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[ "Team Foundation Server. Team Foundation Server (commonly abbreviated to TFS) is a Microsoft product that provides source code management (either with Team Foundation Version Control or Git), reporting, requirements management, project management (for both agile software development and waterfall teams), automated builds, lab management, testing and release management capabilities. It covers the entire application lifecycle, and enables DevOps capabilities.[1] TFS can be used as a back-end to numerous integrated development environments (IDEs) but is tailored for Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse on all platforms.[2]", "Team Foundation Server. Team Foundation Server is built on multi-tier, scalable architecture. The primary structure consists of an application tier responsible for processing logic and maintaining the web application portal (referred to as Team Web Access or TWA). TFS is built using Windows Communication Foundation web services. These may be consumed by any client, although the client object model is recommended. The data tier and application tier can exist on the same machine.", "Team Foundation Server. Team Build (Prior to TFS 2015) is a build server application included with Team Foundation Server. Two components make up Team Build - MSBuild and Windows Workflow Foundation. MSBuild is a declarative XML language similar to Apache Ant. WF was added to the build process starting with TFS 2010, prior to that only MSBuild was available. The build capabilities have continued to evolve with each subsequent release of TFS. In TFS 2010 and 2012, the WF templates (Extensible Application Markup Language) files were stored in source control and could be edited and versioned directly from source control. In TFS 2013, these files were removed to eliminate clutter and streamline the build process. The WF templates can still be downloaded, edited and stored in source control if desired and TFS 2013 does not break existing TFS 2010 or 2012 build process templates. With the support of Git in TFS 2013, Team Build has been enhanced to allow automated building of Git projects as well as TFVC projects.", "Team Foundation Server. Team Foundation Server is available in two different forms: on-premises and online. The latter form is called Visual Studio Team Services (formerly Visual Studio Online). The cloud service is backed by Microsoft’s cloud platform, Microsoft Azure. It uses the same code as the on-premises version of TFS, with minor modifications, and implements the most recent features. Visual Studio Team Services requires no setup. A user signs in using a Microsoft account to set up an environment, creating projects and adding team members. New features developed in short development cycles are added to the cloud version first. These features migrate to the on-premises version as updates, at approximately three-month intervals.[3]", "Team Foundation Server. One of the major reasons to use TFS as a Git repository is that it is backed by SQL Server and is afforded the same protection as Team Foundation Version Control. This gives developers some choices when choosing the type of project and work style that works best for them.", "Team Foundation Server. Team Foundation Server supports two different types of source control - its original source control engine called Team Foundation Version Control (TFVC) and with the release of TFS 2013, it supports Git as a core source control repository.", "Team Foundation Server. To improve performance for remote clients, TFS includes the ability to install Proxy Servers.[13] Proxy servers allow source control contents to be cached at a site closer to the developers to avoid long network trips and the associated latency. Check-ins are still performed directly against the TFS application tier so the Proxy Server is most beneficial in read scenarios.", "Team Foundation Server. TFS can integrate with an existing SharePoint farm. SQL Server Reporting Services are supported for more advanced reporting against the data warehouse or the Analysis Services data cube. These installations can be on the same system or on different systems. Build servers, lab management servers, release management servers and proxy servers (to reduce some of the load on the application tier), test machines and load test machines can also be added to the infrastructure.[5] To support teams requiring enterprise project scheduling, TFS also integrates with Microsoft Project Server, which allows enterprise level portfolio management, resource management and project tracking.", "Team Foundation Server. In an effort to handle the growing geographic dispersion of teams and to involve stakeholders earlier and more often in the process, Microsoft added the Feedback Client.[9] This tool allows users to exercise an application, annotate what they are seeing with audio and video, capture screens and provide contextual feedback to the development team. This provides specific feedback on the functions of an application from a users’ perspective without requiring meetings and demonstration sessions. TFS also provides for command line tools for both Unix and Windows environments. The Power Tools for TFS include a Windows shell integration that allows users to check files in and out, add files and perform other basic tasks by right-clicking on a file or folder.", "Team Foundation Server. With Team Foundation Server 2012, Microsoft PowerPoint was also integrated with TFS to enable rapid storyboard development to help with the requirements management process. The integration provides extensible storyboard shapes that can be used to build any type of interface mockup that can then be animated with PowerPoint’s built-in functions. These storyboards can then be linked to work items.", "Team Foundation Server. At the heart of TFS is the \"work item\". A work item represents a thing – it can be work that needs to be accomplished, a risk to track, a test case, a bug or virtually anything else a user can imagine. Work items are defined through the XML documents and are highly extensible.[10] Work items are combined into a Process Template that contains these and other pieces of information to provide a development framework. TFS includes Process Templates for the Microsoft Solutions Framework for Agile, Scrum and CMMI. Teams can choose to use a built-in template or one of the many templates available for use created by third parties. Process templates can be customized using the Process Template Editor, which is part of the Power Tools.[11]", "Team Foundation Server. TFVC is a centralized version control system allowing teams to store any type of artifact within its repository. TFVC supports two different types of workspaces when working with client tools - Server Workspaces and Local Workspaces.[12] Server workspaces allow developers to lock files for check-out and provide notification to other developers that files are being edited. A frequent complaint for this model is that files on the development machine are marked as read-only. It also requires developers to \"go offline\" when the server can't be contacted. Local workspaces were designed to avoid these problems. In a local workspace scenario files are not read-only and they do not have to be checked out before working on them. As long as the files are on the developer's local machine, it doesn't matter if the server is connected or not. Conflicts are dealt with at check-in time.", "Team Foundation Server. As part of the source control engine, TFS supports a number of features to help developers ensure the code that is checked in follows configurable rules. This rule engine is called a Check-in Policy. There are several out of the box policies such as the Changeset Comments Policy which will not allow a check-in unless the developer enters a check-in comment. These policies are extensible and can be used to examine all aspects of the code being checked in, the comments and the related work items. TFS also supports a Code Analysis feature that when used independently is known as FxCop. The inclusion in TFS means that the analysis can run against code checked into the server and during automated builds.", "Team Foundation Server. In mid-2013 Microsoft purchased a product called InRelease from InCycle Software.[22] InRelease was fully incorporated into Team Foundation Server 2013. This capability complemented the automated build and testing processes by allowing a true continuous deployment solution. The tools were re-branded \"Release Management\" for TFS 2013. The Release Management capabilities give teams the ability to perform a controlled, workflow (provided by Windows Workflow Foundation) driven release to Dev, Test and Production environments and provides dashboards for monitoring the progress of one or more releases.", "Team Foundation Server. TFS supports Visual Studio 2010 and later, Microsoft Test Manager (MTM) 2012 and 2013. Eclipse, older versions of Visual Studio, and other environments can be plugged into TFS using the Microsoft Source Code Control Integration Provider (MSSCCI Provider – pronounced “Miss-Key”).[8] These tools provide full access to the features in TFS.", "Team Foundation Server. Microsoft has rebuilt Release Management for Visual Studio Team Services and on-premises version of Team Foundation Server with the new changes in 2015 Update 2. The new version of Release Management leverages the web browser as the client, and relies on the same agent architecture as Team Foundation Build. Release Management enables DevOps capabilities for Team Foundation Server.", "Microsoft Visual Studio. Team Foundation Server", "Team Foundation Server. Windows Workflow controls the overall flow of the build process and TFS includes many pre-built workflow activities for managing common tasks that are performed during a build.[19] MSBuild is the markup language that is found in the .proj (csproj for C# projects and vbproj for Visual Basic projects) files. The build system is extensible with users being able to create their own workflow activities, the ability to inject MSBuild into the process and to execute external processes. The workflow nature of the build allows for unlimited flexibility but it may take some work to achieve that flexibility. Shared[20] and open source projects have been started to build community backed activities to enhance the capabilities of Team Build.", "Team Foundation Server. In Team Foundation Server 2015 and with Visual Studio Team Services, Microsoft has reinvented the architecture for the build engine to be based on a cross platform friendly Node.js app. Windows, Mac, and Linux build agents are currently supported. Visual Studio Team Services provides for elastic build capabilities via build hosting in Microsoft Azure.[21]", "Team Foundation Server. Reporting has been a core component of TFS since its initial release in 2005. The reporting infrastructure consists of a data warehouse[17] (Tfs_Warehouse) which is a relational database and a SQL Server Analysis Services data cube.[18] Both of these sources are available for reporting through SQL Server Reporting Services when this option is installed. Since these are standard database and cube structures, any tool which can point to these data sources can report from them. This includes tools such as Cognos, Tableau, Excel and other reporting tools. Included with each out of the box process template is a set of reports for reporting services which cover Build information, Test results and progress, project management, agile reports (Backlog Overview, Release Burndown, Sprint Burndown and Velocity), bug and issue data. New reports can be created using Report Builder for SSRS and any of the existing reports can be modified.", "Team Foundation Server. To support scalability, the application tier can be load balanced and the data tier can be clustered. If using Microsoft SQL Server 2012, AlwaysOn SQL Server Failover Clusters and Availability Groups are supported which allows for geographic replication of data.[4] The primary container is the project collection. A project collection is a database that contains a group of Team Projects. The Project Collection is another scalability mechanism, in that each collection can be placed on different SQL Servers or SQL Server instances. 'Oe' configuration database per TFS instance stores project collection metadata. Data from the project collection databases is aggregated into the warehouse database, which denormalizes the data in preparation for loading into an Analysis Services cube. The warehouse and the cube allow complex trend reporting and data analysis.", "Team Foundation Server. Using Git does not preclude the benefit of using TFS work item or build system. When checking code in with Git, referencing the work item ID in the check-in comment will associate the check-in with the given work item. Likewise, Team Build will also build Git projects.", "Team Foundation Server. Microsoft provides two standalone redistributed APIs for connecting to TFS. One is a Java SDK, the other is a .NET Framework SDK. These APIs allow for client connectivity to TFS. Because TFS is written on a service-oriented architecture, it can communicate with virtually any tool that can call a web service. Another extensible mechanism is subscribing to system alerts: for example, alerts that a work item was changed, or a build completed. There are approximately 20 preconfigured alerts, and teams can configure as many additional alerts as needed.[6] When used in an extensible scenario, these alerts can be sent to a web service, triggering actions to alter or update work items (such as implementing advanced business rules or generating work items programmatically based on a given scenario).", "Team Foundation Server. More specialized reporting is available for load test results. This data is available directly within Visual Studio and can be exported to Excel for detailed analysis.", "Team Foundation Server. Work items can be linked to each other using different relationships to create a hierarchical tree of work items or a flat relationship between work items. Work items can also be linked to external artifacts such as web pages, documents on a file share or documents stored in another repository such as SharePoint. Work items can also be linked to source code, build results, test results and specific versions of items in source control. The flexibility in the work item system allows TFS to play many roles from requirements management to bug tracking, risk and issue tracking, as well as recording the results of reviews. The extensible linking capabilities ensure that traceability from requirements to source code to test cases and results can be accomplished and reported on for auditing purposes as well as historical understanding of changes.", "Team Foundation Server. Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Project are also supported to help manage work items which allows for bulk update, bulk entry and bulk export of work items. Microsoft Project can be used to schedule work when conforming to a waterfall software development methodology. Both Excel and Project support bi-directional updates of data. This allows, for example, project managers to put a schedule in Project, have that work imported into TFS where developers update the work and then the schedule can be updated without the project manager having to perform extra work.", "Team Foundation Server. The build process can be configured for various types of builds including scheduled builds, continuous integration, gated check-in and rolling builds. A gated check-in build will shelve code that a developer checks in, perform a \"get latest\" on the server code and perform a build. If the build succeeds, the code is checked in on behalf of the developer who submitted the code. If the build fails, the developer is notified and can fix the code before trying another check-in.", "Team Foundation Server. TFS 2013 introduced a new feature called \"light-weight reporting\" which provides for the ability to create real-time reports based on query results and which do not rely on the warehouse or cube. TFS 2012 (and continuing into 2013) offers real-time burndown, velocity and CFD diagrams directly within Team Web Access.", "Team Foundation Server. The build process in TFS is also part of the traceability mechanism in that build brings together many of the artifacts that are created and stored in TFS. Assuming developers associate source code with work items on check-in, Team Build has the ability to report on the changes in each build - both source code changes and work item changes as well as test results (this includes unit testing results as well as automated functional testing (CodedUI) results). As bugs and PBIs are resolved and integrated into builds, the work items which track these artifacts are automatically updated to indicate in which build they were successfully integrated. Combined with the testing tools, testers then get an integrated view of what code was changed in each build, but also which bugs, PBIs and other work changed from build to build.", "Team Foundation Server. The data warehouse can also be extended through the creation of custom data warehouse adapters.[7] With the introduction of TFS 2012, custom add-ins can also be created for Team Web Access, called Web Access Extensions.", "Team Foundation Server. Builds have retention policies with them so that they do not accumulate when not needed (or builds can be directed not to produce any saved output) or build output can be locked and saved forever. New with TFS 2013 is the ability to check in the build results into source control. This was a necessary enhancement to support automated builds on the TFS service where there is no drop location to place the builds. In the on-premises version build output can be configured to end up in any accessible shared folder location.", "Team Foundation Server. With the release of TFS 2013, Microsoft added native support for Git. This is not a Microsoft specific implementation but a standard implementation based on the libgit2[14] library. This is the same library that powers the popular GitHub and the code is freely available from GitHub. Because Microsoft took the approach of using a standard library, any Git client can now be used natively with TFS (in other words, developers can use their favorite tools and never install the standard TFS clients). This allows tools on any platform and any IDE that support Git to connect to TFS. For example, both Xcode and Android Studio support Git plug-ins. In addition, if developers do not want to use Microsoft's Team Explorer Everywhere plug-in for Eclipse, they can choose to use eGit[15] to connect to TFS." ]

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[ "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In parts of Canada (the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Saskatchewan and Alberta[2]), a flashing circular green light indicates right-of-way to proceed in any direction; all other entrances to the intersection will face red lights, and all pedestrian signals will indicate do-not-cross. Ontario formerly used a flashing circular green for this purpose but officially discontinued this practice on January 1, 2010.[3] The flashing-green phase usually precedes a normal green phase, in which case it is known as an advanced green, and an ADVANCED GREEN WHEN FLASHING sign will often be mounted next to the signal, possibly with a corresponding DELAYED GREEN (or similar) sign facing oncoming traffic. When a flashing-green phase occurs after a normal green phase, it as known as an extended green, but this sequence is much less common, as it can create a hazardous yellow trap for oncoming left turns.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In some parts of Canada, a flashing green (known as Advanced Green) light signals permission for a left turn before the opposing traffic is allowed to enter the intersection, i.e., oncoming traffic is facing a RED light. Similarly, a flashing green may be an Extended Green, for left turns after the opposing traffic's full green phase. The flashing light may be a \"full\" green, or a green left arrow, both meaning the same thing. At least one traffic light in Montreal (on the Island of Montreal, 'Right-on-Red' is not allowed), has a flashing right-turn arrow, indicating that the pedestrian crossing has a red light, so it is safe to turn right and drive across it. At some intersections in Winnipeg, Manitoba, a flashing green right-turn arrow appears with a red light when traffic from the right has a green flashing left-turn arrow and is not allowed to make a U-turn. In other parts of the same country (e.g., Vancouver) a flashing green light conveys a very different meaning: the crossing road has stop signs with no lights of its own, and oncoming traffic also has a flashing green, not a red stop-light. This functions the same as a European \"priority\" sign (a yellow-and-white diamond shaped sign indicating that the current street is a Priority or \"main\" road, which cross streets must yield to at uncontrolled junctions, opposite to the usual arrangement in many European countries), for which there is no direct equivalent in North America.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In British Columbia,[23] a flashing green globe signal is used at a pedestrian crossing or intersection, at which pedestrians have the ability to stop traffic to allow a safe crossing. They may also be used at a drawbridge. The flashing green indicates that the signal is not currently in use. After the pedestrian pushes the button to trigger the signal, the light becomes a steady green until the sequence of yellow, then red (at which time the pedestrian crossing gives a walk signal) as in a conventional set of traffic lights, then returns to flashing green until another crossing is requested.[24] This indication is also used in Massachusetts at fire stations.\nIn several European countries and Mexico, a flashing green light is used in crosswalks to indicate that signal is going to change from green to red soon. Therefore, flashing green has roughly the same meaning to pedestrians as ordinary yellow signal has for motorists. Slow-moving pedestrians are warned about oncoming signal change and have opportunity to wait for next signal cycle. Motorists are more likely to notice flashing signal. Drivers of vehicles about to cross pedestrian crossings should be more aware of incoming pedestrians.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. Throughout Canada, as in the United States, a green arrow indicates protected movement in the direction of the arrow. In British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan, green turn arrows may or may not flash; both cases indicate a protected turn phase, but a flashing green arrow indicates that the protected phase will be followed by a permissive phase.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. The advanced green was originally chosen to be represented by flashing green because at the time of its introduction, in Ontario, a green arrow had meant that all traffic *must turn* in the direction of the arrow,[4] although this is no longer the case. Additionally, an advanced green could be more easily added to existing 3-lamp signals than could a green arrow, since it didn't require physically installing a fourth lamp for the arrow.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. Elsewhere in China, a blinking green light means \"reduce speed now\", attempting to stop cars from passing (if that car can still safely stop in time) and is nearly universal in appearance. Some cities or parts of cities show the number of seconds remaining in a specific traffic light colour (a so-called \"countdown meter\").", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In Australia, New Zealand, some SADC countries (such as South Africa), Canada and most of the United States, a flashing red or orange pedestrian signal is used at between green and steady red; it means \"complete crossing but do not start to cross\". This has a similar meaning to European flashing green, but means that if a pedestrian glances at it, they will not enter an intersection without enough time to leave. In the United States and in parts of Canada, Australia and New Zealand (e.g., Auckland CBD) pedestrian signals which count down the number of seconds (see Timers below) until cross traffic has the right of way are becoming popular at heavily used pedestrian crossings such as in urban shopping districts.", "Traffic light. Another distinction is between intersections that have dedicated signals for turning across the flow of opposing traffic and those that do not. Such signals are called dedicated left-turn lights in the United States and Canada (since opposing traffic is on the left). With dedicated left turn signals, a left-pointing arrow turns green when traffic may turn left without opposing traffic and pedestrian conflict, and turns red or disappears otherwise. Such a signal is referred to as a \"protected\" signal if it has its own red phase; a \"permissive\" signal does not have such a feature. Three standard versions of the permissive signal exist:[citation needed] One version is a horizontal bar with five lights – the green and yellow arrows are located between the standard green and yellow lights. A vertical five-light bar holds the arrows underneath the standard green light (in this arrangement, the yellow arrow is sometimes omitted, leaving only the green arrow below the solid green light, or possibly an LED based device capable of showing both green and yellow arrows within a single lamp housing). Some newer LED turn arrows seen in parts of Canada are capable of multicoloured animation. Such lights will often display a flashing and animated green or yellow arrow when the dedicated turn is allowed, but then transform into a red arrow on a white background with a red line through it, emphasising that the turn is no longer allowed. These lights will also often have the words \"no turn\" displayed, or an explanatory reason why the turn is not allowed, such as \"train\" in the case of a rail or light rail crossing. A third type is known as a \"doghouse\" or \"cluster head\" – a vertical column with the two normal lights is on the right side of the signal, a vertical column with the two arrows is located on the left, and the normal red signal is in the middle above the two columns. Cluster signals in Australia and New Zealand use six signals, the sixth being a red arrow that can operate separately from the standard red light. In a fourth type, sometimes seen at intersections in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, there is no dedicated left-turn lamp per se. Instead, the normal green lamp flashes rapidly, indicating permission to go straight as well as make a left turn in front of opposing traffic, which is being held by a steady red lamp. (This \"advance green,\" or flashing green can be somewhat startling and confusing to drivers not familiar with this system. This also can cause confusion amongst visitors to British Columbia, where a flashing green signal denotes a pedestrian controlled crosswalk.)[46] Another interesting practice seen at least in Ontario is that cars wishing to turn left that arrived after the left turn signal ended can do so during the yellow phase, as long as there is enough time to make a safe turn.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. On the island of Montréal, Québec, Canada, it is forbidden to turn right while a red signal is present. At many intersections, lights will change from red to a green arrow permitting drivers to proceed straight through the intersection. After approximately 5 seconds, the green arrow is replaced with a green ball signal allowing drivers to proceed forward or turn as they wish.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In Austria, Cambodia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, most of Israel, Malaysia, parts of Mexico, Turkey, and in certain other parts of Europe, the green lights will start flashing at the end of the Go or Turn phase to indicate that the yellow (Caution phase) lights are about to be engaged. This is useful in fast-paced roads to allow for longer slowing down time, and for pedestrians crossing broad streets. Some traffic lights in Pennsylvania illuminate the yellow light a few seconds before the green light turns off, to give this same warning.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. Protected flashing green is now used in parts of California[5] and Ontario as part of traffic signal preemption for emergency vehicles. This does not conform to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.", "Traffic light. Some intersections with permissive turn signals occasionally have what is known as \"yellow trap\", \"lag-trap\", or \"left turn trap\" (in right-driving countries).[citation needed] This refers to situations when left-turning drivers are trapped in the intersection with a red light, while opposing traffic still has a green. In British Columbia, the law addresses this problem by giving a left-turning driver already in an intersection the right-of-way to make the turn once the intersection is otherwise clear, regardless of the traffic light state.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. One system is where there is a horizontal bar in a specific colour, with the colour changing and the bar shrinking. The shrinking bar indicates the time remaining in that colour. The colour itself is either red (stop), yellow or green (go). A blinking green one-third-full bar means \"reduce speed now\", and a blinking yellow full-bar indicates \"proceed with caution\".", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. Some signals have a special phase where there is a red light illuminated simultaneously with a green arrow. The meaning of this configuration is that a motorist may only proceed in the direction of the arrow. In the Province of Quebec, a signal may display a green straight arrow alone, usually for 5 to 9 seconds, and then the full green (or right turn arrow) illuminates. This allows pedestrians to engage into the roadway, and therefore (in theory) increases safety. Soldier's Field Road in Brighton, Massachusetts at the intersection with Nonantum Road, Birmingham Parkway and North Beacon Streets always has a red ball. Green arrows appear with the red ball to allow traffic to travel in a particular direction, but the red ball is always illuminated. The same is true at the intersection of Cambridge Street and Massachusetts Avenue near Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the intersection of Delaware Avenue at Harrison Street in Wilmington, Delaware, and at the intersection of West 3rd Street and Mesaba Avenue in Duluth, Minnesota. This is also true in Chicago; the straight off straight on ramps from Lake Shore Drive to N Fullerton Ave display a red light and left turn arrow or a red light, never just a green arrow.", "Traffic light. In the Canadian province of Quebec and the Maritime provinces, lights are often arranged horizontally, but each aspect is a different shape: red is a square (larger than the normal circle) and usually in pairs at either end of the fixture, yellow is a diamond, and green is a circle. In many southern and southwestern U.S. states, most traffic signals are similarly horizontal in order to ease wind resistance during storms and hurricanes.[28] The Canadian province of Alberta, and the Yukon territory also use this horizontal arrangement.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. At some intersections in Quebec, Canada, the yellow and red lights will appear together to indicate that the light is about to change to red. This mitigates the fact that at most Quebec intersections, there is no delay between the time that the lights in one direction turn red and the lights in the perpendicular direction turn green. However, this is considered redundant in other places, as the yellow light itself indicates that the light is about to change to red.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. Current users of flashing green signal are Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Great Britain, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Mexico, Poland, Spain and Sweden. France, Portugal and Switzerland make limited use of flashing green.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. Around Richmond, a suburb of Vancouver, British Columbia, some left turn signals use a dual-indication LED lamp; these signals display a green arrow, a yellow arrow in addition to a yellow ball, and a red ball. A traffic signal on the intersection of the Westminster Highway and Knight Street does the same with dual-indication through and right turn arrows. All intersections with this picture are city operated.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In some cities (such as Newberg, Oregon; Kiev, Ukraine; or Kraków, Poland) there are signs displaying how fast one has to drive in order to reach the next intersection at the exact time when the light turns green, thus allowing the driver to ease into a green wave.", "Green Light (Lorde song). Contemporary critics received \"Green Light\" with acclaim and praised its musical style, and Lorde's vocal delivery. It was called a break-up anthem. Several sites ranked it as one of the best songs of the year, with NME and The Guardian placing it in the top spot on their respective lists. The single garnered success on charts internationally, peaking at number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. In Oceania, it reached number four in Australia, and number one in New Zealand. \"Green Light\" was certified Platinum by both the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Recorded Music NZ, and double Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In Regina, Saskatchewan left-turn signals are designated by two-bulb light configuration with one (or two) red balls and one LED arrow. When a left-turn cycle begins the red ball will change to a flashing green arrow to permitted all traffic turning left. When the left-turn cycle ends the flashing green arrow will turn to a solid amber arrow for 5 to 3 seconds then change back to a red ball.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In some areas, a \"prepare to stop\" sign with two alternately flashing yellow lights is installed in locations where a high-speed road (design speed usually at least 55 mph / 90 km/h) leads up to a traffic light, where the traffic light is obscured from a distance (or both conditions), or before the first traffic signal after a long stretch of road with no signals. This is installed so that drivers can view it from a distance. This light begins blinking with enough time for the driver to see it and slow down before the intersection light turns yellow, then red. The flashing yellow light can go out immediately when the light turns green, or it may continue for several seconds after the intersection light has turned green, as it usually takes a line of cars some time to accelerate to cruising speed from a red light. These are relatively common in areas such as the United States, Canada, Western Australia, New South Wales[31], New Zealand and Liberia. Japan uses a variant signal with two lamps, a green one and a flashing yellow one, for the same purpose.", "Warning sign. Some warning signs have flashing lights to alert drivers of conditions ahead or remind drivers to slow down. In Britain, they are called warning light. Flashing lights can be dangerous for people with certain forms of epilepsy and/or sensory processing disorder.", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. The Canadian provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island generally use horizontal traffic lights with red to the left and green to the right. These signals also use specific shapes for each color, which aids color-blind people in distinguishing signal aspects:", "Traffic light. The time from when a red light is displayed and when a cross street is given a green light is usually based on the physical size of the intersection. This intervening period is called the \"all-red time\". A typical all-red time is two seconds to allow cars to clear the intersection. In a wider intersection, such as a four-lane road or highway intersection, the all-red time may be as much as five seconds, allowing drivers who could not or would not stop at the yellow light enough time to clear the intersection without causing a collision. Two exceptions are in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where there is no all-red time. The change is instantaneous, due to the nature of the older relay operated signals. It is also the case in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "Traffic light. In some countries traffic signals will go into a flashing mode if the conflict monitor detects a problem, such as a fault that tries to display green lights to conflicting traffic. The signal may display flashing yellow to the main road and flashing red to the side road, or flashing red in all directions. Flashing operation can also be used during times of day when traffic is light, such as late at night.[5]", "Traffic-light signalling and operation. In Oregon, Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Alberta, traffic signals may also have an extra white rectangular light mounted above the red light. This phase indicates that a public transit vehicle may proceed through an intersection in any direction while all other traffic faces a red light.", "Railway signal. For example, using a flashing aspect to display a less restrictive signal. If the relay that controls the flashing fails, the signal displays a more restricting signal. A flashing yellow, in Canada and the United States, at least on the top or middle heads if there are more than one lights, means advance clear to stop (that is, expect the next signal to be clear but not the one after). A solid yellow means clear to stop (that is, expect the next signal to be stop).[5]", "Traffic light. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to users by displaying lights of a standard colour (red, amber (yellow), and green) following a universal colour code. In the typical sequence of colour phases:", "Chinese fire drill. The term is also used to describe an American college prank (also known as red-light green-light) performed by a vehicle's occupants when stopped at a traffic light, especially when there is a need to swap drivers or fetch something from the trunk. Before the light changes to green, each occupant gets out, runs around the vehicle, and gets back inside, but not necessarily in their original seats. A lagging participant may be left behind.[10][11]", "Canadian Open (golf). Yellow highlight indicates a winner of the Triple Crown of Golf.\nGreen highlight indicates scoring records.\nSource[18]", "Emergency vehicle lighting. Green flashing beacons can be used by Doctors (registered with the General Medical Council) when responding to a medical emergency. Many doctors now either volunteer or are employed as First Responders for ambulance services and their vehicles will carry the, usually blue, lights used by the service or both blue and green to indicate their profession. Green lights may also be used by ambulance control vehicles, but only on scene of a major incident.[46]" ]

[ 3.943359375, 3.861328125, -0.2000732421875, 3.61328125, -1.5244140625, 0.61474609375, -0.302490234375, -1.9375, -1.5556640625, -2.298828125, -2.82421875, -4.71875, -0.88330078125, -5.0859375, -3.173828125, -1.001953125, -4.26171875, -5.75, -5.62890625, -6.1875, -3.85546875, -1.8779296875, -5.32421875, -2.693359375, -3, -3.458984375, -5.80859375, -0.45703125, -7.125, -4.71875, -3.287109375, -3.986328125 ]

[ "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Winner: Heather and Virginia stood in front of a closed door; Heather's door opened, making her the second winner of Hell's Kitchen. Virginia was very gracious in defeat, stating that she hoped she would be as good as Heather in the future.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Team challenge: The teams had to cook lunch for a group of children. Despite her reluctance to being on the blue team, Heather clamped down on bickering between Garrett and Tom and helped the blue team finally come together. Meanwhile, the red team was marred by a power struggle between Rachel and Sara, resulting in the quality of the food leaving the kitchen being occasionally inconsistent. Both teams managed to complete a service for the first time, finally impressing Ramsay. The red team earned a score of 9.84 out of 10, but the blue team won with a score of 9.85.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas with a salary of $250,000, where she worked as chef at the Terra Rossa Restaurant. Runner-up Virginia Dalbeck had the worst streak of any finalist on the show, being nominated every single time apart from wins and \"Best of the Worst\" nominations.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Service: Keith and Sara were chosen as servers for service, but Keith struggled, taking a long time getting orders in before spending ten minutes rewriting a ticket. Heather burned her hand and had to leave service, but delegated her station to her team before leaving, later earning Ramsay's praise; with the red kitchen missing Heather, Sara asked to join the kitchen and cook, which Ramsay agreed to. Virginia put incorrect sauce on monkfish and shocked Ramsay when she said she would serve a tortellini that was split. The men failed to serve an appetizer as Gabe allowed his teammates to work his station, while Tom and Giacomo struggled to work together on meat and garnish as Giacomo did not know what sides were required. After several customers walked out, Ramsay closed the kitchens. Ramsay named the women winners for their improvement; Garrett was named best of the worst for being the only one not to struggle.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Challenge: Ramsay merged the final five into one team and awarded them all black jackets. Each chef was given twenty minutes to cook a special dish for Ramsay. Sara's dish was deemed the worst due to poor presentation, while Garrett and Heather made good tasting dishes, but were ruled out due to over-seasoned prawns and unwashed spinach respectively. Ramsay selected Keith as the winner, with Virginia a close runner-up.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14). Winner: After service was done Chef Ramsay congratulated both of the contestants on their strong services, and told them that he would have a hard time determine a winner. After analyzing the service and overall performance, he called both of them into his office where he praised both of the finalists for their performance up to that point. Afterwards, he asked them to go to their respective doors where Meghan's door opened making her the 14th winner of Hell's Kitchen, while T took her defeat graciously.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Service: In the blue kitchen, Heather cooked a pasta starter not on order in an attempt to get ahead, before trying to take over meat from Garrett. However, this caused disarray, with Garrett sending up the wrong order quantities due to miscommunication, eventually forcing Keith to step in and take control. Despite this, the blue team completed service. Meanwhile, when hair was found in one of the red team's entrees, Maribel argued with Ramsay when she claimed it wasn't her hair, and Rachel struggled on meat. Virginia succeeded on fish, earning Ramsay's praise. After Rachel overcooked wellingtons and then tried to hide this for their few remaining tickets, Ramsay shut down the kitchens. After service, Heather said to chef that no one in her kitchen performed as well as they could have, but she still felt like she should remain in the competition; Keith and Garrett saw this as a way to weasel out of responsibility. Ramsay declared the blue team the winners and named Virginia the best of the worst for her improvement.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Service: Sara and Keith both put in strong performances on appetizers, though Keith was scolded for handling rice with his hands and for not pulling up his trousers, something the diners saw. Tom was scolded for giving up after burning his hand and argued with Keith after he was asked to make another sauce, only for Keith to then say he didn't need it. Giacomo forgot to turn the oven on before losing track of his orders; Ramsay switched Giacomo to the fish station. Giacomo and Tom used up virtually all of the blue kitchen's food during their unsuccessful attempts to serve entrees, making it impossible for service to get back on track. In the red kitchen, Heather tried to control other stations than her own, but annoyed Sara and was scolded by Ramsay, while Maribel struggled on meat, incorrectly serving several beef wellingtons. When one table (who had been waiting over an hour for the wellingtons) threatened to walk out, Maribel served undercooked wellingtons before correcting the mistake, by which point the diners had already walked out. Ramsay was angry at Maribel and disappointed in Heather, but praised Sara as the red team's best for the night. The red team were named winners for serving more entrees.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Reward: Virginia was granted first pick in drafting a team using the six chefs eliminated from the competition prior to the final.[note 1] Virginia picked Keith, Tom and Giacomo, while Heather picked Rachel and Sara, and was left with Garrett. Though Heather's team were happy with her (even Garrett, who was picked last, and Sara, who had previously admitted her dislike of Heather), Virginia's were not; Virginia had openly stated she picked her team as she believed they were the weakest chefs, Keith openly stated he wanted Heather to win the previous week and Tom did not like working for a woman. Virginia promised to pay each the men $1000 to work for her.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Challenge: The chefs were given twenty minutes to recreate Ramsay's signature dish on taste alone. Virginia won, though Heather and Keith were disappointed with this, as they both believe she cheated by buying Ramsay's recipe book the previous week and as she asked for ingredients the others had just finished using.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8). Winner: Ramsay determined the winner based on the diners' comments and his own observations. Each finalist stood in front of a door; Nona's door opened, making her the eighth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Unlike all of the previous runner-ups of Hell's Kitchen, Russell took his defeat ungraciously, blaming his teammates for his loss.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7). Winner: The winner was then determined by Ramsay, based on comments of the diners and his own observations. Holli and Jay stood in front of a closed door; Holli's door opened, making her the seventh winner of Hell's Kitchen; Jay took his defeat graciously.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12). Winner: After deliberating, Ramsay called Scott and Jason to his office and gave them final praise before sending them to two doors; Scott's door opened, making him the twelfth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Though he left for medical reasons in season 9's 1st episode and actually made it this far in this season, Jason took his defeat graciously and felt Scott deserved to win. Scott gave a victory speech and thanked people for supporting him.[note 4]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Elimination: Virginia stated her belief that she did not deserve to be in the competition, and under the belief that Virginia would \"take herself out\", Heather decided to nominate her and Sara, who had been the second worst performer of the night (though Sara objected to her nomination anyway). Virginia stated to Ramsay that she did not believe she deserved to be in the competition, though Ramsay decided to give Virginia back her immunity if she wanted it. Virginia stated she only wanted to be in the competition if Ramsay believed she was a good enough chef and not because of his promise, though Ramsay said that if she wanted to stay, he would eliminate Sara. She then changed her mind and Ramsay eliminated Sara for her lack of teamwork and disintegrating performances, angering Keith and Heather.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Service: In the red kitchen, Rachel struggled on risotto, and Sara sabotaged Virginia by saying she was \"ready and waiting for her call\", though later told Ramsay she had yet to put on her turbot. When Virginia tried to explain the situation, Ramsay accused Virginia of lying to him and of not being a team player. Maribel served poor mashed potatoes, Rachel and Virginia left bones and wing on a quail, and Rachel left to buy ice after running out (part of their earlier punishment), forgetting to bring money on the way. Meanwhile, despite Keith and Heather having a strong performance on the blue team, Garrett was inconsistent in serving risotto, initially serving a bland, under-seasoned risotto before managing an acceptable serving. Tom was scolded for working the wrong order and cooking in a burnt pan, almost setting fire to the restaurant. Virginia served rare wellington instead of medium, and when Ramsay realized the women were glazing with egg whites instead of egg wash and had run out of wellingtons, he closed both kitchens. Ramsay then declared both teams losers, ordering one nominee from each team for elimination. This was the first time in the show's history that both teams lost a dinner service, something that would become more frequent in later seasons. Keith and Sara were named the best of their respective teams.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Challenge: Heather and Virginia traveled to Las Vegas to make a signature dish judged by twenty people. Virginia made a chicken roulade and Heather a sea bass dish. After a 10-10 tie, Virginia won the tie-breaker.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Elimination: Keith immediately ruled out Heather, though struggled between Virginia and Sara. After much thought, he nominated Virginia and Garrett. Ramsay eliminated Garrett for serving raw chicken, which Ramsay deemed unacceptable.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Elimination: Garrett nominated Giacomo and Tom. After Tom pleaded his case, Ramsay sent him back in line and nominated Gabe. Ramsay eliminated Gabe for being too nice and allowing his teammates to work his station.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16). Winner: As per Hell's Kitchen tradition, Ryan and Heather stood in front of a pair of doors in Ramsay's office. Ryan's door opened, making her the sixteenth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Heather took her defeat graciously. Ryan gave a victory speech and hung her picture in the Hall of Fame.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3). Reward/punishment: Jen and Julia got a chance to see the Green Valley Ranch Resort, and also went to the Red Rock Resort to meet Heather West, the winner of the second season who gave them recipes she had created for her restaurant, and tips for the competition. The losers had to clean the dining room.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Elimination: While Keith was acknowledged as the best of the worst, Ramsay refused to let him select two nominees for elimination due to his failure to step up as a leader. Instead, the men individually nominated another teammate for elimination. Tom nominated Giacomo, and Giacomo, Garrett, and Keith nominated Tom for his continued struggle. Despite more votes against Tom, Ramsay eliminated Giacomo for being the worst performer of the night.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Team challenge: The teams were challenged to cut the most steaks to exactly ten ounces; as the men had an extra member, Keith was forced to sit out. Sara and Rachel both scored three, while Heather, Virginia and Maribel each scored two. Gabe scored three, Garrett scored one, Giacomo scored two, but Larry scored zero. Lastly, Tom scored five and was praised, but the women still won 12-11.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14). Team challenge: The chefs assembled in the dining room and were given a display of Greek dancing, setting the theme for the next challenge. The chefs each chose a protein to cook a Greek dish with, and broke plates to determine their other ingredients. Chef Ramsay and guest judge Michael Psilakis would both award each chef between 1 and 5 points, with whichever team gets the most points winning. Alison and Josh faced off first with lamb dishes, and Alison earned 6 points for an otherwise decent dish that was a little overcooked; conversely, Josh's dish was so severely undercooked that Chefs Ramsay and Psilakis refused to taste it, earning him the lowest possible score of 2 points by default. Bret's prawn dish then took the lead, scoring 8 points, while Michelle's unusual choice of prawns and kiwi fruit sauce earned her just 3 points. The lead swung back to the women on the next round, as Meghan earned 9 points for her squid dish, beating Milly (who only got 6 points) for the third time in a challenge. Randy's chicken dish reclaimed the lead again, earning a perfect 10 points(despite having no Greek cuisine experience), and outshining T, who still got a respectable 7 points. Adam retained the lead with his pork dish, getting another 10 points, though the 8 points earned by Christine kept the women in contention. In the final round, Sarah's swordfish dish got 7 points, with Chefs Ramsay and Psilakis noting that it would likely have been a 10 with only a little more seasoning; this left Nick needing 5 points to win, and despite overcooking his swordfish quite badly, he still managed to earn the required number of points to win.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Elimination: Virginia struggled with nominations - she considered Rachel for her recent downward spiral, Sara for lying the previous week, and Maribel for the hair found in the food and for losing concentration due to missing her family. In the end, she nominated Rachel and Maribel, though gave a lengthy speech as to why Sara could also be nominated. Ramsay eliminated Rachel for her many mistakes, but praised her for her effort. During Rachel's exit, a retrospect montage was played. Heather was particularly upset with Rachel's exit, as they had grown close, especially in their mutual dislike of Sara. Rachel had told Heather that if she were to go home, she'd like Heather to win.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10). Winner: After deliberating, Ramsay called Christina and Justin to his office and sent them to two doors; Christina's door opened, making her the tenth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Christina hung her portrait on the Wall of Fame and Justin took his defeat graciously.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Service Three master chefs dined at Hell's Kitchen for service; Michael Mina, David Myers and Josie Le Balch. Keith did well on appetizers, but Virginia on garnish struggled to keep up with Heather on meat. The three master chefs then arrived, and each chef served a meal to them. Keith served three spaghetti lobsters for appetizers, but his spaghetti was undercooked and received poor reviews. Sara also struggled to keep up with Heather and ran out of salmon, substituting with turbot. Ramsay threatened to switch Heather to the station as she was performing so well, though Sara defended her ground. Sara's scallops received mixed reviews from the master chefs, though Heather's wellingtons received praise. Virginia struggled on vegetables and Heather had to come to her rescue, though even then, Virginia's peas were burnt, which angered Ramsay. Virginia then still struggled to keep up, causing Ramsay to strip her of her immunity. The chefs completed service; Ramsay named Heather best of the night.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Team challenge: The teams were told to taste various high cuisine dishes, not realizing they were made of low quality processed foods. Afterwards, they were challenged to a blind taste test; Rachel was forced to sit out. Keith and Maribel both scored two, Virginia scored three compared to Heather's two, and Sara and Garrett both scored two, giving the red team a 7-6 win.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Team challenge: Both teams, after going to the Grand Central Market to buy ingredients, had to create a three-course meal. On appetizers, Ramsay was bothered by a sharp shrimp tail in Garrett's roasted corn scallop and shrimp bisque and felt Sara's bell pepper soup was too burnt, due to Virginia's instructions on how to cook the peppers. For the entree, Ramsay was pleased with both Virginia's chicken roulade stuffed with Mexican heart salamis, sliced tomatoes and garlic, and Keith's bone in pan roasted ribeye with a tomato and smoked chill demi, though the later was felt to be a little untidy. For desserts, Maribel's strawberry shortcake Ramsay found tasty albeit uninspired, while Heather's fresh fruit crepes with a mango peach puree was soggy; Ramsay gave the red team the win.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Reward/punishment: The blue team won a trip to an amusement park. The red team cleaned up the dining room, full of food on the floor, balloons and silly string. Garrett and Heather made up and became friends, along with Keith. They all secretly plotted to get Tom out of the team, because he was holding them back.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5). Challenge: To recreate one of Ramsay's signature dishes based on taste alone. Danny was declared the winner with Paula as a close second.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3). Winner: During the debrief, Ramsay asked each chef what they would have changed. Rock stated that he would have won the challenge to get Jen with the first pick, complimenting her cooking skills (which made Jen feel honored), while saying that Josh \"really screwed up\" and would have been left off his team (which slightly angered Josh). Bonnie admitted that she was not careful in monitoring portion sizes and thus ran out of ingredients. Ramsay had no substantial criticism for either chef, only saying that \"You both came out with leadership qualities\", noting that Bonnie has improved her assertiveness while Rock was considered \"rock-solid\". Ramsay considered all aspects in making his decision, including how each chef ran the kitchen and every customer feedback card. Both Rock and Bonnie stood in front of the two doors and whoever's door opened would be the winner. Rock broke down in tears when his door opened and was declared the winner of Hell's Kitchen Season 3, and Bonnie immediately went to congratulate him.[18]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2). Reward/punishment: The red team did a photo shoot with Ramsay for TV Guide. The blue team cleaned the kitchen and Garrett begrudgingly served champagne to the red team." ]

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[ "Michigan Stadium. By the mid-1980s, Michigan Stadium became known by the nickname \"The Big House\".[20][21][22] Michigan's game versus Ball State University on November 4, 2006, was the 200th consecutive crowd of over 100,000 fans.[23] Traditionally, when the game's attendance is announced, the public address announcer (historically Howard King) thanks the fans for \"being part of the largest crowd watching a football game anywhere in America today\".[24]", "Michigan Stadium. Michigan Stadium, nicknamed \"The Big House\",[6] is the football stadium for the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is the largest stadium in the United States, the second largest stadium in the world and the 34th largest sports venue.[7] Its official capacity is 107,601,[8] but it has hosted crowds in excess of 115,000.", "History of Michigan. Afterwards, the Iroquois defeated the other Iroquoian tribes of northern Ohio-- the Chonnonton, Erie & Petun-- and continued into southern Michigan by the 1660s. [12] With the Iroquoians having conquered the southern peninsula for themselves, the other Algonquians began to refer to the nearby lake as Michigan, which translates to \"Big Cat\" in their language. This is most likely supposed to be a reference to the Iroquoian water deity known as 'Blue Panther', or, more accurately, \"Cat which Stalks Below.\" [13] [14] They defeated the Sauk & Fauk, who migrated west and took refuge among the Ojibwe & Menominee. This caused other wars between Algonquian & Siouan peoples within the following decades. [15]", "Ice hockey. A record was set on December 11, 2010, when the University of Michigan's men's ice hockey team faced cross-state rival Michigan State in an event billed as \"The Big Chill at the Big House\". The game was played at Michigan's (American) football venue, Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, with a capacity of 109,901 as of the 2010 football season. When UM stopped sales to the public on May 6, 2010, with plans to reserve remaining tickets for students, over 100,000 tickets had been sold for the event.[90] Ultimately, a crowd announced by UM as 113,411, the largest in the stadium's history (including football), saw the homestanding Wolverines win 5–0. Guinness World Records, using a count of ticketed fans who actually entered the stadium instead of UM's figure of tickets sold, announced a final figure of 104,173.[91][92]", "Big House, Landshipping. The website for Big House indicates that progress has been largely stalled since 2012, due to financial constraints; and, the proposed Bed and Breakfast is still not open. The house is a private residence and private property.[29] Photos on the website[30] from across the river, and on a Facebook page for the area, show the current state of the building.[31]", "Michigan. The state's name, Michigan, is of French origins (form of the Ojibwe word) mishigamaa, meaning \"large water\" or \"large lake\".[3][7] Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area, and the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.[b]", "Big House, Landshipping. The original house was built in about 1750 by the Owen family of Orielton who owned coal mines in the area. A map of 1785 shows the Landshipping Estate.[3] The house is drawn as a dwelling house near the river (red arrow) while the Owens much larger residence called “Great House” is to the right of it.", "Kitch-iti-kipi. Kitch-iti-kipi (\"KITCH-i-tee-KI-pee\" with short \"i\"s)[1] is Michigan's largest natural freshwater spring.[1][2][3][4] The name means big cold water[1] and is sometimes referred to as The Big Spring.[2][4] Its original name was the \"Mirror of Heaven\" given to it by the early Native Americans.[2]", "Michigan Stadium. Opening face-off of The Big Chill at the Big House, December 11, 2010", "Hopewell tradition. The Goodall focus occupied Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of Lake Michigan, east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to Saginaw Bay on the east and Grand Traverse Bay to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana.[24]", "U.S. Route 12 in Michigan. The roads that have carried US 12 in Michigan have been given a number of memorial highway names. In 1922, after the publication of Main Street by Sinclair Lewis that street name took on a pejorative connotation. The newspaper in Jackson advocated that the main road from Detroit to Chicago which formed the main street through many communities in southern Michigan should be given a new name. It was already labeled the Michigan–Detroit–Chicago Highway on travel maps of the time, so the paper suggested that the roadway should be renamed to create the longest street in the country. Both Chicago and Detroit had streets named Michigan Avenue, so that is what the newspaper suggested for a new name. Albion was the first community to change the name of its street followed by Jackson and Marshall in 1924, Battle Creek in 1928 and Kalamazoo in 1929.[17]", "Big House, Landshipping. A document from 1857 described Big House as having Bed Rooms, Hall, Parlour, Dining Room, Drawing Room, Nursery, Library, Servants Offices, Range of Stabling, Coach House, Saddle Room & Granary Over Yard, External Walled Garden, Orchards, and a wood set in nearly 6 acres. The current property is set in about 2 acres.[2]", "Big House, Landshipping. The Big House, also known as Landshipping House, is a house in Landshipping, Pembrokeshire on the banks of the River Cleddau which was originally built in 1750 and owned by the Owens of Orielton who were the Landshipping Coal Agents. The house was constructed using stone and roof materials from an older, ruined inland mansion. This building would have been a simple rectangular design with an entrance facing South-West, before several alterations occurred. The final alterations occurred in 1830 by architect William Owen. Owen added a third storey to the western wing and moved the entrance to the North facade, between two bows that were added at the same time to look out over the River Cleddau. His design was inspired by Slebech Hall and Picton Castle. The house remained occupied until the late 1800s when it fell into disrepair and by 1890 it was a ruin. However the cottages at the rear remained lived in until the 1970s. In 1922 the Landshipping Estate, including Big House, was sold at auction.[1]", "Michigan Stadium. With an attendance of 104,173, \"The Big Chill at the Big House\" set the record attendance for a hockey game.[42] The record was broken on January 1, 2014 for the NHL's 2014 Winter Classic, where a crowd of 105,491 saw the host Detroit Red Wings fall to the Toronto Maple Leafs in a shootout.", "Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry. The game's trophy is the \"Paul Bunyan – Governor of Michigan Trophy\", or simply, the Paul Bunyan Trophy. It is a four foot tall wooden statue of the legendary giant lumberjack Paul Bunyan on a five-foot base. It reflects Michigan's history as a major lumber-producing state. The trophy was first presented in 1953 by governor G. Mennen Williams to commemorate Michigan State's joining the Big Ten Conference.[3]", "Kalamazoo, Michigan. Originally known as Bronson (after founder Titus Bronson) in the township of Arcadia, the names of both the city and the township were changed to \"Kalamazoo\" in 1836 and 1837, respectively.[9] The Kalamazoo name comes from a Potawatomi word, first found in a British report in 1772. However, the Kalamazoo River, which passes through the modern city of Kalamazoo, was located on the route between Detroit and Fort Saint-Joseph (nowadays Niles, Michigan). French-Canadian traders, missionaries, and military personnel were quite familiar with this area during the French era and thereafter. The name for the Kalamazoo River was then known by Canadians and French as La rivière Kikanamaso. The name \"Kikanamaso\" was also recorded by Father Pierre Potier, a Jesuit missionary for the Huron-Wendats at the Assumption mission (south shore of Detroit), while en route to Fort Saint-Joseph during the fall of 1760.[10] Legend has it that \"Ki-ka-ma-sung,\" meaning \"boiling water,\" referring to a footrace held each fall by local Native Americans, who had to run to the river and back before the pot boiled.[11] Still another theory is that it means \"the mirage or reflecting river.\"[12] Another legend is that the image of \"boiling water\" referred to fog on the river as seen from the hills above the current downtown. The name was also given to the river that flows almost all the way across the state.", "Big House, Landshipping. James died in 1918 and in 1922 the Estate was divided into lots and sold at auction. By this time Big House was a complete ruin and had not been inhabited for decades.", "Beaver Stadium. In 2007, for the Notre Dame game, a full-stadium \"White House\" was declared. While it is widely believed that this change was a result of the National Hockey League's Phoenix Coyotes notifying the university that the phrase \"White Out\" was trademarked by the franchise during their time as the Winnipeg Jets,[16] the \"White House\" moniker was invented to remind the crowd that everyone, and not just the student section, was to wear white.[15] The newly christened \"White House\" was also deemed a success, as nearly every Penn State fan in attendance wore white, and the Lions won, 31–10. In 2008, the White House was met with similar success, a 38–24 win over Illinois.", "History of Detroit. The rise of manufacturing led to a new class of wealthy industrialists, entrepreneurs, and professionals. Some of these nouveau riche built along East Jefferson, resulting in structures such as the Thomas A. Parker House (1868), the Croul-Palms House (1881), the William H. Wells House (1889), the John N. Bagley House (1889), and the Frederick K. Stearns House (1902).", "Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America. Longhouses were a style of residential dwelling built by Native American tribes and First Nation band governments in various parts of North America. Sometimes separate longhouses were built for community meetings.", "History of Michigan. The Ojibwe called their land Mishi-Anishinaabaki (Mey-shih-Ah-ney-shih-nah-baaah-key), or Greater Anishinaabe Land. Since Anishinaabe was a collective term for the Ojibwe, Odawa & Potowatomi/ Nishnabe, who formed a governed confederacy known as the Three Council Fires [18], most of the Algonquian peoples around Lake Superior referred to their lands as 'something Anishinaabaki.' This most likely confused the French, who chose to simply translate the 'Mishi' part as \"Superior.\" Although the Anishinaabeg (plural) didn't have a true, organized government (They would usually elect temporary leaders called Ogidamoo in the moment. [19] ), the sacred site of their council fire, where they would conduct important political business, was known as Michilimackinac. Today, it's known as Mackinac Island. The Mascouten are supposedly so named for calling their original homeland of southern Michigan \"Maskoutenich,\" or \"The Treeless Land,\" for the Erie Plains region. [20] [21]", "Michigan State Capitol. In 1872, architect Elijah E. Myers of Springfield, Illinois, was commissioned to design the new capitol building and the design committee selected his design named Tuebor, which means I will defend.[4] Myers used the central dome and wing design found in the United States Capitol in his design and subsequently went on to design two other state capitol buildings, the statehouses of Colorado and Texas, as well as the former territorial capitol building of Idaho, the most by any architect.[6] The cornerstone was laid on October 2, 1873, with about 7,000 Lansing residents and some 30,000 to 50,000 visitors attending.[3] Construction and finishing work were completed by late 1878. The new capitol, with 139 rooms, was dedicated at the same time as the inauguration of Governor Charles Croswell January 1, 1879.[3]", "Saginaw, Michigan. In 1908, a new Michigan state constitution was adopted. The new Michigan state constitution mandated increased home rule powers for local units of government, and the Michigan state legislature enacted the Home Rule Cities Act in 1909. Under this statute, cities were permitted to frame and adopt their own city charters and were given great flexibility in structuring their local governments. The government, under the 1889 charter, had continued to be inefficient and provided for much political infighting. In 1913, a new city charter was adopted with voter approval and which followed a commission form of city government that had gained in popular interest among various cities across the United States in the early 20th century. The new government consisted of five commissioners, each elected separately at-large, who served both as the city council and as the executive heads of various city government departments. One of the commissioners served as the mayor, which was a mostly ceremonial role.", "Michigan State Capitol. The dispute culminated in what has become known as the Toledo War, as Michigan and Ohio militia took up arms in the area. As a condition for entering the Union, Michigan was forced to accept the eastern three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula in exchange for ceding its claim to the Toledo Strip. After a state convention first rejected this condition, a second convention, assembled under some duress in December 1836, reluctantly accepted the terms and Michigan became the 26th state on January 26, 1837, with Detroit as its first capital.", "Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America. The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee or \"People of the Longhouses\") who resided in the Northeastern United States as well as Eastern Canada (Ontario and Quebec) built and inhabited longhouses. These were sometimes more than 75 m (246 ft) in length but generally around 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) wide. Scholars believe walls were made of sharpened and fire-hardened poles (up to 2,000 saplings for a 50 m (160 ft) house) driven close together into the ground. Strips of bark were woven horizontally through the lines of poles to form more or less weatherproof walls. Poles were set in the ground and braced by horizontal poles along the walls. The roof is made by bending a series of poles, resulting in an arc-shaped roof. This was covered with leaves and grasses. The frame is covered by bark that is sewn in place and layered as shingles, and reinforced by light swag.", "Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey. Built in 1923 as a field house, the facility is named in honor of Michigan's legendary football coach and athletic director, Fielding H. Yost. For many years, it housed the Michigan basketball team, until they relocated to the larger Crisler Arena in 1967. It also housed the track teams in the 1950s. In 1973, it was converted into an ice arena, and the Michigan hockey team has used it ever since. The University of Michigan's Senior and Collegiate synchronized skating and freestyle teams also practice at Yost. In addition, local high school teams, recreational leagues (AAAHA) and the university's intramural hockey league call it home.", "Dionne quintuplets. In November 1943, the Dionne parents won back custody of the sisters. The entire family moved into a newly built house within walking distance of Quintland. The yellow brick, 20-room mansion was paid for out of the quintuplets' fund. The home had many amenities that were considered luxuries at the time, including telephones, electricity and hot water and was nicknamed \"The Big House\". The building is now a retirement home.[16]", "William Hale Thompson. In his Inaugural Address, given April 26, 1915, Thompson spoke of his ambitions for Chicago to become \"the greatest in the world\", but also that his acts as mayor should not be swayed by corruption. He also emphasized the importance of public safety (as enforced by the Chicago Police Department), the improvement of public transit, secure and permanently lowered gas prices, Chicago being allowed to have Home rule and more efforts being placed into Chicago's commercial interests in order to create jobs and improve the city's economy. His efforts to expand and publicly improve the streets of Chicago earned him another nickname of \"Big Bill the Builder\". In his time as mayor, he oversaw the completion of the Michigan Avenue link bridge, the Twelfth Street widening, and the extension and widening of Ogden Avenue. Along with his big dreams for Chicago's geographical expansion, he wished for Chicago to expand politically and economically. He believed that Chicago should be able to enforce laws on their own terms, particularly without the interference of British government or totalitarian rule. He ended his Inaugural speech by stating:", "Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America. Although the Shawnee were not known to build longhouses, colonist Christopher Gist describes how, during his visit to Lower Shawneetown in January 1751, he and Andrew Montour addressed a meeting of village leaders in a \"Kind of State-House of about 90 Feet long, with a light Cover of Bark in which they hold their Councils.\"[1]", "Iroquois. Their houses are mostly of one and the same shape, without any special embellishment or remarkable design. When building a house, large or small,—for sometimes they build them as long as some hundred feet, though never more than twenty feet wide—they stick long, thin, peeled hickory poles in the ground, as wide apart and as long as the house is to be. The poles are then bent over and fastened one to another, so that it looks like a wagon or arbor as are put in gardens. Next, strips like split laths are laid across these poles from one end to the other.… This is then well covered all over with very tough bark.… From one end of the house to the other along the center they kindle fires, and the area left open, which is also in the middle, serves as a chimney to release the smoke. Often there are sixteen or eighteen families in a house… This means that often a hundred or a hundred and fifty or more lodge in one house.", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Because of its recognizable shape, the Lower Peninsula is nicknamed \"the mitten\", with the eastern region identified as \"The Thumb\". This has led to several folkloric creation myths for the area, one being that it is a hand print of Paul Bunyan, a giant lumberjack and popular European-American folk character in Michigan. When asked where they live, Lower Peninsula residents may hold up their right palm and point to a spot on it to indicate the location.[1] The peninsula is sometimes divided into the Northern Lower Peninsula—which is more sparsely populated and largely forested—and the Southern Lower Peninsula—which is largely urban or farmland.", "Christmas controversies. The Michigan Senate had a debate in 2005 over whether the decorated tree in front of the Michigan Capitol would continue to be called a holiday tree (as it had been since the early 1990s) or named a Christmas tree. The question was revisited in 2006, when the bipartisan Michigan Capitol Committee voted unanimously to use the term Christmas tree.[75] And in 2007, Wisconsin lawmakers considered whether to rename the tree in the Wisconsin Capitol rotunda, a holiday tree since 1985, the Wisconsin State Christmas Tree.[76]" ]

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[ "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American epic comedy film, produced and directed by Stanley Kramer and starring Spencer Tracy with an all-star cast, about the madcap pursuit of $350,000 in stolen cash by a diverse and colorful group of strangers. The ensemble comedy premiered on November 7, 1963.[3] The cast features Edie Adams, Milton Berle, Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, Ethel Merman, Mickey Rooney, Phil Silvers, Terry-Thomas, and Jonathan Winters.", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Pike tries to get motorist Otto Meyer (Phil Silvers) to take him to Santa Rosita, but the greedy Meyer betrays him and races for the money on his own, leaving Pike stranded with only a little girl's bike from his furniture van. An enraged Pike catches up with Meyer at a gas station and assaults him as the gas station owners (Arnold Stang and Marvin Kaplan) try to stop him. Meyer escapes in his car while Pike literally destroys the gas station. He then steals the station's tow truck and takes off after Meyer. Pike meets up with Mrs. Marcus and Emmeline and picks them up. While in a town called Plaster City, Mrs. Marcus calls her devoted and powerfully built, but impulsive and dim-witted, son Sylvester (Dick Shawn), who lives on Silver Strand Beach near Santa Rosita, to get the money for them, but misunderstanding and believing his mother is in trouble, he instead races to her in his car.", "Ron Moody. Ronald Moodnick (8 January 1924 – 11 June 2015), known professionally as Ron Moody, was an English actor, singer, composer and writer best known for his portrayal of Fagin in Oliver! (1968) and its 1983 Broadway revival. Moody earned a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination for the film, as well as a Tony Award nomination for the stage production. Other notable projects include The Mouse on the Moon (1963), Mel Brooks' The Twelve Chairs (1970) and Flight of the Doves (1971), in which Moody shared the screen with Oliver! co-star Jack Wild.", "Sylvester McCoy. He came to prominence as a member of the experimental theatre troupe \"The Ken Campbell Roadshow\". His best known act was as a stuntman character called \"Sylveste McCoy\" in a play entitled An Evening with Sylveste McCoy (the name was coined by actor Brian Murphy, part of the Roadshow at the time), where his stunts included putting a fork and nails up his nose and stuffing ferrets down his trousers, and setting his head on fire. As a joke, the programme notes listed Sylveste McCoy as played by \"Sylveste McCoy\" and, after a reviewer missed the joke and assumed that Sylveste McCoy was a real person, Kent-Smith adopted this as his stage name. Some years later, McCoy added an \"r\" to the end of \"Sylveste\", in part because of the actors' superstition that a stage name with thirteen letters was unlucky.", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing and received Oscar nominations for its color cinematography, film editing, sound recording, music score, and original song for the title song.[25] It also received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy and for Jonathan Winters' performance as Best Actor - Musical or Comedy, respectively losing to Tom Jones and Alberto Sordi for The Devil.[26]", "Michael J. Pollard. In 1989, Pollard had a minor role in Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland and a larger role (as the inventor of super weapons and a super car) in Tango & Cash, which also starred Kurt Russell and Sylvester Stallone. Also in 1989, he had a two-episode role as the fifth-dimensional imp-villain Mr. Mxyzptlk in the Superboy TV series.[24]", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. The group, in various stages of traction, criticizes Culpeper for taking the money, and he replies that his life has become even worse than before due to his attempted theft and it's likely the other men will get off easy. Mrs. Marcus, flanked by Emmeline and Monica, enters, begins to berate everyone, and promptly slips on a banana peel. All men, except Sylvester, start laughing hysterically.", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Finch, his wife Emmeline (Dorothy Provine), and his loud and obnoxious mother-in-law, Mrs. Marcus (Ethel Merman), are involved in a car accident with Pike's furniture van. The three flag down British Army Officer Lt. Col. J. Algernon Hawthorne (Terry-Thomas) in his car and convince him to drive them to Santa Rosita. After many arguments, most caused by Mrs. Marcus, she and Emmeline refuse to go any farther, and Finch and Hawthorne leave them by the side of the road in Yucca Valley.", "Jimmy Durante. Durante continued his film appearances through It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and television appearances through the early 1970s. He narrated the Rankin-Bass animated Christmas special Frosty the Snowman (1969), re-run for many years since. The television work also included a series of commercial spots for Kellogg's Corn Flakes cereals in the mid-1960s, which introduced Durante's gravelly growl and narrow-eyed, large-nosed countenance to millions of children. \"Dis is Jimmy Durante, in puy-son!\" was his introduction to some of the Kellogg's spots. One of his last appearances was in a memorable television commercial for the 1973 Volkswagen Beetle, where he proclaimed that the new, roomier Beetle had \"plenty of breathin' room... for de old schnozzola!\"", "Sylvester Stallone. Following the success of Rocky, Stallone made his directorial debut and starred in the 1978 film Paradise Alley, a family drama in which he played one of three brothers who enter the world of wrestling. That same year he starred in Norman Jewison's F.I.S.T., a social drama in which he plays a warehouse worker, very loosely modeled on James Hoffa, who becomes involved in the labor union leadership. In 1979 he wrote, directed and starred in the sequel to his 1976 hit: Rocky II (replacing John G. Avildsen, who won an Academy Award for directing the first film), which also became a major success,[16] grossing US$200 million.", "Mad World. The music video was directed by Clive Richardson who was notable for his work at that time with Depeche Mode.", "Sylvester Stallone. Stallone's 1990s began with starring in the fifth installment of the Rocky franchise, Rocky V. This film brought back the original film's director John G. Avildsen. It was considered a box office disappointment.[36] He attempted the comedy genre, starring in two comedies during the early 1990s, the critical and commercial disasters Oscar (1991) and Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992). In 1993, he made a comeback with the hit Cliffhanger, which was a success in the US, grossing US$84 million, but even more successful worldwide, grossing US$171 million. Later that year, he starred with Wesley Snipes in the futuristic action film Demolition Man, which grossed over US$158 million worldwide. His string of hits continued with 1994's The Specialist (over US$170 million worldwide gross). In 1995, he played the futuristic character Judge Dredd (from the British comic book 2000 AD) in the eponymous film Judge Dredd. His overseas box office appeal saved the domestic box office disappointment of Judge Dredd, which cost almost US$100 million and barely made its budget back, with a worldwide tally of US$113 million. He also appeared in the thriller Assassins (1995) with Julianne Moore and Antonio Banderas. In 1996, he starred in the disaster film Daylight.", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. \"Smiler\" Grogan (Jimmy Durante), an ex-convict wanted by police in a tuna factory robbery fifteen years ago and currently on the run, careens his car off twisting, mountainous State Highway 74 near Palm Desert, California and crashes. Five motorists stop to help him: Melville Crump (Sid Caesar), a dentist; Lennie Pike (Jonathan Winters), a furniture mover; Dingy Bell (Mickey Rooney) and Benjy Benjamin (Buddy Hackett), two friends on their way to Las Vegas; and J. Russell Finch (Milton Berle), an entrepreneur who owns Pacific Edible Seaweed Company in Fresno. Just before he dies (literally kicking a bucket), Grogan tells the five men about $350,000 buried in Santa Rosita State Park near the Mexican border under \"… a big W\".", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. The film marked the first time that Kramer had directed a comedy, though he had produced the comedy So This Is New York in 1948. He is best known for producing and directing drama films about social problems, such as The Defiant Ones, Inherit the Wind, Judgment at Nuremberg, and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at a comedy film paid off immensely, as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and went on to be nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards.", "Ronn Moss. 1987 also marks the year of Moss' most critically acclaimed theatrical role as Rowdy Abilene in the Andy Sidaris classic Hard Ticket to Hawaii.", "David Herman. David Herman (born February 20, 1967) is an American actor, comedian and voice actor best known as an original cast member of MADtv and for his role as Michael Bolton in Office Space. He is also known for his voice roles on television programs such as Futurama, Brickleberry, Bob's Burgers, and King of the Hill.", "Ron Moody. —Moody on his acclaimed role as Fagin and subsequent career.[6]", "Wreck-It Ralph. The cast also includes the Fix-It Felix Jr. Nicelanders, Edie McClurg as Mary,[16] Raymond S. Persi as Mayor Gene,[19] Jess Harnell as Don, Rachael Harris as Deanna,[16] and Skylar Astin as Roy; Katie Lowes as Candlehead, Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter, Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing-Bing, and Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello, racers in Sugar Rush; Phil Johnston as Surge Protector, Game Central Station security;[20] Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl, a young arcade-game player;[16] John DiMaggio as Beard Papa, the security guard at the Sugar Rush candy-kart factory; Raymond Persi as a Zombie, Brian Kesinger as a Cyborg (based on Kano from Mortal Kombat) and Martin Jarvis as Saitine, a devil-like villain, who attends the Bad-Anon support group; Tucker Gilmore as the Sugar Rush Announcer; Brandon Scott as Kohut, a soldier in Hero's Duty; and Tim Mertens as Dr. Brad Scott, a scientist and Sgt. Calhoun's deceased fiancé in Hero's Duty (voiced by Nick Grimshaw in the UK version but not in the UK home release).[21]", "Sylvester Stallone. Following his breakthrough performance in Rocky, critic Roger Ebert had stated that Stallone could become the next Marlon Brando, though he barely recaptured the critical acclaim achieved with Rocky. Stallone did go on to receive acclaim for his role in the crime drama Cop Land (1997), in which he starred alongside Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta. His performance led him to win the Stockholm International Film Festival Best Actor Award. In 1998, he did voice-over work for the computer-animated film Antz, which was a big hit domestically.", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. According to Robert Davidson,[7] the role of Irwin was originally offered to Joe Besser, who was unable to participate when Sheldon Leonard and Danny Thomas could not give him time off from his co-starring role in The Joey Bishop Show. According to the Monthly Film Bulletin, Jackie Mason was then cast in the role of Irwin, but had to bow out because of his night club commitments. The role ultimately went to Marvin Kaplan. According to Mark Evanier, Bob Hope was to have a cameo in the film. During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear. Further telephone conversations in Captain Culpeper's office were scripted and filmed but ultimately removed before the film's premiere. Culpeper was to be disturbed by a \"Dr. Chadwick\" and by an \"Uncle Mike\", in addition to his wife and daughter. The roles were respectively played by Elliott Reid and Morey Amsterdam.", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. The film holds a 73% \"Fresh\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 33 reviews, with an average score of 6.8/10. The consensus states, \"It's long, frantic, and stuffed to the gills with comic actors and set pieces—and that's exactly its charm.\"[24] According to Paul Scrabo, Kramer began thinking about his success with Mad World during the 1970s, and considered bringing back many former cast members for a proposed film titled The Sheiks of Araby. William Rose was set to write the screenplay. Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled It's a Funny, Funny World.[citation needed]", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. According to Paul Scrabo, Paul Picerni was originally cast as the second detective at Smiler Grogan's crash site. Picerni was unable to appear in the film, but he recommended fellow Untouchables character Nicholas Georgiade for the role. According to Georgiade, he was to have another scene in which his character had a police radio conversation with Spencer Tracy's Culpeper character. The scene was ultimately not filmed. An early cast list indicated that Jerry Lewis' role was originally intended for Jack Paar. According to Michael Schlesinger, the role of Algernon Hawthorne was meant for Peter Sellers, who demanded too much money and was thus replaced by Terry-Thomas.", "Watch Out, We're Mad!. Watch Out, We're Mad! (Italian: ...altrimenti ci arrabbiamo!) is a 1974 Italian-Spanish international co-production action comedy starring the comedy team of Terence Hill and Bud Spencer.[1][2]", "Jane Carr. In 1970, she co-starred with Angela Lansbury and Michael York in Something for Everyone, and also starred in Danny Jones (1972) with Frank Finlay. Her other film roles have included the TV movie The Bunker (1981), Deal of a Lifetime (1999), Crazy as Hell (2002), Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006), Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009) and The Five-Year Engagement (2012). In 2014, she voiced Mrs. Goggins and Granny Carbunkle in Postman Pat: The Movie,[2] and portrays Sister Serpent in the Halloween themed slasher film 31 (2015).[3]", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. After a long chase sequence, all eleven men end up stranded on the fire escape of a condemned office building. The suitcase of money opens, and the money falls into the streets below, where passersby near the building scoop it up. The men all try to climb down a fire truck's extension ladder, even though the fireman (Sterling Holloway) tells them \"one at a time\". Their combined weight causes the firemen to lose control of the ladder, whereupon it swings around wildly and flings them into various locations, causing many injuries and landing all of the men in the prison hospital wing.", "Alan Cumming. Alan Cumming, OBE (born 27 January 1965), is a Scottish-American actor, singer, writer, producer, director, and activist who has appeared in numerous films, television shows, and plays. His London stage appearances include Hamlet, the Maniac in Accidental Death of an Anarchist (for which he received an Olivier Award), the lead in Bent, and the National Theatre of Scotland's The Bacchae. On Broadway, he has appeared in The Threepenny Opera, as the master of ceremonies in Cabaret (for which he won a Tony Award), Design for Living and a one-man adaptation of Macbeth. His best-known film roles include his performances in Emma, GoldenEye, the Spy Kids trilogy, Son of the Mask, and X2. Cumming also introduces Masterpiece Mystery! for PBS and appeared on The Good Wife, for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and a Satellite Award. A filming of his Las Vegas cabaret show, Alan Cumming Sings Sappy Songs, aired on PBS stations in November 2016.", "RocknRolla. In London, the British mob boss Lenny Cole (Tom Wilkinson) rules the growing real estate business using a corrupt Councillor (Jimi Mistry) for the bureaucratic services and his henchman Archy (Mark Strong) for the dirty work. A billionaire Russian businessman, Uri Omovich (Karel Roden), plans a crooked land deal, and London's crooks all want a piece of it. Other key players include the underhand accountant Stella (Thandie Newton) and ambitious small-time crook One-Two (Gerard Butler) leading a group called the \"Wild Bunch\" which includes Mumbles (Idris Elba) and Handsome Bob (Tom Hardy).", "Mad World. \"The film was pretty low budget so my portion of the money was pretty thin. I couldn't hire anyone, it was just me. I played everything; piano, mellotron, mini marimba, xylophone, ukulele, organ. I also brought in two female vocalists Sam Shelton and Tori Haberman. But no guitar because Richard said no guitar or drums; he just wasn't into it. I was down with that - I've played guitar my whole life.\"[18]", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Production began on April 26, 1962 and expected to end by December 7, 1962 but in fact continued for a while longer,[16] apparently conflicting with the notion that Tracy's trip down the zip line into the pet store on December 6, 1962 was the last scene filmed.[17] Veteran stuntman Carey Loftin was also featured in the documentary, explaining some of the complexity as well as simplicity of stunts, such as the day he \"kicked the bucket\" as a stand-in for Durante.[18]", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Although well known for serious films such as Inherit the Wind and Judgment at Nuremberg (both starring Tracy), Kramer set out to make the ultimate comedy film. Filmed in Ultra Panavision 70 and presented in Cinerama (becoming one of the first single-camera Cinerama features produced), Mad World also had an all-star cast, with dozens of major comedy stars from all eras of cinema appearing in the film. The film followed a Hollywood trend in the 1960s of producing \"epic\" films as a way of wooing audiences away from television and back to movie theaters. The film's theme music was written by Ernest Gold with lyrics by Mack David. Kramer hosted a roundtable (including extensive clips) on the film with stars Caesar, Hackett and Winters as part of a special The Comedians, Stanley Kramer’s Reunion with the Great Comedy Artists of Our Time broadcast in 1974 as part of ABC's Wide World of Entertainment.[9] The last reported showing of the film on major network television was on ABC on July 16, 1979,[10] and before that, on CBS on May 16, 1978.[11]", "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. The film opened at the newly built Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on November 7, 1963. The UK premiere was on December 2, 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London's West End.\nDistinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy, Mad World opened to acclaim from many critics[19] and tremendous box office receipts, becoming the 3rd highest-grossing film of 1963, quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation, earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million. It grossed $46,332,858 domestically[20] and $60,000,000 worldwide,[2] on a budget of $9.4 million.[20] However, because costs were so high it only earned a profit of $1.25 million.[1]", "Ralph Brown. In June 2016, Brown played the role of Bob Clay in the BBC film Reg.[2]" ]

