[2] and LaMelo.[3][4][5][6] Ball is the founder and CEO of the sports apparel company Big Baller Brand and founder of the Junior Basketball Association (JBA).[7]", "Mychal Thompson. Thompson played only half a season with the Spurs, before he was traded again, this time to Los Angeles for center/forward Frank Brickowski, center Pétur Guðmundsson and a 1990 first-round draft choice. He was brought to the Lakers in February 1987 to back up Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and defend Boston Celtics forward Kevin McHale. This gave the Pat Riley coached Lakers a team that had four players who were overall #1 selections in the NBA draft, the others being Abdul-Jabbar (1969), Magic Johnson (1979), and James Worthy (1982). Of those four, Thompson is the only one not enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame or to have his number (43) retired by the Lakers.", "David Stockton. David Stockton (born June 24, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Gonzaga University and is the son of Hall of Famer John Stockton.", "Grant Hill. Hill's parents are retired NFL Pro Bowl running back Calvin Hill and Janet Hill. He and his father were Rookies of the Year in their respective sports; Hill in the NBA in 1995 (shared with Jason Kidd), and his father in the NFL with the Dallas Cowboys in 1969." ]

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[ "J. The letter J originated as a swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana (\"Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language\") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word \"yet\").", "J. J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its normal name in English is jay /dʒeɪ/ or, now uncommonly, jy /dʒaɪ/.[1][2] When used for the palatal approximant, it may be called yod (/jɒd/ or /joʊd/) or yot (/jɒt/ or /joʊt/).", "J. In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.", "J. In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]", "J. In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.", "J. The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.", "Welsh language. The letter \"j\" is used in many everyday words borrowed from English, like jam, jôc \"joke\" and garej \"garage\". The letters \"k\", \"q\", \"v\", \"x\", and \"z\" are used in some technical terms, like kilogram, volt and zero, but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters: cilogram, folt and sero.[74] The letter \"k\" was in common use until the sixteenth century, but was dropped at the time of the publication of the New Testament in Welsh, as William Salesbury explained: \"C for K, because the printers have not so many as the Welsh requireth\". This change was not popular at the time.[75]", "J. In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[5] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for example, hedge).[5] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was published in 1633.[6] In loan words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of a hyperforeignism.[7] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative /h/.", "English alphabet. The letters u and j, as distinct from v and i, were introduced in the 16th century, and w assumed the status of an independent letter, so that the English alphabet is now considered to consist of the following 26 letters:", "Latin. W was created in the 11th century from VV. It represented /w/ in Germanic languages, not Latin, which still uses V for the purpose. J was distinguished from the original I only during the late Middle Ages, as was the letter U from V.[44] Although some Latin dictionaries use J, it is rarely used for Latin text, as it was not used in classical times, but many other languages use it.", "J. Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.", "Welsh orthography. The letter j was only relatively recently accepted into Welsh orthography for those words borrowed from English in which the /dʒ/ sound is retained in Welsh, even where that sound is not represented by j in English spelling, as in garej (\"garage\") and ffrij (\"fridge\"). Older borrowings of English words containing /dʒ/ resulted in the sound being pronounced and spelt in various other ways, resulting in occasional doublets such as Siapan and Japan (\"Japan\").", "J. In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called \"Yot\" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]", "Middle English. The consonantal ⟨j⟩/⟨i⟩ was sometimes used to transliterate the Hebrew letter yodh, representing the palatal approximant sound /j/ (and transliterated in Greek by iota and in Latin by ⟨i⟩); words like Jerusalem, Joseph, etc. would have originally followed the Latin pronunciation beginning with /j/, that is, the sound of ⟨y⟩ in yes. In some words, however, notably from Old French, ⟨j⟩/⟨i⟩ was used for the affricate consonant /dʒ/, as in joie (modern \"joy\"), used in Wycliffe's Bible.[25][26] This was similar to the geminate sound [ddʒ], which had been represented as ⟨cg⟩ in Old English. By the time of Modern English, the sound came to be written as ⟨j⟩/⟨i⟩ at the start of words (like joy), and usually as ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (as in bridge). It could also be written, mainly in French loanwords, as ⟨g⟩, with the adoption of the soft G convention (age, page, etc.)", "Roman numerals. Since the Middle Ages, a \"j\" has sometimes been substituted for the final \"i\" of a \"lower-case\" Roman numeral, such as \"iij\" for 3 or \"vij\" for 7. This \"j\" can be considered a swash variant of \"i\" (see example [1]). The use of a final \"j\" is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written.[18][19]", "King James Version. The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized, and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text.[69] They set v for initial u and v, and u for u and v everywhere else. They used long ſ for non-final s.[70] The glyph j occurs only after i, as in the final letter in a Roman numeral. Punctuation was relatively heavy, and differed from current practice. When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the, (replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y), set ã for an or am (in the style of scribe's shorthand), and set & for and. On the contrary, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded.[citation needed] Later printings regularized these spellings; the punctuation has also been standardized, but still varies from current usage norms.", "History of the Latin script. The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. W originated as a doubled V (VV) used to represent the sound [w] found in Old English as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the runic Wynn letter which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded u; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule v was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final swash form, j, came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century.", "Russian alphabet. ⟨ё⟩, introduced by Karamzin in 1797 and made official in 1943 by the Soviet Ministry of Education,[7] marks a /jo/ sound that has historically developed from /je/ under stress, a process that continues today. The letter ⟨ё⟩ is optional (in writing, not in pronunciation): it is formally correct to write ⟨e⟩ for both /je/ and /jo/. None of the several attempts in the twentieth century to mandate the use of ⟨ё⟩ have stuck.", "History of the alphabet. The Anglo-Saxons began using Roman letters to write Old English as they converted to Christianity, following Augustine of Canterbury's mission to Britain in the sixth century. Because the Runic wen, which was first used to represent the sound 'w' and looked like a p that is narrow and triangular, was easy to confuse with an actual p, the 'w' sound began to be written using a double u. Because the u at the time looked like a v, the double u looked like two v's, W was placed in the alphabet by V. U developed when people began to use the rounded U when they meant the vowel u and the pointed V when the meant the consonant V. J began as a variation of I, in which a long tail was added to the final I when there were several in a row. People began to use the J for the consonant and the I for the vowel by the fifteenth century, and it was fully accepted in the mid-seventeenth century.", "Spanish orthography. In Old Spanish, ⟨x⟩ was used to represent the voiceless palatal sound /ʃ/ (as in dixo 'he/she said'), while ⟨j⟩ represented the voiced palatal /ʒ/ (as in fijo 'son'). With the changes of sibilants in the 16th century, the two sounds merged as /ʃ/ (later to become velar /x/), and the letter ⟨j⟩ was chosen for the single resulting phoneme in 1815. When Cervantes wrote Don Quixote he spelled the name in the old way (and English preserves the ⟨x⟩), but modern editions in Spanish spell it with ⟨j⟩. For the use of ⟨x⟩ in Mexico—and in the name México itself—see below.", "Name of Mexico. Given that both x and j represented the same new sound (/x/), and in lack of a spelling convention, many words that originally had the /ʃ/ sound, began to be written with j (e.g. it wasn't uncommon to find both exército and ejército used during the same time period, even though that due to historicity, the correct spelling would have been exército). The Real Academia Española, the institution in charge of regulating the Spanish language, was established in 1713, and its members agreed to simplify spelling, and set j to represent /x/ regardless of the original spelling of the word, and x to represent /ks/. (The ph spelling underwent a similar removal, in that it was simplified as f in all words, e.g. philosophía became filosofía.)", "J/Z (New York City Subway service). Letters were assigned to most BMT services in the early 1960s. The BMT Jamaica services retained their numbers until November 1967. The 15 became the QJ[19] (express), and the 14 became the JJ.[20]", "Y. As a consonant in English, Y normally represents a palatal approximant, /j/ (year, German Jahr). This use was possibly influenced by the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which could represent /j/. (Yogh could also represent other sounds, such as /ɣ/, which came to be written gh in Middle English.)", "History of the Arabic alphabet. Here the Arabic letters are listed in the traditional Levantine order but are written in their current forms, for simplicity. The letters which are the same shape have coloured backgrounds. The second value of the letters that represent more than one phoneme is after a comma. In these tables, ÄŸ is j as in English \"June\".\nIn the Arabic language, the g sound seems to have changed into j in fairly late pre-Islamic times, but this seems not to have happened in those tribes who invaded Egypt and settled there.", "J. In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].", "John (given name). The Germanic languages (including German, English and Scandinavian) produced the masculine Johann (also Johan (Dutch), Joan,[5] Jan and Janke (Dutch), Jannis, Jens (Danish and Frisian), Jóhannes, Jóhann, (Icelandic and Faroese), Jön (Swedish), Hans (German, Dutch and Scandinavian)[6][7] and the feminine Johanna (also the Dutch diminutives Johanneke, Hanneke, Janneke, and Joke). In England, the name John came from the Anglo-French language form Johan, itself from the Old French form Jehan. Prior to the standardization in English of the letter 'J', the letter 'I' was used interchangeably; following this shift, forms beginning in J- such as John began to be pronounced in their modern fashion with <dʒ> rather than <j> (y).[citation needed] Seventeenth-century English texts still spelled the name Iohn. Since then, it has been spelled in its current form, John. The feminine form changed from Jehanne to Joanne, Joan and Jo.", "Latin alphabet. It was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨W⟩ (originally a ligature of two ⟨V⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ as vowels, and ⟨J⟩ and ⟨V⟩ as consonants, become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter.", "Middle English. Under Norman influence, the continental Carolingian minuscule replaced the insular script that had been used for Old English. However, because of the significant difference in appearance between the old insular g and the Carolingian g, the former continued in use as a separate letter, known as yogh, written ⟨ȝ⟩. This was adopted for use to represent a variety of sounds: [ɣ], [j], [dʒ], [x], [ç], while the Carolingian g was normally used for [g]. Instances of yogh were eventually replaced by ⟨j⟩ or ⟨y⟩, and by ⟨gh⟩ in words like night and laugh. In Middle Scots yogh became indistinguishable from cursive z, and printers tended to use ⟨z⟩ when yogh was not available in their fonts; this led to new spellings (often giving rise to new pronunciations), as in McKenzie, where the ⟨z⟩ replaced a yogh which had the pronunciation /j/.", "Scrabble letter distributions. Prior to March 1998, there was a difference between the Dutch and the Flemish version: the Dutch version had 2 IJ tiles with a value of 4 points. Furthermore, it had only 1 F and only 4 S tiles; and the face value of the G was only 2 points. The Flemish version never had IJ tiles, it was as described above. The Dutch version is now in line with the Flemish one. Instead of the IJ letter a combination of the I and J is now used. Arguably Q, X, and Y do not exist in Dutch, but they are included as they are used for borrowed words.", "Middle English. Under continental influence, the letters ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨z⟩, which had not normally been used by Old English scribes, came to be commonly used in the writing of Middle English. Also the newer Latin letter ⟨w⟩ was introduced (replacing wynn). The distinct letter forms ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩ came into use, but were still used interchangeably; the same applies to ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i⟩.[24] (For example, spellings such as wijf and paradijs for wife and paradise can be found in Middle English.)", "J. The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).", "J. In Chinese Pinyin, ⟨j⟩ stands for /tɕ/, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩." ]