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[ "Dancing in the Dark (Bruce Springsteen song). Directed by Brian De Palma, the video was shot at the Saint Paul Civic Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on June 28 and 29, 1984. The first night was a pure video shot, the second was on the opening date of the Born in the U.S.A. Tour. Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed the song twice during that show to allow Brian De Palma to get all the footage he needed. The video is a straight performance video, with Springsteen not playing a guitar, allowing him to invite a young woman from the audience, performed by Courteney Cox, to dance along with him on the stage at the end.[8] In September 1985, the video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance.[9]", "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song). \"Dancing in the Dark\" is a R&B song with a length of three minutes and forty-three seconds.[6] The track is an up-tempo \"poppy-number\"[7] that features \"enough backdrop of saccharine synths and snap beats\".[8] According to James Grebey of Spin magazine it's also \"upbeat and a little funkier — if a tad repetitive.\"[9] Rolling Stone's Jon Blistein linked \"Dancing in the Dark\"'s chorus to the one of Whitney Houston's 1987 single \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\".[6] He also wrote that the song has a \"wubby bass groove\" that could feature American actress Courtney Cox dancing to it in its potential music video, a reference to her appearance in the video for Bruce Springsteen's 1984 single with the same name.[6]", "In the Dark (Dev song). In the video, Dev is seen in a club scene with intense dancing.[35] The main focus is black-painted hands and arms, which are prominent in several shots of Dev as she is standing naked while the hands are touching her body. Some of the hands were digitally added, but the majority of them were real, including the ones touching Dev.[3] She explained, \"The extras were amazing, they let me paint their hands and bodies, and they stacked on top of each other and did that for hours. For takes and takes and takes.\"[3] The video also includes shots of an albino ball python and a tarantula.[35] Cory Lamz of Westword wrote a positive review of the video: \"Watching 'In the Dark' is like dancing under a strobe light on ecstasy. In a sea of hands, literally, Dev manages to tease you, seduce you and entice you. She makes you want to touch her, just like every other hand in the video.\"[36] Contessa Gayles of AOL Music referred the video to as \"freaky\" and \"funky\", writing \"Forget 'dancing in the dark,' Dev works it in a sea of dismembered, black-painted hands and arms in this freaky, funky new vid.\"[35] In contrast, Becky Bain of Idolator called it \"somewhat unsettling\".[37]", "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song). \"Dancing in the Dark\" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for the soundtrack to the 2015 film Home. It was written by Ester Dean, Maureen Anne McDonald and Rihanna together with its producers Stargate.", "Dancing in the Dark (Bruce Springsteen song). During the 2012 tour the song again became a regular at live shows with audience members selected to dance not just with Bruce, but with other band members too, especially new band member Jake Clemons. Springsteen family members appeared on stage for this song on occasion, with mother Adele doing the 'Courteney Cox' dance at Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia at the start of the tour,[6] and daughter Jessica dancing on stage with Bruce in Paris on July 5.[7]", "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song). In June 2012, it was revealed that Rihanna would star as the lead role in the film Happy Smekday!, alongside American actor Jim Parsons. In September 2012, 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced that the movie will be released for November 26, 2014.[1] In June 2013, the film was retitled from Happy Smekday! to Home.[2] In 2014, Variety magazine reported that, in addition to her voice role, Rihanna created a concept album for the film was released on March 23, 2015.[3] It was later revealed that the film's soundtrack would also include songs recorded by Charli XCX, Kiesza and Jennifer Lopez.[4] \"Dancing in the Dark\" was written by Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel Storleer Eriksen, Ester Dean, Maureen Anne McDonald and Rihanna. The production was done by Hermansen and Eriksen under their production name Stargate.[5] Dean has previously co-penned a number of songs for Rihanna including, \"S&M\" (2011) and \"Rude Boy\" (2010), both of which were produced by Stargate.[6] The vocals were recorded by Marcos Tovar and Kuk Harrell, while the later also did their production. Phil Tan mixed the song at the Ninja Beat Club in Atlanta, Georgia while Daniela Rivera served as the track's engineer.[5]", "Iceland. Singer-songwriter Björk received international acclaim for her starring role in the Danish musical drama Dancer in the Dark, directed by Lars von Trier, in which she plays Selma Ježková, a factory worker who struggles to pay for her son's eye operation. The film premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival, where she won the Best Actress Award. The movie also led Björk to nominations for Best Original Song at the 73rd Academy Awards, with the song I've Seen It All and for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama.[234]", "Bruce Springsteen. \"Dancing in the Dark\" was the biggest of seven hit singles from Born in the U.S.A., peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard music charts. The video for the song showed a young Courteney Cox dancing on stage with Springsteen, which helped start the actress's career. The song \"Cover Me\" was written by Springsteen for Donna Summer, but his record company persuaded him to keep it for the new album. A big fan of Summer's work, Springsteen wrote another song for her, \"Protection\". Videos for the album were directed by Brian De Palma and John Sayles. Springsteen played on the \"We Are the World\" song and album in 1985. His live single \"Trapped\" from that album received moderate airplay on US Top 40 stations as well as reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart.[34]", "In the Dark (Dev song). The music video for \"In the Dark\" was directed by Ethan Lader.[32] Dev enlisted Lader to make the video as he regularly makes videos for her and The Cataracs.[33] Lader originally contacted her with ideas for the clip, and she soon replied with what she would want in the video. She said, \"So we did that back and forth, which he always does with me until I get my point across. ... and then we met up and we got both of our ideas and feelings across. I wanted to be sexy and dark like the song is, in a really interesting way, and we pulled it off, I think.\"[33] The video was filmed in Los Angeles, California in late-April 2011, just before Dev joined Usher as the opening act for his OMG Tour.[34] Dev took more control over the \"In the Dark\" video than previous video shoots as she used to let the director \"take a little bit of control\" when she was inexperienced in the process.[33] In an interview with Idolator, Dev elaborated on the video's concept, stating that she wanted a dark feel similar to Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland: \"I wanted the video to be sexy as well. I wanted it to reflect all the dark aspects of the song, and initially we went in thinking that we'd have an Alice in Wonderland/Tim Burton type of feel.\"[3]", "In the Dark (Dev song). The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who highlighted its production and the saxophone line. However, critics were divided regarding the song's lyrical content; some referred it to as sexy, while others dismissed its metaphors. \"In the Dark\" enjoyed commercial success in the United States, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the summit of Hot Dance Club Songs. The song achieved its highest national peak in Slovakia, where it reached number one. Elsewhere, the song peaked in the top forty in Canada, Australia, Denmark, Ireland, Scotland and the United Kingdom. The song's music video features shots of black-painted hands that touch Dev while she is standing naked. According to Dev, the inspiration behind the video was to reflect the sexy and dark aspects of the song, and the initial idea was to create a Tim Burton-inspired feel.", "The Monster Ball Tour. Beginning behind a giant, green, laser lit video screen featuring scrim lights, Gaga appeared in a bulb-covered futuristic silver jeweled jumpsuit[19] with matching eye makeup and mask and sang \"Dance in the Dark\" as dancers, dressed in white balaclavas and white jumpsuits, moved around her.[20][21] The video screen, resembling an electric mathematical grid, was eventually lifted during the performance.[22] After the song, Gaga strapped a portable silver jeweled keyboard to herself and began to perform \"Just Dance\" while emerging from the inside of a white cube on a platform.[20][21] This was followed by a brief video intermission and Gaga returned onstage in an off-white costume, that resembled an alien ecto-skeleton, while the dancers wore skeletal headgear. She started performing \"LoveGame\", which ended with Gaga pointing towards her groin.[20][21] Flames appeared on the video screens,[23] as she got out of her ecto-skeleton outfit. After stripping down to a silver bodysuit she performed \"Alejandro\", and was carried by her crotch by one of her male dancers, and later lowered onto another one of them.[20]", "Crash and Burn Girl. The music video for \"Crash and Burn Girl\" features Robyn heading down the stairs in a grey hoodie and shades before beginning to dance in an underground night club. The video is filmed with a night vision camera which was held by Robyn while she danced.", "No Light, No Light. The video begins with Welch lying next to a crystal skull. Several scenes showing a masked and shirtless contortionist sitting on a chair follow and soon after he starts to dance and takes his mask off. The video then moves into a church where a choir consisting of kids (The Trinity Boys Choir) starts singing the song. Welch is then seen atop of a building as the contortionist takes a voodoo doll in his hands. He puts a needle in the doll and Welch falls from the building. She later falls in the church where she's being caught and held by the choir. Welch then ends up in the arms of her love interest, played by actor Torstein Bjorklund. [42] Shots of Welch being chased by the contortionist in a town are interspersed amongst the other elements of the video.", "Courteney Cox. Cox appeared in the 1984 music video for Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" as the young woman pulled onstage at the St. Paul Civic Center to dance with Springsteen. Her early television work includes a starring role in the short-lived television series Misfits of Science (1985), and later in a recurring role as Lauren Miller, the girlfriend of Alex P. Keaton (Michael J. Fox) in the TV series Family Ties (1987–89). Her early film roles include Masters of the Universe (1987), Cocoon: The Return (1988), and I'll Be Home for Christmas (1988). She played Jewel Jagger, the hard-as-nails assistant of Larry Burrows (James Belushi), in Mr. Destiny (1990). In 1993, she co-starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom The Trouble with Larry with Bronson Pinchot and Perry King. The following year, shortly before the debut of the sitcom Friends, Cox appeared with Jim Carrey in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and as Jerry Seinfeld's girlfriend, Meryl, in the Seinfeld episode \"The Wife\". In 1995, she was cast in Toad the Wet Sprocket's music video \"Good Intentions\". The song is also on the Friends soundtrack.", "Jack Davenport. Davenport also starred as the replacement singer in the video for Snow Patrol's single \"Called Out in the Dark\", released on YouTube on 17 August 2011, alongside Tara Summers and Gary Lightbody.[6]", "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song). Credits adapted from the liner notes of Home.[5]", "Dancing in the Dark (Bruce Springsteen song). ^shipments figures based on certification alone\nsales+streaming figures based on certification alone", "In the Dark (Dev song). \"In the Dark\" is a dance-pop song that features a house rhythm and a prominent saxophone riff that serves as the song's instrumentation.[13] Critics compared the riff to \"Mr. Saxobeat\" (2011) by Romanian singer Alexandra Stan.[14] \"In the Dark\" opens with Dev's sing-talk vocal style as she sings \"On my waist, through my hair / Think about it when you touch me there / Close my eyes, here you are dance-dance-dancing in the dark.\"[15] According to Nadine Cheung of AOL Radio, the line borrows the melody from Reel 2 Real's \"I Like to Move It\" (1994).[15] \"In the Dark\" sees Dev using her singing voice more than her distinctive sing-talk style.[14] Lyrically, the song speaks of sex drives and letting sensation of touch fully taking over from sight, as Dev repeats the line, \"I got a sex drive that's push to start\".[16] According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, \"In the Dark\" is written in the time signature of common time and set in a moderately fast tempo of 120 beats per minute. It is written in the key of C minor and Dev's vocals span from the note of A♭4 to the note of B5.[17] It has a basic sequence of Cm–E♭6–A♭5–G5 as its chord progression.[17]", "Dancing in the Dark (Bruce Springsteen song). On the 2009 Working on a Dream Tour, the song appeared intermittently during the encores. However, Springsteen for the first time played a number of music festivals during the routing, and \"Dancing in the Dark\" closed all of them: Pinkpop Festival, Bonnaroo Music Festival, Glastonbury Festival, and Hard Rock Calling. When played live in recent years, the song features a harder, guitar-driven sound, with the distinctive synthesizer riff being supplied by Soozie Tyrell's violin.[citation needed]", "Maddie Ziegler. Ziegler has appeared in music videos for such artists as Alexx Calise, Sia and Todrick Hall.[24][25] She gained wide notice, at the age of 11, by starring in the 2014 video for \"Chandelier\" by Sia, who discovered her on Dance Moms.[19] The video won the ARIA Music Award for Best Video[26] and received nominations at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Choreography, winning the latter.[27] It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Music Video in 2015.[28] It has received more than 1.7 billion views on YouTube, and at one point it was the 13th most viewed YouTube video of all time.[29] Ziegler said of the choreography: \"It was really different and weird for me, because I usually don't, you know, be a crazy person every time. It was so fun to do and it was really out of the box and it expanded me a lot, because I'm used to competition dances where you're like, Point your legs! But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it.\"[30]", "Chandelier (song). A music video for the song, directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and choreographed by Ryan Heffington, features dancer Maddie Ziegler. It has been viewed on YouTube more than 1.7 billion times, becoming one of the most viewed YouTube videos ever posted. In support of the single and 1000 Forms of Fear, Sia, often with Ziegler, performed \"Chandelier\" on a number of television shows, including The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Late Night with Seth Meyers, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Saturday Night Live, Dancing With the Stars, and at 57th Grammy Awards.", "Holly Valance. In 2009, she appeared in Frankmusik's video for his single \"Confusion Girl\". She also leaked a track called \"Superstar\" in 2009. In 2009 Valance played Brenda Snow for the video game Command & Conquer Red Alert 3: Uprising. She also appeared in Scott Caan's film Mercy.[14] Valance took part in the 2011 series of Strictly Come Dancing,[15] where she was paired with the professional winner of series 8, Artem Chigvintsev.[16] Valance and Chigvintsev were eliminated in the semi-final of the competition on 11 December 2011, giving them a fourth-place finish. She also starred in the Miss Marple television episode called \"The Pale Horse\".", "Bette Davis Eyes. The video stars with a leaning figure draped in black at the center of a dance hall. The drape flies out to reveal Kim Carnes wearing sunglasses as she sings the first verse. In the first chorus, she performs with a band; halfway dancers enter the hall. In the second verse, the dancers make slapping and floor-pounding dance motions. They disappear and reappear in the second chorus. The song finishes with the dancers making dance motions while approaching Carnes; the band is already gone when the video ends with the black-draped leaning figure. A shadowed silhouette of Bette Davis smoking a cigarette appears throughout the video.", "Dog Days Are Over. The video, filmed in Sydenham Woods, was uploaded onto YouTube on 6 November 2008. \"I just made it on a whim. We went down to the woods and we only had one camera. I got my dad to put a clown costume on and my friend's nephew to dress up as the baby clown while we decorated the woods. Dog walkers gave us the weirdest looks. It was really fun.\" The video starts with Florence lying in a forest, when a person (Isabella Summers) in a white dress comes over and blindfolds her, and leads her to a clearing, filled with eerie-looking carnival/clown dressed people. Florence stands blindfolded for a few seconds, then takes the blindfold off and runs from the people. She eventually trips, and lays there as the carnival/clown people dress her like them. She then goes and dances with them, and the video ends with her walking away with 2 of the other people. The video featured acclaimed performance artist Theo Adams.", "I've Seen It All. There are two music videos for this single. The main version of the video is an excerpt from the film Dancer in the Dark in which Björk, Peter Stormare and others sing the song on a train. The second version was directed by Floria Sigismondi and was an interactive \"webeo\" (a web animation) for an MTV promotion. Björk appeared with her face painted and the viewer could change the scenes and special effects by clicking on the video.[7] A third version was going to be directed by M/M Paris, but there were several problems with the distribution of the song, and finally the video was cancelled. Later, the idea for this video was used for the \"Hidden Place\" video.[8]", "Bonnie Wright. In December 2013, Wright directed her After the Dark co-star Sophie Lowe, in her music video \"Dreaming\". The video was shot across Joshua Tree National Park. They filmed the video without any help, in the car of Lowe's friend. Wright filmed Lowe from the front seat of the car while Lowe was sitting in the back seat trying to create the feeling of drifting.[43][44]", "Chandelier (song). The music video for \"Chandelier\" was released on 6 May 2014, featuring then-11-year-old dancer Maddie Ziegler.[52] In the video, Ziegler wears a medium-length blonde wig matching the one that Sia used to promote the album. Throughout the video, Ziegler performs an interpretive dance in a deserted, dirty apartment \"while spinning, kicking, leaping, crawling, falling, twirling and hiding herself behind window drapes\".[53] An alternative one-take version of the clip was released in June 2014.[54] Sia had seen Ziegler on Dance Moms and asked her to appear in the video via Twitter.[55] The video was directed by Sia and Daniel Askill,[53] shot by cinematographer Sebastian Wintero and was choreographed by Ryan Heffington.[56] Ziegler shared her thoughts about the choreography with New York magazine:[55]", "Dancing in the Dark (Bruce Springsteen song). In the UK, \"Dancing in the Dark\" originally reached number 28 in the UK Singles Chart when released in May 1984.[14] However, the song re-entered the chart in January 1985 and subsequently reached number 4,[15] becoming the 29th best-selling single of the year.[16]", "In the Dark (Dev song). \"In the Dark\" is a song performed by American singer Dev. It was written by Dev alongside The Cataracs, who produced it for Dev's debut studio album, The Night the Sun Came Up (2011). The song was released as the album's second single on April 25, 2011, through Universal Republic. \"In the Dark\" came about when Dev wanted to make a sexy song to show that she is a grown woman. She collaborated with American rapper Flo Rida on an official remix as she believed she would enjoy the remix when hearing it on the radio. \"In the Dark\" is a dance-pop song with a saxophone hook and influences of Eurodance, Latin and jazz music. The lyrics emphasize sex drives and letting the sensation of touch fully take over from sight.", "Pocketful of Sunshine. Bedingfield is then sitting in a chair and when an eclipse occurs, hence the line \"in the darkness there's light.\" As the eclipse begins to pass, Bedingfield red butterflies are released from her hands while she sings the line \"there's only butterflies.\" Bedingfield performs for the crowd of dancers and is seen dancing with teenager shown earlier in the video. Back at the work building, the employees watch Bedingfield's performance via the LG Voyager cell phone. The video at this point features the child still drawing his picture and covering his ears, blocking out the sound of his parents arguing. The child walks out of the house he drew, when the camera shows Bedingfield meditating on a large lotus flower, while a group of belly dancers dance around her. As the child walks up to her, Bedingfield opens her eyes. The end of the video shows the lotus flower rising up, while Bedingfield sings the final lines, then looking at the child. Future Dance Central choreographer Nick Demoura appears in the video. Despite the fact Bedingfield herself licenses a lot of her songs to video games this song has yet to appear in a Dance Central.", "Just Dance (song). Released in May 2008, the video was directed by music video director Melina Matsoukas, and is based on the thematic content of the song of being in a party.[51] The video begins with Gaga arriving with her background dancers at a house party, which seems to have ended. One of the dancers puts a Discolite Boombox on, blaring the music through the house. The crowd at the party appear to be sleeping in different areas, and are awoken by the music.[51] They all start to dance, and scenes of the party are intercut with scenes of a scantily dressed Gaga dancing in a poncho, with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale.[51] She wears a blue, lightning-bolt shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover, which paid tribute to the album cover of David Bowie's Aladdin Sane, as he is one of her musical idols.[52] O'Donis appears in the video being flanked by several girls during the \"When I come through on the dance floor\" interlude.[51] Cameo appearances are made by Akon and Space Cowboy. MTV called the video as an ode to the \"Me Decade\".[53] During an interview with Australian radio in September 2008, Gaga said that \"[t]he whole video is performance art about being drunk at a party.\"[13] When asked about the shooting experience of the music video, Gaga explained,", "Dancing in the Dark (Bruce Springsteen song). \"Dancing in the Dark\" is a song written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. With added uptempo synthesizer riffs and some syncopation to his sound for the first time, the song spent four weeks at number two on the Billboard Hot 100[1] and sold over one million singles in the U.S. alone. As the first single released from his 1984 album, Born in the U.S.A., it became his biggest hit and propelled the album to become the best-selling album of his career." ]

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[ "Ford E-Series. During the 2003 model year, the 7.3L Powerstroke diesel was replaced by a 6.0L Powerstroke diesel, again sourced by Navistar; due to the lack of airflow in the engine compartment compared to the Ford Super Duty trucks, the version used in the E-Series required to be slightly detuned. In contrast to the 7.3L V8, the 6.0L Powerstroke is intercooled.", "Ford Power Stroke engine. The 7.3L DI Power Stroke was in production until the second quarter of model year 2003 when it was replaced by the 6.0L because of its inability to meet newer emission requirements. Nearly 2 million 7.3s were produced from International's Indianapolis plant.[2]", "Ford E-Series. Following the introduction of the 6.4L Powerstroke V8 in the Ford Super Duty trucks in 2008, the diesel engine option was discontinued in the E-Series. According to Ford the primary reason is due to space limitations.[17] It was unconfirmed whether this means the engine physically does not fit or there is not enough space to allow for proper ventilation.", "Ford Super Duty. At its launch, the Super Duty F-Series was sold with the 7.3L Power Stroke V8. Initially producing 235 hp/500 lb-ft of torque, the engine was retuned in 2001. Versions equipped with an automatic transmission produced 250 hp while manual-transmission examples produced 275 hp; with either transmission, the engine produced 525 lb-ft of torque. As the 7.3L V8 was no longer able to comply with emissions regulations for diesel engines, it was discontinued midway through the 2003 model year.", "Ford Super Duty. As a running change during the 2003 model year, the 6.0L PowerStroke V8 was introduced as the replacement for the previous 7.3L V8 in LHD markets supplied with the American-assembled trucks while RHD ones supplied from Brazil kept the 7.3 until 2005. As before, the engine continued to be produced by Navistar. A 32-valve pushrod engine, the 6.0L V8 featured a single variable-vane turbocharger. While a smaller-displacement engine than its predecessor, its output is higher than the 7.3L, providing 325 hp/560 lb-ft of torque (in 2005, the torque increased to 570 lb-ft). Due to problems with the head bolts Navistar re-designed the engine with reinforced heads, more torque and, power releasing the new design in 2005-6. As with its predecessor, the 6.0L would end its production run due to tighter emissions requirements, replaced as part of the Super Duty redesign for the 2008 model year.", "Ford E-Series. In 1982, to increase the fuel economy of the Econoline without a major loss in engine output, Ford introduced the option of a 6.9L IDI diesel V8 produced by International Harvester; in 1988, this was enlarged to 7.3L. The diesel V8 engines were available only in Econoline 350s (or Club Wagons sold on the same chassis).", "Ford E-Series. For 1997, nearly the entire engine line was replaced, with only the 7.3L Powerstroke diesel remaining. A 4.2L Essex V6 replaced the 4.9L inline-6 and the 7.5L V8 was replaced by a 6.8L Triton V10. The 302 cu in (4.9 L) and 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor V8s were replaced by 4.6L and 5.4L Triton V8s, respectively.", "Ford F-Series (twelfth generation). 2011 marked a major upgrade to the powertrain lineup. In the interest of increasing fuel economy, both versions of the 4.6L V8 and the 5.4L V8 were discontinued. In their place were a 3.7L V6 and a 5.0L V8. Between the two engines was an all-new 3.5L twin-turbocharged V6. Dubbed EcoBoost, the 3.5L V6 produced 365 hp.", "Ford Escape. By early 2012 Ford discontinued the production of the Escape Hybrid due to the introduction of the third generation Escape. Two of the new 2013 model year Escapes have direct-injected and turbocharged EcoBoost units (of 1.6 and 2.0 liters) that deliver a higher fuel economy than the 2012 model. A total of 122,850 Escape Hybrids were built since 2005, along with 12,300 units of its sibling the Mercury Mariner Hybrid, discontinued in 2010.[58]", "Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian). Ford ended production of the 4.2 L V6 after the 2008 model year, marking the end of the Essex V6 lineup, while ESG-642 remained in production until 2015 by Ford Power Products, which the newer CSG-637 3.7L succeeded it. The engine's final recipient, 2008 F-150, was only available with V8 engines starting with the 2009 model year until the 2011 model year, when the 3.7L Duratec was introduced and made standard.", "Ford Power Stroke engine. The 7.3L (444 CID) Power Stroke was replaced by the 6.0L (365 CID) beginning in the second quarter of the 2003 model year. The 6.0L Power Stroke, was used in Ford Super Duty trucks until the 2007 model year but lasted until 2009 in the Ford Econoline vans (model year 2010) and in the Ford Excursion SUVs until after the 2005 models when Ford discontinued Excursion production. The engine has a 3.74 in (95 mm) bore and 4.13 in (105 mm) stroke creating a displacement of 365 cu in (6.0 L) or 5,954 cc. It utilizes a variable geometry turbocharger and intercooler, producing 325 hp (242 kW) and 570 lb⋅ft (773 N⋅m) torque with an 18:1 compression ratio, with fuel cutoff at 4,200 rpm. Many poorly maintained or modified 6.0 L Power Stroke engines experienced problems,[4]", "Ford Motor Company. For 1999, Ford briefly withdrew from production of medium-duty trucks. For the 2001 model year, the company entered into a joint venture with Navistar International (the supplier of diesel engines for 1-ton F-Series trucks), named Blue Diamond Truck Company LLC.[116] As part of the joint venture, sharing a common truck chassis, the two companies would produce medium-duty (Class 6-7) trucks in a Navistar facility in Mexico, with each manufacturer supplying its own powertrain and bodywork, with the Ford F-650/F-750 Super Duty and International 4000/DuraStar sharing an assembly line. In 2006, the joint venture debuted the Ford LCF/International CityStar.[117] Using a modified F-Series chassis adopted to fit a Mazda Titan cab, the LCF was a low-cab forward truck that was sold through 2009.[118]", "Ford Ranger (T6). Following the discontinuation of retail sales of the Ford Ranger compact pickup truck produced in North America after the 2011 model year, several factors would lead Ford to decide against launching North American sales of the globally-produced Ranger T6 as a replacement. While developed for truck markets worldwide, none of the engines of the Ranger were common to American-market Ford vehicles, which meant the challenge of adapting to the emissions standards of the United States and Canada (one later met, as Ford certified the 3.2L Duratorq diesel, as sales of the Ford Transit commenced for the 2015 model year). In addition, as the US and Canada are not ECE-compliant, global-market vehicles intended for sale in North America typically are required to undergo modifications to meet safety and emissions standards for the United States and Canada.", "Land Rover Defender. With 300Tdi production stopping in 2006, Land Rover set up production of a military version of the four-cylinder Ford Duratorq engine that is also used as a replacement for the Td5 in civilian vehicles.", "Ford F-Series. In a move towards fuel efficiency, Ford dropped the M-Series engines (the 5.8 Liter 351M and 6.6 Liter 400 cu in V8s) in 1981, replacing them with the 4.2 Liter 255 C.I. and 5.8 Liter 351 C.I. Windsor V8 engines from the Panther platform. The 255 V8 was simply a 5.0L, 302 V8 with a smaller bore, built specifically for better fuel economy, but was dropped for the 1982 model year due to being underpowered and having limited demand. For 1982 and 1983, the 3.8L, 232 C.I. Essex V6 was the base engine but was quickly dropped for the 1984 model year. In 1983, Ford added Diesel power to the F-Series through a partnership with International Harvester (later Navistar). The 6.9L, 420 C.I. IDI V8 produced similar power output as the gasoline 351 Windsor V8, with the fuel economy of the 4.9L, 300 I6. From this point on (1983-present), the heavier duty f-series trucks (F-350 and above) were usually equipped with the Diesel engines as standard horsepower. 1985 was the first year of electronic fuel injection on the 5.0L V8, all other engines following suit in 1988. There was a new \"high output\" version of the 5.8L Windsor beginning in 1984.", "Ford Focus (third generation). This engine - an updated version of the same engine from the previous model, allowing it to breathe better with improved intake and exhaust manifolds. The improvements also mean that the engine has been updated to EU5 norms (from 2015 - EU6 norms). From 2014, the 1.6 Ti-VCT was available in three versions: 85 hp (63 kW), 105 and 125 hp (78–93 kW), but in some European markets also as 86 kW/117 hp, with factory LPG (i.e.: German market - as 1.6 LPG Bivalenten Autogasmotor/ English: BiFuel LPG Engine). It was discontinued in 2016.", "Ford Super Duty. For the 2016 model year, the medium-duty truck range was given a major upgrade, following the end of the joint venture and the shift of the production to the United States. In place of outsourced engines and transmissions, the 2016 F-650 and F-750 now use a 6.8L gasoline V10, a 6.7L PowerStroke diesel V8, and a 6-speed automatic transmission supplied by Ford.", "Ford 5000. After its launch in 1964 the Ford 5000 and the other models in the range stayed in production until 1968 when they were upgraded into the Ford Force series. Some modifications were done to the engine and other components which resulted in more horsepower for the Ford 5000, rated at 75 HP. Also some modifications to the sheet metal were done to give it a more modern appearance. In 1971 a few minor changes were done to the engine and a factory fitted safety cab could be ordered from that moment on. In 1975, Ford retired the Ford 5000 and all of its range with it, after eleven years production. It was one of the Company's best selling tractors.", "Ford Model A (1927–31). Model A production ended in March 1932, after 4,858,644 had been made in all body styles.[5] Its successor was the Model B, which featured an updated inline four-cylinder engine, as well as the Model 18, which introduced Ford's new flathead (sidevalve) V8 engine.", "Ford E-Series. In Mexico, the E-Series has been entirely replaced by the Ford Transit in 2015, but the Diesel versions follow the European specifications with the 2.2L 4-cylinder engine and a 6-speed manual transmission instead of the 3.2L 5-cyl and automatic transmission used in the United States and Canada. Gasoline-powered versions retain the automatic transmission standard, but are only available with the naturally-aspirated 3.7L Ti-VCT V6.[citation needed]", "Ford E-Series. In 1992, the powertrain line was largely carried over; the E-Series was equipped with the 300 CID (4.9L) inline-six as a base engine with an option of three gasoline V8s: 302 cu in (4.9 L), 351 cu in (5.8 L), and a 460 cu in (7.5 L)). A T444E with 444 cu in (7.3 L) diesel V8 sourced from Navistar was also available, and offered with an optional turbocharger starting in 1993. In mid-year 1994, the 444 cu in (7.3 L) IDI diesel was replaced by a 444 cu in (7.3 L) Ford Powerstroke diesel, also sourced from Navistar.", "Ford F-Series. During the second half of 1997, the F-250 HD (heavy duty) was in the same series as the F-350. The body style stayed the same until the end of 1997. The only change of the F-250 HD and F-350 was that they no longer has classic style tailgates, with the stainless steel cap on them which read FORD. Instead the tailgate had the F-250 Heavy Duty/F-350 nameplate labeled on its left side, while Ford's blue oval was labeled on The right side (similarly styled like the 1997 Ford F-150 around this same time). The F-250 HD also had some minor changes in trim location, and options available. The 1997 F-250 HD with the 7.3 Powerstroke Diesel is also the rarest and most desirable of ninth generation Fords.", "Ford Focus. For the third generation, Ford reunited both international and North American models by releasing the international Mk3 worldwide. The previous North American version was discontinued, and the new model was launched simultaneously in North America and Europe in early 2011, both having started production late in 2010.[9][10]", "Ford Super Duty. While largely aimed at fleet buyers, F-450 and F-550 were configurable in XL, XLT, and Lariat trim levels available to Super Duty pickup buyers. The sole gasoline engine was the 6.8L V10 while the 7.3L PowerStroke was the diesel option; in 2003, this was replaced by the 6.0L PowerStroke.", "Ford Escape. From 2001 to 2004, the Ford Escape was sold in Europe under the Maverick name, and replaced a rebadged version of the Nissan Mistral/Terrano II. Only two versions were made, the 2.0 L Zetec inline 4 engine with manual transmission and 3.0 L Duratec V6 with automatic transmission, both using gasoline as fuel. The absence of a diesel version did not help sales and the vehicle was temporarily discontinued in late 2003. However, the Maverick, in the UK for example, was only available in XLT trim. Plus, the dashboard was not the same as the US Escape; it was instead taken from the Mazda Tribute. The Maverick was reintroduced in 2005 in certain European markets with the Duratec V6 engine. It was announced that the Maverick would be assembled in Russia for the Russian market. As of 2006, the Maverick was no longer sold in Europe, leaving Ford without a compact SUV until the 2008 Ford Kuga was introduced. The Maverick was primarily designed for on-road use – sold with normal road tires, and to be used with front-wheel drive most of the time.", "Ford E-Series. Due to the popularity of automatic transmissions in full-size vans, Ford discontinued the 3-speed manual and 4-speed manual transmissions after the 1987 model year.", "Ford Motor Company. In Australia, the Commodore and Falcon had traditionally outsold all other cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand, Ford was second in market share in the first eight months of 2006 with 14.4%.[100] More recently, Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup– the Fairlane and LTD ranges. Ford discontinued the Fairlane in 2007 and LTD in 2008. Ford had announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant would be shut down between 2013 and 2016. They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011, nothing came of that plan.", "Ford Sierra. The 2.0 V6 and 2.3 V6 versions of the Sierra were dropped at the end of 1985 and the 1.3 was discontinued in 1986. A 1.8 and 2.0i petrol engine were added. In 1990, the 2.3 diesel was replaced by a 1.8 turbodiesel. The turbocharged 2.0 RS Cosworth engine featured on all three Cosworth versions of the Sierra; the three-door rear-wheel drive hatchback, the rear-wheel drive saloon, and the four-wheel drive saloon.", "Ford Focus (third generation). An all-new engine as of 2014, replaces the older 1.6-litre Duratorq diesel (despite running side-by-side for a few years) from 2016, and comes in three variants: 95 hp (71 kW) with 250 newton metres (180 lbf⋅ft) of torque, and 120 hp (89 kW) with 270 newton metres (200 lbf⋅ft) of torque. An Econetic option is also available, with 105 hp, but tuned for economy rather than performance.", "Ford Taurus. Taurus LTD sales had slumped significantly in the years prior to its short-lived demise with model year 2007, losing significant market share to Japanese sedans.[7] Due to waning popularity and customer demand, Ford decided to gradually discontinue the Taurus. The last Chicago, Illinois Ford Taurus Sedan rolled off the assembly line on June 25, 2004. Production of the Taurus wagon was discontinued on December 8, 2004;[27] sedan retail sales halted after a short 2006 model year, and the Taurus became sold exclusively to fleets in the United States, while still being sold to retail customers in Canada. Production ended on October 27, 2006, as Ford idled the Atlanta plant, as part of its The Way Forward restructuring plan.", "Land Rover Defender. The main change for the 2012 models was the installation of a different engine from the Ford Duratorq engine range. Ford decided, due to cost reasons, not to modify the 2.4-litre engine introduced in 2007 to meet the upcoming Euro V emissions standards and so the engine was replaced with the ZSD-422 engine, essentially a 2.2-litre variant of the same engine. Although smaller than the existing unit the power and torque outputs remained unchanged and the same six-speed gearbox was used as well.[25] The engine included a diesel particulate filter for the first time on a Defender. The only other change was the reintroduction of the soft top body style to the general market. This had been a popular option for the Land Rover Series but by the introduction of the Defender had been relegated to special order and military buyers only. Land Rover stated that the option was being brought back due to customer feedback.[25]\nThe last Defender, a soft-top \"90\" rolled off the Solihull production line at 9:22 on Friday 29 January 2016. The BBC reports that the Defender's replacement is due to be launched in 2018/2019.[26]", "Mack Trucks. Mack started making diesels in 1938, in 1957 the END and turbocharged ENDT 673 diesel were introduced. This 672 cu in (11.0 L) I6 engine family was successful, and remained in production for over 30 years." ]

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[ "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. On September 25, 2017, Warner Bros. Pictures announced the film and its release date of July 27, 2018, with the show's cast reprising their roles.[17] A month later, the film's title and teaser poster debuted, and it was announced that Will Arnett and Kristen Bell had joined the cast.[18][19][20]", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. The film was released in theaters on July 27, 2018, by Warner Bros. Pictures, followed by a United Kingdom bow a week later. It is scheduled to be released in Australia on September 13, 2018. An early screening was held on June 22 in Vidcon 2018, for both badge members and YouTubers. The film was also shown at the San Diego Comic-Con International on July 20, 2018.[21] The film's theatrical release was preceded by The Late Batsby, a short film based on Lauren Faust's forthcoming DC Super Hero Girls television series.[22]", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. On January 10, 2018, the film's first teaser trailer was released, and was attached to Paddington 2, Peter Rabbit, Early Man and Sherlock Gnomes. On May 1, 2018, a new trailer was released, and has played with Show Dogs, Incredibles 2, Uncle Drew and Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. The film features the voices of Greg Cipes, Scott Menville, Khary Payton, Tara Strong and Hynden Walch reprising their respective roles from the series, while Will Arnett (who also produced the film) and Kristen Bell join the cast. It was theatrically released in the United States on July 27, 2018 by Warner Bros. Pictures.[4] The film has become a moderate box office success, grossing over $37 million worldwide and receiving generally positive reviews from critics.[4][5] According to movie revenue tracking site Box Office Mojo, Teen Titans GO! To the Movies sits on a grossing range of #16 out of 44 theatrically released films adapted from animated television programs; having out-grossed other well known tv to film adaptations such as Hey Arnold! The Movie, The Powerpuff Girls Movie, and DC's own Batman: Mask of the Phantasm[6] .", "DC Universe Animated Original Movies. The film had its world premiere at Anaheim's WonderCon on March 31, 2017. Teen Titans: The Judas Contract was then scheduled for release via digital download on April 4, 2017, and straight-to-DVD and Blu-ray on April 18, 2017.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. Teen Titans Go! To the Movies is a 2018 American animated superhero comedy film based on the television series Teen Titans Go!, which is adapted from the DC Comics superhero team of the same name. From Warner Bros. Animation, the film is written and produced by series developers Michael Jelenic and Aaron Horvath, and directed by series producer Peter Rida Michail and Horvath. The events of the film take place during the fifth season of Teen Titans Go!.", "Attack on Titan (film). Principal photography was expected to start in 2014 and the film was now expected to be released in 2015. A car commercial featuring the Titans and directed by Higuchi was also announced[30] and broadcast on January 2014 on Nippon TV,[31] reaching more than 5 million views on YouTube in four days.[32] Haruma Miura was revealed as part of the cast in April[33] and in July it was announced that there would be two films.[34] The first images of the actors in character were revealed in November.[35]", "Titans (2018 TV series). A live-action series based on the Teen Titans entered development in September 2014 for the cable channel TNT, with Goldsman and Marc Haimes writing the pilot. The pilot had been ordered by December 2014, but never came to fruition, with TNT announcing in January 2016 it would no longer be moving forward with the project. In April 2017, it was announced that the series was being redeveloped for DC Comics' new direct-to-consumer digital service, with Goldsman, Johns, and Berlanti attached. Brenton Thwaites was cast as Dick Grayson in September 2017, and other series regulars were cast between August and October 2017. In May 2018, the spin-off series Doom Patrol was announced, which will pick up after the events of Titans.", "Justice League. On July 11, 2015, it was announced that a film was in development and slated for release in 2016, It would feature the Justice League and the Teen Titans.", "Attack on Titan (film). A teaser trailer was released in March 2015[45] and a trailer was released in April.[46] Another trailer was released in June, which revealed that the film will be given an IMAX release in Japan and internationally.[47][48][49]", "DC Universe Animated Original Movies. At the San Diego Comic-Con International in 2006, an animated film based on the comic book story arc The Judas Contract was announced. Marv Wolfman and George Pérez, creators of The New Teen Titans, were assigned to work on the direct-to-DVD movie. The film was cancelled due to a lack of a \"broad fanbase appeal\".[82] In 2010, Bruce Timm stated that Warner Bros. didn't have the intentions to revive the project. However, in 2016, it was announced that the film will be made and was released April 4, 2017.[83] Sean Maher, Kari Wahlgren, Jake T. Austin, Taissa Farmiga, Brandon Soo Hoo, and Stuart Allan will be reprising their roles as Nightwing, Starfire, Blue Beetle, Raven, Beast Boy, and Robin as they will be joined by Christina Ricci voicing Terra and Miguel Ferrer voicing Deathstroke[84] as well as the voices of Meg Foster as Mother Mayhem, Gregg Henry as Brother Blood, Kevin Smith as himself, and David Zayas as Alberto Reyes.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. In the United States and Canada, Teen Titans Go! To the Movies was released alongside Mission: Impossible – Fallout, and was initially projected to gross around $14 million from 3,188 theaters in its opening weekend, with a chance to go as high as $19 million.[23][24] However, after making $4.6 million on its first day (including $1 million from Thursday night previews), estimates were lowered to $10 million, and it ended up debuting to $10.5 million, finishing 5th at the box office.[25]", "Attack on Titan. A second season of the anime series was announced on the opening day of the first theatrical film, which was originally set to be released in 2016.[66] It was then confirmed in the January 2017 issue of the", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. As of August 23, 2018[update], Teen Titans Go! To the Movies has grossed $27.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $34.5 million, against a production budget of $10 million.[3]", "Attack on Titan (film). Attack on Titan (進撃の巨人, Shingeki no Kyojin) is a 2015 Japanese film based on the manga of the same name by Hajime Isayama.[8] The film is directed by Shinji Higuchi, written by Yūsuke Watanabe and Tomohiro Machiyama and stars Haruma Miura, Hiroki Hasegawa, Kiko Mizuhara, Kanata Hongō, Takahiro Miura, Nanami Sakuraba, Satoru Matsuo, Shu Watanabe, Ayame Misaki, Rina Takeda, Satomi Ishihara, Pierre Taki and Jun Kunimura. In Attack on Titan Eren Yeager, his adoptive sister Mikasa Ackerman, and his childhood friend Armin Arlert, join the Survey Corps, a military corporation to fight gigantic humanoids called the Titans after their hometown is attacked by a Colossal Titan. The film is split into two parts,[9] with the first part released in Japan on August 1, 2015 and the second part (subtitled End of the World) released on September 19, 2015.", "A Regular Epic Final Battle. The episode premiered on Cartoon Network on January 16, 2017,[6] at 6:00pm ET/PT. Preceding the finale was a Teen Titans Go! marathon (in addition to airings of Shrek and The Cat in the Hat). It was viewed by 1.33 million viewers in part one and 1.37 million viewers in part two, making this the most watched episode of the eighth season.", "Teen Beach Movie. The film originally premiered on July 19, 2013, in the United States,[14] Canada,[15] the UK, and Ireland[14] on Disney Channel. It premiered on August 4, 2013, in Southeast Asia[16] and on August 9, 2013, in Australia and New Zealand,[17] both on Disney Channel.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. Slade next arrives at Wayne Tech to infuse the crystal's power and the Titans arrive to stop him, this time putting up an actual fight. They secure the crystal, but Slade escapes, resolving to split Robin from his teammates. The next day, Jade invites the Titans back to Hollywood and announces that she will make a movie about them due to their recent fight with Slade. While Robin is given a tour of the premises, Raven, Beast Boy, Starfire and Cyborg venture out and cause mischief. They find a Doomsday Machine that is heavily guarded by the heroes and try to destroy it, but Jade arrives and reveals that D.O.O.M.S.D.A.Y., is just a terrible acronym for a new streaming service for the new movie she is making. She resolves to drop the rest of the Titans from the film and make it solely about Robin, which he happily accepts, much to the consternation of his team, who wish him luck.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. Brandon Katz of The New York Observer said that the film is \"a fun parody of sorts that gently skewers our superhero obsessed culture, and while there may be one too many gags thrown in there which can get a bit tiresome after awhile, it's an enjoyable movie for both kids and adults.\"[32] Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com rated the film 3/4 stars, saying \"It's not a film designed to break ground or even offer too much social commentary on the role of superheroes in modern culture. It's built with the primary goal of making you laugh and forget your problems for just under 90 minutes, and it does exactly that.\"[33]", "Attack on Titan. An anime television adaptation of the Attack on Titan: Junior High manga spin-off began airing in October 2015. The series was directed by Yoshihide Ibata at Production I.G, with series composition by Midori Gotou, character design by Yuuko Yahiro, and music by Asami Tachibana.[70] Linked Horizon will be back to do the opening theme \"Youth Like Fireworks\".[71] The ending theme, \"Ground's Counterattack\" (\"Hangeki no Daichi\"), is performed by the voice actors for Eren, Mikasa, and Jean.[72] A rebroadcast of the series was aired during January 2016.[73]", "Attack on Titan: Junior High. The manga has been adapted into an anime television series which began airing in October 2015. A rebroadcast was aired during January 2016.[3]", "Teen Beach Movie. The film was released on DVD on July 30, 2013, in North America, on August 19, 2013, in the UK and Ireland, and on August 21, 2013, in Australia and New Zealand.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. GameSpot's Chris Hayner, while finding fault with what he deemed excessive toilet humor and some dragging in the film, said that \"In a superhero movie landscape where the world is constantly being destroyed by massive CGI abominations, this is a refreshing change... it doesn't forget how funny and exciting these types of movies can be.\"[34]", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. On March 12, 2018, it was announced that musicians Lil Yachty and Halsey were part of the cast, as Green Lantern and Wonder Woman, respectively, with Nicolas Cage revealed as Superman the same day. Cage himself was originally slated to portray Superman in Tim Burton's canceled Superman film, Superman Lives, in the 1990s.[8] Jimmy Kimmel was announced to voice Batman in the film through an extended cut of the trailer.[9]", "Attack on Titan. A third compilation film was announced alongside the release date of the anime series' third season at the \"Shingeki no Kyojin\" Reading & Live Event Orchestra \"Attack Oto Taikan 2\" event. Titled Attack on Titan: The Roar of Awakening (「進撃の巨人」 ～覚醒の咆哮～, Shingeki no Kyojin ~Kakusei no Hōkō~), the film will recap the events of the anime series' second season and is scheduled to be released on January 13, 2018.[80]", "Table 19. The film was originally scheduled to be released on January 20, 2017,[13] before being pushed back to March 3.[14]", "Titans (2018 TV series). Filming for the first season began on November 15, 2017, in Toronto, Ontario,[20][33] concluding on June 28, 2018.[34]", "Remember the Titans. Following its release in theaters, the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20, 2001.[7] A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20, 2001, along with a widescreen Director's cut on March 14, 2006.[8]", "Attack on Titan. The anime was compiled into two animated theatrical films with new voice acting from the same cast. The first film Attack on Titan – Part 1: Crimson Bow and Arrow (「進撃の巨人」前編～紅蓮の弓矢～, Shingeki no Kyojin Zenpen ~Guren no Yumiya~) covers the first 13 episodes and was released on November 22, 2014, while the second film Attack on Titan – Part 2: Wings of Freedom (「進撃の巨人」後編～自由の翼～, Shingeki no Kyojin Kōhen ~Jiyū no Tsubasa~) adapts the remaining episodes and adds new opening and ending footage.[61] It was released on June 27, 2015.[62][63] A rebroadcast of the first season was aired from January 9, 2016 on NHK's BS Premium channel.[64] The compilation films were also broadcast in January 2017 on MBS.[65]", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. Robin finishes making the movie, but during a scene where he interacts with the Titan Tower door panel, a light falls and knocks him out. He awakens and finishes the scene where Jade reveals that they are in the tower for real, and that she is actually Slade himself in disguise. He gets the crystal back and tells Robin that his making so many superhero movies was a plan to keep the heroes busy while he took over the world. Robin escapes and calls his friends back, who join him with open arms.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. Nearby, Slade breaks into Star Labs to steal a crystal. The Titans arrive and attempt to stop him, but he swiftly defeats and insults them. The next day, Beast Boy, Starfire, Cyborg and Raven create a movie to cheer up Robin, but he turns it off prematurely declaring that they will go to Hollywood to have a movie made about them. Upon arriving, they encounter director Jade Wilson, who is responsible for all the superhero movies being made. She turns down the Titans' request to be in a movie, but explains that the only way she would make one about them is if they were the only superheroes in the world. The Titans take her words literally by going back in time to prevent the origins of the other superheroes, but only end up ruining the present, forcing them to go and undo their blunder.", "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies. David Betancourt of The Washington Post opined, \"Teen Titans Go! To the Movies is a laugh-a-minute ride that hits you with the jokes from the very first frame. From the cute shots at Marvel Studios to the self-deprecating tone on the state of DC movies, you’ll leave the theater with a new set of superhero abs from laughing so hard.\"[31]" ]

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[ "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Manufacturing through the period 1600-1914 witnessed remarkable continuities in the loci of manufacturing; industrial centers flourishing in the 17th century were often still active in 1914.[14] Manufacturing initially struggled against Asian and then European competition in the 18th and 19th centuries whereby handicraft industries were displaced by cheaper industrially produced imports. Quataert’s study of the Istanbul port workers and their struggle over two decades against the European companies with indirect support from the state highlights the difference between colonial administrators elsewhere and the Ottoman government. However, manufacturing achieved surprising output levels, with the decline of some industries being more than compensated by the rise of new industries.[15] Decline of handicrafts production saw a shift of output move to agricultural commodity production and other manufacturing output.[16]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Over the 19th century, a shift occurred to rural female labour with guild organized urban-based male labour less important. The global markets for Ottoman goods fell somewhat with certain sectors expanding. However, any changes were compensated by an increase in domestic consumption and demand.[17] Mechanized production even at its peak remained an insignificant portion of total output. The lack of capital, as in other areas of the economy, deterred the mechanization of production. Nonetheless, a number of factories did emerge in Istanbul, Ottoman Europe and Anatolia. In the 1830s steam powered silk reeling factories emerged in Salonica, Edirne, West Anatolia and the Lebanon.[18][19]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Manufacturing through the period 1600–1914 witnessed remarkable continuities in the loci of manufacturing; industrial centers flourishing in the 17th century were often still active in 1914.[22] Manufacturing initially struggled against Asian and then European competition in the 18th and 19th centuries whereby handicraft industries were displaced by cheaper industrially produced imports.[Note 4] However, manufacturing achieved surprising output levels, with the decline of some industries being more than compensated by the rise of new industries.[24] Decline of handicrafts production saw a shift of output move to agricultural commodity production and other manufacturing output.[Note 5]", "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Over the 19th century, a shift occurred to rural female labor with guild organized urban-based male labor less important. The global markets for Ottoman goods fell somewhat with certain sectors expanding. However, any changes were compensated by an increase in domestic consumption and demand.[10] Mechanized production even at its peak remained an insignificant portion of total output. The lack of capital, as in other areas of the economy, deterred the mechanization of production. Nonetheless, a number of factories did emerge in Istanbul, Ottoman Europe and Anatolia. In the 1830s steam powered silk reeling factories emerged in Salonica, Edirne, West Anatolia and Lebanon.[11]", "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Under the late 18th century fine textiles, hand-made yarns and leathers were in high demand outside the empire. However, these declined by the early 19th century and half a century later production for export re-emerged in the form of raw silk and oriental carpets. The two industries alone employed 100,000 persons in 1914 two-thirds in carpet-making for European and American buyers. Most workers were women and girls, receiving wages that were amongst the lowest in the manufacturing sector. Much of the manufacturing shifted to the urban areas during the 18th century, in order to benefit from the lower rural costs and wages.[12]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Under the late 18th century fine textiles, hand-made yarns and leathers were in high demand outside the empire. However, these declined by the early 19th century and half a century later production for export re-emerged in the form of raw silk and oriental carpets. The two industries alone employed 100,000 persons in 1914 two-thirds in carpet-making for European and American buyers. Most workers were women and girls, receiving wages that were amongst the lowest in the manufacturing sector. Much of the manufacturing shifted to the urban areas during the 18th century, in order to benefit from the lower rural costs and wages.[20]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Whilst looking at Ottoman manufacture, a significant area of technology transfer, Quataert argues one must not only look at large factories but also the small workshops:", "Great Divergence. An example of a Middle-Eastern country that had an advanced economy in the early 19th century was Ottoman Egypt, which had a highly productive industrial manufacturing sector, and per-capita income that was comparable to leading Western European countries such as France and higher than that of Japan and Eastern Europe.[23] Other parts of the Ottoman Empire, particularly Syria and southeastern Anatolia, also had a highly productive manufacturing sector that was evolving in the 19th century.[54] In 1819, Egypt under Muhammad Ali began programs of state-sponsored industrialization, which included setting up factories for weapons production, an iron foundry, large-scale cotton cultivation, mills for ginning, spinning and weaving of cotton, and enterprises for agricultural processing. By the early 1830s, Egypt had 30 cotton mills, employing about 30,000 workers.[55] In the early 19th century, Egypt had the world's fifth most productive cotton industry, in terms of the number of spindles per capita.[56] The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as animal power, water wheels, and windmills, which were also the principle energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870.[57] While steam power had been experimented with in Ottoman Egypt by engineer Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in 1551, when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine,[58] it was under Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to Egyptian industrial manufacturing.[57] Boilers were manufactured and installed in Egyptian industries such as ironworks, textile manufacturing, paper mills, and hulling mills. Compared to Western Europe, Egypt also had superior agriculture and an efficient transport network through the Nile. Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions for rapid industrialization existed in Egypt during the 1820s–1830s.[57]", "Ottoman Empire. In the early 19th century, Egypt under Muhammad Ali began using steam engines for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as ironworks, textile manufacturing, paper mills and hulling mills moving towards steam power.[217] Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century.[217]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Foreign trade, a minor part of the Ottoman economy, became slightly more important towards the end of the 19th century with the rise of protectionism in Europe and producers looking to new markets. Its growth was seen throughout the period under study, particularly the 19th century. Throughout, the balance of payments was roughly on par with no significant long-term deficits or surpluses.", "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire. Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as \"an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition\" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate:[3]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. The 18th century witnessed increasing expenditure for military related expenditure and the 19th century for both bureaucracy and military. McNeil describes an Ottoman stagnation through centre-periphery relations – a moderately taxed centre with periphery provinces suffering the burden of costs.[Note 11] Though this analysis may apply to some provinces, like Hungary, recent scholarship has found that most of the financing was through provinces closer to the centre.[49] As the empire modernized itself in line with European powers, the role of the central state grew and diversified. In the past, it had contented itself with raising tax revenues and war making. It increasingly began to address education, health and public works, activities that used to be organised by religious leaders in the communities – this can be argued as being necessary in a rapidly changing world and was a necessary Ottoman response. At the end of the 18th century, there were around 2,000 civil officials ballooning to 35,000 in 1908.[50] The Ottoman military increasingly adopted western military technologies and methods, increasing army personnel of 120,000 in 1837 to over 120,000 in the 1880s.[51] Other innovations were increasingly being adopted including the telegraph, railroads and photography, utilised against old mediators who were increasingly marginalised.[Note 12]", "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cultivator families drew their livelihoods from a complex set of different economic activities and not merely from growing crops. This included growing a variety of crops for their own consumption as well as rearing animals for their milk and wool. Some rural families manufactured goods for sale to others, for instance Balkan villagers traveled to Anatolia and Syria for months to sell their wool cloth. İslamoğlu-İnan's study of Anatolia from the seventeenth century onwards finds state policy by way of taxation and inheritance laws encouraged peasants to commercially develop fruits, vegetables and sheep;[17] This pattern established for the 18th century had not significantly changed at the beginning of the 20th century.[18] That is not to say that there were no changes in the agrarian sector. Nomads played an important role in the economy, providing animal products, textiles and transportation. They were troublesome for the state and hard to control – sedentarization programs took place in the 19th century, coinciding with huge influxes of refugees. This dynamic had the effect of a decline in animal rearing by tribes and an increase in cultivation. The rising commercialization of agriculture commencing in the 18th century meant more people began to grow more. With increased urbanisation, new markets created greater demand, easily met with the advent of railroads. State policy requiring a greater portion of taxes to be paid in cash influenced the increased production. Finally, increased demand for consumer goods themselves drove an increase in production to pay for the same.[19]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. In 1819, Egypt under Muhammad Ali began programs of state-sponsored industrialization, which included setting up factories for weapons production, an iron foundry, large-scale cotton cultivation, mills for ginning, spinning and weaving of cotton, and enterprises for agricultural processing. By the early 1830s, Egypt had 30 cotton mills, employing about 30,000 workers.[30] In the early 19th century, Egypt had the world's fifth most productive cotton industry, in terms of the number of spindles per capita.[31] The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as animal power, water wheels, and windmills, which were also the principle energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870.[32] While steam power had been experimented with in Ottoman Egypt by engineer Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in 1551, when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine,[33] it was under Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to Egyptian industrial manufacturing.[32]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Cultivator families drew their livelihoods from a complex set of different economic activities and not merely from growing crops. This included growing a variety of crops for their own consumption as well as rearing animals for their milk and wool. Some rural families manufactured goods for sale to others, for instance Balkan villagers travelled to Anatolia and Syria for months to sell their wool cloth.[Note 3] This pattern established for the 18th century had not significantly changed at the beginning of the 20th century.[9] That is not to say that there were no changes in the agrarian sector. Nomads played an important role in the economy, providing animal products, textiles and transportation. They were troublesome for the state and hard to control – sedentarization programs took place in the 19th century, coinciding with huge influxes of refugees. This dynamic had the effect of a decline in animal rearing by tribes and an increase in cultivation. The rising commercialization of agriculture commencing in the 18th century meant more people began to grow more. With increased urbanisation, new markets created greater demand, easily met with the advent of railroads. State policy requiring a greater portion of taxes to be paid in cash influenced the increased production. Finally, increased demand for consumer goods themselves drove an increase in production to pay for the same.[10]", "Ottoman Empire. Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as \"an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition\" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate.[166]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Quataert argues production rose due to a number of factors. An increase in productivity resulted from irrigation projects, intensive agriculture and utilisation of modern agricultural tools increasing in use throughout the 19th century. By 1900, tens of thousands of plows, reapers and other agricultural technologies such as combines were found across the Balkan, Anatolian and Arab lands. However, most of the increases in production came from vast areas of land coming under further cultivation. Families began increasing the amount of time at work, bringing fallow land into use. Sharecropping increased utilising land that had been for animal pasturage. Along with state policy, millions of refugees brought vast tracts of untilled land into production. The empty central Anatolian basin and steppe zone in the Syrian provinces were instances where government agencies parcelled out smallholdings of land to refugees. This was a recurring pattern across the empire, small landholdings the norm. Foreign holdings remained unusual despite Ottoman political weakness – probably due to strong local and notable resistance and labour shortages. Issawi et al. have argued that division of labour was not possible, being based on religious grounds.[11] Inalcik however demonstrates that division of labour was historically determined and open to change. Agricultural reform programs in the late 19th century saw the state founding agricultural schools, model farms, and education of a self-perpetuating bureaucracy of agrarian specialists focused on increasing agricultural exports. Between 1876 and 1908, the value of agricultural exports just from Anatolia rose by 45 per cent whilst tithe proceeds rose by 79 percent.[12]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Guilds operating prior to the 18th century did see a decline through the 18th and 19th centuries. Guilds provided some form of security in prices, restricting production and controlling quality and provided support to members who hit hard times. However, with market forces driving down prices their importance declined, and with the Janissaries as their backers, being disbanded by Mahmut II in 1826, their fate was sealed.[21][18]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Global trade increased around sixty-fourfold in the 19th century whereas for the Ottomans it increased around ten to sixteenfold. Exports of cotton alone doubled between 1750 and 1789. The largest increases were recorded from the ports of Smyrna and Salonica in the Balkans, however they were partially offset by some reductions from Syria and Constantinople. While cotton exports to France and England doubled between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, exports of semi-processed goods to northwest Europe also increased. Whilst the Ottoman market was important to Europe in the 16th century, it was no longer so by 1900. The Ottoman Empire was not shrinking - quite the opposite in fact – however it was becoming relatively less significant.[21]", "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Quataert argues production rose due to a number of factors. An increase in productivity resulted from irrigation projects, intensive agriculture and utilisation of modern agricultural tools increasing in use throughout the 19th century. By 1900, tens of thousands of plows, reapers and other agricultural technologies such as combines were found across the Balkan, Anatolian and Arab lands. However, most of the increases in production came from vast areas of land coming under further cultivation. Families began increasing the amount of time at work, bringing fallow land into use. Sharecropping increased utilising land that had been for animal pasturage. Along with state policy, millions of refugees brought vast tracts of untilled land into production. The empty central Anatolian basin and steppe zone in the Syrian provinces were instances where government agencies parcelled out smallholdings of land to refugees. This was a recurring pattern across the empire, small landholdings the norm. Foreign holdings remained unusual despite Ottoman political weakness – probably due to strong local and notable resistance and labour shortages. Issawi et al. have argued that division of labour was not possible, being based on religious grounds.[20] İnalcik however demonstrates that division of labour was historically determined and open to change. Agricultural reform programs in the late 19th century saw the state founding agricultural schools, model farms, and education of a self-perpetuating bureaucracy of agrarian specialists focused on increasing agricultural exports. Between 1876 and 1908, the value of agricultural exports just from Anatolia rose by 45% whilst tithe proceeds rose by 79%.[21]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as \"an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition\" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate:[34]", "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire. Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. In response to foreign threats, the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat, which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era.[1] The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) during the reign of Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hümayun in 1856. At the end of this period, marked with 1908, to a degree the Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized according to the model of Western European Armies. The period was followed by the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922).", "Culture of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was noted for the quality of its gold- and silversmiths, and particularly for the jewelry they produced. Jewelry had particular importance as it was commonly given at weddings, as a gift that could be used as a form of savings.[7] Silver was the most common material used, with gold reserved for more high-status pieces; designs often displayed complex filigree work and incorporated Persian and Byzantine motifs. Developments in design reflected the tastes of the Ottoman court, with Persian Safavid art, for example, becoming an influence after the Ottoman defeat of Ismail I after the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[8] In the rural areas of the Empire, jewelry was simpler and often incorporated gold coins (the Ottoman altin), but the designs of Constantinople nevertheless spread throughout Ottoman territory and were reflected even in the metalwork of Egypt and North Africa.", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. No formal system had emerged to organize manufacturing in medieval Anatolia. The closest such organization that can be identified is the Ahi Brotherhood, a religious organization that followed the Sufi tradition of Islam during the 13th and 14th centuries. Most of the members were merchants and craftsmen and viewed taking pride in their work as part and parcel of their adherence to Islam. However, the organization was not a professional organization and should not be confused with the professional guilds that emerge later.[14]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Two factors that had major impact on both internal and international trade were wars and government policies. Wars had major impact on commerce especially where there were territorial losses that would rip apart Ottoman economic unity, often destroying relationships and patterns that had endured centuries. The role of government policy is more hotly debated – however most policy-promoted barriers to Ottoman international and internal commerce disappeared or were reduced sharply.[39] However, there appears little to indicate a significant decline in internal trade other than disruption caused by war and ad-hoc territorial losses.", "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire. These marked the beginning of the modernization and had immediate effects such as introducing European-style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform.", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. Through the invention of the steam engine in Britain, water and land transport revolutionised the conduct of trade and commerce. The steam ship meant journeys became predictable, times shrank and large volumes of goods could be carried more cheaply. Quataert cites the Istanbul-Venice route, a main trade artery, taking anything from fifteen to eighty-one days by sail ship, was reduced to ten days by the steam ship. Sail ships would carry 50 to 100 tonnes. In contrast, steamships could now carry 1,000 tonnes.[Note 2]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans saw military expansion and fiscalism as the main source of wealth, with agriculture seen as more important than manufacture and commerce.[1] Western mercantilists gave more emphasis to manufacture and industry in the wealth-power-wealth equation, moving towards capitalist economics comprising expanding industries and markets whereas the Ottomans continued along the trajectory of territorial expansion, traditional monopolies, conservative land holding and agriculture.[Note 1]", "Economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Economic history of the Ottoman Empire covers the period 1299–1923. The economic history falls into two distinctive sub periods. The first is the classic era (enlargement), which comprised a closed agricultural economy, showing regional distinctions within the empire. The Second period was the reformation era that comprised state organized reforms, commencing with administrative and political structures through to state and public functions. Change began with military reforms extending to military associated guilds (Ottoman: لنكا) and public craft guilds.", "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Though this analysis may apply to some provinces, like Hungary, recent scholarship has found that most of the financing was through provinces closer to the centre.[29] As the empire modernized itself in line with European powers, the role of the central state grew and diversified. In the past, it had contented itself with raising tax revenues and war making. It increasingly began to address education, health and public works, activities that used to be organised by religious leaders in the communities – this can be argued as being necessary in a rapidly changing world and was a necessary Ottoman response. At the end of the 18th century, there were around 2,000 civil officials ballooning to 35,000 in 1908.[30] The Ottoman military increasingly adopted western military technologies and methods, increasing army personnel from 120,000 in 1837 to over 120,000 in the 1880s.[31] Other innovations were increasingly being adopted, including the telegraph, railroads and photography, and utilised against old mediators who were increasingly marginalised. These were diverse groups such as the Janissaries, guilds, tribes, religious authorities and provincial notables.[31]", "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire. There has been free trade in Turkey, and what has it produced? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world. As late as 1812 these manufactures existed; but they have been destroyed. That was the consequences of competition in Turkey, and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain.", "Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Two factors that had major impact on both internal and international trade were wars and government policies. Wars had major impact on commerce especially where there were territorial losses that would rip apart Ottoman economic unity, often destroying relationships and patterns that had endured centuries. The role of government policy is more hotly debated – however most policy-promoted barriers to Ottoman international and internal commerce disappeared or were reduced sharply.[25] However, there appears little to indicate a significant decline in internal trade other than disruption caused by war and ad-hoc territorial losses." ]

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[ "Piñata. The Mexican Catholic interpretation of the pi単ata rested on the struggle of man against temptation. The seven points represent the seven deadly sins. The pot represents evil and the seasonal fruit and candy inside the temptations of evil. The person with the stick is blindfolded to represent faith. The turning, singing and shouting represent the disorientation that temptation creates. In some traditions, the participant is turned thirty three times, one for each year of Christ's life. These interpretations were given to the pi単ata for catechism purposes. As the participant beats the pi単ata, it is supposed to represent the struggle against temptation and evil. When the pi単ata breaks, the treats inside then represent the rewards of keeping the faith.[3][7][9]", "Christmas in Mexico. The pi単ata started as a medium by which the Evangelists used to teach Christian beliefs to the natives. With the traditional star-shaped pi単ata still being broken by children during the Posadas.[1] Like the procession, the Mexican pi単ata has symbolic and didactic meaning. The vessel represents Satan who has all the goods of the world, decorated to attract people. There are most traditionally seven points to represent the seven cardinal sins. The stick represents the Christian faith to defeat evil and release the treasure for all.[4][10]", "Piñata. The European piñata tradition was brought to Mexico in the 16th century; however, there was a similar tradition in Mesoamerica already. The Mayan tradition was similar to the modern piñata tradition, including blindfolding the participant hitting the piñata. The Aztec tradition commemorated the birthday of Huitzilopochtli. Priests would decorate a clay pot with colorful feathers. When the pot was broken with a stick or club, the treasures inside would fall to the feet of the idol as an offering.[1] According to local records, the piñata was first used for the purposes of evangelism in 1586, in Acolman, in the modern State of Mexico, just north of Mexico City. The Augustinian monks there modified European piñatas and created the Las Posadas tradition to co-opt the celebration of the birth of Huitzilopochtli, which was celebrated in mid December.[4][6][7][8]", "Piñata. However, since this time the piñata has all but lost its religious significance and has become popular in many types of celebrations, not just during December's Las Posadas. The clay pot has been replaced with a papier-mâché container.[3] The creation of piñatas has even taken on an artistic aspect in some areas. David Gamez and Cecilia Meade sponsored a showing of piñatas as art rather than just as a party favor. The event was called Piñatarama, with 25 piñatas made of papier-mâché at the Vértigo Galería in Mexico City, all original works of art by graphic illustrators, from 23 countries including Australia. Some of the illustrators who participated include 1000 Changos, Allan Sieber, Apak, Ben Newman, Cecy Meade, Cristian Turdera, Cupco and Daniel Berman.[10] In Tepatitlán, the world's largest traditional seven-pointed piñata was created in 2010. It measures 11.2 meters, is made of fiberglass and weighs 350 kilograms. It surpasses the former Guinness record holder which was made in 2008 in Pennsylvania.[11]", "Piñata. A piñata (/pɪnˈjɑːtə/, US pronunciation /pɪnˈjɑːdɑː/, Spanish pronunciation: [piˈɲata] ( listen)) is a container often made of papier-mâché, pottery, or cloth; it is decorated, and filled with small toys or candy, or both, and then broken as part of a ceremony or celebration. Piñatas are commonly associated with Mexico. The idea of breaking a container filled with treats came to Europe in the 14th century, where the name, from the Italian pignatta, was introduced. The Spanish brought the European tradition to Mexico, although there were similar traditions in Mesoamerica, such as the Aztecs' honoring the birthday of the god Huitzilopochtli in mid December. According to local records, the Mexican piñata tradition began in the town of Acolman, just north of Mexico City, where piñatas were introduced for catechism purposes as well as to co-opt the Huitzilopochtli ceremony. Today, the piñata is still part of Mexican culture, the cultures of other countries in Latin America, as well as the United States, but it has mostly lost its religious character.", "Piñata. The piñata is most strongly identified with Mexico.[9] The art of making modern piñatas falls under the Mexican craft heading of \"cartonería\", which refers to the making of items from paper and cardboard. This puts piñatas in the same category as amate paper craft, Judas figures and Mexico City style alebrijes.[12] The Museo de Arte Popular held the first \"Concurso de Piñatas Mexicanas\" (Mexican Piñata Contest) in 2007 with prizes of 15,000, 10,000 and 5,000 pesos. The purpose of the contest is to help retain this tradition and help it to be continued to be valued.[3] The Museo del Caracol in Mexico City held a workshop on how to make traditional piñatas, as part of its outreach program to the public.[4]", "Piñata. The tradition arrived in Europe in the 14th century where it was associated with the Christian celebration of Lent; in Spain, the first Sunday of Lent, \"Piñata Sunday\", became a celebration known as the Dance of the Piñata. As the word's Italian origin indicates, pignatta meaning \"earthenware cooking pot\", the Spanish initially used a plain clay container, before starting to decorate it with ribbons, tinsel and colored paper. The origin of the Italian word is thought to be linked to the Latin word pinea, \"pine cone\".[1][5]", "Piñata. Traditionally in Mexico, especially at Christmas, piñatas are filled with fruit and candies such as guavas, oranges, jicamas, pieces of sugar cane, tejocotes and wrapped candies. Some piñatas are \"traps\" filled with flour, confetti or water. Special baskets of treats may be given to children who come up empty handed after a piñata is broken. These are called colaciónes and are given to prevent hurt feelings.[1]", "Culture of Mexico. A piñata is made from papier-mache. It is created to look like popular people, animals, or fictional characters. Once made it is painted with bright colors and filled with candy or small toys. It is then hung from the ceiling. The children are blindfolded and take turns hitting the piñata until it breaks open and the candy and small toys fall out. The children then gather the candy and small toys.", "Mandala. Lastly, there is the political aspect of the stone. It may have been intended to show Tenochtitlan as the center of the world and therefore, as the center of authority.[32] Townsend argues for this idea, claiming that the small glyphs of additional dates amongst the four previous suns—1 Flint (Tecpatl), 1 Rain (Atl), and 7 Monkey (Ozomahtli)—represent matters of historical importance to the Mexica state. He posits, for example, that 7 Monkey represents the significant day for the cult of a community within Tenochtitlan. His claim is further supported by the presence of Mexica ruler Moctezuma II's name on the work. These elements ground the Stone's iconography in history rather than myth and the legitimacy of the state in the cosmos.[33]", "Piñata. While the religious significance has been mostly lost, the ceremony that occurs with it has remained mostly intact. Piñatas remain most popular during Las Posadas with birthday parties coming in second. Each participant, usually a child, will have a turn at hitting the piñata, which is hung from above on a string. The participant is blindfolded, given a wooden stick, and then spun a number of times. As the participants works to hit the piñata, another moves it to make it harder to hit. There is a time limit to any one person's attempts, which is marked out by the singing of a traditional song.[1][9]", "Piñata. Although piñatas are uniquely thought of as a fun activity for parties nowadays, they have a long, rich history.[1] There is some debate but it appears that their origin is not Spanish but Chinese.[2] The Chinese version was in the shape of a cow or ox and used for the New Year. It was decorated with symbols and colors meant to produce a favorable climate for the coming growing season. It was filled with five types of seeds and then hit with sticks of various colors. After the piñata was broken, the remains were burned and the ashes kept for good luck.[1][3][4]", "Piñata. Pi単atas were traditionally made with a clay pot base and many artisans make a living selling just the pot for people to decorate as they wish. However, clay pot pi単atas have mostly been replaced by those made with cardboard and paper mache, usually fashioned over balloons.[1] One reason for this is that broken pot pieces can be dangerous to children.[13] These are then decorated with crepe paper, other colored paper and other items.[9] Pi単atas today come in all shapes and sizes, with many representing cartoon or other characters known to most children. Popular shapes today can include Batman, Superman, Spider-Man or characters based on popular movies and television shows such as Nemo, the Lion King and more. For Christmas, the traditional style with the points is popular as it is associated with the Star of Bethlehem.[1][9] However, for the most part, pi単ata designs have been completely commercialized.[9]", "Piñata. In the penal facility of Huajuapan de León, prisoners make piñatas to sell. This began when several prisoners brought the craft with them when they were incarcerated about twenty years ago. These piñatas have become traditional for the population of the city for Christmas.[2]", "Poinsettia. The plant's association with Christmas began in 16th-century Mexico, where legend tells of a girl, commonly called Pepita or Maria, who was too poor to provide a gift for the celebration of Jesus' birthday and was inspired by an angel to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar.[12] Crimson blossoms sprouted from the weeds and became poinsettias.[13] From the 17th century, Franciscan friars in Mexico included the plants in their Christmas celebrations.[14] The star-shaped leaf pattern is said to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem, and the red color represents the blood sacrifice through the crucifixion of Jesus.[15]", "Christmas in Mexico. The most traditional and important Christmas decoration is the nativity scene. Generally set up by December 12 and left on display at least until February 2 and found in homes, businesses and churches. They were introduced in the early colonial period with the first Mexican monks teaching the indigenous people to carve the figures.[4][6] The basic set up is similar to those in other parts of the world, with a focus on the Holy Family, surrounded by angels, shepherds, Wise Men and animals, which are sheltered by a portal, which can take the shape of a cave, stone house or cabin. Above the scene is a star, often with an electric light.[1][10]", "Piñata. One niche market for piñatas in Mexico is of those themed for adults. These include political figures, especially those who are not particularly liked.[1][15] Another type for the adult market are sexually-themed piñatas, mostly those in the form of exotic dancers and strippers. Of the female of this type, the most popular are blondes. For the male, darker shades are preferred.[17][21] These piñatas will be filled with adult items such as condoms in addition to candy.[21]", "Christmas in Mexico. Starting in December, many homes, businesses and other buildings are decorated with poinsettias, which are called \"noche buena\" (from the Spanish phrase that means \"good night\" referring to Christmas Eve) .[1] Mexico is the origin of the poinsettia. In the pre-Hispanic period, they were called cuetlaxochitl, and a favorite in the mid winter when they were a symbol of the new life that they believed that fallen warriors received, returning as hummingbirds and butterflies to drink the nectar.[4] A modern Mexican legend says that the poinsettia was once a weed that miraculously turned into a beautiful flower so that a child could present it to the infant Jesus.[5] The name for this plant is also used to refer to a dark bock-style beer which is only available during the Christmas season.[1][6]", "Aztec calendar stone. Lastly, there is the political aspect of the stone. It may have been intended to show Tenochtitlan as the center of the world and therefore, as the center of authority.[14] Townsend argues for this idea, claiming that the small glyphs of additional dates amongst the four previous suns—1 Flint (Tecpatl), 1 Rain (Atl), and 7 Monkey (Ozomahtli)—represent matters of historical importance to the Mexica state. He posits, for example, that 7 Monkey represents the significant day for the cult of a community within Tenochtitlan. His claim is further supported by the presence of Mexica ruler Moctezuma II's name on the work. These elements ground the Stone's iconography in history rather than myth and the legitimacy of the state in the cosmos.[15]", "Christmas in Mexico. The last posada is early Christmas Eve. What follows is a late night Mass called the Mass of the Rooster.[6] It originated about six years after the arrival of the Spanish, when Father Pedro de Gante began a celebration of Christmas with a late night Mass. The name comes from the tradition that the birth of Christ was announced by the crowing of a rooster. The celebration became popular among the newly converted indigenous as it included elements from the old celebrations for the god Huitzilopochtli such as fireworks, torches, sparklers and plays along with food and dancing.[4]", "Las Posadas. Individuals may actually play the various parts of Mary (María) and Joseph with the expectant mother riding a real donkey (burro), with attendants such as angels and shepherds acquired along the way, or the pilgrims may carry images of the holy personages instead. Children may carry poinsettias.[12] The procession will be followed by musicians, with the entire procession singing posadas such as pedir posada.[4] At the end of each night's journey, there will be Christmas carols (villancicos), children will break open star-shaped piñatas to obtain candy and fruit hidden inside, and there will be a feast.[4][13] Piñatas are traditionally made out of clay. It is expected to meet all the invitees in a previous procession.", "Piñata. The star shape, or ball with points, still remains popular for the Christmas season, but for other events, traditional designs for children such as donkeys, have almost entirely been replaced by cartoon characters based on U.S. movies and television shows.[15] However, most of the pi単atas produced based on these images are not done following copyright law, which has caused problems. Copyright holders such as Marvel Comics have complained about infringement by pi単ata makers in Mexico. Federal authorities have responded by seizing such merchandise in stores in various areas of Mexico City. Vendors complain that they have sold these pinatas for decades and never have had problems. [16] Those who have run into problems with copyright law state that it is difficult to sell other types as most customers prefer to buy those based on popular characters.[17] Mexico exports pi単atas to the United States and other parts of the world,) but copyright has been an issue here as well.[17][18] Pi単atas based on Disney and other characters have been seized at the border for violating U.S. copyright law.[18][19] Some have also been seized and destroyed by customs agents under suspect of hiding drugs.[20]", "Piñata. There are a number of localities in Mexico that specialize in the making of piñatas for sale. Acolman, the origin of piñatas, along with neighboring Otumba are one.[8] Acolman hosts an annual National Piñata Fair. This event includes cultural events, workshops on the making of piñatas, piñata contests and traditional Posadas. The event has attracted as many as 100,000 visitors over the days that it is held, many of whom come from Mexico City.[6]", "Amate. Ritual paper acquires a sacred value only when shamans cut it ritually.[40] The cutting technique is most important, not necessarily artistic although many have aesthetic qualities.[4] In San Pablito, the cut outs are of gods or supernatural beings related to the indigenous worldview, but never of Catholic figures. Most of the time, the cut out ceremonies relate to petitions such as good crops and health, although as agriculture declines in importance economically, petitions for health and protection have become more important. One particularly popular ceremony is related to young men who have returned from working abroad.[39][40] In Chicontepec, there are cut outs related to gods or spirits linked to natural phenomena such as lightning, rain, mountains, mangos seeds and more, with those cut from dark paper called \"devils\" or represent evil spirits. However, figures can also represent people living or dead. Those made of light paper represent good spirits and people who make promises. Female figures are distinguished by locks of hair. Some figures have four arms and two heads in profile, and other have the head and tail of an animal. Those with shoes represent mestizos or bad people who have died in fights, accidents or by drowning, also women who have died in childbirth or children who disrespect their parents. Those without shoes represent indigenous people or good people who have died in sickness or old age. Bad spirits represented in dark paper are burned ceremoniously in order to end their bad influence. Those in light paper are kept as amulets.[4]", "Piñata. About 400 families in the town of San Juan de la Puerta, in the south of the Cuerámaro municipality in Guanajuato, are dedicated to the creation of piñatas, and produce about 16,000 pieces each month. The making of piñatas supports about half of the people in the town. It is the second most important economic activity after agriculture. This tradition began in 1960 by Juan Remigio Anguiano, who brought the craft to the town after living in Mexico City. Today, piñatas from the town are sold in various parts of the state.[14]", "Star of Bethlehem. The colourful star lantern known as a paról is a cherished and ubiquitous symbol of Christmas for Filipinos, its design and light recalling the star. In its basic form, the paról has five points and two \"tails\" that evoke rays of light pointing the way to the Christ Child, and candles inside the lanterns have been superseded by electric illumination.", "Mesoamerica. Among the Aztec, the name of each day was associated with a cardinal point (thus conferring symbolic significance), and each cardinal direction was associated with a group of symbols. Below are the symbols and concepts associated with each direction:", "Aztecs. When New Spain achieved independence in 1821 and became a monarchy, the First Mexican Empire, its flag had the traditional Aztec eagle on a nopal cactus. The eagle had a crown, symbolizing the new Mexican monarchy. When Mexico became a republic after the overthrow of the first monarchy in 1822, the flag was revised showing the eagle with no crown. In the 1860s, when the French established the Second Mexican Empire under Maximilian Hapsburg, the Mexican flag retained the emblematic eagle and cactus, with elaborate symbols of monarchy. After the defeat of the French and their Mexican collaborators, the Mexican Republic was re-established, and the flag returned to its republican simplicity.[147] This emblem has also been adopted as Mexico's national Coat of Arms, and is emblazoned on official buildings, seals, and signs.[139]", "Mesoamerica. In representing numbers, a series of bars and dots were employed. Dots had a value of one, and bars had a value of five. This type of arithmetic was combined with a symbolic numerology: '2' was related to origins, as all origins can be thought of as doubling; '3' was related to household fire; '4' was linked to the four corners of the universe; '5' expressed instability; '9' pertained to the underworld and the night; '13' was the number for light, '20' for abundance, and '400' for infinity. The concept of zero was also used, and its representation at the Late Preclassic occupation of Tres Zapotes is one of the earliest uses of zero in human history.", "Flag of Mexico. Before the adoption of the first national flag, various flags were used during the War of Independence from Spain. Though it was never adopted as an official flag, many historians consider the first Mexican flag to be the Standard of the Virgin of Guadalupe, which was carried by Miguel Hidalgo after the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810.[2] The Standard became the initial symbol of the rebel army during the Mexican War of Independence. Various other Standards were used during the war. José María Morelos used a flag with an image of the Virgin to which was added a blue and white insignia with a crowned eagle on a cactus over a three-arched bridge and the letters V.V.M. (Viva la Virgen María – \"long live the Virgin Mary\").[2] The Revolutionary Army also used a flag featuring the colors white, blue and red in vertical stripes. The first use of the modern colors—green, white and red—was in the flag of the unified Army of the Three Guarantees (pictured above) after independence from Spain was won.[3][dubious – [[Talk:Flag of Mexico#This is false, the Bandera Siera used by the rebels in the Orizaba region was also a green/white/red tricolor [1]|discuss]]]", "Culture of Mexico. Epiphany on the evening of January 5 marks the Twelfth Night of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three wise men are added to the nativity scene. Traditionally in Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, Santa Claus doesn't hold the cachet that he does in the United States. Rather, it is the three wise men who are the bearers of gifts, who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children.[10] Mexican families also commemorate the date by eating Rosca de reyes.", "Patillas, Puerto Rico. The coat of arms features a crow with a piece of bread in its beak, which represents the bird that saved the life to San Benito Abad, patron of the town, from being poisoned with a piece of bread. The castle with three windows symbolizes the captivity of Santa Barbara, matron of Patillas in the first years of the foundation and the devotion to the Holy Trinity. The cross represents Santo Cristo de la Salud. The two crossed machetes underneath the cross represent the peasants' struggle in the sugar cane plantations and the origins of economic development. The three towers in the superior part mean that Patillas is categorized as a town. The watermelon leaf, fruit that abounded in the west of Patillas, is the reason for the name of the town. The motto \"Ora et Labora\", means \"Pray and Work\"; motto of the religious order of San Benito Abad." ]