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[ "The Marshall Tucker Band. The \"Marshall Tucker\" in the band's name does not refer to a band member, but rather a Spartanburg-area blind piano tuner.[4] While the band was discussing possible band names one evening in an old warehouse they had rented for rehearsal space, someone noticed that the warehouse's door key had the name \"Marshall Tucker\" inscribed on it, and suggested they call themselves \"The Marshall Tucker Band,\" not realizing it referred to an actual person. It later came to light that Marshall Tucker, the blind piano tuner, had rented the space before the band, and his name was inscribed on the key.[5] Music historian Joel Whitburn erroneously attributes \"Marshall Tucker\" to the owner of the band's rehearsal hall in his book, Top Pop Singles, 1955-2002.[6]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. In 1972, Caldwell and McCorkle once again revamped the band's lineup, eventually settling on Tommy Caldwell on bass, George McCorkle rhythm guitar, vocalist Doug Gray, and Jerry Eubanks, flute/tenor sax, while adding Paul Riddle on drums; the new lineup adopted the name \"Marshall Tucker Band.\" Wet Willie lead singer Jimmy Hall told Toy Caldwell to book the band at Grant's Lounge in Macon which he did. After hearing the band play at Grant's, Buddy Thornton and Paul Hornsby recorded the band's demo at Capricorn Studios in Macon, Ga. Frank Fenter and Phil Walden signed The Marshall Tucker Band based on those demos.", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The Marshall Tucker Band is an American rock band from Spartanburg, South Carolina. Noted for incorporating blues, country and jazz into its eclectic sound, The Marshall Tucker Band helped establish the Southern rock genre in the early 1970s.[1] While the band had reached the height of its commercial success by the end of the decade, the band has recorded and performed continuously under various lineups for 45 years.[1]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The original members (and some later members) of the Marshall Tucker Band had been playing in various lineups under different band names around the Spartanburg area since the early 1960s. In 1966, members of several such bands merged to form the Toy Factory, named after guitarist Toy Caldwell. The Toy Factory's constantly shifting lineup included, at times, Caldwell, his younger brother Tommy, Doug Gray, Jerry Eubanks, George McCorkle, and Franklin Wilkie. In the late 1960s, four of the bandmembers served in the U.S. Armed Forces;[7][8][9] Toy Caldwell was wounded in Vietnam.[10]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The original lineup of the Marshall Tucker Band, formed in 1972, included lead guitarist, vocalist, and primary songwriter Toy Caldwell (1947–1993), lead vocalist Doug Gray (born 1948), keyboard player, saxophone player, and flautist Jerry Eubanks (born 1950), rhythm guitarist George McCorkle (1947–2007), drummer Paul Riddle (born 1953), and bassist Tommy Caldwell (1949–1980). They signed with Capricorn Records and in 1973 released their first LP, The Marshall Tucker Band.", "The Marshall Tucker Band. Following the completion of the band's tenth album, entitled Tenth, tragedy struck The Marshall Tucker Band. On April 22, 1980, the band's bassist and co-founder, Tommy Caldwell, suffered massive head trauma in a car wreck and died six days later. Former Toy Factory bassist Franklin Wilkie replaced Caldwell, but the band was never able to recapture its commercial success of the 1970s. On 1982's Tuckerized, only two songs were written by band members; 'Sea, Dreams & Fairy Tales' by Toy Caldwell and 'Sweet Elaine' by George McCorkle. Main songwriter Toy Caldwell only contributed three songs to each of the two albums released in 1983; Just Us and Greetings from South Carolina. After 1983's Greetings from South Carolina, all the rest of the original band members split, sans Doug Gray and Jerry Eubanks.[1]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The band's self-titled debut album was categorized as country rock,[21] progressive rock[23] and \"a Southern rock classic\".[27] Guitarist/songwriter Toy Caldwell drew heavily from bluegrass and country while writing songs for the band's debut.[19] The follow-up album, A New Life, was categorized as having more of a country sound.[17][28] Where We All Belong has been described as a \"classic rock and roll album\".[29] The band's 1979 album Running Like the Wind features a pop rock and jazz fusion sound.[23] The follow-up Tenth album featured a boogie rock sound.[30] The band's 1998 album Face Down in the Blues consisted, as its title implies, entirely of blues music.[20]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The band has incorporated throughout its career elements of diverse genres into its sound, most frequently blues,[17][18][19][20] country[17][18][20] and jazz.[17][20] The band has also drawn from boogie,[19] psychedelic,[21] R&B,[21]gospel,[21] folk[21] and rock and roll.[18] According to Allmusic's Jeff Tamarkin, Toy Caldwell's guitar playing style was categorized by \"flashy, jazzy llicks; the band has also been noted for extensive jamming.[22]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The Marshall Tucker Band's self-titled debut, produced by Paul Hornsby, was released in 1973, and certified gold in 1975.[12] All of the tracks were written by Toy Caldwell, including \"Can't You See\", which was released in 1973 on Capricorn 0023 (\"Bubbled Under\" at No. 108 on 1 September 1973) and re-released in 1977 on Capricorn 0278 (peaked at No. 75 on 24 September 1977). After the album's release, the band began touring, playing upwards of 300 shows per year throughout the decade.[12] Southern rock fiddler Charlie Daniels later recalled that the Marshall Tucker Band \"came onstage and just blew it out from start to finish.\"[13]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The band's eclectic musical style has predominately been categorized as Southern rock.[18][20][23][24][25][26] The band's music has also been categorized as blues rock,[22] country rock,[23] jazz rock[23] and as a \"proto-jam band\".[22] Billboard charts have categorized the band as country, blues and adult contemporary.[20]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. In 1992, the Marshall Tucker Band produced its first album for the Cabin Fever label, Still Smokin', which managed to crack the top 70 on the Billboard charts. The band's 1993 release, Walk Outside the Lines, marked a transition to a more country sound, relying less on long improvised jams that were the trademark of the band's early career.[16] The album's title track was co-written by country music star Garth Brooks, a long-time fan of the band who considered writing a track for them a \"milestone\" in his career.[12]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. Daniels' first of many collaborations with the Marshall Tucker Band came on the band's second album, A New Life,[13] which was released in 1974, and certified gold in 1977.[12] Daniels and blues guitarist Elvin Bishop were among several musicians that joined the band for Where We All Belong,[13] a double-album (one studio album and one live album) released by the band in 1974 and certified gold that same year. The following year the band's Searchin' for a Rainbow was also certified gold the year of its release, and contained the track \"Fire on the Mountain,\" which peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard charts. Long Hard Ride, the band's fifth consecutive gold album, was released in 1976,[13] and its instrumental title track (which again features Charlie Daniels on fiddle) was nominated for a Grammy.[14] Carolina Dreams, released in 1977 and certified platinum that same year, proved to be the band's most commercially successful album, and included the track \"Heard It in a Love Song,\" which reached No. 14 on the Billboard charts.[12] The band's final Capricorn release came with 1978's Together Forever, which was produced by Stewart Levine.[13] Following the bankruptcy of Capricorn, The Marshall Tucker Band moved to Warner Bros. Records for their ninth album, Running Like the Wind (the band's eighth release was a compilation album entitled Greatest Hits), and they retained Levine as the album's producer.", "The Marshall Tucker Band. After Tommy Caldwell was killed in an automobile accident in 1980, he was replaced by bassist Franklin Wilkie. Most of the original band members had left by the mid-1980s to pursue other projects.[2] The band's current lineup consists of Gray on vocals, keyboard player, saxophonist and flautist Marcus James Henderson, guitarists Chris Hicks and Rick Willis, bassist Tony Black and drummer B.B. Borden.[3]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. The Marshall Tucker Band continued recording and performing into the 21st century, playing between 150 and 200 shows per year.[5] The band reissued many of its albums from the 1970s on its new Ramblin' Records label, as well as two two-disc compilations, the first (Anthology) being a 30-year retrospective and the second (Where a Country Boy Belongs) being a collection of the band's country songs. In 2004, they released another studio album, Beyond the Horizon, and the following year released a Christmas album, Carolina Christmas.", "The Marshall Tucker Band. In 1988 Gray and Eubanks recorded the album Still Holdin' On, their one and only release on the Mercury Records label. Although Gray and Eubanks added new members Rusty Milner, Stuart Swanlund, and Tim Lawter, Still Holdin' On was primarily recorded with studio musicians. The newer members (including newly added keyboardist Don Cameron) had a much greater role, however, on the band's 1990 album, Southern Spirit, released on the Sisaspa label. The album marked a return to the band's country and blues roots.[15]", "Where We All Belong. Where We All Belong is the third album by The Marshall Tucker Band (credited to “Marshall Tucker Band”). It is a double album; album one is a studio album and album two is a live album, featuring extensive jamming by the band and guest fiddle player, Charlie Daniels, on \"24 Hours at a Time\". Album two was recorded live at the Performing Arts Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 31, 1974. Toy Caldwell is credited in the liner notes as playing Lead Guitar and Vocals on \"Can't You See\", a track that is unlisted in either the cover or the labels. Can't You See was actually recorded at this show, but would be retained for release on the band's following album, Searchin' for a Rainbow, in 1975. Album one was recorded in 1974 in Macon, Georgia at Capricorn Studios.", "Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Live on Long Island 04-18-80 by The Marshall Tucker Band was the original lineup's final concert and the final recording of bassist and founding member Tommy Caldwell, who died just ten days later in an automobile accident. Tommy Caldwell is pictured on the album cover. The Coliseum album was the first to feature a complete concert from the original band. However, the album wasn't released until 26 years later. The band was touring in support of their album Tenth at the time, and the recording features the songs \"It Takes Time\" and \"Cattle Drive\" from that release as well as classics such as \"Heard It in a Love Song\", \"Searchin' for a Rainbow\" and \"Can't You See\".[citation needed]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. By the 1970s, Toy Caldwell and George McCorkle had returned to Spartanburg, and the Toy Factory had resumed playing in area clubs.[11] In 1970 the Toy Factory was the opening act for the Allman Brothers when the Allmans played at the \"Sitar\" music lounge in Spartanburg.[citation needed]", "The Marshall Tucker Band. For 1998's Face Down In the Blues, the band added Spartanburg-area guitarist Ronald Radford and Firefall's multi-instrumentalist David Muse, the latter replacing Jerry Eubanks, who had retired in 1996.[13] Gospel, the band's 1999 album, featured the band's rendition of traditional songs such as The Wayfaring Stranger and Will the Circle Be Unbroken, and several original tracks.", "We Are Marshall. On the evening of November 14, 1970, Southern Airways Flight 932, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 chartered by Marshall University to transport the Thundering Herd football team back to Huntington, West Virginia following their 17–14 defeat to the East Carolina University Pirates, clips trees on a ridge just one mile short of the runway at Tri-State Airport in Ceredo, West Virginia, and crashes into a nearby gully, killing all 75 people on board.", "Heard It in a Love Song. It was the highest charting single by The Marshall Tucker Band, reaching number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 11, 1977.[1]. It also reached number 51 on the Country chart and number 25 on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "Old Dan Tucker. Emmett repeated this story in the May 19, 1877, New York Clipper, although other details changed.[67] The press began to refer to Emmett as \"Ole Dan Tucker\",[61] and Emmett eventually adopted the nickname. The Virginia Minstrels sometimes went by \"Ole Dan Tucker and Co.\"[68] They were called \"Old Dan Tucker & Co.,\" either by themselves or by the press, as early as February 16, 1843.[69]", "The Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour. Marshall Tucker Band", "The Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour. Marshall Tucker Band", "Can't You See (The Marshall Tucker Band song). The original recording is noted for its flute introduction and ending, both by Jerry Eubanks.", "Old Dan Tucker. Tucker is an animalistic character, driven by sex, violence, and strong drink. He is ugly, unrefined, and unintelligent,[3] even infantilized.[7] As a stranger in town, his devil-may-care actions show his problems with or ambivalence to adapting to local mores.[8] More broadly, Tucker's disdain for social norms allows the song to send up respectable middle class American society, as evidenced by the final verse:[9]", "Old Dan Tucker. \"Old Dan Tucker\", also known as \"Ole Dan Tucker\", \"Dan Tucker\", and other variants, is an American popular song. Its origins remain obscure; the tune may have come from oral tradition, and the words may have been written by songwriter and performer Dan Emmett. The blackface troupe the Virginia Minstrels popularized \"Old Dan Tucker\" in 1843, and it quickly became a minstrel hit, behind only \"Miss Lucy Long\" and \"Mary Blane\" in popularity during the antebellum period. \"Old Dan Tucker\" entered the folk vernacular around the same time. Today it is a bluegrass and country music standard. It is no. 390 in the Roud Folk Song Index.", "Can't You See (The Marshall Tucker Band song). The song, musically, is a cross between country rock and Southern rock.[1]", "History of the Marshall Islands. Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home \"jolet jen Anij\" (Gifts from God).[8] Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall, and drew maps of the islands. The designation was repeated later on British maps.[citation needed] In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island. One year later, the American schooner Dolphin arrived and picked up two boys, the last survivors of a massacre by the natives due to their brutal treatment of the women.[9]:2", "Old Dan Tucker. The song's disdain for the customs of the upper classes hit a chord with working class audiences.[40] On January 28, 1843, The New York Sporting Whip reported that the song had been adopted by a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, street gang called the Hallow Guards. As their leader, Stovepipe Bill, led them against a military raid, he sang the verses followed by the gang singing the chorus.[70] Two years later, The Knickerbocker remarked, \"At this present moment, a certain ubiquitous person seems to be in the way of the whole people of these United States simultaneously.\"[71] Nathanson claimed that \"Old Dan Tucker\" had \"been sung, perhaps, oftener than any melody ever written.\"[72]", "Old Dan Tucker. The first sheet music edition of \"Old Dan Tucker\", published in 1843, is a song of boasts and nonsense in the vein of previous minstrel hits such as \"Jump Jim Crow\" and \"Gumbo Chaff\". In exaggerated Black Vernacular English, the lyrics tell of Dan Tucker's exploits in a strange town, where he fights, gets drunk, overeats, and breaks other social taboos. Minstrel troupes freely added and removed verses, and folk singers have since added hundreds more. Parodies and political versions are also known.", "The Marshall Tucker Band. Can't You See was used for the opening and closing credits of the Kevin Costner 2008 motion picture Swing Vote. Take the Highway was also used in the movie." ]