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[ "Elevated railway. A 7 train in New York City, New York", "Elevated railway. From the late 1860s onward elevated railways became popular in US cities. The New York West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway operated with cable cars from 1868 to 1870, thereafter locomotive-hauled. This was followed by the Manhattan Railway in 1875, the South Side Elevated Railroad, Chicago (1892–), and the elevated lines of the Boston Elevated Railway (1901–). The Chicago transit system itself is known as \"L\", short for \"elevated\". The Berlin Stadtbahn (1882) and the Vienna Stadtbahn (1898) are also mainly elevated.", "New York Central Railroad. Along the line of the Hudson River Railroad, the High Line was built in 1934 in New York City as an elevated bypass to street running trackage on Tenth Ave. The elevated section has since been abandoned, and the tunnel north of 36th St, opened in 1937, is used only by Amtrak trains to New York Penn Station (all other trains use the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad to reach the Harlem Line). A surviving section of the High Line in the Chelsea section of Manhattan recently opened as a linear park, High Line Park.", "Elevated railway. An elevated railway (also known as an El rail, El train or simply an El for short, and, in Europe, as an overhead railway) is a rapid transit railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other elevated structure (usually constructed of steel, concrete, or brick). The railway may be standard gauge, narrow gauge, light rail, monorail, or a suspension railway. Elevated railways are usually used in urban areas where there would otherwise be a large number of level crossings. Most of the time, the tracks of elevated railways that run on steel viaducts can be seen from street level.", "IRT Third Avenue Line. The Third Avenue El was the last elevated line to operate in Manhattan, other than the 1 train on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (which has elevated sections between 122nd and 135th Streets and north of Dyckman Street), and was a frequent backdrop for movies. Service on the Second, Sixth and Ninth Avenue elevated lines were terminated in 1942, 1938, and 1940, respectively.", "IRT Third Avenue Line. The IRT Third Avenue Line, commonly known as the Third Avenue El and the Bronx El, was an elevated railway in Manhattan and the Bronx, New York City. Originally operated by the New York Elevated Railway, an independent railway company, it was acquired by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and eventually became part of the New York City Subway system.", "New York City Subway stations. • IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue & Lexington Avenue Loops • IRT elevated lines", "Lexington Avenue/59th Street (New York City Subway). 59th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line is an express station. It has two stacked levels, each of which has two tracks and two side platforms. The upper level is used by local trains, and the lower level is used by express trains. The levels are separated by the BMT Broadway Line's platform directly underneath the local platforms and a mezzanine between the BMT platform and the express level. Long escalators connect the local and express platforms directly.", "Hudson Line (Metro-North). Marble Hill, technically in Manhattan despite being on the mainland, offers a transfer to the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway at the 225th Street station. A short curve away brings the trains to Spuyten Duyvil and its stairs to the street. Just past the station, the track rejoins the original Hudson River Railroad, shared with Amtrak, and after one more stop at Riverdale is out of New York City.", "Upper West Side. The Upper West Side experienced a building boom from 1885 to 1910, thanks in large part to the 1904 opening of the city's first subway line, which comprised, in part, what is now a portion of the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line, with subway stations at 59th, 66th, 72nd, 79th, 86th, 91st, 96th, 103rd, 110th, 116th, and 125th Streets. This followed upon the opening of the now demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line – the city's first elevated railway – which opened in the decade following the American Civil War.", "J/Z (New York City Subway service). The Jamaica Line – then known as the Broadway Elevated – was one of the original elevated lines in Brooklyn, completed in 1893 from Cypress Hills west to Broadway Ferry in Williamsburg.[5] It was then a two-track line, with a single local service between the two ends, and a second east of Gates Avenue, where the Lexington Avenue Elevated merged.[6] This second service later became the 12, and was eliminated on October 13, 1950 with the abandonment of the Lexington Avenue el.", "Jerome Avenue. The New York City Subway's Jerome Avenue elevated line, served by the 4 train, runs along most of Jerome Avenue. The now-demolished Ninth Avenue elevated merged with the Jerome Avenue line south of the 167th Street station. The first station along the Jerome Avenue elevated line is the 161st Street–Yankee Stadium station, served by the 4​, B, and ​D trains. All of the Jerome Avenue Line's elevated stations north of 167th Street, with the exception of Bedford Park Boulevard–Lehman College, are located directly above Jerome Avenue. The line and the 4 train have their northern terminus at Woodlawn, at the eastern edge of Van Cortlandt Park.[11]", "IRT Third Avenue Line. In 1875, the Rapid Transit Commission granted the New York Elevated Railway Company the right to construct the railway from Battery Park to the Harlem River along the Bowery and Third Avenue.[8] At that time the company already operated the Ninth Avenue Elevated, which it acquired in 1871 after the bankruptcy of the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway.[9] The Third Avenue El opened in 1878, running from South Ferry to 129th Street.[2][3] The Manhattan Railway Company took control of the New York Elevated Railroad in 1879. In 1886, the Suburban Rapid Transit Company commenced operations with a railway line over the Harlem River (via a double-decked swing bridge located between the Third Avenue Bridge and Willis Avenue Bridge with the upper deck carrying the express tracks, the lower one the local tracks, and a pedestrian walkway) from the Manhattan Railway's northern terminal at 129th Street to 133rd Street in the southern Bronx, known then as the \"Annexed District\".[10][11] The Manhattan Railway assumed operations of the Suburban in 1891 as an extension of the Third Avenue Line, and through service between the Bronx and Manhattan began in 1896.[12] A 999-year lease of the Manhattan Railway was brokered by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1902, for which rapid transit services in the Bronx, of which the Third Avenue Line was a part, would eventually be coordinated alongside the new subway.[13] Around this time, the line was electrified.[3]", "New York City Subway. October 27, 1904\n(Original subway)\nJuly 3, 1868[6]\n(first elevated, rapid transit operation)", "History of the New York City Subway. The beginnings of the actual Subway came from various excursion railroads to Coney Island and elevated railroads in Manhattan and Brooklyn. At that time, New York County (Manhattan Island and part of the Bronx), Kings County (including the Cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg), and Queens County were separate municipal entities. In New York, competing steam-powered elevated railroads were built over major avenues. The first elevated line was constructed in 1867-1870 by Charles Harvey and his West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway company along Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue (although cable cars were the initial mode of transportation on that railway). Later more lines were built on Second, Third and Sixth Avenues. None of these structures remain today, but these lines later shared trackage with subway trains as part of the IRT system.[27]", "Track 61 (New York City). Track 61 is a private railway platform for the Metro-North Railroad in New York City, located beneath the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel and just outside Grand Central Terminal.[1][2] The platform is part of the Grand Central Terminal complex.", "Elevated railway. Chicago \"L\"Green Line train in Downtown Chicago.", "New York City Subway. About 40% of the subway system runs on surface or elevated tracks, including steel or cast iron elevated structures, concrete viaducts, embankments, open cuts and surface routes.[81] All of these construction methods are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossings, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with flying junctions. The sole exceptions of at-grade junctions of two lines in regular service are the 142nd Street junction,[82] the Rogers junction and the Myrtle Avenue junction, whose tracks both intersect at the same level.[83][84]", "History of the New York City Subway. On January 30, 1899, the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad was incorporated; it acquired the property of the bankrupt Brooklyn Elevated Railroad on February 17. The BRT gained control a month later, on March 25,[45] and leased the elevated company to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad, which was until then solely a street railway company, on April 1. The other elevated company in Brooklyn, the Kings County Elevated Railway, was sold under foreclosure to the BRT on July 6, 1899.[46] Initially the surface and elevated railroad lines ran on steam power, but between 1893 and 1900 the lines were converted to run on electricity. An exception was the service on the Brooklyn Bridge. Trains were operated by cables from 1883 to 1896, when they were converted to electric power.[47]", "J/Z (New York City Subway service). The second major service on the Broadway Elevated ran between Canarsie and Williamsburg via the BMT Canarsie Line, started on July 30, 1906, when the Broadway and Canarsie tracks were connected at East New York.[7] As part of the Dual Contracts, an extension from Cypress Hills east to Jamaica was completed on July 3, 1918,[8] a third track was added west of East New York, and express trains began running on it in 1922.[citation needed]", "137th Street–City College (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line). Just south of the station, the tracks emerge from underground onto the Manhattan Valley Viaduct. The line is elevated at 125th Street, and then underground once again at 116th Street–Columbia University, allowing trains to maintain a relatively level grade while passing through highly uneven terrain.", "Elevated railway. A U2 train in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg", "New York-New York Hotel and Casino. The Roller Coaster, formerly \"Manhattan Express\", at New York-New York travels through the property's interior and exterior, and replaced the trains to resemble a traditional Checker Cab; the coaster is 203 ft (62 m) high, has a maximum drop of 144 ft (44 m), and reaches speeds up to 67 mph (108 km/h). The ride has undergone a variety of enhancements including the introduction of a magnetic braking system and new trains.", "IRT Third Avenue Line. In the 1930s and 1940s, as part of the integration of the different subway companies in New York City—the IRT along with Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit (BMT) and Independent Subway System (IND)—the Third Avenue elevated and its counterparts on Second, Sixth, and Ninth Avenues came under criticism from New York mayor Fiorello La Guardia and his successors. The elevateds were regarded as blights on their communities and obsolete, since the subways were being built or were planned to replace them.", "Pennsylvania Station (New York City). Despite its status as the busiest train station for Amtrak, Pennsylvania Station does not have low-level platforms and does not have adequate clearance for its Superliner railcars.", "New York City Subway. Of the system's 25 services, 22 pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, and a few stretches of track run at ground level. In total, 40% of track is above ground, despite the \"subway\" moniker.[23] Many lines and stations have both express and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations.[16]", "New York City. Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension.[494]", "History of the New York City Subway. In Kings County, elevated railroads were also built by several companies, over Lexington, Myrtle, Third and Fifth Avenues, Fulton Street and Broadway. These also later shared trackage with subway trains, and even operated into the subway, as part of the BRT and BMT. Most of these structures have been dismantled, but some remain in original form, mostly rebuilt and upgraded. These lines were linked to Manhattan by various ferries and later the tracks along the Brooklyn Bridge (which originally had their own line, and were later integrated into the BRT/BMT). Also in Kings County, six steam excursion railroads were built to various beaches in the southern part of the county; all but one (the Manhattan Beach Line) eventually fell under BMT control.[28]", "New York City Subway stations. Out of the system's 472 stations, 283 are underground,[f] 149 are elevated, 20 are in open cuts, 7 are at-grade,[g] and 13 are on embankments.[h]", "Grand Central Terminal. To accommodate ever-growing rail traffic into the restricted Midtown area, Wilgus took advantage of the recent electrification technology to propose a novel scheme: a bi-level station below ground. Arriving trains would go underground under Park Avenue, and proceed to an upper-level incoming station if they were mainline trains, or to a lower-level platform if they were suburban trains.[22][23] In addition, turning loops within the station itself obviated complicated switching moves to bring back the trains to the coach yards for servicing. Departing mainline trains reversed into upper-level platforms in the conventional way.[22][23] New track infrastructure allowed maximum train speeds of 52 miles per hour (84 km/h), as well as a massive four-floor, 400-lever signal tower to control the suburban trains.[22][23]", "History of the New York City Subway. About 40% of the subway system runs on surface or elevated tracks, including steel or cast iron elevated structures, concrete viaducts, embankments, open cuts and surface routes.[343] All of these construction methods are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossings, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with flying junctions. The sole exceptions of at-grade junctions of two lines in regular service are the 142nd Street junction[344] and the Myrtle Avenue junction, whose tracks both intersect at the same level.[345][346]", "Elevated railway. Most monorails are elevated railways, such as the Disneyland Monorail System (1959), the Tokyo Monorail (1964), the Sydney Monorail (1988–2013), the KL Monorail, the Las Vegas Monorail, and the São Paulo Monorail. Many maglev railways are also elevated." ]

[ 6.30859375, 4.54296875, 2.677734375, 0.04022216796875, 3.4609375, 4.59375, 1.5380859375, -2.390625, -5.0703125, -0.043365478515625, 3.447265625, 3.248046875, 1.703125, 2.2109375, 2.427734375, -2.666015625, -2.072265625, 2.4765625, 2.333984375, 3.06640625, 1.36328125, -3.107421875, -2.013671875, 2.3203125, -2.650390625, 2.154296875, -4.3515625, 1.623046875, 1.3798828125, -1.544921875, 2.12890625, 0.409423828125 ]

[ "Supreme Court of India. As per the Constitution, as held by the court in the Three Judges Cases – (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President of India on the recommendation of the collegium  — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee.[24] This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed, for the appointments.", "Judiciary of India. As per the government, as held by the court in the Three Judges' Cases – (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court and the High Courts by the President of India from a list of names recommended by the collegium  — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India and the senior-most judges of the Supreme Court, for appointments to the Supreme Court, and they, together with the Chief Justice of a High Court and its senior-most judges, for appointments to that court. This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed, for the appointments.", "Judiciary of India. Judges in a high court are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, Chief Justice of High Court and the governor of the state. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.[citation needed]", "Indian High Courts Act 1861. Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the State. The other judges are appointed by the will of President, Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court.", "Supreme Court of India. In practice, judges of the supreme court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. Barely six – Justices S. M. Sikri, S. Chandra Roy, Kuldip Singh, Santosh Hegde, R. F. Nariman, U. U. Lalit and L. Nageswara Rao have been appointed to the supreme court directly from the bar (i.e. who were practising advocates).[18][19]", "Chief Justice of India. Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice, who, as a result, is appointed like the other judges[7] conventionally, the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge (i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court) for appointment by the President of India, as his successor.[8][9]", "Supreme Court of India. Judges used to be appointed by the President on the advice of the Union Cabinet. After 1993 (the Second Judges' Case), no minister, or even the executive collectively, can suggest any names to the President,[25][26] who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the collegium of the judiciary. Simultaneously, as held in that judgment, the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name. However, according to some,[who?] the executive has not been diligent in using this power to reject the names of bad candidates recommended by the judiciary.[27][28][29]", "List of high courts in India. Judges in a high court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the governor of the state. High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.", "List of High Courts of India. Judges in a High Court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the governor of the state. High Courts are headed by a Chief Justice. The Chief Justices are ranked fourteenth (in their state) and seventeenth (outside their state) in the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.", "High Court of Gujarat. All judges of the high court are appointed by the President of India after consulting the Governor of Gujarat, Chief Justice of India and Chief Justice of Gujarat. They hold constitutional post and there are ample safeguards provided in the constitution to ensure the independence of the judiciary. Any judge can resign by writing to the President of India. Terms of appointment of judges cannot be altered to their disadvantage after their appointment.", "Judiciary of India. Judges used to be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet. After 1993, as held in the Second Judges' Case, the executive was given the power to reject a name recommended by the judiciary. However, according to some, the executive has not been diligent in using this power to reject the names of bad candidates recommended.[12][13][14]", "Gujarat High Court. All judges of the high court are appointed by the President of India after consulting the Governor of Gujarat, Chief Justice of India and Chief Justice of Gujarat. They hold constitutional post and there are ample safeguards provided in the constitution to ensure the independence of thejudiciary. Any judge can resign by writing to the President of India. Terms of appointment of judges cannot be altered to their disadvantage after their appointment.", "Supreme Court of India. is eligible to be recommended for appointment, a judge of the supreme court.[15]", "National Human Rights Commission of India. The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.", "List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India. This is a list of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India, the highest court in the Republic of India. Including the Chief Justice of India, who is considered as the first among the other equal judges is also the administrative head. There are currently 25 sitting judges, against a maximum possible strength of 31. There is only one lady sitting judge. As per the Constitution of India, Supreme Court judges retire at age 65.[1]", "Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by The Queen by the issue of letters patent,[7] on the advice of the Prime Minister, to whom a name is recommended by a special selection commission. The Prime Minister is required by the Constitutional Reform Act to recommend this name to the Queen and not permitted to nominate anyone else.[8]", "District Courts of India. The judges of subordinate courts are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the chief justice of the High Court of the concerned State. A minimum of seven years of practise as a lawyer at bar is a necessary qualification for direct entry level to become a District Judge upon a written examination and oral interview by a committee of High court judges, the appointment of district judges is notified by the state Government. This is referred to as direct recruitment. District judges are also appointed by way of elevation of judges from courts subordinate to district courts provided they fulfill the minimum years of service but unfortunately the entry level district judge exams have caused the judges on the lower rungs of the Judiciary to become lax as their chances of filling up posts for the work they had done may never fructify to promotions because of posts later being filled up by lawyers directly becoming district judges.", "Chief Justice of India. As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law.[5] In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966, the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her (for re-allocation) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges.", "Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Officers and Registrars are appointed by the supreme court with the approval from the Chief Justices of High Courts and the President and may make rules providing for the appointment by for their terms and conditions of employment that is granted by the Constitution.[75]", "Supreme Court of India. Article 125 of the Indian Constitution leaves it to the Indian Parliament to determine the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court judges. However, the Parliament cannot alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge's disadvantage after his/her appointment.[35] A judge of the Supreme Court draws a salary of ₹250,000 (US$3,800) per month, equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary of India, while the Chief Justice earns ₹280,000 (US$4,300) per month.[36]", "Supreme Court of India. Initially the Constitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 7 judges. In the early years, a full bench of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased the number of judges from the original 8 in 1950 to 10 in 1956, 13 in 1960, 17 in 1977, 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 (current strength). As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division bench) [13]— coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise.[14]", "Supreme Court of India. Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 65. However, there have been suggestions from the judges of the Supreme Court of India to provide for a fixed term for the judges including the Chief Justice of India.[34]", "Governor - India. The governor appoints the chief minister of a state. He or she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. Apart from this, State Election Commissioner are also appointed by the Governor (though removed by the President).The president consults the governor in the appointment of judges of the High Courts and the governor appoints the judges of the District Courts. All administrations are carried on his or her name, he or she also has the power to appoint staff for his tenure in class one and class four as per constitution of India.", "Government of India. India's independent union judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries. The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 30 associate justices, all appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. The jury trials were abolished in India in the early 1960s, after the famous case KM Nanavati v State of Maharashtra, for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure, as well as to being misled.", "List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India. Dipak Misra is the current Chief Justice of India, after Jagdish Singh Khehar retired on 27 August 2017.", "Judiciary of India. The Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice and 30 other Judges.", "Supreme Court of India. The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the Secretary-General who is assisted by 8 registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, etc., with 1770 employees in all (221 gazetted officers, 805 non-gazetted and 744 Class IV employees)[9] Article 146 of the Constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court registry.[10][11]", "Governors of states of India. The governor appoints the chief minister of a state. He or she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. Apart from this, State Election Commissioner are also appointed by the Governor (though removed by the President).The president consults the governor in the appointment of judges of the High Courts and the governor appoints the judges of the District Courts. All administrations are carried on his or her name, he or she also has the power to appoint staff for his tenure in class one and class four as per constitution of India.", "High Court of Gujarat. The bench of high court is presided by the Chief Justice. They are appointed by President of India under warrant. However, the president is required to consult the Governor of Gujarat and the Chief Justice of India before making such appointment. The Governor of Gujarat administers the oath of office at the time of appointment.", "Governor (India). The governor appoints the chief minister of a state. He or she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. Apart from this, State Election Commissioner are also appointed by the Governor (though removed by the President). The president consults the governor in the appointment of judges of the High Courts and the governor appoints the judges of the District Courts. All administrations are carried on his or her name, he or she also has the power to appoint staff for his tenure in class one and class four as per constitution of India.", "India and the United Nations. From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc. Now India's supreme courts justice 'Justice: Dalveer Bhandari' was appointed as the judge in international court . Justice Dalveer Bhanndari was studied in jnvu,jodhpur and served as judge in both high court and supreme court in india.", "Gujarat High Court. The bench of high court is presided by Chief Justice. They are appointed by President of India under warrant. However, president is required to consult Governor of Gujarat and Chief Justice of India before making such appointment. Governor of Gujarat administers oath of office at time of appointment." ]

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[ "Final Fantasy XV. Its initial worldwide release, September 30, was announced at the \"Uncovered\" event.[66] Despite this intended date, further polishing work resulted in the date being pushed back to November 29.[86][87] Further fixes were applied to the game through a Day One patch released concurrent with the game.[88] The game was published in multiple editions, called \"Day One\", \"Deluxe\", and \"Ultimate Collector's Edition\".[89] The \"Deluxe\" edition included a Blu-ray edition of Kingsglaive, while the \"Ultimate Collector's Edition\" included both Kingsglaive and a version of Brotherhood with additional footage related to Luna.[67][89][90] In 2018, a version of the game called Royal Edition was released, which contained both all DLC published to that point in addition to further story and gameplay additions alongside technical improvements.[91]", "Final Fantasy XV. A version for Microsoft Windows was released on March 6, 2018. Square Enix developed the port with Nvidia using an upgraded version of the Luminous Studio engine, featuring graphical enhancements and all DLC.[91][92][93] These improvements and additions were also released as part of the console-exclusive Royal Edition.[91] Another version, titled Final Fantasy XV: Pocket Edition, was released in February 2018 for iOS and Android.[94] The game was co-developed by Square Enix, SummerTimeStudio, and XPEC Entertainment.[95][96] Development began in 2015 following the release of Episode Duscae; the game was produced by Kosei Ito, who was producer on Tabata's first major Square Enix title Before Crisis: Final Fantasy VII.[96][97]", "Final Fantasy XV. Final Fantasy XV[a] is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Square Enix; the game is the fifteenth main installment in the company's Final Fantasy series. It released in 2016 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and was later ported for Microsoft Windows in 2018. The game features an open world environment and action-based battle system, incorporating quick-switching weapons, elemental magic, and other features such as vehicle travel and camping. The base campaign was later expanded with downloadable content (DLC), adding further gameplay options such as additional playable characters and multiplayer.", "Monster of the Deep: Final Fantasy XV. The game was first announced during at the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo.[17] While its initial announcement inferred that the entire game of Final Fantasy XV would be made playable on the PlayStation VR, it was later clarified that the playable VR content was limited to the shooting side game.[18] As such, its release date went from alongside the regular version of Final Fantasy XV on September 30, 2016,[19] to \"unlikely to release alongside the game\"[20] to \"sometime after September 30\".[21] to even missing the October launch of PlayStation VR as well.[22] The game was not given a new release date after the main game's delay to November 29, 2016, but is still currently planned to be released as free downloadable content (DLC) for the main game sometime after its initial release.[23] The project was re-revealed under its current title at E3 2017, and is set for release in September 2017. Rather than downloadable content, the game is a standalone project that can be played without needing to own Final Fantasy XV itself.[1] The game will release on November 21, 2017.[24]", "Final Fantasy XV. Final Fantasy XV won numerous awards from various gaming publications, including \"Game of the Year\" from RPG Site and RPGFan,[136][137] and \"Best RPG (People's Choice)\" from IGN,[138] PlayStation Blog awarded Final Fanasy XV awards in the categories of \"Best PS4 Game\", \"Best Use of Pro\", \"Best Soundtrack\", and \"Best Visuals\";[139] and in Game Informer's 2017 RPG of the Year Awards awarded the game for \"Best Post-Launch Support\".[140] At the 2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards the game won Game, Franchise Role Playing and Song, Original or Adapted.[141] It was also nominated for \"Best Original Soundtrack Album\" and for \"Best Original Instrumental\" (\"Valse di Fantastica\") at the 15th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.[142] In 2017, the game was nominated for \"Best Visual Design\" at the Golden Joystick Awards,[143] and for \"Best Role-Playing Game\" at The Game Awards 2017, but lost to Cuphead and Persona 5, respectively.[144] The Comrades DLC was nominated for \"Best Add-on\" at the Gamescom 2017 Awards.[145] The game was also nominated for \"Evolving Game\" at the 14th British Academy Games Awards.[146][147]", "Final Fantasy. Two animated tie-ins for Final Fantasy XV were announced at the Uncovered Final Fantasy XV fan and press event, forming part of a larger multimedia project dubbed the Final Fantasy XV Universe. Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV is a series of five 10-to-20-minute-long episodes developed by A-1 Pictures and Square Enix detailing the backstories of the main cast. Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV, a CGI movie set for release prior to the game in Summer 2016, is set during the game's opening and follows new and secondary characters.[58][59][60][61]", "Final Fantasy XV. Multiple pieces of DLC have been created for the game by a smaller development team from the core Final Fantasy XV staff. The team is supervised by Tabata and headed by new producer Haruyoshi Sawatari.[98][11] Both free and paid DLC were announced, with paid DLC being a necessity due to overall production costs.[99] Among the DLC were additional story elements intended to address player criticisms of the game's narrative structure and missing details.[91][100] The main DLC episodes focusing on filling in narrative gaps related to Noctis's friends—Episode Gladiolus, Episode Prompto and Episode Ignis—were released respectively in March, June and December 2017.[101][102][103] A multiplayer mode called Comrades was released in November 2017, with Final Fantasy XV becoming the first mainline single-player Final Fantasy to include multiplayer content.[104][105] Episode Ignis was intended to be the last story-based DLC, but positive player feedback resulted in Square Enix developing further content focusing on other characters including Ardyn.[106] Other DLC included temporary events including the \"Moogle Chocobo Carnival\" event and a collaboration with Assassin's Creed Origins.[107][108]", "Monster of the Deep: Final Fantasy XV. Monster of the Deep: Final Fantasy XV[a] is a downloadable virtual reality (VR) video game for PlayStation VR developed and published by Square Enix. The game was released on November 21, 2017. It forms part of the multimedia project surrounding the 2016 video game Final Fantasy XV. Players interact with the four main characters of Final Fantasy XV while taking part in fishing around a variety of locations.", "Final Fantasy XV. Also forming part of the project were Platinum Demo: Final Fantasy XV, a game demo detailing an incident in Noctis's childhood which tied into the events of Brotherhood;[64][74] Justice Monsters Five, a mobile game based on a minigame from Final Fantasy XV which was active from August 2016 to March 2017;[66][75][76] A King's Tale: Final Fantasy XV, a promotional beat 'em up featuring Regis as the playable character;[77] Monster of the Deep: Final Fantasy XV, a virtual reality simulation game released in 2017 for PlayStation VR;[78] and Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire, a massively multiplayer online strategy game published by Machine Zone in 2017 and developed by their Epic Action subsidiary.[79][80]", "Final Fantasy XV. The two central parts of the \"Final Fantasy XV Universe\" are the feature film Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV and the original net animation Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV.[64] Brotherhood was produced by anime studio A-1 Pictures under supervision from Square Enix;[67] the narrative focused on the backstories of Noctis and his companions.[68] The series was released online between March and September 2016.[69][70] Kingsglaive, which received a limited theatrical release in 2016, was a collaboration between Visual Works and Western studios including Digic Pictures and Image Engine;[71][72] the story, which mainly focused on original characters, recycled story elements cut from the opening narrative of Final Fantasy XV.[73]", "Final Fantasy XIII. Final Fantasy XIII was released for iOS and Android devices via cloud streaming in Japan on April 10, 2015.", "Final Fantasy. The first installment of the series premiered in Japan on December 18, 1987. Subsequent games are numbered and given a story unrelated to previous games, so the numbers refer to volumes rather than to sequels. Many Final Fantasy games have been localized for markets in North America, Europe, and Australia on numerous video game consoles, personal computers (PC), and mobile phones. Future installments will appear on seventh and eighth generation consoles. As of November 2016, the series includes the main installments from Final Fantasy to Final Fantasy XV, as well as direct sequels and spin-offs, both released and confirmed as being in development. Most of the older games have been remade or re-released on multiple platforms.[1]", "Final Fantasy XV. Initially announced in 2006 alongside XIII and Type-0, the game was publicly rebranded at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo, with regular updates on the title beginning the following year.[55] A demo titled Final Fantasy XV: Episode Duscae was released in March 2015 as a limited addition to Final Fantasy Type-0 HD.[81][82][83] The game's localization was handled by Dan Inoue, who used different accents for characters to denote their origins on different parts of Eos.[84] In addition to English, Japanese and European languages, the game was localized for Latin America with Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese text: this was the first time a Final Fantasy title was localized into these languages.[85]", "Final Fantasy XV. Final Fantasy XV is an open world action role-playing game where players take control of main protagonist Noctis Lucis Caelum during his journey across the world of Eos. While accompanied by his three companions Gladiolus, Ignis and Prompto, Noctis is the only character directly controlled by the player: he can navigate through simple movement, jump over small obstacles, sprint for a limited time, and perform context-based actions such as taking cover behind objects.[1][2] The kingdom of Lucis is a large connected landmass that can be explored on foot, by using the party's car \"Regalia\", or chocobos, recurring galliform birds in the Final Fantasy series.[3][4] Both the Regalia and chosen Chocobos can be customised by the player, and Chocobos can join in battles if their connection to the characters is strong enough. While Chocobos are controlled manually, the Regalia can be either manually or automatically controlled. The party can also fast-travel to areas unlocked on the world map. The Regalia must be refueled periodically at petrol stations.[5][6][7] In towns the party can visit, there are inns and hotels where they can stay, shops where items and equipment can be purchased with the in-game currency gil, and local tipsters, non-playable characters (NPCs) who provide information on quests, from main story missions to side quests. Side quests are also available from individual NPCs found in towns.[1][7] During some story sequences, dialogue choices appear for Noctis, with the selected option altering the response from NPCs.[7] The game also contains two difficulty modes, with players being able to switch between the two.[1]", "Assassin's Creed. In downloadable contents, Ubisoft collaborated with Square Enix to held a limited-time Assassin's Creed-themed festival event crossover into the Final Fantasy XV on consoles under the title Assassin's Festival,[161] starting August 31, 2017 until January 31, 2018. The DLC featuring gameplay elements from the Assassin's Creed game series, new additional quests, mini-games, and exclusive items from Assassin's Creed series.", "Final Fantasy XV. Final Fantasy XV takes place on the Earth-like world of Eos,[15] which is divided between four nations: Lucis, Accordo, Tenebrae and Niflheim. Lucis, occupying a whole landmass, possesses a magical artifact known as the Crystal, gifted to the reigning Caelum dynasty by the world's deities in antiquity and accessed through the hereditary Ring of the Lucii. Accordo, located in the southern part of Eos, is an island nation formed through a union of free trading cities. The western continent is home to the technologically-advanced empire of Niflheim and the nation of Tenebrae, which is ruled by the Oracle—a priestess who can commune with the gods. The Oracle's main task is curing the Starscourge, a plague that absorbs all natural light and allows nocturnal monsters known as Daemons to roam the world.[16][17][18]:318–319", "Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn. Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn (ファイナルファンタジーXIV: 新生エオルゼア, Fainaru Fantajī Fōtīn: Shinsei Eoruzea, lit. Final Fantasy XIV: Reborn Eorzea) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 (until June 16, 2017), PlayStation 4 and macOS. It was developed and published by Square Enix, with Naoki Yoshida as producer and director, and was released worldwide on August 27, 2013. Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn takes place in the fictional land of Eorzea, five years after the events of the original release. At the conclusion of Final Fantasy XIV, the primal dragon Bahamut escapes from its lunar prison to initiate the Seventh Umbral Calamity, an apocalyptic event which destroys much of Eorzea. Through the gods' blessing, the player character escapes the devastation by time traveling five years into the future. As Eorzea recovers and rebuilds, the player must deal with the impending threat of invasion by the Garlean Empire from the north.", "Final Fantasy. In 2009, Final Fantasy XIII was released in Japan, and in North America and Europe the following year, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[25][26] It is the flagship installment of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy series[27] and became the first mainline game to spawn two direct sequels (XIII-2 and Lightning Returns).[28] It was also the first game released in Chinese & High Definition along with being released on two consoles at once. Final Fantasy XIV, a MMORPG, was released worldwide on Microsoft Windows in 2010, but it received heavy criticism when it was launched, prompting Square Enix to rerelease the game as Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, this time to the PlayStation 3 as well, in 2013.[29] Final Fantasy XV is an action role-playing game that was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2016.[30][31] Originally a XIII spin-off titled Versus XIII, XV uses the mythos of the Fabula Nova Crystallis series, although in many other respects the game stands on its own and has since been distanced from the series by its developers.[32][33][34][35][36][37]", "Final Fantasy XV. Within the first twenty-four hours, Square Enix reported that Final Fantasy XV had shipped five million units worldwide in both physical shipments and digital sales—a figure which allowed the game to \"break even\" on development costs.[130] This gave Final Fantasy XV the biggest launch in the franchise to date, the most first day digital sales in Japan for a game up to that point, and set records for physical shipments and downloads in mainland Asia.[131] Commenting on the large numbers, Tabata revealed that the strong sales saved the Final Fantasy franchise as a whole, which had seen declining commercial success in recent years.[132] According to Square Enix, shipments had reached over six million worldwide by January 2017.[133] In May of the same year, Square announced the game and Rise of the Tomb Raider helped to increase sales and profits for the 2016-2017 fiscal year.[134] In a later interview, Enterbrain president Hirokazu Hamamura stated that the game had sold seven million copies worldwide by January 2018, ranking it as a \"huge success\".[135]", "Final Fantasy VII. The International version of Final Fantasy VII was released on PlayStation Network (PSN) as a PSOne Classic in Japan on April 10, 2009. This version was compatible with both PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable with support for PlayStation Vita and PlayStation TV coming later.[91] Final Fantasy VII was later released as a PSOne Classic in North America, Europe and Australia on June 2.[98] The PC version was updated by DotEmu for use on modern operating systems and released via Square Enix's North American and European online stores on August 14, 2012.[99][100] It included high resolution support, cloud saves, achievements and a character booster. It would later be released via Steam on July 4, 2013,[101][102] replacing the version available on Square Enix's North American and European online stores.[103][104] The PC version would be released in Japan for the first time on May 16, 2013, exclusively via Square Enix's Japanese online store with the International version title. It has features unavailable in the western version including high speed mode, no random encounters mode and a max stats command.[105] A release for iOS, based on the PC version and adjusted for mobile devices by D4 Enterprise, was released on August 19, 2015, with an auto-save feature.[106] After being announced at PlayStation Experience 2014, the PC version was released for PlayStation 4 on December 5, 2015. DotEmu developed the PS4 version.[107][108][109][110] A version for Android was released on July 7, 2016.[111] A version for the Nintendo Switch and Xbox One will be released worldwide in 2019.[112]", "Final Fantasy XV. The game's development began in 2006 as a PlayStation 3 spin-off titled Final Fantasy Versus XIII.[b] Tetsuya Nomura served as the original director and character designer. After a development period of six years, it was changed to the next mainline title in the series in 2012; Nomura was replaced as director by Hajime Tabata, and the game shifted to eighth generation platforms. To supplement the game, Square Enix created a multimedia project called the \"Final Fantasy XV Universe\", which includes an anime series, a feature film and DLC episodes. The game was positively received by critics, with praise given for its gameplay and visuals, while reception towards its story and presentation was mixed. By January 2018, the game had sold over seven million copies worldwide.", "Final Fantasy XIII. Final Fantasy XIII (ファイナルファンタジーXIII, Fainaru Fantajī Sātīn) is a science fiction role-playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles and later for the Microsoft Windows operating system. Released in Japan in December 2009 and worldwide in March 2010, it is the thirteenth title in the mainline Final Fantasy series. The game includes fast-paced combat, a new system for the series for determining which abilities are developed for the characters called \"Crystarium\", and a customizable \"Paradigm\" system to control which abilities are used by the characters. Final Fantasy XIII includes elements from the previous games in the series, such as summoned monsters, chocobos, and airships.", "Final Fantasy XV. Final Fantasy XV takes place on the fictional world of Eos; aside from the kingdom of Lucis, all the world is dominated by the empire of Niflheim, who seek control of the magical Crystal protected by Lucis's royal family. On the eve of peace negotiations, Niflheim attacks the capital of Lucis and steals the Crystal. Noctis Lucis Caelum, heir to the Lucian throne, goes on a quest to rescue the Crystal and defeat Niflheim. He later learns his full role as the \"True King\", destined to use the Crystal's powers to save Eos from plunging into eternal darkness. The game shares a thematic connection with Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy, a subseries of games linked by a common mythos which includes Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Type-0.", "Final Fantasy VII. Final Fantasy VII was announced in February 1996.[78] Square president and chief executive officer Tomoyuki Takechi was fairly confident about Japanese players making the game a commercial success despite it being on a new platform.[37] A playable demo was included on a disc giveaway at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show, dubbed Square's Preview Extra: Final Fantasy VII & Siggraph '95 Works. The disc also included the early test footage Square created using characters from Final Fantasy VI.[37][79] The initial release date was at some point in 1996, but to properly realize their vision, Square postponed the release date almost a full year.[54] Final Fantasy VII was released on January 31, 1997.[80] It was published in Japan by Square.[81] A re-release of the game based on its Western version, titled Final Fantasy VII International, was released on October 2, 1997.[82] This improved International version would kickstart the trend for Square to create an updated version for Japanese release, based on the enhanced Western versions.[83] The International version was re-released as a physical disc as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package on December 18, 2012.[84]", "Final Fantasy XV. Development began in 2006 as a spin-off title for the PlayStation 3 called Final Fantasy Versus XIII. It was announced as part of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy, a subseries of games linked by a common mythos, and ran in Square Enix's proprietary Crystal Tools engine. Developed by the team behind the Kingdom Hearts series, it was intended to be a darker entry in the Final Fantasy series than allowed in the main series.[51][52][53] Nomura was the original director, designer, and created the initial concept and scenario.[45][47] The project suffered from a prolonged and troubled development, only making fragmentary appearances over the following six years.[54][55] As early as 2007, the project's scale prompted talks of rebranding it as the next mainline entry. With the internal unveiling of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, it was decided to change it into a mainline entry, with a proposed PS3 version being scrapped due to technical troubles. The game's engine also changed, shifting to the company's new proprietary game engine Luminous Studio.[2][56][57] At the time of its rebranding and shift to next-generation consoles in 2012, Versus XIII was described as being on 20-25% complete, with Tabata saying it never took shape.[58][59]", "Final Fantasy (video game). Square Enix released the original NES version of the game on the Wii's Virtual Console service in Japan on May 26, 2009,[40] in North America on October 5, 2009[41] and in the PAL region as an import on May 7, 2010.[42]", "Final Fantasy XV. Final Fantasy XV has received \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics for all versions, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[109][110][111] Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu gave both versions of the game a score of 38 points out of 40.[114] Various game designers stated Final Fantasy XV was their favorite game of 2016, including Final Fantasy series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi, Atlus' Shigeo Komori, Koei Tecmo's Takashi Morinaka, and Sony Interactive Entertainment's Teruyuki Toriyama and Shuhei Yoshida.[123]", "Final Fantasy (video game). On November 11, 2016, the game (alongside 29 other games) was included in the NES Classic Edition / Nintendo Classic Mini: Nintendo Entertainment System released by Nintendo.[47]", "Final Fantasy XIII. The game was released in Japan on December 17, 2009, and in North America, Europe and Australia on March 9, 2010. Alongside the release of the game in Japan, Japanese alcoholic beverage distributor Suntory released the \"Final Fantasy XIII Elixir\" to promote the game.[89] On the same day, a Final Fantasy XIII PlayStation Home personal space was made available for free in Japan until January 13, 2010, along with a costume and personal space furnishings;[90] they were released to the Asian, European, and North American versions of PlayStation Home on March 11, 2010.[91] On December 18, 2012, the game was re-released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package.[92] It was re-released again on November 21, 2013, as part of the Lightning Ultimate box, a Japan exclusive edition which includes Final Fantasy XIII and its two sequels.[93]", "Final Fantasy XV. Due to the scale of the game's narrative and Tabata's wish to release a single game rather than a series of games similar to Final Fantasy XIII, aspects of the planned narrative were refashioned into supplementary media projects.[64] Known as the \"Final Fantasy XV Universe\", the projects were split into two parts; media designed to reach a wider audience than the game might manage alone, and additional game-related content such as ports to other hardware and DLC.[65] The project was first revealed at a March 2016 press event called \"Uncovered: Final Fantasy XV\".[66] Tabata later stated that those who just played the game would miss context for story events shown in other related media.[65]", "The 10th Kingdom. On November 3, 2015, Mill Creek released the 15th Anniversary Special Edition Blu-ray, marking its first-ever high-definition release.[10]", "Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn. The game released to largely positive reception; reviewers praised the game for its solid mechanics and progression, and commended Yoshida for turning the project around. The first major content patch—\"A Realm Awoken\"—was released on December 17, 2013, and introduced player housing, player versus player arena battles, new quests, and the first 24-player raid, Crystal Tower. Subsequent content patches have been released every three months. After a poor fiscal year 2013, Square Enix executives attributed the company's return to profitability in part to the game's strong sales and subscriber base, reaching a cumulative total of 6 million players as of July 2016. The first expansion pack, titled Heavensward, was released on June 23, 2015. The game's second expansion, titled Stormblood was released on June 20, 2017 and marked the end of service for the PlayStation 3 version of the game.[1][2]" ]

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[ "Moana (2016 film). After directing The Princess and the Frog (2009), Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort,[6] but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project. To avoid a recurrence of that issue, they pitched three original ideas.[7] The genesis of one of those ideas (the one that was ultimately green-lighted) occurred in 2011, when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology, and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui. Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia, he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film. Shortly thereafter, Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter, who recommended that both of them should go on research trips.[8][9] Accordingly, in 2012, Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji, Samoa, and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture.[10] At first, they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui, but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief.[11] They were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long-distance voyages about three thousand years ago, then resumed voyaging again a thousand years later, and no one really knows why. They set the film at the end of that era, about two thousand years ago, on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean, which drew inspiration from elements of the real-life island nations of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga.[12]", "Moana (2016 film). The film tells the story of Moana, the strong-willed daughter of a chief of a Polynesian village, who is chosen by the ocean itself to reunite a mystical relic with a goddess. When a blight strikes her island, Moana sets sail in search of", "Moana (2016 film). Over the five years it took to develop and produce the film, Clements and Musker recruited experts from across the South Pacific to form an Oceanic Story Trust, who consulted on the film's cultural accuracy and sensitivity as the story evolved through nine versions.[13] The Trust responded negatively, for example, to a depiction of Maui as bald, and to a proposed scene in which Moana threw a tantrum by throwing coconuts. In response, Maui was reworked with long hair and the coconut scene was scrapped.[11]", "Moana (2016 film). On the Polynesian island of Motunui, the inhabitants worship the goddess Te Fiti, who brought life to the ocean, using a pounamu stone as her heart and the source of her power. Maui, the shapeshifting demigod and master of sailing, steals the heart to give humanity the power of creation. However, Te Fiti disintegrates, and Maui is attacked by Te Kā, a volcanic demon, losing both his magical giant fishhook and the heart to the depths.", "Moana (2016 film). Colin Philp, an educator on Polynesian history, noted that the sailing canoe used by the film's protagonists is believed to be a Fijian camakau, and that the film's concept artists based it on one of the canoes they saw when they visited the Korova settlement in Laucala. Philp said that using that design without permission of the Korova community, could be viewed as a violation of the intellectual property rights of their elders.[98]", "Moana (2016 film). Te Kā was referred to in early drafts of the film as Te Pō,[14] a reference to the Māori goddess Hine-nui-te-pō, who was originally the life-giving goddess Hine-tītama, but became the goddess of death upon discovering that her husband the god Tāne was also her father.[15] Māui set out to defeat her in order to bring immortality to humans, but failed and was himself killed.[16]", "Moana (2016 film). Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay.[18] The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with \"five or six brothers\",[19] in which gender played into the story. However, the brothers and gender-based theme were deleted from the story, as the directors thought Moana's journey should be about finding herself.[9] A subsequent draft presented Moana's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation, but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana.[9] Instead, Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film,[20] who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions.[19] Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father, who had been lost at sea.[21] The film's story changed drastically during the development phase (which happens with most Disney films), and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father's backstory.[21] Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film. They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui, the prologue, the Cave of the Wayfinders, the Kakamora, and the collector crab Tamatoa (played by Jemaine Clement).[22] Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay.", "Taika Waititi. Waititi wrote the initial screenplay for the 2016 Disney film Moana,[22] which focused on gender and family. Those elements were passed over in favour of what would become the finalized story.", "Moana (2016 film). Moana sets sail on one of the hidden camakau, accidentally accompanied by her dim-witted rooster Heihei. Moana is caught in a typhoon and shipwrecked on an island where she finds the stranded Maui, who traps her and steals the camakau, but Moana catches up to him with help from the ocean. She demands that Maui return the heart but he refuses. Maui is accompanied by a sentient \"Mini-Maui\" tattoo, acting as his conscience.", "Moana (2016 film). Moana is Clements and Musker's first fully computer-animated film.[10][26] One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment, including the ocean, benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation.[27] The filmmakers have also suggested that three-dimensional computer animation is well-suited to the \"beautiful sculpturing\" of the faces of the people of the South Pacific.[28] Eric Goldberg worked on the hand-drawn animation used to depict Maui's sentient tattoos.[29][30] During early development, the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand-drawn traditional animation, but only a few early animation tests were made in that style. In the final cut, only Maui's tattoos are hand-drawn.[31]", "Moana (2016 film). Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that \"Moana is beautiful in more ways than I can tell, thanks to the brilliance of more animators than I could count.\"[93] Animator Eric Goldberg received praise from critics and audiences for his hand-drawn animation of Maui's tattoos, which they claimed \"stole the show\" from the actual CGI-animated motion picture.[94][95][96] Wai Chee Dimock, writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books, compared the ocean in Moana to the one in \"The Water Baby,\" a short story by Jack London, saying that both are animated: one, by the tension between digital and analog animation, and the other, by the tension between an encroaching future and a past in retreat still capable of pushing back.[97]", "Moana (2016 film). A millennium later, Moana, daughter of Motunui's chief Tui, is chosen by the ocean to return the heart to Te Fiti. However, Tui arrives and takes Moana away, causing her to lose the heart. Tui and Moana's mother Sina try to keep her away from the ocean to prepare for her ascension as the island's chief. Years later, after Moana has grown older, a blight strikes the island, rotting the coconuts and dwindling the number of fish caught. Moana suggests going beyond the island's reef to find more fish, but Tui forbids it. Sina explains to Moana that Tui and his best friend tried going beyond the reef, but the latter perished. Moana and her pet pig Pua try conquering the reef but are overpowered by the ocean's tides and end up shipwrecked back on Motunui.", "Moana (2016 film). Moana (/moʊˈɑːnə/) is a 2016 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 56th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, co-directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film introduces Auli'i Cravalho as Moana and features the voices of Dwayne Johnson, Rachel House, Temuera Morrison, Jemaine Clement, Nicole Scherzinger, and Alan Tudyk. The film features music written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Opetaia Foa'i, and Mark Mancina.", "Moana (2016 film). Moana's grandmother Tala shows her a secret cave, where a number of ships are hidden, revealing to Moana that their people used to be voyagers. Tala explains they stopped when Maui stole Te Fiti'", "Moana (2016 film). In many European countries, the name of the titular character, Moana, was changed to Vaiana due to a trademark conflict. The film was released in those countries to bear the alternative name in the title.[42] In Italy, Vaiana's film was released with the title Oceania.[43]", "Moana (2016 film). Like most Disney and Pixar animated films, several major story problems were identified in 2015 only after the film had already transitioned from development into production, but computer-generated films tend to have much shorter production schedules and much larger animation teams (in this case, about 90 animators) than traditionally animated films.[21] Since Clements and Musker were already working 12-hour days (and Saturdays) directing such a large team of animators, Don Hall and Chris Williams (who had just finished directing Big Hero 6) came on board as co-directors to help fix the film's story issues.[21] The scene in which Maui and Moana encounter the Kakamora is an intentional homage to Mad Max: Fury Road.[21]", "Moana (2016 film). Brigham Young University–Hawaii sociocultural anthropologist Tēvita 'Ō. Ka'ili stated that \"despite its important girl-power message, the film had a major flaw. It lacked symmetry by its omission of a heroic goddess. Disney resorted to reducing the mighty god Maui to a one-dimensional, selfish, borderline abusive, buffoon to foreground the strength of the movie's protagonist Moana.\" He went on to explain that, \"the omission of a goddess-heroine is significant because Polynesia is a culture with a vast pantheon of powerful heroic goddesses. Hina, a companion goddess to the god Maui, was nowhere to be found in Disney's imagineering of Moana.\"[99]", "Moana (soundtrack). For the soundtrack, Disney wanted to combine traditional South Pacific culture with pop and Broadway sensibilities, which led to the hiring of Broadway playwright, songwriter and composer Lin-Manuel Miranda, composer Mark Mancina and Tokelauan singer-songwriter Opetaia Foa'i. The first song they completed was \"We Know the Way\", which Foa'i began after his first meeting with Disney in December 2013. The trio worked together in New Zealand and in Los Angeles.[5][6] At the same time, Miranda was also developing and starring in the Broadway musical Hamilton, which meant he was able to recruit Hamilton stars Phillipa Soo, Christopher Jackson, and Renée Elise Goldsberry as well as In The Heights star Marcy Harriell to help him record demos of his songs.[7]", "Pan's Labyrinth. In a fairy tale, Princess Moanna, whose father is the king of the underworld, visits the human world, where the sunlight blinds her and erases her memory. She becomes mortal and dies. The king believes that eventually, her spirit will return to the underworld, so he builds labyrinths (which act as portals) around the world in preparation for her return.", "Moana (2016 film). They are attacked by Kakamora—coconut-armored pirates—who seek to steal the heart, but Moana and Maui outwit them. Moana realises Maui is no longer a hero, and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart. Maui first needs to obtain his fishhook, which is located in Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters, and is in the possession of Tamatoa, a giant, greedy coconut crab. Moana enters Tamatoa's lair, using herself as live bait to distract him and allowing Maui to climb atop the crab and retrieve his fish hook. However, Maui discovers he cannot control his shapeshifting and loses self-confidence, revealing that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him. After reassurance from Moana, Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers.", "Walt Disney Animation Studios. Moana, a CGI fantasy-adventure film, was released in November 2016.[254] The film was shown in theaters with the animated short Inner Workings.[255] Moana was another commercial and critical success for the studio, grossing over $600 million worldwide and receiving two Academy Award nominations.[256][257]", "Moana (2016 film). Merchandise produced alongside the film has also been criticized. A Maui \"skin suit\" costume made to tie in with the film was pulled by Disney from its online store following complaints about it being culturally insensitive[100] and for appearing to promote brownface.[101]", "Moana (2016 film). The two arrive at Te Fiti's island, only to be attacked by Te Kā, who damages Maui's fishhook. Fearful he will lose his power, Maui abandons Moana, who tearfully asks the ocean to find someone else to restore the heart. The ocean obliges and takes the heart from Moana. Tala's spirit appears, inspiring Moana to find her true calling. Moana decides to fulfill her destiny, retrieves the heart, and sails back to confront Te Kā. Maui returns, convinced by his tattoo to change his mind, but his fishhook is destroyed by Te Kā. Moana discovers Te Fiti is missing, but realises Te Kā is Te Fiti without her heart. Moana restores Te Fiti's heart, transforming her back to normal; Te Fiti then heals the ocean and islands of Te Kā's poison. Maui apologizes to Te Fiti, who forgivingly restores his fishhook and goes into a deep sleep. Moana bids farewell to Maui, returning home where she reunites with her parents and takes up the role of chief, setting sail on a voyage, accompanied from afar by Maui (in a form of a giant hawk) and Tala (in the form of a manta ray).", "Moana (2016 film). The majority of the film's cast members are of Polynesian descent: Auli'i Cravalho (Moana) and Nicole Scherzinger (Sina, Moana's mother) were born in Hawaii and are of Native Hawaiian heritage; Dwayne Johnson (Maui), Oscar Kightley (Fisherman), and Troy Polamalu (Villager No. 1) are of Samoan heritage; and New Zealand–born Rachel House (Tala, Moana's grandmother), Temuera Morrison (Tui, Moana's father), and Jemaine Clement (Tamatoa) are of Māori heritage.", "Moana (soundtrack). Moana: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 2016 Disney animated film Moana. The soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 19, 2016. It features songs written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Mark Mancina and Opetaia Foa'i, with lyrics in English, Samoan, Tokelauan, and Tuvalu. The two-disc deluxe edition includes the score, which was composed by Mancina, as well as demos, outtakes and instrumental karaoke tracks.", "Moana (2016 film). On October 25, 2016, at a press conference in Papeete, it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language.[44] This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film: the first case was The Lion King (1994), for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu-dubbed version;[45] and the second case was Mulan (1998), which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China, separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan.[46] In June 2017, a Māori-language dubbing of the movie was announced.[47] Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison and Oscar Kightley will reprise their respective roles in this version, which will be directed by Rachel House herself.[48][49]", "Moana (2016 film). After the filmmakers sat through auditions of hundreds of candidates from across the Pacific,[10] 14-year-old high school freshman Auli'i Cravalho was cast as the lead character Moana.[23][24] At that point in time, the design of Moana's face and personality was already complete, and Cravalho's obvious physical resemblance to her character was simply a coincidence.[25] During animation production, Disney animators were able to integrate some of Cravalho's mannerisms into Moana's behavior as depicted onscreen.[25]", "The Sun (New York City). In 1926, The Sun published a review by John Grierson of Robert Flaherty's film Moana, in which Grierson said the film had \"documentary value.\" This is considered the origin of the term \"documentary film\"[8]", "Moana (2016 film). Moana was released theatrically in the United States on November 23, 2016 to generally positive reviews from critics, with particular praise going towards its animation, music, and vocal performances. The film went on to gross over $643 million worldwide. Along with Zootopia, it marked the first time since 2002 that Walt Disney Animation Studios released two feature films in the same year. It received two Academy Award nominations at the 89th Academy Awards: one for Best Animated Feature and another for Best Original Song (\"How Far I'll Go\").[5]", "Moana (2016 film). The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 18, 2016. The songs were written by Opetaia Foa'i, Mark Mancina, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, while the score was written by Mancina.[33][34] The lyrics are in English, Samoan and the Tokelauan language.[35] The soundtrack peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.[36]", "Moana (2016 film). During the 2015 D23 Expo's panel for Disney's slate of upcoming animated films, Moana's last name was given as \"Waialiki\", but that name was not retained in the final film.[17]", "Ralph Breaks the Internet. The scene where Vanellope is introduced to the Disney Princess came from screenwriter Pamela Ribon. In 2014, Ribon was still working on Moana when Disney began internally pitching ideas for the sequel to Wreck-It Ralph, Ribon recognized that like the title character of Moana, Vanellope fit the definition of a Disney Princess. When work formally began on the sequel after the completion of Zootopia, Ribon pitched the idea of Disney poking fun at itself by having Vanellope meet the other Disney Princesses in the green room of OhMyDisney.com, the Disney fan-driven website.[49] Further inspiration came from a Buzzfeed online quiz that asked which Disney Princess the user was; Moore thought it would be interesting if Ralph had encountered that quiz and ended up in an argument with Vanellope over the result.[7] Ribon's initial script for the scene, playing off the various tropes of the Princesses such as several being kidnapped or enslaved, remains mostly intact through production. Animators had to work out various techniques to take the different styles of animation into a single approach, and figure out the proportions of the characters to themselves using official figurines.[50]" ]

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[ "Allen (surname). Allen is a Celtic surname, originating in Scotland, and common in Ireland, Wales and England. It is a variation of the surname MacAllen and may be derived from two separate sources: Ailin, in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, means both \"little rock\" and \"harmony\", or it may also be derived from the Celtic Aluinn, which means \"handsome\". Variant spellings include Alan, Allan, etc. The noble family of this surname, from which a branch went to Portugal, is descended of one Alanus de Buckenhall.", "Allen (surname). In Ireland, Allen is the Anglicization of the Gaelic name Ó h-Ailín.[1] Allen is the 41st most common surname in England.[2]", "Alan (given name). There are numerous variations of the name in English. The variants Allan and Allen are generally considered to be derived from the surnames Allan and Allen.[2] The form Allan is used mainly in Scotland and North America.[24] In England, the given names Allan and Allen are considerably less popular than Alan. However, in America all three are generally about the same in popularity.[2]", "Alan (given name). Alan is a masculine given name in the English language. There are numerous differing etymologies attributed to the name. The name was first introduced into England by Bretons who took part in the Norman Invasion in the 11th century. Today there are numerous variations of Alan, a short form, and there are also numerous feminine forms of the name as well. Alan has many forms in other languages. Alan is also an Old Breton personal name (from which the modern English Alan is ultimately derived), as well as being a Norman French name.", "Alan (given name). Alan is a masculine given name in the English language.[2] The name is believed by scholars to have been brought to England by people from Brittany, in the 11th century; later the name spread north into Scotland and west into Ireland.[3] In Ireland and Scotland there are Gaelic forms of the name which may, or may not, be etymologically related to the name introduced by the Bretons.", "Hex key. The Allen name is a registered trademark, originated by the Allen Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut circa 1910, and currently owned by Apex Tool Group, LLC. Its genericised use is discouraged by this company. The standard generic name used in catalogues and published books and journals is \"hex key\".", "Alan (given name). Today the use of the given name (and its variants) is due to its popularity among the Bretons who imported the name to England, to Cornwall, and later to Ireland.[2][15] The Bretons formed a significant part of William, Duke of Normandy's army at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Later many Bretons were granted lands throughout William's freshly conquered kingdom. The most notable Breton Alan, Earl of Richmond, a cadet of the ducal house of Brittany, who was awarded with a large swath of lands in England - specifically lands in what is today Lincolnshire and East Anglia. The Breton character in many English counties can be traced through Breton personal names still in use in the 12th centuries. The name ranked 8th in popular in Lincolnshire, in the 12th century, where it was about even with Simon, and more numerous than Henry.[31] Early occurrences of the name in British records include: Alanus in 1066 (in the Domesday Book); and Alain in 1183.[31] The name became popular in Scotland in part through the Stewarts.[18] This family descends from Alan fitz Flaad, an Anglo-Breton knight, who possessed lands in what is modern day Shropshire, England.", "Alan (given name). The Breton name Alan can not be a direct loan from the ethnic name of the Alans (rendered as Alānī or Halānī in Latin, from Scytho-Sarmatian *Al[l]ān-, derived from Old Iranian *aryāna, \"noble people\")[12] because the long vowel in the second syllable would produce Old Breton -o-, Middle Breton -eu- and Modern Breton -e- and not the attested spelling with an -a-.[13][14]", "Alan (given name). In Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland, Alan may also be an Anglicization of an Irish word (with diminutive suffix) meaning \"rock\".[2] For example, the modern Irish ailín means \"little rock\".[15] Similarly, according to Patrick Woulfe, the Irish name Ailín is derived from diminutive ail, which means \"noble\", \"rock\". Woulfe stated that this name is a pet form of some other name beginning with the first element Ail-.[16][17] Forms of the Gaelic name appear in early records British records; the Latin form Ailenus was recorded by Adomnán (died 704).[3][18][note 1] Another similar-looking word in Irish is álainn and Scottish Gaelic àlainn, which means \"beautiful\".[21][22][23]", "Hex key. Explained by the geographical and commercial history of the drive type's development, the term \"hex key“ is best known as Allen in the USA (The “Allen” name is a registered trademark, originated by the Allen Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut circa 1910, and currently owned by Apex Tool Group, LLC), Inbus in Germany (The term “INBUS” is a registered trademark, originated by the German company Bauer & Schaurte in 1934 and currently owned by INBUS IP GmbH, Breckerfeld, Germany) and Unbrako key or wrench in Scandinavia. The synonym zeta key or wrench refers to the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. The term hex-head is sometimes used to refer to this type of drive, but this use is not consistent with its more conventional use referring to external-wrenching hexagons.", "Alan (given name). Alun is an old masculine given name in the Welsh language; although it is not directly related to Alan (it is derived from Proto-Celtic *alouno- meaning either \"nourishing\" or \"wandering\"[25][26]), today it is generally used as a variant form of the English name. An earlier bearer of this name is Alun of Dyfed, a character in the Mabinogion. The name became popular in modern times when it was adopted as a bardic name by John Blackwell, a 19th-century Welsh poet.[27]", "Woody Allen. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg[2] in Brooklyn, New York. He and his sister, Letty (b. 1943), were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn.[11] He is the son of Nettie (née Cherry; November 8, 1906 – January 27, 2002), a bookkeeper at her family's delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg (December 25, 1900 – January 8, 2001),[12] a jewelry engraver and waiter.[13] His family was Jewish, and his grandparents immigrated to the US from Russia and Austria and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German.[14][15] Both of Allen's parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.[14]", "Alan (given name). The short form of Alan is Al.[2] /æl/[28]", "Irish name. A male's surname generally takes the form Ó/Ua (meaning \"descendant\") or Mac (\"son\") followed by the genitive case of a name, as in Ó Dónaill (\"descendant of Dónall\") or Mac Lochlainn (\"son of Lochlann\").", "Alan (given name). Another explanation of the name is that the modern English Alan, and French Alain, are derived from the name of the Alans.[9] The Alans were an Iranian people who lived north of the Caucasus Mountains in what is today Russia,[10] and who were known to Classical writers in the 1st century CE.[9] According to historian Bernard Bachrach, the Alans settled in parts of what is today France, including Brittany, in the Early Middle Ages. Bachrach stated that the use of forms of the name in given names, surnames, and place names, are evidence of the continued influence of the Alans on the Gaulish, Breton and Frankish peoples.[11]", "Alan (given name). This name is a short form of numerous other etymologically unrelated names that begin with this syllable.[2] Note also the Cornish hypocoristic form Talan.", "Woody Allen. Heywood \"Woody\" Allen[1] (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1, 1935)[2] is an American filmmaker, writer, actor, comedian, and musician whose career spans more than six decades.", "Surname. The Icelandic system, formerly used in much of Scandinavia, does not use family names. A person's last name indicates the first name of his or her father (patronymic) or in some cases mother (matronymic). Many common family names in other Scandinavian countries are a result of this naming practice, such as Hansen (son of Hans), Johansen (son of Johan) and Olsen (son of Ole/Ola), the three most common surnames in Norway.[32] This also occurs in other cultures: Spanish and Portuguese (López or Lopes, son of Lope; Álvarez or Álvares, son of Álvaro; Domínguez or Domingues, son of Domingo or Domingos; etc.); in English (Johnson, son of John; Richardson, son of Richard), etc.", "Allene. An allene is a compound in which one carbon atom has double bonds with each of its two adjacent carbon centres. Allenes are classified as polyenes with cumulated dienes. The parent compound of allene is propadiene. Compounds with an allene-type structure but with more than three carbon atoms are called cumulenes. Allenes are much more reactive than most other alkenes. For example, their reactivity with gaseous chlorine is more like the reactivity of alkynes than that of alkenes.", "Surname. Baran of Mem of Alan", "Alan (given name). The name was brought to England by Bretons who took part in the Norman Invasion in the mid-11th century. Forms of the name were in use much earlier in what is today Brittany, France. An early figure who bore the name was St Alan, a 5th-century bishop of Quimper. This saint became a cult figure in the Brittany during the Middle Ages. Another early bearer of the name was St Alan, a 6th-century Cornish saint, who has a church dedicated to his memory in Cornwall (for example see St Allen, a civil parish in Cornwall named after this saint).[15]", "Macon Bolling Allen. 1844 Changes his name to Macon Bolling Allen", "Alan (given name). In Breton, alan is a colloquial term for a fox and may originally have meant \"deer\", making it cognate with Old Welsh alan (cf. Canu Aneirin, B2.28, line 1125: \"gnaut i-lluru alan buan bithei\", \"it was usual for him to be fleet like a deer\"[4]), Modern Welsh elain (plural alanedd) \"young deer\" (and the plant name alan \"coltsfoot, elecampane\"), coming from a Brittonic root *alan- or *elan (also attested in Celtiberian in personal names such as Elanus, Elaesus, and Ela[5]), ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *(H1)el-Hn- \"deer, hind\" (perhaps denoting an animal - generally cervids - with red or brown fur).[6][7][8]", "Cain and Abel. According to the narrative in Genesis, Abel (Hebrew: הֶבֶל‬, Hevel; Arabic: هابيل‎, Hābīl) is Eve's second son. His name in Hebrew is composed of the same three consonants as a root meaning \"breath\". Julius Wellhausen, and many scholars following him, have proposed that the name is independent of the root.[53] Eberhard Schrader had previously put forward the Akkadian (Old Assyrian dialect) ablu (\"son\") as a more likely etymology.[54]", "Surname. Baran of House of Alan", "Alan (given name). There are numerous feminine forms of Alan. The form Alana is a Latinate feminisation of the name. Variant of Alana include: Alanah, Alanna, Alannah, and Allana.[2] Another feminine form is Alaina, derived from the French Alain; a variant of this feminine name is Alayna.[2] A variant form of Alaina is Alaine, although it can also be a variant form of the etymologically unrelated Elaine.[2]", "Roy. Roy is an English, Scottish Gaelic, and French name of Norman origin. This family name originated from the Normans, the descendants of Norse Vikings from Denmark, Norway and Iceland who later migrated to Normandy.[1][2] The derivation is from the word rey or roi, meaning \"king\". The Normans brought this surname to England, which in medieval times was used as a nickname either for one who behaved in a regal fashion, or who had earned the title in some contest of skill.[3] It also appears in Scottish Gaelic, from the word ruadh, meaning \"red\".", "Alfie Allen. Allen was born in Hammersmith, London, the son of film producer Alison Owen and Welsh-born actor Keith Allen. His older sister is singer Lily Allen;[3] her song \"Alfie\" is about him.[4][5][6] He went to Windlesham House School in Sussex, Embley Park School near Romsey, St John's College in Portsmouth and the Fine Arts College in Hampstead, where he studied for his A-levels. He is also a third cousin of British singer Sam Smith.[7]", "Allen's test. In medicine, Allen's test or the Allen test is a medical sign used in physical examination of arterial blood flow to the hands. It was named for Edgar Van Nuys Allen, who described the original version of the test in 1929.[1] An altered test, first suggested by Irving S Wright in 1952, has almost universally replaced the original method in contemporary medical practice. The alternative method is often referred to as the modified Allen's test or modified Allen test.[2]", "Indian family names. Usually, Tamil Names follow this pattern: Initial (Village name), Initial (Father's name), Given Name, Caste name (Example: E.V. Ramasamy Naicker, where E stands for Erode, and V stands for the father's name).There is a widespread usage of a patronym (use of the father's given name as the second name). This means that the given name of one generation becomes the second name of the next. In many cases, the father's name appear as an initial and thus the given name may be presented as a second name. When written in full (for example, on a passport[8]), the initial is expanded as last name. For example, a name like \"R. Ramesh\" or \"Ramesh R.\", will be written in full as \"Ramesh Ramaiah\", and refers to \"Ramesh son of Ramaiah\". If Ramesh then has a son named Ashvin, then his name would be \"R. Ashwin\" or \"Ashwin Ramesh\". There is also a general custom for Tamil women to adopt their husband's given name as their second name. Sunitha Saravanan (Sunitha daughter of Saravanan) might change her name to Sunitha Ram Kumar (Sunitha wife of Ram Kumar) after marriage. However, these customs vary from family to family and are normally never carried on over successive generations.", "Elf (Middle-earth). A patronymic surname is also used – the father's name with the suffix \"-ion\" (meaning \"son\") or \"-iel\" (meaning \"daughter\") added. Thus, Gildor Inglorion is \"Gildor, son of Inglor\".", "Keith Allen (actor). Keith Howell Charles Allen (born 2 September 1953) is a Welsh actor, comedian, musician, singer-songwriter, artist, author, and television presenter. He is the father of singer Lily Allen and actor Alfie Allen, and brother of actor and director Kevin Allen." ]