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[ "Kelvin Sampson. Following the expiration of the five year show cause penalty, the Houston Cougars hired Sampson to coach the men's basketball team on April 2, 2014.[6]", "Kelvin Sampson. Kelvin Dale Sampson (born October 5, 1955) is an American basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the Houston Cougars men's basketball team. He was the head coach at Montana Tech from 1981 to 1985, Washington State University from 1987 to 1994, the University of Oklahoma from 1994 to 2006, and Indiana University 2006 to 2008. He has also been an assistant coach for NBA teams including the Milwaukee Bucks and Houston Rockets.", "Houston Rockets. In the next five seasons, the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round.[55][56][57] The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitch's dismissal, with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach.[58] Chaney, like Olajuwon, also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis, having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s. Chaney had his best season during 1990–91, where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52-30 record despite Olajuwon's absence due to injury for 25 games.[58][59] Despite Olajuwon's usual strong numbers, the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity. However, the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come, such as Kenny Smith, Vernon Maxwell, Robert Horry, Mario Elie, Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe.[60]", "1983 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. However, things were not all good for Houston. Since the game was played in Albuquerque, players had to deal with the city's mile-high altitude. The Cougars' star center, Akeem Olajuwon, had problems adjusting to the environment and tired quickly, needing to check out of the game multiple times so he could put on an oxygen mask and recover. With Olajuwon on the bench, Houston head coach Guy Lewis decided that in order to protect the lead and the health of his big man at the same time, the Cougars needed to start slowing the game down.", "Kliff Kingsbury. In August 2008, Kingsbury joined the University of Houston football staff in the position of quality control.[12] Kingsbury was drawn to Houston through his ties with Dana Holgorsen who had been the offensive coordinator at Texas Tech prior to Houston. Kingsbury received recognition for the performance of the Houston offense in 2009 with Case Keenum at the helm. Keenum finished his Houston career with multiple NCAA Division I passing records. With Holgerson departing to become the offensive coordinator at Oklahoma State University, Kingsbury was promoted to the position of co-offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Cougars serving alongside former UH receiver Jason Phillips. Kingsbury quickly gained Coach Kevin Sumlin's trust and began calling all the offensive plays & was recognized as the 2011 Offensive Coordinator of the year after Houston led college football, averaging 50 points and nearly 600 yards of offense per game.[13]", "Tom Herman (American football). On December 15, 2014, Herman was hired by Houston as its new head football coach. He led his 21st-ranked team to an 11–1 start and the Western Division title in the American Athletic Conference.[9] They won their first American Athletic Conference title by defeating the Temple Owls 24–13.[10]", "Houston Comets. Head Coaches:", "Tom Herman (American football). In 2016, Herman's second season with Houston, the Cougars slipped to a 9–3 regular-season record. Among their nine wins were victories over Oklahoma and Louisville, each of which was ranked #3 in the AP Poll at the time Houston faced them.", "Houston Rockets. The 2015–16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games, and assistant J. B. Bickerstaff took over coaching duties.[131] Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone,[132] and surrounded by trade rumors.[133] Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game, finishing the season 41–41 to earn an eight seed and a match-up against the Warriors.[134] Like in the previous year, the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in 5 games.[135]", "Tennessee Volunteers basketball. Houston was replaced by Kevin O'Neill in 1995. O’Neill—an intense and somewhat high-strung sideline coach, but also a skilled recruiter[citation needed]—took over a program depleted in talent. He was able to sign talented players such as Brandon Wharton, Tony Harris, and Isiah Victor. O’Neill left Tennessee to become the head coach at Northwestern after the 1997 season.", "Tom Herman (American football). Houston's overall record in its two seasons under Herman was 22–4, which included unblemished marks in home games at TDECU Stadium (14–0), in games versus teams ranked in the AP Poll (6–0), and in games versus teams from Power Five conferences (5–0). Herman's success with Houston brought him significant attention from the media and from multiple Power Five football programs throughout the season, which culminated in his appointment as the head coach of the Texas Longhorns immediately following Houston's final regular-season contest of 2016.", "Clyde Drexler. Drexler coached the Cougars in 1998–1999 and 1999–2000. After compiling a 19–39 record in his two seasons, Drexler decided to resign to spend more time with his family.[16]", "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. On January 20, 1968, Alcindor and the UCLA Bruins faced coach Guy Lewis's Houston Cougars in the first-ever nationally televised regular-season college basketball game, with 52,693 in attendance at the Astrodome. Cougar forward Elvin Hayes scored 39 points and had 15 rebounds, while Alcindor, who suffered from a scratch on his left cornea, was held to just 15 points as Houston won 71–69. The Bruins' 47-game winning streak ended in what has been called the \"Game of the Century\". Hayes and Alcindor had a rematch in the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament where UCLA, with a healthy Alcindor, defeated Houston 101–69 in the semi-finals en route to the national championship. UCLA limited Hayes, who was averaging 37.7 points per game, to only ten points. Wooden credited his assistant, Jerry Norman, for devising the diamond-and-one defense that contained Hayes.[29][30]", "USC Trojans men's basketball. The program was formerly coached by Tim Floyd, until his resignation on June 9, 2009.[2] Other staff members include Phil Johnson, Bob Cantu, Gib Arnold, Rob Brooks and Rudy Hackett. Kevin O'Neill, who last coached in the NCAA at Arizona, was named the head coach by Mike Garrett on June 20, 2009.[3] O'Neill was terminated in January 2013 after a 7–10 start. Longtime assistant Bob Cantu was given interim duties.[4] On April 1, 2013, Andy Enfield, head coach of the Florida Gulf Coast University team known for its upsets during the 2013 NCAA Tournament, was named head coach.[5]", "Houston Rockets. Assistant coach(es)", "Clyde Drexler. Drexler stayed with the Rockets for three more seasons before retiring from the NBA after the 1997–98 season in order to become head men's basketball coach at his alma mater, the University of Houston.", "Jack Sikma. In June 2007 Sikma was hired by the Houston Rockets as an assistant coach to head coach, Rick Adelman.[1] Among his duties was tutoring center Yao Ming in \"big man\" playing strategies. On December 6, 2011, he was signed as an assistant coach by the Minnesota Timberwolves, again under Adelman.[2]", "Houston Rockets. NBA Coach of the Year[182]", "Kelvin Sampson. Until 2014, he had been an assistant coach with the Houston Rockets.", "Clyde Drexler. The 1982–83 campaign saw Houston return to the Final Four ranked No. 1. They were matched up against No. 2 Louisville and the \"Doctors of Dunk\" in the semifinals, which Houston won 94–81 following a brilliant dunking display by both sides, including a double-pump slam by Drexler that Sports Illustrated writer Curry Kirkpatrick called \"your basic play of the century\".[7] He finished with 21 points, seven rebounds and six assists, but in the championship game against North Carolina State, Drexler failed to make an impact after picking up four fouls before halftime, and scored only four points on one-of-five shooting and two free throws in NC State's upset victory.[6]", "Case Keenum. Keenum began his college career for the Houston Cougars during the 2006 season. During Keenum's freshman season, senior Kevin Kolb held the starting quarterback position for the Cougars, leading the coaching staff to redshirt Keenum for the season. The 2006 Cougars won the Conference USA championship, and Kolb was drafted by the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles.[10][11]", "Tennessee Volunteers basketball. Houston was fired after a 5–22 campaign in 1994, finishing the worst season in Tennessee history. None of his teams reached the NCAA Tournament, and only two of his teams received invitations to the NIT, the two of which were also his only teams to finish with winning records. Houston finished with an overall record of 65–90 at Tennessee.", "Texas Longhorns. The Longhorns are currently coached by Tom Herman, who came to Texas in November 2016 after being head coach at Houston.", "1994–95 Houston Rockets season. Head Coach: Rudy Tomjanovich\nHakeem Olajuwon | Clyde Drexler | Kenny Smith | Robert Horry | Sam Cassell | Mario Elie | Carl Herrera | Vernon Maxwell | Chucky Brown | Pete Chilcutt | Tracy Murray | Tim Breaux | Žan Tabak | Charles Jones | Adrian Caldwell |", "Houston Rockets. All-Star head coach[189]", "Tennessee Volunteers basketball. In 1990, Wade Houston, an Alcoa, Tennessee native and former assistant coach at Louisville, became the first African-American head coach in Tennessee and SEC history. Houston’s son, Allan Houston, came to UT to play for his father and would become one of the most accomplished players in Tennessee history. With 2801 points, Allan Houston finished his career as Tennessee’s all-time leading scorer and was named All-American in 1992 and 1993.", "1983 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. In the final game, played in Albuquerque, New Mexico, NC State led at halftime by a score of 33–25. Houston was hampered by foul trouble that plagued star Clyde Drexler, who picked up four first half fouls. In the second half, the Cougars came out with a second wind and established control of the game, eventually taking a seven-point lead.", "Houston Rockets. During the 2009–10 season, the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off-season and McGrady, Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades. Despite great play by Kevin Martin, who arrived from the Kings, and Aaron Brooks, who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season, the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs, finishing 42–40, 3rd in the Southwest Division. At that time, the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All-Stars.[108][109] The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons,[110][111] with Yao Ming getting a season-ending injury seven games into the 2010–11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off-season.[112] Said off-season, which saw the NBA going through a lockout, had Adelman dismissed,[113] and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics (similar to sabermetrics in baseball) in player acquisitions and style of play. Kevin McHale was named head coach, and the roster saw significant changes.[114]", "Houston Comets. On January 31, 2007, the WNBA Board of Governors approved the sale of the team to Hilton Koch, a Houston-based mattress and furniture businessman. Two weeks later, Comets assistant coach Karleen Thompson was named to become the team's new Head Coach and General Manager for the 2007 season.", "Houston Comets. Strength and conditioning coach", "Category:Houston Rockets assistant coaches. A list of current and former assistant coaches of the National Basketball Association's Houston Rockets.", "Kliff Kingsbury. After a record breaking 2011 season in which Houston led the NCAA in yards, points, and virtually every offensive category, Kingsbury joined former Houston head coach Kevin Sumlin to be the offensive coordinator for Texas A&M for the 2012 season, coaching Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel.[14] The Aggies led the Southeastern Conference in rushing, passing, total and scoring offense, and were the nation’s only offense ranked in the top 15 of the NCAA statistics in all four categories.[15] For his performance, Kingsbury was named the 2012 Footballscoop.com Offensive Coordinator of the Year and was named a finalist for the Broyles Award.[16]" ]

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[ "Medical prescription. 'â„ž' is a symbol meaning \"recipe\". It is sometimes transliterated as \"Rx\" or just \"Rx\". This symbol originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Late Latin verb recipe, the second person singular imperative form of recipere, \"to take\", thus: \"take thou\".[3] Medieval prescriptions invariably began with the command to \"take\" certain materials and compound them in specified ways.[4]", "Lexus RX. The Lexus RX (Japanese: レクサス・RX, Rekusasu RX) is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV sold since 1998 by Lexus, the luxury division of Toyota. Originally released in its home market of Japan in late 1997 as the Toyota Harrier, export sales began in March 1998 as the Lexus RX.[1] Four generations of the Lexus RX have been produced to date, the first being compact in size, and the latter three classified as mid-size. Both front- and four-wheel drive configurations have been used on the RX series, and several gasoline powertrain options, including V6 engines and hybrid systems, have been offered. In the Lexus model lineup, the RX sits below the larger GX and LX body-on-frame SUVs, and above the smaller NX crossover. The RX name stands for Radiant Crossover.[2] It has also been labelled as \"Recreation Cross Country\" in some markets.[3]", "Medical classification. Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) is a terminology created and maintained by Veterans Health Administration in the United States. It replaces NDF-RT. It not included in RxNorm but is included in National Library of Medicine's UMLS Metathesaurus. The first release of MED-RT was in the spring of 2018.[20]", "Drug. A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition. The use may also be as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories—over-the-counter medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions; behind-the-counter medicines, which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription, and prescription only medicines, which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.[17]", "Medical prescription. A *prescription* is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient.[1] The term often refers to a health care provider's written authorization for a patient to purchase a prescription drug from a pharmacist.", "Medical prescription. The word \"prescription\", from \"pre-\" (\"before\") and \"script\" (\"writing, written\"), refers to the fact that the prescription is an order that must be written down before a compound drug can be prepared. Those within the industry will often call prescriptions simply \"scripts\".", "Medication. A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.[1][2][3] Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.", "Medical prescription. Prescription may also be used as a short form for prescription drugs to distinguish from over-the-counter drugs. In reference to the entire system of controlling drug distribution (as opposed to illicit drugs), \"prescription\" is often used as a metaphor for healthy directions from a prescribing medical practitioner. A green prescription is direction from a medical practitioner to a patient for exercise and healthy diet.", "Medical prescription. Modern prescriptions are actually extemporaneous prescriptions (from the Latin ex tempore = at/from the time),[25] meaning that the prescription is written on the spot for a specific patient with a specific ailment. This is distinguished from a non-extemporaneous prescription that is a generic recipe for a general ailment. Modern prescriptions evolved with the separation of the role of the pharmacists from that of the physician.[26] Today the term extemporaneous prescriptions is reserved for compound prescriptions that requires the pharmacist to mix or compound the medication in the pharmacy for the specific needs of the patient.[citation needed]", "Medical prescription. Prescriptions are also used for things that are not strictly regulated as a prescription drug. Prescribers will often give non-prescription drugs out as prescriptions because drug benefit plans may reimburse the patient only if the over-the-counter medication is taken under the direction of a medical practitioner. Conversely, if a medication is available over-the-counter, prescribers may ask patients if they want it as a prescription or purchase it themselves. Pharmacists may or may not be able to price the medication competitively with over-the-counter equivalents. If the patient wants the medication not under prescription, the prescriber is usually careful to give the medication name to the patient on a blank piece of paper to avoid any confusion with a prescription. This is applied to non-medications as well. For example, crutches, and registered massage therapy may be reimbursed under some health plans, but only if given out by a prescriber as a prescription. Some software now requires a prescription.