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[ "Paul Walker. Paul William Walker IV[3] (September 12, 1973[4] – November 30, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and the Furious franchise. Walker first gained prominence in 1999 with roles in the teen films She's All That and Varsity Blues. In 2001, he gained international fame for his performance in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious (2001), a role he reprised in five of the next six installments, but died in 2013 in the middle of filming Furious 7 (2015).", "Furious 7. In July 2015, Moritz said that Walker's character, Brian O'Conner, would not appear in the film, following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013, with Moritz stating that his character had \"moved on\".[191] It had previously been reported that Paul's younger brother, Cody Walker, would either join the cast in a new role,[192] or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner;[193] however, it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise.[194] Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper, following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five (2011).[195] In December 2016, the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious.[196]", "Furious 7. On November 30, 2013, while on a break for the Thanksgiving holiday, Walker, who portrayed Brian O'Conner, died in a single-vehicle accident.[49][50] The next day, Universal announced that production would continue after a delay that would allow the filmmakers to rework the film.[51] On December 4, 2013, Universal put production on hold indefinitely.[52] Wan later confirmed that the film had not been cancelled.[53][54][55] On December 22, 2013, Diesel announced on his Facebook page that the film would be released on April 10, 2015.[56] On February 27, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter reported that filming would resume on April 1, and that the cast and crew had headed to Atlanta to prepare for about eight more weeks of shooting.[57] Principal photography ended on July 10, 2014.[4]", "Brian O'Conner. Brian O'Conner (also known as Brian Earl Spilner) is a fictional character and one of the three main protagonists of The Fast and the Furious film series, the other being Dominic Toretto and Sean Boswell. He is initially portrayed as a police officer, who is later discharged from the LAPD for aiding and abetting Toretto in the first film. He is portrayed by Paul Walker and appears in all films in the series except The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift and The Fate of the Furious although he is mentioned in the latter. After Walker's death in a single vehicle accident on November 30, 2013, Universal Pictures decided to retire the character.[1]", "Furious 7. In January 2014, Time reported that Walker's character, Brian O'Conner, would be retired instead of killed, and that new scenes would be developed in order to allow the franchise to continue without him.[70] To recreate Walker's likeness, the filmmakers hired Peter Jackson's Weta Digital visual effects house (which had previously produced the imagery of Gollum in The Lord of the Rings franchise and Caesar in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes).[71] Initially, what Weta could do was severely constrained by the quality of the reference materials available for Walker's physical appearance.[71] In April 2014, it was reported that Walker's brothers Caleb and Cody had been hired as stand-ins.[72] Their cooperation, along with their strong resemblance to their late brother, enabled the filmmakers to use Walker's likeness throughout the finished film.[71] That is, Weta Digital no longer needed to recreate Walker's entire body from scratch, and could focus on accurately modeling his face.[71] The final film showed Walker's face superimposed over the bodies of his brothers or actor John Brotherton in 350 visual effects shots.[71] 260 used a computer-generated face, while 90 repurposed actual footage of Walker's face borrowed from outtakes or older footage.[71]", "Brian O'Conner. Paul Walker reprises his role as Brian O'Conner in the fourth installment of the film series. This film takes place after the events of The Fast and the Furious and 2 Fast 2 Furious, much before the events of Tokyo Drift.", "The Fast and the Furious (2001 film). Producer Neal H. Moritz, who had previously worked with Paul Walker on the film The Skulls (2000), gave the actor a script and offered him the role of Brian O'Conner. Originally, the studio told the producers they would green-light the film if they could get Timothy Olyphant to play the role of Dom Toretto. Olyphant, who had starred in the previous year's car-themed blockbuster Gone in 60 Seconds, declined the role, however. Moritz instead suggested Diesel, who had to be convinced to take the role even though he had only played supporting roles up to that point.[8]", "The Fate of the Furious. In July 2015, Moritz said that Walker's character, Brian O'Conner, would not appear in the film, following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013, with Moritz stating that his character had \"moved on\".[15] It had previously been reported that Paul's younger brother, Cody Walker, would either join the cast in a new role,[25] or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner;[26] however, it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise.[27] Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper, following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five (2011).[28] In December 2016, the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious.[29]", "List of The Fast and the Furious characters. †During the production of Furious 7, Paul Walker died in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013.[1] As a result, his character Brian O'Conner was written out as retired. Walker's brothers, Caleb and Cody, were used among others as stand-ins to complete his remaining scenes, and the film is dedicated to him.[2]", "List of The Fast and the Furious characters. Brian O'Conner appears in all of the films in the series except for The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift and The Fate of the Furious.", "The Fast and the Furious. Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles, before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape. While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him, Brian travels across Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, winning every street race he participates in, with his red Dodge Stealth. However, he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence. When they collect the car, he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman (Minka Kelly), despite her knowing who he really is. She drops him at a used car lot, with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man. There, he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT-R R34. Later, collecting money from street races, he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way. Upon reaching Jacksonville, Florida, Brian heads south toward Miami, where he sees Slap Jack's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius' Mazda RX-7 (both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters) before the screen reads \"2 be continued...\".", "Brian O'Conner. Brian grew up in Barstow, California along with childhood friend Roman Pearce (played by Tyrese Gibson in 2 Fast 2 Furious). It was while growing up with him that he first got into cars and street racing (and other sorts of trouble). When Brian was only two months out of the Police Academy, his friend Roman Pearce was caught in a garage with eight stolen vehicles. Roman is later sent to jail then afterwards is on probation with an ankle monitor. He blamed Brian for the arrest although he had no knowledge of what had happened in the carjacking incident, but more as a form of betrayal as Brian had joined forces with the police force, an organization he opposed.", "Brian O'Conner. When Markham agrees to Brian's terms, Brian and his old FBI boss, Agent Bilkins (Thom Barry) seek out his childhood friend Roman Pearce (Tyrese Gibson) who is now a Demolition Derby driver. Not being on good terms, they scuffle on the ground much like from their childhood days since Pearce is unhappy with Brian being a police officer, and was arrested two months after Brian got out of Police Academy for possessing eight stolen cars, which Pearce blames Brian for, despite his knowing nothing about it. He is able to convince Pearce to accept the deal. After the agreement is settled, Bilkins and Markham then introduce Brian and Roman to Monica Fuentes (Eva Mendes),an undercover US Customs agent working with Carter. Brian and Roman are then given there cars. Brian drives a 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo VII, and Roman drives a 2002 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder.", "Brian O'Conner. Later, as O'Conner and Dominic go into Mexico to search for Braga, they are given a tip off by one of Braga's people, in this case, one of his females named Giselle Harabo (Gal Gadot) who has taken an attraction to Dom. Brian and Dom successfully apprehend Carlos Braga after doing a series of follow ups in Mexico and helps Dom kill Fenix Rise (Laz Alonso), who is responsible for Letty's death, by holding his ankles while Dominic impales him with a henchman's '73 Chevy Camaro F-Bomb, and is even present at Dominic's trial when he is given a sentence of \"25 years to life without the possibility of early parole\". Despite Dom's sentencing, Brian, Mia, and two of Dom's Latino accomplices from the beginning of the film (Leo and Santos, played by Don Omar and Tego Calderón respectively) are seen driving towards his prison bus in similar style to Dominic's heists about to bust him free, which later leads to Dominic's appearance in Tokyo, Japan during the end film events of The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift.", "Brian O'Conner. Brian, now living in Miami, Florida competes part time as a street racer for his friend Tej Parker (Ludacris). While racing, he is caught by the local authorities and is facing jail time for his minor charges such as destruction of property (while infiltrating Toretto in the first film) and aiding and abetting Dominic Toretto. However, US Customs Agent Markham (James Remar) later gives him an offer to work undercover to infiltrate a local drug kingpin named Carter Verone (Cole Hauser) in exchange for a clean record. Seeing that they could not pin any charges on Verone until evidence of his payoff is in transit, O'Conner was in charge of being placed as a driver while undercover for Verone. Brian is given a partner named Dunn, who he quizzes regarding his knowledge of cars, and Dunn fails. Brian then proceeded to request his own driver, saying if he doesn't get the driver he wants, he won't participate in the operation and take his chances in Chino.", "Furious 7. Furious 7 (alternatively known as Fast & Furious 7 and Fast 7)[4] is a 2015 American action film directed by James Wan and written by Chris Morgan. It is the seventh installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise. The film stars Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Dwayne Johnson, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges, Jordana Brewster, Djimon Hounsou, Kurt Russell, and Jason Statham. Furious 7 follows Dominic Toretto (Diesel), Brian O'Conner (Walker), and the rest of their team, who have returned to the United States to live normal lives after securing amnesty for their past crimes in Fast & Furious 6 (2013), until Deckard Shaw (Statham), a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his comatose younger brother, puts the team in danger once again.", "List of The Fast and the Furious characters. Brian was portrayed by actor Paul Walker. Due to Walker's death in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013—with Furious 7 being incomplete, filming was put on hold to allow the cast and crew of the film to grieve.[7] The writers took this time to determine how to handle the fate of O'Conner in the film and decided that Walker's character will be retired from the franchise rather than killed. The film used some voice clips and cut scenes from previous installments, his look-alike brothers Caleb and Cody plus his CGI-generated face to complete filming. The film ends with a tribute to Walker including highlights of Walker's time in the Fast and Furious franchise and Walker's co-star and close friend Vin Diesel giving an in-character voice over of how he will always be his brother, before the words \"For Paul\" are displayed on screen. The song \"See You Again\" by American rapper Wiz Khalifa and American singer Charlie Puth was dedicated to Walker.", "2 Fast 2 Furious. Paul Walker, who had just finished Timeline at the time, reprised his role in the second picture as Brian O'Conner. Tyrese Gibson, then known mononymously as Tyrese, also became a part of the cast having previously acted in Singleton's Baby Boy, which was the singer's feature film acting debut; he portrayed Roman Pearce.[10] Ja Rule, another prominent rap artist who appeared in The Fast and the Furious, was originally tapped for the role of Tej Parker. Ja Rule was offered $500,000 for the role, which was more than what he had been paid to appear in The Fast and the Furious, $15,000. According to Singleton, \"Ja got too big for himself. He turned it down. He turned down a half a million dollars. (...) He was acting like he was too big to be in the sequel. He wouldn't return calls.\" The director then hired Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges, a relatively unknown rap artist at the time as a substitute. Bridges would later rose to prominence for appearing in the film and star in later films such as Crash and Hustle & Flow.[11] Additional cast also included Cole Hauser as key villain Carter Verone, who appeared in Singleton's Higher Learning; Eva Mendes as undercover agent Monica Fuentes; and Devon Aoki as Suki, the sole female driver in the film.[3]", "Furious 7. With the previous three installments set between 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) and The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006), Furious 7 is the first installment in the franchise to take place after Tokyo Drift. The film also marks the final film appearance of Walker, who died in a single-vehicle crash on November 30, 2013 with filming only half-completed.[5] Following Walker's death, filming was delayed for script rewrites, and his brothers, Caleb and Cody, were used as stand-ins to complete his remaining scenes.[6] These script rewrites completed the story arcs for both Walker and Brewster's characters (Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto, respectively), causing both to be retired. As a result, it is also the final installment in the franchise to star Brewster.", "The Fast and the Furious. The film is based on an article, titled \"Racer X\", about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night, although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles. While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel) and his crew: Jesse (Chad Lindberg), Leon (Johnny Strong), Vince (Matt Schulze) and Letty Ortiz (Michelle Rodriguez), are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks, Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment. He works for FBI agent Bilkins (Thom Barry) and LAPD Sgt. Tanner (Ted Levine).", "Brian O'Conner. The role won Walker the MTV Movie Award in 2002 and (posthumously) 2014, for Best On-Screen Team, both of which he shared with Vin Diesel.[2] Further recognition came in the 2015 Teen Choice Awards, again posthumously.[3][4][5] Walker's portrayal has made the actor becoming strongly identified with the character.[6][7]", "Lucas Black. In September 2013, Lucas Black signed a contract with Universal Pictures to repeat his role of Sean Boswell in Furious 7, The Fate of the Furious, Fast & Furious 9, and Fast & Furious 10. In 2015, he reprised his Tokyo Drift role in a cameo appearance in Furious 7, although he did not appear in Fate of the Furious due to scheduling conflicts.[19][20]", "Brian O'Conner. When investigating the street race scene, he then meets Dominic Toretto whose crew he later infiltrates, first as a rival racer, in a race which he loses, then as a member after helping Dom escape the police. While running with Dom, he proceeds to investigate rival race crews led by Johnny Tran (Rick Yune) and Hector (played by Noel Gugliemi). He even goes as far as to organize and lead a large SWAT team into Johnny Tran's house after finding large amounts of merchandise, the kind from the highway robberies, while infiltrating his garage. Although the merchandise is illegal, they find nothing on Tran except a few minor charges—which leaves only Dom as a suspect. Brian soon finds out Toretto is responsible after watching him suddenly leave in the middle of a party at Race Wars and seeing Mia weeping to herself. He then reveals himself to Mia as a police officer and convinces her that if he does not get to her brother and his crew fast, they could get seriously injured or killed by the truckers who have begun to carry firearms.", "Brian O'Conner. Brian does not appear in The Fate of the Furious, but he, alongside Mia, is seen in a photo in Dom's car. He is also mentioned by Roman and Letty as when Dom betrays the team, Roman suggests that Brian be called to help them figure out why Dom betrayed them. But Letty reminded him that they all agreed to keep Brian and Mia retired from the team due to them wanting a normal life and for the safety of their children. Dom later names his son after Brian.", "Furious 7. After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes, Dominic \"Dom\" Toretto, Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again. Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father, while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory. Meanwhile, Owen's older brother, Deckard Shaw, breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team, before breaking into Luke Hobbs' Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) office to extract profiles of Dom's crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight, and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs. Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian. However, a bomb, disguised in a package sent from Tokyo, explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han, a member of Dom's team, is killed by Shaw in Tokyo. Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital, where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother. Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han's body, and meets and races Sean Boswell, a friend of Han's who gives him personal items found at Han's crash site.", "Brian O'Conner. As Brian and Mia race out to stop Dominic from making another highway robbery, two of his drivers, Letty (Michelle Rodriguez) and Vincent, are injured in the process, with Letty rolling her car on the side of the road and Vincent being shot in the side by a shotgun from the truck driver who they tried to hijack. Brian saves Vincent only to reveal to Dom that he's a cop. Brian later finds Dominic at his house attempting to look for Jesse (played by Chad Lindberg) when Tran and his accomplice roll up on their motorbikes pulling a drive by shooting on the Toretto house, narrowly missing everyone there except for Jesse who is killed in the process.", "Dominic Toretto. Dominic \"Dom\" Toretto is a fictional character and one of the three main protagonists of The Fast and the Furious franchise, the other being Brian O'Conner and Sean Boswell. He is portrayed by Vin Diesel and was created by screenwriter Gary Scott Thompson. Dom is introduced in the first film of the series The Fast and the Furious (2001).[2] He later appears in Fast & Furious (2009), Fast Five (2011),[3] Fast & Furious 6 (2013), Furious 7 (2015), and The Fate of the Furious (2017), as well as the short film, Los Bandoleros (2009) and a cameo appearance at the end of The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006). 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) is the only film in the franchise not to feature the character.", "The Fate of the Furious. Tego Calderón and Don Omar reprise their roles from previous films as Tego Leo and Rico Santos, former members of Dom's team from the Dominican Republic and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Luke Evans reprises his role from Fast & Furious 6 (2013) as Owen Shaw, Deckard's younger brother and a former Special Air Service (SAS) soldier who formerly opposed Dom's team in Europe, and who helps his brother in rescuing Dom's son. Kristofer Hivju appears as Connor Rhodes, Cipher's enforcer and right-hand man. Patrick St. Esprit appears as DS Allen.[12] Helen Mirren makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Magdalene Shaw, the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw.[13]", "List of The Fast and the Furious characters. In the eighth film, O'Conner is mentioned by Letty and Roman as when Dom betrays the team due to Cipher's actions. Roman suggests Brian be called in to help. But Letty refuses reminding him that team agreed to keep Brian and Mia out any conflict they are a part of. Dom later names his son after O'Connor.", "Bullitt. In the opening scene of 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003), the main protagonist, Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker), is called \"Bullitt\" by his friends Suki (Devon Aoki) and Tej Parker (Chris Bridges).", "2 Fast 2 Furious. After letting Dominic Toretto escape from the authorities, Brian O'Conner relocates from Los Angeles to Miami and makes a living by participating in illegal street races. Tej Parker organizes a local street race, involving Suki, Orange Julius, and Slap Jack, however, the race lacks a fourth driver. Tej calls Brian, who agrees to be the fourth needed for the race. Brian wins, giving a few thousand of his winnings to Tej to show his gratitude. The police then arrive, forcing all the racers to flee. Watched by undercover U.S. Customs Service agent Monica Fuentes, Brian is caught by the agents. He is taken into custody, but given a deal by his former boss, FBI agent Bilkins, and Customs agent Markham, to go undercover and bring down Argentinian drug lord, Carter Verone in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record. Brian agrees, but only if he is given permission to choose his own partner. This prompts him to travel to Barstow, California, where he enlists the help of Roman Pearce, his childhood friend who served jail time for housing stolen cars in a garage. Roman, currently on parole, blames Brian for his arrest, but reluctantly agrees to help, but only for the same deal Brian was offered. Roman and Brian are later hired by Verone, who tasks the duo to obtain a package from a confiscated car located in a lot. Markham, who mistakenly thinks that the duo are trying to run away, follows them to the lot. However, Roman relents, and shoots at Markham to help maintain his cover. He later confronts him for interference with the mission. Brian is able to gain knowledge of the plan, however, and tells Bilkins that Verone is reportedly aiming to launder his money in Miami, before escaping on his private jet.", "The Fate of the Furious. The Fate of the Furious marks the first installment in the franchise since The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) not to star both Paul Walker, who died in a single-vehicle crash during the filming of Furious 7 (2015) on November 30, 2013,[2] and Jordana Brewster.[3] Script rewrites to the seventh installment after Walker's death completed the story arcs for both of their characters (Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto, respectively)." ]

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[ "Green. The flag of Nigeria (1960). The green represents the forests and natural wealth of the country.", "Flag of Nigeria. The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1:2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace.", "Nigeria national football team. The Nigeria national team has traditionally utilized a mostly-solid green on green primary set with white numbering, lettering, and highlights; coupled with all-white reversed secondary kits, all emblematic of the colors of the Nigerian flag. The shade of green has varied over the years. An olive drab-tinged, forest green was frequently favored during the 1980s to the early 1990s, and jade has appeared in each of those decades as well; even harlequin has been utilized. Over the last decade, the team has appeared to settle on the more standard office green which most closely resembles the shade used on the flag. Nigeria's first national teams used a solid scarlet top over white shorts and socks until the country adopted its current colors after its independence.[8]", "Green. Green is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of Pan-Africanism. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe. The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the Ethiopian flag, one of the oldest independent African countries. Green on some African flags represents the natural richness of Africa.[90]", "Flag of Ivory Coast. The flag of Niger, also adopted in 1959 when Niger and Ivory Coast were both members of the Conseil de l'Entente, is a horizontal tricolour of orange, white and green; as with the Ivorian flag, the orange and green are sometimes said to represent the arid north and the more fertile south respectively.[9]", "Flag of Nigeria. The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags.[1]", "Coat of arms of Nigeria. The coat of arms of Nigeria has a black shield with two white lines that form in a \"Y\" shape. The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the two horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil.[1]", "African Union. The old flag of the African Union bears a broad green horizontal stripe, a narrow band of gold, the emblem of the African Union at the centre of a broad white stripe, another narrow gold band and a final broad green stripe. Again, the green and gold symbolise Africa's hopes and aspirations as well as its wealth and bright future, and the white represents the purity of Africa's desire for friends throughout the world. The flag has led to the creation of the \"national colours\" of Africa of gold and green (sometimes together with white). These colours are visible in one way or another in the flags of many African nations. Together the colours green, gold, and red constitute the Pan-African colours.", "Shades of green. Islamic green is the shade of green used in the Flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "Flag of Nigeria. Akinkunmi was a twenty-three year-old student at the time he designed the flag. He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London, England, when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria. In 1959 Akinkunmi's design was chosen as the winner and, with adaptations, was first officially used on 1 October 1960, Nigeria's Independence Day.[2]", "Green. The flag of India (1947). The green has been said at different times to represent the Muslim community of India, hope, or prosperity.", "Green. The flag of Bangladesh (1971). The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh", "Shades of green. India green, the color of the lower band of the Indian National Flag, represents fertility and prosperity.", "Coat of arms of Nigeria. The red flowers at the base are Costus spectabilis, Nigeria's national flower. This flower was chosen for inclusion in the coat of arms as it is found all over Nigeria and also stand for the beauty of the nation. The white wavy pall represents the Niger and the Benue. On the banderole around the base is Nigeria's national motto since 1978: \"Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress\" (formerly \"Peace, Unity, Freedom\").[1]", "Green. The flag of South Africa (1994) includes green, yellow and black, the colors of the African National Congress.", "Nigeria national football team. Nigeria's national team image has undergone much evolution throughout its history. Prior to independence, they were called the Red Devils due to their red topped kits.[11] The name was changed to the Green Eagles after independence in reference to the Nigerian state flag as well as the eagle which adorns the country's coat of arms. During the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations, they were still called the Green Eagles, but following their controversial loss in the final, the team's name was changed to the \"Super Eagles\".[12][13] Today, only the senior men's national team uses the nickname. The women's national team is called the \"Super Falcons\", and Nigeria's underage male teams are nicknamed the \"Flying Eagles\" & the \"Golden Eaglets\".", "African Union. The African Union adopted its new flag at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government taking place in Addis Ababa 2010. During the 8th African Union Summit which took place in Addis Ababa on 29 and 30 January 2007, the Heads of State and Government decided to launch a competition for the selection of a new flag for the Union. They prescribed a green background for the flag symbolising hope of Africa and stars to represent Member States.", "African National Congress. The ANC flag comprises three equal horizontal stripes – black, green and gold. Black symbolises the native people of South Africa, green represents the land and gold represents the mineral and other natural wealth of South Africa.[23]", "Shades of green. Pakistan green is a shade of dark green, used in web development and graphic design. It is also the background color of the Flag of Pakistan. It is almost identical to the HTML/X11 dark green in sRGB and HSV values.", "Air transports of heads of state and government. The Nigerian Air Force currently maintains a Boeing Business Jet (737) as a means of transport for the President of Nigeria. The plane is known as \"Eagle One\" and is marked NAF-001. The national colors of the Nigerian Flag (Green, White, Green), are painted in long horizontal stripes along the base of the white fuselage, the words \"NIGERIAN AIR FORCE\" are tagged on the top, and the Seal of the President of Nigeria is embossed on the tail. In addition, there is a Gulfstream V-SP, a Gulfstream 550, two Falcon 7Xs, a Do228-200, and 3 A139 choppers. The Falcon 900s (two), a GIV-SP, and G II were all sold. A Citation Bravo and Hawker 800 were returned to the Air Force.", "Green. Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas,[91] as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology.[92] The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details.[93] Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica,[94] and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria.[95] The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.[96]", "Pan-African flag. The African National Congress flag is three horizontal stripes, descending black, green, and dark yellow (gold).", "Flag of Morocco. The red background on the Moroccan flag represents hardiness, bravery, strength and valour, while the green represents love, joy, wisdom, peace and hope,[1][2] it also represents the color of Islam and the pentagram the 5 pillars of Islam.", "Ghana. The flag of Ghana consists of three horizontal bands (strips) of red (top), gold (middle) and green (bottom); the three bands are the same height and width; the middle band bears a five-pointed black star in the centre of the gold band, the colour red band stands for the blood spilled to achieve the nation's independence: gold stands for Ghana's industrial mineral wealth, and the color green symbolises the rich tropical rainforests and natural resources of Ghana.[40][240]", "Orange (colour). Flag of Niger (1960). The orange is said to represent the Sahara desert in the north, and the orange disk symbolises either the sun or independence.", "Flag of Cameroon. The color scheme uses the traditional Pan-African colors (Cameroon was the second state to adopt them). The center stripe is thought to stand for unity: red is the colour of unity, and the star is referred to as \"the star of unity\". The yellow stands for the sun, and also the savannas in the northern part of the country, while the green is for the forests in the southern part of Cameroon.", "Green. The flag of Pakistan (1947). The green part represents the Muslim majority of the country.", "Flag of Cameroon. The national flag of Cameroon was adopted in its present form on 20 May 1975 after Cameroon became a unitary state. It is a vertical tricolor of green, red and yellow, with a five-pointed star in its center. There is a wide variation in the size of the central star, although it is always contained within the inside stripe.", "Pan-African flag. Red is the color of the blood which men must shed for their redemption and liberty; black is the color of the noble and distinguished race to which we belong; green is the color of the luxuriant vegetation of our Motherland.", "Flag of Kenya. The Kenyan flag is based on the black over red over green flag of Kenya African National Union (KANU), the political party that led the fight for freedom and independence of Kenya. Upon independence, the white fimbriation, symbolising peace and unity, and the shield were added. The meaning of the colours of the flag of Kenya match closely to those of the Pan-African flag adopted by the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League in 1920.[1]", "Nigeria national under-17 football team. A gold background colour indicates that Nigeria won the tournament.", "Nigeria national football team. The Nigerian Football Supporters Club (NFSC) is the primary supporters club for the Nigerian football team.[25] Though the club is most notable at Nigeria's home matches wearing green-themed embroidered outfits specific to the club along with wigs, hats and large sunglasses while dancing, singing, playing drums and trumpets, as well as carrying pom poms, culturally significant objects, inflatable beachballs, and waving flags; they have also shown a presence traveling abroad to support Nigeria in away matches.[26][27] However, the club's efforts at improving the atmosphere at Nigeria's home and away matches are beset by funding issues, corruption and infighting.[28] The club's current head, Dr. Rafiu Ladipo, has drawn criticism from its membership and is under pressure to defer the leadership to one of his deputies.[29]" ]

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[ "Founding Fathers of the United States. Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution[5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven – Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison – were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The Founding Fathers of the United States were those of the Thirteen Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain and contributed to the establishment of the United States of America.[2]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the Signers of the embossed version of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.[9] It is not to be confused with the term Framers; the Framers are defined by the National Archives as those 55 individuals who were appointed to be delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States. Of the 55 Framers, only 39 were signers of the Constitution.[10][11] Two further groupings of Founding Fathers include: 1) those who signed the Continental Association, a trade ban and one of the colonists' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774[12] or 2) those who signed the Articles of Confederation, the first U.S. constitutional document.[13]", "List of national founders. Within the large group known as \"the Founding Fathers\", there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the \"Founding Fathers\", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians or jurists or statesmen or soldiers or diplomats or ordinary citizens, took part in winning US independence and creating the United States of America.[51] Eminent American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founders: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The Founding Fathers represented a cross-section of 18th-century U.S. leadership. Almost all of them were well-educated men of means who were leaders in their communities. Many were also prominent in national affairs. Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army, most of them in positions of command. Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution.[21]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament. The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation, a declaration that established a national government with a one-house legislature. Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation, which met from 1781 to 1789.[19] Later, the Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787, in Philadelphia.[20] Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The phrase \"Founding Fathers\" is a twentieth-century appellation, coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916. Prior to, and during the 19th century, they were referred to as simply the \"Fathers\". The term has been used to describe the founders and first settlers of the original royal colonies.[14][15]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Joseph J. Ellis - According to Ellis, the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out. Ellis says \"the founders\", or \"the fathers\", comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness. For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s – men like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun – \"the founders\" represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson,[34][35][36] who constructed the Jefferson Bible, and Benjamin Franklin.[37]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774, consisting of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies (excluding Georgia) that became the United States of America. Among them was George Washington, who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Also in attendance was Patrick Henry, and John Adams, who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies. Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts, John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York's John Jay. This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown, established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Founders Online is a searchable database of over 178,000 documents authored by or addressed to George Washington, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams (and family), Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the leading Founders (Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, Wilson, Morris, Madison, Hamilton, and Washington) were neither Christians nor Deists, but rather supporters of a hybrid \"theistic rationalism\".[38]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Most of the Founding Fathers married and had children. Many of their spouses, like Eliza Schuyler Hamilton, Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Sarah Livingston Jay, Dolley Madison, Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer were strong women and made significant contributions of their own to the fight for liberty.[51]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The following men and women are also recognized by many as having been founders of the United States based upon their significant contributions to the formation of American nation and democracy.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The Founding Fathers were portrayed in the Tony Award winning musical 1776, a stage production about the debates over, and eventual adoption of, the Declaration of Independence; the popular performance was later turned into the 1972 film", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776: James Armistead Lafayette was 15, Marquis de Lafayette was 18, Alexander Hamilton was 19, Aaron Burr was 20, Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross were 24. The oldest were Benjamin Franklin, 70, and Samuel Whittemore, 81.[57]", "American Enlightenment. Enlightened Founding Fathers, especially Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington, fought for and eventually attained religious freedom for minority denominations. According to the founding fathers, the United States should be a country where peoples of all faiths could live in peace and mutual benefit. James Madison summed up this ideal in 1792 saying, \"Conscience is the most sacred of all property.\"[11]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The Founding Fathers had extensive political experience. Many had been members of the Continental Congress. Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices.[27]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Historian Caroline Robbins in 1977 examined the status of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and concluded:", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94. Johnson died at 92. John Adams lived to the age of 90. A few – Franklin, Jay, Jefferson, Madison, Hugh Williamson, and George Wythe – lived into their eighties. Approximately 16 died in their seventies, 21 in their sixties, 8 in their fifties, and 5 in their forties. Three (Alexander Hamilton, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett) were killed in duels.", "American Revolution. The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values, particularly Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton,[112] which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires. Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen. John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776, agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that \"Public Virtue cannot exist without private, and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics.\" He continued:", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Several Founding Fathers were instrumental in establishing schools and societal institutions that still exist today:", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The Founding Fathers practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions.[29] A few of them were wealthy or had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent, but there are other founders who were less than wealthy. On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists.[30]", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Peter S. Onuf - Thomas Jefferson", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The National Archives and Records Administration also known as NARA, defines U.S. Founding Documents, or Charters of Freedom, as the Declaration of Independence (1776), The Constitution (1787) and the Bill of Rights (1791). These original instruments which represent the philosophy of the United States are housed in Washington, D.C. in the NARA Rotunda.[54] The Library of Congress further identifies the Articles of Confederation, also preserved at NARA, as a primary U.S. document.[55] The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States until its replacement by the present Constitution on March 4, 1789.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. In their 2015 children's book, The Founding Fathers author Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorized 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the formation of America - the Varsity Squad (Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton) and the Junior Varsity Squad (Sam Adams, Hancock, Henry, Morris, Marshall, Rush, and Paine).[95]", "American philosophy. About the time of the Stamp Act, interest rose in civil and political philosophy. Many of the Founding Fathers wrote extensively on political issues, including John Adams, John Dickinson, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison. In continuing with the chief concerns of the Puritans in the 17th century, the Founding Fathers debated the interrelationship between God, the state, and the individual. Resulting from this were the United States Declaration of Independence, passed in 1776, and the United States Constitution, ratified in 1788.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from the colonial colleges, most notably Columbia, Princeton, Harvard, the College of William and Mary, Yale and University of Pennsylvania. Some had previously been home schooled or obtained early instruction from private tutors or academies.[22] Others had studied abroad. Ironically, Benjamin Franklin who had little formal education himself would ultimately establish the University of Pennsylvania based on European models (1740); \"Penn\" would have the first medical school (1765) in the thirteen colonies where another Founder, Benjamin Rush would eventually teach.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Jack N. Rakove - Thomas Jefferson", "Founding Fathers of the United States. Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure, reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate.[56] Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President. Jay would be appointed as Chief Justice of the United States and later elected to two terms as Governor of New York.", "Founding Fathers of the United States. The last remaining founders, also called the \"Last of the Romans\", lived well into the nineteenth century.[59]", "History of the United States (1776–89). Those who advocated the Constitution took the name Federalists and quickly gained supporters throughout the nation. The most influential Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, the anonymous authors of The Federalist Papers, a series of 85 essays published in New York newspapers, under the pen name \"Publius\". The papers became seminal documents for the new United States and have often been cited by jurists. These were written to sway the closely divided New York legislature.[30]" ]

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[ "History of the London Underground. The history of the London Underground began in the 19th century with the construction of the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway. The Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863 using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, worked with the District Railway to complete London's Circle line in 1884. Both railways expanded, the Metropolitan eventually extending as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles (80 km) from Baker Street and the centre of London. The first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, opened in 1890 with electric trains. This was followed by the Waterloo & City Railway in 1898, the Central London Railway in 1900, and the Great Northern and City Railway in 1904. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) was established in 1902 to fund the electrification of the District Railway and to complete and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, which opened in 1906–07. By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines.", "London Underground. The world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863, is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line.[7] The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2016–17 carried 1.379 billion passengers,[3] making it the world's 11th busiest metro system. The 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day.[2]", "London Underground. The idea of an underground railway linking the City of London with some of the railway termini in its urban centre was proposed in the 1830s,[13] and the Metropolitan Railway was granted permission to build such a line in 1854.[14] To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, filled up.[15] The world's first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives.[16] It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service.[17] The Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground \"inner circle\" connecting London's main-line termini.[18] The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884,[19] built using the cut and cover method.[20] Both railways expanded, the District building five branches to the west reaching Ealing, Hounslow,[21] Uxbridge,[22] Richmond and Wimbledon[21] and the Metropolitan eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles (80 km) from Baker Street and the centre of London.[23]", "Austria-Hungary. The Budapest metro Line 1 (originally the \"Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway Company\") is the second oldest underground railway in the world[91] (the first being the London Underground's Metropolitan Line and the third being Glasgow), and the first on the European mainland. It was built from 1894 to 1896 and opened on 2 May 1896.[92] In 2002, it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[93]", "Rail transport. The London Underground, the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using a fourth rail system in 1890 on the City and South London Railway, now part of the London Underground Northern line. This was the first major railway to use electric traction. The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the City of London, under the River Thames, to Stockwell in south London.[37]", "Kolkata Metro. Line 1 has a total length of 27 kilometres (17 mi) serving 24 stations of which 15 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, ground-level and underground lines and uses five and a half feet (1676 millimetres) of Indian gauge, a broad gauge rolling stock. It was the first underground railway to be built in India, with the first trains running in October 1984, and the full stretch that had been initially planned was completed and operational by February 1995. On 28 December 2010, it became the 17th zone of the Indian Railways.[10] The New Delhi Metro, which opened in 2002, is the second such urban metro rail network in India. It had benefitted from the expertise gained during the Kolkata metro construction. In being the country's first metro and constructed as a completely indigenous process, the Kolkata Metro was more of a trial-and-error affair, in contrast to the Delhi Metro, which has also seen the involvement of numerous international consultants. As a result, it took nearly 23 years to completely construct a 17 km underground railway.[11]", "History of the London Underground. In the first half of the 19th century, London had grown greatly and the development of a commuting population arriving by train each day led to traffic congestion with carts, cabs and omnibuses filling the roads.[3] By 1850 there were seven railway termini located around the urban centre of London[4] and the concept of an underground railway linking the City of London with these stations was first proposed in the 1830s. Charles Pearson, Solicitor to the City of London, was a leading promoter of several schemes,[5] and he contributed to the creation of the City Terminus Company to build such a railway from Farringdon to King's Cross in 1852 . Although the plan was supported by the City of London, the railway companies were not interested and the company struggled to proceed.[6] In 1854 the Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was granted permission to build an underground line at an estimated cost of £1 million. [7] [8] With the Crimean War under way, the Met found it hard to raise the capital,[6] and construction did not start until March 1860.[9] The railway was mostly built using the \"cut-and-cover\" method from Paddington to King's Cross; east of King's Cross it was built by tunnelling and then followed the culverted River Fleet in an open cutting to the new meat market at Smithfield.[10][11] The 3.75-mile (6 km) railway opened to the public on 10 January 1863, using steam locomotives hauling wooden carriages.[12] It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service.[13] In the first twelve months 9.5 million passengers were carried[11] and in the second twelve months this increased to 12 million.[14]", "History of rail transport in India. India's first metro train ran from Esplanade to Bhowanipur (now the Netaji Bhawan station) in Calcutta on 24 October 1984,[24] and the Calcutta Metro was the country's first rapid-transit line.[25]", "Hammersmith & City line. The first line built by the Metropolitan Railway (Met) was from Paddington to near Smithfield, near London's financial heart in the City; with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives opened on 10 January 1863 it was the world's first underground railway. The line was built mostly under the New Road using the \"cut-and-cover\" method between Paddington and King's Cross and then in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road.[4][5] Supported by the Met and the Great Western Railway (GWR), the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) was built from the GWR's main line a mile west of Paddington station to the developing suburbs of Shepherd's Bush and Hammersmith.[6][7] Built on viaduct largely across open fields,[8] the line opened on 13 June 1864 with a GWR service from Farringdon[9] to Hammersmith,[10] services to Addison Road (now Kensington (Olympia)) on the West London Railway via a link at Latimer Road starting a few weeks later.[9] From 1865 the Met ran trains to Hammersmith and the GWR trains to Addison Road.[b] In 1867 the line became jointly owned by the two companies. In 1871 two additional tracks parallel to the GWR between Westbourne Park and Paddington were brought into use for the H&CR, and in 1878 the flat crossing at Westbourne Park was replaced by a dive-under.[8] A year earlier some services had been extended via London & South Western Railway's Hammersmith (Grove Road) railway station and their line to Richmond.[12][10]", "Kolkata Metro. The then Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, first conceived the idea of building an Underground Railway for Kolkata in early 1950s. A survey was done by a team of French experts, but nothing concrete came of this. Efforts to solve the problem by augmenting the existing fleet of public transport vehicles hardly helped, since roads accounted for only 4.2% of the surface area in Kolkata, compared with 25% in Delhi and even 30% in other cities. With the goal of finding alternative solutions to alleviate the suffering of commuters, the Metropolitan Transport Project (Railways) (MTP) was set up in 1969.[5] The MTP (Rlys), with help of Soviet specialists (Lenmetroproekt) and East German engineers, prepared a master plan to provide five rapid-transit (metro) lines for the city of Kolkata, totalling a route length of 97.5 km in 1971.[6] However, only three were selected for construction. These were:", "History of rail transport. By the 1850s, many steam-powered railways had reached the fringes of built-up London. But the new companies were not permitted to demolish enough property to penetrate the City or the West End, so passengers had to disembark at Paddington, Euston, King's Cross, Fenchurch Street, Charing Cross, Waterloo or Victoria and then make their own way by hackney carriage or on foot into the centre, thereby massively increasing congestion in the city. A Metropolitan Railway was built underground to connect several of these separate railway terminals and was the world's first \"Metro\".", "History of the London Underground. Goods trains ran over Metropolitan tracks from 1866 when the Great Northern Railway (GNR) and then the Midland Railways began a service to south of the Thames via Farringdon and Snow Hill tunnel. Goods depots were opened in the Farringdon area, accessed from the City Widened Lines. The GWR opened Smithfield Market Sidings in 1869, the GNR opened its depot in 1874, and the Midland in 1878.[163] The Midland also negotiated running rights over the District Railway from the London & South Western Railway at Hammersmith to South Kensington in 1876 and in 1878 it opened coal depots at Kensington High Street and West Kensington.[164]", "History of the London Underground. The Metropolitan Railway had been extended soon after opening, reaching Hammersmith with the Great Western Railway in 1864 and Richmond over the tracks of the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) in 1877.[25] The Metropolitan & St John's Wood Railway opened as a single track branch from Baker Street to Swiss Cottage, and this was to become the Met's most important route as it expanded north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Baker Street and the centre of London. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone.[26]", "Paris Métro. Prior to 1845, the urban transport network consisted primarily of a large number of omnibus lines, consolidated by the French government into a regulated system with fixed and unconflicting routes and schedules.[10] The first concrete proposal for an urban rail system in Paris was put forward by civil engineer Florence de Kérizouet. This plan called for a surface cable car system.[11] In 1855, civil engineers Edouard Brame and Eugène Flachat proposed an underground freight urban railroad, due to the high rate of accidents on surface rail lines.[11] On 19 November 1871 the General Council of the Seine commissioned a team of 40 engineers to plan an urban rail network.[12] This team proposed a network with a pattern of routes \"resembling a cross enclosed in a circle\" with axial routes following large boulevards. On 11 May 1872 the Council endorsed the plan, but the French government turned down the plan.[12] After this point, a serious debate occurred over whether the new system should consist of elevated lines or of mostly underground lines; this debate involved numerous parties in France, including Victor Hugo, Guy de Maupassant, and the Eiffel Society of Gustave Eiffel, and continued until 1892.[13] Eventually the underground option emerged as the preferred solution because of the high cost of buying land for rights-of-way in central Paris required for elevated lines, estimated at 70,000 francs per metre of line for a 20-metre-wide railroad.[14]", "London. The London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube, is the oldest[300] and second longest[301] metro system in the world. The system serves 270 stations[302] and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway.[303] It dates from 1863.[304]", "Hammersmith & City line. In 1863, the Metropolitan Railway began the world's first underground railway service between Paddington and Farringdon with wooden carriages and steam locomotives. The following year, a railway west from Paddington to Hammersmith was opened and this soon became operated and owned jointly by the Metropolitan and Great Western Railway companies. The line was then extended to the east, in stages, reaching the East London Railway in 1884. The line was electrified in 1906, and, in 1936, after the Metropolitan Railway had been absorbed by the London Passenger Transport Board, some Hammersmith & City line trains were extended over the former District Railway line to Barking. The Hammersmith & City route was shown on the Tube map as part of the Metropolitan line until 1990, since when it has appeared as a separate line.", "History of the London Underground. The Met's early success prompted a flurry of applications to parliament in 1863 for new railways in London, many competing for similar routes. The House of Lords established a select committee that recommended an \"inner circuit of railway that should abut, if not actually join, nearly all of the principal railway termini in the Metropolis\". Proposals to extend the Met were accepted, and the committee agreed a proposal that a new company, the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway), be formed to complete the circuit.[15][16] Initially, the District and the Met were closely associated and it was intended that they would merge. The Met's chairman and three other directors were on the board of the District, John Fowler was the engineer of both companies. The construction works for the extensions were let as a single contract[17][18] and the Met initially operated all the services.[19] Struggling under the burden of high construction costs, the District's level of debt meant that merger was no longer attractive to the Met and its directors resigned from the District's board. To improve its finances, the District terminated the operating agreement and began operating its own trains.[20][21] Conflict between the Met and the District and the expense of construction delayed further progress on the completion of the inner circle.[22] In 1879, the Met now wishing to access the South Eastern Railway via the East London Railway (ELR), an Act of Parliament was obtained to complete the circle and link to the ELR.[23] After an official opening ceremony on 17 September and trial running, a complete Circle line service started on 6 October 1884.[24]", "Kolkata Metro. The West Bengal government had earlier appointed Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited to conduct a feasibility study of the project, after which the government had to then put the project on hold due to funding issues. The underwater metro plan was thought of when the first metro service was inaugurated in Kolkata in 1984 by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The route is to cover 12 stations (6 elevated, 6 underground) and go under the river through a tunnel. The foundation stone was laid on 22 February 2009.", "Delhi Metro. The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the Prime Minister of India, on 24 December 2002,[17] and thus, it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006,[18][19] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as \"nothing short of a miracle\".[20]", "History of the London Underground. In 1898, the Waterloo & City Railway was opened between London & South Western Railway's terminus at Waterloo station and a station in the City. Operated by the L&SWR, the short electrified line used four-car electric multiple units.[37] Two 11 feet 8 1⁄4 inches (3.562 m) diameter tunnels were dug beneath the roads between Shepherd's Bush and Bank for the Central London Railway (CLR). In 1900 this opened, charging a flat fare of 2d (approximately 83p today),[38] becoming known as the \"Twopenny tube\" and by the end of the year carrying nearly 15 million passengers. Initially electric locomotives hauled carriages, but the heavy locomotives caused vibrations that could be felt on the surface. In 1902–03 the carriages were reformed into multiple units using a control system developed by Frank Sprague in Chicago. The CLR was extended to Wood Lane (near White City) in 1908 and Liverpool Street in 1912.[39] The Great Northern & City Railway was built to take main line trains from the Great Northern Railway (GNR) at Finsbury Park to the City at a terminus at Moorgate. However the GNR refused permission for trains to use its Finsbury Park station, so platforms were built beneath the station instead and public service on the line, using electric multiple units, began in 1904.[40]", "History of the London Underground. In 1869, a passage was dug through the London Clay under the Thames from Great Tower Hill to Pickle Herring Stairs near Vine Street (now Vine Lane). A circular 7-foot-diameter (2.1 m) tunnel was dug 1,340 feet (410 m), using a wrought iron shield, a method that had been patented in 1864 by Peter William Barlow. A railway was laid in the tunnel and from August 1870 a wooden carriage conveyed passengers from one side to the other. This was uneconomic and the company went bankrupt by the end of the year and the tunnel was converted to pedestrian use, becoming known as the Tower Subway.[30][31] Construction of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR) was started in 1886 by James Henry Greathead using a development of Barlow's shield. Two 10-foot-2-inch (3.10 m) circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Elephant and Castle. From Elephant and Castle, the tunnels were a slightly larger 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) to Stockwell.[32] This was a legacy of the original intention to haul the trains by cable. The tunnels were bored under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. The original intention to cable-haul the trains changed to electric power when the cable company went bankrupt. A conductor rail energised with +500 volts DC conductor rail for the northbound tunnel and −500 volts for the southbound laid between the running rails, though offset from the centreline, powered the electric locomotives that hauled the carriages. The carriages were fitted with small windows and consequently were nicknamed padded cells.[33][34][35] By 1907, the C&SLR had extended from both ends, south to Clapham Common and north to Euston.[36]", "List of metro systems. This list of metro systems includes electrified rapid transit train systems worldwide. In some cases, metro systems are referred to as subways, U-Bahns or undergrounds. As of December 2017[update], 178 cities[1] in 56 countries around the world host the approximately 180 metro systems that are listed here. The London Underground first opened as an \"underground railway\" in 1863 and its first electrified underground line opened in 1890,[2] making it the world's first metro system.[3] The metro system with the longest route length is the Shanghai Metro;[1][4] the busiest one is the Beijing Subway;[5][4] and the one with the most stations is the New York City Subway.[4]", "List of London Underground stations. The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire. Its first section opened in 1863,[1] making it the oldest underground metro system in the world – although in fact approximately 55% of the current network is above ground,[2] as it generally runs on the surface in outlying suburbs.", "London Underground. Yerkes soon had control of the District Railway and established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in 1902 to finance and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (Bakerloo), the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (Hampstead) and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, (Piccadilly), which all opened between 1906 and 1907.[30][31] When the \"Bakerloo\" was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified \"gutter title\".[31] By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines.[32]", "London Underground. For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, two 10 feet 2 inches (3.10 m) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Stockwell, under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells.[24] The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898,[25] followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, known as the \"twopenny tube\".[26] These two ran electric trains in circular tunnels having diameters between 11 feet 8 inches (3.56 m) and 12 feet 2.5 inches (3.721 m),[27] whereas the Great Northern and City Railway, which opened in 1904, was built to take main line trains from Finsbury Park to a Moorgate terminus in the City and had 16-foot (4.9 m) diameter tunnels.[28]", "New York and Harlem Railroad. The New York and Harlem Railroad (now the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line) was one of the first railroads in the United States, and was the world's first street railway.[1][2] Designed by John Stephenson, it was opened in stages between 1832 and 1852 between Lower Manhattan to and beyond Harlem. Initially using horses, the line was partially converted to use steam engines and then electricity, using a battery-powered Julien electric traction car.[3][4][5] In 1907 the then leaseholders of line, New York City Railway went into receivership. Following a further receivership in 1932 the New York Railways Corporation converted the line to bus operation. The Murray Hill Tunnel now carries a lane of road traffic, but not the buses.", "PATH (rail system). The PATH predates the New York City Subway's first underground line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company. It was originally known as the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (H&M). Although the railroad was first planned in 1874, existing technologies could not safely tunnel under the Hudson River. Construction began on the existing tunnels in 1890, but stopped shortly thereafter when funding ran out. Construction resumed in 1900 under the direction of William Gibbs McAdoo, an ambitious young lawyer who had moved to New York from Chattanooga, Tennessee. McAdoo later became president of the H&M.[3] The H&M became so closely associated with McAdoo that, in its early years, they became known as the McAdoo Tubes or McAdoo Tunnels.[4][5]", "Paddington tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines). The station was opened as Paddington (Bishop's Road) by the Metropolitan Railway (MR, later the Metropolitan line) on 10 January 1863 as the western terminus of the world's first underground railway.[6][n 1] The station building was located on the road bridge carrying Bishop's Road (now Bishop's Bridge Road) over the mainline tracks of the Great Western Railway (GWR).[n 2] Services were initially operated with rolling stock provided by the GWR,[9] and the MR route to Farringdon was laid with dual-gauge track for both broad-gauge and standard-gauge trains.[10][n 3]", "History of the London Underground. On the District and Metropolitan Railways, the use of steam locomotives led to smoke-filled stations and carriages that were unpopular with passengers and electrification was seen as the way forward.[41] Electric traction was still in its infancy and agreement would be needed between the two companies because of the shared ownership of the inner circle. In 1901 a Metropolitan and District joint committee recommended the Ganz three-phase AC system with overhead wires. Initially this was accepted by both parties,[42] until the District found an investor, the American Charles Yerkes, to finance the upgrade. Yerkes raised £1 million (1901 pounds adjusted by inflation are £99.6 million) and soon had control of the District Railway.[43] His experiences in the United States led him to favour DC similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway. The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade the DC system was adopted.[44]", "History of the London Underground. In 1933, Harry Beck's diagrammatic tube map appeared for the first time. On 1 July 1933, the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), was created as a public corporation and the Metropolitan, the UERL underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators were merged into one organisation.[80] On the former Metropolitan Railway the Brill Branch closed in 1935, followed by the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936. It was proposed to electrify to Amersham with additional tracks from Harrow to Rickmansworth and to extend the Bakerloo line to Stanmore to relieve the bottleneck on the Metropolitan from Baker Street to Finchley.[81] Before any work was started on the Met, the 1935–1940 New Works Programme was announced. This included extending the Central line to Stratford and then onto Epping and Ongar and the Northern line was to be extended north to High Barnet, Alexandra Palace and Bushey Heath and link up with the isolated Great Northern & City Railway, renamed the Northern City Line, which was to be extended beyond Finsbury Park to link up at Highgate.[82]", "History of the London Underground. The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway, was authorised from Charing Cross to Hampstead and Highgate in 1893, but had not found financial backing. Yerkes bought the rights in 1900, and obtained additional approval for a branch from Camden Town to Golders Green.[54] The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway had been authorised to run from Baker Street to Waterloo station.[55] Work began in 1898, and extensions to Paddington station and Elephant & Castle were authorised in 1900, but came to a halt when the collapse of their financial backers in 1901. Yerkes bought the rights to this railway in 1902.[54] The District had permission for a deep-level tube from Earl's Court to Mansion House and in 1898 had bought the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway that had authority for a tube from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus. The District's plans were combined by Yerkes with those of the Great Northern and Strand Railway, a tube railway with permission to build a line from Strand to Finsbury Park, to create the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway.[56] In April 1902, the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) was established, with Yerkes as chairman, to control these companies and manage the planned works.[54]", "Purple Line (Namma Metro). BMRCL applied for safety clearance to open the underground stretch in the third week of March 2016.[37] The Commissioner for Railway Safety (CRS) granted clearance to begin operations on the underground section in the first week of April 2016. However, BMRCL did not open the section until 30 April 2016, as it was waiting for the availability of VIPs to inaugurate the stretch.[38] The underground section was inaugurated by Union Urban Development Minister M. Venkaiah Naidu, Chief Minister Siddaramaiah, and other dignitaries at a ceremony at the Vidhana Soudha on 29 April 2016. The inaugural train departed from the Vidhana Soudha station at 6:35 PM.[39] Namma metro was first driven in underground section by LOCO pilot Chethankumar who became the first LOCOPILOT in South India to do so .[40] The section was opened to the public from 6 AM on 30 April 2016.[41][42] Trains ran until 10 PM on opening day, making 115 trips, transporting 93,526 passengers and earning the BMRCL a revenue of ₹35 lakh (US$54,000).[43][44] The following day, 120 trips were operated on the Purple line, transporting about 125,000 passengers. On the first two days of operation, after the opening of the underground section, the BMRCL collected ₹Convert in revenues from the Purple Line.[45][46]" ]

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[ "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds. Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (French: Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes) is a popular science book by French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, published in 1686. It offered an explanation of the heliocentric model of the Universe, suggested by Nicolaus Copernicus in his 1543 work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. The book is Fontenelle's most famous work and is considered to be one of the first major works of the Age of Enlightenment.", "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds. The book itself is presented as a series of conversations between a gallant philosopher and a marquise, who walk in the latter's garden at night and gaze at stars. The philosopher explains the heliocentric model and also muses on the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Fontenelle's work was not cast polemically against the world views of either the Catholic Church or the Protestant churches, nor did it attract the attention, positive or negative, of theologians or prelates.", "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds. The book was very well received both in France and elsewhere, and was regularly published. In 1691, Fontenelle was elected to Académie française.[2]", "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds. Unlike many scientific works of its time, Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds was written not in Latin, but in French and is notable as one of the first books to attempt an explanation of scientific theories in popular language. In the preface, Fontenelle addresses female readers and suggests that the offered explanation should be easily understood even by those without scientific knowledge. This move has been praised by some modern feminist critics as admitting women's intelligence in scientific matters.[1] A precursor includes Giordano Bruno's De l'infinito, universo e mondi.", "Individualism. Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Max Stirner.[120] He argued that since the individual gives form to the world, he is those objects, the others and the whole universe.[120] One of his main views was a \"theory of infinite worlds\" which for him was developed by pre-socratic philosophers.[120]", "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. The book is presented as a series of discussions, over a span of four days, among two philosophers and a layman:", "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. Galileo attempted a fourth class of argument:", "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. The bulk of Galileo's arguments may be divided into three classes:", "World Englishes. The World Englishes paradigm is not static, and neither are rapidly changing realities of language use worldwide. The use of English in the Outer and Expanding Circle societies (refer to Kachru's Three Circles of English) continues its rapid spread, while at the same time new patterns of language contact and variety differentiation emerge. The different varieties range from English in the Inner circle societies such as the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, to the Outer circle post-colonial societies of Asia and Africa.\nThe World Englishes initiative, in recognizing and describing the New Englishes of the Caribbean, Africa and Asia, has been partly motivated by a consideration of the local linguistic factors and partly by a consideration of the wider cultural and political contexts of language acquisition and use. This, in turn, has involved the creative rewriting of discourses towards a recognition of pluralism and multiple possibilities for scholarship. The notion of varieties in this context is similarly dynamic, as new contexts, new realities, new discourses, and new varieties continue to emerge.[24]", "Many-worlds interpretation. The many-minds interpretation is a multi-world interpretation that defines the splitting of reality on the level of the observers' minds. In this, it differs from Everett's many-worlds interpretation, in which there is no special role for the observer's mind.[66]", "Three-world model. However, Shuswap Chief George Manuel believes the Three Worlds Model to be outdated. In his 1974 book The Fourth World: An Indian Reality, he describes the emergence of the Fourth World while coining the term. The fourth world refers to \"nations,\" e.g., cultural entities and ethnic groups, of indigenous people who do not compose states in the traditional sense.[7] Rather, they live within or across state boundaries (see First Nations). One example is the Native Americans of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[7]", "Many-worlds interpretation. Asher Peres was an outspoken critic of MWI. For example, a section in his 1993 textbook had the title Everett's interpretation and other bizarre theories. Peres not only questioned whether MWI is really an \"interpretation\", but rather, if any interpretations of quantum mechanics are needed at all. An interpretation can be regarded as a purely formal transformation, which adds nothing to the rules of the quantum mechanics.[citation needed] Peres seems to suggest[according to whom?] that positing the existence of an infinite number of non-communicating parallel universes is highly suspect per those[who?] who interpret it as a violation of Occam's razor, i.e., that it does not minimize the number of hypothesized entities. However, it is understood[by whom?] that the number of elementary particles are not a gross violation of Occam's razor, one counts the types, not the tokens. Max Tegmark remarks[where?] that the alternative to many-worlds is \"many words\", an allusion to the complexity of von Neumann's collapse postulate. On the other hand, the same derogatory qualification \"many words\" is often applied to MWI by its critics[who?] who see it as a word game which obfuscates rather than clarifies by confounding the von Neumann branching of possible worlds with the Schrödinger parallelism of many worlds in superposition.[citation needed]", "World Brain. This lecture promotes the doctrine New Encyclopedism described previously. Wells begins with the observation that the world has become a single interconnected community due to the enormously increased speed of telecommunications. Secondly, he says that energy is available on a new scale, enabling, among other things, the capability for mass destruction. Consequently, the establishment of a new world order is imperative:", "World-systems theory. Though other commentators refer to Wallerstein's project as world-systems \"theory\", he consistently rejects that term.[8] For Wallerstein, world-systems analysis is a mode of analysis that aims to transcend the structures of knowledge inherited from the 19th century, especially the definition of capitalism, the divisions within the social sciences, and those between the social sciences and history.[9] For Wallerstein, then, world-systems analysis is a \"knowledge movement\"[10] that seeks to discern the \"totality of what has been paraded under the labels of the... human sciences and indeed well beyond\".[11] \"We must invent a new language,\" Wallerstein insists, to transcend the illusions of the \"three supposedly distinctive arenas\" of society, economy and politics.[12] The trinitarian structure of knowledge is grounded in another, even grander, modernist architecture, the distinction of biophysical worlds (including those within bodies) from social ones: \"One question, therefore, is whether we will be able to justify something called social science in the twenty-first century as a separate sphere of knowledge.\"[13][14] Many other scholars have contributed significant work in this \"knowledge movement\".[2]", "Many-worlds interpretation. The reason inter-world communication seems like a possibility is because decoherence which separates the parallel worlds is never fully complete,[108][109] therefore weak influences from one parallel world to another can still pass between them,[108][110] and these should be measurable with advanced technology. Deutsch proposed such an experiment in a 1985 International Journal of Theoretical Physics article,[111] but the technology it requires involves human-level artificial intelligence.[66]", "Five Ways (Aquinas). Kant argued that our minds give structure to the raw materials of reality and that the world is therefore divided into the phenomenal world (the world we experience and know), and the noumenal world (the world as it is \"in itself,\" which we can never know).[24] Since the cosmological arguments reason from what we experience, and hence the phenomenal world, to an inferred cause, and hence the noumenal world, since the noumenal world lies beyond our knowledge we can never know what's there.[25] Kant also argued that the concept of a necessary being is incoherent, and that the cosmological argument presupposes its coherence, and hence the arguments fail.[26]", "The Kingdom of This World. In The Kingdom of This World, Carpentier writes about the struggles and conflicts that arise between the French colonials and the Afro-Caribbean population in Haiti during a time of revolution. Carpentier's prose is rich with examples of hybridization. One of the most striking examples is found in the chapter titled \"San Trastorno,\" where black priests combine Voodoo and Catholic religious practices to form a hybridized religious entity.[43] The hybridized religious entity can be viewed as heretical since it is a blasphemous, bastardized departure from both pure Voodoo and Catholic practices.[43] Carpentier also has a tendency to hybridize many other components of his novel. The titles of the chapters themselves provide further examples of hybridization. Carpentier creatively chose chapter titles that had a well established connotative significance and distorted their meaning. For instance, the chapter titled \"Las metamorfosis,\" does not tell the mythic stories of Ovid, but rather speaks of the metamorphosis of the slave Mackandal.[43]", "Many-worlds interpretation. However; the poll is controversial. For example, Victor J. Stenger remarks that Murray Gell-Mann's published work explicitly rejects the existence of simultaneous parallel universes. Collaborating with James Hartle, Gell-Mann is working toward the development a more \"palatable\" post-Everett quantum mechanics. Stenger thinks it's fair to say that most physicists dismiss the many-world interpretation as too extreme, while noting it \"has merit in finding a place for the observer inside the system being analyzed and doing away with the troublesome notion of wave function collapse\".[91]", "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. The degree of its failure is—like nearly anything having to do with Galileo—a matter of controversy. On the one hand, the whole thing has recently been described in print as \"cockamamie.\"[12] On the other hand, Einstein used a rather different description:", "Franz Brentano. He is also well known for claiming that Wahrnehmung ist Falschnehmung ('perception is misception') that is to say perception is erroneous. In fact he maintained that external, sensory perception could not tell us anything about the de facto existence of the perceived world, which could simply be illusion. However, we can be absolutely sure of our internal perception. When I hear a tone, I cannot be completely sure that there is a tone in the real world, but I am absolutely certain that I do hear. This awareness, of the fact that I hear, is called internal perception. External perception, sensory perception, can only yield hypotheses about the perceived world, but not truth. Hence he and many of his pupils (in particular Carl Stumpf and Edmund Husserl) thought that the natural sciences could only yield hypotheses and never universal, absolute truths as in pure logic or mathematics.", "Don LaFontaine. We have to very rapidly establish the world we are transporting them to. That's very easily done by saying, \"In a world where...\" You very rapidly set the scene.[9]", "The Kingdom of This World. As an example, the execution scene in The Kingdom of This World puts European and autochthonous cultures in opposition through the use of the spectator-performer relationship.[18] In this spectacle situation, Carpentier is able to juxtapose the Europeans' experience of Macandal's body falling into the flames with the autochthonous (Afro-Haitian) experience of Macandal's body flying off the stake.[18] Through the different, mutable views of the performance that he creates, Carpentier is able to represent an unstable cultural identity.[18] As a second example, the scene that Ti Noel constructs around himself after the sacking of the Sans-Souci Palace presents the reader with a dramatic rehearsal in which Ti Noel represents culturally mobile subjectivity by performing different identities on his own.[19]", "Between the World and Me. Between the World and Me takes the form of a book-length letter from the author to his son, adopting the structure of Baldwin's The Fire Next Time; the latter is directed, in part, towards Baldwin's nephew, while the former addresses Coates's 15-year-old son.[2] Coates's letter is divided into three parts, recounting Coates's experiences as a young man, after the birth of his son, and during a visit with Mable Jones. Coates contemplates the feelings, symbolism, and realities associated with being black in the United States.[6] He recapitulates the American history of violence against black people and the incommensurate policing of black youth.[10] The book's tone is poetic and bleak, guided by his experiences growing up poor and always at risk of bodily harm. He prioritizes the physical security of African-American bodies over the tradition in black Christianity of optimism, \"uplift,\" and faith in eventual justice (i.e., being on God's side). His background, which he describes as \"physicality and chaos,\" leads him to emphasize the daily corporeal concerns he experiences as an African-American in U.S. culture. Coates's position is that absent the religious rhetoric of \"hope and dreams and faith and progress,\" only systems of white supremacy remain along with no real evidence that those systems are bound to change.[2] In this way, he disagrees with Martin Luther King, Jr.'s optimism about integration and Malcolm X's optimism about nationalism.", "Many-worlds interpretation. There is circularity in Everett's measurement theory. Under the assumptions made by Everett, there are no 'good observations' as defined by him, and since his analysis of the observational process depends on the latter, it is void of any meaning. The concept of a 'good observation' is the projection postulate in disguise and Everett's analysis simply derives this postulate by having assumed it, without any discussion.[75][unreliable source?]", "The Social Construction of Reality. “The child does not internalize the world of his significant others as one of many possible worlds… It is for this reason that the world internalized in primary socialization is so much more firmly entrenched in consciousness than worlds internalized in secondary socialization…. Secondary socialization is the internalization of institutional or institution-based ‘sub worlds’… The roles of secondary socialization carry a high degree of anonymity… The same knowledge taught by one teacher could also be taught by another… The institutional distribution of tasks between primary and secondary socialization varies with the complexity of the social distribution of knowledge” (p. 129-147)", "Marshall McLuhan. In his 1989 posthumous book, The Global Village, McLuhan, collaborating with Bruce R. Powers, provided a strong conceptual framework for understanding the cultural implications of the technological advances associated with the rise of a worldwide electronic network. This is a major work of McLuhan's because it contains the most extensive elaboration of his concept of Acoustic Space, and it provides a critique of standard 20th century communication models like the Shannon–Weaver model. McLuhan distinguishes between the existing worldview of Visual Space – a linear, quantitative, classically geometric model – and that of Acoustic Space – a holistic, qualitative order with a complex intricate paradoxical topology. \"Acoustic Space has the basic character of a sphere whose focus or center is simultaneously everywhere and whose margin is nowhere.\"[79] The transition from Visual to Acoustic Space was not automatic with the advent of the global network, but would have to be a conscious project. The \"universal environment of simultaneous electronic flow\"[80] inherently favors right-brain Acoustic Space, yet we are held back by habits of adhering to a fixed point of view. There are no boundaries to sound. We hear from all directions at once. Yet Acoustic and Visual Space are in fact inseparable. The resonant interval is the invisible borderline between Visual and Acoustic Space. This is like the television camera that the Apollo 8 astronauts focused on the Earth after they had orbited the moon.", "History of evolutionary thought. \"We explained there that the whole of existence in (all) its simple and composite worlds is arranged in a natural order of ascent and descent, so that everything constitutes an uninterrupted continuum. The essences at the end of each particular stage of the worlds are by nature prepared to be transformed into the essence adjacent to them, either above or below them. This is the case with the simple material elements; it is the case with palms and vines, (which constitute) the last stage of plants, in their relation to snails and shellfish, (which constitute) the (lowest) stage of animals. It is also the case with monkeys, creatures combining in themselves cleverness and perception, in their relation to man, the being who has the ability to think and to reflect. The preparedness (for transformation) that exists on either side, at each stage of the worlds, is meant when (we speak about) their connection.\"[36]", "Textbook. With the rise of globalization, the multiplicity of world views and religious practices that individuals confront has increased. Textbooks are instrumental in the process of raising awareness about others’ beliefs and fostering understanding of, and respect for, the diversity of beliefs present in societies and the world at large. Textbooks can help to combat prejudice, present pluralism as an asset, and encourage mutual understandings based on respect for the right to express one’s beliefs. They contribute to promoting tolerance, critical thinking in the face of divisive stereotyping and discrimination, and the independence of individual choice.[55]", "The Kingdom of This World. The characters in the novel are integral to its understanding. Not only do they highlight the temporal and political context of voodoo and other forces, but they also allow Carpentier to surpass temporal and spatial limitations to reach the ultimate reality of life: the universal essence that lies in every human being.[24]", "Many-worlds interpretation. A decision-theoretic derivation of the Born rule from Everettarian assumptions, was produced by David Deutsch (1999)[40] and refined by Wallace (2002–2009)[41][42][43][44] and Saunders (2004).[45][46] Deutsch's derivation is a two-stage proof: first he shows that the number of orthonormal Everett-worlds after a branching is proportional to the conventional probability density. Then he uses game theory to show that these are all equally likely to be observed. The last step in particular has been criticised for circularity.[47][48] Some other reviews have been positive, although the status of these arguments remains highly controversial; some theoretical physicists have taken them as supporting the case for parallel universes.[49] In the New Scientist article, reviewing their presentation at a September 2007 conference,[50][51] Andy Albrecht, a physicist at the University of California at Davis, is quoted as saying \"This work will go down as one of the most important developments in the history of science.\"[49]", "Leap of faith. The observer stares numbly into the immense forest of the generations, and like someone who cannot see the forest for the trees, he sees only the forest, not a single tree. He hangs up curtains systematically and uses people and nations for that purpose - individual human beings are nothing to him; even eternity itself is draped with systematic surveys and ethical meaninglessness. Poetry squanders poetically, but, far from fasting itself, it does not dare to presuppose the divine frugality of the infinite that ethically-psychologically does not need many human beings but needs the idea all the more. No wonder, then, that one even admires the observer when he is noble, heroic, or perhaps more correctly, absentminded enough to forget that he, too, is a human being, an existing individual human being! By steadily staring into that world-historical drama, he dies and departs; nothing of him remains, or he himself remains like a ticket the usher holds in his hands as a sign that now the spectator has gone. If, however, becoming subjective is the highest task assigned to a human being, then everything turns out beautifully. From this it first follows that he no longer has anything to do with world history but in that respect leaves everything to the royal poet. Second, there is not squandering, for even though individuals are as innumerable as the sands of the sea, the task of becoming subjective is indeed assigned to every person. Finally, this does not deny the reality of the world-historical development, which, reserved for God and eternity, has both its time and its place.[43]", "The Passion of the Western Mind. Tarnas argues that the movement from the Greek and Christian world views, through modernity and to postmodernism can be seen as a natural and dialectical unfolding of a collective mind or psyche.[1] Tarnas outlines the intellectual-cultural development of the modern world view from its origins in Greek and Judaeo-Christian mythologies. He then argues that with the advent of postmodernism, the modern world is in a serious spiritual crisis, which manifests as the global ecological crisis. He proposes that a potential resolution, which he calls the participatory framework, has also been in development in the West for centuries." ]