[21]", "Medical classification. National Drug File-Reference Terminology was a terminology maintained by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). It groups drug concepts into classes. It was part of RxNorm until March 2018.", "Prescription drug prices in the United States. Spending on pharmaceuticals can be defined as expenditure on prescriptions medicines and over-the-counter products, excluding pharmaceuticals consumed in hospitals,[13] This has been mentioned together with drug price, but is not the same.", "Therapeutic effect. The desire to simplify clinical situations and variables is one of the important reasons that physicians often prefer highly refined and regulated prescription drug preparations, as opposed to less refined and regulated products, often marketed as \"natural\" (to imply safety when actually the opposite is true).", "Medication. (b) Any substance or combination of substances which may be used in or administered to human beings either with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action, or to making a medical diagnosis.\"[4]:36", "Medication. Pharmaceuticals may also be described as \"specialty\", independent of other classifications, which is an ill-defined class of drugs that might be difficult to administer, require special handling during administration, require patient monitoring during and immediately after administration, have particular regulatory requirements restricting their use, and are generally expensive relative to other drugs.[8]", "Pharmacy. The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin Recipe", "Drug. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient of an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.[4] A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.[2] Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis.[5] Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.[6]", "Medical diagnosis. Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx[1] or DS) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during the process. Sometimes Posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis.", "Mean arterial pressure. R is TPR.\nΔP is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end.\nQ is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output)", "Prescription charges. Patients with any of these conditions who have a valid medical exemption certificate (MedEx) are entitled to free prescriptions, for all conditions, not merely the qualifying condition:", "Robot. McKesson's Robot RX is another healthcare robotics product that helps pharmacies dispense thousands of medications daily with little or no errors. The robot can be ten feet wide and thirty feet long and can hold hundreds of different kinds of medications and thousands of doses. The pharmacy saves many resources like staff members that are otherwise unavailable in a resource scarce industry. It uses an electromechanical head coupled with a pneumatic system to capture each dose and deliver it to its either stocked or dispensed location. The head moves along a single axis while it rotates 180 degrees to pull the medications. During this process it uses barcode technology to verify its pulling the correct drug. It then delivers the drug to a patient specific bin on a conveyor belt. Once the bin is filled with all of the drugs that a particular patient needs and that the robot stocks, the bin is then released and returned out on the conveyor belt to a technician waiting to load it into a cart for delivery to the floor.", "Medical prescription. The inscription section defines what is the medication. The inscription section is further composed of one or more of:[29]", "Medical prescription. Predating modern legal definitions of a prescription, a prescription traditionally is composed of four parts: a superscription, inscription, subscription, and signature.[27]", "Health insurance. Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some health insurance plans. In the U.S., the patient usually pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the plan. Such plans are routinely part of national health insurance programs. For example, in the province of Quebec, Canada, prescription drug insurance is universally required as part of the public health insurance plan, but may be purchased and administered either through private or group plans, or through the public plan.[5]", "Pharmacy. Rod of Asclepius, the internationally recognised symbol of medicine", "Medicare (United States). Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs", "Medication. In the US, a \"drug\" is:", "Pharmacy. Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.", "Mean arterial pressure. In medicine, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is an average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle.[1]", "Kelvin bridge. Rearranging to make Rx the subject", "Formulary (pharmacy). At its most basic level, a formulary is a list of medicines.[1] Traditionally, a formulary contained a collection of formulas for the compounding and testing of medication (a resource closer to what would be referred to as a pharmacopoeia today). Today, the main function of a prescription formulary is to specify particular medications that are approved to be prescribed at a particular hospital, in a particular health system, or under a particular health insurance policy. The development of prescription formularies is based on evaluations of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of drugs.", "Lexus RX. The idea concept behind the RX—a crossover between a luxury sedan and SUV—started in 1993 when it was hypothesized by TMS and Toyota Motor executives. In 1994, that vehicle was officially proposed by TMS executives at product planning meeting in Toyota City, Japan and put into development. In December 1995, the final design directed under designer Makoto Oshima was approved for production, and prototypes later went into testing in 1996." ]

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[ "Pound sterling. The full official name pound sterling (plural: pounds sterling), is used mainly in formal contexts and also when it is necessary to distinguish the United Kingdom currency from other currencies with the same name. Otherwise the term pound is normally used. The currency name is sometimes abbreviated to just sterling, particularly in the wholesale financial markets, but not when referring to specific amounts; for example, \"Payment is accepted in sterling\" but never \"These cost five sterling\". The abbreviations \"ster.\" and \"stg.\" are sometimes used. The term \"British pound\" is sometimes incorrectly used in less formal contexts, and it is not an official name of the currency.", "Pound sterling. The pound was a unit of account in Anglo-Saxon England, equal to 240 silver pennies and equivalent to one pound weight of silver. It evolved into the modern British currency, the pound sterling.", "Pound (currency). The following currencies are interchangeable at par with the pound sterling. These are issued in the Crown dependencies and certain British Overseas Territories:", "Pound sterling. The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as Sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory,[8][9] and Tristan da Cunha.[10] It is subdivided into 100 pence (singular: penny, abbreviated: p). A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound. At various times, the pound sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold, but it is currently fiat money, backed only by the economy in the areas where it is accepted. The pound sterling is the world's oldest currency still in use and which has been in continuous use since its inception.[11]", "Pound (mass). Historically, the pound sterling was a Tower pound of silver. In 1528, the standard was changed to the Troy pound.", "Pound sign. The pound sign (£) is the symbol for the pound sterling—the currency of the United Kingdom (UK). The same symbol is used for similarly named currencies such as the Gibraltar pound or occasionally the Syrian pound. It is also sometimes used for currencies named lira, for example the now withdrawn Italian lira.", "Pound sterling. The pound is freely bought and sold on the foreign exchange markets around the world, and its value relative to other currencies therefore fluctuates.[102]", "Pound (currency). Today, the term may refer to a number of (primarily British and related) currencies and a variety of obsolete currencies. Some of them, those official in former Italian states[citation needed] and in countries formerly belonging to the Ottoman Empire, are called pound in English, while in the local languages their official name is lira.", "Pound sterling. The exchange rate of the pound sterling against the US Dollar is referred to as \"cable\" in the wholesale foreign exchange markets. The origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the GBP/USD exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex traders of GBP/USD are sometimes referred to as \"cable dealers\".[15] GBP/USD is now the only currency pair with its own name in the foreign exchange markets, after IEP/USD, known as \"wire\" particularly in the forward FX markets, no longer exists after the Irish Pound was replaced by the euro in 1999.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. Sterling banknotes are official currency in the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Tristan da Cunha in St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. One pound is equivalent to 100 pence. Three British Overseas Territories also have currencies called pounds which are at par with the pound sterling.", "Pound sterling. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland merged to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. In accordance with the Treaty of Union, the currency of Great Britain was sterling, with the pound Scots soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value.", "Pound sterling. In 1801, Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland were united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. However, the Irish pound continued to exist and was not replaced by sterling until January 1826. The conversion rate had long been thirteen Irish pounds to twelve pounds sterling.", "Pound sterling. In Britain's Crown Dependencies, the Manx pound, Jersey pound, and Guernsey pound are unregulated by the Bank of England and are issued independently.[86] However, they are maintained at a fixed exchange rate by their respective governments, and Bank of England notes have been made legal tender on the islands, forming a sort of one-way de facto currency union. These currencies do not have ISO 4217 codes so \"GBP\" is usually used to represent all of them; informal codes are used where the difference is important.", "Pound sterling. By the 19th century the pound sterling was widely accepted outside Britain. The American Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889–1890 trip around the world in 72 days.[31] During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many other countries adopted the gold standard. As a consequence, conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards. The pound sterling was equal to 4.85 United States dollars, 5.25 Canadian dollars, 12.10 Dutch guilders, 26.28 French francs (or equivalent currencies in the Latin Monetary Union), 20.43 German marks or 24.02 Austro-Hungarian krone. After the International Monetary Conference of 1867 in Paris, the possibility of the UK joining the Latin Monetary Union was discussed, and a Royal Commission on International Coinage examined the issues,[32] resulting in a decision against joining monetary union.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. Three British overseas territories use their own separate currencies called pounds which are at par with the pound sterling. The governments of these territories print their own banknotes which in general may only be used within their territory of origin. Bank of England notes usually circulate alongside the local note issues and are accepted as legal currency.", "Pound sterling. The ISO 4217 currency code is GBP, formed from \"GB\", the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the United Kingdom, and the first letter of \"pound\". It does not stand for \"Great Britain Pound\" or \"Great British Pound\". Occasionally, the abbreviation \"UKP\" is used but this is non-standard because the ISO 3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB (see Terminology of the British Isles). The Crown dependencies use their own (non-ISO) codes: GGP (Guernsey pound), JEP (Jersey pound) and IMP (Isle of Man pound). Stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX (sometimes GBp), when listing stock prices.", "Pound sterling. The currency sign for the pound is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar (as on sterling bank notes), though a version with a double cross-bar (₤) is also sometimes seen. This symbol derives from medieval Latin documents; the Roman words libra, solidus, and denarius (£sd) referred to pounds, shillings and pence[21] in the British pre-decimal (duodecimal) currency system and the black-letter \"L\" was the abbreviation for libra, the basic Roman unit of weight.", "Coins of the pound sterling. The other British overseas territories do not use the pound as their official currency.", "Pound (currency). The pound is a unit of currency in some nations. The term originated in the Frankish Empire as a result of Charlemagne's currency reform (\"pound\" from Latin pondus, a unity of weight) and was subsequently taken to Great Britain as the value of a pound (weight) of silver.[1]", "Pound sterling. Sterling circulated in much of the British Empire. In some parts, it was used alongside local currencies. For example, the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the Canadian dollar. Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency. These included Australia, Barbados,[30] British West Africa, Cyprus, Fiji, British India, the Irish Free State, Jamaica, New Zealand, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence (e.g. the South African pound), whilst others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard (e.g. the Australian pound). These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the sterling area.", "Banknotes of the pound sterling. Sterling banknotes are the banknotes in circulation in the United Kingdom and its related territories, denominated in pounds sterling (symbol: £; ISO 4217 currency code GBP [Great Britain Pound]).", "Number sign. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it is generally[21] called a hash (probably ultimately from \"hatch\",[22] referring to cross-hatching, although the exact derivation is disputed[23]). It is never used to denote pounds, either as weight (lb or lbs is used for this) or currency (pounds sterling, for which \"£\" is used). It is never called the \"pound sign\"; that term is understood to mean the currency symbol \"£\", for pound sterling or (formerly) Irish pound.", "Pound (currency). The English word pound is cognate with, among others, German Pfund, Dutch pond, and Swedish pund. All ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression lībra pondō (\"a pound by weight\"), in which the word pondō is the ablative case of the Latin noun pondus (\"weight\"). The English word \"pound\" first referred to a unit of mass or weight; the monetary pound originated as a pound (by weight) of silver.[2]", "£sd. Different monetary systems based on units in ratio 20:1 & 12:1 (L:S & S:D) were widely used in Europe in medieval times.[5] The English name pound is a Germanic adaptation of the Latin phrase libra pondo 'a pound weight'.[6]", "Pound sterling. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, which is singular and plural, except in the common phrase \"Quids in!\" The term may have come via Italian immigrants from \"scudo\", the name for a number of coins used in Italy until the 19th century; or from Latin 'quid' via the common phrase quid pro quo, literally, \"what for what,\" or, figuratively, \"An equal exchange or substitution\".[25]", "Pound (currency). All of the following currencies have been replaced by the US dollar.", "Pound sterling.  Isle of Man (local issue: Manx pound)", "Pound sterling. There is apparent convergence of opinion[citation needed] regarding the origin of the term \"pound sterling\", toward its derivation from the name of a small Norman silver coin,[16] and away from its association with Easterlings (Germanic traders) or other etymologies.[17][18] Hence, the Oxford English Dictionary (and sources derived therefrom)[19][20] state that the \"most plausible\" etymology is derivation from the Old English steorra for \"star\" with the added diminutive suffix \"-ling\", to mean \"little star\" and to refer to a silver penny of the English Normans.[16] As another established source notes,[21] the compound expression was then derived:", "Pound sterling. Since decimalisation in 1971 (see Decimal Day), the pound has been divided into 100 pence (until 1981 described on the coinage as \"new pence\"). The symbol for the penny is \"p\"; hence an amount such as 50p (£0.50) properly pronounced \"fifty pence\" is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced \"fifty pee\" /fɪfti pi/. This also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system. A decimal halfpenny was issued until 1984, but was removed due to having a higher cost to manufacture than its face value.[26]", "Coins of the pound sterling. Some territories outside the United Kingdom, which use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs.", "Pound (mass). In the United Kingdom, the use of the international pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963.[9]", "Coins of the pound sterling. Coins from the British dependencies and territories that use the pound as their currency are sometimes found in change in other jurisdictions. Strictly, they are not legal tender in the United Kingdom; however, since they have the same specifications as UK coins, they are sometimes tolerated in commerce, and can readily be used in vending machines." ]

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[ "Comin' Thro' the Rye. The title of the novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951) by J. D. Salinger comes from the poem's name. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, misinterprets a part of this poem to mean \"if a body catch a body\" rather than \"if a body meet a body.\" He keeps picturing children playing in a field of rye near the edge of a cliff, and him catching them when they start to fall off.[8]", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. O, Jenny's a' weet,[A] poor body,\nJenny's seldom dry:\nShe draigl't[B] a' her petticoatie,\nComin thro' the rye!\n\nChorus:\nComin thro' the rye, poor body,\nComin thro' the rye,\nShe draigl't a' her petticoatie,\nComin thro' the rye!\n\nGin[C] a body meet a body\nComin thro' the rye,\nGin a body kiss a body,\nNeed a body cry?[D]\n\n(chorus)\n\nGin a body meet a body\nComin thro' the glen\nGin a body kiss a body,\nNeed the warl'[E] ken?[F]\n\n(chorus)\n\nGin a body meet a body\nComin thro' the grain;\nGin a body kiss a body,\nThe thing's a body's ain.[G]\n\n(chorus)", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. The original words of \"Comin' thro' the rye\" cannot be satisfactorily traced. There are many different versions of the song. The version which is now to be found in the Works of Burns is the one given in Johnson's Museum, which passed through the hands of Burns; but the song itself, in some form or other, was known long before Burns.[1]", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. While the original poem is already full of sexual imagery, an alternative version makes this more explicit. It has a different chorus, referring to a phallic \"staun o' staunin' graith\" (roughly \"an erection of astonishing size\"), \"kiss\" is replaced by \"fuck\", and Jenny's \"thing\" in stanza four is identified as her \"cunt\".[5][6][7]", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. The protagonist, \"Jenny\", is not further identified, but there has been reference to a \"Jenny from Dalry\" and a longstanding legend in the Drakemyre suburb of the town of Dalry, North Ayrshire, holds that \"comin thro' the rye\" describes crossing a ford through the Rye Water at Drakemyre to the north of the town, downstream from Ryefield House and not far from the confluence of the Rye with the River Garnock.[2][3] When this story appeared in the Glasgow Herald in 1867, it was soon disputed with the assertion that everyone understood the rye to be a field of rye, wet with dew, which also fits better with other stanzas that substitute \"wheat\" and \"grain\" for \"rye\".[4] An alternative suggestion is that \"the rye\" was a long narrow cobblestone paved lane, prone to puddles of water.[2]", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. \"Comin' Thro' the Rye\" is a poem written in 1782 by Robert Burns (1759–96). The words are put to the melody of the Scottish Minstrel Common' Frae The Town. This is a variant of the tune to which Auld Lang Syne is usually sung—the melodic shape is almost identical, the difference lying in the tempo and rhythm.", "Mondegreen. The title of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is often mistaken for a mondegreen. The main character, Holden Caulfield, misremembers a sung version of the Robert Burns poem \"Comin' Thro' the Rye\": the line \"Gin a body meet a body / comin' through the rye\" is recalled as \"Gin a body catch a body / comin' through the rye.\" This is not a mondegreen, but a result of a confabulation in Holden's psyche in line with the theme of the novel.", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. The novel also helped popularize the slang verb \"screw up\".[12]", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden returns to his dorm wearing the new red hunting cap he bought in New York. His dorm neighbor Robert Ackley is one of the few students also missing the game. Ackley, unpopular among his peers, disturbs Holden with his impolite questioning and mannerisms. Holden, who feels sorry for Ackley, tolerates his presence. Later, Holden agrees to write an English composition for his roommate, Ward Stradlater, who is leaving for a date. However, Holden is distressed to learn that Stradlater's date is an old friend, Jane Gallagher, whom Holden had romantic feelings for and feels protective of. That night, Holden decides to go to a Cary Grant comedy with his best friend Mal Brossard and Ackley. Since Ackley and Mal had already seen the film, they end up just playing pinball and returning to Pencey. When Stradlater returns hours later, he fails to appreciate the deeply personal composition Holden wrote for him about the baseball glove of Holden's late brother Allie, and refuses to reveal whether he slept with Jane. Enraged, Holden punches him, and Stradlater easily wins the ensuing fight. When Holden continues insulting him after the fight, Stradlater knocks him unconscious and leaves him with a bloody nose. After leaving for Ackley's room, Holden is disappointed when he treats him rudely. Fed up with the so-called \"phonies\" at Pencey Prep, Holden impulsively decides to leave Pencey early, sells his typewriter to earn money, and catches a train to Penn Station in New York. Holden intends to stay away from his home in a hotel until Wednesday, when his parents would have received news of his expulsion. Aboard the train, Holden meets the mother of a wealthy, obnoxious Pencey student named Ernest Morrow, and lies to her about himself and her son.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden decides to meet his old classmate, a Columbia student named Carl Luce, for drinks at the Wicker Bar in the Seton Hotel. During the meeting, Holden annoys Carl with his fixation on sex. After Luce leaves, Holden gets drunk, awkwardly flirts with several adults, and calls an icy Sally. Exhausted and out of money, Holden wanders over to Central Park to investigate the ducks, breaking Phoebe's record on the way. Nostalgically recalling his experience in elementary school and the unchanging dioramas in the Museum of Natural History that he enjoyed visiting as a child, Holden heads home to see Phoebe. He sneaks into his parents' apartment while they are out, and wakes up Phoebe – the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate his true feelings. Although Phoebe is happy to see Holden, she quickly deduces that he has been expelled, and chastises him for his aimlessness and his apparent dislikes towards everything. When asked if he cares about anything, Holden shares a selfless fantasy he has been thinking about (based on a mishearing of Robert Burns's Comin' Through the Rye): he pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff. His job is to catch the children if, in their abandon, they come close to falling off the brink; to be, in effect, the \"catcher in the rye\". Because of this misinterpretation, Holden believes that to be the \"catcher in the rye\" means to save children from losing their innocence.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Losing hope of finding belonging or companionship in the city, Holden impulsively decides that he will head out west and live a reclusive lifestyle as a gas station attendant. He decides to see Phoebe at lunchtime to explain his plan and say farewell. While visiting Phoebe's school to give a forged excuse note, Holden becomes obsessed with graffiti containing the word \"fuck\", and becomes distressed by the thought of children learning the word's meaning. When he meets Phoebe at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, she arrives with a suitcase and asks to go with him, even though she was looking forward to acting as Benedict Arnold in a play that Friday. Holden refuses to let her come with him, which upsets Phoebe, so Holden decides not to leave after all. He tries to cheer her up by allowing her to skip school and taking her to the Central Park Zoo, but she remains angry with him. They eventually reach the zoo's carousel, where Phoebe reconciles with Holden after he buys her a ticket. Holden is finally filled with happiness and joy at the sight of Phoebe riding in the rain.", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. G. W. Napier, in an 1876 Notes and Queries, wrote that,", "The Catcher in the Rye. The challenges generally begin with Holden's frequent use of vulgar language,[36][37] with other reasons including sexual references,[38] blasphemy, undermining of family values[37] and moral codes,[39] encouragement of rebellion,[40] and promotion of drinking, smoking, lying, promiscuity, and sexual abuse.[39] Often the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself.[31] Shelley Keller-Gage, a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class, noted that \"the challengers are being just like Holden... They are trying to be catchers in the rye\".[37] A Streisand effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel, when there was no waiting list before.[41][42]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. The Catcher in the Rye has inspired \"rewrites\" which have been said to form their own genre.[9] On the other hand, there are examples of similarities between the novel and other works that were not intended by their authors,[7][10][11] which suggests that the novel is \"present, at least spiritually, in ... any story line that involves quirky young people struggling to find their places in a society prone to reward conformity and condemn individuality.\"[3]", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye is narrated in a subjective style from the point of view of Holden Caulfield, following his exact thought processes. There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events, such as picking up a book or looking at a table, unfold into discussions about experiences.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Critical reviews affirm that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time.[15] Words and phrases that appear frequently include:", "The Catcher in the Rye. Each Caulfield child has literary talent. D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill (Holden's own best subject), but he also despises Hollywood industry-based movies, considering them the ultimate in \"phony\" as the writer has no space for his own imagination, and describes D.B.'s move to Hollywood to write for films as \"prostituting himself\"; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove; and Phoebe is a diarist.[20][not in citation given] This \"catcher in the rye\" is an analogy for Holden, who admires in children attributes that he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity, and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes. Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the \"catcher\" and the \"fallen\"; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher.[21]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture. In recent years there has been a discussion of depression as exhibited in Holden Caulfield.[13]", "Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield is the narrator and main character of The Catcher in the Rye. The novel recounts Holden's week in New York City during Christmas break following his expulsion from Pencey Prep, a preparatory school in Pennsylvania based loosely on Salinger's alma mater Valley Forge Military Academy. Holden Caulfield tells his story with surprising honesty from a hospital in California in a cynical and jaded language.", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye has had significant cultural influence, and works inspired by the novel have been said to form their own genre. Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis, The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky, A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, Ordinary People by Judith Guest, and the film Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers.[59]", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden begins his story at Pencey Preparatory Academy, an exclusive boarding school in Agerstown, Pennsylvania, on the Saturday afternoon of the traditional football game with a rival school. Holden has been expelled from Pencey due to poor work and is not to return after Christmas break, which begins the following Wednesday. He plans to return home on that day so that he will not be present when his parents receive notice of his expulsion. After forfeiting a fencing match in New York by forgetting the equipment aboard the subway, he is invited to the home of his history teacher, Mr. Spencer. Spencer is a well-meaning but long-winded old man. Spencer greets him and offers him advice, but embarrasses Holden by further criticizing Holden's work in his subject in a rude manner.", "Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield is one of the most enduring characters in 20th-century American fiction. It has been suggested that Salinger himself related so closely to Holden that he was protective of the character. This was the reason he was unwilling to allow filming of the book or use of the character by other writers.[4] The Catcher in the Rye is required reading in many high school English courses, although it has been banned from some school libraries by parent and teacher groups opposed to its use of profanity and perceived glorification of rebellion.", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye is a story by J. D. Salinger, first published in serial form in 1945-6 and as a novel in 1951.[3] A classic novel originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation.[4][5] It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[6] Around 1 million copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books.[7] The novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.[8] The novel also deals with complex issues of innocence, identity, belonging, loss, and connection.", "The Catcher in the Rye. The next morning, Holden, becoming increasingly depressed and in need of personal connection, calls Sally Hayes, a familiar date. Although Holden claims that she is \"the queen of all phonies\", they agree to meet that afternoon to attend a play at the Biltmore Theater. Holden shops for a special record, \"Little Shirley Beans\", for his 10-year-old sister Phoebe. He spots a small boy singing \"If a body catch a body coming through the rye\", which lifts his mood. Although Holden's date initially goes well, it soon sours after Sally introduces her friend George. After the play, Holden and Sally go ice skating at Rockefeller Center, where Holden suddenly begins ranting against society and frightens Sally. He impulsively invites Sally to run away with him that night to live in the wilderness of New England, but she is uninterested in his hastily conceived plan and declines. The conversation turns sour, and the two angrily part ways.", "Lord Randall. The poem is repeatedly alluded to in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger.", "The Catcher in the Rye. Holden Caulfield, a teenager, is living in an unspecified institution in Southern California near Hollywood in 1951. Caulfield intends to live with his brother D.B, an author and World War II veteran whom Holden resents for becoming a screenwriter, after his release in one month. As he waits, Holden recalls the events of the previous Christmas.", "The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century. Shortly after its publication, writing for The New York Times, Nash K. Burger called it \"an unusually brilliant novel,\"[23] while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden's.