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[ "Paige (name). Paige is a given name for males and females. It is of Latin origin (Byzantine \"Págius\" young boy helper/mate of young nobles, from \"padius\" young boy, derived from Greek \"Paidion\" child) and its meaning is \"young helper\" or \"young child\". A page in medieval households was usually a young boy whose service was the first step in his training as a knight. Use may possibly indicate an ancestor who was a page.", "Paige (name). In modern times Paige has become a given name, generally given to girls living in North America since the middle of the 20th century, but also occasionally to boys.", "Paige Larson. Paige is introduced as a good samaritan who returns JJ Deveraux (Casey Moss) his wallet which he dropped and is in a relationship with him for majority of her time on the show. She is the daughter of Eve Donovan (Kassie DePaiva) and niece of Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley). Following her death, it is revealed she is the daughter of Eduardo Hernandez making her the sister of Rafe Hernandez and Gabi Hernandez, and an aunt of Arianna Horton.", "Paige Matthews. Paige Matthews is a fictional character from the American television series Charmed, played by Rose McGowan from October 4, 2001 until May 21, 2006. The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern as a replacement for lead character Prue Halliwell, following the departure of actress Shannen Doherty. Paige is introduced in season four as the fiercely independent younger half-sister of the show's remaining female leads, sisters Piper (Holly Marie Combs) and Phoebe Halliwell (Alyssa Milano). Like her sisters, Paige is a witch, and more specifically, one of the \"Charmed Ones\"—three of the most powerful witches of all time. Paige is introduced as the secret love child of the Halliwell sisters' mother Patty (Finola Hughes) and her \"whitelighter\" (guardian angel) Sam Wilder (Scott Jaeck), making Paige both a witch and whitelighter. She was given up at birth and raised by her adoptive parents.", "Paige Matthews. At the start of season five (2002–2003), Paige is officially promoted to social worker in the episode, \"A Witch's Tail (Part 1)\",[13] but by the end of the second episode, \"A Witch's Tail (Part 2)\", Paige quits her job to pursue being a witch full-time.[14] During this season Paige meets Sam Wilder (her birth-father)and slowly comes to terms with letting him into her life. Paige shows signs of still struggling with living up to the legend of her deceased sister Prue and her title of \"Superwitch\".[15] When Paige masters a difficult spell created by Prue, she appears to come at peace with her sibling rivalry.[15] Later in the season, Paige, alongside Phoebe, trains to be a mid-wife in order to deliver Piper's baby.[16] When Piper gives birth to a boy she names Wyatt, he is given the middle name Matthew in honor of his protective aunt Paige.[17] In the sixth season (2003–2004), Paige grows tired of unemployment and obtains a job at a temp agency.[18] While employed on the various jobs via the agency, Paige finds herself drawn into various magical endeavors concerning members of the magical community. Through one of these magical journeys she meets and later dates a witch named Richard Montana (Balthazar Getty),[19] a relationship which mirrors the love affair Phoebe had with Cole as Richard attempts to avoid the temptations of dark magic.[20] The couple eventually break up, but not before Paige binds Richard's powers so that he doesn't feel the temptation to misuse his powers.[21] Also in this season, Paige becomes the second person to discover that the sisters' new time-traveling Whitelighter Chris Perry (Drew Fuller) is actually Chris Halliwell and the second child of Piper and Leo.[22] He has come back in time to prevent Wyatt from becoming evil in the future.[23] Together, Chris helps Paige and her sisters discover that a powerful Elder named Gideon (Gildart Jackson) wishes to destroy the Twice-Blessed Wyatt, an act which causes Wyatt to turn his back on good in the future.[24]", "Paige Matthews. Like her sister Prue, Paige was born with \"the ability to move things with her mind\". Since she possessed the missing power, she was able to take her place in the Power of Three, thus reforming the Charmed Ones.[4] Due to her Whitelighter heritage, however, her magical method of movement causes \"objects to orb from a location to another\".[4] Paige has also shown the ability to impart momentum on these orbing objects.[4] Throughout season four, Paige shows that she has inherited a variety of Whitelighter powers such as orbing,[3] and sensing.[5] While Paige finds it easier to develop a friendship with Phoebe, she initially butts heads with Piper,[6][7][8] but eventually the two sisters grow to have a mutual respect for each other.[9] Later in the season, Paige reveals her identity as a witch to her childhood friend and \"sometimes\" boyfriend, Glen Belland (Jesse Woodrow).[10] Once she develops more control over her witchcraft Paige is able to help her sisters' avenge Prue's death and vanquish the Source twice – both in his original incarnation[11] and that of his next incarnation, Cole Turner.[9] During the finale of season four, Paige and her sisters are later visited by the Angel of Destiny (Dakin Matthews) and given an offer to live a normal life without magical powers or the threat of demons.[12] Over the course of the episode, Paige eventually convinces her sisters to decline the offer and remain Charmed to continue doing good in the world.[12]", "Paige Matthews. At the beginning of season four, Paige goes on to help reconstitute the Charmed Ones by taking Prue's place in the Power of Three, following her death in the season three finale. Like Prue, Paige possesses telekinetic abilities, but due to her mixed whitelighter heritage, this manifests as the ability to \"orb\" (teleport) objects from one location to another through a vocal command. As the series progresses, Paige also receives whitelighter abilities such as the power to \"orb\" herself and others, as well as sensing, glamouring, and healing. Paige's storylines have often revolved around her protecting innocents and defeating the forces of evil in San Francisco with her sisters. In the later seasons, she eventually receives her own whitelighter charges to train and protect as they learn witchcraft. Paige also has romantic relationships with fellow-witch Richard Montana (Balthazar Getty) in season six, and FBI agent Kyle Brody (Kerr Smith) in season seven. In the eighth and final season, Paige marries a human parole officer named Henry Mitchell (Ivan Sergei).", "Paige Matthews. At the 2001 Wand Awards, McGowan was nominated for Best New Cast Member for her portrayal of Paige.[76] In 2005, she won Favorite Sister at the Family Television Awards.[77] In 2007, AOL TV ranked Paige at number 12 on their list of Top TV Witches.[78][79] The following year, she was ranked at number 13 on the same list.[80] In his review of the television series Witches of East End being too similar to Charmed, Christian Cintron of Hollywood.com noted that Mädchen Amick's \"snarky, sarcastic\" character Wendy Beauchamp \"channels Rose McGowan's Paige Matthews.\"[81]", "Elaine Paige. Paige has gained herself a reputation as someone who can be \"difficult\". The Times' Brian Logan wrote, \"Paige is not exactly known for her humility. In newspaper profiles, that dread word 'difficult' is often applied\".[20] On one occasion, she told a male interviewer that she was going to stop giving interviews to female reporters because, in her own words, \"I don't trust other women in these situations. They establish a sisterhood with you and then betray it every time\".[17] What has been seen as a cold side to her personality was also noted by Logan,[20] but Paige has said that a common misconception of her is that she is confident and very serious.[97] Another editor found her \"refreshingly down-to-earth\" and \"very friendly\".[30]", "List of Desperate Housewives characters. Paige Scavo (Emmett, Hudson and Noah Martin Greenberg in season 6+7, Samantha and Isabel Kahle in season 8, Mindy Montavon as Older Paige in 6x11[54]) is the youngest child of Tom and Lynette. Lynette thinks her cancer has returned in \"If It's Only In Your Head\" and goes to the doctor to find that it is not cancer, but that she is pregnant with a second set of twins. In the season 6 episode \"If...\", Lynette has complications with her pregnancy and one of her babies needs surgery to prevent mental and physical damage. The surgery does not go as expected, and the baby Lynette was going to name Patrick (Zayne Emory as a teenager and Anthony Traina as an adult in hypothetical flashforwards) does not survive. Lynette is still pregnant with Paige. In the 6th season finale entitled \"I Guess This Is Goodbye\" Lynette goes into labor with her daughter while she's held hostage by Eddie Orlofsky.", "Paige Matthews. The character of Paige Matthews was conceived by executive producer Brad Kern as a replacement character for Prue Halliwell (Shannen Doherty). In May 2001, it was officially announced that Doherty would be departing Charmed. The producers originally considered recasting the role of Prue with a different actress. Executive producer Aaron Spelling even approached actresses Tiffani Thiessen, who replaced Doherty on his previous series Beverly Hills, 90210, and Jennifer Love Hewitt to take on the role as Doherty's replacement.[1] Spelling revealed to Entertainment Weekly, \"Tiffani was our first choice to take over for Shannen - even before we asked Jennifer [Love Hewitt], but Tiffani told us she wants to do a half-hour comedy.\"[1] Hewitt also declined the role. Producers then decided to kill off the character of Prue and replace her with a long-lost younger sister in favor of having \"a fresh face\" join the series.[1] Spelling stated, \"[The character's] going to be the long-lost sister Alyssa and Holly never knew [they] had. And wait until you see what we came up with to explain why she's been lost: Nobody ever knew she even existed.\"[1]", "Paige Matthews. In the eighth and final season (2005–2006), Paige takes on the false identity of Jo Bennett (Christina Ulloa) and attempts to live a normal life free of magic.[33] This proves to be impossible, as Paige hears the continual call of a new charge, a telekinetic witch named Billie Jenkins (Kaley Cuoco).[33] In the fifth episode of season eight, \"Rewitched\", Paige and her sisters reclaim their true identities with the help of federal agent Murphy (Brandon Quinn) in exchange for helping the FBI handle supernatural investigations.[34] Episode eight, \"Battle of the Hexes\", introduces Paige to parole officer Henry Mitchell (Ivan Sergei).[35] After a courtship, which involves Henry discovering Paige's secret identity as a witch and whitelighter, the couple get married in the episode \"Engaged and Confused\".[36] Later in the season, Paige discovers that her charge Billie and her sister, Christy Jenkins (Marnette Patterson) are the ultimate power The Charmed Ones must defeat to save Leo from the Angel of Death (Simon Templeman), but she has reservations because the women are human and not demons.[37] In the end, Paige willingly participates in the ultimate battle between The Charmed Ones and the Jenkins sisters.[38] After the series end, it is shown in flashforwards that Paige accepts her role as a Whitelighter, aiding many witches and future Whitelighters that include her nieces and nephews.[39] It is also revealed that Paige and Henry's marriage will produce three children, twin daughters and a son.[39]", "Paige Larson. Paige was born on May 29, 1995[12] and would grew up with her single mother Eve Donovan. Her father would later be revealed to be Eduardo Hernandez, aka Eddie Larson; which makes Rafe, Arianna, Dario and Gabi her half-siblings.", "List of Charmed characters. Paige Matthews (played by Rose McGowan) is the youngest half-sister who initially receives the power to move objects with her mind by orbing (\"teleporting\") them from one location to another through a vocal command.[15] Paige is ambitious, outspoken, and stands firmly in what she believes in. She is the secret love child of the Halliwell sisters' mother Patty (Finola Hughes) and her whitelighter Sam Wilder (Scott Jaeck), making Paige both a witch and whitelighter.[7] Paige was given up at birth and raised by her adoptive parents. She was unaware of her magical history until Prue's (Shannen Doherty) funeral at the beginning of season four, in which she goes on to help reconstitute The Charmed Ones by taking Prue's place in the Power of Three.[7] As the series progresses, Paige also inherits a variety of whitelighter powers such as orbing herself and others, sensing, glamouring, and healing.[15] One of the reoccurring struggles for Paige is finding an identity for herself outside of her role as a Charmed One. In the final season, she marries mortal parole officer Henry Mitchell (Ivan Sergei).", "Paige Matthews. In the second half of the two-part season four premiere, \"Charmed Again (Part 2)\", Paige displays her method of moving objects with her mind by orbing objects from one location to another through a vocal command.[4] When she vocally calls the name of an object or living being it will orb to her, appearing in hand or within close range to her body.[4] This power is sometimes labeled Telekinetic Orbing. Due to her Whitelighter side, Paige's telekinetic power carries aspects of teleportation, although she still showcases the ability to impart momentum on the objects she orbs allowing her to throw them across distances.[4][48] Telekinetic Orbing does not require a great deal of accuracy in calling an object. For instance, in the season six episode \"Hyde School Reunion\", Paige orbs demonic acid by using the vocal call, \"Icky stuff\".[49] She also displays the lack of need for accuracy in the episode \"A Wrong Day's Journey into Right\" when she redirects a shuriken by calling out, \"Weapon...thingy.\"[50]", "Paige Larson. Paige is pronounced dead, much to the horror of J.J. and Eve who apologizes to Paige over her body. Chad DiMera is seen as the prime suspect, due to the fact that a flower found near the crime scene can only be found at the DiMera mansion; following the arrest of Chad, he was released after Aiden Jennings was believed to be the Neck Tie Killer. In December 2015, Ben Rogers was arrested for the string of murders, following a statement by Abigail Deveraux.", "Paige Hurd. Paige appeared in Jasmine Villegas's music video for \"I Own This\" and Steph Jones's music video for \"Beautiful.\" She was also featured as Justin Bieber's love interest in his music video of \"Never Let You Go.\" She also was featured in Romeo Miller's music video \"Mistletoe\". Paige started her acting career training with Dallas Young Actors Studio directed by Linda Seto. She is starring in new movie called 'Crosstown' with well-known actors and actresses such as Vivica A. Fox. She was also featured in two of singer Trevante's music videos \"Be your First\" and \"Forever\". In 2014 Paige starred in G-Eazy's music video for the single \"I Mean It.\"", "Given name. Characters from fiction also seem to influence naming. After the name Kayla was used for a character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives, the name's popularity increased greatly. The name Tammy, and the related Tamara became popular after the movie Tammy and the Bachelor came out in 1957. Some names were established or spread by being used in literature. Notable examples include Pamela, invented by Sir Philip Sidney for a pivotal character in his epic prose work, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia; Jessica, created by William Shakespeare in his play The Merchant of Venice; Vanessa, created by Jonathan Swift; Fiona, a character from James Macpherson's spurious cycle of Ossian poems; Wendy, an obscure name popularised by J. M. Barrie in his play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up; and Madison, a character from the movie Splash. Lara and Larissa were rare in America before the appearance of Doctor Zhivago, and have become fairly common since.", "Paige Larson. Paige would find out that her mother and J.J. had an affair and Jennifer Horton knew about it and she confronts him at her surprise nineteenth birthday party, on May 21. She becomes very cynical and wants nothing to do with them. Paige begins a relationship with Kyle to make J.J. jealous, not knowing that he is a drug dealer and that J.J. works for him; however, the relationship would later end.", "Paige Matthews. In 2010, Charmed gained an officially licensed continuation in the form of a comic book, which is often billed as Charmed: Season 9. The series is published monthly by Zenescope Entertainment. Set eighteen-months after the series finale, the sisters are seen living happy demon free lives and have each entered into motherhood. Paige has had twin girls with Henry Mitchell named Kat and Tamora Mitchell. In the comic series, Paige is working as a full-time Whitelighter and can also be seen helping Leo at Magic School with his students.[42] In Issue #3, Innocents Lost, Paige develops a new power in the form of a reinforced forcefield made up of orbs.[43] Later in Issue #8, Oh, Henry, Paige rescues a baby from the womb of his dying mother.[44] She and Henry later adopt the infant boy and name him Henry, Jr.[44] In the seventeenth issue of the comics, Paige looks for a witch named Sarah at a Salem house; however, she meets Cole who won't let her in. Despite his pleas, she orbs into the house where she meets Patience (Prue) and the two touch causing their powers to send them away. After recovering, Patience tells Paige that she is Prue At first, Paige doesn't believe her, but they go to the manor where after six years, Prue, Piper, and Phoebe are finally reunited with a hug.", "Paige Matthews. Paige appears as the secret half-sister in the final five seasons of Charmed, portrayed by Rose McGowan within 112 episodes from 2001 to 2006. In the first episode of the fourth season (2001–2002), \"Charmed Again (Part 1)\", we are introduced to Paige who is a reformed alcoholic in her early twenties working for South Bay Social Services as an assistant and would-be social worker.[3] In the same episode, it is revealed that after Paige's adoptive parents (played by Lisa Darr and M. Scott Wilkinson) died, she went searching for her birth parents and suspected that she might be related to the Halliwell sisters.[3] With Patty Halliwell (Finola Hughes) long since deceased, Paige relented on pursuing the matter further.[3] After the Source of All Evil learns of Paige's existence, he puts a hit out on her life.[3] Paige is eventually saved by Phoebe Halliwell (Alyssa Milano) and her boyfriend Cole Turner (Julian McMahon), and then subsequently introduced to Piper Halliwell (Holly Marie Combs) and her husband Leo Wyatt (Brian Krause).[3] Paige then goes on to help reconstitute The Charmed Ones by taking Prue Halliwell's (Shannen Doherty) place in \"The Power of Three\".[3] This is made possible after it is revealed that she is the daughter of Patty and the Whitelighter Sam Wilder (Scott Jaeck), making her a sister-witch to Phoebe and Piper.[3] The episode reveals that Paige was given up at birth to protect her from the wrath of The Elders if they were to discover her Whitelighter heritage.[3]", "Rose McGowan. Rose Arianna McGowan (born September 5, 1973) is an Italian-born American actress, film producer, director and singer. She is best known to television audiences for having played Paige Matthews in The WB supernatural drama series Charmed from 2001 to 2006.", "Paige Matthews. Over the course of her time on the series, Paige's powers grow in strength allowing her to move things without verbally calling for them. This can be seen in the episode, \"Sword and the City\" when she orbs the stoned encased Excalibur into the attic of the Manor without a vocal command.[20] She shows this skill again in the season eight episode \"Repo Manor\" when she orbs the replica dollhouse of the Manor into the attic without saying anything as well.[51] By late season seven, it becomes evident that Paige can now orb people and demons to any location by saying the name of the desired location. For example, she orbs Phoebe back to the Manor by stating, \"Home!\" in the episode \"Charmed Noir\".[52] Towards the end of season eight, Paige displays the advanced skill of being able to orb and throw adult sized demons and people across distances in a similar fashion to Prue's telekinetic lift and throw method. The most prominent example of this occurs when she orbs the demon Asmodeus (Steven J. Oliver), a member of The Triad, directly into a fireball thrown by fellow Triad member Baliel (Sören Oliver).[36] Paige also simultaneously orbs and throws two demons into a dumpster in the episode \"Gone with the Witches\".[53]", "Paige Matthews. In the fifth season of the series, Paige reveals her ability to glamour. A number of Whitelighters possess the power to glamour their identity by creating an illusion around their body to appear as another individual.[59] Paige is first seen using this power in the episode \"House Call\".[60] Paige originally activates this power by waving her hand over her face, but in later seasons all she must do is snap her fingers.", "Paige Matthews. The character was mostly well received by television critics, who complimented Paige's personality and felt that McGowan was the right choice for the role. McGowan won the Family Television Award for Favorite Sister in 2005 for her portrayal of Paige. In 2007, AOL TV ranked Paige at number 12 on their list of the Top TV Witches. In addition to the television series, the character has also appeared in numerous expanded universe material, such as the Charmed novels and its comic book adaptation.", "Paige Larson. Paige and J.J. begin to reconnect the following month. She becomes a witness to the Chad and Serena fight and would reveal what she saw, since Serena would later be found murdered. Since they become close again, Paige is the first person J.J. tells about the Clyde/drug ring and was sworn not to involve the police. In early September, she would retell what she saw to Rafe and exchanges words with Chad, who doesn't remember what happened after the fight, and calls J.J. afterward; Paige had something to tell him, however, when J.J. arrives at her dorm, he finds her in the shower with a tie loosely around her neck.", "Paige Larson. In February 2014, Soap Opera Digest announced that model True O'Brien had been cast as Paige Larson on the series. O'Brien made her first on-screen debut on March 3, 2014.[1][2][3] About her audition, O'Brien said \"It was an intense process. It was the first time I had really tested for anything. I didn't know what was going on, so I just let it happen.When I walked out of there, I felt good. I was very thankful to have had that opportunity to even experience something like that.\"[4][5] In June 2015, it was confirmed that O'Brien was let go from the series, she exited on September 9, 2015 when her character was the second to be killed off as part of the Necktie Killer storyline to commemorate with the show's 50th anniversary.[6][7][8] O'Brien returned in flashbacks on September 28, when Paige's death scene was shown and in her mother's visions on October 2, 2015.[9][10] In October 2017, O'Brien reprises the role of Paige as part of special dream-sequence episode on October 31, 2017. [11]", "Think of Laura. Cross had come to meet Laura through her college roommate Paige, whom Cross was dating at the time. Paige was pictured on the inner sleeve of the \"Another Page\" album, sitting on a stool. Cross wrote the song as a way of offering comfort to Paige, and honoring Carter's memory.", "Paige Matthews. Paige enters the series with the ability to orb, a teleporting ability unique to Whitelighters that allows them to travel anywhere in the world as well as between various supernatural worlds, including the magically guarded realm of The Elders (often called \"Up There\" in the show).[3][56] In the season four episode \"A Paige from the Past\", it is revealed that Paige has always had access to her power to orb, as the ability saves her from dying in the car crash that killed her adoptive parents.[57] When we are introduced to Paige, her orbing power can only be channeled in panic induced situations as a fear response.[6] She is also only able to orb in and out within the same place, which makes her unable to travel across distances with the power.[8] In the season four episode \"The Three Faces of Phoebe\", Paige displays growth with her orbing powers by transporting herself across town for the first time.[58] In the same episode, she also displays the advanced ability of orbing with passengers.[58] Despite taking on the full duties of a Whitelighter by the eighth and final season of the series, Paige never shows the ability to orb \"Up There\". Instead, whenever she congregates with an Elder, she orbs to the top of the suspension tower of the Golden Gate Bridge to hold a meeting (though since she has successfully orbed to the Underworld on several occasions, this may have more to do with her personal attitude towards them than a lack of ability).[30]", "List of The X Factor finalists (U.S. season 2). Paige Ava Thomas (born August 25, 1990)[19] is a nursing school student from San Antonio, Texas. Thomas is a single mother of three-year-old Jade and when she was three years old, her mother died in a car crash on Christmas Eve. Thomas auditioned in Austin, Texas[20] and Paige performed \"I'm Going Down\" by Rose Royce. In Bootcamp, Paige performed \"I Will Always Love You\" by Whitney Houston in the first part and \"Secrets\" by OneRepublic in the second part, against CeCe Frey, her rival since the beginning of Bootcamp. At the judges' homes, Paige performed the acoustic version of \"Turn Up the Music\" by Chris Brown for her mentor Lovato, leading Lovato selected Thomas to participate in the live shows. Thomas was the first to perform at the first live show, where she performed \"What Is Love\" on October 31, 2012. The next day on the results show, Lovato selected Paige to move on to the following week of live shows along with Jennel Garcia. On the results show on November 15, 2012, Paige was placed in the bottom 2 via public vote along with Jennel Garcia, with Paige had to sing against Garcia to remain on the show. Paige sang a rendition of \"Paradise\" by Coldplay, and was voted through to the next round by the judges in a 3–1 ratio against Garcia. On November 21, 2012, Paige sang a rendition of Britney Spears' \"Everytime\". Spears commented that Paige sang the song \"beautifully\" and on the November 22, 2012 results show, Paige was sent through to the top 8 in 6th position. On November 28, Paige performed \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" during the performance, receiving praise from the judges, all commenting that it was her best performance yet. Despite the positive reception, Paige was eliminated in eighth place on November 29, 2012. Since her appearance on The X Factor, Thomas has hinted through her Twitter page and a radio interviews that she has signed with Roc Nation, a recording company operated by Jay-Z. However, no confirmation has been made by Thomas nor Roc Nation. Thomas has also released a song titled \"Lolli\" which has garnered positive reviews from critics and has done several photo shoots, most likely in preparation for an album release. No release date has been confirmed by Thomas, as the release of her debut album.", "Paige Matthews. Paige has proven to be a skilled painter and sketch artist, first introduced in the season four episode, \"Muse to My Ears\". Paige also showcases her singing talents in the season five episode, \"Sense and Sense Ability\". While she has limited training in physical combat, her fighting skills are proficient enough to best Billie in hand-to-hand combat in the season eight episode, \"Malice in Wonderland\".", "Paige Matthews. During the start of the seventh season (2004–2005), Paige fights to keep Magic School from closing after the death of its headmaster, Gideon.[25] The Elders then place Paige in charge of Magic School as the new headmistress once they realize how deep her dedication runs.[25] Also this season, Paige befriends federal agent Kyle Brody (Kerr Smith),[26] and the two eventually grow close over their mutual investigation of The Avatars, powerful beings who are neither good nor evil. After initial hesitation, Paige and her sisters join sides with The Avatars in their plan to turn the world into a utopia against the warnings of both Kyle and The Elders.[27] When The Charmed Ones discover that the new utopia robs the world of their free will, they join sides with Kyle and the demon Zankou (Oded Fehr) and force The Avatars to restore the world to normal.[28] Kyle, however, is killed in the process, but is resurrected as a Whitelighter as a reward from The Elders for helping to defeat The Avatars.[27] He says his goodbyes to Paige, before leaving to start his new life.[27] In late season seven, in episode seventeen \"Scry Hard\", Paige grows tired of being cooped up in Magic School and desires a reprieve from her duties as headmistress.[29] At the suggestion of Piper and Phoebe, Paige instates the now human Leo as the new headmaster of Magic School in her place so that she can take a break while Leo can work in a place safe from the harm of demon attacks.[29] The following episode, \"Little Box of Horrors\", The Elders manage to convince Paige that her continued quest for a life outside her role as a Charmed One stems from her destiny as a future Whitelighter.[30] In the episode \"Freaky Phoebe\", Paige takes on official Whitelighter duties and gains her first charge in a witch named Mitchell Haines (Seamus Dever) who has the power of superhuman speed.[31] In the season seven finale, during a suicide mission to vanquish Zankou, Paige and her sisters fake their deaths in order to escape the constant threat of demon attacks as well as police and government investigations.[32]" ]

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[ "Natural and legal rights. One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian Jean Gerson, whose 1402 treatise De Vita Spirituali Animae is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory.[12]", "Natural and legal rights. The concept of natural law is related to the concept of natural rights. Natural law first appeared in ancient Greek philosophy,[1] and was referred to by Roman philosopher Cicero. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and was then developed in the Middle Ages by Catholic philosophers such as Albert the Great and his pupil Thomas Aquinas. During the Age of Enlightenment, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of classical republicanism. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments.", "Natural and legal rights. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and political philosophy. Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a \"state of nature\". Thus he argued that the essential natural (human) right was \"to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life; and consequently, of doing any thing, which in his own judgement, and Reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto.\" (Leviathan. 1, XIV)", "Natural and legal rights. 17th-century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being \"life, liberty, and estate (property)\", and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract. Preservation of the natural rights to life, liberty, and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies. As George Mason stated in his draft for the Virginia Declaration of Rights, \"all men are born equally free,\" and hold \"certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity.\"[15] Another 17th-century Englishman, John Lilburne (known as Freeborn John), who came into conflict with both the monarchy of King Charles I and the military dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell governed republic, argued for level human basic rights he called \"freeborn rights\" which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with, as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law.", "Natural and legal rights. Of fundamental importance to the development of the idea of natural rights was the emergence of the idea of natural human equality. As the historian A.J. Carlyle notes: \"There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later philosophical view represented by Cicero and Seneca.... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature.\"[9] Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that \"the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought\" and that \"its greatest influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it.\"[10] Cicero argues in De Legibus that \"we are born for Justice, and that right is based, not upon opinions, but upon Nature.\"[11]", "Natural and legal rights. Thomas Paine (1731–1809) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work Rights of Man (1791), emphasizing that rights cannot be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances they would be reduced to privileges:", "History of human rights. Several 17th- and 18th-century European philosophers, most notably John Locke, developed the concept of natural rights, the notion that people are naturally free and equal.[39][40] Though Locke believed natural rights were derived from divinity since humans were creations of God, his ideas were important in the development of the modern notion of rights. Lockean natural rights did not rely on citizenship nor any law of the state, nor were they necessarily limited to one particular ethnic, cultural or religious group. Around the same time, in 1689, the English Bill of Rights was created which asserted some basic human rights, most famously freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.[41]", "Natural and legal rights. The idea that certain rights are natural or inalienable also has a history dating back at least to the Stoics of late Antiquity and Catholic law of the early Middle Ages, and descending through the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment to today.[citation needed]", "Natural and legal rights. John Locke (1632 – 1704) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life, liberty, and property. It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the American Revolutionary War with his writings of natural rights, but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades. For example, the historian Ray Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at \"two opposite poles\" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson’s use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase \"pursuit of happiness\" instead of \"property.\"[28] More recently, the eminent[29] legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars’ \"misplaced emphasis on John Locke,\" arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a commentator on established constitutional principles.[30][31] Thomas Pangle has defended Locke's influence on the Founding, claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered, do not understand Locke, or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke.[32] This position has also been sustained by Michael Zuckert.[33][34][35]", "Natural and legal rights. In developing his concept of natural rights, Locke was influenced by reports of society among Native Americans, whom he regarded as \"natural peoples\" who lived in a state of liberty and \"near prefect freedom\", but not license.[37] It also informed his conception of social contract.", "Social contract. In the early 17th century, Grotius (1583–1645) introduced the modern idea that individuals had natural rights that enabled self-preservation, employing this idea as a basis for moral consensus in the face of religious diversity and the rise of natural science. He seeks to find a parsimonious basis for a moral beginning for society, a kind of natural law that everyone could accept. He goes so far as to say in his On the Law of War and Peace that even if we were to concede what we cannot concede without the utmost wickedness, namely that there is no God, these laws would still hold.", "Natural and legal rights. While at first American individualist anarchists adhered to natural rights positions, later in this era led by Benjamin Tucker, some abandoned natural rights positions and converted to Max Stirner's Egoist anarchism. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said there were only two rights: \"the right of might\" and \"the right of contract\".[citation needed] He also said, after converting to Egoist individualism, \"In times past... it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off.... Man's only right to land is his might over it.\"[38]", "Natural and legal rights. The concept of inalienable rights was criticized by Jeremy Bentham and Edmund Burke as groundless. Bentham and Burke, writing in 18th century Britain, claimed that rights arise from the actions of government, or evolve from tradition, and that neither of these can provide anything inalienable. (See Bentham's \"Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable, Natural Rights\", and Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France). Presaging the shift in thinking in the 19th century, Bentham famously dismissed the idea of natural rights as \"nonsense on stilts\". By way of contrast to the views of British nationals Burke and Bentham, the leading American revolutionary scholar James Wilson condemned Burke's view as \"tyranny.\"[25]", "Natural and legal rights. Contemporary political philosophies continuing the classical liberal tradition of natural rights include libertarianism, anarcho-capitalism and Objectivism, and include amongst their canon the works of authors such as Robert Nozick, Ludwig von Mises, Ayn Rand,[41] and Murray Rothbard.[42] A libertarian view of inalienable rights is laid out in Morris and Linda Tannehill's The Market for Liberty, which claims that a man has a right to ownership over his life and therefore also his property, because he has invested time (i.e. part of his life) in it and thereby made it an extension of his life. However, if he initiates force against and to the detriment of another man, he alienates himself from the right to that part of his life which is required to pay his debt: \"Rights are not inalienable, but only the possessor of a right can alienate himself from that right – no one else can take a man's rights from him.\"[43]", "Human rights. The earliest conceptualisation of human rights is credited to ideas about natural rights emanating from natural law. In particular, the issue of universal rights was introduced by the examination of extending rights to indigenous peoples by Spanish clerics, such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de Las Casas. In the Valladolid debate, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, who maintained an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth, argued with Las Casas, who argued in favour of equal rights to freedom from slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion.[20]", "Role of Christianity in civilization. \"The philosophical foundation of the liberal concept of human rights can be found in natural law theories,\"[69][70] and much thinking on natural law is traced to the thought of the Dominican friar, Thomas Aquinas.[71] According to Aquinas, every law is ultimately derived from what he calls the 'eternal law': God’s ordering of all created things. For Aquinas, a human action is good or bad depending on whether it conforms to reason, and it is this participation in the 'eternal law' by the 'rational creature' that is called “natural law.” Aquinas said natural law is a fundamental principle that is woven into the fabric of human nature. Secularists such as Hugo Grotius later expanded the idea of human rights and built on it. Aquinas continues to influence the works of leading political and legal philosophers.[71]", "Women's rights. 17th century natural law philosophers in Britain and America, such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, developed the theory of natural rights in reference to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle and the Christian theologist Aquinas. Like the ancient philosophers, 17th century natural law philosophers defended slavery and an inferior status of women in law.[132] Relying on ancient Greek philosophers, natural law philosophers argued that natural rights were not derived from god, but were \"universal, self-evident, and intuitive\", a law that could be found in nature. They believed that natural rights were self-evident to \"civilised man\" who lives \"in the highest form of society\".[133] Natural rights derived from human nature, a concept first established by the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Citium in Concerning Human Nature. Zenon argued that each rational and civilized male Greek citizen had a \"divine spark\" or \"soul\" within him that existed independent of the body. Zeno founded the Stoic philosophy and the idea of a human nature was adopted by other Greek philosophers, and later natural law philosophers and western humanists.[134] Aristotle developed the widely adopted idea of rationality, arguing that man was a \"rational animal\" and as such a natural power of reason. Concepts of human nature in ancient Greece depended on gender, ethnic, and other qualifications[135] and 17th century natural law philosophers came to regard women along with children, slaves and non-whites, as neither \"rational\" nor \"civilised\".[133] Natural law philosophers claimed the inferior status of women was \"common sense\" and a matter of \"nature\". They believed that women could not be treated as equal due to their \"inner nature\".[132] The views of 17th century natural law philosophers were opposed in the 18th and 19th century by evangelical natural theology philosophers such as William Wilberforce and Charles Spurgeon, who argued for the abolition of slavery and advocated for women to have rights equal to that of men.[132] Modern natural law theorists, and advocates of natural rights, claim that all people have a human nature, regardless of gender, ethnicity or other qualifications, therefore all people have natural rights.[135]", "Age of Enlightenment. Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature. For Locke, the law of nature is grounded on mutual security or the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights, as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights. These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, as well as the right to preserve life and property. Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature because you cannot surrender your own rights, your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you. Additionally, Locke argues that one person cannot enslave another because it is morally reprehensible, although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights.", "Natural and legal rights. The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises, such as a priori philosophical reasoning or religious principles. For example, Immanuel Kant claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone. The United States Declaration of Independence, meanwhile, is based upon the \"self-evident\" truth that \"all men are … endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights\".[6]", "Natural and legal rights. Hugh Gibbons has proposed a descriptive argument based on human biology. His contention is that Human Beings were other-regarding as a matter of necessity, in order to avoid the costs of conflict. Over time they developed expectations that individuals would act in certain ways which were then prescribed by society (duties of care etc.) and that eventually crystallized into actionable rights.[47]", "Natural law. By the 17th century, the medieval teleological view came under intense criticism from some quarters. Thomas Hobbes instead founded a contractarian theory of legal positivism on what all men could agree upon: what they sought (happiness) was subject to contention, but a broad consensus could form around what they feared (violent death at the hands of another). The natural law was how a rational human being, seeking to survive and prosper, would act. Natural law, therefore, was discovered by considering humankind's natural rights, whereas previously it could be said that natural rights were discovered by considering the natural law. In Hobbes' opinion, the only way natural law could prevail was for men to submit to the commands of the sovereign. Because the ultimate source of law now comes from the sovereign, and the sovereign's decisions need not be grounded in morality, legal positivism is born. Jeremy Bentham's modifications on legal positivism further developed the theory.", "Natural law. Historically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior from nature's or God's creation of reality and mankind. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle,[2] and was referred to in Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to natural law are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions during the Renaissance. Modern natural law theories were greatly developed in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law with philosophies like social contract theory. Key proponents were Alberico Gentili, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, Matthew Hale, John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Emmerich de Vattel, Cesare Beccaria and Francesco Mario Pagano. It was used to challenge the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government—and thus legal rights—in the form of classical republicanism. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments.", "Natural and legal rights. Various philosophers have created different lists of rights they consider to be natural. Proponents of natural rights, in particular Hesselberg and Rothbard, have responded that reason can be applied to separate truly axiomatic rights from supposed rights, stating that any principle that requires itself to be disproved is an axiom. Critics have pointed to the lack of agreement between the proponents as evidence for the claim that the idea of natural rights is merely a political tool.", "Natural and legal rights. In the German Enlightenment, Hegel gave a highly developed treatment of this inalienability argument. Like Hutcheson, Hegel based the theory of inalienable rights on the de facto inalienability of those aspects of personhood that distinguish persons from things. A thing, like a piece of property, can in fact be transferred from one person to another. According to Hegel, the same would not apply to those aspects that make one a person:", "Natural and legal rights. The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by Francis Hutcheson. In his Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: “For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. . . . Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments.” Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that “there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest publick Good.\"[16] Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his A System of Moral Philosophy (1755), based on the Reformation principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is \"unalienable.\" Hutcheson wrote: \"Thus no man can really change his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable.\"[17]", "Human rights. 17th-century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being \"life, liberty, and estate (property)\", and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract. In Britain in 1689, the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions.[21] Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States (1776) and in France (1789), leading to the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively, both of which articulated certain human rights. Additionally, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms.", "Animal rights. From 1824 onwards, several books were published, analyzing animal rights issues, rather than protection alone. Lewis Gompertz (1783/4–1865), one of the men who attended the first meeting of the SPCA, published Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824), arguing that every living creature, human and nonhuman, has more right to the use of its own body than anyone else has to use it, and that our duty to promote happiness applies equally to all beings. Edward Nicholson (1849–1912), head of the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford, argued in Rights of an Animal (1879) that animals have the same natural right to life and liberty that human beings do, disregarding Descartes' mechanistic view—or what he called the \"Neo-Cartesian snake\"—that they lack consciousness.[46] Other writers of the time who explored whether animals might have natural (or moral) rights were Edward Payson Evans (1831–1917), John Muir (1838–1914), and J. Howard Moore (1862–1916), an American zoologist and author of The Universal Kinship (1906) and The New Ethics (1907).[47]", "Animal rights. Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), although opposed to the concept of natural rights, argued that it was the ability to suffer that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings. If rationality were the criterion, he argued, many humans, including infants and the disabled, would also have to be treated as though they were things.[32] He did not conclude that humans and nonhumans had equal moral significance, but argued that the latter's interests should be taken into account. He wrote in 1789, just as African slaves were being freed by the French:", "Animal rights. The development in England of the concept of animal rights was strongly supported by the German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). He wrote that Europeans were \"awakening more and more to a sense that beasts have rights, in proportion as the strange notion is being gradually overcome and outgrown, that the animal kingdom came into existence solely for the benefit and pleasure of man.\"[49]", "Natural Law and Natural Rights. Natural Law and Natural Rights is a 1980 book by the philosopher John Finnis. A restatement of natural law doctrine, it is considered a seminal contribution to the philosophy of law.[1] The work was commissioned by H. L. A. Hart for the Clarendon Law Series.[2]", "Natural and legal rights. One criticism of natural rights theory is that one cannot draw norms from facts.[26] This objection is variously expressed as the is-ought problem, the naturalistic fallacy, or the appeal to nature. G.E. Moore, for example, said that ethical naturalism falls prey to the naturalistic fallacy.[citation needed] Some defenders of natural rights theory, however, counter that the term \"natural\" in \"natural rights\" is contrasted with \"artificial\" rather than referring to nature. John Finnis, for example, contends that natural law and natural rights are derived from self-evident principles, not from speculative principles or from facts.[26]", "Age of Enlightenment. Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\" and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn\".[49] Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen." ]

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[ "Science and the Catholic Church. In the early Middle Ages, Cathedral schools developed as centers of education, evolving into the medieval universities which were the springboard of many of Western Europe's later achievements.[25] During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. Among the great early Catholic universities were Bologna University (1088);[26] Paris University (c 1150); Oxford University (1167);[27] Salerno University (1173); University of Vicenza (1204);[disputed – discuss] Cambridge University (1209); Salamanca University (1218-1219); Padua University (1222); Naples University (1224); and Vercelli University (1228).[28]", "Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church). During the decline of the Roman Empire, Roman authority in western Europe completely collapsed. However, the city of Rome, under the guidance of the Catholic Church, still remained a centre of learning and did much to preserve classical Roman culture in Western Europe. The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. Will Durant argued that certain prominent features of Plato's ideal community were discernible in the organization, dogma and effectiveness of the medieval Church in Europe:[19]", "History of education. During the Early Middle Ages, the monasteries of the Roman Catholic Church were the centres of education and literacy, preserving the Church's selection from Latin learning and maintaining the art of writing. Prior to their formal establishment, many medieval universities were run for hundreds of years as Christian monastic schools (Scholae monasticae), in which monks taught classes, and later as cathedral schools; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the early 6th century.[41]", "Early Middle Ages. The Catholic Church, the only centralized institution to survive the fall of the Western Roman Empire intact, was the sole unifying cultural influence in the West, preserving Latin learning, maintaining the art of writing, and preserving a centralized administration through its network of bishops ordained in succession. The Early Middle Ages are characterized by the urban control of bishops and the territorial control exercised by dukes and counts. The rise of urban communes marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages.", "Italy in the Middle Ages. In the politically unstable situation after the fall of the western empire, the Church often became the only stable institution and the only source of learning in western Europe. Even the barbarians had to rely on clerics in order to administer their conquests. Furthermore, the Catholic monastic orders, such as the Benedictines had a major role both in the economic life of the time, and in the preservation of classical culture (although in the east the Greek authors were much better preserved).", "European science in the Middle Ages. De-urbanization reduced the scope of education and by the 6th century teaching and learning moved to monastic and cathedral schools, with the center of education being the study of the Bible.[5] Education of the laity survived modestly in Italy, Spain, and the southern part of Gaul, where Roman influences were most long-lasting. In the 7th century, learning began to emerge in Ireland and the Celtic lands, where Latin was a foreign language and Latin texts were eagerly studied and taught.[6]", "Culture of Italy. During the Middle Ages, which lasted from about the 5th century through the 15th century, the Roman Catholic Church replaced the Roman Empire as the unifying force in Europe.[62] It used the Latin language and preserved the classics of Latin literature. In addition, the influence of the Church on the spread of literacy, has had a significant impact on European society. Günther S. Wegener has carefully documented the correlation between Bible translation and the spread of literacy in European languages.[63] In fact, during the Middle Ages, the most important branch of learning was theology (the study of God). This new intellectual approach has been called Scholasticism. Italy, in virtue of this, became a seat of great formal learning in 1088 with the establishment of the University of Bologna, the first university in Europe. Other Italian universities soon followed.[nb 2]", "Early Middle Ages. De-urbanization reduced the scope of education, and by the 6th century teaching and learning moved to monastic and cathedral schools, with the study of biblical texts at the centre of education.[37] Education of the laity continued with little interruption in Italy, Spain, and the southern part of Gaul, where Roman influences were more long-lasting. In the 7th century, however, learning expanded in Ireland and the Celtic lands, where Latin was a foreign language and Latin texts were eagerly studied and taught.[38]", "Middle Ages. Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500.[305]", "Role of Christianity in civilization. Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School.", "Role of Christianity in civilization. As Western Europe became more orderly again, the Church remained a driving force in education, setting up Cathedral schools beginning in the Early Middle Ages as centers of education, which became medieval universities, the springboard of many of Western Europe's later achievements.", "History of the Catholic Church. The Cluniac reform of monasteries that began in 910 placed abbots under the direct control of the pope rather than the secular control of feudal lords, thus eliminating a major source of corruption. This sparked a great monastic renewal.[81] Monasteries, convents and cathedrals still operated virtually all schools and libraries, and often functioned as credit establishments promoting economic growth.[82][83] After 1100, some older cathedral schools split into lower grammar schools and higher schools for advanced learning. First in Bologna, then at Paris and Oxford, many of these higher schools developed into universities and became the direct ancestors of modern Western institutions of learning.[84] It was here where notable theologians worked to explain the connection between human experience and faith.[85] The most notable of these theologians, Thomas Aquinas, produced Summa Theologica, a key intellectual achievement in its synthesis of Aristotelian thought and the Gospel.[85] Monastic contributions to western society included the teaching of metallurgy, the introduction of new crops, the invention of musical notation and the creation and preservation of literature.[84]", "List of medieval universities. There were many institutions of learning (Studium) in the Middle Ages in Latin Europe—cathedral schools, \"schools of rhetoric\" (law faculties), etc. Historians generally restrict the term \"medieval university\" to refer to an institution of learning that was referred to as Studium Generale in the Middle Ages.", "Christian monasticism. In the Middle Ages, monasteries conserved and copied ancient manuscripts in their scriptoria. A prospective monk first learned grammar, logic, and oratory. Later, he would take up mathematics, astronomy, and music. The students would use a stylus on wax. Later, when their handwriting improved, they would be given ink and parchment. Eventually, many of those schools became universities.[57] Monks in scriptoria copied texts of Greece and Rome, as well as religious texts, and kept these manuscripts from being lost during the tumultuous Middle Ages.", "Early Middle Ages. Education did ultimately continue, and was centred in the monasteries and cathedrals. A \"Renaissance\" of classical education would appear in Carolingian Empire in the 8th century. In the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium), learning (in the sense of formal education involving literature) was maintained at a higher level than in the West. The classical education system, which would persist for hundreds of years, emphasized grammar, Latin, Greek, and rhetoric. Pupils read and reread classic works and wrote essays imitating their style. By the 4th century, this education system was Christianized. In De Doctrina Christiana (started 396, completed 426), Augustine explained how classical education fits into the Christian worldview: Christianity is a religion of the book, so Christians must be literate. Tertullian was more skeptical of the value of classical learning, asking \"What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?\"[36]", "History of education. Cathedral schools and monasteries remained important throughout the Middle Ages; at the Third Lateran Council of 1179 the Church mandated that priests provide the opportunity of a free education to their flocks, and the 12th and 13th century renascence known as the Scholastic Movement was spread through the monasteries. These however ceased to be the sole sources of education in the 11th century when universities, which grew out of the monasticism began to be established in major European cities. Literacy became available to a wider class of people, and there were major advances in art, sculpture, music and architecture.[45]", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages. In addition to being the head of the Church, the Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers, and pontiffs such as Julius II often waged campaigns to protect and expand their temporal domains. Furthermore, the popes, in a spirit of refined competition with other Italian lords, spent lavishly both on private luxuries but also on public works, repairing or building churches, bridges, and a magnificent system of aqueducts in Rome that still function today. It was during this time that St. Peter's Basilica, perhaps the most recognised Christian church, was built on the site of the old Constantinian basilica. It was also a time of increased contact with Greek culture, opening up new avenues of learning, especially in the fields of philosophy, poetry, classics, rhetoric, and political science, fostering a spirit of humanism—all of which would influence the Church.", "Christianity in Ireland. The first significant renewal of learning in the West came with the Carolingian Renaissance of the Early Middle Ages. Charlemagne, advised by Peter of Pisa and Alcuin of York, attracted the scholars of England and Ireland, and by decree in AD 787 established schools in every abbey in his empire. These schools, from which the name scholasticism is derived, became centres of medieval learning. During the early Scholastic period, knowledge of the Greek language had vanished in the west except in Ireland, where it was widely dispersed in the monastic schools.[24]", "Education in ancient Rome. As Rome grew in size and in power, following the Punic Wars, the importance of the family as the central unit within Roman society began to deteriorate,[8] and with this decline, the old Roman system of education carried out by the paterfamilias deteriorated as well. The new educational system began to center more on the one encountered by the Romans with the prominent Greek and Hellenistic centers of learning such as Alexandria later on. It was becoming a literary educational system.", "Education. After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities.[6] During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation,[7] and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research.[8] Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.[9]", "Early Middle Ages. From the early Christians, early medieval Christians inherited a church united by major creeds, a stable Biblical canon, and a well-developed philosophical tradition. The history of medieval Christianity traces Christianity during the Middle Ages—the period after the fall of the Roman Empire until the Protestant Reformation. The institutional structure of Christianity in the west during this period is different from what it would become later in the Middle Ages. As opposed to the later church, the church of the early Middle Ages consisted primarily of the monasteries.[45] The practice of simony has caused the ecclesiastical offices to become the property of local princes, and as such the monasteries constituted the only church institution independent of the local princes. In addition, the papacy was relatively weak, and its power was mostly confined to central Italy.[45] Individualized religious practice was uncommon, as it typically required membership in a religious order, such as the Order of Saint Benedict.[45] Religious orders wouldn't proliferate until the high Middle Ages. For the typical Christian at this time, religious participation was largely confined to occasionally receiving mass from wandering monks. Few would be lucky enough to receive this as often as once a month.[45] By the end of this period, individual practice of religion was becoming more common, as monasteries started to transform into something approximating modern churches, where some monks might even give occasional sermons.[45]", "Legacy of the Roman Empire. Christianity also served as a conduit for preserving and transmitting Greco-Roman literary culture. Classical educational tradition in the liberal arts was preserved after the fall of the empire by the medieval Christian university. Education in the Middle Ages relied heavily on Greco-Roman books such as Euclid's Elements and the influential quadrivium textbooks written in Latin by the Roman statesman Boethius (AD 480–524).", "Role of Christianity in civilization. During the period of European history often called the Dark Ages which followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Church scholars and missionaries played a vital role in preserving knowledge of Classical Learning. While the Roman Empire and Christian religion survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the Byzantine Empire centred at Constantinople in the East, Western civilisation suffered a collapse of literacy and organisation following the fall of Rome in 476AD. Monks sought refuge at the far fringes of the known world: like Cornwall, Ireland, or the Hebrides. Disciplined Christian scholarship carried on in isolated outposts like Skellig Michael in Ireland, where literate monks became some of the last preservers in Western Europe of the poetic and philosophical works of Western antiquity.[148] By around 800AD they were producing illuminated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells, by which old learning was re-communicated to Western Europe. The Hiberno-Scottish mission led by Irish and Scottish monks like St Columba spread Christianity back into Western Europe during the Middle Ages, establishing monasteries through Anglo-Saxon England and the Frankish Empire during the Middle Ages.", "Science and the Catholic Church. After the Fall of Rome, while an increasingly Hellenized Roman Empire and Christian religion endured as the Byzantine Empire in the East, the study of nature endured in monastic communities in the West. On the fringes of western Europe, where the Roman tradition had not made a strong imprint, monks engaged in the study of Latin as a foreign language, and actively investigated the traditions of Roman learning. Ireland's most learned monks even retained a knowledge of Greek. Irish missionaries like Colombanus later founded monasteries in continental Europe, which went on to create libraries and become centers of scholarship.[19]", "History of Ireland. Irish scholars excelled in the study of Latin learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished shortly thereafter. Missionaries from Ireland to England and Continental Europe spread news of the flowering of learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish monasteries. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries helped preserve Latin learning during the Early Middle Ages. The period of Insular art, mainly in the fields of illuminated manuscripts, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the Book of Kells, the Ardagh Chalice, and the many carved stone crosses that dot the island. Insular style was to be a crucial ingredient in the formation of the Romanesque and Gothic styles throughout Western Europe. Sites dating to this period include clochans, ringforts and promontory forts.", "Ancient higher-learning institutions. In addition to these episcopal schools, there were monastic schools which educated monks and nuns, as well as future bishops, at a more advanced level.[10] Around the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, some of them developed into autonomous universities. A notable example is when the University of Paris grew out of the schools associated with the Cathedral of Notre Dame, the Monastery of Ste. Geneviève, and the Abbey of St. Victor.[11][12]", "History of Christianity in Ireland. The first significant renewal of learning in the West came with the Carolingian Renaissance of the Early Middle Ages. Charlemagne, advised by Peter of Pisa and Alcuin of York, attracted the scholars of England and Ireland, and by decree in AD 787 established schools in every abbey in his empire. These schools, from which the name scholasticism is derived, became centres of medieval learning. During the early Scholastic period, knowledge of the Greek language had vanished in the west except in Ireland, where it was widely dispersed in the monastic schools.[5]", "Catholic Church. In the early 13th century mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmán. The studia conventualia and studia generalia of the mendicant orders played a large role in the transformation of Church sponsored cathedral schools and palace schools, such as that of Charlemagne at Aachen, into the prominent universities of Europe.[310] Scholastic theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest Thomas Aquinas studied and taught at these studia. Aquinas' Summa Theologica was an intellectual milestone in its synthesis of the legacy of Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle with the content of Christian revelation.[311]", "Gothic architecture. By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland.", "Middle Ages. In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with ecclesiastical than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand.[64] By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book.[65] Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age.[66]", "Manuscript. “The Bible was the most studied book of the Middle Ages.”[13]\nThe Bible was the center of medieval religious life. Along with the Bible came scores of commentaries. Commentaries were written in volumes, with some focusing on just single pages of scripture. Across Europe, there were universities that prided themselves on their biblical knowledge. Along with universities, certain cities also had their own celebrities of biblical knowledge during the medieval period.", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages. Among the dioceses, five held special eminence: Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria, generally referred to as the Pentarchy. The prestige of most of these sees depended in part on their apostolic founders, or in the case of Byzantium/Constantinople, that it was the new seat (New Rome) of the continuing Roman or Byzantine Empire. These bishops considered themselves the spiritual successors of those apostles.[1] In addition, all five cities were Early centers of Christianity." ]

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[ "Human tooth development. Nerve fibers start to near the tooth during the cap stage of tooth development and grow toward the dental follicle. Once there, the nerves develop around the tooth bud and enter the dental papilla when dentin formation has begun. Nerves never proliferate into the enamel organ.[1]", "Pulp (tooth). The plexus of Raschkow monitors painful sensations. By virtue of their peptide content they also play important functions in inflammatory events and subsequent tissue repair. There are two types of nerve fiber that mediate the sensation of pain: A-fibers conduct rapid and sharp pain sensations and belong to the myelinated group, whereas C-fibers are involved in dull aching pain and are thinner and unmyelinated. The A-fibers, mainly of the A-delta type, are preferentially located in the periphery of the pulp, where they are in close association with the odontoblasts and extend fibers to many but not all dentinal tubules. The C-fibers typically terminate in the pulp tissue proper, either as free nerve endings or as branches around blood vessels. Sensory nerve fibers that originate from inferior and superior alveolar nerves innervate the odontoblastic layer of the pulp cavity. These nerves enter the tooth through the apical foramen as myelinated nerve bundles. They branch to form the subodontoblastic nerve plexus of Raschkow which is separated from the odontoblasts by a cell-free zone of Weil, therefore this plexus lies between the cell free and cell rich zones of the pulp.", "Mandible. The Inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the teeth. At the mental foramen, the nerve divides into two terminal branches: incisive and mental nerves. The incisive nerve runs forward in the mandible and supplies the anterior teeth. The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the lower lip.", "Human tooth. The dental pulp is the central part of the tooth filled with soft connective tissue.[13] This tissue contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth from a hole at the apex of the root.[18] Along the border between the dentin and the pulp are odontoblasts, which initiate the formation of dentin.[13] Other cells in the pulp include fibroblasts, preodontoblasts, macrophages and T lymphocytes.[19] The pulp is commonly called \"the nerve\" of the tooth.", "Maxillary central incisor. The pulp is the location of the nerve and blood supply of a tooth. In the deciduous maxillary central incisor, endodontic treatment is less frequent. In the permanent maxillary central incisor, root canal treatment can be effective. There frequently are three pulp horns in this tooth.[16] In nearly all maxillary central incisors, there is one canal with one apex.[21] During root canal therapy, access into the pulp is frequently located centrally on the lingual surface between the incisal edge and the cingulum. At the level of the cervical line, the shape of the canal is triangular but becomes circular at the middle level of the root.[21] Although the root is generally straight, the most common points of curvature is near the apex, and their direction is more common toward the distal and lingual.", "Trigeminal nerve. The three major branches of the trigeminal nerve—the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2) and the mandibular nerve (V3)—converge on the trigeminal ganglion (also called the semilunar ganglion or gasserian ganglion), located within Meckel's cave and containing the cell bodies of incoming sensory-nerve fibers. The trigeminal ganglion is analogous to the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, which contain the cell bodies of incoming sensory fibers from the rest of the body.", "Pulp (tooth). The central region of the coronal and radicular pulp contains large nerve trunks and blood vessels.", "Head and neck anatomy. The white visible part of a tooth is called the crown. The rounded upper projections of the back teeth are cusps. The hard white exterior covering of the tooth is the enamel. As the tooth tapers below the gumline, the neck is formed. Below the neck, holding the tooth into the bone, is the root of the tooth. The inner portions of the tooth consist of the dentin, a bonelike tissue, and the pulp. The pulp is a soft tissue area containing the nerve and blood vessels to nourish and protect the tooth, located within the pulp cavity.", "Dental anesthesia. The Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia or block or IANB (sometimes termed \"inferior dental block\", or wrongly referred to as the \"mandibular block\") probably is anesthetized more often than any other nerve in the body. An injection blocks sensation in the inferior alveolar nerve, which runs from the angle of the mandible down the medial aspect of the mandible, innervating the mandibular teeth, lower lip, chin, and parts of the tongue, which is effective for dental work in the mandibular arch. To anesthetize this nerve, the needle is inserted somewhat posterior to the most distal mandibular molar on one side of the mouth. The lingual nerve is also anesthetized through diffusion of the agent to produce a numb tongue as well as anesthetizing the floor of the mouth tissue, including that around the tongue side or lingual of the teeth.[42]", "Trigeminal nerve. Some sensory information from the teeth and jaws is sent from the principal nucleus to the ipsilateral thalamus via the small dorsal trigeminal tract. Touch-position information from the teeth and jaws of one side of the face is represented bilaterally in the thalamus and cortex.", "Cortical homunculus. In the sensory homunculus, below the areas handling sensation for the teeth, gums, jaw, tongue, and pharynx lies an area for intra-abdominal sensation. At the very top end of the primary sensory cortex, beyond the area for the toes, it has traditionally been believed that the sensory neural networks for the genitals occur. However, more recent research has suggested that there may be two different cortical areas for the genitals, possibly differentiated by one dealing with erogenous stimulation and the other dealing with non-erogenous stimulation.[3][4][5]", "Trigeminal nerve. The ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches leave the skull through three separate foramina: the superior orbital fissure, the foramen rotundum and the foramen ovale, respectively. The ophthalmic nerve (V1) carries sensory information from the scalp and forehead, the upper eyelid, the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, the nose (including the tip of the nose, except alae nasi), the nasal mucosa, the frontal sinuses and parts of the meninges (the dura and blood vessels). The maxillary nerve (V2) carries sensory information from the lower eyelid and cheek, the nares and upper lip, the upper teeth and gums, the nasal mucosa, the palate and roof of the pharynx, the maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses and parts of the meninges. The mandibular nerve (V3) carries sensory information from the lower lip, the lower teeth and gums, the chin and jaw (except the angle of the jaw, which is supplied by C2-C3), parts of the external ear and parts of the meninges. The mandibular nerve carries touch-position and pain-temperature sensations from the mouth. Although it does not carry taste sensation (the chorda tympani is responsible for taste), one of its branches—the lingual nerve—carries sensation from the tongue.", "Facial nerve. In addition, the facial nerve receives taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via the chorda tympani. Taste sensation is sent to the gustatory portion (superior part) of the solitary nucleus. General sensation from the anterior two-thirds of tongue are supplied by afferent fibers of the third division of the fifth cranial nerve (V-3). These sensory (V-3) and taste (VII) fibers travel together as the lingual nerve briefly before the chorda tympani leaves the lingual nerve to enter the tympanic cavity (middle ear) via the petrotympanic fissure. It joins the rest of the facial nerve via the canaliculus for chorda tympani. The facial nerve then forms the geniculate ganglion, which contains the cell bodies of the taste fibers of chorda tympani and other taste and sensory pathways. From the geniculate ganglion, the taste fibers continue as the intermediate nerve which goes to the upper anterior quadrant of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus along with the motor root of the facial nerve. The intermediate nerve reaches the posterior cranial fossa via the internal acoustic meatus before synapsing in the solitary nucleus.", "Hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal, which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum.", "Pulp (tooth). The pulp is the neurovascular bundle central to each tooth, permanent or primary. It comprises a central pulp chamber, pulp horns and radicular canals. The large mass of pulp is contained within the pulp chamber, which is contained in and mimics the overall shape of the crown of the tooth.[2] Because of continuous deposition of dentin, the pulp chamber becomes smaller with age. This is not uniform throughout the coronal pulp but progresses faster on the floor than on the roof or side walls.", "Dental extraction. There are specific factors that need to be accounted for when considering nerve injury after removal of mandibular third molars (bottom wisdom teeth). Position of the molars is an important risk factor with regards to inferior alveolar nerve injuries. Horizontally-impacted molars pose a higher risk of nerve injury, as the depth of the impacted molar is increased. Furthermore, the most important factor for inferior alveolar nerve-injury prediction is the proximity of the root tips to the mandibular canal.[32]", "Dental anesthesia. Several nondental nerves are usually anesthetized during an inferior alveolar block. The mental nerve, which supplies cutaneous innervation to the anterior lip and chin, is a distal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. When the inferior alveolar nerve is blocked, the mental nerve is blocked also, resulting in a numb lip and chin. Nerves lying near the point where the inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandible often are also anesthetized during inferior alveolar anesthesia, such as affecting hearing (auriculotemporal nerve).[42]", "Human tooth development. NGF-R is present in the condensing ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla in the early cap stage tooth germ [10] and plays multiple roles during morphogenetic and cytodifferentiation events in the tooth.[11][12][13] There is a relationship between tooth agenesis and absence of the peripheral trigeminal nerve (see Hypodontia).", "Head and neck anatomy. A tooth sits in a specialized socket called the alveolus. The tooth is held in location by a periodontal ligament, with the assistance of cementum. Teeth are surrounded by gingiva, or gums, part of the periodontium, support tissue of oral cavity protection. The periodontium includes all of the support membranes of the dental structures surround and support the teeth such as the gums and the attachment surfaces and membranes. These include epithelial tissues (epithelium), connective tissues, (ligaments and bone), muscle tissue and nervous tissue.", "Trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the largest of the cranial nerves. Its name (\"trigeminal\" = tri-, or three, and - geminus, or twin: thrice-twinned) derives from the fact that each of the two nerves (one on each side of the pons) has three major branches: the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3). The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory, whereas the mandibular nerve supplies motor as well as sensory (or \"cutaneous\") functions.[1]", "Cranial nerve examination. 4) Show both upper and lower teeth", "Dental anesthesia. The inferior alveolar nerve block is probably one of the most common methods used by dentist to anaesthetise the mandibular teeth in adults. This technique aims to inject the needle and deposit local anaesthetic close the near to the nerve before it enters the mandibular foramen, which locates on the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus. This is to block the nerve transmission in the inferior alveolar nerve before entering into the bone through the mandibular foramen.[4]", "Nerve net. There are many subsets of neurons within a nerve net and their placement is highly position specific. Every subset of a neuron has a constant and regional distribution. In a Hydra, cell bodies of epidermal sensory cells are usually found around the mouth at the hypostome's apical tip, neurite's are usually directed down the sides of the hypostome in a radial direction, and ganglion cells are found in the hypostome's basal region (in between tentacles and just below the head).[7] Nerve nets contain intermediate neurons which allow for modulation of neural activity which occurs between the sensation of the stimulus and motor output.[8]", "Pulp (tooth). Cells found in the dental pulp include fibroblasts (the principal cell), odontoblasts, defence cells like histiocytes, macrophage, granulocytes, mast cells and plasma cells.The nerve plexus of Raschkow is located central to the cell-rich zone.[3]", "Hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla, the bottom part of the brainstem,[1][2] in the preolivary sulcus, which separates the olive and the pyramid.[3] The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal, an opening in the occipital bone of the skull.[2][4]", "Facial nerve. The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply cranial nerve VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.[1] The nerves typically travels from the pons through the facial canal in the temporal bone and exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen. It arises from the brainstem from an area posterior to the cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve) and anterior to cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve).", "Pulp (tooth). Accessory canals are pathways from the radicular pulp, extending laterally through the dentin to the periodontal tissue seen especially in the apical third of the root. Accessory canals are also called lateral canals, because they are usually located on the lateral surface of the roots of the teeth.", "Trigeminal nerve. Nerves on the left side of the jaw slightly outnumber the nerves on the right side of the jaw.", "Hypoglossal nerve. At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible, the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.[4] It then loops around a branch of the occipital artery and travels forward into the region beneath the mandible.[4] The hypoglossal nerve moves forward lateral to the hyoglossus and medial to the stylohyoid muscles and lingual nerve.[5] It continues deep to the genioglossus muscle and continues forward to the tip of the tongue. It distributes branches to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of the tongue innervates as it passes in this direction, and supplies several muscles (hyoglossus, genioglossus and styloglossus) that it passes.[5]", "Glossopharyngeal nerve. From the anterior portion of the medulla oblongata, the glossopharyngeal nerve passes laterally across or below the flocculus, and leaves the skull through the central part of the jugular foramen. From the superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen, it has its own sheath of dura mater. The inferior ganglion on the inferior surface of petrous part of temporal is related with a triangular depression into which the aqueduct of cochlea opens. On the inferior side, the glossopharyngeal nerve is lateral and anterior to the vagus nerve and accessory nerve.", "Dental alveolus. In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla, the premaxilla, and the mandible.", "Trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nucleus extends throughout the brainstem, from the midbrain to the medulla, continuing into the cervical cord (where it merges with the dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord). The nucleus is divided into three parts, visible in microscopic sections of the brainstem. From caudal to rostral (ascending from the medulla to the midbrain), they are the spinal trigeminal, the principal sensory and the mesencephalic nuclei. The parts of the trigeminal nucleus receive different types of sensory information; the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives pain-temperature fibers, the principal sensory nucleus receives touch-position fibers and the mesencephalic nucleus receives proprioceptor and mechanoreceptor fibers from the jaws and teeth." ]

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[ "Centaur. Centaurs subsequently featured in Roman mythology, and were familiar figures in the medieval bestiary. They remain a staple of modern fantastic literature. The centaur's half-human, half-horse composition has led many writers to treat them as liminal beings, caught between the two natures, embodied in contrasted myths, both as the embodiment of untamed nature, as in their battle with the Lapiths (their kin), or conversely as teachers, like Chiron.", "Centaur. A centaur (/ˈsɛntɔːr/; Greek: Κένταυρος, Kéntauros, Latin: centaurus), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a mythological creature with the upper body of a human and the lower body of a horse.[1][2]", "Sagittarius (constellation). In Greek mythology, Sagittarius is usually identified as a centaur: half human, half horse. However, perhaps due to the Greeks' adoption of the Sumerian constellation, some confusion surrounds the identity of the archer.[3] Some identify Sagittarius as the centaur Chiron, the son of Philyra and Cronus, who was said to have changed himself into a horse to escape his jealous wife, Rhea, and tutor to Jason. As there are two centaurs in the sky, some identify Chiron with the other constellation, known as Centaurus.[3] Or, as an alternative tradition holds, that Chiron devised the constellations Sagittarius and Centaurus to help guide the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece.[26]", "The Horse and His Boy. The Horse and His Boy is the only novel within The Chronicles of Narnia that features children from the imagined world of Narnia (rather than English characters) as the main characters. It is also the only novel within The Chronicles of Narnia that takes place entirely in the fictional Narnian world. The novel is set in the period covered by the last chapter of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (which was the first of the Narnia books to be published), during the reign of the four Pevensie children as Kings and Queens of Narnia. Though the Pevensies appear as minor characters in The Horse and His Boy, the main characters are two children and two talking horses who escape from Calormen and travel north into Narnia. On their journey, they pass through Calormen's capital city; while there, they learn of Calormen's plan to invade Archenland. When they reach Archenland, they warn the king of the impending invasion.", "Mr. Tumnus. Tumnus is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis' series The Chronicles of Narnia. He is featured prominently in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle. He is close friends with Lucy Pevensie and is the first creature she meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series. Lewis said that the first Narnia story, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, all came to him from a single picture he had in his head of a faun carrying an umbrella and parcels through a snowy wood. In that way, Tumnus was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series.[1]", "The Chronicles of Narnia. Bree (Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah) is Shasta's mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy. A Talking Horse of Narnia, he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured. He first appears as a Calormene nobleman's war-horse; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave, Bree organises and carries out their joint escape. Though friendly, he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story.", "Mr. Tumnus. In The Horse and His Boy, Tumnus appears as a royal adviser to the four Pevensie monarchs (fourteen years later, according to Lewis's Narnian Timeline). He devises a ruse for escaping from Calormen, thereby saving Queen Susan from being forcibly married to Prince Rabadash, and the other Narnians, including her brother Edmund, from certain death trying to defend her.", "Centaur. C.S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia series depicts centaurs as the wisest and noblest of creatures. Narnian Centaurs are gifted at stargazing, prophecy, healing, and warfare, a fierce and valiant race always faithful to the High King Aslan the Lion. Lewis generally used the species to inspire awe in his readers.", "Centaur. In a popular legend associated with Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, the curse of a saintly Brahmin transformed a handsome Yadava prince into a creature having a horse's body with the prince's head, arms and torso in place of the head and neck of the horse.", "Aslan. Aslan's influence throughout \"The Horse and his Boy\" is at first hidden from the characters. Secretly, he delivered the infant Prince Cor of Archenland from his enemies, placing him in the hands of a Calormene fisherman (who made a slave of him and called him Shasta). When Shasta meets Bree, it is Aslan, disguised as a \"witless\" lion, who drives them to join Aravis and Hwin. In the form of a cat, Aslan comforts Shasta when he feels abandoned at the Tombs of the Ancient Kings (although as a lion, Aslan defends him from predatory jackals). It is Aslan who chases Bree and Hwin so that they will reach Archenland in time to warn the king of the impending attack by the Calormene army, led by Rabadash. Aslan gives Shasta the resolve to help save Archenland and Narnia from the invaders. He slashes Aravis across the back with his claws as punishment for disregarding her servant's safety when she ran away from home: the cuts on her back equal the severity of her servant's whipping.", "List of Middle-earth animals. A horse of Rohan, and the chief of the Mearas. Possessing fantastic speed and stamina, he features in The Lord of the Rings as the steed of Gandalf the Wizard. Like the other mearas, Shadowfax was a 'grey' or silver stallion and could understand the speech of Men. His name is \"an anglicized form of ... OE Sceadu-fæx\",[28] meaning Shadow-mane; the same element (Old Norse fax meaning \"mane\") appears in the names of the horses Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi in Norse Mythology.", "The Chronicles of Narnia. Tumnus is a faun who is featured prominently in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle. He is close friends with Lucy and is the first creature she meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series. Lewis said that the first Narnia story came to him from a single picture he had in his head of a faun carrying an umbrella and parcels through a snowy wood. In that way, Tumnus was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series.[29]", "The Chronicles of Narnia. Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950,[19] The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954. The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. A young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree, both of whom are in bondage in the country of Calormen, are the protagonists. By \"chance\", they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin who are also fleeing to Narnia.", "The Horse and His Boy. A boy by the name of Shasta is found as a baby and raised by Arsheesh, a Calormene fisherman. As the novel begins, Shasta overhears Arsheesh negotiating to sell him to a powerful Calormene feudal nobleman, Anradin. He is relieved to discover that Arsheesh is not his real father, since there was little love between them. While Shasta awaits his new master in the stable, Bree--the nobleman's stallion--astounds Shasta by speaking to him. Bree is a Talking Horse from Narnia who was captured by the Calormenes as a foal. He tells Shasta that Anradin will treat him cruelly, and Shasta resolves to escape. The horse suggests that they escape a life of servitude by riding north together to the land of Narnia. Shasta and Bree meet another pair of escaping travellers, Aravis, a young Calormene aristocrat, and Hwin, a Talking Horse. Aravis is running away to avoid being forced to marry Ahoshta, the Grand Vizier of Calormen.", "Centaur. Robert Graves (relying on the work of Georges Dumézil,[19] who argued for tracing the centaurs back to the Indian gandharva), speculated that the centaurs were a dimly remembered, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult who had the horse as a totem.[20] A similar theory was incorporated into Mary Renault's The Bull from the Sea. Kinnaras, another half-man half-horse mythical creature from the Indian mythology, appeared in various ancient texts, arts as well as sculptures from all around India. It is shown as a horse with the torso of a man in place of where the horse's head has to be, that is similar to a Greek centaur.[21][22]", "Peter Pevensie. Peter Pevensie is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. Peter appears in three of the seven books; as a child and a principal character in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian, and as an adult in The Last Battle. He is only mentioned in The Horse and His Boy in which he is away on the northern frontier fighting giants and in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader in which he is studying under the tutelage of Professor Kirke.", "The Chronicles of Narnia. Shasta, later known as Cor of Archenland, is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy. Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland, and elder twin of Prince Corin, Cor was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman's son in the country of Calormen. Learning that he is about to be sold into slavery at the beginning of The Horse and His Boy, Shasta escapes to freedom, saves Archenland and Narnia from invasion, learns of his true identity, and is restored to his heritage. Shasta grows up to become King of Archenland, marries the Calormene Tarkheena Aravis, and fathers the next (and most famous) king of Archenland, Ram the Great.", "A Man Called Horse (film). English aristocrat John Morgan is captured, enslaved and treated like an animal by a Native American tribe. He comes to respect his captors' culture and gain their respect. He is aided in understanding the Sioux by another captive, Batise, the tribe's half-breed fool, who had tried to escape and was hamstrung behind both knees.", "Susan Pevensie. In The Horse and His Boy, set during the Pevensie siblings' reign in Narnia, Susan plays a minor part. She is described as a gentle lady with black hair falling to her feet. Shasta thinks her the most beautiful woman he has ever seen. Susan has become a motherly or sisterly figure to Prince Corin of Archenland following the death of his mother. She is asked to make a diplomatic marriage to the Calormene Prince Rabadash. She finds him gallant at tournaments in Narnia, but tyrannical and repellant on his home ground. The prince intends to hold her in Tashbaan by force; but her guarded rejection and subsequent escape from Calormen on The Splendor Hyaline with her brother Edmund and their entourage lead the Prince to rash action. He seeks the secret approval of his father, the Tisroc, for his plan to attack Archenland as a means of capturing Susan, and in the hope of subsequently conquering Narnia.", "Centaur. Philip Jose Farmer's World of Tiers series (1965) includes centaurs, called Half-Horses or Hoi Kentauroi. His creations address several of the metabolic problems of such creatures—how could the human mouth and nose intake sufficient air to sustain both itself and the horse body and, similarly, how could the human ingest sufficient food to sustain both parts.", "Aslan. Aslan then selects two of most animals that his song has called into existence and gives them the power of speech and reason. He instructs them to look after all the animals. He appoints the cabby to be King Frank of Narnia and brings his wife Nellie from Earth to be Queen Helen.", "Aslan. Aslan is depicted as a talking lion, and is described as the King of Beasts, the son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea, and the King above all High Kings in Narnia. Aslan is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporal and spiritual); a mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit Narnia; and the guardian and saviour of Narnia. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Christ; that is, as the form in which Christ might have appeared in a fantasy world.", "The Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature, an influence reflected throughout the books, and most strongly in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The entire book imitates one of the immrama, a type of traditional Old Irish tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of a hero's sea journey to the Otherworld.[35][36] Medieval Ireland also had a tradition of High Kings ruling over lesser kings and queens or princes, as in Narnia. Lewis's term \"Cair,\" as in Cair Paravel, also mirrors \"Caer\", or \"fortress\" in the Welsh language. Reepicheep's small boat is a coracle, a type of vessel traditionally used in the Celtic regions of the British Isles. Some creatures in the book such as the one-footed Dufflepuds reflect elements of Greek, Roman and Medieval mythology while other Narnian creatures are borrowed from Greek and Germanic mythology: for example, centaurs from the former and dwarfs from the latter.", "Through the Looking-Glass. Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: \"All the king's horses and all the king's men\" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting with each other. In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of \"Anglo-Saxon messengers\" called \"Haigha\" and \"Hatta\".", "Maugrim. Maugrim appears in the 1988 BBC production on The Chronicles of Narnia, portrayed by Canadian actor Martin Stone. He assumes the form of a humanoid wolf-like creature when speaking or fighting, and an actual wolf when standing guard at the Witch's castle, traveling, or mortally wounded. As in the book, he is killed by Peter after appearing at the Stone Table, where he has been sent on the White Witch's orders after Edmund informs her than his siblings and Aslan have reached Narnia.", "The Chronicles of Narnia. Aslan, the Great Lion, is the eponymous lion of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books. Aslan is a talking lion, the King of Beasts, son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea. He is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporal and spiritual) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit, as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia. C. S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which Christ might have appeared in an alternative reality.[27]", "Hybrid (biology). Folk tales and myths sometimes contain mythological hybrids; the Minotaur was the offspring of a human, Pasiphaë, and a white bull.[89] More often, they are composites of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals, mythical beasts, and humans, with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding, as in the centaur (man/horse), chimera (goat/lion/snake), hippocamp (fish/horse), and sphinx (woman/lion).[90] The Old Testament mentions a first generation of half-human hybrid giants, the Nephilim,[91][92] while the apocryphal Book of Enoch describes the Nephilim as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women.[93]", "The Chronicles of Narnia. The last King of Narnia is the viewpoint character for much of The Last Battle. Having rashly killed a Calormene for mistreating a Narnian Talking Horse, he is imprisoned by the villainous ape Shift but released by Eustace and Jill. Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan's Kingdom.", "Maugrim. Maugrim is a fictional character in the novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis. A Narnian wolf, he is Captain of the White Witch's Secret Police. In early American editions of the book, Lewis changed the name to Fenris Ulf (a wolf from Norse mythology), but when HarperCollins took over the books they took out Lewis' revisions,[1] and the name Maugrim has been used in all editions since 1994.[2]", "Eldarion. Elves\n     Men\n     Maiar\n     Half-elven\n     Half-elven who chose the fate of elves\n     Half-elven who chose the fate of mortal men", "Aslan. Although Aslan can be read as an original character, parallels exist with Christ. In particular, Aslan's sacrifice and subsequent resurrection parallel Christ's crucifixion and resurrection. Aslan also has God-like powers; he created Narnia with a song (The Magician’s Nephew). The Emperor-Over-the-Sea then refers to God the Father, and Aslan’s country (The Voyage of the Dawn Treader) to heaven. In The Last Battle a new Narnia is made and also a new Earth, as in the Book of Revelation. Furthermore, there are biblical references of Christ being called a lion, as in Revelation 5:5 \"Then one of the elders said to me, “Do not weep. See, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has conquered, so that he can open the scroll and its seven seals.\" (NRSV). When he first appeared at the end of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, he looked like a lamb, which is also a symbol of Christ, who is frequently described throughout the New Testament as being \"The Lamb of God\".", "Aslan. Aslan (/ˈæsˌlæn/ or /ˈæzˌlæn/) is a main character in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. He is \"the Great Lion\" of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining Chronicles. Aslan is also the only character to appear in all seven books of the series. Aslan is Turkish for \"lion\".[2][3] Lewis often capitalises the word lion in reference to Aslan since he represents Jesus Christ.[3]" ]

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[ "Toto (Oz). Toto belongs to Dorothy Gale, the heroine of the first and many subsequent books. In the first book, he never spoke, although other animals, native to Oz, did. In subsequent books, other animals gained the ability to speak upon reaching Oz or similar lands, but Toto remained speechless. In Tik-Tok of Oz, continuity is restored: Toto reveals that he is able to talk, just like other animals in the land of Oz, and simply chooses not to. In The Lost Princess of Oz, he talks a blue streak. Other major appearances include The Road to Oz, The Emerald City of Oz, Grampa in Oz and The Magical Mimics in Oz, in which he is the first to recognize the Mimics.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again, Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals the Wizard. He sadly explains he is a humbug—an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz long ago from Omaha. The Wizard provides the Scarecrow with a head full of bran, pins, and needles (\"a lot of bran-new brains\"), the Tin Woodman with a silk heart stuffed with sawdust, and the Cowardly Lion a potion of \"courage\". Their faith in the Wizard's power gives these items a focus for their desires. The Wizard decides to take Dorothy and Toto home and leave the Emerald City. At the send-off, he appoints the Scarecrow to rule in his stead, which he agrees to do after Dorothy returns to Kansas. Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him, but the tethers of the balloon break and the Wizard floats away.", "List of Oz characters. Toto is Dorothy's pet scruffy dog, and appears in most of the books she does, beginning with The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Due to his appearance in the 1939 film, he has often been ranked near the top of list of on-screen canine characters.", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). Dorothy and her friends return with the broomstick to see the Wizard. Toto reveals that the Wizard's fearsome visage is an illusion; he is just an ordinary man. Still, he gives the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Lion tokens of the brains, heart and courage that they already had inside of them. He tells Dorothy that he himself will take her to Kansas in his hot air balloon, appointing the Scarecrow as prime minister of Oz, with the Tin Man and Lion as other ministers (\"You Went to See the Wizard\"). Just before the balloon flies off, Toto runs into the crowd, and Dorothy retrieves him, missing her ride; she is seemingly stranded in Oz. Glinda appears to tell her that she and Toto had the power to return home all along (\"Already Home\"). After saying goodbye to her friends, Dorothy clicks her heels together three times, chanting \"There’s No Place Like Home\".", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and Toto home, but they explain they cannot cross the desert surrounding Oz. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers informs Dorothy that Glinda the Good Witch of the South may be able to help her return home, so the friends begin their journey to see Glinda, who lives in Oz's Quadling Country. On the way, the Cowardly Lion kills a giant spider who is terrorizing the animals in a forest. The animals ask the Cowardly Lion to become their king, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys a third time to fly them over a mountain to Glinda's palace. Glinda greets the travelers and reveals that the Silver Shoes Dorothy wears can take her anywhere she wishes to go. Dorothy embraces her friends, all of whom will be returned to their new kingdoms through Glinda's three uses of the Golden Cap: the Scarecrow to the Emerald City, the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country, and the Lion to the forest; after which the cap shall be given to the King of the Winged Monkeys, freeing them. Dorothy takes Toto in her arms, knocks her heels together three times, and wishes to return home. Instantly, she begins whirling through the air and rolling through the grass of the Kansas prairie, up to her Kansas farmhouse. Dorothy runs to her Aunt Em, saying \"I'm so glad to be at home again!\"", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. The next day, Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted connections of the Tin Woodman, and meets the Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages the three of them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. After several adventures, the travelers enter the gates of the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard. The Wizard appears to Dorothy as a giant head on a marble throne, to the Scarecrow as a lovely lady in silk gauze, to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and to the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire. The Wizard agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch.", "List of Oz characters. Zeb first meets Dorothy at Hugson's Siding, when he picks her up in a carriage pulled by Jim the Cab-horse. On their way to the Hugson's Ranch, an earthquake causes everyone to fall into the earth and into the Land of the Mangaboos. Zeb, Dorothy, Jim, and Dorothy's kitten Eureka are soon joined by the Oscar Diggs aka the Wizard of Oz. The travelers undertake a subterranean journey through the Valley of Voe, are briefly imprisoned in the Land of Naught, and encounter a cavern full of Dragonettes. Despite his reservations about being in a strange land, Zeb courageously defends his friends and helps them escape from the Land of Gargoyles by obtaining pairs of gargoyle wings.", "List of Oz characters. In Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy and Toto encounter Wiser who mentioned that he got his name because he gets wiser every day. When Dorothy tells Wiser that she is here looking for Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Glinda, Wiser tells Dorothy that she is in Gillikin Country and tells her to head to Candy Country and ask the Great Royal Marshmallow that rules over Candy Country. Wiser points Dorothy in the direction of the Candy Country and leaves while warning her to \"watch out for the molasses.\" Unfortunately, Toto doesn't heed the warning. While traveling to Glinda's castle, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and China Princess run into Wiser as Dorothy tells him of her next mission involving going to Quadling County to meet with Glinda. Wiser tells Dorothy to build a boat and drive it down the Munchkin River. Wiser tells Dorothy that the wood for the boat must come from the Talking Trees that grow along the banks of the Munchkin River. Before Dorothy's confrontation with the Jester, Dorothy ends up encountering Wiser again. He asks if she has found Glinda. Dorothy then asks Wiser to help the Cowardly Lion with a crate and get him into his life-size china doll. After the Cowardly Lion is in his china doll disguise, Dorothy tells Wiser to find Tugg and tell him of their progress. After the Jester is freed from the possession of the Wicked Witch of the West's wand, Wiser appears at the river banks near Princess Gayelette's castle with Tugg and the dragons that Dorothy encountered along the way.", "List of Oz characters. The Great Royal Marshmallow is a marshmallow man that rules over the Candy Country. In Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy and Toto are brought before the Great Royal Marshmallow by the Royal Sheriff when they broke the law of picking lollipops. The Great Royal Marshmallow was not pleased with what the Royal Sheriff told him as Dorothy learns the Great Royal Marshmallow is depressed due to a stomachache. Dorothy convinces the Royal Sheriff to let her help the Great Royal Marshmallow get rid of his stomachache. Dorothy tells the Great Royal Marshmallow to stick to eating marshmallows for a while until his stomach is feeling better. When the Great Royal Marshmallow pardons Dorothy and Toto of their crime, Dorothy tells the Great Royal Marshmallow that she came to the Land of Oz upon being told by Glinda the Good Witch that the Land of Oz is in danger. The Great Royal Marshmallow helps Dorothy by having his subjects give Dorothy some supplies for her journey ranging from baskets containing fruits, an assortment of candy, and an assortment of nuts. The Great Royal Marshmallow has the Royal Sheriff escort Dorothy and Toto to the border as he tells Dorothy that Princess Gayelette can help her.", "Dorothy Gale. Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family doesn't believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.", "List of Oz characters. In Dorothy of Oz, the Jester had gotten his hands on a wand of the Wicked Witch of the West and was possessed by her ghost. Under the Wicked Witch of the West's possession, the Jester used the wand to turn Princess Gayelette, Prince Quelala, and their dinner guests into China Dolls. He even managed to do the same thing to Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion as well as abduct the China Princess from the Dainty China Country. When Dorothy and Toto arrived in Princess Gayelette's kingdom, they run into the Jester who points them to Princess Gayelette's castle. When Dorothy learns about the Jester's actions, she returns to the main hall and found that the Jester had turned Toto into a China Doll as the Jester shows Dorothy his China Doll collection. Dorothy came up with an idea to bring Glinda the Good Witch to the Jester under the condition that Toto, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion assists her. The Jester agrees to Dorothy's deal, but Toto will remain with him. When the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion slipped into their China Doll disguises upon arrival outside of Princess Gayelette's castle, Dorothy then meets up with the Jester who shows Dorothy his collection which is now on the outside. Dorothy takes the Jester to the red wagon where Dorothy has him open the crates where she claims that Glinda is in one of them claiming that Glinda turned herself, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion into china dolls. Dorothy then hears the voice of the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost who suspects a trick and orders the Jester to turn Dorothy into a china doll quickly. As the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost continues to warn the Jester of Dorothy's trick, the Cowardly Lion's tail came out of his disguise as the Jester prepares to attack. Dorothy reminds the Jester that jesters are supposed to make people happy causing the Jester to freeze in his tracks as the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost urges the Jester to turn Dorothy into a china doll. The Jester gives up the wand as the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost fades away. Thus, the spell is broken and everyone is returned to normal. Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Toto rejoice now that the spell is broken. When Dorothy asks Princess Gayelette and Prince Quelala if the Jester can stay and jest for them again as a way to prove that he is sorry, Princess Gayelette accepts Dorothy's deals and has the Jester entertain them again.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Dorothy is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry and her little dog Toto on a farm in the Kansas prairie. One day, Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that deposits her farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz. The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East, the evil ruler of the Munchkins. The Good Witch of the North arrives with three grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical Silver Shoes that once belonged to the Wicked Witch. The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home is to go to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her. As Dorothy embarks on her journey, the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead, giving her magical protection from harm.", "Return to Oz. Dorothy, Billina, and Tik-Tok meet Jack Pumpkinhead, who explains he was brought to life via Mombi's Powder of Life. Dorothy uses the powder to vivify the Gump, the head of a moose-like animal whose body they put together using two sofas, palm leaves, a broom, and rope. Using the Gump as transport, the group escapes and flies across the Deadly Desert to reach the Nome King's mountain. In his underground domain, the Nome King tells Dorothy that the Scarecrow stole the emeralds from him to build the Emerald City, and should be punished. He does not listen when Dorothy protests that the emeralds preceded the Scarecrow at the city. The Scarecrow has been turned into an ornament, and the group has three guesses each to identify which one he is, or they will be turned into ornaments themselves. The Gump, Jack and Tik-Tok each fail and are turned into ornaments. The Nome King gives Dorothy the chance to go home unscathed since he has her discarded ruby slippers, but Dorothy refuses to use them to leave her companions.", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). Landing in Oz, Dorothy's house flattens the Wicked Witch of the East. Glinda, the Good Witch of the North, greets Dorothy and tells her where she is. Glinda calls for the Munchkins to \"Come Out\". These little people, overjoyed at the demise of their wicked tormentor, welcome Dorothy and Toto (\"Ding Dong the Witch is Dead\"; \"We Welcome You to Munchkin Land\"). Glinda presents Dorothy with the magic ruby slippers that belonged to the dead witch. This enrages the witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West. Glinda tells Dorothy that the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her return home, and how to find him (\"Follow the Yellow Brick Road\"). Dorothy sets off toward the Emerald City to speak to the great Oz (\"You’re Off to See the Wizard\").", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). Back at the Emerald City, they bring the broomstick to the Wizard. When they ask him to keep his promises, the Wizard delays granting their requests. During the argument, Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the Wizard as a normal middle-aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image; he denies Dorothy's accusation that he is a bad man, but admits to being a humbug. He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Lion a medal, and the Tin Man a ticking heart-shaped clock, making them realize that they had what they wanted all along. The Wizard prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off, and as she tries to get him back, the balloon leaves without them. Suddenly, Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers. After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends, Dorothy follows Glinda's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats, \"There's no place like home\". She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas, surrounded by her family, the farmhands, Professor Marvel and Toto. Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream, she insists that it was all real, and that there is no place like home.", "Toto (Oz). Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. The name is pronounced with a long \"O\", a homophone of \"toe toe\". The dog was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of the Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939), The Wiz (1978) and Return to Oz (1985).", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). Emerging into the light, the friends encounter another obstacle. The Wicked Witch has cast a spell creating a huge field of poppies that puts Dorothy and the Lion to sleep. Glinda counters with a snowfall that nullifies the poison, so the friends may continue on their journey (\"Optimistic Voices\"). Arriving at the Emerald City, Dorothy and company persuade the gatekeeper to admit them. They are welcomed with open arms and are groomed in preparation for a meeting with the Wizard (\"The Merry Old Land of Oz\"). The Wicked Witch flies down into the City with more threats, still angry that she doesn’t have the ruby slippers. The four friends and Toto go into the Wizard’s chamber. The great Oz appears as a frightening, disembodied head and says he will grant the group their wishes if they do something for him first. He demands: \"Bring Me the Broomstick\" of the Wicked Witch of the West.", "Lost In Oz (TV series). Dorothy, Toto, and Glinda must escape their painted prison and rally their friends before Langwidere can magically erase them from everyone's memories, change the course of history in Oz, and leave Dorothy and Toto stranded here forever.", "Land of Oz. The treatment of non-native animals was inconsistent. In the first book, the dog Toto never speaks, although brought to Oz; in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, Dorothy specifies that he cannot speak because he is not a fairy dog. However, in Ozma of Oz, the chicken Billina acquires speech merely by being swept to the lands near Oz, and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, the same is true of the kitten Eureka and the cab horse Jim when reaching the land of Mangaboos, a similarly magical land. In Tik-Tok of Oz, Baum restored the continuity: Toto can speak, and always could, but never bothered to, because it was unnecessary.", "Return to Oz. Upon awakening, Dorothy finds herself back in Oz with her chicken Billina, who can now talk. They find the Emerald City in ruins and its citizens (including the Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion) turned to stone. Pursued by Wheelers (humans who have wheels instead of hands and feet), Dorothy and Billina hide in a room accessed by a glyph key Billina earlier had found. They meet a mechanical man, Tik-Tok, who explains that King Scarecrow has been captured by the Nome King, a subterranean demon who is responsible for the Emerald City's destruction. The three visit princess Mombi in hopes of getting more information, but she is working with the Nome King and imprisons them.", "The Great Movie Ride. The next film genre introduced were horror films as the ride vehicle traveled through an ancient burial chamber full of mummies, some of which had come to life. The ride vehicle soon left the tomb and entered the jungle from Tarzan the Ape Man. Here, audio-animatronic figures of Tarzan (Johnny Weissmuller) swinging on a vine, Jane (Maureen O'Sullivan) sitting atop Timba the elephant, and Cheeta the chimpanzee could be seen. The ride vehicle then moved past the final scene from Casablanca, featuring audio-animatronics of Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) and Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman) as they stood in front of a waiting airplane. Next, the ride vehicle passed a film projection of Mickey Mouse in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice from Walt Disney's animated film, Fantasia.\nThe ride vehicle then entered into the Munchkinland scene from The Wizard of Oz, where Dorothy's house had landed on the Wicked Witch of the East. When both the #1A and #2B ride vehicles were in use, they met up here and came to a stop in the middle of the scene. Audio-Animatronic Munchkins began to appear from various places and sang as they welcomed guests to their home. However, a plume of smoke suddenly rose from the ground as an audio-animatronic Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton) appeared and asked who was responsible for killing the Wicked Witch of the East. The tour guide aboard the #1A ride vehicle briefly interacted with her before she disappeared in another puff of smoke. The Munchkins reappeared from their hiding places and began to sing again as both ride vehicles followed the Yellow Brick Road out of Munchkinland past audio-animatronic figures of Dorothy (Judy Garland), Scarecrow (Ray Bolger), Tin Man (Jack Haley), Cowardly Lion (Bert Lahr) and Toto standing in front of the Emerald City, and onto the ride's grand finale.", "Lost In Oz (TV series). On their way to find the stolen magic, Dorothy, West, Ojo, and Toto are taken prisoner by Fitz. When they're all captured, the whole team is forced to put aside their differences and work together to defeat a renegade band of Growleywogs.", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion makes his first appearance in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He is the last of the companions Dorothy befriends on her way to the Emerald City where he ambushes her, Toto, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman. When he tries to bite Toto, Dorothy slaps him for trying to attack Toto where she discovers that the Lion is actually a coward which he admits that he is. The Cowardly Lion joins her so that he can ask The Wizard for courage, being ashamed that, in his cultural role as the King of the Beasts, he is not indeed brave.[2] Despite outward evidence that he is unreasonably fearful, The Cowardly Lion displays great bravery along the way. During the journey, he leaps across a chasm on the road of yellow brick multiple times, each time with a companion on his back, and then leaps back to get the next one. When they come into another, wider chasm, the Cowardly Lion holds off two Kalidahs while the Tin Woodman cuts a tall tree to cross it. In spite of his fears, he still goes off to hunt for his food, and he even offers to kill a deer for Dorothy to eat, but the idea makes her uncomfortable.", "List of Oz characters. In Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion design and build Tugg from the limbs of the Talking Trees that are on the banks of the Munchkin River, some straw to make it waterproof, vines to make the ropes that held them all together, and a foghorn out of a hollow log with vine for a cord. Using some water and wild red berries, Dorothy converted them into a paint so that she can draw Tugg's mouth. When Tugg is named, Tugg starts to speak where he thanks the group for building him. Tugg tells the Talking Trees that he will travel the Munchkin River and tell them of what he has seen. Dorothy and her group board Tugg and they travel downstream. When Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion were in the Gamekeeper's maze, Tugg used his foghorn to help them get out before time ran out. Tugg then continues to carry the group down the Munchkin River until they reach the Munchkin Village. When Tugg gets close to where the Dainty China Country is located, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and China Princess disembark as he heads back to the Talking Trees to tell them what he has seen on his journey. Dorothy states to Tugg that they will meet him again as soon as possible. Before her confrontation with the Jester, Dorothy has Wiser the Owl look for Tugg and tell him of their progress. After the Jester was freed from the possession of the Wicked Witch of the West's wand, Tugg later appeared on the part of the Munchkin River near Princess Gayelette's castle with Wiser and the dragons that were encountered along the way.", "List of Oz characters. Betsy Bobbin is a young American girl who appears in Tik-Tok of Oz. She comes to the Land of Oz along with her companion Hank the talking mule after being shipwrecked. Both Besty and Hank become good friends and companions to Dorothy Gale, Princess Ozma, and several other Ozians. They also appear in several more Oz books.", "Lost In Oz (TV series). Dorothy Gale is a precocious child who, with her dog Toto, is swept up to the Land of Oz without a clear way home. To travel back, Dorothy must collect all the different types of magical elements with her new found friends, the streetwise witch West and friendly Munchkin Ojo, while a sinister plot unfolds around them.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The story chronicles the adventures of a young farm girl named Dorothy in the magical Land of Oz, after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their Kansas home by a cyclone.[nb 1] The novel is one of the best-known stories in American literature and has been widely translated. The Library of Congress has declared it \"America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale\". Its groundbreaking success and the success of the Broadway musical adapted from the novel led Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books that serve as official sequels to the first story.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). On their journey to the Witch's castle, they pass through the Haunted Forest, while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball. She sends her winged monkeys to attack them; they capture Dorothy and Toto. At the castle, the Witch is stymied by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy's feet, then remembers that Dorothy must be dead first. Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion to the castle. After overpowering three Winkie guards, they march inside wearing the stolen guards' uniforms and free her, but the Witch discovers and traps them. The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape, being chased by the Witch and her guards, but are finally surrounded. The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her. The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude.", "List of Oz characters. The Cowardly Lion is a talking lion who lives in the Land of Oz. He appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and becomes one of Dorothy Gale's first companions in Oz, joining her and the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman as he is in search of courage. At the end of the book, he becomes King of the Beasts in the dark forest in Oz's southern quadrant called Quadling Country, though this is rarely brought up in later Oz books. In the sequels he appears in minor roles as Ozma's bodyguard and beast of burden, along with the Hungry Tiger. In The Cowardly Lion of Oz, a lion collector seeks to capture him, while he seeks to restore his courage.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). Suddenly the house falls to the ground and all is quiet. As Dorothy opens the door, the film changes to technicolor – she and Toto have arrived in Munchkinland, part of the Land of Oz. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the munchkins welcome her as their heroine because the house landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East. In the middle of the celebration, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister's ruby slippers, but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy's feet before the witch can get them. The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister's death. Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home to Kansas.", "List of Oz characters. Mayre \"Trot\" Griffiths is a young girl who comes to Oz in The Scarecrow of Oz, along with her friend Cap'n Bill, and becomes a friend and companion of Dorothy, Ozma and Betsy. She is also the protagonist of The Sea Fairies and Sky Island.", "Lost In Oz (TV series). After being transported from Kansas to Oz on a magical tornado, twelve-year-old Dorothy Gale finds herself lost in a strange new land with her trusty dog Toto. With the help of some new Ozian friends, Dorothy and Toto begin their search for the magic they need to get back home." ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). When Harry communicates with a snake, the school believes he is the Heir. On Christmas Day, Harry and Ron learn that Malfoy is not the Heir, but he mentions that a girl died when the Chamber was last opened fifty years ago. Harry finds an enchanted diary, owned by a former student named Tom Marvolo Riddle, which shows him a flashback to fifty years before, where Riddle accused Hagrid, then a student, of opening the Chamber. When the diary is stolen and Hermione is petrified, Harry and Ron question Hagrid. Professor Dumbledore, Cornelius Fudge, and Lucius Malfoy, come to take Hagrid to Azkaban, but he discreetly tells the boys to \"follow the spiders\". In the Forbidden Forest, Harry and Ron meet Hagrid's giant pet spider Aragog, who tells them that Hagrid was innocent and provides them with a small clue about the Chamber's resident monster. Aragog then sets his colony of Acromantula on the boys, but the now-wild flying car saves them.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). Harry enters the Chamber alone and finds Ginny unconscious, guarded by Tom Riddle. Riddle reveals that he used the diary to manipulate Ginny and reopen the Chamber. When Riddle creates the anagram for his future new identity, \"I am Lord Voldemort\" from his full name, Harry realises that Riddle himself is Slytherin's heir and Voldemort was only a pseudonym. After Harry expresses support for Dumbledore, Dumbledore's Fawkes flies in with the Sorting Hat, and Riddle summons the Basilisk. Fawkes blinds the Basilisk, and the Sorting Hat eventually produces a sword with which Harry battles and slays the Basilisk, but he is injured by its fangs.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). While serving detention with Lockhart, Harry hears strange voices and later finds caretaker Argus Filch's cat, Mrs. Norris, petrified, along with a message written in blood announcing the \"Chamber of Secrets has been opened\". McGonagall explains that one of Hogwarts' founders, Salazar Slytherin, supposedly constructed a secret Chamber and placed a monster that only his Heir can control inside it, to purge the school of impure-blooded wizards and witches. Harry and Ron suspect Malfoy is the Heir, so Hermione suggests that they question him while disguised using polyjuice potion. They utilise a disused bathroom haunted by a ghost, Moaning Myrtle, as their makeshift laboratory to brew the potion.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). Harry Potter spends the summer with The Dursleys without receiving letters from his Hogwarts friends. In his room, Harry meets Dobby, a house-elf, who warns him of a peril that will take shape if he returns to Hogwarts, and reveals he intercepted his friends' letters, and destroys a cake. The Dursleys lock Harry up, but Ron, Fred and George Weasley rescue him in their father's flying car.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Fortunately for Harry and Ron, Hagrid left a set of instructions: to follow the spiders currently fleeing into the Forbidden Forest, which they do, only to find the monster blamed for the attacks fifty years before, a massive spider named Aragog, who explains to the duo that the real monster is one that spiders fear above all others. Hermione provides the last set of clues that inform them of the monster’s identity: It is a basilisk, (hence Harry’s ability to understand it,) that kills with a stare (although no one is dead because of various devices through which they indirectly saw the monster) and which spiders (such as Aragog and his offspring) fear above all others. Harry figures out from hints Aragog dropped that a student who died during the previous attacks is Myrtle, and when Ginny is apparently taken by the monster into the Chamber, they discover that the entrance is in the bathroom they’ve been using to make Polyjuice Potion. Harry, Ron, and Lockhart enter the Chamber, but the dunderheaded professor (who reveals that he’s a fraud) causes a rockfall upon attempt to modify the boys’ memories with Ron’s damaged wand, and Harry must enter alone. He arrives to find Ginny in a weakened state being watched over by a shadowy, ghostly Riddle, who explains that he is not only the heir of Slytherin, but also grew up to become Voldemort himself, before setting the basilisk upon Harry; Harry defeats the monster, with the help of Dumbledore's Phoenix, and the Sword of Gryffindor drawn from the Sorting Hat, and destroys the diary, which makes Riddle disappear.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Rumours fly around the school regarding the history of the Chamber of Secrets, and for Harry and his friends, the answer comes by way of Cuthbert Binns, the ghostly professor of History of Magic: The Chamber of Secrets, which houses a terrible monster, was created by one of the school’s founders, Salazar Slytherin, after a fundamental disagreement with the others (Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, and Rowena Ravenclaw), believing that students of non-magical parentage should be refused entry to the school. When a Bludger, one of the balls involved in Quidditch, chases after Harry instead of zigzagging toward any player it can hit, breaking his arm, Dobby returns in the middle of the night to visit Harry in the hospital wing, revealing that it was he who charmed the Bludger and sealed the gateway at King’s Cross and that the Chamber of Secrets had been opened before. Another attack occurs, this time to a first-year Gryffindor named Colin Creevey who idolises Harry, and the school enters panic mode, setting up a dueling class for the students (led by Lockhart and Potions master/Head of Slytherin House Severus Snape), during which it is revealed that Harry is a 'Parselmouth', meaning he has the rare gift to speak to snakes.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Edward Duffy, an associate professor at Marquette University, says that one of the central characters of Chamber of Secrets is a book, Tom Riddle's enchanted diary, which takes control of Ginny Weasley – just as Riddle planned. Duffy suggests that Rowling intended this as a warning against passively consuming information from sources that have their own agendas.[32] Although Bronwyn Williams and Amy Zenger regard the diary as more like an instant messaging or chat room system, they agree about the dangers of relying too much on the written word, which can camouflage the author, and they highlight a comical example, Lockhart's self-promoting books.[33]", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. This sparks the rumour mill yet again, as students around the school suspect Harry of being the Heir of Slytherin (as Slytherin was also a parselmouth), and circumstantial evidence to support this theory arrives in the form of another attack, this time on Hufflepuff second-year Justin Finch Fletchley and the Gryffindor ghost. Harry, Ron, and Hermione begin to suspect that Draco is behind the attacks, given his family history of remaining well within Slytherin ranks and open hostility toward Muggle-born students, and so Hermione concocts Polyjuice potion, which allows them to become Draco’s boorish lackeys, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, for an hour to interrogate him. This comes to nothing, as Draco’s father only told his son the general facts of the previous opening of the Chamber and that it occurred fifty years previously. Meanwhile, Myrtle Warren, an existentially mopey ghost that haunts a bathroom, unwittingly provides a new clue in the form of a diary deposited in her stall—a diary, moreover, that belonged to Tom Riddle, a student who knows all too well about the Chamber, having been witness to a fellow student’s death fifty years ago. The culprit, he reveals to Harry, was none other than Rubeus Hagrid, now gamekeeper for Hogwarts School; when Hermione is attacked next, alongside a Ravenclaw prefect, the school is put on lockdown, and Dumbledore and Hagrid are forced to leave the premises.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Lockhart return to the main castle and reunite with McGonagall, Dumbledore, and Mr. and Mrs. Weasley. Ginny, whose possession by Voldemort caused all of the petrification and troubles over the course of the year, is given a reprieve by Dumbledore, who reasons that greater wizards have been duped by Voldemort before and takes great interest in the qualities of the diary, which Harry gives to him. Lucius Malfoy bursts in after this meeting, demanding to know why and how Dumbledore has returned to the school and accompanied by Dobby, revealing the family to whom he is enslaved. The house-elf also provides Harry with unspoken cues regarding the diary’s ownership: While it was Tom Riddle’s, it had been in the Malfoys’ possession, and Harry returns it, devising a scenario involving his own sock that frees Dobby from the Malfoys’ employment, thus provoking an attack on Harry, only for Dobby to jump in and save him. The petrified students are cured, the end-of-year exams are cancelled (much to Hermione’s chagrin), Hagrid comes back in the middle of the final feast, and Harry returns to Privet Drive in higher spirits than he last left it.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. The crash lands them in hot water with headmaster Albus Dumbledore and Minerva McGonagall, Head of Gryffindor House and the Transfiguration professor, who doesn’t expel them in spite of the clear breach of magical law but does assign them to detentions: Ron must clean the school trophies in the trophy room, and Harry must help the lunatic celebrity teacher Professor Lockhart with addressing his fan mail. Lockhart’s classes turn out to be as obsessed with the man as he is with himself, as proven by a “hands-on” training experience with a pack of destructive pixies (small, bluish creatures that exist to cause mayhem), and Harry learns that prejudice exists in the wizarding world by the way of blood status: Those with “pure” blood (only wizarding heritage) have the advantage over and condescend to those with Muggle parentage. Harry also begins hearing an unnerving voice (one only he can hear) seemingly coming from the walls of the school itself, and during a deathday party for the ghost of Gryffindor House, Nearly Headless Nick, the trio happens upon a petrified Mrs. Norris, the cat belonging to school caretaker Argus Filch, and a warning scrawled across one of the walls: “The chamber of secrets has been opened. Enemies of the heir, beware.”", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets continues the examination of what makes a person who he or she is, which began in the first book. As well as maintaining that Harry's identity is shaped by his decisions rather than any aspect of his birth,[15][28] Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets provides contrasting characters who try to conceal their true personalities: as Tammy Nezol puts it, Gilderoy Lockhart \"lacks any real identity\" because he is nothing more than a charming liar.[15] Riddle also complicates Harry's struggle to understand himself by pointing out the similarities between the two: \"both half-bloods, orphans raised by Muggles, probably the only two Parselmouths to come to Hogwarts since the great Slytherin.\"[29]", "Places in Harry Potter. In Chamber of Secrets, celebrity author Gilderoy Lockhart signs copies of his autobiography, Magical Me, at the shop the day Harry buys his second year school books. The signing drew a huge crowd of fans (mostly middle-aged women). This is also where Lucius Malfoy slips Tom Riddle's diary into Ginny's battered old Transfiguration book, thus causing the start of the events in Chamber of Secrets.[CS Ch.4]", "Lord Voldemort. In the second instalment, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Rowling introduces Tom Marvolo Riddle, a manifestation of a teenage Voldemort that resides inside a magical diary found by Ginny Weasley. In this book, Ginny is written as a shy girl with a crush on Harry. Feeling anxious and lonely, she begins to write into the diary and shares her deepest fears with the sympathetic Tom. However, at the climax of the story, when Riddle rearranges the letters in his name to write \"I am Lord Voldemort\", Riddle is revealed as a magical manifestation of the boy who would later grow up to become the Dark Lord. Riddle states he has grown strong on Ginny's fears and eventually possesses her, using her as a pawn to unlock the Chamber of Secrets, whence a basilisk is set free and petrifies several Hogwarts students. Harry defeats the manifestation of Riddle from the diary and the basilisk.[12] In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort's Horcruxes.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). A book page in Hermione's hand identifies the monster as a basilisk, a giant serpent that instantly kills those that make direct eye contact with it; the petrified victims only saw it indirectly. The school staff learn that Ginny was taken into the Chamber, and convince Lockhart to save her. Harry and Ron find Lockhart, exposed as a fraud, planning to flee; knowing Myrtle was the girl the Basilisk killed, they take him to her bathroom and find the Chamber's entrance. Once inside, Lockhart uses Ron's damaged wand against them, but it backfires, wiping his memory, and causes a cave-in.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Chamber of Secrets has many links with the sixth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. In fact, Half-Blood Prince was the working title of Chamber of Secrets and Rowling says she originally intended to present some \"crucial pieces of information\" in the second book, but ultimately felt that \"this information's proper home was book six\".[38] Some objects that play significant roles in Half-Blood Prince first appear in Chamber of Secrets: the Hand of Glory and the opal necklace that are on sale in Borgin and Burkes; a Vanishing Cabinet in Hogwarts that is damaged by Peeves the Poltergeist; and Tom Riddle's diary, which is later shown to be a Horcrux.[39] Additionally, these two novels are the ones with the most focus on Harry's relationship with Ginny Weasley.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). While purchasing school supplies, Harry and the Weasley family encounter Rubeus Hagrid and Hermione Granger, and they attend a book-signing by celebrity wizard Gilderoy Lockhart, who announces that he will be the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. During a small confrontation with Draco Malfoy, Harry meets Malfoy's father, Lucius, who slips a book in Ginny Weasley's belongings. When Harry and Ron are blocked from entering Platform Nine and Three-Quarters, they fly to Hogwarts in the flying car, crashing into the Whomping Willow upon arrival. Ron's wand is damaged, and the car ejects them before driving off. Both boys narrowly avoid expulsion when Professor McGonagall gives them detention.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is the second novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. The plot follows Harry's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, during which a series of messages on the walls of the school's corridors warn that the \"Chamber of Secrets\" has been opened and that the \"heir of Slytherin\" would kill all pupils who do not come from all-magical families. These threats are found after attacks which leave residents of the school \"petrified\" (frozen like stone). Throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks.", "Albus Dumbledore. When Harry arrives at Hogwarts, Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised, claiming that when he looks into it, he sees himself \"holding a pair of thick, woollen socks.\" Harry later recalls in the final book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him. He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosopher's Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror and whose desire was \"to find the Stone ... but not use it\" would receive it, as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirror's special magic. He is called out to the Ministry of Magic by a false message on the night when Professor Quirinus Quirrell, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger enter the dungeons to retrieve the Stone, but realises during the trip that he is needed at Hogwarts and returns in time to rescue Harry from Quirrell and Voldemort. He also has a final conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons and tells him that he is too young to comprehend the information about why Voldemort attempts to kill him.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). In a post-credits scene, Lockhart has published a new autobiography, \"Who Am I?\".[3]", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). Harry defeats Riddle and revives Ginny by stabbing the diary with a basilisk fang. Fawkes's tears heal him, and he returns to Hogwarts with his friends and a baffled Lockhart. Dumbledore praises them and orders for Hagrid's release. Dumbledore shows Harry the sword he wielded was Godric Gryffindor's own sword, and says he is different from Voldemort, because he chose Gryffindor House instead of Slytherin House. Harry accuses Lucius, Dobby's master, of planting the diary in Ginny's cauldron and tricks him into freeing Dobby. The Basilisk's victims are healed, Hermione reunites with Harry and Ron, and Hagrid is released from Azkaban.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). Originally, a scene in which Lucius Malfoy is confronted in Dumbledore's office ended sooner but the final exchange was ad-libbed. Jason Isaacs felt his character would've said something after being humiliated, and Columbus asked him to try. According to Isaacs, he improvised, \"Let us hope Mr. Potter will always be around to save the day.\" Isaacs was impressed by Daniel Radcliffe's maturation as an actor based on his own improvised line, \"Don't worry. I will be.\"[12]", "Ron Weasley. Later in the novel, Ron and Harry transform themselves using Polyjuice Potion to resemble Draco Malfoy's close associates Crabbe and Goyle, so that they can spy on him, and find out what he knows about the Chamber of Secrets. During the hunt to find the Heir of Slytherin, Ron is responsible for providing the first clue to the identity of Tom Marvolo Riddle, recalling that he saw the name \"T. M. Riddle\" on a trophy inscribed \"For Special Services to the School\". Later Ron is forced to come face-to-face with his worst nightmare, spiders, in the Forbidden Forest, where the two have ventured at Hagrid's suggestion. Giant spiders nearly devour the two of them, but the Weasley Ford Anglia returns from the Forbidden Forest and rescues the pair. Ron and Harry then discover the entrance into the Chamber, and enter it in the hopes of saving Ginny Weasley, Ron's sister, who had been kidnapped and kept in the Chamber. Due to an accident with Ron's wand, the Chamber Entrance's ceiling collapses, trapping Ron on one side and Harry on the other. Harry goes on to rescue Ginny and save the day. Ron and Harry are given Special Awards for Services to the School for this, and he receives two hundred points, along with Harry for their success in the Chamber of Secrets.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). University of Cambridge linguistics professor Francis Nolan was hired to construct the Parseltongue language for the scenes where Harry Potter was talking to snakes.[13]", "Harry Potter (character). In the second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Rowling pits Harry against Tom Riddle, Lord Voldemort's \"memory\" within a secret diary which has possessed Ron's younger sister Ginny. When Muggle-born students are suddenly being Petrified, many suspect that Harry may be behind the attacks, further alienating him from his peers. Furthermore, Harry begins to doubt his worthiness for House of Gryffindor, particularly considering he discovers he shares Lord Voldemort's ability to communicate with snakes via Parseltongue. In the climax, Ginny disappears. To rescue her, Harry battles Riddle and the monster he controls that is hidden in the Chamber of Secrets. To defeat the monster, Harry summons the Sword of Godric Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat supplied by Dumbledore's pet phoenix, Fawkes. In doing so, Dumbledore later restores Harry's self-esteem by explaining that that feat is clear proof of his worthiness of his present house.", "Magic in Harry Potter. Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets, but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Immorality and the portrayal of authority as negative are significant themes in the novel. Marguerite Krause states that there are few absolute moral rules in Harry Potter's world, for example Harry prefers to tell the truth, but lies whenever he considers it necessary – very like his enemy Draco Malfoy.[31] At the end of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Dumbledore retracts his promise to punish Harry, Ron, and Hermione if they break any more school rules – after Professor McGonagall estimates that they have broken over 100 – and lavishly rewards them for ending the threat from the Chamber of Secrets.[34] Krause further states that authority figures and political institutions receive little respect from Rowling.[31] William MacNeil of Griffith University, Queensland, Australia states that the Minister for Magic is presented as a mediocrity.[35] In his article \"Harry Potter and the Secular City\", Ken Jacobson suggests that the Ministry as a whole is portrayed as a tangle of bureaucratic empires, saying that \"Ministry officials busy themselves with minutiae (e.g. standardising cauldron thicknesses) and coin politically correct euphemisms like 'non-magical community' (for Muggles) and 'memory modification' (for magical brainwashing).\"[28]", "Harry Potter. The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school. Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus's diary, Tom Marvolo Riddle, later revealed to be Voldemort's younger self, who is bent on ridding the school of \"mudbloods\", a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage. The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary, Voldemort is able to possess her. Through the diary, Ginny acts on Voldemort's orders and unconsciously opens the \"Chamber of Secrets\", unleashing an ancient monster, later revealed to be a basilisk, which begins attacking students at Hogwarts. It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly. The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Gilderoy Lockhart, a highly cheerful, self-conceited wizard with a pretentious facade, later turning out to be a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school's history, and learns that Voldemort's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles. Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts. When Hermione is attacked and petrified, Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets, with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny, and also destroying a part of Voldemort's soul. The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy, Draco's father and rival of Ron and Ginny's father, to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. In 1992, while the Dursley family—his uncle Vernon, aunt Petunia, and cousin Dudley—entertain a potential client for Vernon’s drill-manufacturing company Grunnings, Harry Potter reminisces upon the events of the previous year, including his enrolment in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and confrontation with Lord Voldemort (the Dark wizard whose reign seemingly ended when he killed Harry’s parents and attempted but failed to kill Harry himself), and laments the fact that the best friends he made at the institution have not written to him, even for his birthday, on which the novel opens.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Just as Harry is starting to anticipate his return to Hogwarts, an impish but loyal house-elf named Dobby arrives out of nowhere to warn Harry against the decision to return to the wizarding world, citing grave danger as the reason, revealing that he had been intercepting Harry's letters from his friends, and inciting Harry’s gravest punishment yet when he smashes a dessert crafted by Petunia for the dinner party and frames it on Harry himself. Ron Weasley arrives with his twin brothers Fred and George to perform a jailbreak in their father Arthur’s enchanted Ford Anglia and to deposit him at their family home the Burrow for the remainder of his holidays. Harry and the rest of the Weasleys—mother Molly, third eldest son Percy, and daughter Ginny (who has a crush on Harry)—travel to Diagon Alley, where they are reunited with Hermione Granger and introduced to Lucius Malfoy, father of Harry’s school nemesis Draco, and Gilderoy Lockhart, a conceited autobiographer who has been appointed Defence Against the Dark Arts professor after the death of Professor Quirrel. As Harry and Ron plan to depart with the rest for Hogwarts School, the barrier within King’s Cross station that separates Muggles from wizards refuses to allow them pass, forcing them to fly Arthur’s car to the school, where they crash into a sentient willow tree on the grounds.", "Magical creatures in Harry Potter. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, a basilisk is the monster inhabiting the Chamber of Secrets. When student Tom Riddle, later known as Lord Voldemort, opened the chamber, the basilisk killed Moaning Myrtle and hid in the chamber for 50 years, until Riddle's memory (and Horcrux) opened the chamber again by possessing Ginny Weasley. During the events in the book, it is set loose again by one of Voldemort's Horcruxes, and attempts to kill several Muggle-borns, but due to good fortune all its victims were merely petrified. The Horcrux commanded Ginny Weasley to kill all the school roosters remarked upon by Hagrid. When Harry discovers the existence of the chamber and of its location, Riddle reveals his identity and sets the basilisk loose upon Harry while Ginny's life force ebbs away. Fawkes helps Harry, by blinding the basilisk with his talons and carrying the Sorting Hat; Harry pulls the sword of Godric Gryffindor from the hat, and uses it to impale the basilisk in the roof of its mouth, killing it.", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry, Ron, and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year, which proves to be more challenging than the last. The Chamber of Secrets has been opened, leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unleashed monster. Harry must face up to claims that he is the heir of Salazar Slytherin (founder of the Chamber), learn that he can speak Parseltongue, and also discover the properties of a mysterious diary, only to find himself trapped within the Chamber of Secrets itself.", "Hogwarts. Harry learned of the room's abilities from Dobby, finding it the perfect location for his Dumbledore's Army meetings, during which it would be filled with bookcases full of Defence Against the Dark Arts volumes, many different kinds of Dark Detectors, and a plethora of floor cushions for practising defensive spells. When the D.A. was betrayed, the room was left open, and Pansy Parkinson was able to retrieve the list of members of the organisation. In Half-Blood Prince Harry used the Room of Hidden Things to stash his copy of Advanced Potion-Making, describing it as the size of a large cathedral and packed to overflowing with items hidden by Hogwarts inhabitants over the years, such as old potions, clothing, ruined furniture, an old tiara (which happened to be one of Voldemort's Horcruxes), or books which were \"no doubt banned or graffitied or stolen.\" He later realised that Draco had been using the room in that state to hide and repair the Vanishing Cabinet to use it to smuggle Death Eaters into Hogwarts. Ironically, while Harry tries many times to get into the Room of Requirement to see what Draco is doing, the only time he succeeds to get into the room (and he is not thinking about Draco), he gains access to the room where Malfoy has been working." ]

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[ "Geoff Love. Geoffrey Love (4 September 1917 – 8 July 1991), known as Geoff Love, was a prolific British arranger and composer of easy listening and pop versions of film themes. He became famous in the late 1950s, playing under the pseudonym of Manuel and The Music of The Mountains.[1]", "Geoff Love. In the late 1950s, playing under the pseudonym of 'Manuel and his Music of the Mountains', Love's created his Theme from Honeymoon (1959) which proved popular in the UK. His attempt to keep his identity secret whilst playing as 'Manuel' was impossible due to success, especially in the US in 1959 and 1960.", "Penguin Cafe Orchestra. After becoming disillusioned with the rigid structures of classical music and the limitations of rock, in which he also dabbled, Simon Jeffes became interested in the relative freedom in ethnic music and decided to imbue his work with the same sense of immediacy and spirit.[citation needed]", "Jeff Colby. Jeff Colby has been raised by his uncle Cecil Colby in Denver, Colorado. He has a fling with childhood friend, Fallon Carrington. Fallon suggests they elope, which they do. Later, Jeff learns that Fallon only married him because Cecil promised to provide financial support for her father Blake's struggling company. Jeff embarrasses her by drunkenly broadcasting the details to a room full of party guests. Fallon feels sympathetic for Jeff, but still doesn't feel she can return his love.", "How He Loves. \"How He Loves\" is a song by independent artist John Mark McMillan for his second studio album, The Song Inside the Sounds of Breaking Down. The song was successful despite the album's independent release, and has been covered by several well-known artists within the Christian music industry (David Crowder Band, Kim Walker, Todd Agnew, New Breed, Flyleaf, The Glorious Unseen) and Anthony Evans from the popular singing TV Show: The Voice. It has also been covered in Spanish by Christine D'Clario and Seth Condrey.", "Asheville, North Carolina. Friends of Community Radio created WSFM-LP, a volunteer-based, grassroots community radio station. The station is licensed under the \"Free Form\" format. There are also a variety of broadcasts dedicated to Poetry, Interviews, Selected Topics, Children's Radio, and Comedy. The staff have remote broadcast many local concerts including (but not limited to) Monotonix from Israel, JEFF the Brotherhood from Nashville, Screaming Females from New Jersey, and local acts.", "Linkin Park. After spending a considerable time searching for Wakefield's replacement, Xero recruited Arizona vocalist Chester Bennington, who was recommended by Jeff Blue, the vice president of Zomba Music in March 1999.[25][26] Bennington, formerly of a post-grunge band by the name of Grey Daze, became a standout among applicants because of the dynamic in his singing style.[21] The band then agreed on changing its name from Xero to Hybrid Theory; the newborn vocal chemistry between Shinoda and Bennington helped revive the band, inciting them to work on new material.[21] In 1999 the band released a self-titled extended play, which they circulated across internet chat-rooms and forums with the help of an online 'street team'.[27][28] The band's renaissance culminated with another change in name, this time to Linkin Park, a play on and homage to Santa Monica's Lincoln Park[21] (now called Christine Emerson Reed Park[29]). The band initially wanted to use the name \"Lincoln Park\", however they changed it to \"Linkin\" to acquire the internet domain \"linkinpark.com\".[30] The band still struggled to sign a record deal. Linkin Park turned to Jeff Blue for additional help after facing numerous rejections from several major record labels. After failing to catch Warner Bros. Records on three previous reviews, Jeff Blue, who had negotiated his employment contract with Warner Brothers to include signing Linkin Park, and was now the vice president of Warner Bros. Records, helped the band sign a deal with the company in 1999. The band released its breakthrough album, Hybrid Theory, the following year.[25]", "Smothers Brothers. The series showcased new musical artists that other comedy-variety shows rarely gave airtime, due to the nature of their music or their political affiliations.[10] George Harrison, Joan Baez, Buffalo Springfield, Cass Elliot, Harry Belafonte, Cream, Donovan, The Doors, Glen Campbell, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, The Happenings, Peter, Paul and Mary, Spanky and Our Gang, Ringo Starr, Steppenwolf, Simon and Garfunkel, The Hollies, The Who and even Pete Seeger were showcased on the show, despite the advertiser-sensitive nature of their music.", "Justin Timberlake. In November 2007, he donated $100,000 from takings from his Australian tour to Wildlife Warriors founded by Steve Irwin.[307] On March 23, 2008, he donated $100,000 to the Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum and another $100,000 to the Memphis Music Foundation.[308]", "The Berkshires. Also referred to as the Berkshire Hills, Berkshire Mountains, and Berkshire Plateau, the region enjoys a vibrant tourism industry based on music, arts, and recreation. Geologically, the mountains are a range of the Appalachian Mountains.", "Lord, I Lift Your Name on High. Founds wrote it during his morning devotion, while reading the scriptures on his computer monitor, and while watching television. He plucked his guitar thinking about the \"cycle of redemption\", comparing it with the water cycle.", "Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In November 2001, the company signed country singer Tony Martin to an exclusive songwriting and co-publishing deal. Through the deal, they acquired Martin's Baby Mae Music catalog of 600 songs, which includes Joe Diffie's \"Third Rock from the Sun\" and Jeff Carson's \"Not on Your Love\".[26]", "Great Smoky Mountains. The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of the range. The park was established in 1934, and, with over 11 million visits per year, it is the most visited national park in the United States.[1]", "Jeffrey (name). Variations include Jeff, Jeffry, Jeffy, Jeffery, Geoff, Geoffrey, Jeffeory, Geffrey, Jefferson, and Jeffro.", "Mount Parnassus. Mount Parnassus is named after Parnassos, the son of the nymph Kleodora and the man Kleopompus. A city, of which Parnassos was leader, was flooded by torrential rains. The citizens ran from the flood, following wolves' howling, up the mountain slope. There the survivors built another city, and called it Lykoreia, which in Greek means \"the howling of the wolves.\" While Orpheus was living[4] with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo who was courting the laughing muse Thalia. Apollo became fond of Orpheus and gave him a little golden lyre, and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to make verses for singing. As the Oracle of Delphi was sacred to the god Apollo, so did the mountain itself become associated with Apollo. According to some traditions, Parnassus was the site of the fountain Castalia and the home of the Muses; according to other traditions, that honor fell to Mount Helicon, another mountain in the same range. As the home of the Muses, Parnassus became known as the home of poetry, music, and learning.", "Penguin Cafe Orchestra. Describing how the idea of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra came to him, Jeffes said:", "Jeff Bezos. Jeffrey Preston Bezos (/ˈbeɪzoʊs/;[a] born Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is an American technology entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist, who is best known as the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Amazon, the world's largest online shopping retailer.", "Wikipedia:Naming conventions (music). \"works\"Â", "Jeff Beal. Jeff Beal (born June 20, 1963) is an American composer of music for film, television, recordings, and the concert hall. Highly regarded as a jazz instrumentalist and versatile composer, Beal's music often incorporates a synthesis of improvisatory and composed elements.", "Jeff Hardy. He opened a webstore called JeffHardyBrand.com with products including T-shirts, jackets, DVDs, artwork, music, and more.[300]", "Wikipedia:Naming conventions (music). \"Anhang\" topicsÂ", "World music. Some musicians and curators of music have come to dislike the term \"world music\". To these critics, \"world music\" is a parochial, catch-all marketing term for non-Western music of all genres. In October 1999, Luaka Bop label founder and ex-Talking Heads frontman David Byrne wrote an \"I Hate World Music\" editorial in The New York Times explaining his objections to the term. Byrne argued that the labelling and categorization of other cultures as \"exotic\" serves to attract an insincere consumption and deter other potential consumers.[39]", "Traveling Wilburys. George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988.[2] When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album, Harrison replied: \"What I'd really like to do next is ... to do an album with me and some of my mates ... It's this new group I got [in mind]: it's called the Traveling Wilburys, I'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again.\"[3][nb 1] According to Jeff Lynne, who co-produced Cloud Nine, Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album,[5] which began in early January 1987.[6] When discussing who the other members might be, Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison.[5][7] The term \"Wilbury\" also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions. Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, \"We'll bury 'em in the mix.\"[8] Thereafter, they used the term for any small error in performance. Harrison first suggested \"the Trembling Wilburys\" as the group's name; at Lynne's suggestion, they amended it to \"Traveling Wilburys\".[2]", "Boots and Hearts Music Festival. MacKenzie Porter, Lindsay Broughton, Rob Carnegie, The Stone Sparrows, Tim Hicks, Emerson Drive, Catfish Willie & The Buckle Busters, Washboard Hank, Keith & Renee, The Heartbroken, Autumn Hill, MacKenzie Porter, David Nail, Whitney Rose, The Abrams Brothers, Melissa Payne, Devin Cuddy, Aaron Lewis, Parmalee, Cassadee Pope, Colt Ford, Dean Brody, The Stellas, Kira Isabella, Chad Brownlee, Joe Diffie, Duck Dynasty, Tebey, High Valley, Jason Blaine, Tate Stevens.", "Damon Albarn. In 2016, Albarn, a long-time advocate of the music of northwestern African country Mali, titling his 2002 album Mali Music, has been given the title “Local King\", and has received a school of music and dance named after him.[117]", "River Deep – Mountain High. George Harrison praised the record,[2] declaring it \"a perfect record from start to finish. You couldn't improve on it.\"[9][10] \"River Deep – Mountain High\" compared a woman's love and loyalty, respectively, to that which a child feels for a doll, and a puppy has for his master.", "Wikipedia:Naming conventions (music). Two stand-alone lists", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. The song \"Don't Bite the Dust\" by metal band Lovebites was influenced by and named after a Stand from Diamond is Unbreakable.[96]", "Jeff, Who Lives at Home. Jeff (Segel) is a 30-year-old unemployed stoner living in his mother Sharon's (Sarandon) basement in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He looks for his destiny in seemingly random occurrences. He finds inspiration in the feature film Signs, which reinforces his belief in this outlook. One day, he answers the telephone; it's a wrong number, from somebody asking for \"Kevin,\" and Jeff contemplates the meaning of this, deciding it's a sign.", "Jeffrey Hunter. To me, Jeff is the acme of young American manhood. Why, he looks like he just stepped off a college campus. He's extremely handsome, but this is not what impresses me. He has sort of a — well. an all-encompassing type of magnetism. And he's a walking advertisement for marriage. You can't be with Jeff more than two minutes without realizing that he takes his marriage seriously, and adores his wife and child. He talks about them constantly, and with extreme pride ... You would be certain to guess, even without knowing, that Jeff is the real athletic type. He likes to ski especially, and can you think of anyone who would look better soaring down a mountain?[5]", "Anne Jeffreys. Anne Jeffreys (born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael; January 26, 1923 – September 27, 2017)[1][2][3] was an American actress and singer.", "Wikipedia:Naming conventions (music). Apart from some points regarding formatting and disambiguation in #Bands, albums and songs, the naming conventions regarding articles on musicians are covered by Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people), including what is said there on groups of people (Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)#Articles combining biographies of several people). Orchestras, music production companies, etc. are however also often subject to Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies). See also Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)#Names of groups, sports teams and companies" ]

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[ "Left–right political spectrum. By 1914, the Left half of the legislature in France was composed of Unified Socialists, Republican Socialists and Socialist Radicals, while the parties that were called \"Left\" now sat on the right side. The use of the words Left and Right spread from France to other countries and came to be applied to a large number of political parties worldwide, which often differed in their political beliefs.[10] There was asymmetry in the use of the terms Left and Right by the opposing sides. The Right mostly denied that the left–right spectrum was meaningful because they saw it as artificial and damaging to unity. However, the Left, seeking to change society, promoted the distinction. As Alain observed in 1931: \"When people ask me if the division between parties of the Right and parties of the Left, men of the Right and men of the Left, still makes sense, the first thing that comes to mind is that the person asking the question is certainly not a man of the Left\".[11] In British politics, the terms \"right\" and \"left\" came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War.[12] The Scottish sociologist Robert M. MacIver noted in The Web of Government (1947):", "Left–right political spectrum. The terms \"left\" and \"right\" were not used to refer to political ideology per se, but only to seating in the legislature. After 1848, the main opposing camps were the \"democratic socialists\" and the \"reactionaries\" who used red and white flags to identify their party affiliation.[8] With the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, the terms were adopted by political parties: the Republican Left, the Centre Right and the Centre Left (1871) and the Extreme Left (1876) and Radical Left (1881). The beliefs of the group called the Radical Left were actually closer to the Centre Left than the beliefs of those called the Extreme Left.[9] Beginning in the early twentieth century, the terms \"left\" and \"right\" came to be associated with specific political ideologies and were used to describe citizens' political beliefs, gradually replacing the terms \"reds\" and \"the reaction\". Those on the Left often called themselves \"republicans\", while those on the Right often called themselves \"conservatives\". The words Left and Right were at first used by their opponents as slurs.", "Laterality. Human cultures are predominantly right-handed, and so the right-sided trend may be socially as well as biologically enforced. This is quite apparent from a quick survey of languages. The English word \"left\" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word lyft which means \"weak\" or \"useless\". Similarly, the French word for left, gauche, is also used to mean \"awkward\" or \"tactless\", and sinistra, the Latin word from which the English word \"sinister\" was derived, means \"left\". Similarly, in many cultures the word for \"right\" also means \"correct\". The English word \"right\" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word riht which also means \"straight\" or \"correct.\"", "Left–right political spectrum. The terms \"left\" and \"right\" appeared during the French Revolution of 1789 when members of the National Assembly divided into supporters of the king to the president's right and supporters of the revolution to his left. One deputy, the Baron de Gauville, explained: \"We began to recognize each other: those who were loyal to religion and the king took up positions to the right of the chair so as to avoid the shouts, oaths, and indecencies that enjoyed free rein in the opposing camp\". However, the Right opposed the seating arrangement because they believed that deputies should support private or general interests but should not form factions or political parties. The contemporary press occasionally used the terms \"left\" and \"right\" to refer to the opposing sides.[citation needed]", "Enantiomer. The R/S system is an important nomenclature system for denoting distinct enantiomers. Another system is based on prefix notation for optical activity: (+)- and (−)- or d- and l-. The Latin for left and right is laevus and dexter, respectively. Left and right have always had moral connotations, and the Latin words for these are sinister and rectus (straight, proper). The English word right is a cognate of rectus. This is the origin of the L,D and S,R notations, and the employment of prefixes levo- and dextro- in common names.", "Right-wing politics. In British politics, the terms \"right\" and \"left\" came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War.[27]", "Left–right political spectrum. Libertarian writer David Boaz argued that terms left and right are used to spin a particular point of view rather than as simple descriptors, with those on the \"left\" typically emphasizing their support for working people and accusing the right of supporting the interests of the upper class; and those on the \"right\" usually emphasizing their support for individualism and accusing the Left of supporting collectivism. Boaz asserts that arguments about the way the words should be used often displaces arguments about policy by raising emotional prejudice against a preconceived notion of what the terms mean.[53]", "Political spectrum. The terms \"Right\" and \"Left\" refer to political affiliations originating early in the French Revolutionary era of 1789–1799 and referred originally to the seating arrangements in the various legislative bodies of France. As seen from the Speaker's seat at the front of the Assembly, the aristocracy sat on the right (traditionally the seat of honor) and the commoners sat on the left, hence the terms right-wing politics and left-wing politics.", "Anatomical terms of location. The terms \"left\" and \"right\" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin: dexter; \"right\", Latin: sinister; \"left\"). However, as left and right sides are mirror images, using these words is somewhat confusing, as structures are duplicated on both sides. For example, it's very confusing to say the dorsal fin of a dolphin is \"right of\" the left pectoral fin, but is \"left of\" the right eye, but much easier and clearer to say \"the dorsal fin is medial to the pectoral fins\".", "Left–right political spectrum. Some political scientists have suggested that the classifications of \"left\" and \"right\" are no longer meaningful in the modern complex world. Although these terms continue to be used, they advocate a more complex spectrum that attempts to combine political, economic and social dimensions.[50]", "Left–right political spectrum. The terms left-wing and right-wing are widely used in the United States, but as on the global level there is no firm consensus about their meaning. The only aspect that is generally agreed upon is that they are the defining opposites of the United States political spectrum. Left and right in the U.S. are generally associated with liberal and conservative respectively, although the meanings of the two sets of terms do not entirely coincide. Depending on the political affiliation of the individual using them, these terms can be spoken with varying implications. A 2005 poll of 2,209 American adults showed that \"respondents generally viewed the paired concepts liberals and left-wingers and conservatives and right-wingers as possessing, respectively, generally similar political beliefs\", but also showed that around ten percent fewer respondents understood the terms left and right than understood the terms liberal and conservative.[48]", "Handedness. Moreover, apart from inconvenience, left-handed people have been considered unlucky or even malicious for their difference by the right-handed majority. In many European languages, including English, the word for the direction \"right\" also means \"correct\" or \"proper\". Throughout history, being left-handed was considered negative. The Latin adjective sinister means \"left\" as well as \"unlucky\", and this double meaning survives in European derivatives of Latin, including the English word \"sinister\" (only when referring to the bearer's left of a coat of arms).", "Right-wing politics. The political terms \"Left\" and \"Right\" were first used during the French Revolution (1789–1799) and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament: those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime.[15][16][17][18] The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the \"Left\" and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition and clericalism.[4]:693 The use of the expression la droite (\"the right\") became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists.[19] The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms \"right\" and \"left\" to their own politics until the 20th century.[20]", "Right-to-left. In a right-to-left, top-to-bottom script (commonly shortened to right to left or abbreviated RTL), writing starts from the right of the page and continues to the left.", "Right-to-left. Ancient examples of text using alphabets such as Phoenician, Greek, or Old Italic may exist variously in left-to-right, right-to-left, or boustrophedon order; so it is not always possible to classify some ancient writing systems as purely RTL or LTR.", "Left–right political spectrum. The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and parties. Left-wing politics and right-wing politics are often presented as opposed, although a particular individual or group may take a left-wing stance on one matter and a right-wing stance on another; and some stances may overlap and be considered either left- or right-wing depending on the ideology.[1] In France, where the terms originated, the Left has been called \"the party of movement\" and the Right \"the party of order\".[2][3][4][5] The intermediate stance is called centrism and a person with such a position is a moderate or centrist.", "Political spectrum. Thus the word \"Left\" in American political parlance may refer to \"liberalism\" and be identified with the Democratic Party, whereas in a country such as France these positions would be regarded as relatively more right-wing and \"left\" is more likely to refer to \"socialist\" positions rather than \"liberal\" ones.", "Right-to-left. Right-to-left can also refer to top-to-bottom, right-to-left (TB-RL or TBRL) scripts such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, though they are also commonly written left to right. Books designed for predominately TBRL vertical text open in the same direction as those for RTL horizontal text: the spine is on the right and pages are numbered from right-to-left.", "Left-wing politics. The political terms \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution (1789–1799), referring to the seating arrangement in the Estates General: those who sat on the left generally opposed the monarchy and supported the revolution, including the creation of a republic and secularization,[6] while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Use of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the \"Independents\".[7] The word \"wing\" was appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century[8] usually with disparaging intent and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views.", "Rights. The Modern English word right derives from Old English riht or reht, in turn from Proto-Germanic *riχtaz meaning \"right\" or \"direct\", and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reg-to- meaning \"having moved in a straight line\", in turn from *(o)reg'(a)- meaning \"to straighten or direct\".[11] In several different Indo-European languages, a single word derived from the same root means both \"right\" and \"law\", such as French droit,[12] Spanish derecho,[13] German Recht,[14] and Italian diritto.", "Handedness. There are many negative connotations associated with the phrase \"left-handed\": clumsy, awkward, unlucky, insincere, sinister, malicious, and so on. A \"left-handed compliment\" is considered one that is unflattering or dismissive in meaning. In French, gauche means both \"left\" and \"awkward\" or \"clumsy\", while droit(e) (cognate to English direct and related to \"adroit\") means both \"right\" and \"straight\", as well as \"law\" and the legal sense of \"right\". The name \"Dexter\" derives from the Latin for \"right\", as does the word \"dexterity\" meaning manual skill. As these are all very old words, they would tend to support theories indicating that the predominance of right-handedness is an extremely old phenomenon.", "Left-wing politics. In the United States after Reconstruction, the phrase \"the Left\" was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement.[20][21] More recently in the United States, left-wing and right-wing have often been used as synonyms for Democratic and Republican, or as synonyms for liberalism and conservatism respectively.[22][23][24][full citation needed][25]", "Wu experiment. The results of the Wu experiment provide a way to operationally define the notion of left and right. This is inherent in the nature of the weak interaction. Previously, if the scientists on Earth were to communicate with a newly discovered planet’s scientist, and they had never met in person, it would not have been possible for each group to determine unambiguously the other group’s left and right. With the Wu experiment, it is possible to communicate to the other group what the words left and right mean exactly and unambiguously. The Wu experiment has finally solved the Ozma problem which is to give an unambiguous definition of left and right scientifically.[10]", "Right-to-left. Syriac and Mandaean (Mandaic) scripts are derived from Aramaic and are written RTL. Samaritan is similar, but developed from Proto-Hebrew rather than Aramaic. Many other ancient and historic scripts derived from Aramic and inherited its right-to-left direction.", "Universal Numbering System. The labels \"right\" and \"left\" on the charts in this article correspond to the patient's right and left, respectively.", "Left–right political spectrum. These categories can be applied to many parties outside Europe.[42] Ware (1996) asserted that in the United States both major parties were liberal,[clarification needed] even though there are left–right policy differences between them.[43]", "Political spectrum. Most long-standing spectra include a right wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution (1789–1799).[1] According to the simplest left–right axis, communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, whereas conservatism and capitalism are on the right. Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, sometimes on the left (social liberalism), sometimes within libertarianism (classical liberalism). Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates. Politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum is known as syncretic politics.[2][3]", "Left–right political spectrum. The right is always the party sector associated with the interests of the upper or dominant classes, the left the sector expressive of the lower economic or social classes, and the centre that of the middle classes. Historically this criterion seems acceptable. The conservative right has defended entrenched prerogatives, privileges and powers; the left has attacked them. The right has been more favorable to the aristocratic position, to the hierarchy of birth or of wealth; the left has fought for the equalization of advantage or of opportunity, for the claims of the less advantaged. Defense and attack have met, under democratic conditions, not in the name of class but in the name of principle; but the opposing principles have broadly corresponded to the interests of the different classes.[13]", "Anatomical terminology. When anatomists refer to the right and left of the body, it is in reference to the right and left of the subject, not the right and left of the observer. When observing a body in the anatomical position, the left of the body is on the observer’s right, and vice versa.", "Right-to-left. Examples of right-to-left scripts (with ISO 15924 codes in brackets) are:", "Left-wing politics. In politics, the term \"Left\" derives from the French Revolution, as the anti-monarchist Montagnard and Jacobin deputies from the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the presiding member's chair in parliament, a habit which began in the Estates General of 1789. Throughout the 19th century in France, the main line dividing Left and Right was between supporters of the French Republic and those of the monarchy.[6][page needed] The June Days Uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to assert itself after the 1848 Revolution, but only a small portion of the population supported this.", "Left–right political spectrum. Generally, the left-wing is characterized by an emphasis on \"ideas such as freedom, equality, fraternity, rights, progress, reform and internationalism\", while the right-wing is characterized by an emphasis on \"notions such as authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction and nationalism\".[14]" ]

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[ "List of Atlantic hurricane records. The most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history took place in 2005, when a total of 28 storms were counted. The storm count includes 22 hurricanes, of which 7 strengthened to major hurricane status.", "Atlantic hurricane season. Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active.[1] In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September;[1] the season's climatological peak of activity occurs around September 10 each season.[2] This is the norm, but in 1938, the Atlantic hurricane season started as early as January 3.", "2017 Atlantic hurricane season. The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season is an ongoing event in the annual formation of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin. The season has been hyperactive,[1] featuring both the highest total accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) and the highest number of major hurricanes since the 2005 season. It has the greatest number of consecutive hurricanes in the satellite era, with Franklin through Ophelia all reaching winds of at least 75 mph (120 km/h). In addition, it has thus far been a very destructive season: the most destructive season on record, in fact, with a preliminary total of over $316.51 billion (USD) in damages, nearly all of which was due to three of the major hurricanes of the season — Harvey, Irma, and Maria. This season is also one of only six years on record to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes. Irma's landfalls on multiple Caribbean islands and Maria's landfall on Dominica make 2017 the second season on record (after 2007) to feature two hurricanes making landfall at Category 5 intensity. In addition, Irma was the strongest hurricane ever recorded to form in the Atlantic Ocean outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.[2] This season is the only season on record in which three hurricanes each had an ACE of over 40: Irma, Jose, and Maria.", "Geography of the United States. Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, with a peak from mid-August through early October. Some of the more devastating hurricanes have included the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.", "2017 Atlantic hurricane season. The season officially began on June 1 and will end on November 30. These dates historically describe the period of year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, as shown by Tropical Storm Arlene in April, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at other times of the year. Arlene also marked 2017 the third consecutive year to feature a pre-season storm. In mid-June, Tropical Storm Bret struck the island of Trinidad, which is only rarely struck by tropical cyclones due to its low latitude. A few days later, Tropical Storm Cindy struck the state of Louisiana. In late August, Hurricane Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005, while also setting the record for the costliest tropical cyclone on record, as well as the most rainfall dropped by a tropical cyclone in the US. In early September, Hurricane Irma, a Cape Verde-type hurricane, became the first Category 5 hurricane to impact the northern Leeward Islands on record, as well as equaling the strongest hurricane ever to make landfall in the Atlantic basin—the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. With Hurricane Maria striking Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4, the season was the first on record to feature three Atlantic hurricanes making landfall anywhere in the United States or one of its territories at Category 4 intensity or stronger. The season also featured the fastest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico (Nate). This was the first season to have three hurricanes make landfall in the mainland United States (Harvey, Irma, and Nate) since 2008, and the first season to feature four hurricanes making landfall in the overall United States (Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate) since 2005. The season also featured Ophelia, the easternmost major hurricane in the basin on record, which later became the costliest hurricane to affect the United Kingdom and Ireland in history. For the first time since 2013, a named storm formed in every month of the season (June to November).", "2004 Atlantic hurricane season. The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season is one of the most active and deadliest Atlantic hurricane seasons ever recorded and was the costliest Atlantic hurricane season on record until surpassed by the following year. The season was typically active due to a Modoki El Niño – a rare type of El Niño in which unfavorable conditions are produced over the eastern Pacific instead of the Atlantic basin due to warmer sea surface temperatures farther west along the equatorial Pacific – activity was above average. More than half of the 16 tropical cyclones brushed or struck the United States. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, though the last storm dissipated on December 3. The first storm, Alex, developed offshore of the Southeastern United States on July 31. It brushed the Carolinas and the Mid-Atlantic, causing one death and $7.5 million (2004 USD) in damage.[nb 1] Several storms caused only minor damage, including tropical storms Bonnie, Earl, Hermine, and Matthew. In addition, hurricanes Danielle, Karl, and Lisa, Tropical Depression Ten, Subtropical Storm Nicole and Tropical Storm Otto had no effect on land while tropical cyclones.", "Tropical cyclone basins. The Northeastern Pacific is the second most active basin and has the highest number of storms per unit area. The hurricane season runs between May 15 and November 30 each year, and encompasses the vast majority of tropical cyclone activity in the region.[12] In the 1971–2005 period, there were an average of 15–16 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4–5 major hurricanes (storms of Category 3 intensity or greater) annually in the basin.[12]", "2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical cyclogenesis began at the end of July, with the development of Hurricane Alex on July 31.[12] However, it did not become a named storm until the following day, which was the fifth-latest start since the 1952 season.[17] August was an unusually active month, with eight named storms, including Alex, Bonnie, Charley, Danielle, Earl, Frances, Gaston, and Hermine.[12] This broke the record for the most named storms in the month of August set in 1933 and 1995.[18] This new record was tied in 2012. On average, there are only three tropical storms and one to two hurricanes in August.[19] Of the eight systems that month, five became hurricanes and three strengthened further into major hurricanes. A total of five tropical cyclones developed in September, including the most intense system of the season, Hurricane Ivan. Activity decreased further in October, with the formation of only two systems, Tropical Storm Matthew and Subtropical Storm Nicole. The season then went dormant for over a month and a half, until Tropical Storm Otto developed on November 29. Otto was the final tropical cyclone of the season and degenerated into a remnant low pressure on December 3.[12]", "List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The 2005 season was the most active season on record, shattering records on repeated occasions. A record 28 tropical and subtropical storms formed, of which a record fifteen became hurricanes. Of these, seven strengthened into major hurricanes, a record-tying five became category 4 hurricanes, a record four of which reached Category 5 strength, the highest categorization for North Atlantic tropical cyclones. Among these Category 5 storms was Hurricane Wilma, the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic.", "Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms occur each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The most active season was 2005, during which 28 tropical cyclones formed, of which a record 15 became hurricanes. The least active season was 1914, with only one known tropical cyclone developing during that year.[3] The Atlantic hurricane season is a time when most tropical cyclones are expected to develop across the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is currently defined as the time frame from June 1 through November 30, though in the past the season was defined as a shorter time frame. During the season, regular tropical weather outlooks are issued by the National Hurricane Center, and coordination between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center occurs for systems which have not formed yet, but could develop during the next three to seven days.", "2017 Atlantic hurricane season. With peak winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), Irma is the strongest Atlantic storm outside of the Gulf of Mexico or Caribbean Sea on record, and is the 11th most intense hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. Maintaining peak intensity for 37 consecutive hours, Irma is the only tropical cyclone on record worldwide to have had winds that intense for so long. As the storm moved through the northern Leeward Islands, it became the only Category 5 to make a direct impact there; its landfall intensity ties it with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic. Two Category 4 hurricanes, Harvey and Irma, struck the continental United States in the span of two weeks; this marks the first time the country has suffered two landfalls of such intensity during the same hurricane season, in recorded history. Lastly, Irma accrued the third-highest Accumulated Cyclone Energy index on record.[137]", "2017 Atlantic hurricane season. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, as of 00:00 UTC on October 30, is 221.3250 units,[nb 2] which is one of the highest values on record for an Atlantic hurricane season as well as the most since 2005, and more than double the 1981–2010 full-season median of 92 units. With an ACE value under 4 units following the dissipation of Emily, 2017 set the record for lowest ACE produced by a season's first five named storms.[26] Despite that, the 2017 season hosted the storm with the third-highest ACE value (Hurricane Irma, at 66.6 units) and is one of only four seasons (including 1966, 2003, and 2004) to have at least two hurricanes with an ACE value over 40 and the only season to have had three.[27] 2017 also hosted the day with the most ACE produced (September 8) and currently has the fourth highest ACE value of any Atlantic season since 1950.[22] September also generated the highest ACE value for any month in the Atlantic, surpassing September 2004.[28] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is tropical storm strength.", "Tropical cyclogenesis. In the North Atlantic, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 through November 30, sharply peaking from late August through October.[26] The statistical peak of the North Atlantic hurricane season is September 10.[27] The Northeast Pacific has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic.[26] The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and a peak in early September.[26] In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.[26]", "Atlantic hurricane. The peak of the hurricane season occurs in September and corresponds with low wind shear[46] and the warmest sea surface temperatures.[47] The month of September sees an average of 3 storms a year. By 24 September, the average Atlantic season features 7 named tropical storms, including 4 hurricanes. In addition, two major hurricanes occur on average by 28 September. Relatively few tropical cyclones make landfall at these intensities.[6]", "List of Atlantic hurricane records. Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season.[3] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones.[1] Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30. However, the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity. Both Alice and Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.[9] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December.[1] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.[10] Hurricane Hattie (October 27-November 1, 1961) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented,[11] though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date.[1][4] Consequently, this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity.[1]", "2016 Atlantic hurricane season. The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2016.[6] It was an above average season and the most active since 2012, producing a total of 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. The first storm, Hurricane Alex, developed on January 12, while the final system, Hurricane Otto, made a crossover to the Eastern Pacific on November 25. The higher-than-normal activity was attributed to many factors. Most significantly, one of the strongest El Niño events recorded in history rapidly dissipated, transforming to cool-neutral conditions across the Pacific in late summer. This led to warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic, though the subtropical regions were slightly cooler than normal; slightly lower than normal sea level pressures; and reduced wind shear, especially in the Caribbean Sea, which had experienced record values of wind shear in the past recent years. Moisture levels, however, were anomalously dry, which likely prevented some of the storms from becoming significant hurricanes. Steering currents had also been different from past years, which had previously had a trough of low pressure dominating the East Coast of the United States.[17] The tropical cyclones of this season caused about $16.1 billion in damage and at least 743 deaths,[18] being the costliest season since 2012.[19] The Atlantic hurricane season officially ended on November 30, 2016.[6]", "2016 Atlantic hurricane season. The strongest, costliest, and deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Matthew, the southernmost Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007. With at least 603 deaths attributed to it, Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Furthermore, damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least $15.1 billion, making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003, leaving widespread but relatively minor damage on the island. The final tropical cyclone of the season – Hurricane Otto – brought severe flooding to Central America in November, particularly in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Otto left 23 deaths and about $190 million in damage. On November 25, the storm emerged into the Eastern Pacific basin, the first such occurrence since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996. Most of the season's tropical cyclones impacted land, and nine of those storms caused loss of life. Collectively, the storms left at least 743 fatalities and $16.1 billion in damage.", "Florida. Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during June 1 to November 30 hurricane season, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.[94]", "Pacific hurricane. Hurricane season runs between May 15 and November 30 each year.[16] These dates encompass the vast majority of tropical cyclone activity in this region.", "List of Atlantic hurricane records. From 1981 to 2010, there were on average 12.1 storms in the Atlantic Basin.[36] Each hurricane season may be impacted by an El Niño or La Niña which contributes to the amount of storms in any given year, and a hurricane with a peak intensity of Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is classified as major. Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851, and 1930 included 7 or less recorded tropical storms or hurricanes, as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965. The usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, which makes early storm counts less reliable.", "Geography of Florida. Hurricanes pose a severe threat during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November 30, although some storms have been known to form out of season. Florida is the most hurricane-prone US state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. From 1851 to 2006, Florida has been struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.[21] It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm. For storms, category 4 or higher, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.[21] August to October is the most likely period for a hurricane in Florida.", "List of Pacific hurricanes. In the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's (CPHC) area of responsibility (AOR), the season with the most tropical cyclones is the 2015 season with 16 cyclones forming in or entering the region. A season without cyclones has happened a few times since 1966, most recently in 1979.[31]", "2016 Atlantic hurricane season. September featured another five tropical cyclones: Ian, Julia, Karl, Lisa, and Matthew, the latter of which persisted into October. Matthew proved to be the most significant storm of the season, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic since Hurricane Felix in 2007,[27] and, with a death toll of over 600, it was the deadliest in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Stan in 2005. It subsequently struck Haiti as a Category 4 hurricane, and inflicted catastrophic damage across the impoverished nation. Matthew also caused extensive damage in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Southeastern United States.[28] Concurrently, Hurricane Nicole meandered south of Bermuda for more than a week before making a direct hit on the territory as a major hurricane.[29] The next four weeks were quiet, until Hurricane Otto formed in the southwestern Caribbean during late November. Otto eventually became the latest-forming major hurricane in the Atlantic basin on record, surpassing a storm in 1934.[30] After striking Nicaragua and becoming the first hurricane on record to pass over Costa Rica, Otto – the final tropical cyclone of the season – then emerged into the Eastern Pacific basin on November 25, the first such occurrence since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996.[30]", "Hurricane Wilma. The storm was named \"Wilma,\" the first time the 'W' name was used in the Atlantic Basin since alphabetical naming began in 1950. With Wilma, the 2005 hurricane season broke the record for most storms in a season previously held by the 1933 season. Moving slowly over warm water with little wind shear, Wilma strengthened steadily and became a hurricane on October 18. The thirteenth hurricane of the season, Wilma broke the record set in 1969 for most storms of hurricane strength in one season for the Atlantic Basin.", "Atlantic hurricane. The beginning of the hurricane season is most closely related to the timing of increases in sea surface temperatures, convective instability, and other thermodynamic factors.[40] Although June marks the beginning of the hurricane season, generally little activity occurs during the month with an average of 1 tropical cyclone every 2 years. Tropical systems usually form in the Gulf of Mexico or off the east coast of the United States.[41]", "2004 Atlantic hurricane season. The 2004 season had numerous unusual occurrences. With six hurricanes reaching at least Category 3 intensity, 2004 also had the most major hurricanes since 1996, a record which would be surpassed in 2005.[22] Florida was severely impacted by four hurricanes during the season – Hurricane Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne. This was the first time four tropical cyclones produced hurricane-force winds in one state during a single season since four hurricanes made landfall in Texas in 1886.[23] There were many other hurricanes in the season that were individually unusual. Hurricane Alex was the strongest hurricane on record to intensify north of 38°N latitude.[24] Hurricane Ivan was the most unusual storm of the season. Ivan became the first major hurricane in the Atlantic on record to form as low as 10°N latitude.[25] A 91 ft (28 m) wave, possibly the largest ever recorded, was attributed to Ivan; this wave may have been as high as 131 ft (40 m).[26] Additionally, hurricanes Charley and Ivan ranked as the third and second costliest hurricanes in the United States at the time, respectively, behind only Hurricane Andrew.[20] With $57.37 billion in damage,[15] this was the costliest season at the time, until 2005.[27]", "Atlantic hurricane. Wind shear from westerlies increases substantially through November, generally preventing cyclone formation.[40] On average, one tropical storm forms during every other November. On rare occasions, a major hurricane occurs. The few intense hurricanes in November include Hurricane \"Cuba\" in late October and early November 1932 (the strongest November hurricane on record peaking as a Category 5 hurricane), Hurricane Lenny in mid-November 1999, Hurricane Kate in late November 1985 which was the latest major hurricane formation on record until Hurricane Otto (a category 3 storm) of the 2016 hurricane season.[11] Hurricane Paloma was a very potent category 4 storm that made landfall in Cuba in early November 2008.", "Atlantic hurricane. Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season.[31] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones.[11] Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30. However, the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity. Both Zeta and Alice were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.[37] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December.[11] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.[38] Hurricane Hattie (October 27-November 1, 1961) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented,[39] though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date.[11][32] Consequently, this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity.[11]", "Summer. In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November.[15] The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic.[16] The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.[15] In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone season runs from 1 November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.[15][17]", "Atlantic hurricane. Not much tropical activity occurs during the month of July, but the majority of hurricane seasons see the formation of one tropical cyclone during July. From an average of Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons from 1944 to 1996, the first tropical storm in half of the seasons occurred by 11 July, and a second formed by 8 August.[6]", "2004 Atlantic hurricane season. The season's activity was reflected with a accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 227, one of the highest values on record in the Atlantic basin. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is tropical storm strength.[22]", "2016 Atlantic hurricane season. The year opened up with an anomalous storm in January: Hurricane Alex, the first such system to develop in January since 1938.[20] Activity picked up at the end of May into June, with three consecutive tropical storms: Bonnie, Colin, and Danielle. The latter two were the earliest third- and fourth-named storms on record.[21][22] July saw no storm development for the first time in four years, however.[23] August saw the formation of six tropical cyclones, including Earl, Fiona, Gaston, Eight, and Hermine. A Category 1 hurricane, Earl wrought tremendous damage in Belize and Mexico. With 81 lives lost in Mexico during the passage of Earl, it was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the country since 2005.[24] Gaston became the season's first major hurricane on August 28, attaining peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) over the central Atlantic.[25] On September 1, Hermine struck the Florida Peninsula as a Category 1 hurricane, ending an 11-year drought of hurricane landfalls in the state, which began after Hurricane Wilma in October 2005.[26]" ]