[24] George H. W. Bush called it a \"marvelous book,\" listing it among the books that have inspired him.[25] In June 2009, the BBC's Finlo Rohrer wrote that, 58 years since publication, the book is still regarded \"as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager. Holden is at various times disaffected, disgruntled, alienated, isolated, directionless, and sarcastic.\"[26] Adam Gopnik considers it one of the \"three perfect books\" in American literature, along with Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Great Gatsby, and believes that \"no book has ever captured a city better than Catcher in the Rye captured New York in the fifties.\"[27] Jeff Pruchnic wrote an appraisal of The Catcher in the Rye after the death of J.D. Salinger. In this article, Pruchnic focuses on how the novel continues to be received incredibly well, even after it has aged many generations. Pruchnic describes Holden as a “teenage protagonist frozen midcentury but destined to be discovered by those of a similar age in every generation to come”.[28] Bill Gates said that The Catcher in the Rye is one of his favorite books ever. [29]", "Comin' Thro' the Rye. Even the \"cleaner\" version of the Burns lyrics is very bawdy, and it is this one, or an \"Anglized\" version of it, that is most commonly \"covered\".", "The Catcher in the Rye. However, not all reception has been positive; the book has had its share of critics. Rohrer writes, \"Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in. J. D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique. That is to say, he has done nothing.\"[26] Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book, saying that it \"captures existential teenage angst\" and has a \"complex central character\" and \"accessible conversational style\"; while at the same time some readers may dislike the \"use of 1940s New York vernacular\" and other things.", "The Catcher in the Rye. When his mother returns home, Holden slips out and visits his former and much-admired English teacher, Mr. Antolini, who is now a New York University professor. Mr. Antolini expresses concern that Holden is headed for \"a terrible fall\" and advises him to begin applying himself. Although Holden is exhausted, he is courteous and considers his advice. Mr. Antolini also provides Holden a place to sleep. Holden is upset when he wakes up in the night to find Mr. Antolini patting his head, which he interprets as a homosexual advance. Confused and uncertain, he leaves and spends the rest of the night in a waiting room at Grand Central Station, where he sinks further into despair and expresses regret over leaving Mr. Antolini. He spends most of Monday morning wandering Fifth Avenue.", "The Catcher in the Rye. In their biography of Salinger, David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that: \"The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel.\" Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II, but rather than writing a combat novel, Salinger, according to Shields and Salerno, \"took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming-of-age novel.\"[22]", "The Catcher in the Rye. In a short epilogue, Holden briefly alludes to encountering his parents that night and \"getting sick\" (implying a tuberculosis diagnosis), mentioning that he will be attending another school in September. Holden says that he doesn't want to tell anything more because, surprisingly, he has found himself missing his former classmates. He warns the reader that telling others about their own experiences will lead them to miss the people who shared them." ]

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[ "JavaBeans. In computing based on the Java Platform, JavaBeans are classes that encapsulate many objects into a single object (the bean). They are serializable, have a zero-argument constructor, and allow access to properties using getter and setter methods. The name \"Bean\" was given to encompass this standard, which aims to create reusable software components for Java.", "JavaBeans. The JavaBeans functionality is provided by a set of classes and interfaces in the java.beans package.", "JavaBeans. In order to function as a JavaBean class, an object class must obey certain conventions about method naming, construction, and behaviour. These conventions make it possible to have tools that can use, reuse, replace, and connect Java Beans.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) is one of several Java APIs for modular construction of enterprise software. EJB is a server-side software component that encapsulates business logic of an application. An EJB web container provides a runtime environment for web related software components, including computer security, Java servlet lifecycle management, transaction processing, and other web services. The EJB specification is a subset of the Java EE specification.[1]", "JavaBeans. TestPersonBean.java:", "JavaBeans. The required conventions are as follows:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. Such an EJB can be used by a class in e.g. the web layer as follows:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. An EJB container holds two major types of beans:", "Java (programming language). The Hello class extends (subclasses) the JApplet (Java Applet) class; the JApplet class provides the framework for the host application to display and control the lifecycle of the applet. The JApplet class is a JComponent (Java Graphical Component) which provides the applet with the capability to display a graphical user interface (GUI) and respond to user events.", "JavaBeans. testPersonBean.jsp;", "Bean. Some bean types include:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. EJB 1.0 (1998-03-24)", "Enterprise JavaBeans. Major changes:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. The following shows a basic example of what an EJB looks like in code:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. (entries in square brackets denote optional parts)", "Enterprise JavaBeans. The above defines a JavaServer Faces (JSF) backing bean in which the EJB is injected by means of the @EJB annotation. Its addCustomer method is typically bound to some UI component, like a button. Contrary to the EJB, the backing bean does not contain any business logic or persistence code, but delegates such concerns to the EJB. The backing bean does know about a particular presentation, of which the EJB had no knowledge.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. The following features were added:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. A single bean can be obtained by any name matching the above patterns, depending on the 'location' of the client. Clients in the same module as the required bean can use the module scope and larger scopes, clients in the same application as the required bean can use the app scope and higher, etc.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. The EJB specification intends to provide a standard way to implement the server-side (also called \"back-end\") 'business' software typically found in enterprise applications (as opposed to 'front-end' user interface software). Such machine code addresses the same types of problems, and solutions to these problems are often repeatedly re-implemented by programmers. Enterprise JavaBeans is intended to handle such common concerns as persistence, transactional integrity, and security in a standard way, leaving programmers free to concentrate on the particular parts of the enterprise software at hand.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. The EJB specification details how an application server provides the following responsibilities:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. Message Driven Beans[15] are business objects whose execution is triggered by messages instead of by method calls. The Message Driven Bean is used among others to provide a high level ease-of-use abstraction for the lower level JMS (Java Message Service) specification. It may subscribe to JMS message queues or message topics, which typically happens via the activationConfig attribute of the @MessageDriven annotation. They were added in EJB to allow event-driven processing. Unlike session beans, an MDB does not have a client view (Local/Remote/No-interface), i. e. clients cannot look-up an MDB instance. An MDB just listens for any incoming message on, for example, a JMS queue or topic and processes them automatically. Only JMS support is required by the Java EE spec,[16] but Message Driven Beans can support other messaging protocols.[17][18] Such protocols may be asynchronous but can also be synchronous. Since session beans can also be synchronous or asynchronous, the prime difference between session- and message driven beans is not the synchronicity, but the difference between (object oriented) method calling and messaging.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. EJB 2.1, final release (2003-11-24)", "Enterprise JavaBeans. Additionally, the Enterprise JavaBean specification defines the roles played by the EJB container and the EJBs as well as how to deploy the EJBs in a container. Note that the current EJB 3.2 specification does not detail how an application server provides persistence (a task delegated to the JPA specification), but instead details how business logic can easily integrate with the persistence services offered by the application server.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. EJB 1.1, final release (1999-12-17)", "Enterprise JavaBeans. JMS (Java Message Service) is used to send messages from beans to clients, to let clients receive asynchronous messages from these beans. MDBs can be used to receive messages from clients asynchronously using either a JMS Queue or a Topic.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. With EJB 2.1 and earlier, each EJB had to provide a Java implementation class and two Java interfaces. The EJB container created instances of the Java implementation class to provide the EJB implementation. The Java interfaces were used by client code of the EJB.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. Goals for Release 1.1:", "Enterprise JavaBeans. EJB 3.0, final release (2006-05-11)", "Enterprise JavaBeans. EJB 2.0, final release (2001-08-22)", "Java (programming language). The Hello class extends the JFrame class; the JFrame class implements a window with a title bar and a close control.", "Enterprise JavaBeans. EJB 3.1, final release (2009-12-10)", "Enterprise JavaBeans. The above defines a service class for persisting a Customer object (via O/R mapping). The EJB takes care of managing the persistence context and the addCustomer() method is transactional and thread-safe by default. As demonstrated, the EJB focuses only on business logic and persistence and knows nothing about any particular presentation." ]

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[ "Jaws (novel). When they return to sea the following day, the shark starts ramming the boat. Quint is able to harpoon it several times. The shark leaps out of the water and onto the stern of the Orca, ripping a huge hole in the aft section and causing the boat to start sinking. Quint plunges another harpoon into the shark's belly, but as it falls back into the water, his foot gets entangled in the rope, and he is dragged underwater to his death. Brody, now floating on a seat cushion, spots the shark swimming towards him and prepares for his death. However, just as the shark gets within a few feet of him, it succumbs to its many wounds, rolls over in the water and dies before it can kill Brody. The great fish sinks down out of sight, dragging Quint's still entangled body behind it. The lone survivor of the ordeal, Brody paddles back to shore on his makeshift float.", "Jaws (novel). After seeing the size of the shark, on the third day Hooper wants to bring along a shark-proof cage, to help take photos of it and then to use it to try to kill it with a bang stick. Initially Quint refuses to bring the cage on board, even after Hooper's offer of a hundred dollars, considering it a suicidal idea, but he relents after Hooper and Brody get into an big argument. Later that day, after several unsuccessful attempts by Quint to harpoon the shark, Hooper goes underwater in the shark cage. However, the shark attacks the cage, something Hooper did not believe it would do, and, after ramming the bars apart, kills and eats Hooper. Brody informs Quint that the town can no longer afford to pay him to hunt the shark, but Quint no longer cares about the money and resolves to continue until he has killed it.", "Jaws (novel). A few days later, the shark kills a young boy named Alex Kintner and an old man not far from the shore. A local fisherman, Ben Gardner, is sent by Amity's authorities to kill the shark, but disappears on the water. Brody and deputy Leonard Hendricks find Gardner's boat anchored off-shore, empty and covered with large bite holes, one of which has a massive shark tooth stuck in it. Blaming himself for these deaths, Brody again tries to close the beaches, while Meadows investigates the Mayor's business contacts to determine why he wants to keep the beaches open. Meadows uncovers links to the Mafia, who pressure Vaughan to keep the beaches open in order to protect the value of Amity's real estate, in which the Mafia invested a great deal of money. Meadows also recruits marine biologist Matt Hooper from the Woods Hole Institute to advise them on how to deal with the shark.", "Jaws (film). At nightfall, as the three swap stories, the great white returns unexpectedly, ramming the boat's hull and killing the power. The men work through the night, repairing the engine. In the morning, Brody attempts to call the Coast Guard, but Quint smashes the radio. After a long chase, Quint harpoons another barrel into the shark. The line is tied to the stern cleats, but the shark drags the boat backwards, swamping the deck and flooding the engine compartment before breaking the cleats off. He then heads toward shore, intending to lure the shark to shallower waters and suffocate it, but the overtaxed engine fails.", "Jaws (film). With the Orca slowly sinking, the trio attempt a riskier approach. Hooper puts on scuba gear and enters the water in a shark-proof cage, intending to lethally inject the shark with strychnine using a hypodermic spear. The shark demolishes the cage before Hooper can inject it, but he manages to escape to the seabed. The shark then attacks the boat directly, killing Quint. Trapped on the sinking vessel, Brody stuffs a pressurized scuba tank into the shark's mouth, and, climbing the mast, shoots the tank with Quint's rifle, destroying it. The resulting explosion kills the shark. Hooper resurfaces, and he and Brody paddle to Amity Island clinging to boat wreckage.", "Jaws 3-D. Later, Overman's corpse is discovered. Reviewing the body, Kay realizes that the shark that killed him is the first shark's mother, and that it must also be inside the park. She is able to convince Calvin about this newest development when the shark herself shows up at the window of the underwater cafe. Flushed out from her refuge inside a filtration pipe, the shark begins to wreak havoc on the park, injures a water skier, and causes a leak that nearly drowns everyone in the underwater tunnel. FitzRoyce and his assistant, Jack, go down to the filtration pipe in an attempt to lure the shark back in as a trap. FitzRoyce leads the shark into the pipe, but is then attacked and killed.", "Jaws 3-D. The next day, Kay and Michael Brody are informed of Overman's disappearance. They go down in a submarine to look for his body, and during the search, they encounter a smaller shark. The dolphins rescue Kay and Mike, but the shark escapes back into the park. The news of the shark is disbelieved by Calvin Bouchard, the