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[ "Star Wars (film). Star Wars debuted on Wednesday, May 25, 1977, in fewer than 32 theaters, and eight more on Thursday and Friday. Kurtz said in 2002, \"That would be laughable today.\" It immediately broke box office records, effectively becoming one of the first blockbuster films, and Fox accelerated plans to broaden its release.[40][104] Lucas himself was not able to predict how successful Star Wars would be. After visiting the set of the Steven Spielberg–directed Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Lucas was sure Close Encounters would outperform the yet-to-be-released Star Wars at the box office. Spielberg disagreed, and felt Lucas's Star Wars would be the bigger hit. Lucas proposed they trade 2.5% of the profit on each other's films; Spielberg took the trade, and still receives 2.5% of the profits from Star Wars.[105]", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy, the first Star Wars movie in general, and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film's plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star. This conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker (Hamill), who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. When the Empire begins a destructive search for the missing droids, Skywalker accompanies Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi (Guinness) on a mission to return the plans to the Rebel Alliance and rescue Leia from her imprisonment by the Empire.", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars was originally slated for release on Christmas 1976; however, its production delays pushed the film's release to summer 1977. Already anxious about meeting his deadline, Lucas was shocked when editor John Jympson's first cut of the film was a \"complete disaster\". According to an article in Star Wars Insider No. 41 by David West Reynolds, this first edit of Star Wars contained about 30–40% different footage from the final version. After attempting to persuade Jympson to cut the film his way, Lucas replaced him with Paul Hirsch and Richard Chew. He also allowed his then-wife, Marcia Lucas, to aid the editing process while she was cutting the film New York, New York (1977) with Lucas's friend Martin Scorsese. Richard Chew found the film to have a lethargic pace and to have been cut in a by-the-book manner: scenes were played out in master shots that flowed into close-up coverage. He found that the pace was dictated by the actors instead of the cuts. Hirsch and Chew worked on two reels simultaneously.[8]", "Star Wars. Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977. It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983. The sequels were all self-financed by Lucasfilm.[22]", "Star Wars. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981),[3][4] which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans. A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two films released) and have been commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of over US$7.5 billion,[5] making Star Wars the third highest-grossing film series.[6] Spin-off films include the animated Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) and Rogue One (2016), the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films.", "Star Wars (film). Elements of the history of Star Wars are commonly disputed, as George Lucas' statements about it have changed over time. One of the claims is that he intended to make the film a Space Western.[a 1] Lucas has said that it was early as 1971—after he completed directing his first full-length feature, THX 1138—that he first had an idea for a space fantasy film,[29] though he has also claimed to have had the idea long before then.[30] In the 2010 coffee table book Star Wars: Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle produced by DK Publishing and Lucasfilm, George Lucas is said to have made his film as a direct contrast to THX 1138. He felt that the bleak tone of the film led to it being poorly received, and therefore chose to make Star Wars a more optimistic film. This is what led to the fun and adventurous tone of the space opera.[31] Originally, Lucas wanted to adapt the Flash Gordon space adventure comics and serials into his own films, having been fascinated by them since he was young.[32] In 1979, he said, \"I especially loved the Flash Gordon serials... Of course I realize now how crude and badly done they were... loving them that much when they were so awful, I began to wonder what would happen if they were done really well.\"[33]", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars was released in theatres in the United States on May 25, 1977. It earned $461 million in the U.S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million ($3.132 billion in 2017 dollars, adjusted for inflation). It surpassed Jaws (1975) to become the highest-grossing film of all time until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the second-highest-grossing film in North America, and the third-highest-grossing film in the world. It received ten Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), winning seven. It was among the first films to be selected as part of the U.S. Library of Congress' National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". At the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004. Today, it is often regarded as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, and merchandise including toys, games and clothing.", "Star Wars (film). After two weeks William Friedkin's Sorcerer replaced Star Wars at Mann's Chinese Theatre because of contractual obligations; Mann Theatres moved the film to a less-prestigious location after quickly renovating it.[106] When Star Wars made an unprecedented second opening at Mann's Chinese Theatre on August 3, 1977, after Sorcerer failed, thousands of people attended a ceremony in which C-3PO, R2-D2 and Darth Vader placed their footprints in the theater's forecourt.[104][8] At that time Star Wars was playing in 1,096 theaters in the United States.[108] Approximately 60 theaters played the film continuously for over a year;[109] in 1978, Lucasfilm distributed \"Birthday Cake\" posters to those theaters for special events on May 25, the one-year anniversary of the film's release.[110] Star Wars premiered in the UK on December 27, 1977.[111]", "List of Star Wars films and television series. The Star Wars films include two complete trilogies: the original trilogy released between 1977 and 1983, and the prequel trilogy released between 1999 and 2005. A third trilogy that follows the first two began in 2015. Other films have taken or will take place between the trilogy films. There have also been several Star Wars television series and films, with the first being released in 1978.", "Star Wars. In 1971, Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films. In 1973, American Graffiti was completed, and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas. Months later, Lucas started work on his second film, by starting the script draft, The Journal of the Whills told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a \"Jedi-Bendu\" space commando by the legendary Mace Windy. After Universal rejected the film, 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it.[20] On April 17, 1973, Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand, so he began writing a 13-page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress, this draft was renamed The Star Wars.[21] By 1974, he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay, adding elements such as the Sith, the Death Star, and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller. Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes, before evolving into the script of the original film.", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars and its ensuing film installments have been explicitly referenced and satirized across a wide range of media. Hardware Wars, released in 1978, was one of the first fan films to parody Star Wars.[198] It received positive critical reaction, went to earn over $1 million, and is one of Lucas's favorite Star Wars spoofs.[199][200][201] Writing for The New York Times, Frank DeCaro said, \"Star Wars littered pop culture of the late 1970s with a galaxy of space junk.\"[202] He cited Quark (a short-lived 1977 sitcom that parodied the science fiction genre)[202] and Donny & Marie (a 1970s variety show that produced a 10-minute musical adaptation of Star Wars guest starring Daniels and Mayhew)[203] as \"television's two most infamous examples\".[202] Mel Brooks's Spaceballs, a satirical comic science fiction parody, was released in 1987 to mixed reviews.[204] Lucas permitted Brooks to make a spoof of the film under \"one incredibly big restriction: no action figures.\"[205]", "Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars. Star Wars was introduced as a feature film, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, in 1977. A novelization titled Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, based on the original script of the film, was published about a year earlier. Upon the release of the first film, Star Wars quickly grew into a popular media franchise.[2]", "Star Wars (film). When principal photography began on March 22, 1976 in the Tunisian desert for the scenes on Tatooine, the project faced several problems.[62] Lucas fell behind schedule in the first week of shooting due to malfunctioning props and electronic breakdowns.[62][63] Moreover, a rare Tunisian rainstorm struck the country, which further disrupted filming. Taylor said, \"you couldn't really see where the land ended and the sky began. It was all a gray mess, and the robots were just a blur.\" Given this situation, Lucas requested for heavy filtration, which Taylor rejected, who said: \"I thought the look of the film should be absolutely clean ... But George saw it differently, so we tried using nets and other diffusion. He asked to set up one shot on the robots with a 300mm, and the sand and sky just mushed together. I told him it wouldn't work, but he said that was the way he wanted to do the entire film, all diffused.\" This difference was later settled by 20th Century Fox executives, who backed Taylor's suggestion.[64]", "Star Wars. The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981, adapting the original 1977 film into 13-episodes.[217][215][216] Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles.[217][215]", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars was re-released theatrically in 1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982.[112] After ILM used computer-generated effects for Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, Lucas claimed that digital technology had caught up to his \"original vision\" for Star Wars.[8] For the film's 20th anniversary in 1997, Star Wars was digitally remastered and re-released to movie theaters, along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, under the campaign title Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. This version of the film runs 124 minutes.", "Star Wars (film). In February 1977, Lucas screened an early cut of the film for Fox executives, several director friends, along with Roy Thomas and Howard Chaykin of Marvel Comics who were preparing a Star Wars comic book. The cut had a different crawl from the finished version and used Prowse's voice for Darth Vader. It also lacked most special effects; hand-drawn arrows took the place of blaster beams, and when the Millennium Falcon fought TIE fighters, the film cut to footage of World War II dogfights.[75] The reactions of the directors present, such as Brian De Palma, John Milius, and Steven Spielberg, disappointed Lucas. Spielberg, who claimed to have been the only person in the audience to have enjoyed the film, believed that the lack of enthusiasm was due to the absence of finished special effects. Lucas later said that the group was honest and seemed bemused by the film. In contrast, Ladd and the other studio executives loved the film; Gareth Wigan told Lucas: \"This is the greatest film I've ever seen\" and cried during the screening. Lucas found the experience shocking and rewarding, having never gained any approval from studio executives before.[8] The delays increased the budget from $8 million to $11 million.[76]", "Star Wars expanded to other media. The Star Wars space opera media franchise began with Lucas's 1977 film Star Wars, which is set \"a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away\" and chronicles the attempt by the characters Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, and the Wookiee Chewbacca—assisted by the Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi and the droids C-3PO and R2-D2—to thwart the evil plans of Sith Lord Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire. The film was followed by multiple sequel and prequel films.", "Star Wars (film). The novelization of the film was published in December 1976, six months before the film was released. The credited author was George Lucas, but the book was revealed to have been ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, who later wrote the first Star Wars expanded universe novel, Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978). The book was first published as Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker; later editions were titled simply Star Wars (1995) and, later, Star Wars: A New Hope (1997), to reflect the retitling of the film. Marketing director Charles Lippincott secured the deal with Del Rey Books to publish the novelization in November 1976. By February 1977, a half-million copies had been sold.[8]", "Star Wars (film). In 1975, Lucas formed his own visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) after discovering that 20th Century Fox's visual effects department had been disbanded. ILM began its work on Star Wars in a warehouse in Van Nuys, California. Most of the visual effects used pioneering digital motion control photography developed by John Dykstra and his team, which created the illusion of size by employing small models and slowly moving cameras.[8]", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Lucas began production of this film after he determined that film special effects had advanced to the level he wanted for the fourth film in the saga. Filming started on June 26, 1997, at locations including Leavesden Film Studios and the Tunisian desert. Its visual effects included extensive use of computer-generated imagery (CGI); many of its characters and settings were completely computerized. The film was Lucas's first directorial effort after a 22-year hiatus following Star Wars in 1977.", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The film was released worldwide on VHS between April 3 and 8, 2000. Two versions were released in North America on April 4—a standard pan and scan version and a widescreen Collector's Edition version. In its first two days of availability, the regular version sold 4.5 million copies and the limited edition sold 500,000.[119] It was the first Star Wars film to be officially released on DVD, on October 16, 2001. The special features included seven deleted scenes completed specifically for the DVD, a commentary track featuring Lucas and producer Rick McCallum, and several documentaries—including a full-length documentary entitled \"The Beginning: Making Episode I\". The Phantom Menace became the fastest selling DVD ever in the U.S.; 2.2 million copies were sold in its first week after release.[120]", "Star Wars (film). Star Wars debuted on Betamax,[125] CED,[126] LaserDisc,[127] Video 2000, and VHS[128][129] between the 1980s and 1990s by CBS/Fox Video. The final issue of the original theatrical release (pre-Special Edition) to VHS format occurred in 1995, as part of \"Last Chance to Own the Original\" campaign, available as part of a trilogy set and as a standalone purchase.[130] The film was released for the first time on DVD on September 21, 2004, in a box set with The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, and a bonus disc of supplementary material. The films were digitally restored and remastered, and more changes were made by George Lucas. The DVD features a commentary track from Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren, and Carrie Fisher. The bonus disc contains the documentary Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy, three featurettes, teasers, theatrical trailers, TV spots, still galleries, an exclusive preview of Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, a playable Xbox demo of the LucasArts game Star Wars: Battlefront, and a \"Making Of\" documentary on the Episode III video game.[131] The set was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three-disc limited edition boxed set without the bonus disc.[132]", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The release on May 19, 1999 of the first new Star Wars film in 16 years was accompanied by a considerable amount of attention.[86] Few film studios released films during the same week: DreamWorks and Universal Studios released The Love Letter on May 21 and Notting Hill on May 28, respectively.[87] The Love Letter was a commercial failure but Notting Hill fared better and followed The Phantom Menace closely in second place.[88] Employment consultant firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas estimated that 2.2 million full-time employees missed work to attend the film, resulting in a US$293 million loss of productivity. According to The Wall Street Journal, so many workers announced plans to view the premiere that many companies closed on the opening day.[89] Queue areas formed outside cinema theaters over a month before ticket sales began.[90]", "Star Wars (film). In its May 30, 1977 issue, the film's year of release, Time magazine named Star Wars the \"Movie of the Year\". The publication claimed it was a \"big early supporter\" of the vision which would become Star Wars. In an article intended for the cover of the issue, Time's Gerald Clarke wrote that Star Wars is \"a grand and glorious film that may well be the smash hit of 1977, and certainly is the best movie of the year so far. The result is a remarkable confection: a subliminal history of the movies, wrapped in a riveting tale of suspense and adventure, ornamented with some of the most ingenious special effects ever contrived for film.\" Each of the subsequent films of the Star Wars saga has appeared on the magazine's cover.[221]", "Star Wars (film). The film's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983. Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas' behest, incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks, and added scenes. A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999, continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002, and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005. The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015. A direct prequel, Rogue One, was released in 2016. The film's fourth sequel, The Last Jedi, will be released in December 2017.", "Star Wars (film). Lucas completed a second draft of The Star Wars in January 1975, making heavy simplifications and introducing the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. \"The Force\" was also introduced as a mystical energy field.[45] This second draft still had some differences from the final version in the characters and relationships. For example, Luke had several brothers, as well as his father, who appears in a minor role at the end of the film. The script became more of a fairy tale quest as opposed to the action-adventure of the previous versions. This version ended with another text crawl, previewing the next story in the series. This draft was also the first to introduce the concept of a Jedi turning to the dark side: the draft included a historical Jedi who became the first to ever fall to the dark side, and then trained the Sith to use it. Impressed with his works, Lucas hired conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie to create paintings of certain scenes around this time. When Lucas delivered his screenplay to the studio, he included several of McQuarrie's paintings.[46]", "Star Wars. The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture.[255] Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture;[256] Phrases like \"evil empire\" and \"May the Force be with you\" have become part of the popular lexicon.[257] The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier,[258] enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people.[259] The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream.[260] This very impact also made it a prime target for parody works and homages, with popular examples including Spaceballs, Family Guy's Laugh It Up, Fuzzball, Robot Chicken's \"Star Wars Episode I\", \"Star Wars Episode II\" and \"Star Wars Episode III\", and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius.", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace is a 1999 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas, produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the first installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and stars Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Jake Lloyd, Ian McDiarmid, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Pernilla August, and Frank Oz. The film is set 32 years before the original film, and follows Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi as they protect Queen Amidala, in hopes of securing a peaceful end to a large-scale interplanetary trade dispute. Joined by Anakin Skywalker—a young slave with unusually strong natural powers of the Force—they simultaneously contend with the mysterious return of the Sith.", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. George Lucas began writing the new Star Wars trilogy on November 1, 1994. The screenplay of Star Wars was adapted from Lucas' 15-page outline that was written in 1976, which he designed to help him keep track of the characters' backstories and events that occurred before the original trilogy.[31] Anakin was first written as a twelve-year-old, but Lucas reduced his age to nine because he felt the lower age would better fit the plot point of Anakin being affected by his mother's separation from him. Eventually, Anakin's younger age led Lucas to rewrite his participation in the movie's major scenes.[32] The film's working title was The Beginning;[31] Lucas later revealed that its true title was The Phantom Menace; a reference to Palpatine hiding his true identity as an evil Sith Lord behind the facade of a well-intentioned public servant.[33]", "Star Wars. Star Wars-based fiction predates the release of the first film, with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars (ghost-written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas). The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics' Star Wars #7 in January 1978 (the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film), followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster's novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following month.[166]", "Star Wars (film). The 1977 theatrical version of Star Wars was selected by the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989.[122] While it was initially unclear which version of the film had been archived by the Library, it was subsequently revealed that the Library possessed a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical release, sans A New Hope titling and other later changes.[123] Although the agency has a mandate to register films for preservation, it has no authority to secure its selections from modification by authors or copyright holders.[124]", "Previsualization. The making of the first three Star Wars films, beginning in the mid-'70s, introduced low-cost innovations in pre-planning to refine complex visual effects sequences. George Lucas, working with visual effects artists from the newly established Industrial Light & Magic, used footage of aerial dogfights shots from World War II Hollywood movies to cut together a template for the X-wing space battles in the first Star Wars film.[6] Another innovation included shooting video of toy figures attached to rods; these were hand-manipulated in a miniature set to previsualize the chase through the forest on speeder bikes in Return of the Jedi.[7]" ]

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[ "Harry Potter (film series). Six films in the Harry Potter franchise — Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Parts 1 & 2 — have to date grossed around $216 million in IMAX theaters worldwide.[130]", "Harry Potter (film series). The final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was split into two cinematic parts: Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010, and Part 2, the conclusion to both the final film and the series, was released on 15 July 2011.[75] Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D,[76] but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process, Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas. However, Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned.[77]", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts.[7] Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011.[8][9]", "Harry Potter (film series). Warner Bros. split the seventh and final novel in the series, Deathly Hallows, into two cinematic parts. The two parts were filmed back-to-back from early 2009 to summer 2010, with the completion of reshoots taking place on 21 December 2010; this marked the end of filming Harry Potter. Heyman stated that Deathly Hallows was \"shot as one film\" but released in two feature-length parts.[32]", "Magical objects in Harry Potter. Voldemort's creation of Horcruxes is central to the later storyline of the Harry Potter novels. As the number seven is a powerful number in magic, Voldemort intended to split his soul into that many pieces, with six Horcruxes and the last piece reposing within his body.[22] When Voldemort attacked the Potter family, and his body was destroyed by the rebounded Killing Curse, a piece of his soul splintered off and attached itself to the only living thing remaining in the room, Harry Potter, in a manner similar to a Horcrux.[20] Later on, Voldemort went on to complete his collection of the intended six Horcruxes by turning his snake Nagini into one, thus fragmenting his soul into a total of eight (counting the one residing in his own body), not seven, pieces. Complicating things even further, no more than six Horcruxes (including Harry) ever existed at any one time in the series: by the time Nagini had been made a Horcrux, one of the Horcruxes (Tom Riddle's diary) had already been destroyed.", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).[2][3] A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise.[4]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series.[1] The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries.[2] By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[3] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[6] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003.[7] After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007.[8] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[9]", "Harry Potter (film series). Six of the series' eight films are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the highest-grossing film in the series and one of 31 films to gross over $1 billion, ranking at number eight.[10] Without inflation adjustment, it is the second highest-grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts.", "Harry Potter. In the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Voldemort begins waging open warfare. Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts. They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence – Harry eventually begins dating Ginny, Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown, and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron. Near the beginning of the novel, lacking his own book, Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled; \"the Half-Blood Prince.\" This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master, Horace Slughorn, but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it, becomes a source of concern. With war drawing near, Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore, who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve. These reveal that in order to preserve his life, Voldemort has split his soul into pieces, creating a series of Horcruxes – evil enchanted items hidden in various locations, one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book.[20] On their way to collect a Horcrux, Draco, who has joined with the Death Eaters, attempts to attack Dumbledore, and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape, the titular Half-Blood Prince.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. On 10 June, one month before the film's release, tickets went on sale.[44] On 16 June 2011, Part 2 received a 12A[45] certificate from the British Board of Film Classification, who note that the film \"contains moderate threat, injury detail and language\", becoming the only Harry Potter film to receive a warning for \"injury detail\". At midnight 15 July, Part 2 screened in 3,800 cinemas. In the United States, it played in 4,375 cinemas, 3,100 3D cinemas and 274 IMAX cinemas, the widest release for an IMAX, 3D and a Harry Potter film.", "Harry Potter (film series). The Harry Potter series has had four composers. John Williams scored the first three films: Philosopher's Stone, Chamber of Secrets, and Prisoner of Azkaban. However, the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams's conflicting commitments. Williams also created Hedwig's Theme, which is used in every film in the series.", "Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4. The game covers a wide range of characters of the first four parts, from notable ones like Albus Dumbledore, and Severus Snape, to others like Viktor Krum in shark form or the Trolley Witch from the Hogwarts Express.[14]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. In one of the few negative reviews, Brian Gibson of Vue Weekly described the film as \"deadly dull\" and a \"visual overstatement\".[122] Other reviews criticised the decision to split the novel into two cinematic parts, with Ben Mortimer of The Daily Telegraph writing \"Deathly Hallows – Part 2 isn't a film. It's HALF a film ... it's going to feel somewhat emotionless.\" Other critics wrote of the film's runtime; Alonso Duralde from The Wrap said, \"If there's one substantial flaw to the film, it's that this cavalcade of people and places and objects can barely fit in the 130-minute running time.\"[123] Rebecca Gillie from The Oxford Student gave the film two out of five and wrote, \"at the end of [the film] there is nothing that stays with you once you've left the cinema.\"[124]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Running 153 minutes (2 hours 33 minutes and 19 seconds) long,[99] Half-Blood Prince is the third longest film in the series, behind Chamber of Secrets (161 minutes)[100] and Goblet of Fire (157 minutes).[101]", "Harry Potter. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[65] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[66] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[67] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[68] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[69][70] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007.[71] The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[70]", "Harry Potter (film series). The series has spawned a vast volume of fan fiction, with nearly 600 thousand inspired stories catalogued.[154] Youtube hosts many fan films, ranging from amateur productions to full length films.", "Children's literature. J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter. The series began with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1997 and ended with the seventh and final book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2007; becoming the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages,[44][45] placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.[46]", "Harry Potter. There are thirteen Harry Potter video games, eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin-offs. The film/book-based games are produced by Electronic Arts, as was Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup, with the game version of the first entry in the series, Philosopher's Stone, being released in November 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone went on to become one of the best-selling PlayStation games ever.[201] The video games were released to coincide with the films, containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books. Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts, along with various other magical areas. The story and design of the games follow the selected film's characterisation and plot; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films. The last game in the series, Deathly Hallows, was split, with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011. The two-part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence, with the gameplay revolving around a third-person shooter style format.[202][203]", "Harry Potter. Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed \"in something like 1990\".[81][82] In June 2006, Rowling, on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy, announced that the chapter had been modified as one character \"got a reprieve\" and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed. On 28 March 2007, the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released.[83][84]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. After being sent an invitation to the funeral for Aragog the Spider, he uses an hour's dose of Felix Felicis and succeeds in retrieving Slughorn's unedited memory while at the funeral. In it, Slughorn tells Riddle about the process of splitting one's soul and hiding it in several objects called Horcruxes. Only by committing a murder can a wizard turn an object into a Horcrux; Voldemort has created six of them, making himself virtually immortal by placing a piece of his soul in each and keeping the seventh and last one within his body. Dumbledore explains that in order to destroy Voldemort, all the Horcruxes must first be destroyed. Two Horcruxes—Riddle's diary from Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and a ring belonging to Voldemort's grandfather Marvolo Gaunt—have already been destroyed, but four others remain.", "British literature. J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter is the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages,[138][139] placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.[140] Cressida Cowell wrote How to Train Your Dragon, a series of twelve books set in a fictional Viking world.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel.[13] In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling has stated that she \"is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story\".[14] Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content.[15] On 24 September 2015, Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts.[16] The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings.[17][18]", "Story within a story. On other occasions such spin-offs may be produced as a way of providing additional information on the fictional world for fans. A well-known example of this comes in the Harry Potter series of J. K. Rowling, where three such supplemental books have been produced, with the profits going to charity. Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a textbook used by the main character, and Quidditch Through the Ages is a book from the library at his school. The Tales of Beedle the Bard provides an additional layer of fiction, the 'tales' being instructional stories told to children in the characters' world.", "Harry Potter (film series). Six of the eight films were nominated for a total of 12 Academy Awards.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on July 2, 1998 and in the US on June 2, 1999.[56][57] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999.[56][57] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[58] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[59] It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003.[60] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on July 16, 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[61][62] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on July 21, 2007.[63] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[64]", "Harry Potter. Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year. Harry struggles with the problems he encounters, and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules. If students are caught breaking rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors. The stories reach their climax in the summer term, near or just after final exams, when events escalate far beyond in-school squabbles and struggles, and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers, the Death Eaters, with the stakes a matter of life and death – a point underlined, as the series progresses, by characters being killed in each of the final four books.[44][45] In the aftermath, he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore. The only exception to this school-centred setting is the final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts, and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement.[44]", "Harry Potter. In March 2008, Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, would be released in two cinematic parts: Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011. Production of both parts started in February 2009, with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010.[185][186]", "Pottermore. The first seven chapters of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were released on 20 December 2012. Chapters eight through fifteen were later released on 10 April 2013. Chapters sixteen through twenty-two were released 31 July 2013, along with a new layout of Pottermore that includes a new gateway, a separate way of going through Harry's story and the user's, and three more moments added to Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.", "Warner Bros.. In the late 1990s, Warner obtained rights to the Harry Potter novels and released feature film adaptations of the first in 2001. Subsequently, they released the second film in 2002, the third in June 2004, the fourth in November 2005, the fifth in July 2007, and the sixth in July 2009.[181] The seventh (and at that time, final) book was released as two movies; Deathly Hallows - Part 1 in November 2010 and Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in July 2011.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Harry decides to use his Liquid Luck potion to convince Slughorn to give up the memory Dumbledore needs. Harry views the memory with Dumbledore and learns that Voldemort wanted information for creating Horcruxes, magical objects that could contain pieces of a wizard's soul and save them from death. Dumbledore concludes that Voldemort successfully created seven Horcruxes, two of which have already been destroyed: Tom Riddle's diary and Marvolo Gaunt's ring. Harry and Dumbledore travel to a seaside cave where Harry aids Dumbledore in drinking a potion that hides another Horcrux, Slytherin's locket. A weakened Dumbledore defends them from Inferi and apparates back to Hogwarts. Bellatrix, Greyback, and more Death Eaters enter Hogwarts with Draco's help through the vanishing cabinet in the Room of Requirement that Draco managed to connect to the one he had been working on in Knockturn Alley.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Rosenberg wrote that the two main themes of Half-Blood Prince were love and death and praised Rowling's \"affirmation of their central position in human lives\". She considered love to be represented in several forms: the love of parent to child, teacher to student, and the romances that developed between the characters.[28] Zipp noted trust and redemption to be themes promising to continue in the final book, which she thought \"would add a greater layer of nuance and complexity to some characters who could sorely use it.\"[27] Deepti Hajela also pointed out Harry's character development, that he was \"no longer a boy wizard; he's a young man, determined to seek out and face a young man's challenges\".[33] Paolini had similar views, claiming, \"the children have changed...they act like real teenagers.\"[29]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released on a single and double disc DVD and 3-disc Blu-ray combo pack on 11 April 2011 in the UK and on 15 April 2011 in the US.[53] On 28 January 2011, it was announced by Emma Watson on the Harry Potter UK Facebook page that the page's fans will get to vote for their preferred cover for the Part 1 Blu-ray. The cover with the most votes will be the cover for the disc. Voting started that same day.[54] The DVD and Blu-ray include eight deleted scenes, with the Blu-ray Combo Pack containing an opening scene from Part 2 featuring Harry and Ollivander discussing the Deathly Hallows.[55][56] Deathly Hallows – Part 1 performed well in DVD sales, selling 7,237,437 DVD units and adding $86,932,256 to the gross revenue of the film,[57] bringing the total to $1,043,331,967." ]

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[ "Economy of Brazil. A pioneer and leader in the manufacture of short-fiber timber cellulose, Brazil has also achieved positive results within the packaging sector, in which it is the fifth largest world producer. In the foreign markets, it answers for 25 percent of global exports of raw cane and refined sugar; it is the world leader in soybean exports and is responsible for 80 percent of the planet's orange juice, and since 2003, has had the highest sales figures for beef and chicken, among the countries that deal in this sector.[32]", "Agriculture in Brazil. In 2006 corn was planted on about thirteen million hectares, producing 41 million tons. Brazil was the third largest world producer, accounting for 6.1% of global production. Paraná was Brazil's biggest producer, totaling 25.72%.", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is the world's largest producer of beans, accounting for 16.3% of the total, 18.7 million tons in 2005, according to FAO. Historically most beans came from small producers. Yield in some cases exceeded three thousand kilos per ha.[107]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is the world's third largest fruit producer, behind China (157 million tons) and India (with 54 million). Oranges and bananas account for 60% of Brazilian output.[72]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is the seventh largest global producer of cellulose of all kinds, and the largest of short fiber cellulose. In 2005 the country exported 5.2 million tons and produced 6 million, generating revenues of 3.4 billion dollars.[125]", "Economy of South America. Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production. Brazil is the world’s leading producer of niobium and tantalum, and Peru is the largest silver producer and the second-ranked producer of bismuth and copper. [3]", "Brazil. Brazil's economy is the world's eighth-largest by both nominal GDP and GDP (PPP) as of 2017[update].[18][19] A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the world's fastest growing major economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence.[20] Brazil's national development bank plays an important role for the country's economic growth.[21] Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Union of South American Nations, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the CPLP. Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs,[22] with some analysts identifying it as an emerging global power. It has been characterised as a potential superpower.[23] One of the world's major breadbaskets, Brazil has also been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[24]", "Brazil nut. In 2014, global production of Brazil nuts (in shell) was 95,000 tonnes, remaining a consistent annual total since 2009.[9] The largest producers were Bolivia (47% of world total) and Brazil (40%), and the United States was the largest importer, with 9% of the world production volume.[9]", "Brazil. Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services.[244] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007.[245] Brazil is one of the largest producer of oranges, coffee, sugar cane, cassava and sisal, soybeans and papayas.[246]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil's largest producers are Mato Grosso, Paraná and Goiás, with fifteen, nine and six million tons, respectively, in 2004–2006. Mato Grosso and Paraná together grow on average over 49% of the crop.", "Brazil. Its GDP (PPP) per capita was $15,919 in 2017[225] putting Brazil in the 77th position according to IMF data. Active in agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors Brazil has a labor force of over a 107 million (ranking 6th worldwide) and unemployment of 6.2% (ranking 64th worldwide).[226] The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries.[227] Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[24]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is the world's second largest cassava producer, at 12.7%. Exports comprise only .5%. Average exports in 2000 and 2001 were thirteen million, one hundred thousand tons, generating revenue above six hundred million dollars.[77]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is the world's second largest tobacco producer, and the largest exporter since 1993, with about 1.7 billion dollars of turnover.[105] The largest export region is Rio Grande do Sul. The Southern region accounts for 95% of external production. It exports 60 to 70% of output.[106]", "Agriculture in Brazil. The region is the largest national producer of bananas, (34% of the total)[76] and cassava (34.7%).[77] It is the second largest producer of rice, with a harvest estimated in 2008 of 1.114 million tons. Maranhão produces the majority (668 thousand tons).[78] It ranks second in fruit production, with 27% share.[72]", "Brazil. Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's eighth largest economy and the eighth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP) according to the 2017 estimates. Brazil has a mixed economy with abundant natural resources. After rapid growth in preceding decades, the country entered an ongoing recession in 2014 amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests.", "Economy of Brazil. The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil is one of the world's leading producers of hydroelectric power, with a current capacity of about 260,000 megawatts. Existing hydroelectric power provides 90% of the nation's electricity. Two large hydroelectric projects, the 19,900 megawatt Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River (the world's largest dam) and the Tucurui Dam in Pará in northern Brazil, are in operation. Brazil's first commercial nuclear reactor, Angra I, located near Rio de Janeiro, has been in operation for more than 10 years. Angra II was completed in 2002 and is in operation too. An Angra III had a planned inauguration scheduled for 2014. The three reactors would have a combined capacity of 9,000 megawatts when completed. The government also plans to build 19 more nuclear plants by the year 2020.[citation needed]", "Coffee production in Brazil. Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years,[37] currently producing about a third of all coffee. In 2011 Brazil was the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia.[38] The country is unrivaled in total production of green coffee, arabica coffee and instant coffee.[39] In 2011, total production was 2.7 million tonnes, more than twice the amount of Vietnam, the second largest producer.[40] Some 3.5 million people are involved in the industry, mostly in rural areas.[41]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil in 2005 produced around 8.7 million tonnes of beef,[86] becoming world export leader in 2003 after surpassing Australia.[87] Cattle herds are concentrated in Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Minas Gerais. Together they account for over 46% of Brazilian cattle with more than 87 million head.[85]", "Orange (fruit). Brazil is the world's leading orange producer, with an output of 17 million tonnes, followed by China, India, and the United States as the four major producers.[8] Orange groves are located mainly in the state of São Paulo, in the southeastern region of Brazil, and account for approximately 80% of the national production.[citation needed] As almost 99% of the fruit is processed for export, 53% of total global frozen concentrated orange juice production comes from this area and the western part of the state of Minas Gerais. In Brazil, the four predominant orange varieties used for obtaining juice are Hamlin, Pera Rio, Natal, and Valencia.[78][79]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil uses an average of 3.2 kg of agrochemicals per hectare – ranking tenth globally, in some studies, and fifth, in others. São Paulo state is Brazil's largest user, and the largest producer, comprising 80% of the total. Mitigation techniques include farmer education, and the development of resistant species, better farming techniques, biological pest control, among others.[151]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil is the twenty-largest exporter in the world, according to data from the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade in açai, cachaça, cattle, nuts, melons, guaraná, and beef.[citation needed]", "Economy of Brazil. Currently,[when?] with a population of over 204 million and abundant natural resources, Brazil is one of the ten largest markets in the world, producing tens of millions of tons of steel, 26 million tons of cement, 3.5  million television sets, and 3  million refrigerators. In addition, about 70  million cubic meters of petroleum were being processed annually into fuels, lubricants, propane gas, and a wide range of hundreds of petrochemicals.", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil and the US are the world's largest citrus producers, with 45% of the total, while South Africa, Spain and Israel compete in oranges and tangerines.[119]", "Sugarcane. Brazil led the world in sugarcane production in 2013 with a 739,267 TMT harvest.[2] India was the second largest producer with 341,200 TMT tons, and China the third largest producer with 125,536 TMT tons harvest.", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazil changed from exporting to importing cocoa in 1992. According to FAO the country, between 1990 and 2003, fell from ninth to seventeenth in the main world producers' ranking.[115]", "Agriculture in Brazil. São Paulo state accounts for 79% of orange production and is the largest producer and exporter of orange juice, responsible for half of global production. 97% is exported.[120]", "Agriculture in Brazil. Brazilian orange juice is equivalent to 80% of world exports, the largest market share for any Brazilian agricultural product.[62]", "Green Revolution. Brazil's vast inland cerrado region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients, according to Norman Borlaug. However, from the 1960s, vast quantities of lime (pulverised chalk or limestone) were poured on the soil to reduce acidity. The effort went on for decades; by the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tonnes of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tonnes in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tonnes of lime per hectare. As a result, Brazil has become the world's second biggest soybean exporter. Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed, and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world.[24] Several parallels can also be found in Argentina's boom in soybean production as well.[25]", "Agriculture in Brazil. The agriculture of Brazil is historically one of the principal bases of Brazil's economy. While its initial focus was on sugarcane, Brazil eventually became the world's largest exporter of coffee, soybeans, beef, and crop-based ethanol.[4]", "Agriculture in Brazil. It is the second largest Brazilian banana producer (26% share)[76] and of cassava (25.9% share), lagging behind only the Northeast.[77] It produces 6.1% of the nation's fruit crop.[72]", "Agriculture in Brazil. According to a 2008 IBGE study, despite the world financial crisis, Brazil had record agricultural production, with growth of 9.1%, principally motivated by favorable weather. The production of grains in the year reached an unprecedented 145,400,000 tons.[2] That record output employed an additional 4.8% in planted area, totalling 65,338,000 hectares and producing $148 billion Reals. The principal products were corn (13.1% growth) and soy (2.4% growth).[2]", "Agriculture in Brazil. In 2003 the country produced 2.149 million tons of wood for charcoal; 75% from Minas Gerais. Charcoal from vegetable gathering added 2.227 million tons, the largest part (35%) from Pará. Firewood production occupied 47.232 million square meters, with Bahia the biggest producer.[59]" ]

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[ "Charles's law. This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:", "Charles's law. The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion.", "Charles's law. Charles' law appears to imply that the volume of a gas will descend to zero at a certain temperature (−266.66 °C according to Gay-Lussac's figures) or −273.15 °C. Gay-Lussac was clear in his description that the law was not applicable at low temperatures:", "Gas laws. The statement of Charles' law is as follows:\nthe volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (Pa), is directly proportional to its temperature (K).\nAs a mathematical equation, Charles's law is written as either:", "Charles's law. where V100 is the volume occupied by a given sample of gas at 100 °C; V0 is the volume occupied by the same sample of gas at 0 °C; and k is a constant which is the same for all gases at constant pressure. This equation does not contain the temperature and so has nothing to do with what became known as Charles' Law. Gay-Lussac's value for k (​1⁄2.6666), was identical to Dalton's earlier value for vapours and remarkably close to the present-day value of ​1⁄2.7315. Gay-Lussac gave credit for this equation to unpublished statements by his fellow Republican citizen J. Charles in 1787. In the absence of a firm record, the gas law relating volume to temperature cannot be named after Charles.\nDalton's measurements had much more scope regarding temperature than Gay-Lussac, not only measuring the volume at the fixed points of water, but also at two intermediate points. Unaware of the inaccuracies of mercury thermometers at the time, which were divided into equal portions between the fixed points, Dalton, after concluding in Essay II that in the case of vapours, “any elastic fluid expands nearly in a uniform manner into 1370 or 1380 parts by 180 degrees (Fahrenheit) of heat”, was unable to confirm it for gases.", "Charles's law. Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is:", "Charles's law. The kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure and volume, to the microscopic properties of the molecules which make up the gas, particularly the mass and speed of the molecules. In order to derive Charles' law from kinetic theory, it is necessary to have a microscopic definition of temperature: this can be conveniently taken as the temperature being proportional to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules, Ek:", "Gas laws. Charles's law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.", "Charles's law. When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be directly related.[1]", "Combined gas law. Charles's Law shows that the volume is proportional to the absolute temperature:", "Charles's law. At absolute zero temperature the gas possesses zero energy and hence the molecules restrict motion.\nGay-Lussac had no experience of liquid air (first prepared in 1877), although he appears to have believed (as did Dalton) that the \"permanent gases\" such as air and hydrogen could be liquified. Gay-Lussac had also worked with the vapours of volatile liquids in demonstrating Charles' law, and was aware that the law does not apply just above the boiling point of the liquid:", "Charles's law. Dalton was the first to demonstrate that the law applied generally to all gases, and to the vapours of volatile liquids if the temperature was well above the boiling point. Gay-Lussac concurred.[6] With measurements only at the two thermometric fixed points of water, Gay-Lussac was unable to show that the equation relating volume to temperature was a linear function. On mathematical grounds alone, Gay-Lussac's paper does not permit the assignment of any law stating the linear relation. Both Dalton's and Gay-Lussac's main conclusions can be expressed mathematically as:", "Gas laws. The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas:", "Combined gas law. The combined gas law is a gas law that combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. There is no official founder for this law; it is merely an amalgamation of the three previously discovered laws. These laws each relate one thermodynamic variable to another mathematically while holding everything else constant. Charles's law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure is held constant. Boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature. Finally, Gay-Lussac's law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure as long as it is at a constant volume. The inter-dependence of these variables is shown in the combined gas law, which clearly states that:", "Charles's law. In two of a series of four essays presented between 2 and 30 October 1801,[2] John Dalton demonstrated by experiment that all the gases and vapours that he studied expanded by the same amount between two fixed points of temperature. The French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac confirmed the discovery in a presentation to the French National Institute on 31 Jan 1802,[3] although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. The basic principles had already been described by Guillaume Amontons[4] and Francis Hauksbee[5] a century earlier.", "Combined gas law. Then you give it to Charles to change the volume and temperature:", "Charles's law. The first mention of a temperature at which the volume of a gas might descend to zero was by William Thomson (later known as Lord Kelvin) in 1848:[7]", "Equation of state. In 1834 Émile Clapeyron combined Boyle's Law and Charles' law into the first statement of the ideal gas law. Initially, the law was formulated as pVm = R(TC + 267) (with temperature expressed in degrees Celsius), where R is the gas constant. However, later work revealed that the number should actually be closer to 273.2, and then the Celsius scale was defined with 0 °C = 273.15 K, giving:", "History of chemistry. French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac shared the interest of Lavoisier and others in the quantitative study of the properties of gases. From his first major program of research in 1801–1802, he concluded that equal volumes of all gases expand equally with the same increase in temperature: this conclusion is usually called \"Charles's law\", as Gay-Lussac gave credit to Jacques Charles, who had arrived at nearly the same conclusion in the 1780s but had not published it.[67] The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801, although Dalton's description was less thorough than Gay-Lussac's.[68][69] In 1804 Gay-Lussac made several daring ascents of over 7,000 meters above sea level in hydrogen-filled balloons—a feat not equaled for another 50 years—that allowed him to investigate other aspects of gases. Not only did he gather magnetic measurements at various altitudes, but he also took pressure, temperature, and humidity measurements and samples of air, which he later analyzed chemically.", "Boyle's law. Or Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship, when temperature is held constant. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when temperature is held constant.", "Gas. In 1802, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published results of similar, though more extensive experiments.[20] Gay-Lussac credited Charles' earlier work by naming the law in his honor. Gay-Lussac himself is credited with the law describing pressure, which he found in 1809. It states that the pressure exerted on a container's sides by an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature.", "Charles's law. I may however remark that when the temperature of the ether is only a little above its boiling point, its condensation is a little more rapid than that of atmospheric air. This fact is related to a phenomenon which is exhibited by a great many bodies when passing from the liquid to the solid state, but which is no longer sensible at temperatures a few degrees above that at which the transition occurs.[3]", "Temperature. The ideal gas law is based on observed empirical relationships between pressure (p), volume (V), and temperature (T), and was recognized long before the kinetic theory of gases was developed (see Boyle's and Charles's laws). The ideal gas law states:[68]", "Charles's law. This is what we might anticipate, when we reflect that infinite cold must correspond to a finite number of degrees of the air-thermometer below zero; since if we push the strict principle of graduation, stated above, sufficiently far, we should arrive at a point corresponding to the volume of air being reduced to nothing, which would be marked as −273° of the scale (−100/.366, if .366 be the coefficient of expansion); and therefore −273° of the air-thermometer is a point which cannot be reached at any finite temperature, however low.", "Boyle's law. So long as temperature remains constant the same amount of energy given to the system persists throughout its operation and therefore, theoretically, the value of k will remain constant. However, due to the derivation of pressure as perpendicular applied force and the probabilistic likelihood of collisions with other particles through collision theory, the application of force to a surface may not be infinitely constant for such values of v, but will have a limit when differentiating such values over a given time. Forcing the volume V of the fixed quantity of gas to increase, keeping the gas at the initially measured temperature, the pressure p must decrease proportionally. Conversely, reducing the volume of the gas increases the pressure. Boyle's law is used to predict the result of introducing a change, in volume and pressure only, to the initial state of a fixed quantity of gas.", "Combined gas law. The algebraic manipulation cannot be done directly because Boyle did his experiments with constant temperature, charles did them with constant pressure and lussac did them with constant volume, therefore a more exact interpretation of the prior equations would be:", "Gas. The speed of a gas particle is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of the balloon in the video shrinks when the trapped gas particles slow down with the addition of extremely cold nitrogen. The temperature of any physical system is related to the motions of the particles (molecules and atoms) which make up the [gas] system.[13] In statistical mechanics, temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy stored in a particle. The methods of storing this energy are dictated by the degrees of freedom of the particle itself (energy modes). Kinetic energy added (endothermic process) to gas particles by way of collisions produces linear, rotational, and vibrational motion. In contrast, a molecule in a solid can only increase its vibrational modes with the addition of heat as the lattice crystal structure prevents both linear and rotational motions. These heated gas molecules have a greater speed range which constantly varies due to constant collisions with other particles. The speed range can be described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Use of this distribution implies ideal gases near thermodynamic equilibrium for the system of particles being considered.", "Graham's law. Perhaps the greatest success of the kinetic theory of gases, as it came to be called, was the discovery that for gases, the temperature as measured on the Kelvin (absolute) temperature scale is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. Graham's law for diffusion could thus be understood as a consequence of the molecular kinetic energies being equal at the same temperature.[6]", "Charles's law. Under this definition, the demonstration of Charles' law is almost trivial. The kinetic theory equivalent of the ideal gas law relates PV to the average kinetic energy:", "Henry's law. where \n\n\n\nR\n\n\n{\\displaystyle R}\n\n is the gas constant and \n\n\n\nT\n\n\n{\\displaystyle T}\n\n is the temperature.", "Combined gas law. Gay-Lussac's Law says that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature:", "Boyle's law. Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law[1]) is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is" ]

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[ "California Gold Rush. The first gold found in California was made on March 9, 1842. Francisco Lopez, a native California, was searching for stray horses. He stopped on the bank of a small creek in what later was known as Placerita Canyon, about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the present-day Newhall, California, and about 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Los Angeles. While the horses grazed, Lopez dug up some wild onions and found a small gold nugget in the roots among the onion bulbs. He looked further and found more gold.[28]", "California Gold Rush. Lopez took the gold to authorities who confirmed its worth. Lopez and others began to search for other steambeds with gold deposits in the area. They found several in the northeastern section of the forest, within present-day Ventura County. In 1843 he found gold in San Feliciano Canyon near his first discovery. Mexican miners from Sonora worked the placer deposits until 1846, when the Californios began to agitate for independence from Mexico, and the Bear Flag Revolt caused many Mexicans to leave California.[28]", "California Gold Rush. Gold was also discovered in Southern California but on a much smaller scale. The first discovery of gold, at Rancho San Francisco in the mountains north of present-day Los Angeles, had been in 1842, six years before Marshall's discovery, while California was still part of Mexico.[24] However, these first deposits, and later discoveries in Southern California mountains, attracted little notice and were of limited consequence economically.[24]", "California Gold Rush. The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.[1] The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.[2] The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy, and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory, in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease, genocide and starvation. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory, to the home state of the first presidential nominee for the new Republican Party, in 1856.", "California Gold Rush. The Mexican–American War ended on February 3, 1848, although California was firmly in American hands before that. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for, among other things, the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States. The California Gold Rush began at Sutter's Mill, near Coloma.[3] On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River.[4] Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter, and the two privately tested the metal. After the tests showed that it was gold, Sutter expressed dismay: he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold.[5]", "California Gold Rush. Word of the Gold Rush spread slowly at first. The earliest gold-seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California. The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand Oregonians who came down the Siskiyou Trail.[31] Next came people from the Sandwich Islands, and several thousand Latin Americans, including people from Mexico, from Peru and from as far away as Chile,[32] both by ship and overland.[33] By the end of 1848, some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California.[33]", "California Gold Rush. Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the Gold Rush.[100][101] The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was Samuel Brannan, a tireless self-promoter, shopkeeper and newspaper publisher.[102] Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento, Coloma, and other spots in the goldfields. Just as the rush began he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and re-sold them at a substantial profit.[102]", "Sierra Nevada (U.S.). The California Gold Rush began at Sutter's Mill, near Coloma, in the western foothills of the Sierra.[48] On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River.[49] Rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting \"Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!\"[49]", "History of California. The first to hear confirmed information of the California Gold Rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), Mexico, Peru, and Chile. They were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848. By the end of 1848, some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California.[48] Americans and foreigners of many different countries, statuses, classes, and races rushed to California for gold. Almost all (~96%) were young men. Women in the California Gold Rush were few and had many opportunities to do new things and take on new tasks. Argonauts, as they were often called, walked over the California Trail or came by sea. About 80,000 Argonauts arrived in 1849 alone—about 40,000 over the California trail and 40,000 by sea.", "Gold mining in the United States. Major gold mining in California began during the California Gold Rush. Gold was found by James Marshall at Sutters Mill, property of John Sutter, in present-day Coloma. In 1849, people started hearing about the gold and after just a few years San Francisco's population increased to thousands. Gold production in California peaked in 1852, at 3.9 million troy ounces (121 tonnes) produced in that year. But the placer deposits worked in the early years were quickly exhausted, and production crashed. Hardrock mining (in California called quartz mining) began in 1849, and placer mining by hydraulic mining began in 1852. Despite the new mining methods, by 1865 production was 867,000 troy ounces (27,000 kg), less than one-quarter of peak production.", "California Trail. The trickle of emigrants before 1848 became a flood after the discovery of gold in California in January 1848, the same year that the U.S. acquired and paid for possession of the New Mexico Territory and California Territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which terminated the Mexican–American War. The gold rush to northern California started in 1848 as settlers in Oregon, southern California, South America and Mexico headed for the gold fields even before the gold discovery was widely known about in the east. The public announcement of the gold discovery by President Polk in late 1848 and the display of an impressive amount of gold in Washington induced thousands of gold seekers in the east to begin making plans to go to California.", "California Gold Rush. On August 19, 1848, the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold. On December 5, 1848, President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress.[8] Soon, waves of immigrants from around the world, later called the \"forty-niners,\" invaded the Gold Country of California or \"Mother Lode\". As Sutter had feared, he was ruined; his workers left in search of gold, and squatters took over his land and stole his crops and cattle.[9]", "California Gold Rush. Within a few years, there was an important but lesser-known surge of prospectors into far Northern California, specifically into present-day Siskiyou, Shasta and Trinity Counties.[20] Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present-day Yreka in 1851 brought thousands of gold-seekers up the Siskiyou Trail[21] and throughout California's northern counties.[22]", "Modoc War. Although most of the \"49ers\" missed the Modoc country, in March 1851 Abraham Thompson, a mule train packer, discovered gold near Yreka while traveling along the Siskiyou Trail from southern Oregon. The discovery sparked the California Gold Rush area to expand from the Sierra Nevada into Northeastern California. By April 1851, 2,000 miners had arrived in \"Thompson's Dry Diggings\" through the southern route of the old Emigrant Trail to test their luck, which took them straight through Modoc territory.[9]", "California Gold Rush. The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world. A second path was the Argonauts themselves who, having personally acquired a sufficient amount, sent the gold home, or returned home taking with them their hard-earned \"diggings\". For example, one estimate is that some US$80 million worth of California gold was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants.[115]", "California Gold Rush. The first people to rush to the goldfields, beginning in the spring of 1848, were the residents of California themselves—primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California, along with Native Americans and some Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians).[29] These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort. Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men. Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men; in such cases, the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold.[30]", "California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush stimulated economies around the world as well. Farmers in Chile, Australia, and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food; British manufactured goods were in high demand; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China.[149] The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world.[150] Australian prospector Edward Hargraves, noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country, returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the Australian gold rushes.[151] Preceding the Gold Rush, the United States was on a bi-metallic standard, but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation. The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply shock.[152]", "Northern California. The California Gold Rush took place almost exclusively in northern California from 1848–1855. It began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in Coloma.[12] News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 people coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. San Francisco grew from a tiny hamlet of tents to a boomtown, and roads, churches, schools and other towns were built. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service and railroads were built. However, the Gold Rush also had negative effects: Native Americans were attacked and pushed off traditional lands, the native oyster species became overharvested and nearly wiped out all the way into the Pacific Northwest, and gold mining caused environmental harm.", "American frontier. The gold rush radically changed the California economy and brought in an array of professionals, including precious metal specialists, merchants, doctors, and attorneys, who added to the population of miners, saloon keepers, gamblers, and prostitutes. A San Francisco newspaper stated, \"The whole country... resounds to the sordid cry of gold! Gold! Gold! while the field is left half planted, the house half built, and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and pick axes.\"[90] Over 250,000 miners found a total of more than $200 million in gold in the five years of the California Gold Rush.[91][92] As thousands arrived, however, fewer and fewer miners struck their fortune, and most ended exhausted and broke.", "Mother lode. The California gold rush, as with most gold rushes, started with the discovery of placer gold in sands and gravels of streambeds, where the gold had eroded from the hard-rock vein deposits. Placer miners followed the gold-bearing sands upstream to discover the source in the bedrock. This source was the \"mother\" of the gold in the river and so was dubbed the \"mother lode\".", "History of California. In the early years of the California Gold Rush, placer mining methods were used, from panning to \"cradles\" and \"rockers\" or \"long-toms\", to diverting the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river, and then digging for gold in the gravel down to the rocky river bottom. This placer gold had been freed by the slow disintegration, over geological time, that freed the gold from its ore. This free gold was typically found in the cracks in the rocks found at the bottom of the gravel found in rivers or creeks, as the gold typically worked down through the gravel or collected in stream bends or bottom cracks. Some 12-million ounces[61] (370 t) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush. This gold greatly increased the available money in the United States, which was on the gold standard at that time—the more gold you had, the more you could buy.", "California Gold Rush. It is estimated that approximately 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849—about half by land and half by sea.[45] Of these, perhaps 50,000 to 60,000 were Americans, and the rest were from other countries.[38] By 1855, it is estimated at least 300,000 gold-seekers, merchants, and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world.[46] The largest group continued to be Americans, but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans, Chinese, Britons, Australians,[47] French, and Latin Americans,[48] together with many smaller groups of miners, such as African Americans, Filipinos, Basques[49] and Turks.[50][51]", "California Gold Rush. However, rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. The most famous quote of the California Gold Rush was by Brannan; after he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies,[6] Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting \"Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!\"[7]", "California Gold Rush. Four hundred million years ago, California lay at the bottom of a large sea; underwater volcanoes deposited lava and minerals (including gold) onto the sea floor. By tectonic forces these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada,[78] and eroded. Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams.[79][80] The forty-niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold.[81]", "California Gold Rush. Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed, gold-seekers also engaged in \"hard-rock\" mining, that is, extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it (typically quartz), usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold-bearing quartz.[95] By 1851, quartz mining had become the major industry of Coloma.[96] Once the gold-bearing rocks were brought to surface, the rocks were crushed and the gold separated, either using separation in water, using its density difference from quartz sand, or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with mercury (with which gold forms an amalgam). Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a source of environmental contamination.[97] Eventually, hard-rock mining wound up becoming the single largest source of gold produced in the Gold Country.[89][98] The total production of gold in California from then till now is estimated at 118 million ounces (3700 t).[99]", "California Gold Rush. Forty-niners came from Latin America, particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile.[40][41] Gold-seekers and merchants from Asia, primarily from China,[42] began arriving in 1849, at first in modest numbers to Gum San (\"Gold Mountain\"), the name given to California in Chinese.[43] The first immigrants from Europe, reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel, began arriving in late 1849, mostly from France,[44] with some Germans, Italians, and Britons.[38]", "California Gold Rush. The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County), Bret Harte (A Millionaire of Rough-and-Ready), Joaquin Miller (Life Amongst the Modocs), and many others.[27][167]", "California Gold Rush. After the Gold Rush had concluded, gold recovery operations continued. The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California's Central Valley and other gold-bearing areas of California (such as Scott Valley in Siskiyou County). By the late 1890s, dredging technology (also invented in California) had become economical,[94] and it is estimated that more than 20 million ounces (620 t) were recovered by dredging (worth approximately US$28 billion at December 2010 prices).[89]", "California Gold Rush. By the beginning of 1849, word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. The largest group of forty-niners in 1849 were Americans, arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes[38] (the name \"forty-niner\" was derived from the year 1849). Many from the East Coast negotiated a crossing of the Appalachian Mountains, taking to riverboats in Pennsylvania, poling the keelboats to Missouri River wagon train assembly ports, and then travelling in a wagon train along the California Trail. Many others came by way of the Isthmus of Panama and the steamships of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Australians[39] and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers, and thousands, infected with \"gold fever\", boarded ships for California.[40]", "History of California before 1900. In January 1848, gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in the Sierra Nevada foothills about 40 miles east of Sacramento – beginning the California Gold Rush, which had the most extensive impact on population growth of the state of any era.[35][36]", "Death Valley '49ers. On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall and his crew found gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. This discovery would lure tens of thousands of people from the United States and foreign nations. People packed their belongings and began to travel by covered wagon to what they hoped would be new and better life. Since the first great influx of these pioneers began in 1849, they are generally referred to as 49ers.[1]", "California Gold Rush. At the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of \"staking claims\" was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, such as panning. Although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service. By 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners. Gold worth tens of billions of today's dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with little more than they had started with." ]

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[ "Staples Center. Staples Center, officially stylized as STAPLES Center, is a multi-purpose sports arena in Downtown Los Angeles. Adjacent to the L.A. Live development, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street. Opening on October 17, 1999, it is one of the major sporting facilities in the Greater Los Angeles Area.", "Staples Center. Staples Center is only a part of a 4,000,000-square-foot (371,612.2 m2) development by Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) adjoining Staples Center and the Los Angeles Convention Center. The development, known as L.A. Live, broke ground on September 15, 2005. L.A. Live is designed to offer entertainment, retail and residential programming in the downtown Los Angeles area.[26][27]", "Staples Center. Inside Staples Center in a Los Angeles Lakers game set up.", "Staples Center. A packed Staples Center during a Los Angeles Clippers game.", "Staples Center. Inside Staples Center before a Los Angeles Lakers game.", "Staples Center. Satellite view of Staples Center prior to the L.A. Live development", "Staples Center. The venue opened in 1999 as the home of the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA. The Los Angeles Clippers also play their games here, but the venue is widely considered to mainly be the home of the Lakers. The Los Angeles Kings of the NHL play their games here as well. The Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA joined in 2001, while the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League joined in 2006. It became home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League in 2000 until the team's discontinuation in 2008.[16]", "Staples Center. Inside Staples Center during a Los Angeles Kings game.", "Staples Center. It is owned and operated by the L.A. Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group. The arena is home to the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League (AFL) and the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League were also tenants; the Avengers were folded in 2009, and the D-Fenders moved to the Lakers' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo, California for the 2011–12 season.[6] Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year.[7] It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams, as well as one of only two North American professional sports venues to host two teams from the same league; MetLife Stadium, the home of the National Football League's New York Giants and New York Jets, is the other. The Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park will host both the Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams beginning in 2020. Staples Center will host the basketball competitions at the 2028 Summer Olympics.", "Staples Center. Inside Staples Center before a Los Angeles Kings game.", "Staples Center. Since its opening day, the Staples Center has hosted seven NBA Finals series with the Lakers, the 2012 and 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, three WNBA Finals, the 2000 Democratic National Convention, the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, the 52nd NHL All-Star game, the 62nd NHL All-Star game two NBA All-Star Games (in 2004 and 2011), the Pacific-10 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, since 2002–2012, the WTA Tour Championships, from 2002–2005, UFC 60 in 2006, UFC 104 in 2009, UFC 184 in 2015, the inaugural Latin Grammy Awards in 2000, the annual Grammy Awards, since 2000, with the exception of 2003, the 2009 World Figure Skating Championships, the Summer X Games indoor competitions, since 2003, as well HBO Championship Boxing matches.[7]", "Staples Center. Staples Center has hosted the following championship events:", "Los Angeles Lakers. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, located at L.A. Live in Downtown Los Angeles. Staples Center opened in fall 1999, and seats up to 18,997 for Lakers games.[305] The Staples Center is also home to the Los Angeles Clippers, the WNBA's Los Angeles Sparks, and the NHL's Los Angeles Kings.[305] The arena is owned and operated by AEG and L.A. Arena Company.[305] Before moving to the Staples Center, for 32 seasons (1967–1999), the Lakers played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood, California, located approximately 10 miles southwest of the team's current home at Staples Center.[156] During the 1999 NBA preseason, the Lakers played their home games at the Forum before officially moving into Staples Center, and once again hosted a preseason game versus the Golden State Warriors on October 9, 2009, this time to commemorate the team's 50th anniversary season in Los Angeles.[306]", "Lakers–Clippers rivalry. Staples Center has been the home arena of both teams since 1999.[65] Their locker rooms are 70 feet (21 m) down a concrete-floored hallway from one another, inspiring the series between the two to sometimes be referred to as the \"Hallway Series\".[28][66][67] The name is patterned after other notable crosstown rivalries such as baseball's Subway Series in New York and the Freeway Series in Los Angeles.", "Staples Center. Staples Center during a Los Angeles Kings game", "Staples Center. Staples Center was named Best New Major Concert Venue for 1999 and Arena of the Year for 2000 and 2001 by Pollstar Magazine and has been nominated each year since 2000.[7]", "Los Angeles Kings. The Kings, along with the Los Angeles Lakers, made an even bigger move in 1999, as they left The Forum, after 32 seasons, and moved to the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles, which was built by Anschutz and Roski. Staples Center was a state-of-the-art arena, complete with luxury suites and all the modern amenities that fans and athletes would want in a brand-new facility.[47] With a new home, a new coach, a potential 50-goal scorer in the fold and players such as Rob Blake, Luc Robitaille, Glen Murray, Jozef Stumpel, Donald Audette, Ian Laperriere and Mattias Norstrom, the Kings improved dramatically, finishing the season the 1999–2000 season with a 39–31–12–4 record (94 points), good for second place in the Pacific Division.[48] But in the 2000 playoffs, the Kings were once again eliminated in the first round, this time by the Detroit Red Wings in a four-game sweep.[49]", "Los Angeles Clippers. In 1999, the Clippers joined the Lakers and Los Angeles Kings in the new Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles.[19] In sharing the building with other tenants, such as the more popular Lakers, the Clippers, with relatively low success, were often overshadowed.[citation needed] Also, because of the terms of its leasing agreement with Staples Center, the Kings and Lakers had scheduling priority over the Clippers, with the Clippers taking whatever dates that were available, including scheduling same-day Clipper-Laker and Clipper-King doubleheaders (which continues as of 2016). However, in the years after, the Clippers' scheduling at Staples Center became gradually more favorable (especially given the popularity of the team in recent years) in their lease renewals in 2004 and 2013, with the team receiving increased profits, including more of a share of luxury suite and concession revenue. Since February 2011, the Clippers have sold out every regular season and post-season home game, behind the popularity of stars Blake Griffin, DeAndre Jordan, and Chris Paul.[citation needed]", "Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket. In the fall of 2009, just as rival ESPN opened its new Los Angeles-based broadcast center directly across the street at the L.A. Live complex, Fox Sports West shut down its Staples Center streetside studio. The channel began to produce its pre-game and post-game shows at the site of each televised event shown on the two networks; as weather permits, pre-game and postgame shows for most Clippers, Lakers and Kings home game are produced at Star Plaza, near the main entrance of Staples Center. The former Fox Sports Staples Center studio has since been converted into a conference center, with Nike as the corporate sponsor.", "Sports in Los Angeles. The Clippers plan to build a new arena in Inglewood, across from the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, by 2024 when their lease with Staples Center expires.", "Los Angeles Lakers. The rivalry between the Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers is unique because they are the only two NBA teams to share an arena, the Staples Center. It is also one of only two intra-city rivalries in the NBA, the other being the new crosstown rivalry between the New York Knicks and Brooklyn Nets.", "Los Angeles Clippers. In what was supposed to be a counter-move, the Coliseum Commission, the management entity that managed the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and Coliseum, had planned to build a new 18,700-seat arena in the parking lot next to the Sports Arena that would have cost up to $94 million, that would have included 1,100 club seats, 84 luxury suites, and an on-site practice facility for the Clippers. However, those plans were scuttled once planning for Staples Center (two miles directly up the street from the Sports Arena) were taking place, and the Clippers decided to become a tenant at Staples.[citation needed]", "Los Angeles. Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and the Staples Center. The Forum, the StubHub Center, and the Rose Bowl are also located in adjacent cities.", "Staples Center. The Staples Center will host the basketball competition at the 2028 Summer Olympics. It will host men's preliminaries as well as the men's and women's basketball finals.[22]", "Staples Center. The 2000 Democratic National Convention was held here.", "Staples Center. The red carpet under the tent leading to Staples Center for the 54th Grammy Awards", "Los Angeles Clippers. The Los Angeles Clippers, abbreviated by the team as the LA Clippers, are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Clippers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Clippers play their home games at Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles, an arena shared with the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).", "Staples Center. Staples Center measures 950,000 square feet (88,257.9 m2) of total space, with a 94-foot (28.7 m) by 200-foot (61.0 m) arena floor. It stands 150 feet (45.7 m) tall.[6] The arena seats up to 19,067 for basketball, 18,340 for ice hockey, and around 20,000 for concerts or other sporting events.[1][7] Two-thirds of the arena's seating, including 2,500 club seats, are in the lower bowl. There are also 160 luxury suites, including 15 event suites, on three levels between the lower and upper bowls.[6] The arena's attendance record is held by the fight between World WBA Welterweight Champion, Antonio Margarito and Shane Mosley with a crowd of 20,820 set on January 25, 2009.[8]", "Staples Center. Construction broke ground in 1998 and Staples Center opened a year later. It was financed privately at a cost of US$375 million and is named for the office-supply company Staples, Inc., which was one of the center's corporate sponsors that paid for naming rights.[6] The arena opened on October 17, 1999, with a Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band concert as its inaugural event.", "Staples Center. Staples Center as seen from Microsoft Square", "Oscar De La Hoya. On May 1, 2007, the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles announced that a 7-foot (2.1 m) bronze statue of Oscar De La Hoya would join similar tributes to Los Angeles sports stars Magic Johnson and Wayne Gretzky at the Staples Center.[53] The statue was unveiled on December 2, 2008.[54]", "Staples Center. In 2013 and 2016 Staples Center hosted the grand finals of the Worlds Championship of the video game League of Legends" ]

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[ "Seat belt legislation. In Australia, after the introduction of mandatory front outboard mounting points in 1964, the use of seat belts by all vehicle passengers was made compulsory in the states of Victoria and South Australia in 1970 and 1971, respectively.[1] By 1973, the use of fitted seat belts by vehicle occupants was made compulsory for the rest of Australia and some other countries during the 1970s and 1980s. The subsequent dramatic decline in road deaths is generally because of seat belt laws and subsequent road safety campaigns.[2][3][4] Seat belts are not required for bus occupants, reversing drivers, and those driving some slow moving vehicles. The laws for these differ depending on the state or territory with jurisdiction.", "Seat belt. The world's first seat belt law was put in place in 1970, in the state of Victoria, Australia, making the wearing of a seat belt compulsory for drivers and front-seat passengers. This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seatbelts, designed by Desmond Hemphill (1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury and death.[13]", "Seat belt. Australia has required lap/sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994. These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68, which requires the seat belt, seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20g deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear.[99]", "Seat belt. American car manufacturers Nash (in 1949) and Ford (in 1955) offered seat belts as options, while Swedish Saab first introduced seat belts as standard in 1958.[8] After the Saab GT 750 was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.[9]", "Seat belt legislation. In the UK, a requirement for anchorage points was introduced in 1965, followed by the requirement in 1968 to fit three-point belts in the front outboard positions on all new cars and all existing cars back to 1965.[citation needed] Successive UK Governments proposed, but failed to deliver, seat belt legislation throughout the 1970s. Front seat belts were compulsory equipment on all new cars registered in the UK from 1972, although it did not become compulsory for them to be worn until 1983. Rear seat belts were compulsory equipment from 1986. However, it has never been a legal requirement for cars registered before those dates to be fitted with seat belts.[7] In one such attempt in 1979 similar claims for potential lives and injuries saved were advanced. William Rodgers, then Secretary of State for Transport in the Callaghan Labour Government (1976–1979), stated: \"On the best available evidence of accidents in this country - evidence which has not been seriously contested - compulsion could save up to 1000 lives and 10,000 injuries a year.\"[8]", "Seat belt. The 1972 Volkswagen ESVW1 Experimental Safety Vehicle presented passive seat belts.[32] Volvo tried to develop a passive three point seatbelt. In 1973 Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt.[33] The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975 Volkswagen Golf.[34]", "Seat belt legislation. The table below gives an overview of when seat belt legislation was first introduced in different countries. It includes both regional and national legislation.", "Seat belt legislation. In the United States, seat belt legislation varies by state. The state of Wisconsin introduced legislation in 1961 requiring seat belts to be fitted to the front outboard seat positions of cars.[9] Seat belts have been mandatory equipment since the 1968 model year per Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208.", "American automobile industry in the 1950s. Nash offered optional seat belts in some models by 1949, and in all models the following year.[41] Ford followed suit in 1955, but it was the Swedish company Saab who introduced seat belts as standard equipment, in the Saab GT 750 shown at the 1958 New York Motor Show.[42]", "Seat belt legislation. By 2009, despite large increases in population and the number of vehicles, road deaths in Victoria had fallen below 300, less than a third of the 1970 level, the lowest since records were kept, and far below the per capita rate in jurisdictions such as the United States. This reduction was generally attributed to aggressive road safety campaigns beginning with the seat belt laws.[34][35]", "American automobile industry in the 1950s. The first modern three-point seat belt, the CIR-Griswold restraint used in most consumer vehicles today, was patented in 1955 (US patent 2,710,649[43]) by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven.[44] It was developed into its modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin (US patent 3,043,625[45]) for Volvo, who introduced the three-point safety device in 1959 as standard equipment. He demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden; unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed range, whereas none of the belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph (97 km/h), and no belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact.[46] American manufacturers followed their lead, and most automobiles had three-point front seat belts as standard equipment by 1964 and standard rear seat belts by 1968.[47]", "Seat belt legislation. In India, all cars manufactured after March 25, 1994 are equipped with front seat belts. The rule was extended for rear seats in 2002. The usage of seat belts is to be implemented by the respective states, with most states making seat belt usage for front seat passengers mandatory in 2002. Older vehicles that did not originally have seat belts were exempted. However, enforcement is weak in most parts of the country.", "Seat belt. However, the first modern three point seat belt (the so-called CIR-Griswold restraint) used in most consumer vehicles today was patented in 1955 U.S. Patent 2,710,649 by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven.", "Seat belt. Seat belts were invented by English engineer George Cayley in the mid-19th century,[4] though Edward J. Claghorn of New York, was granted the first patent (U.S. Patent 312,085, on February 10, 1885 for a safety belt).[5] Claghorn was granted United States Patent #312,085 for a Safety-Belt for tourists, painters, firemen, etc. who are being raised or lowered, described in the patent as \"designed to be applied to the person, and provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object.\"", "Seat belt. In 2005, in Sweden, 70% of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver[69]. Since November 2014, seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver's seat on new cars sold in Europe[70].", "Seat belt legislation. In Malaysia, the first stage of safety belt laws was implemented in 1979. This was expanded in January 2009 to include rear passengers. Passenger vehicles registered prior to January 1, 1995, and those weighing more than 3.5 tons are exempted from this rule. The third and fourth stages, which will deal with baby and child seats and the number of passengers in a vehicle, have not taken effect.[15]", "Seat belt legislation. * - actually only vehicles registered after 15 June 1976; in previous registered vehicles fitting is optional\n† - required by the law, but no penalty for violation at the time\n‡ - required by the law, but low enforcement\n♣ - definitely introduced by this date, possibly earlier", "Seat belt laws in the United States. Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states. However, the first seat belt law was a federal law, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, which took effect on January 1, 1968, that required all vehicles (except buses) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions.[1] This law has since been modified to require three-point seat belts in outboard-seating positions, and finally three-point seat belts in all seating positions.[2] Initially, seat belt use was voluntary. New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on December 1, 1984. Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation's first ticket for such violation.[citation needed]", "Seat belt. The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities. There was also concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants, laws that required a particular technical approach would rapidly become dated as motor manufacturers would tool up for a particular standard which could not easily be changed. For example, in 1969 there were competing designs for lap and 3-point seat belts, rapidly tilting seats, and airbags being developed. But as countries started to mandate seat belt restraints the global auto industry invested in the tooling and standardized exclusively on seat belts, and ignored other restraint designs such as air bags for several decades[84]", "Seat belt. When driver side airbags became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995-1996 Ford Escort/Mercury Tracer and the Eagle Summit Wagon which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags.[citation needed]", "Seat belt. Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when Brock Adams, United States Secretary of Transportation in the Carter Administration, mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts.[35][36] There was strong lobbying against the passive restraint requirement by the auto industry.[37] Adams was criticized by Ralph Nader, who said that the 1983 deadline was too late.[38] The VW Rabbit also offered this safety feature.[38] By early 1978, Volkswagen had reported 90,000 Rabbits sold with automatic seat belts.[34] General Motors introduced a three-point non-motorized passive belt system in 1980 to comply with the passive restraint requirement.[39] However, it was used as an active lap-shoulder belt because of unlatching the belt to exit the vehicle.[39] Despite this common practice, field studies of belt use still showed an increase in wearing rates with this door-mounted system.[39] General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the Chevrolet Chevette.[40][41] However, the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature.[42]", "Seat belt. A 3-point belt is a Y-shaped arrangement, similar to the separate lap and sash belts, but unitized. Like the separate lap-and-sash belt, in a collision the 3-point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production three-point belt in 1959.[17] The first car with a three-point belt was a Volvo PV 544 that was delivered to a dealer in Kristianstad on August 13, 1959. However, the first car model to feature the three-point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959 Volvo 122, first outfitted with a two-point belt at initial delivery in 1958, replaced with the three-point seat belt the following year.[18] The three-point belt was developed by Nils Bohlin who had earlier also worked on ejection seats at Saab.[19] Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.[20][21]", "Electronic stability control. The Australian Government announced on 23 June 2009 that ESC would be compulsory from 1 November 2011 for all new passenger vehicles sold in Australia, and for all new vehicles from November 2013.[71] The New Zealand government followed suit in February 2014 making it compulsory on all new vehicles from 1 July 2015 with a staggered roll-out to all used-import passenger vehicles by 1 January 2020.[72]", "Seat belt use rates in the United States. Seat belt use rates in the United States has been rising steadily since 1983, from 14% to 86% in 2012. Seat belt use in the country in 2012 ranged from a minimum of 66.5% in South Dakota to a maximum of 96.9% in Washington. Other states and territories with use rates of 90% and higher include California, Washington D.C., Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Texas, and Washington.[1]", "Automobile safety. In 1984 New York State passed the first U.S. law requiring seat belt use in passenger cars. Seat belt laws have since been adopted by 49 states (New Hampshire has not).[50] NHTSA estimates the resulting increased seat belt use saves 10,000 per year in the United States.[51]", "Seat belt legislation. All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws. In 1976, Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts.[5]", "Holden. In 1960, Ford unveiled the new Falcon in Australia, only months after its introduction in the United States. To Holden's advantage, the Falcon was not durable, particularly in the front suspension, making it ill-suited for Australian conditions.[48] In response to the Falcon, Holden introduced the facelifted EK series in 1961; the new model featured two-tone paintwork and optional Hydramatic automatic transmission.[49] A restyled EJ series came in 1962, debuting the new luxury oriented Premier model.[50] The EH update came a year later bringing the new Red motor, providing better performance than the previous Grey motor.[51] The HD series of 1965 saw the introduction of the Powerglide automatic transmission.[52] At the same time, an \"X2\" performance option with a more powerful version of the 179-cubic-inch (2.9 L) six-cylinder engine was made available.[53] In 1966, the HR was introduced, including changes in the form of new front and rear styling and higher-capacity engines. More significantly, the HR fitted standard front seat belts; Holden thus became the first Australian automaker to provide the safety device as standard equipment across all models.[54] This coincided with the completion of the production plant in Acacia Ridge, Queensland.[14] By 1963, Holden was exporting cars to Africa, the Middle East, South-East Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean.[39]", "Seat belt. The Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among their employees. The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the employees were on the road on company business. In response, two Vattenfall safety engineers, Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman, started to develop a seat belt. Their work was presented to Swedish manufacturer Volvo in the late 1950s, and set the standard for seat belts in Swedish cars.[11] The 3-point seatbelt was developed to its modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin for Volvo—who introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment. In addition to designing an effective three-point belt, Bohlin demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden. Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact.[12] Bohlin was granted U.S. Patent 3,043,625 for the device.[8]", "Seat belt. Glenn Sheren, of Mason, Michigan, submitted a patent application on March 31, 1955 for an automotive seat belt and was awarded US Patent 2,855,215 in 1958. This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Mr. Sheren had filed on September 22, 1952.[10]", "Seat belt use rates in the United States. The following list shows national percentage of people wearing seat belts between 1983 and 2013:[citation needed]", "Seat belt. In 1955 (as a 1956 package), Ford offered lap only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the Lifeguard safety package. In 1967, Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats. In 1972, Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three-point belt.[61]", "Seat belt. Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars; the back seats were only often fitted with lap belts. Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the lumbar vertebrae and the sometimes associated paralysis, or \"seat belt syndrome\", led to progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require 3-point belts first in all outboard seating positions and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat.[15] Besides regulatory changes, \"seat belt syndrome\" has led to tremendous liability for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $45 million jury verdict against the Ford Motor Company; the resulting $30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.[16]" ]