park manager, though it excites his hunter friend, Phillip FitzRoyce, who states his intention to kill the shark on network television. Kay protests and suggests capturing and keeping the shark alive in captivity, to guarantee more publicity for the park. The shark is successfully captured and Kay and her staff nurse it to health. Calvin, desperate to start the money rolling in immediately, orders it moved to an exhibit, but the shark dies.", "Jaws (novel). Benchley was also partly inspired by the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 where there were four recorded fatalities and one critical injury from shark attacks from July 1 through July 12, 1916. The story is very similar to the story in Benchley's book with a vacation beach town on the Atlantic coast being haunted by a killer shark and people eventually being commissioned to hunt down and kill the shark or sharks responsible. There is another similarity in the 1916 incident and the book where kids are attacked in a body of water other than the ocean - in the 1916 incident a child and an adult who attempted to save him were attacked and killed in Matawan Creek, a brackish/freshwater creek and in the film adaptation Mike Brody is nearly killed in the \"pond\" which in reality is a small inland cove that connects to the open ocean through a small tributary.", "Jaws 3-D. Hearing the shark has been lured into the pipe, Michael and Kay go down to repair the underwater tunnel, so the technicians can restore air pressure and drain the water. Calvin orders the pump to be shut down to suffocate the shark, but this act instead allows her to break free from the pipe and attack Michael and Kay, but they are saved by the dolphins. They make their way back to the control room, but the shark appears in front of the window and smashes through the glass, flooding the room and killing a technician. Michael notices FitzRoyce's corpse still in the shark's throat with a grenade, and uses a bent pole to pull its pin, triggering the grenade's explosion and killing the shark. In the aftermath, Mike and Kay celebrate with the dolphins, who survived their brush with the shark.", "Jaws: The Revenge. Fortunately, Hoagie escapes from the shark. Jake and Mike hastily put together an explosive powered by electrical impulses. They begin blasting the shark with the impulses, which begin to drive it mad; it repeatedly jumps out of the water, roaring in pain. As Jake moves to the front of the boat, the shark lunges, giving it the chance to pull Jake under and maul him. He manages to get the explosive into the shark's mouth before he is taken underwater.", "Jaws (novel). In 1971, Benchley worked as a freelance writer struggling to support his wife and children.[6] In the meantime, his literary agent scheduled regular meetings with publishing house editors.[2] One of them was Doubleday editor Thomas Congdon, who had lunch with Benchley seeking book ideas. Congdon did not find Benchley's proposals for non-fiction interesting, but instead favored his idea for a novel about a shark terrorizing a beach resort. Benchley sent a page to Congdon's office, and the editor paid him $1,000 for 100 pages.[4] Those pages would comprise the first four chapters, and the full manuscript received a $7,500 total advance.[2] Congdon and the Doubleday crew were confident, seeing Benchley as \"something of an expert in sharks\",[7] given the author self-described \"knowing as much as any amateur about sharks\" as he had read some research books and seen the 1971 documentary Blue Water White Death.[2] After Doubleday commissioned the book, Benchley then started researching all possible material regarding sharks. Among his sources were Peter Matthiessen's Blue Meridian, Jacques Cousteau's The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea, Thomas B. Allen's Shadows In The Sea, and David H. Davies' About Sharks And Shark Attacks.[8][9]", "Jaws (novel). In the years following publication, Benchley began to feel responsible for the negative attitudes against sharks that his novel engendered. He became an ardent ocean conservationist.[4] In an article for the National Geographic published in 2000, Benchley writes \"considering the knowledge accumulated about sharks in the last 25 years, I couldn't possibly write Jaws today ... not in good conscience anyway. Back then, it was generally accepted that great whites were anthropophagus (they ate people) by choice. Now we know that almost every attack on a human is an accident: The shark mistakes the human for its normal prey.\"[30] Upon his death in 2006, Benchley's widow Wendy declared the author \"kept telling people the book was fiction\", and comparing Jaws to The Godfather, \"he took no more responsibility for the fear of sharks than Mario Puzo took responsibility for the Mafia.\"[16]", "Jaws 2. The next morning, Brody's teenage son, Mike, disobeys his father's orders by sneaking out to go sailing with his friends after his love interest, Jackie Peters, goads him to, but his younger brother, Sean, catches him, and persuades Mike to bring him along. After an argument at the dock, Marge, one of Mike's friends, playfully lets Sean come in her boat with her, and after a couple of other grouping arrangements, they head out, going past a team of divers, led by instructor Tom Andrews. Moments after submerging, Andrews encounters the shark. Panicking, he rushes to the surface, causing an embolism. Soon after, the shark hits teenagers Tina Wilcox and Eddie Marchand; Eddie falls into the water and is killed by the shark.", "Jaws: The Revenge. On Amity Island, Martin Brody, famous for his role as Police Chief and his heroism during the previous events, has recently died from a heart attack. His wife, Ellen, attributes it to the fear of sharks. She now lives with Brody's younger son, Sean and his fiancée, Tiffany. Sean works as a police deputy, and is dispatched to clear a log from a buoy a few days before Christmas. A great white shark attacks and kills him, sinking his boat in the process.", "Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. In 1974, writer Peter Benchley published Jaws, a novel about a rogue great white shark that terrorizes the fictional coastal community of Amity Island. Chief of police Martin Brody, biologist Matt Hooper, and fisherman Quint hunt the shark after it kills four people. The novel was adapted as the film Jaws by Steven Spielberg in 1975. Spielberg's film makes reference to the events of 1916: Brody (Roy Scheider) and Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) urge Amity's Mayor Vaughn (Murray Hamilton) to close the beaches on the Fourth of July after the deaths of two swimmers and a fisherman. Hooper explains to the mayor, \"Look, the situation is that apparently a great white shark has staked a claim in the waters off Amity Island. And he's going to continue to feed here as long as there is food in the water.\" Brody adds, \"And there's no limit to what he's gonna do! I mean we've already had three incidents, two people killed inside of a week. And it's gonna happen again, it happened before! The Jersey beach! ... 1916! Five people chewed up on the surf!\"[66] Richard Ellis, Richard Fernicola, and Michael Capuzzo suggest that the 1916 Jersey Shore attacks, Coppleson's rogue shark theory, and the exploits of New York fisherman Frank Mundus inspired Benchley.[67] While Benchley states Mundus was an inspiration for Quint, he has denied the book was inspired by attacks off New Jersey in 1916.[68] The attacks are also briefly referred to in Benchley's novel White Shark (1994).[69]", "Jaws (novel). With the beaches still open, people pour to the town, hoping to glimpse the killer shark. Brody sets up patrols to watch for the fish. After a boy narrowly escapes another attack close to the shore, Brody closes the beaches and hires Quint, a professional shark hunter, to kill the shark. Brody, Quint and Hooper set out on Quint's vessel, the Orca. The trio are soon at odds with one another. Quint's methods anger Hooper, especially when he disembowels a blue shark, and then uses an illegally fished unborn baby dolphin for bait. All the while, Quint taunts Hooper as a rich college boy when Hooper refuses to shoot at beer cans with them. Brody and Hooper also argue, as Brody's suspicions about Hooper's possible affair with Ellen grow stronger; at one point, Brody unsuccessfully attempts to strangle Hooper.", "Jaws 3-D. While following an unsuspecting team of water skiers, a great white shark enters SeaWorld Orlando through its closing gates. Meanwhile, Florida announces the opening of the park's new underwater tunnels. Kathryn \"Kay\" Morgan, the park's senior marine biologist, and her assistants, notice the resident dolphins are afraid of leaving their pen. Shelby Overman, a mechanic, dives into the water to repair and secure the gates. He is attacked by the shark and killed, leaving only his severed right arm. Later that night, two men sneak into the park and go underwater to steal coral they intend to sell, but both are killed by the shark in the process.", "Jaws (James Bond). The character was inspired by Ian Fleming's description of a hoodlum named Sol \"Horror\" Horowitz in his novel The Spy Who Loved Me. When Horror speaks, he reveals steel-capped teeth. The initial script of The Spy Who Loved Me concluded with Jaws being killed by the shark, but after a rough test screening, Jaws was so well-liked that the scene was changed to have him survive. In the storyboard of the sequence from Moonraker, Jaws appears with an Emilio Largo-style eye patch, and a mustache, neither of which was seen in the actual films in which the character appeared.", "Jaws: The Revenge. In the ending that was in the original theatrical version, Ellen rammed the shark with Mike's boat, mortally wounding it. The shark then causes the boat to break apart with its death contortions, forcing the people on the boat to jump off to avoid going down with it.[13] American audiences disapproved of this ending. A new ending was ordered shot for foreign distribution with the shark getting stabbed with the bow sprit and then exploding; and with Jake being found wounded but alive. This version is what Universal used on home media releases.", "Jaws (novel). Jaws is a 1974 novel by American writer Peter Benchley. It tells the story of a great white shark that preys upon a small resort town and the voyage of three men trying to kill it. The novel grew out of Benchley's interest in shark attacks after he learned about the exploits of shark fisherman Frank Mundus in 1964. Doubleday commissioned him to write the novel in 1971, a period when Benchley struggled as a freelance journalist.", "Jaws (novel). Peter Benchley had a long time fascination with sharks, which he frequently encountered while fishing with his father Nathaniel in Nantucket.[2] As a result, for years, he had considered writing \"a story about a shark that attacks people and what would happen if it came in and wouldn't go away.\"[3] This interest grew greater after reading a 1964 news story about fisherman Frank Mundus catching a great white shark weighing 4,550 pounds (2,060 kg) off the shore of Montauk Point, Long Island, New York.[4][5]", "Jaws (James Bond). In Everything or Nothing, Jaws is electrocuted and is inside a train that is knocked over the side of a bridge. Later he drives a tanker intending to destroy the New Orleans levees, but Bond destroys his tanker. In a fight on a large lift, in which Jaws is equipped with a flamethrower, Bond shoots the flamethrower backpack which ignites Jaws. Bond then climbs into the cockpit of a plane and ejects his seat as the lift plummets to the ground. When Bond subsequently lands on the remains of the lift, Jaws is nowhere to be found, leaving his fate ambiguous. He can not be hurt himself, and any players that try to hurt him will be killed almost immediately by him.", "Jaws (film). A beach party takes place at dusk on Amity Island, where a woman named Chrissie Watkins goes skinny dipping in the ocean. While treading water, she is violently pulled under. The next day, her partial remains are found on shore. The medical examiner ruling the death a shark attack leads to Police Chief Martin Brody closing the beaches. Mayor Larry Vaughn overrules him, fearing it will ruin the town's summer economy. The coroner now concurs with the mayor's theory that Watkins was killed in a boating accident. Brody reluctantly accepts their conclusion until another fatal shark attack occurs shortly after. A bounty is then placed on the shark, resulting in an amateur shark-hunting frenzy. Local professional shark hunter Quint offers his services for $10,000. Meanwhile, consulting oceanographer Matt Hooper examines Watkins' remains and confirms her death was from a shark attack.", "Jaws (novel). The story is set in Amity, a seaside resort town on Long Island, New York. One night, a massive great white shark kills a young tourist named Chrissie Watkins while she skinny dips in the open waters. After finding what remains of her body washed up on the beach, investigators realize she was attacked by a shark. Police chief Martin Brody orders Amity's beaches closed, but mayor Larry Vaughan and the town's selectmen overrule him out of fear for damage to summer tourism, the town's main industry. With the connivance of Harry Meadows, the editor of the local newspaper, they hush up the attack.", "Jaws (novel). Benchley's contract promised him the first draft of the Jaws screenplay. He wrote three drafts before passing the job over to other writers;[31] the only other writer credited beside Benchley was the author responsible for the shooting script, actor-writer Carl Gottlieb.[33] Benchley also appears in the film playing a small onscreen role as a reporter.[34] For the adaptation, Spielberg wanted to preserve the novel's basic concept while removing Benchley's many subplots and changing the characterizations, having found the characters of the book unlikable.[31] Among the changes were the removal of the adulterous affair between Ellen Brody and Matt Hooper,[35] making Quint a survivor of the World War II USS Indianapolis disaster,[36] and changing the cause of the shark's death from extensive wounds to a scuba tank explosion.[37] The director estimated the final script had a total of 27 scenes that were not in the book.[35] Amity was also relocated; while scouting the book's Long Island setting, Brown found it \"too grand\" and not fitting the idea of \"a vacation area that was lower middle class enough so that an appearance of a shark would destroy the tourist business.\" Thus now the setting was an island in New England, filmed on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.[38]", "Jaws (novel). The story of Jaws is limited by how the humans respond to the shark menace.[12] The fish is given much detail, with descriptions of its anatomy and presence creating the sense of an unstoppable threat.[13] Elevating the menace are violent descriptions of the shark attacks.[14] Along with a carnivorous killer on the sea, Amity is populated with equally predatory humans: the mayor who has ties with the Mafia, an adulterous housewife, criminals among the tourists.[15]", "Jaws (film). When local fishermen catch a large tiger shark, the mayor proclaims the beaches safe. Hooper disputes it being the same predator, confirming this after no human remains are found inside it. Hooper and Brody find a half-sunken vessel while searching the night waters in Hooper's boat. Underwater, Hooper retrieves a sizable great white shark's tooth embedded in the submerged hull. He drops it after finding a partial corpse. Vaughn discounts Brody and Hooper's claims that a huge great white shark is responsible and refuses to close the beaches, allowing only added safety precautions. On the Fourth of July weekend, tourists fill the beaches. Following a juvenile prank, the real shark enters a nearby estuary, killing a boater and causing Brody's son, Michael, to go into shock. Brody finally convinces a devastated Vaughn to hire Quint.", "Jaws: The Revenge. Mike continues to blast the shark with the impulses, causing it to leap out of the water again, igniting the bomb as Ellen steers the sailboat towards the shark while thinking back to Sean's demise, the shark's attack on Thea, and when her husband killed the first shark. The broken bowsprit impales the shark in the exact spot where the bomb is, causing it to explode on impact. The shark's corpse then sinks to the bottom of the sea. Mike then hears Jake calling for help, seriously injured, but alive and conscious, floating in the water. The four survive the harsh encounter and make it back to land. Hoagie then flies Ellen back to Amity Island.", "Jaws (novel). Despite the acceptance of the Bacon cover by Doubleday, Dystel did not like the cover, and assigned New York illustrator Roger Kastel to do a different one for the paperback. Following Bacon's concept, Kastel illustrated his favorite part of the novel, the opening where the shark attacks Chrissie. For research, Kastel went to the American Museum of Natural History, and took advantage of the Great White exhibits being closed for cleaning to photograph the models. The photographs then provided reference for a \"ferocious-looking shark that was still realistic.\"[10] After painting the shark, Kastel did the female swimmer. Following a photoshoot for Good Housekeeping, Kastel requested the model he was photographing to lie on a stool in the approximate position of a front crawl.[11] The oil-on-board painting Kastel created for the cover would eventually be reused by Universal Studios on the film posters.[10]", "Jaws 2. Meanwhile, the shark attacks the other kids, striking one of their boats, causing most of them to capsize and crash into each other in the ensuing chaos, throwing several of them, including Mike and Sean, into the water. The other teens help them out of the water, while two of them pull Mike out as the shark goes for him and head back to get help. Sean and the others remain adrift on the wreckage of tangled boats. A Coast Guard marine helicopter that Brody contacted arrives to tow them to shore, but the shark sinks the chopper with the pilot at the controls. It then knocks Sean into the water, but Marge saves him, only for herself to be killed while doing so.", "Jaws 2. Brody finds Mike, who tells his father that Sean is with his friends, drifting towards Cable Junction, a small island housing an electrical relay station, and apologizes for disobeying him. Brody accepts his apology while telling him to get to safety and quickly finds them, but when the shark returns, he panics and maroons the police boat on Cable Junction. He then tries to pull them in with a winch, but hooks an underwater power cable. The shark's next move sends most of the teenagers into the water, and they swim to the edge of Cable Junction, while Sean and Jackie are still on the boats. Using an inflatable raft, Brody taps the power cable with an oar to lure the shark. The shark bites the cable, and is fatally electrocuted. Brody picks up Sean and Jackie, and they join the others on Cable Junction to await rescue.", "Great white shark. The novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a \"ferocious man eater\". Humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark,[17] but, nevertheless, the great white is responsible for the largest number of reported and identified fatal unprovoked shark attacks on humans.[18] The great white shark has also been called the white death." ]

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[ "Braxton Family Values (season 5). A teaser trailer revealing the renewal of Braxton Family Values season 5 was released on April 21, 2016, via WE tv's YouTube channel.[1][2] The season premiered with \"Not My Momma!\" on May 19, 2016.[3][4] The season went on a seven-month hiatus in August, 2016. On February 2, 2017, Towanda Braxton released a tea party themed teaser on her Instagram account announcing the series would continue on March 16, 2017, for its sixteenth episode.[5]", "Braxton Family Values (season 5). The fifth season of Braxton Family Values, an American reality television series, broadcast on WE tv. It premiered on May 19, 2016, and was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles, California. Its executive producers are Toni Braxton, Tamar Braxton, Vincent Herbert, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Julio Kollerbohm, Michelle Kongkasuwan, Lauren Gellert, Annabelle McDonald and Sitarah Pendelton.", "Braxton Family Values (season 6). The sixth season of Braxton Family Values, an American reality television series, was broadcast on WE tv. It premiered on March 22, 2018, and was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles, California. Its executive producers are Toni Braxton, Tamar Braxton, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Julio Kollerbohm, Michelle Kongkasuwan, Lauren Gellert, Annabelle McDonald and Sitarah Pendelton.", "Braxton Family Values (season 5). The season's premiere episode \"Not My Momma!\" attracted over 0.84 thousand viewers during its initial broadcast on May 19, 2016, including 0.38 thousand viewers in the 18–49 demographic via Nielsen ratings.[6] The season's most watched episode \"Tabloids, Rumors, & Repercussions\", attracted over 1.02 million viewers during its initial broadcast on March 16, 2017, including 0.38 thousand viewers in the 18–49 demographic via Nielsen ratings.[7]", "Braxton Family Values (season 6). On December 28, 2017 We TV aired the seventh and last episode of the fifth season of Tamar & Vince and released a teaser clip for the next season of BFV.[3]", "Braxton Family Values (season 5). The first volume of season 5 was released digitally to Amazon and iTunes store in the United States.[57][58]", "Braxton Family Values (season 6). On July 19, 2017 Trina Braxton said in a radio interview with ET Cali that they had just started filming the sixth season of Braxton Family Values.[1]", "List of Braxton Family Values episodes. Braxton Family Values is an American reality television series that airs on WE tv and premiered on April 12, 2011.[1] It chronicles the lives of Braxton sisters — Toni, Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina — plus their mother, Evelyn.[2]", "Braxton Family Values (season 5). Braxton Family Values focuses on the lives of Toni Braxton and her sisters — Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina — plus their mother, Evelyn.", "List of Braxton Family Values episodes. As of May 25, 2017,[update] 115 episodes of Braxton Family Values have aired, including five specials.", "Braxton Family Values (season 6). On December 20, 2017 Traci Braxton revealed on Instagram that the sixth season of BFV is \"coming real soon\".[2]", "Braxton Family Values (season 5). Evelyn reveals the news to her daughters about her mini stroke sending the sisters into a panic. Toni and Tamar team up to persuade her to move back to L.A., but the other sisters want her to stay in Atlanta to recuperate. Towanda seeks her sisters help as her daughter Brooke needs to understand the changes a young girl faces leading to uncomfortable questions. Trina announces to her sisters that she has been going to therapy to deal with her issues at hand and confronts them. Trina contacts her ex-husband Gabe leading to visiting a therapist to form a reconciliation in order for her to move on once and for all but Gabe has other plans.", "Braxton Family Values (season 6). On June 27, 2018, it was reported that BFV would go on an indefinite hiatus after Toni, Towanda, Trina, Tamar, and Evelyn did not show up to film in Atlanta due to being underpaid.[4]", "Braxton Family Values (season 6). Braxton Family Values focuses on the lives of Toni Braxton and her sisters — Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina — plus their mother, Evelyn.", "Tamar & Vince. Tamar & Vince is an American reality television series that debuted on September 20, 2012, and airs on WE tv.[1][2] It is a spin-off of Braxton Family Values. In June 2013, Tamar & Vince was renewed for a ten-episode second season that premiered on September 5, 2013.[3] The first season acquired 5.6 million total viewers for the network.[3] The third season premiered on October 23, 2014, and consists of eight episodes.[4] The fourth season premiered on December 10, 2015. The show has been renewed for a fifth season, which will premiere on November 9, 2017.", "The Braxtons. In January 2011, WE tv confirmed that it had signed Toni Braxton and her sisters, Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar for a reality series, entitled Braxton Family Values, to be marketed as one of the network's flagship shows.[24] The show looks at the relationship between Toni, her mom, and her sisters along with the interpersonal relationships of each family member. After only four episodes, the series had renewed for a second season. There would be 13 more one-hour episodes of Braxton Family Values on WE tv in 2012, up from 10 during the debut season — which was later upped to a 26 episode second season, including the Reunion Show.[25]", "Braxton Family Values (season 5). Traci becomes worried after receiving some unsettling news from her doctor resulting her to undergo surgery. Trina visits a hypnotherapist to deal with her fear of birds, Tamar and Towanda help Trina to confront her fear by leaving Trina so she can face it alone. Toni has been singing about heartache, struggles and fears for years, but this season she conquers one major fear that’s been holding her back. Traci goes back into the studio to record tracks for her sophomore album, she invites her sisters Toni, Towanda and Trina to a session later to find out they were tricked asking them to provide background vocals on the song \"Broken Things\".", "Toni Braxton. In January 2011, WE tv confirmed that it had signed Braxton for a reality series, Braxton Family Values, which is marketed as one of the network's flagship shows. The series debuted April 12, 2011, and looks at the relationship between the singer-songwriter Braxton, her mother, and her four sisters; Trina, Tamar, Traci and Towanda – all aspiring singers themselves – along with the interpersonal relationships of each family member. The show also looks at Braxton's heavily publicized separation from estranged husband, singer Keri Lewis.[79] Toni parted ways with her long-time manager Vincent Herbert, who is also husband of sister Tamar Braxton, and signed a new management deal with Los Angeles -based entertainment/production company 'The Collective'.[80]", "The Braxtons. In July 2014, a sneak peek of the fourth season of \"Braxton Family Values\" was uploaded via YouTube on WE tv's user account of the Braxton sisters discussing on doing a gospel record together.[28] In the same time, Toni, Tamar and Trina guest starred on their sister Traci's music video \"Last Call\".[29]", "The Braxtons. As of the second season finale of Braxton Family Values, it is still unclear whether or not the EP that The Braxtons were working on will be released. During the show's reunion, Toni Braxton stated that she thought The Braxtons should \"feature on [her] record\" instead of her completely rejoining the group for a full EP.[26]", "The Braxtons. In October 2015, the group including Toni, Tamar, Traci, Trina and Towanda, released new material entitled Braxton Family Christmas with five members. The album was released on October 30.[2][3]", "We TV. In January 2011, We TV confirmed that it had signed Toni Braxton for a reality series, entitled Braxton Family Values, which is marketed as one of the network's flagship shows. To prepare for the network's new show lineup, We TV also gave the network a new logo and marketing tagline: \"Life As WE Know It.\"[8] In March 2012, We TV confirmed that the network had ordered 14 episodes of Kendra on Top, a reality show following the lives of Kendra Wilkinson and Hank Baskett, who previously appeared in the E! reality series Kendra. Kendra said the show focuses on \"motherhood, parenthood, and wife hood\".[9] Kendra On Top premiered on June 5, 2012.[10]", "Toni Braxton. In September 2015, Lifetime greenlighted a biographical film on Braxton's life, Toni Braxton: Unbreak My Heart.[98] In October 2015, The Braxtons released Braxton Family Christmas.[99][100] Braxton Family Christmas debuted at number 27 on the US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums,[101] number 10 on the US R&B Chart and number 12 on US Top Holiday Albums on November 21, 2015.[102][103] The album charted at number 1 on the US Heatseekers Albums on December 12, 2015.[104] Braxton announced in an interview with Sway in the Morning on January 22, 2016 that she and Babyface will collaborate again with Love, Marriage & Divorce Pt. II.[105]", "Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!. The premiere date for the second half of the fifth series was confirmed on 18 August, with broadcast set for 30 August. This half series is expected to contain eighteen episodes; despite only eight episodes airing initially, and the DCBL twitter page confirming that the series had ended on 17 October, with a new series confirmed for 2018.[citation needed] However, after just two weeks off air, DCBL made the surprise announcement that the series was to return to screens on 8 November, replacing a previously listed episode of Big Family Values in the schedules.[citation needed] New agent Mitchell Starr made his debut during this series[citation needed], with Aron Graves, having previously appeared as a guest in the first half of the series, returning as recurring cast member. Otherwise, the cast remains unchanged from the first half of the series.", "The Braxtons. The Braxtons are singer Toni Braxton and her sisters, Traci Braxton, Towanda Braxton, Trina Braxton, and Tamar Braxton. Despite being commercially unsuccessful, the group's first single, \"Good Life\", led to oldest sister Toni Braxton's solo career.[1] All five members reunited in 2011 to star in the WE tv reality television series Braxton Family Values alongside their mother, Evelyn Braxton.", "The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 5). The fifth and final season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 11, 2012 at 8:00 PM. During its fourth season's hiatus, ABC Family announced on February 2, 2012, that the show would be renewed for a fifth season. The fifth season premiered on June 11, 2012, one week after the season 4 finale.", "90210 (season 5). The fifth and final season of 90210 was announced on May 3, 2012.[2][3] On May 17, 2012, it was announced that the show's fifth season would be moving back to Mondays at 8:00pm Eastern/7:00pm Central followed by the sixth season of Gossip Girl at 9:00pm.[4] The season premiered on October 8, 2012.[5] The fifth season of \"90210\" follows the group from West Beverly kids as they navigate life after high school. Their journey into adulthood will find them heading in different directions while trying to keep the same closeness that worked so well for them in high school. Coming from a world of glamour and privilege, with endless possibilities in front of them, anything can happen. All in all, it's just another day in the world's most famous zip code.[6]", "Toni Braxton. Aside from her success in music, Braxton has become a television executive producer and personality, being involved in the seventh season of the reality competition series Dancing with the Stars and in a reality series entitled Braxton Family Values, where Braxton is executive producer and star since 2011 on We TV. Braxton is also an executive producer of its spin-off, starring her younger sister, Tamar, the Tamar & Vince. In 2011, Braxton was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.", "A Crime to Remember. The series was officially renewed for Season 5 as of March 29, 2017, and the season began airing February 10, 2018.[2]", "The Braxtons. In October 2015, the group including Toni, Tamar, Traci, Trina and Towanda, released an album titled Braxton Family Christmas as five members. The album was released on October 30 and pre-order on October 16th.[2][3] Braxton Family Christmas debuted at number 27 on the US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums,[30] number 10 on the US R&B Chart and number 12 on US Top Holiday Albums on November 21, 2015.[31][32] The album charted at number 1 on the US Heatseekers Albums on December 12, 2015.[33]", "A Place to Call Home (season 5). The fifth season of the Seven Network television series A Place to Call Home premiered on Showcase on 8 October 2017. The series was produced by Chris Martin-Jones, and executive produced by Penny Win and Julie McGauran.", "30 Rock. 30 Rock premiered its fifth season on September 23, 2010, in the Thursday 8:30 pm time slot.[72]" ]

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