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[ "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Get Him to the Greek is the spin-off/follow-up to Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The film was released on June 4, 2010, reuniting director Nicholas Stoller and producer Judd Apatow with stars Russell Brand and Jonah Hill. Brand reprises his role of Aldous Snow, while Hill plays an entirely new character. Bell also briefly reprises her role as Sarah Marshall where she appears in a promo for a new NBC drama Blind Medicine where she portrays a visually impaired surgeon.", "Get Him to the Greek. A week after the release of Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Universal Studios announced a new film Get Him to the Greek, reuniting Jonah Hill and Russell Brand with writer/director Nicholas Stoller and producer Judd Apatow.[4] Variety initially announced the project would focus on \"fresh-out-of-college insurance adjuster (Hill) who is hired to accompany an out-of-control rock star (Brand) from London to a gig at L.A.'s Greek Theatre.\"[4] In July 2008, Brand mentioned that he would be reprising his Aldous Snow role from Forgetting Sarah Marshall, in a new film from Apatow in which the character was back on drugs.[5]", "Get Him to the Greek. Get Him to the Greek is a 2010 American black comedy film written, produced and directed by Nicholas Stoller and starring Russell Brand and Jonah Hill. Released on June 4, 2010, the film is a spin-off sequel of Stoller's 2008 film Forgetting Sarah Marshall, reuniting director Stoller with stars Hill and Brand and producer Judd Apatow. Brand reprises his role as character Aldous Snow from Forgetting Sarah Marshall, while Hill plays an entirely new character referred to as Aaron Green instead of Matthew Van Der Wyk. The film also stars Elisabeth Moss, Rose Byrne, Sean \"Diddy\" Combs, and Colm Meaney.", "Get Him to the Greek. In an interview with CHUD.com, Apatow would later reveal that Get Him to the Greek was indeed a spin-off of Forgetting Sarah Marshall with Brand again playing a no-longer-sober Aldous Snow while in a different interview Nicholas Stoller said that Jonah Hill will play a different character named Aaron Green, a young music executive.[6][7]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Other positive reviews come from Entertainment Weekly who gave the film a B+ and applauded \"Jason Segel's riff on varieties of male bewilderment,\"[12] and Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle, who wrote \"Segel's breakthrough movie, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, deserves to ride the wave of the latest, hottest micro-trend in pictures: the romantic comedy for guys.\"[13]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Forgetting Sarah Marshall is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nicholas Stoller and starring Jason Segel, Kristen Bell, Mila Kunis and Russell Brand. The film, which was written by Segel and co-produced by Judd Apatow, was released by Universal Studios. Filming began in April 2007 at the Turtle Bay Resort on the North Shore of Oahu Island in Hawaii. The film was released for North American theaters on April 18, 2008 and in the UK a week later on April 25, 2008.", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Sarah, Aldous, Peter, and Rachel later share an awkward dinner together. After the dinner, Peter takes Rachel back to his hotel room and they begin to have sex. Sarah hears them through the wall and initiates sex with Aldous, moaning loudly for the benefit of the couple next door, and Rachel and Peter turn the situation into a competition and become even louder. When Aldous realizes Sarah is clearly putting on a performance to provoke a reaction from Peter, he stops the sex and tells her the trip was a mistake as she's clearly not over Peter. They bicker furiously, prompting Aldous to announce that the relationship is over. The next day Peter encounters Aldous, and learns that he and Sarah have broken up and that he is flying back to England. Peter goes to Sarah's room to console her where she admits she still loves him and tries to rekindle their romance. The two start to engage in sexual activity, but Peter abruptly cuts it off because of his feelings for Rachel, and his now ambivalent feelings towards Sarah. Peter immediately goes to Rachel to confess what happened, but she is hurt and demands that he leave and never contact her again. Before leaving, Peter takes down a naked picture of Rachel from a local bar despite enduring a beat-down from the owner.", "Get Him to the Greek. The following songs were featured in the film, but not included in the soundtrack:", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Peter begins spending time with Rachel and starts to develop feelings for her. Meanwhile, the relationship between Sarah and Aldous begins to falter. Much of the discord is triggered by the news that Sarah's TV show has been canceled and that Aldous is about to embark on a world tour with his group, Infant Sorrow, for 18 months. During a day of surf and sand Aldous and Peter run into each other and begin talking. Inadvertently, Aldous informs Peter that he and Sarah began having sex a full year before she broke up with Peter. When Peter confronts Sarah, she tells him she began feeling disconnected emotionally from him and she couldn't do anything to make their relationship work. Further exacerbating the situation is Sarah's obvious jealousy of the budding relationship between Peter and Rachel, while Peter (through observing Sarah's relationship with Aldous) begins to realize that his relationship with her wasn't as great as he remembered.", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Forgetting Sarah Marshall has received positive reviews from numerous critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 85% of 178 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7 out of 10. The site's consensus is that \"With ample laughs and sharp performances, Forgetting Sarah Marshall finds just the right mix of romantic and raunchy comedy.\" [8] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 67 out of 100, based on 37 reviews.[9]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The story revolves around Peter Bretter, who is a music composer for a TV show that happens to feature his girlfriend, Sarah Marshall, in the lead role. After a five-year relationship, Sarah abruptly breaks up with Peter. Devastated by this event, he chooses to go on a vacation in Hawaii, in order to try to move forward with his life. Trouble ensues when he runs into his ex on the island as she is vacationing with her new boyfriend.", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The film was promoted with a \"teaser\" billboard campaign, featuring the text \"I hate Sarah Marshall\" and the URL for the film's website.", "Elisabeth Moss. While a series regular on Mad Men, Moss made her Broadway debut in October 2008, playing the role of Karen in the 20th Anniversary revival of Speed-the-Plow by David Mamet.[19] She then appeared in the comedy film Did You Hear About the Morgans? (2009), playing Sarah Jessica Parker's assistant,[20] followed by a part in the comedy Get Him to the Greek (2010) opposite Jonah Hill.", "Kristen Bell. Shortly after the cancellation of Veronica Mars in early 2007, Bell filmed on location in Hawaii for a starring role as the title character in the Judd Apatow comedy Forgetting Sarah Marshall. She regarded the improvisational comedy in the film as \"a lovely experience\".[14] The film, written by and also starring Jason Segel, was released theatrically on April 18, 2008, and is considered[by whom?][citation needed] to be Bell's star-making role. Bell lent her voice and likeness to the video game Assassin's Creed, which was released on November 13, 2007, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and April 8, 2008 for the PC.[30] Bell reprised her role of Lucy in Assassin's Creed II released on November 17, 2009, and again in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, released on November 16, 2010.[31] In the spring of 2006, she finished filming the Star Wars-themed comedy Fanboys. Director Kyle Newman received additional funding to shoot new scenes, but the busy schedules of the actors only allowed for filming in September 2007. As a result the release was delayed until January 14, 2008.[32] Bell also starred in the 2009 comedies Serious Moonlight, alongside Meg Ryan, and Couples Retreat, which chronicles four couples who partake in therapy sessions at a tropical island resort. Jason Bateman played her husband.[33] She also provided the voice for Cora in Astro Boy. On March 31, 2008, Bell began shooting the Mark Steven Johnson-written Disney film When in Rome in locations in Rome and New York; the film was released in 2010.[34] Bell reprised her role as Sarah Marshall for a cameo appearance in the film Get Him to the Greek, a spin-off sequel from Forgetting Sarah Marshall, released June 4, 2010.", "Get Him to the Greek. While Brand was backstage at the Paramount studio lot preparing to present the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, he approached Christina Aguilera, Pink, and Katy Perry about filming cameos for Get Him to the Greek.[8][9]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Forgetting Sarah Marshall was nominated for five awards for the 2008 Teen Choice Awards, though it did not win any awards. The nominations were:", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The soundtrack of Forgetting Sarah Marshall was released on April 22, 2008.", "Get Him to the Greek. A scene in which Jonah Hill is forcibly raped has been lambasted by critics as being \"particularly egregious\"[15] and \"horrific\"[16] and of furthering rape culture by \"reinforc(ing) cultural myths surrounding the acceptance of rape.\"[17]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. All filming locations were in the state of Hawaii and in Los Angeles. While filming, lead actor Jason Segel told a New York Times interviewer that the naked breakup scenes were based on a real-life experience he had.[6] The film features a great deal of improvised dialogue; according to director Nicholas Stoller, it's \"60 or 70 percent scripted and then 30 or 40 percent improv\".[7]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Composer Peter Bretter (Jason Segel) is in a five-year relationship with actress Sarah Marshall (Kristen Bell), who stars in a CSI-like television show titled Crime Scene: Scene of the Crime. One day, as Peter stands stark naked in their apartment, Sarah announces that she is breaking up with him. Devastated, and unable to banish his grief through one-night stands, Peter takes a trip to Hawaii. However, the vacation is ruined when he learns that Sarah and her new rock star boyfriend Aldous Snow (Russell Brand) are also guests of the resort. Taking pity on him, hotel concierge Rachel (Mila Kunis) offers him an expensive suite for free in exchange for cleaning up the room himself.", "Get Him to the Greek. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes Get Him to the Greek has an approval rating of 72% based on 195 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Thanks to a suitably raunchy script and a pair of winning performances from Jonah Hill and Russell Brand, Get Him to the Greek is one of the year's funniest comedies.\"[12] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[13]", "Get Him to the Greek. In the UK, Get Him to the Greek opened at No. 1 grossing £1.6 million in its first week before dropping to No. 2 the following week with takings of £1 million.", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Matt Pais of the Chicago Tribune said it's \"the kind of movie you could watch all day because, like a new flame, you can't get enough of its company and are just glad to see where it takes you.\"[10] Richard Roeper highly praised the film for its laugh-out-loud moments as well as its worthiness to be an instant classic and went as far as to say he would put it on his list of 50 favorite comedies of all time.[11]", "Get Him to the Greek. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, writing: \"under the cover of slapstick, cheap laughs, raunchy humor, gross-out physical comedy and sheer exploitation, Get Him to the Greek also is fundamentally a sound movie.\"[14]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. On The Comedy Festival Presents: Funniest Movies of the Year 2008 on TBS, Forgetting Sarah Marshall was voted \"The Funniest Film of 2008\".", "Get Him to the Greek. In 2009, British rock star Aldous Snow (Russell Brand) releases an album and a titular single, \"African Child\", which is a commercial and critical failure. In an interview, Aldous' girlfriend, Jackie Q (Rose Byrne), drunkenly declares they have a boring life. Aldous relapses, ending their relationship. He also loses custody of his son, Naples. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Aaron Green (Jonah Hill) works as a talent scout at Pinnacle Records, a record company. He lives with his girlfriend, Daphne (Elisabeth Moss). Pinnacle Records is performing poorly, and the head of the company, Sergio Roma (Sean Combs), asks for ideas. Aaron suggests that Aldous play at the Greek Theatre on the tenth anniversary of a performance there in 1999.", "Get Him to the Greek. Rehearsals began on April 27, 2009 and filming began on May 12 of that year. The film was shot in New York City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and London. News footage featured in the film was filmed after a Russell Brand stand up performance of \"Scandalous\" at the O2 Arena in London, which most of the audience stayed for.[6] While filming in Trafalgar Square, Brand was pushed into a fountain by a passerby.[10]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $17.7 million in 2,798 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #2 at the box office behind The Forbidden Kingdom, and averaging $6,335 per theater in the US and per theater in Canada.[14] It opened behind other Apatow productions such as Superbad, Knocked Up, The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Talladega Nights,[15] but ahead of contemporary Apatow films Walk Hard[15] and Drillbit Taylor.[16]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Segel and Lyle Workman wrote music for the film, which includes music by Infant Sorrow and a song from the Dracula musical. Eric Carmen, Blondie, and Kenny Loggins were also used in previews for the film.", "The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It. The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It is an American spoof of several of Judd Apatow's films: The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Knocked Up, Superbad, and Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The main plot follows Andy (Bryan Callen), a 41-year old who desperately wants to lose his virginity, along with his teenage roommates who have similar goals.", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Forgetting Sarah Marshall grossed $105.2 million worldwide; $63.2 million in North America and $42 million in other territories.[17]", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall. It was released in a single-disc DVD edition, a three-disc collector's DVD edition, a two-disc Blu-ray edition, and the Ultimate Unrated Comedy Collection containing the collectors' editions of Forgetting Sarah Marshall, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, and Knocked Up on either DVD or Blu-ray Disc. It was released on DVD in Australia (region 4) on August 20, 2008 in a single and 2-Disc Unforgettable Edition and was also released on Blu-ray in Australia on November 5, 2008." ]

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[ "French and Indian War. The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States. It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.", "French and Indian War. The French and Indian War (1754–63) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756–63. It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France. Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as by American Indian allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies.[3] The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.", "Iroquois. During the French and Indian War (the North American frontier of the Seven Years' War), the League Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies, who were traditional enemies. The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war. Few Iroquois warriors joined the campaign. By contrast, the Canadian Iroquois supported the French.", "French and Indian War. The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawbas, Muskogee-speaking Creeks and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes.[18] When war broke out, the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region, which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British; these included the Hurons, Mississaugs, Ojibwas, Winnebagos, and Potawatomi. The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees, until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758, the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict.", "Two-front war. During the Napoleonic Wars, France repeatedly fought on multiple fronts. For example, France fought the Spanish and Anglo-Portuguese army in the Peninsular War while fighting the Russian Empire at the same time during its invasion of Russia. Their main adversaries the British were also engaged on multiple fronts at various times, having also to contend with the United States starting with the War of 1812 in Canada, the Chesapeake Bay, and Louisiana.", "Northwest Indian War. In 1608, French explorer and founder of Quebec City Samuel Champlain sided with the Wabanaki Confederacy and their allies the Huron people living along the St. Lawrence River against the Iroquois Confederacy (\"Five Nations\") living in what is now upper and western New York state. The result was a lasting enmity by the Iroquois Confederacy towards the French, which caused them to side with the Dutch fur traders coming up the Hudson River in about 1626. The Dutch offered better prices than the French and traded firearms, hatchets and knives to the Iroquois in exchange for furs.[2]", "Indiana. The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies to the British crown.", "Modern history. The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars. In Quebec, the wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Wars. While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, all pitted Great Britain, its colonies and American Indian allies on one side and France, its colonies and Indian allies on the other.", "French and Indian War. Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.", "Dash. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was fought in western Pennsylvania and along the present US–Canada border (Edwards, pp. 81–101).", "American frontier. Most of the frontiers experienced Native wars,[16] The \"French and Indian Wars\" were imperial wars between Britain and France, with the French making up for their small colonial population base by enlisting Indian war parties as allies. The series of large wars spilling over from European wars ended in a complete victory for the British in the worldwide Seven Years' War. In the peace treaty of 1763, France lost practically everything, as the lands west of the Mississippi river, in addition to Florida and New Orleans, went to Spain. Otherwise lands east of the Mississippi River and what is now Canada went to Britain.", "American Indian Wars. In several instances, warfare in North America was a reflection of European rivalries, with Native American tribes splitting their alliances among the powers, often their trading partners. For instance, in King William's War, Queen Anne's War, Dummer's War, King George's War, and the French and Indian War, various Native American tribes fought on each side of the wars, allying with British or French colonists according to their own self interests.", "American Indian Wars. Some native communities were divided over which side to support in the war. For the Iroquois Confederacy, based in New York and Pennsylvania, the American Revolution resulted in civil war; the Six Nations split, with the Oneida and Tuscarora siding with the rebels, and Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga fighting with and for the British. While the Iroquois tried to avoid fighting directly against one another, the Revolution eventually forced intra-Iroquois combat. Both sides lost territory following the United States establishing its independence. The Crown aided the landless Iroquois by rewarding them with a reservation at Grand River in Ontario and some other lands. In the Southeast, the Cherokee split into a neutral (or pro-patriot) faction and a pro-British faction, whom the Americans referred to as the Chickamauga Cherokee; they were led by Dragging Canoe. Many other tribes were similarly divided.", "French and Indian War. At this time, North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France. Large areas had no colonial settlements. The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia), including ÃŽle Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local Indian tribes, and often married Indian women.[13] Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions.", "French and Indian War. In between the French and British colonists, large areas were dominated by Indian tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of Maine.[16] The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although Ohio also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingos. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements.[17]", "American Revolutionary War. Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict. A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans, but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory. Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side, with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes, who fielded around 1,500 men.[603] The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict, whatever side they took; the Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga nations sided with the British. Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides. Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists. The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British. Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively, and this further exacerbated the split.", "Colonial American military history. Britain and France fought a series of four French and Indian Wars, followed with another war in 1778 when France joined the Americans in the American Revolution. The French settlers in New France were outnumbered 15–1 by the 13 American colonies,[8] so the French relied heavily on Indian allies.", "French and Indian War. In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier. Céloron, however, had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie's south shore near Erie, Pennsylvania, and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford, Pennsylvania, designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois. Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion. He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father. He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed.[28]", "French and Indian War. At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, but they did not have any standing forces. Virginia, by contrast, had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars.", "French and Indian War. The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, however, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba, but they also gained Louisiana from France, including New Orleans, in compensation for their losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations.[62]", "French and Indian War. The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. There had already been a King George's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II, so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War.[9] This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States, but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain.[10] American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years' War. Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.[9]", "First Nations. In this final war, the Franco-Indian alliance brought together First Nations and the French, centred on the Great Lakes and the Illinois Country.[53] The alliance involved French settlers on the one side, and on the other side were the Abenaki, Odawa, Menominee, Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Mississaugas, Illiniwek, Huron-Petun, Potawatomi etc.[53] It allowed the French and the Indians to form a haven in the middle-Ohio valley before the open conflict between the European powers erupted.[54]", "French and Indian War. The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida. (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba.) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America.", "French and Indian War. Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760. Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, to own property, and to remain undisturbed in their homes. The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers, and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war.[57]", "Louisiana (New France). The hostility between the French and British flared up again two years before the beginning of the Seven Years' War in Europe. In North America, the war became known as the French and Indian War. After some early victories from 1754 to 1757, thanks to help from their Native American allies, the French suffered several disastrous defeats in Canada from 1758 to 1760, culminating in the surrender of the capital city, Quebec. With the loss of Canada, defense of Louisiana became impossible.", "Ojibwe. In part due to its long trading alliance, the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War).[12] After losing the war in 1763, France was forced to cede its colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After Pontiac's War and adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with British forces and against the United States in the War of 1812. They had hoped that a British victory could protect them against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory.", "Acadians. During the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War), British colonial officers suspected Acadians were aligned with France after finding some Acadians fighting alongside French troops at Fort Beausejour. Though most Acadians remained neutral during the French and Indian War, the British, together with New England legislators and militia, carried out the Great Expulsion (Le Grand Dérangement) of the Acadians during the 1755–1764 period. They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region. Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning.[7] The result was what one historian described as an ethnic cleansing of the Acadians from Maritime Canada. Other historians indicate that it was a deportation similar to other deportations of the time period.", "French and Indian War. French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January, they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February, they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations, as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward. Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers, although no proof exists.[52]", "John Parker (captain). French and Indian War", "Beaver Wars. During King William's War (1688–1697), the French created raiding parties with native allies to attack English colonial settlements, as the English had used the Iroquois against the French. Some of the most notable of the French-sponsored raids in 1690 were the Schenectady massacre in the Province of New York; Salmon Falls, New Hampshire; and Falmouth Neck (present-day Portland, Maine). The French and their allies killed settlers in the raids and carried some back to Canada. Settlers in New England raised money to redeem their captives, but some were adopted into the Native tribes. The French government generally did not intervene when the Natives kept the captives. Throughout the 1690s the French and their allies also continued to raid deep into Iroquois, destroying Mohawk villages in 1692, and later raiding Seneca, Oneida, and Onondaga villages. The English and Iroquois banded together for operations aimed at New France, but these were largely ineffectual. The most successful incursion resulted in the 1691 Battle of La Prairie. Because France claimed dominion over the Iroquois, the French offensive was not halted by the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick that brought peace between France and England, and ended overt English participation in the conflict.", "Northwest Indian War. During the American Revolution, four of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League sided with the British. The Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca fought against colonists in the Battle of Oriskany, aided the British in the Battle of Wyoming in Pennsylvania, and at Saratoga, Cherry Valley, and other raids throughout the Mohawk Valley in New York, as well as in numerous other actions on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania. As the British concentrated on the southern United States in 1779, General George Washington took action against the Six Nations.", "Battle on Snowshoes. The French and Indian War broke out in 1754 between British and French colonists over territorial disputes along their colonial frontiers, and escalated the following year to include regular troops.[4] By 1756, the French had enjoyed successes in most of their frontier battles against the British. Their only notable failure occurred when the British stopped their southward advance from Lake Champlain in the 1755 Battle of Lake George. From bases at Fort St. Frédéric (located at what is now Crown Point, New York) and Fort Carillon (known to the British as Fort Ticonderoga), the French and their Indian allies continued to scout and probe the British defenses on Lake George and the upper Hudson River.[5] The British, who had fewer Indian allies, resorted to companies of colonial rangers for their scouting and reconnaissance activities.[6] The ranger companies were organized and directed by Robert Rogers, and eventually became known as Rogers' Rangers.[7]" ]

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[ "Ted Mosby. Stella is Ted's ex-fiancée. They meet when Stella, a dermatologist, removes a lower back tattoo that Ted had gotten while drunk, and Ted is instantly smitten. She rejects his advances at first, but he wins her over after taking her on a two-minute date, complete with dinner, a movie and a goodnight kiss.[37] They get engaged after Ted has a near-death experience and realizes he loves her.[28] On their wedding day, however, Stella leaves Ted at the altar for her ex-boyfriend, Tony.[38] Stella is portrayed by Sarah Chalke.", "Nicole Gale Anderson. She auditioned for the role of Stella in the television series Jonas, but actress Chelsea Kane ended up winning the role.[6][7] After the series plot changed, producers decided to create a best friend for Stella and offered Anderson, the role of Macy.[8]", "Stella (UK TV series). Stella is a warm, funny, down-to-earth family saga starring Ruth Jones in the titular role as a mum juggling the demands of life, love and the next door neighbour's donkey. Stella is a 40-something mum who earns a living doing the locals' washing and ironing. And, most of the time, she's relatively happy with life as she juggles the ups and downs of her family, amid the chaos of her eccentric friends, relatives and children's fathers. Her brood consists of eldest son Luke, a lovely boy who starts the series in prison; beautiful 16-year-old Emma who's smitten with her first love Sunil; the brains of the family 12-year-old Ben and their dog Banjo.", "List of How I Met Your Mother characters. Played by Sarah Chalke, Stella is Ted's dermatologist, who removes his ill-advised butterfly tattoo. He attempts to convince her to date him over the course of the episode \"Ten Sessions\". Stella initially refuses, wanting to focus on her daughter Lucy, but eventually agrees to go on a two-minute lunch date. They start dating soon after. In the last episode of season three, Ted proposes to Stella, and in the season-four premiere, she accepts. In \"Shelter Island\", after her sister's wedding falls apart, Ted and she agree to take over the wedding. She ends up leaving Ted at the altar and getting back together with Tony, her ex-boyfriend and father of Lucy. She later appears in \"Right Place Right Time\", where she is still with Tony.", "Right Place, Right Time (How I Met Your Mother). Sarah Chalke (Stella Zinman)\nDan Castellaneta (Milt)\nJohn Duerler (Harlen Johnsen)\nJoel McCrary (Ged Wilkinson)\nLyndsy Fonseca (Daughter)\nMary Ann Jarou (Jenny)\nKurt Long (Galoshes the Weather Clown)\nBianca Lopez (Gennie)\nKit Pongetti (Fran)", "Sarah Chalke. Sarah Chalke (/ˈtʃɔːk/; born August 27, 1976) is a Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Dr. Elliot Reid on the NBC/ABC comedy series Scrubs, the second Rebecca \"Becky\" Conner on the ABC sitcom Roseanne, Stella Zinman on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and Beth Smith on Adult Swim's adult animated science fiction series Rick and Morty. She also had a recurring role on the third season of the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town.", "Do I Know You?. Sarah Chalke (Stella)\nHeidi Herschbach (April)", "Sarah Chalke. In 2001, she was cast as Dr. Elliot Reid in the NBC comedy series Scrubs. She has appeared in several feature films, including Ernest Goes to School and Cake. She appeared in Channel 101's The 'Bu with The Lonely Island, a parody of the hit show The O.C., but was credited as \"Pamela Fenton\". In 2007, she appeared as a supporting character in Chaos Theory, which starred fellow Canadian Ryan Reynolds. In 2008, Chalke became the spokesperson for a line of women's underwear by Hanes that included a series of commercials directed by her Scrubs co-star Zach Braff.[1] In 2008 and 2009 she made appearances in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Stella Zinman. In the spring of 2011, she starred in the CBS television series Mad Love, a romantic comedy which debuted as a midseason replacement and was cancelled after only one season was produced.[2]", "Glitter (How I Met Your Mother). Nicole Scherzinger (Jessica Glitter)\nChris Romano (Punchy)\nStefanie Black (Kelly)\nAlan Thicke (himself)", "Stella (UK TV series). Then there's Stella's best friend, sister-in-law Paula, a functioning alcoholic funeral director. Stella's not-too-bright ex-husband Karl who's now seeing 28-year-old Nadine; not forgetting lollipop man and youth rugby coach Alan, an old school friend of Stella's who's been in love with her since 1984. Finally there's Stella's brother Dai who is an ex-serviceman injured on duty. He doesn't work now but is always willing to help out while enjoying an exciting sex life with his wife Paula.", "Susan Sullivan. Following Falcon Crest, Sullivan appeared on The George Carlin Show, co-starred on the short-lived political drama The Monroes in the mid-1990s, and played a supporting role in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding (as the mother of Cameron Diaz's character) (1997).[4] On Dharma & Greg, she played the snooty country-club matriarch, Kitty Montgomery, from 1997 to 2002. The series reunited Sullivan with actor Mitchell Ryan (who played her husband Edward), with whom she had worked on Having Babies. She appeared in four episodes in season three of Hope and Faith as Nancy Lombard, Faith's therapist. Sullivan voiced Queen Hippolyta on the animated series Justice League Unlimited. She has also appeared on the television series Brothers & Sisters,[7] Joan of Arcadia and Two and a Half Men.", "How I Met Your Mother. Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella. He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party where his future wife was, although they did not meet. Ted attempts to woo Stella (Sarah Chalke), a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo. This culminates in a memorable \"two-minute date,\" which incorporates small talk, dinner, a movie, coffee, two cab rides, and a goodnight kiss, all within two minutes. Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break-up with a past Canadian love; Ted is infuriated, and decides to stop being friends with Barney. Meanwhile, an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney's attempts to hook up. His saboteur is revealed to be Abby (Britney Spears), Stella's receptionist, with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex.", "Stella Farentino. A couple of years after marrying actor James Farentino, Stella Farentino began her own acting career.", "List of Winx Club characters. Stella is voiced by Perla Liberatori in the original Italian dub, and by Jennifer Seguin in the RAI English dub.[1] In the 4Kids dub, she was voiced by Caren Manuel.[10][11] with Lisa Adams voicing in some of the episodes.[12] Amy Gross voiced her in the Nickelodeon dub[6] and Jessica Paquet voices her in the DuArt dub as well as in World of Winx.[9]", "Chelsea Kane. In 2008, she starred in the Disney Channel original film, Minutemen, as Stephanie Jameson. She also appeared in one episode of Wizards of Waverly Place (the episode, \"The Supernatural\") and she starred in the Disney Channel original film Starstruck (2010). She played the role of Stella Malone, the stylist and long time best friend of the band J.O.N.A.S., in the Disney Channel series Jonas The series aired from 2009 to 2010. From 2010 to 2014, Kane co-starred in the Disney Channel animated series Fish Hooks voicing the role of Bea Goldfishberg.", "Constance Zimmer. Zimmer's stage career was highlighted with her award-winning portrayal in a Los Angeles production of Catholic School Girls, where she won a Dramalogue for Best Actress.[2] After starring in several national commercials,[2] most notably for Duracell, she started making guest appearances in such shows as Ellen, Seinfeld, The X-Files, Gideon's Crossing, and The King of Queens,[2] as well as having recurring roles in The Wayans Bros., Hyperion Bay, and The Trouble With Normal. During that same period, she was cast in a few independent movies such as Spin Cycle, Home Room, and Warm Blooded Killers.[2]", "Stella (UK TV series). In Series 4 Episode 7 Elizabeth Berrington returned as Paula Kosh after having not appeared since Series 2, however her return was only temporary, she departed in Episode 8. She also returned in episodes 7 and 8 of Series 5, because of Daddy's death. She also appeared on the final episode.", "Do I Know You?. Joel Keller of TV Squad graded the episode as mediocre, labelling Stella as the opposite of Dr. Elliot Reid, Sarah Chalke's other TV doctor character in Scrubs. He saw the Barney-Robin story in the episode as \"emotionally-satisfying\" as Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin and his playboy lifestyle.[3]", "Vesuvius (How I Met Your Mother). Tracey Ullman (Genevieve, Robin's mother)\nChris Kattan (\"Jed Mosely\")\nRoger Bart (Curtis)\nLucy Hale (Katie Scherbatsky)\nJon Heder (\"Narshall\")", "Stella (UK TV series). Then there's Stella's best friend Paula, a functioning alcoholic funeral director. Stella's not-too-bright ex-husband Karl who's now seeing 28-year-old Nadine; not forgetting lollipop man and youth rugby coach Alan, an old school friend of Stella's who's been in love with her since 1984. Finally there's Stella's brother Dai who is an ex-serviceman injured on duty. He doesn't work now but is always willing to help out while enjoying an exciting sex life with his wife. Stella's life isn't straightforward. Bagging toy boy Sean and son Luke's release from prison indicated that things were on an upward turn in the first run, but teenage daughter Emma's pregnancy and the untimely return of Stella's first love Rob soon knocked the family off balance. In the last episode, Luke revealed he was emigrating to Canada, although Stella stole the show by confessing to Emma that she was pregnant - but didn't know if Rob or Sean was the father.", "Ashley Williams (actress). In 2010, she starred in the made-for-TV Lifetime movies, Patricia Cornwell's The Front and At Risk, which premiered on the channel on April 17, 2010. She also won an on-line straw poll conducted by the How I Met Your Mother production staff as to which ex-girlfriend of Ted Mosby, the show's main character, is the fans' favorite. Her character, Victoria, won 128 to 117 over Robin Scherbatsky, with a smattering of votes for other candidates.[8]", "Marlee Matlin. On November 8, 2009, Matlin appeared on Seth & Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show, hosted by Seth MacFarlane and Alex Borstein. After Borstein imitated Matlin calling MovieFone and singing \"Poker Face,\" Matlin herself appeared and launched into a comical tirade against Borstein over being made fun of, and how she was not invited to provide her own voice for Family Guy. Matlin went on to voice Stella, Peter's coworker, in the Season 10 episode \"The Blind Side;\" Stella later became a recurring character.", "The Lighthouse (How I Met Your Mother). Sherri Shepherd (Daphne)\nFrances Conroy (Loretta Stinson)\nAnna Camp (Cassie)\nHarry Groener (Clint)\nCristine Rose (Virginia Mosby)\nRoger Bart (Curtis)", "Stella (UK TV series). Stella is a British comedy-drama created and written by David Peet and Ruth Jones who plays the lead role of Stella. Stella is one of the flagship television comedy series that has been commissioned and aired on Sky 1. The series is largely filmed in Ferndale in the Rhondda Valley in Wales.[1] Just as the show reached halfway through the first series, it was confirmed that a second series was commissioned and premiered on 11 January 2013.[2]", "List of Last of the Summer Wine characters. (2008–2010) Stella is Nora's sister, she first appeared in the 2008 New Years Special, I Was A Hitman for Primrose Dairies as a replacement for and to compensate for the absence of actress Kathy Staff, (who was unable to continue her role as Nora owing to ill health and subsequent death).", "The Naked Truth (How I Met Your Mother). Nazanin Boniadi (Nora)\nMartin Short (Garrison Cootes)\nJimmi Simpson (Pete Durkenson)\nAshley Williams (Victoria)", "Hooked (How I Met Your Mother). Carrie Underwood (Tiffany)\nDavid Burtka (Scooter)\nCatherine Reitman (Henrietta)", "Stella Farentino. Stella Farentino (born February 16, 1962) is the fourth wife of actor James Farentino and she went on to become an actress herself.", "List of Last of the Summer Wine characters. With Nora having departed for Australia, Stella moved in to house-sit for her sister, and had become a new member of the elder women's talking circle. She is a former pub landlady and appears to take a more free-spirited approach to life than Nora, as evidenced by her brighter wardrobe and hair. The storyline in her first episode saw her trying to give up smoking, and her yearning for a cigarette has continued unabated into subsequent episodes. Despite this she was equally annoyed as Nora by the pranks that Alvin played on her.", "Kellie Shirley. Shirley played the role of \"Louise\" in the 2012 Lionsgate feature film Riot about the London Riots. In February 2013, she starred as Susie Browning in Run for Your Wife with Judi Dench and Danny Dyer. In the film Girl on a Bicycle, directed by Jeremy Leven, Shirley plays 'Marta' opposite Paddy Considine. She portrayed Ali in the independent film \"Everyone's Going to Die\" as well as the role of 'Lydia' in the 6 part series 'Self Centered' for Pollibee Pictures. She played \"Stella Stone & Gemma\" in Royal National Theatre play about the phone hacking scandal \"Great Britain\" directed by Nick Hytner. Shirley has also finished a run at The Theatre Royal Haymarket in One Man, Two Guvnors as \"Pauline\" after its international tour clocking up over 650 performances. Shirley works extensively for BBC Radio 4, including three series of comedy \"House on Fire\" written by Chris Sussmann and long running series \"A Small Town Murder\". Her most recent TV appearance was in Sky drama series \"The Marriage of Reason and Squalor\" directed by \"The Chapman Brothers\".", "Mary Steenburgen. In television, Steenburgen appeared as Kate Montgomery in Ink (1996) with her husband, Ted Danson, and co-starred with Danson as Mary Gulliver in Gulliver's Travels (1996). She has a recurring role as herself with Danson in Curb Your Enthusiasm. Steenburgen co-starred as Helen Girardi, the mother of Amber Tamblyn's title character in Joan of Arcadia. In 2011, she had a recurring role as Josephine in the HBO sitcom Bored to Death with Danson again. Steenburgen starred as Anastasia Lee in the 2011 FX pilot, Outlaw Country,[11] but it was passed by the network.[12] She finally appeared on FX in the dark sitcom Wilfred from 2011 through 2013 as Catherine Newman, the title character's eccentric and mentally ill mother. Steenburgen had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock from 2012 to 2013 where she played Diana Jessup.", "Stella (UK TV series). The series is set in the fictional village of Pontyberry in the South Wales Valleys. Stella is a 40-something single mum who earns a living doing the locals' ironing. Most of the time, she's relatively happy with life as she juggles the ups and downs of her family, amid the chaos of her eccentric friends, relatives and children's fathers. Her brood consists of eldest son Luke, who starts the series in prison as a consequence of stealing five cars and a lorry; 16-year-old Emma who's smitten with her first love Sunil; and 12-year-old Ben." ]

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[ "Conflict of Wings. The film was made at Beaconsfield Film Studios, on location in Norfolkand in East Yorkshire at RAF Leconfield. The film sets were designed by art director Ray Simm.", "Conflict of Wings. A small Norfolk village is outraged when it is discovered that the Air Ministry proposes to acquire and use the nearby Island of Children, a bird sanctuary, as an \"air firing range\". A struggle of wills begins between the military and the villagers, who resort to a variety of ways to prevent damage to the historic island. Harry Tilney is all for taking on the Government, but Sally has a boyfriend stationed at the nearby Royal Air Force base, Corporal Bill Morris, so she goes to see him first.", "Conflict of Wings. Conflict of Wings is a 1954 British drama film directed by John Eldridge and starring John Gregson, Muriel Pavlow and Kieron Moore.[2] It is based on a novel by Don Sharp.[3]", "Wings (1927 film). The film, a romantic action-war picture, was rewritten by scriptwriters Hope Loring and Louis D. Lighton from a story by John Monk Saunders to accommodate Bow, Paramount's biggest star at the time. Wellman was hired as he was the only director in Hollywood at the time who had World War I combat pilot experience, although Richard Arlen and John Monk Saunders had also served in the war as military aviators. The film was shot on location on a budget of $2 million at Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas between September 7, 1926 and April 7, 1927. Hundreds of extras and some 300 pilots were involved in the filming, including pilots and planes of the United States Army Air Corps which were brought in for the filming and to provide assistance and supervision. Wellman extensively rehearsed the scenes for the Battle of Saint-Mihiel over ten days with some 3500 infantrymen on a battlefield made for the production on location. Although the cast and crew had much spare time during the filming because of weather delays, shooting conditions were intense, and Wellman frequently conflicted with the military officers brought in to supervise the picture.", "Wings (1927 film). Wings was shot and completed on a budget of $2 million at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas between September 7, 1926 and April 7, 1927.[12] Primary scout aircraft flown in the film were Thomas-Morse MB-3s standing in for American-flown SPADs and Curtiss P-1 Hawks painted in German livery. Developing the techniques needed for filming closeups of the pilots in the air and capturing the speed and motion of the planes onscreen took time, and little usable footage was produced in the first two months.[13] Wellman soon realized that Kelly Field did not have the adequate numbers of planes or skilled pilots to perform the needed aerial maneuvers, and he had to request technical assistance and a supply of planes and pilots from Washington. The Air Corps sent six planes and pilots from the 1st Pursuit Group stationed at Selfridge Field near Detroit, including 2d Lt. Clarence S. \"Bill\" Irvine who became Wellman's adviser. Irvine was responsible for engineering an airborne camera system to provide close-ups and for the planning of the dogfights, and when one of the pilots broke his neck, performed in one of the battle scenes himself.[10][13][c]", "Wings (1927 film). Hundreds of extras were brought in to shoot the picture, and some 300 pilots were involved in the filming.[14] Because the aerial battles required ideal weather to shoot, the production team had to wait on one occasion for 18 consecutive days for proper conditions in San Antonio.[12] If possible, Wellman attempted to capture footage in the air in contrast to clouds in the background, above or in front of cloud banks to generate a sense of velocity and danger. Wellman later explained, \"motion on the screen is a relative thing. A horse runs on the ground or leaps over fencers or streams. We know he is going rapidly because of his relation to the immobile ground\".[13] Against the clouds, Wellman enabled the planes to \"dart at each other\", and to \"swoop down and disappear in the clouds\", and to give the audience the sense of the disabled planes plummeting. During the delay in the aerial shooting, Wellman extensively rehearsed the scenes for the Battle of Saint-Mihiel over ten days with some 3500 infantrymen.[15] A large battlefield with trenches and barbed wire was created on location for the filming. Wellman took responsibility for the meticulously-planned explosions himself, detonating them at the right time from his control panel.[15] According to Peter Hopkinson, at least 20 young men, including cameraman William Clothier, were given hand-held cameras to film \"anything and everything\" during the filming.[16]", "Wings (1927 film). Whereas most Hollywood productions of the day took little more than a month to shoot, Wings took approximately nine months to complete in total. Although Wellman was generating spectacular aerial footage and making Hollywood film history, Paramount expressed concerns with the cost of production and expanding budget. They sent an executive to San Antonio to complain to Wellman who swiftly told him that he had two options, \"a trip home or a trip to the hospital\".[15] According to biographer Frank T. Thompson, Wellman approached producer David O. Selznick regarding a contract predicament asking him what he should do to which Selznick replied, \"Just keep your mouth shut. You've got 'em where it hurts.\"[18] Otto Kahn, the financier bankrolling the production, arrived on set as Wellman was filming the St-Mihiel battle sequence, inadvertantly disrupted Wellman's detonation timings, and caused several extras to be seriously injured. Wellman loudly and profanely ordered Kahn off the set. That evening, Kahn visited Wellman in his hotel room, told him he was impressed with his direction, and he could have whatever he needed to finish the picture.[19]", "Conflict of Wings. The Brisbane Telegraph thought the novel \"deserves to be welcomed with banners and trumpets. \"Conflict of Wings\" is innocent of fancy technique, and its simple prose seems to capture the cool, wind swept quality of the Norfolk marshes beloved by the author.\"[5]", "Conflict of Wings. The film was re-titled for the American market as Fuss Over Feathers.", "Conflict of Wings. It was based on the first novel by Don Sharp. A reviewer from the Sydney Morning Herald described it as follows:", "Conflict of Wings. It was originally called The Norfolk Story.[6]", "Conflict of Wings. This reviewer's guess is that the story began as a film scenario, which could explain the precise, illustrative, uninspired style of the novel. Tasmanian-born Don Sharp has been in turn actor, broadcaster and film producer; and a background of that kind rarely favours the novel form. One sees its influence in sentences such as: \"The villagers greeted Sally conventionally\"-a playwright's note of guidance to a producer, rather than a novelist's picture of a scene... Behind the quietly amusing account of this controversy [the storyline] is the larger question whether English tradition must bow before the needs of national security, and Don Sharp debates it with intelligent sympathy. But the novel suffers because his characters are wooden and shaped to convenient patterns. It is as if they require to be brought to life by good actors in one of those rural settings which English film producers contrive so well.[4]", "The Best Years of Our Lives. After the war, the combat aircraft featured in the film were being destroyed and disassembled for reuse as scrap material. The scene of Derry's walking among aircraft ruins was filmed at the Ontario Army Air Field in Ontario, California. The former training facility had been converted into a scrap yard, housing nearly 2,000 former combat aircraft in various states of disassembly and reclamation.[13]", "Bride Wars. Some principal photography took place at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts.[6] Most filming occurred in Boston, New York City, and in Salem, Massachusetts.[citation needed]", "747 Wing House. Former Mercedes Benz dealer Francie Rehwald spent $26,000 on the jet and searched for 15 years before finding the ideal location.[1]The house was built on a 55-acre (22 ha) property off of Cotharin Road in Ventura County at the western edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, northwest of Malibu, California[1] The property was formerly owned and occupied by famous artist and Hollywood set designer Tony Duquette. Duquette's property was burned in the Green Meadow fire of 1993, which resulted in the complete destruction of over twenty-one of the structures that he and his wife had created from recycled objects and movie sets.[2][3]", "Conflict of Wings. Bookie then discovers that the land was given to the Church by Henry VIII for assistance in quelling a rebellion. The villagers present this information to Parsons. He agrees to pass it along to the Government, but in the meantime he insists on continuing with the training. In desperation, the local people take to their boats and form a human shield around the island just before the first bombing run. However, there is cloud cover and the onsite RAF controller cannot get a message through to have the flight cancelled. Fortunately, the civilians are spotted just in time to avoid a disaster. The official inquiry will take months or a year, by which time the unit will have been sent to Malaya.", "Clash of the Titans (2010 film). Filming began April 27, 2009, near London, at Shepperton Studios, and also at Pinewood Studios and at Longcross Studios, near Chertsey, in Surrey.[23] Filming also took place in Wales, the Canary Islands (Spain) (primarily at the World Heritage Site, Teide National Park in Tenerife), Maspalomas Dunes, Gran Canaria, and Timanfaya National Park in Lanzarote. Aerial photography was conducted in Iceland and Ethiopia.[2]", "Watcher (angel). The film Wings of Desire depicts the city of Berlin, Germany being watched over by angels.", "A United Kingdom. In October 2015 actors Jack Davenport and Tom Felton joined the cast.[12] In November 2015 some filming took place around Hyde Park/Kensington Gardens including Imperial College Union. The cinematographer was Sam McCurdy and the production designer was Simon Bowles.[citation needed]", "Operation Red Wings. Operation Red Wings, informally referred to as the Battle of Abbas Ghar (often incorrectly called \"Operation Redwing\" or \"Operation Red Wing\"),[2][3][7][11][12] was a combined / joint military operation during the War in Afghanistan in the Pech District of Afghanistan's Kunar Province, on the slopes of a mountain named Sawtalo Sar,[2][4][7] approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Kunar's provincial capital of Asadabad, in late June through mid-July 2005.[1][2][3] Operation Red Wings was intended to disrupt local anti-coalition militia (ACM) activity, thus contributing to regional stability and thereby facilitating the Afghan Parliament elections scheduled for September 2005.[1][2][3] At the time, anti-coalition militia activity in the region was carried out most notably by a small group led by a local man from Nangarhar Province, Ahmad Shah, who had aspirations of regional Islamic fundamentalist prominence. He and his small group were among the primary targets of the operation.", "The Blue Max. Many of the flying scenes were shot at Weston Aerodrome (EIWT) near Lucan, Ireland, about 10 miles west of Dublin hence the name confusion with Weston-on-the-Green. Weston Aerodrome is also home to the National Flight Center.[9] There is also a restaurant named after the movie at the Aerodrome.[10] The final scene where Stachel meets his fate was filmed at Baldonnel, the Irish Air Corps' main base. The hangars seen in the movie were built for the Royal Air Force in 1918.", "Wings (1990 TV series). The series takes place primarily at the fictional Nantucket airport Tom Nevers Field. Until 1976, the real-life island was the site of the United States Navy's Tom Nevers Naval Facility, later the home of the Nantucket Hunting Association. The Club Car (a real restaurant on Nantucket) is also often featured on the show.[6]", "Battle of Britain (film). The other need was for models in aerial sequences, and art director and model maker John Siddall was asked by the producer to create and head a team specifically for this because of his contacts in the modelling community. [Note 4] A test flight was arranged at Lasham Airfield in the UK and a model was flown down the runway close behind a large American estate car with a cameraman in the rear.[citation needed] This test proved successful, leading to many radio-controlled models being constructed in the band rehearsal room at Pinewood Studios. Over a period of two years, a total of 82 Spitfires, Hurricanes, Messerschmitts and He 111s were built.[21] Radio-controlled Heinkel He 111 models were flown to depict bombers being destroyed over the English Channel. When reviewing the footage of the first crash, the producers noticed a trailing-wire antenna; this was explained by an added cutaway in which the control wires of a Heinkel are seen shot loose.[22]", "MacDill Air Force Base. During 1954–55, MacDill AFB and the wing also served as a backdrop for part of the Paramount Pictures film Strategic Air Command starring James Stewart and June Allyson, a portion of which was filmed in and around both the 305th Bombardment Wing and 306th Bombardment Wing areas and their B-47 aircraft at MacDill AFB.", "Wings (1927 film). Producers Lucien Hubbard and Jesse L. Lasky hired director Wellman as he was the only director in Hollywood at the time who had World War I combat pilot experience.[8][9] Actor Richard Arlen and writer John Monk Saunders had also served in World War I as military aviators. Arlen was able to do his own flying in the film and Rogers, a non-pilot, underwent flight training during the course of the production, so that, like Arlen, Rogers could also be filmed in closeup in the air. Lucien Hubbard offered flying lessons to all, and despite the number of aircraft in the air, only two incidents occurred—one involved stunt pilot Dick Grace, while the other was the fatal crash of a United States Army Air Corps pilot.[10] Wellman was able to attract War Department support and involvement in the project, and displayed considerable prowess and confidence in dealing with planes and pilots onscreen, knowing \"exactly what he wanted\", bringing with it a \"no-nonsense attitude\" according to military film historian Lawrence H. Suid.[11]", "Wings (1927 film). Wings was an immediate success upon release and became the yardstick against which successive aviation films were measured for years thereafter, in terms of \"authenticity of combat and scope of production\".[17] One of the reasons for its resounding popularity was the public infatuation with aviation in the wake of Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight.[28] The Air Corps who had supervised production expressed satisfaction with the end product.[17] The critical response was equally enthusiastic and the film was widely praised for its realism and technical prowess, despite a superficial plot, \"an aviation picnic\" as Gene Brown called it.[29][30] The combat scenes of the film were so realistic that one writer studying the film in the early 1970s was wondering if Wellman had used actual imagery of planes crashing to earth during World War I.[31] One critic observed: \"The exceptional quality of Wings lies in its appeal as a spectacle and as a picture of at least some of the actualities of flying under wartime conditions.\"[17] Another wrote: \"Nothing in the line of war pictures ever has packed a greater proportion of real thrills into an equal footage. As a spectacle, Wings is a technical triumph. It piles punch upon punch until the spectator is almost nervously exhausted\".[31] Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times praised the cinematography of the flying scenes and the direction and acting of the entire cast in his review dated August 13, 1927. Hall notes only two criticisms, one slight on Richard Arlen's performance and of the ending, which he described as \"like so many screen stories, much too sentimental, and there is far more of it than one wants.\"[32]", "Ontario Place (theme park). Ontario Place served as a filming location for the episode Angel Of Death from the TV series War Of The Worlds in which it was the setting for the shootout at the end of the episode where Dr Harrison Blackwood, his team, and a supposed alien ally confront the evil aliens which are personally led by the alien advocacy.", "11.22.63. Filming began on June 9, 2015, in Hespeler, Ontario.[20] Filming during June 2015 also took place in Guelph, Ontario, as well as in Ayr, Ontario, at the Queen's Tavern,[21][22] Hamilton, Ontario, and in Knowles Restaurant in Dunnville, Ontario during September 2015. In early October, the production moved to Dallas to film exterior locations at Dealey Plaza.[23] During this time, the filming of various scenes during rush hour caused bumper to bumper traffic in the surrounding streets.[24]", "Conflict of Wings. The land acquisition is assigned to bureaucrat Mr. Wentworth, which is rather awkward for him, as he is a prominent member of a bird watching society. He comes to meet with Harry, but Harry is drunk and drives him away. The civilians then learn that fishing rights to the area were granted to the people by Henry VIII. Soapy, the professional eel catcher, can squat on the land and use those rights to block the acquisition. However, Soapy receives a letter from the Government stating that there is no evidence that such rights exist.", "Contratiempo. The film was shot in 2015, in Terrassa, a city in Catalonia, Spain and in other locations in Spain such as the city of Barcelona, the region of Biscay, and Vall de Núria.", "Wings (1927 film). Wellman dedicated the film \"to those young warriors of the sky whose wings are folded about them forever\".[17] A sneak preview was shown May 19, 1927, at the Texas Theater on Houston Street in San Antonio. The premiere was held at the Criterion Theater, in New York City, on August 12, 1927, and was screened for 63 weeks before being moved to second-run theaters.[27] The original Paramount release of Wings was color tinted and had some sequences in an early widescreen process known as Magnascope, also used in the 1926 Paramount film Old Ironsides. The original release also had the aerial scenes use the Handschiegl color process for flames and explosions. Some prints had synchronized sound effects and music, using the General Electric Kinegraphone (later RCA Photophone) sound-on-film process.[4]", "Clouds of Sils Maria. Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz. The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production.[7] Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland. The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz). She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart). The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot.[8]" ]

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[ "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). In 1987, Jordan Belfort procures a job as a Wall Street stockbroker for L.F. Rothschild, employed under Mark Hanna, who quickly entices him with the sex and drugs fueled stockbroker culture and teaches him that a stockbroker's only job is to make money for himself. Jordan soon finds his career terminated following Black Monday and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks. Thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions, Jordan makes a small fortune.", "Leonardo DiCaprio. DiCaprio reunited with Scorsese for the fifth time in The Wolf of Wall Street, a film based on the life of stockbroker Jordan Belfort, who was arrested in the late 1990s for securities fraud and money laundering.[101][102] Filming began on August 8, 2012, in New York,[103] and the film was released on December 25, 2013.[104] The role earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy[105] and his fourth Academy Award nomination for acting. In January 2013, DiCaprio said he was going to take a long break from acting and would \"fly around the world doing good for the environment.\"[106]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). Filming began on August 8, 2012, in New York.[35] Jonah Hill announced that his first day of shooting was September 4, 2012.[36] Filming also took place in Closter, New Jersey[37] and Harrison, New York. In January 2013, additional scenes were shot at a set built in an abandoned office building in Ardsley, New York. Scenes at the beach house were filmed in Sands Point, New York.[38]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American black comedy[3] directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Terence Winter, based on the memoir of the same name by Jordan Belfort. It recounts Belfort's perspective on his career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm Stratton Oakmont engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street that ultimately led to his downfall. Leonardo DiCaprio (who was also a producer) stars as Belfort, with Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff, Margot Robbie as his wife Naomi Lapaglia and Kyle Chandler as Patrick Denham, the FBI agent who tries to bring him down. Matthew McConaughey, Rob Reiner, Jon Favreau, Joanna Lumley and Jean Dujardin also star. The film marks the director's fifth collaboration with DiCaprio, after Gangs of New York (2002), The Aviator (2004), The Departed (2006) and Shutter Island (2010), as well as his second collaboration with Winter after the television series Boardwalk Empire (2010–14).", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The Wolf of Wall Street premiered in New York City on December 17, 2013 and was released in the United States on December 25, 2013, distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film was the first to be released entirely through digital distribution. It was a major commercial success, grossing more than $392 million worldwide during its original theatrical run to become Scorsese's highest-grossing film and the 17th-highest-grossing film of 2013.[4] The film was controversial for its morally ambiguous depiction of events, explicit sexual content, profanity, depiction of hard drug use and the use of animals during production. The film also caused controversy due to accusations that it was financed by illegally obtained funds from 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).[5][6]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The Wolf of Wall Street premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 17, 2013,[47] followed by a wide release on December 25, 2013. It was previously slated to be released on November 15, 2013, but the date was pushed back after film cuts were made to reduce the run time.[48] On October 22, 2013, it was reported that the film was set for a Christmas 2013 release.[49] Paramount officially confirmed the Christmas Day 2013 release date on October 29, 2013, with a running time of 165 minutes.[9][50] On November 25, 2013, the length was announced to be 179 minutes.[51] It was officially rated R for \"sequences of strong sexual content, graphic nudity, drug use and language throughout, and for some violence\".[52] Scorsese had to edit sexual content and nudity to avoid an NC-17 rating.[53] By different counts, the film contains between 506 and 569 uses of the word \"fuck\",[54][55] and currently holds the record for the most uses of the word in a mainstream non-documentary film.[56][57][58]", "The Bonfire of the Vanities. Wolfe intended his novel to capture the essence of New York City in the 1980s. Wall Street in the 1980s was newly resurgent after most of the previous decade had been bad for stocks. The excesses of Wall Street's big players were at the forefront of the popular imagination, captured in films like Oliver Stone's Wall Street, novels like Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho, and in non-fiction books like Liar's Poker, Den of Thieves, and Barbarians at the Gate.", "Stratton Oakmont. The 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street is a drama based on the memoirs of Jordan Belfort, directed by Martin Scorsese. Leonardo DiCaprio stars as Belfort[11] and Jonah Hill plays fictional character Donnie Azoff,[12] who is loosely based on Porush.", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). In 2007, Leonardo DiCaprio/Warner Bros. won a bidding war against Brad Pitt/Paramount Pictures for the rights to Jordan Belfort's memoir The Wolf of Wall Street, and Martin Scorsese was considered to direct the film.[8][9] During pre-production, Scorsese worked on the film's script before working on Shutter Island. He describes having \"wasted five months of [his] life\" without getting a green light on production dates by the Warner Bros. studio.[10] Jordan Belfort made $1 million on the movie rights.[11]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The Wolf of Wall Street uses animals including a chimpanzee, a lion, a snake, a fish, and dogs.[42] The chimpanzee and the lion were provided by the Big Cat Habitat wildlife sanctuary in Sarasota County, Florida. The four-year-old chimpanzee Chance spent time with actor Leonardo DiCaprio and learned to roller skate over the course of three weeks. The sanctuary also provided a lion named Handsome because the film's trading company used a lion for its symbol.[43] Danny Porush, Jordan Belfort's real-life partner, denied that there were any animals in the office, although he admitted to eating an employee's goldfish.[44]", "Gangs of New York. The film is set in 1863 and follows fictional gang leader William \"Bill the Butcher\" Cutting (Daniel Day-Lewis) in his roles as crime boss and political kingmaker under the helm of \"Boss\" Tweed (Jim Broadbent). The film culminates in a violent confrontation between Cutting and his mob with the protagonist Amsterdam Vallon (Leonardo DiCaprio) and his allies, which prefaces the real-life New York Draft Riots of 1863. It was released on December 20, 2002 and grossed $193 million worldwide.", "List of accolades received by The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American biographical black comedy film directed by Martin Scorsese. The screenplay was adapted by Terence Winter from Jordan Belfort's memoir of the same name.[1] The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort, a New York stockbroker who runs a firm that engages in securities fraud and money laundering on Wall Street in the 1990s.[2] Jonah Hill, Margot Robbie, and Kyle Chandler feature in supporting roles.[3] The film premiered in New York City on December 17, 2013.[1] Paramount Pictures gave it a wide release in North America and France on December 25. The film grossed a worldwide total of over $392 million on a production budget of $100 million.[4] As of August 2015, it is Scorsese's highest-grossing film.[5][6] Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, surveyed 260 reviews and judged 78% to be positive.[7]", "Jordan Belfort. Belfort wrote the two memoirs The Wolf of Wall Street and Catching the Wolf of Wall Street which have been published in approximately 40 countries and translated into 18 languages.[5] A movie based on his books opened in 2013 starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort, Jonah Hill, and Margot Robbie; the film was written by Terence Winter and directed by Martin Scorsese.[43][44] He wrote his first book in the days following his release from prison (after a false start during his sentence, when he wrote and destroyed 130 initial pages). He received a $500,000 advance from Random House, and before its release, a bidding war began for the book’s film rights.[30] The former Assistant United States Attorney who prosecuted Belfort has said that he believes that some of the details in Belfort's book may have been \"invented\".[32]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). Jordan befriends his neighbor, Donnie Azoff, and the two found their own company. They recruit several of Jordan's friends, whom Jordan trains in the art of the \"hard sell\". The basic method of the firm is a pump and dump scam. To cloak this, Jordan gives the firm the respectable-sounding name of Stratton Oakmont. After an exposé in Forbes, hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company. Jordan becomes immensely successful and slides into a decadent lifestyle full of prostitutes and drugs. He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia. When his wife finds out, they divorce, and he marries Naomi. Meanwhile, the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont. Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours upon securing the IPO of Steve Madden. This brings him and his firm to the attention of the FBI. To hide his money, Jordan opens a Swiss bank account with corrupt banker Jean-Jacques Saurel in the name of Naomi's Aunt Emma, who is a British national and thus outside the reach of American authorities. He uses the wife and in-laws of his friend Brad Bodnick, who have European passports, to smuggle the cash into Switzerland.", "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps. The film takes place in New York, 23 years after the original, and revolves around the 2008 financial crisis. Its plot centers on a reformed Gordon Gekko, played by Douglas, acting as an antihero rather than a villain, and follows his attempts to repair his relationship with his daughter Winnie (Mulligan), with the help of her fiancé, Jacob (LaBeouf).", "Jordan Belfort. Jordan Ross Belfort (/ˈbɛlfɔːrt/; born July 9, 1962) is an American author, motivational speaker, and former stockbroker. In 1999, he pleaded guilty to fraud and related crimes in connection with stock-market manipulation and running a boiler room as part of a penny-stock scam. Belfort spent 22 months in prison as part of an agreement under which he gave testimony against numerous partners and subordinates in his fraud scheme.[5] He published the memoir The Wolf of Wall Street, which was adapted into a film and released in 2013.", "Wall Street. Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City.[1] Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial services industry (even if financial firms are not physically located there), or New York-based financial interests.[2]", "The Wolf Among Us. The Wolf Among Us is set in the year 1986, nearly twenty years before the events of Fables.[27] For years, many of the magical lands described in myth, legend, and folklore (known as The Homelands) have been occupied by an enigmatic tyrant known as the Adversary.[28] To escape the Adversary's totalitarian regime, many of The Homelands inhabitants fled to colonial America, and created an enclave known as Fabletown, now located in modern-day Manhattan. To mask their presence from the native humans, all non-human fables have to purchase an enchantment known as a \"glamour\" which allows them to appear human, or be relocated to a rural community known as \"The Farm\".", "Cinque Terre. In 2013 Cinque Terre was one of the shooting locations of the movie The Wolf of Wall Street by Martin Scorsese[11]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). Two years later, the FBI arrests Jordan because Saurel, arrested in Florida on an unrelated charge, has also informed on Jordan. Since the evidence against him is overwhelming, Jordan agrees to gather evidence on his colleagues in exchange for leniency. Fed up with Jordan's lifestyle, Naomi tells Jordan she is divorcing him and wants full custody of their children. Jordan loses his mind and tries to run off with his daughter Skylar in his car, but he ends up crashing in the driveway. The next morning, Jordan wears a wire to work but slips a note to Donnie warning him. Donnie keeps the note and rats out on Jordan to the FBI. Jordan is arrested for breaching his co-operation deal. The FBI raids and shuts down Stratton Oakmont. Despite this one breach, Jordan receives a reduced sentence for his testimony and serves three years in a minimum security prison. After his release, Jordan makes a living hosting seminars on sales technique.", "Jordan Belfort. Filming of Scorsese's adaptation of Belfort's memoirs began in August 2012, and the film was released on December 25, 2013.[44][45] Time magazine reported that many of the escapades depicted in the film are consistent with Belfort's memoirs and what was written about him in Forbes articles, although some of the Forbes-related content was embellished.[43] Belfort was portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio, who won the Golden Globe for Best Actor and was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor for his performance.", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). In 2010, Warner Bros. had offered Ridley Scott to direct the film, with Leonardo DiCaprio playing the male lead,[12] but the studio eventually dumped the project.[13]", "Leonardo DiCaprio. Also in 2002, DiCaprio appeared in Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York, a historical film set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. Director Scorsese initially struggled selling his idea of realizing the film until DiCaprio became interested in playing protagonist Amsterdam Vallon, a young leader of the Irish faction, and thus, Miramax Films got involved with financing the project.[53] Nonetheless production on the film was plagued by blown-out budgets and producer-director squabbles, resulting in a marathon eight-month shoot and, at US$103 million, the most expensive film Scorsese had ever made.[53] Upon its release, Gangs of New York became a financial and critical success.[54] DiCaprio's acting was well-received but was overshadowed by Daniel Day-Lewis' performance among most critics.[55][56]", "Gangs of New York. Gangs of New York is a 2002 American epic period drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. The screenplay is by Jay Cocks, Steven Zaillian, and Kenneth Lonergan. It was inspired by Herbert Asbury's 1927 non-fiction book, The Gangs of New York. It was made in Cinecittà, Rome, distributed by Miramax Films and nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, among nine other Oscar nominations.", "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps. In October 2008, 20th Century Fox confirmed that Allan Loeb, who is a licensed stock broker, had been selected to re-write the script.[45] Stanley Weiser had worked on a treatment for a sequel set in the present with Gekko being released from jail; the second part would be set in China. The studio felt that the material was dated, and put the project in turnaround. Stone had a falling out with Pressman, the producer, and began work on W. with Weiser.[46] Weiser's treatment for Wall Street Two was discarded and the film began taking shape from an original script by Stephen Schiff.[47] It was reported that Aaron Sorkin had turned down the opportunity to work on the film's script.[48]", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The Wolf of Wall Street was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 25, 2014.[67] On January 27, 2014, it was revealed that a four-hour director's cut would be attached to the home release.[68][69] It was later revealed by Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures that the home release would feature only the theatrical release.[70]", "666 Fifth Avenue. The opening lunch scene for the movie The Wolf of Wall Street was filmed in the former Top of the Sixes restaurant.[23]", "United States invasion of Grenada. In the 2013 movie The Wolf of Wall Street, the invasion of Grenada is used as a metaphor for a court case that is impossible to lose.", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film). The soundtrack to The Wolf of Wall Street features both original as well as existing music tracks, and was released on December 17, 2013 for digital download.", "Wall Street (1987 film). The filmmaker knew a New York businessman who was making millions and working long days putting together deals all over the world. This man started making mistakes that cost him everything. Stone remembers that the \"story frames what happens in my movie, which is basically a Pilgrim’s Progress of a boy who is seduced and corrupted by the allure of easy money. And in the third act, he sets out to redeem himself\".[2] Stone asked Weiser to read Crime and Punishment, but Weiser found that its story did not mix well with their own. Stone then asked Weiser to read The Great Gatsby for material that they could use, but it was not the right fit either.[1] Weiser had no prior knowledge of the financial world and immersed himself in researching the world of stock trading, junk bonds, and corporate takeovers. He and Stone spent three weeks visiting brokerage houses and interviewing investors.[1]", "American Psycho. Set in Manhattan during the Wall Street boom of the late 1980s, American Psycho follows the life of wealthy young investment banker Patrick Bateman. Bateman, in his mid-20s when the story begins, narrates his everyday activities, from his recreational life among the Wall Street elite of New York to his forays into murder by night. Through present tense stream-of-consciousness narrative, Bateman describes his daily life, ranging from a series of Friday nights spent at nightclubs with his colleagues — where they snort cocaine, critique fellow club-goers' clothing, trade fashion advice, and question one another on proper etiquette — to his loveless engagement to fellow yuppie Evelyn and his contentious relationship with his brother and senile mother. Bateman's stream of consciousness is occasionally broken up by chapters in which he directly addresses the reader in order to critique the work of 1980s pop music artists. The novel maintains a high level of ambiguity through mistaken identity and contradictions that introduce the possibility that Bateman is an unreliable narrator. Characters are consistently introduced as people other than themselves, and people argue over the identities of others they can see in restaurants or at parties. Deeply concerned with his personal appearance, Bateman gives extensive descriptions of his daily beauty regimen. The question of whether any of the crimes depicted in the novel actually happened or whether they were simply the fantasies of a delusional psychotic is only perpetuated further by the cinematic adaptation.[6]", "US invasion of Grenada. In the 2013 movie The Wolf of Wall Street, the invasion of Grenada is used as a metaphor for a court case that is impossible to lose." ]

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[ "Control self-assessment. Control self-assessment is a technique developed in 1987 that is used by a range of organisations including corporations, charities and government departments, to assess the effectiveness of their risk management and control processes.", "Control self-assessment. A \"control process\" is a check or process performed to reduce or eliminate the risk of error. Since its introduction the technique has been widely adopted in the United States, European Union and other countries. There are a number of ways a control self-assessment can be implemented but its key feature is that, in contrast to a traditional audit, the tests and checks are made by staff whose normal day-to-day responsibilities are within the business unit being assessed.[1] A self-assessment, by identifying the higher risk processes within the organisation, allows internal auditors to plan their work more effectively.[2] A number of governmental organisations require the use of control self-assessment. In the United States it is a requirement of the FFIEC that control self-assessments are performed on IT systems and operational processes on a regular basis.[3] Benefits claimed for control self-assessment include creating a clear line of accountability for controls, reducing the risk of fraud and the creation of an organisation with a lower risk profile.[4][5]", "Control self-assessment. Control self-assessment creates a clear line of accountability for controls, reduces the risk of fraud (by examining data that may flag unusual patterns of transactions) and results in an organisation with a lower risk profile.[4][5]", "Control self-assessment. Some researchers have criticised control self-assessment as a flawed approach as the way risk is defined and measured is unsophisticated. In particular, control self-assessment may understate risk by not identifying extreme downside risk. An extreme downside risk is a highly improbable event that would have catastrophic consequences if it occurred. These risks should have a high overall risk score (generally calculated as a product of the probability of a risk occurring and the impact if it does occur on a scale of 1 to 5). Individuals performing the control self-assessment are consequently unable to significantly differentiate between risks leading to extreme low probability risks either being excluded from the analysis or grouped together with other more probable (but still unlikely) risks that have a less severe impact.[21]", "Control self-assessment. The continual focus on risk elimination that a control self-assessment can lead to has also been criticised. The process of continual evaluation of risks and making plans to mitigate and eliminate them may lead to an unbalanced corporate culture where risks are eliminated ignoring the risk-return ratio of different business choices.[21]", "Control self-assessment. The National Institute of Standards and Technology control self-assessment methodology is based on customised questionnaires. It is an IT focused methodology suitable for assessing system based controls. It provides a cost-effective technique to determine the status of information security controls, identify any weaknesses and, where necessary, define an improvement plan.[15] The methodology uses a questionnaire that contains specific control objectives and techniques against a system or group of systems can be tested and measured. The methodology was designed for United States federal agencies but can also be valuable for private sector organisations.[15]", "Control self-assessment. In the United Kingdom in 2011 the Financial Services Authority recognised in its recommendations for the improvement of operational risk management that the assessment of risks through a control self-assessment may be an important means of identifying risks. It also noted that for the assessment to be fully effective it had to be fully integrated into the financial organisation's risk-management process.[13]", "Control self-assessment. On completion of the assessment each control may be rated based on the responses received to determine the probability of its failure and the impact if a failure occurred. These ratings can be mapped to produce a heatmap showing potential areas of vulnerability.", "Control self-assessment. In March 2000 the European Commission approved a white paper on reform that led to a major change in the way the Commission was managed. These changes included recommendations for each department to establish an effective internal control system. To support the implementation of the internal controls the Directorate-General for Budget's Central Financial Service developed a control self-assessment process. This first control self-assessment identified several areas for improvement in internal control across the Commission most notably the need to implement a more systematic approach to risk management. The outcome of this first self-assessment was the implementation of the requirement for every Directorate General to perform a control and risk self-assessment annually.[11]", "Control self-assessment. The first step in control self-assessment is to document the organisation's control processes with the aim of identifying suitable ways of measuring or testing each control. The actual testing of the controls is performed by staff whose day-to-day role is within the area of the organisation that is being examined as they have the greatest knowledge of how the processes operate.[1][4] The two common techniques for performing the evaluations are:", "Control self-assessment. A number of other soft benefits have been claimed for organisations performing control self-assessment. These include a better understanding of business operations (by both management and operational staff); stronger awareness of risk practices; a reinforced corporate governance regime and internal audit efficiency improvements.[4][20]", "Control self-assessment. The Institute of Internal Auditors based its control self-assessment methodology on the Total Quality Management approaches of the 1990s as well as the COSO's framework. The methodology became part of the International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing and was adopted by a large number of major organisations.[16]", "Control self-assessment. Both approaches are the opposite of formal audits where the auditors, not the business unit staff, will perform the assessment.[1]", "Control self-assessment. In 2007 the United States implemented the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In order to comply with section 404 of the Act the company had to perform a top down risk assessment which necessitated the production of an \"internal control report\" that affirmed \"the responsibility of management for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting.\" 15 U.S.C. § 7262(a). This report has to include an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal controls and procedures that are related to financial reporting. To meet this requirement organisations increasingly began to perform a control self-assessment using a recognised standard methodology. The organisation's external auditors, who are required to sign-off the internal control report, typically became more deeply involved in the control self-assessment process as it facilitated their later review of the internal control report.[12]", "Control self-assessment. After a number of financial scandals, notably the collapse of Robert Maxwell's publishing empire, the United Kingdom government commissioned Adrian Cadbury to chair an investigation into corporate governance. The committee published its report The Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance in 1992. In section 4, Reporting and Controls, Cadbury made a number of recommendations that led to the increased adoption of control self-assessment in the UK. In particular section 4.5 of the Code of Practice contained within the report required that the directors of a company should report on the effectiveness of the company's system of internal control in each annual report.[10]", "Control self-assessment. Control self-assessment was developed by Gulf Canada in 1987 when the company's General Auditor, Bruce McCuaig was dissatisfied with the standard auditing techniques in use following the impact of the Watergate affair on the parent company, Gulf Oil Corporation. The decision to fully implement control self-assessment at Gulf Canada was driven by a number of factors. These included the presence of a consent decree requiring the company to report on its internal controls and the difficulties it was facing in estimating its oil and gas reserves using more traditional audit measures.[7]", "Control self-assessment. A number of software packages are available to support the control self-assessment process. These are typically modified versions of software developed originally for internal use by audit and accountancy firms such as Deloitte or by niche vendors specialising in business or financial management tools.", "Control self-assessment. Six basic methodologies for control self-assessment have been defined:[14]", "Control self-assessment. The COBIT methodology can be used for control self-assessment; like the NIST methodology it was designed for IT focused assessments. COBIT's Process Description component provides a reference model of an organisation's processes and their ownership. Its Control Objectives component provides a set of requirements considered necessary for effective control of each IT process with the organisation. Assessment and evaluation of these components using the Management Guidelines component provides an assessment mechanism that generates a maturity model indicating if the organisation is meeting its control objectives.[14]", "Control self-assessment. Following Gulf Canada's introduction of control self-assessment many private sector organisations implemented similar techniques. In the United States several states made reviews based on control self-assessment practices mandatory as did the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation.[7]", "Control self-assessment. A number of other methodologies to standardise the control self-assessment have been published.[17][18] The Institute of Internal Auditors offers a certification in control self-assessment practice.[19]", "Control self-assessment. Over the next ten years Gulf Canada developed a framework to support the analysis and evaluation of control processes by operational staff. This included anonymous voting to ensure there was no impediment to staff expressing their views. The approach was first published in Internal Auditor in December 1990.[8] Gulf Canada discontinued this facilitated meeting approach in 1997 although it continued with control self-assessment using different techniques.[7]", "Control self-assessment. Initially external auditors ignored the benefits of control self-assessment even though it was effective at providing audit evidence around the \"soft\" areas (such as staff morale) that are critical to the effectiveness of internal control systems.[9]", "Audit. A control self-assessment is a commonly used tool for completing an operations audit.[19]", "Occupational safety and health. The assessment should be recorded and reviewed periodically and whenever there is a significant change to work practices. The assessment should include practical recommendations to control the risk. Once recommended controls are implemented, the risk should be re-calculated to determine if it has been lowered to an acceptable level. Generally speaking, newly introduced controls should lower risk by one level, i.e., from high to medium or from medium to low.[113]", "Control self-assessment. In certain circumstances control self-assessment is not always effective. For example, it can be difficult to implement in a decentralised environment, in organisations where there is high employee turnover, where the organisation goes through frequent change or where the senior management of the organisation does not foster a culture of open communication.[6]", "Own risk and solvency assessment. It is part of a cyclical and iterative system involving the board of directors, senior management, internal audit, internal control and all employees of the company. It aims to provide a reasonable insurance on compliance with the strategy of the company against risks.", "Self-control. Self-control is a measurable variable in humans. In the worst circumstances people with the most or high self-control and resilience have the best odds of defying the odds they are faced with, which could be poverty, bad schooling, unsafe communities, etc. Those at a disadvantage with high self-control go on to higher education and professional jobs, but this seems to have a negative effect on their health.", "Own risk and solvency assessment. At the heart of the prudential Solvency II directive, the own risk and solvency assessment (ORSA) is defined as a set of processes constituting a tool for decision-making and strategic analysis. It aims to assess, in a continuous and prospective way, the overall solvency needs related to the specific risk profile of the insurance company. Risk Management and own risk and solvency assessment is a similar regulation that has been enacted in the US by the NAIC.[1] Other jurisdictions are enacting similar regulations to comply with the Insurance Core Principle 16 enacted by the IAIS.[2]", "Own risk and solvency assessment. The risk profile includes all of the risks that the company is exposed, the quantification of these exposures and all protective measures to those risks.", "Academic achievement. Self-control, in the academic setting, is related self-discipline, self-regulation, delay of gratification and impulse control. Baumeister, Vohs, and Tice defined self-control as \"the capacity for altering one's own responses, especially to bring them into line with standards such as ideals, values, morals, and social expectations, and to support the attainment of long-term goals.\"[13] In other words, self-control is the ability to prioritize long-term goals over the temptation of short-term impulses. Self-control is usually measured through self completed questionnaires. Researchers often use the Self-Control Scale developed by Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone in 2004.", "Risk assessment. The process of risk assessment may be somewhat informal at the individual social level, managing economic and household risks,[13][14] or a sophisticate process at the strategic corporal level. However, in both cases, ability to anticipate future events and create effective strategies for mitigating them when deemed unacceptable is vital." ]

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[ "Maggie Pierce. When Maggie makes the sudden revelation that she is Ellis' child to Richard, viewers are left to wonder about her history. The second episode of the season puts Maggie front and center. The episode appropriately titled \"Puzzle With a Piece Missing,\" focuses on Maggie's struggle to fit in throughout her life, even with her own adoptive parents whom she is very different from.[19] Though she is very close with her parents, and they get along very well, she's grown up \"still feeling like something's missing.\" Kelly McCreary said \"That's what's really compelling to me about Maggie: that sort of dark underbelly of this person who seems to really have it all together.\"[20] Maggie struggles to build relationships with her colleagues. She unknowingly shares confidential information about Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and she gets she also insults the hospital board when she tries to prop up Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). Though she's got the \"best intentions,\" things backfire.[19] Maggie also serves as a \"mentor\" to Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington).[21] As Maggie discovers she has several things in common with Richard, the stage is set for Maggie to learn that Richard is her father.[20][19]", "Maggie Pierce. When Maggie identifies Meredith Grey, her half-sister, she attempts to bond with her. However, Meredith attempts to take charge and conflicts with her on a case. After several arguments, Maggie tells Meredith that she is her half-sister. Meredith, in disbelief, points out that she would know that her mother would be pregnant when she was five years old, as Maggie is five years younger than her. Meredith works with Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) to decide whether Maggie is lying or if she is wrong. They discover she is correct. Meredith gets flashes back to the time of her mother's crisis at five years old, and remembers being at a hospital and hearing a screaming baby. After several weeks, Webber admits to Maggie that he is her father. Maggie is angry at him. Later, when he comes to apologize for not being there as a father, Maggie corrects him and says he is not her father, as she has adoptive parents she loves, and that she is only angry because of his dishonesty and making her look foolish and naive for weeks. Derek and Meredith decide to have Maggie come over to their house for dinner, to get to know Maggie better. After Maggie says yes, Derek decides it is a good idea to ask Richard as well. Richard reluctantly agrees. The night of the dinner, Maggie and Richard show up, but no-one answers. Maggie leaves him after that. Maggie develops a relationship with radiologist, Ethan Boyd. She admits her awkwardness in relationships, having ended her previous engagement to Dean, who she was unable to sleep in the same bed with. Meredith ends up in a bind with no one to watch her kids, so Maggie offers to watch them. Richard and Maggie eventually come to good terms, and Maggie's helping with Meredith's kids help her integrate into her family home more. Maggie learns about the histories of Meredith, Alex and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) as they commemorate their dead friend, George O'Malley (TR Knight).", "Maggie Pierce. Maggie is first introduced in the penultimate episode of the tenth season. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) interviews various different candidates to replace her as the head of her department in Cardiothoracic surgery. Maggie, having finished high school and medical school early, becomes head of her department at 31 years old. It is revealed in the season 10 finale \"Fear (of the Unknown)\", Maggie's biological mother was Ellis Grey.[2] Richard Webber is shocked by this, knowing he is her biological father. Throughout the eleventh season, Webber struggles to deal with the revelation and keeps it from Maggie. Maggie explains that 2 years prior, she looked for her birth mom and needed to go to the court for the records. She found out that she was dead, but got her name, and discovered that she was an amazing surgeon that worked at the Seattle Grace Hospital. She stated that that's not why she took the job, but it's \"a little bit\" why she took the interview.", "Michael McDonald (comedian). Much like Darrell Hammond, Phil Hartman, Dan Aykroyd, and Bill Hader on Saturday Night Live, McDonald was the go-to cast member for a litany of impressions, ranging from past and present movie and TV stars to world leaders and American political figures. Some memorable impressions he's done include Bob Barker, John Kerry, Dr. Phil, Bill O'Reilly, Maury Povich, Chris Martin from the band Coldplay, Steve Jobs, Mel Gibson, Chris Hansen, Terry O'Quinn (as John Locke), Ozzy Osbourne, Jean-Benet Ramsey's father John, J. K. Simmons (as Mac McGuff, Juno's father and from his role in Oz), Hugh Laurie (as Gregory House), Hugh Beaumont (as Ward Cleaver), Sarah Jessica Parker (as Carrie Bradshaw), Dr. Drew, Howie Mandel, Simon Cowell, JC Chasez, Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce),[a] Michael Richards, Chris Burke, Charlie Sheen (as Charlie Harper), David Schwimmer (as Ross Geller), Jeff Probst, Tim Gunn (Project Runway), Howard K. Stern, Tommy Lee, Criss Angel, Jeff Foxworthy, Saddam Hussein, Larry David, Barry Gibb, Eddie Vedder, and Brad Garrett.", "Maggie Pierce. Margaret \"Maggie\" Pierce, M.D. is a fictional character from the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Kelly McCreary from the tenth season's penultimate episode onwards. It is revealed in the \"season ten finale\", Maggie's biological parents are Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Ellis Grey (Kate Burton), making her Meredith's half-sister. McCreary was upgraded to a series regular in the eleventh episode of the eleventh season.", "Maggie Greene. Maggie is introduced as Hershel (Scott Wilson)'s confident and athletic eldest daughter and the sister of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney). She has grown up on her father's farm all her life and suffered the loss of her mother at a young age. As the outbreak began, Hershel barricaded the Greene family and friends on the farm. It was during this time that her once-strong sense of faith began to dwindle, and she was left with doubts about what she believed in. She frequently made supply runs for everyone.", "Abby Lockhart. Abby's father, Eddie, left the family when Abby was a child, due at least in part to Maggie's uncontrollable behavior. Abby reunites with her father (Fred Ward) in season 13, when he initially approaches her under the guise of being a patient named Eddie Jackson before finally revealing his true identity to her. Abby tells him to stay away from her, although she later considers inviting him to her wedding.", "Ken Barlow. Ken and Mike, who are the moral opposites of each other, remain enemies; Ken is incensed when his daughter, Susan, falls in love and has a short-lived marriage with Mike. In 1991 Ken and Mike compete for the same woman, Alma Sedgewick (Amanda Barrie). When she is dumped by Mike in favour of Jackie Ingram (Shirin Taylor), she starts seeing Ken. On Christmas Day 1991, Mike lures Alma back into his bed to get back at Ken. Later in 1992, Ken falls for one of his pupil's mothers – Maggie Redman (Jill Kerman). The Baldwin/Barlow feud erupts again, as Mike is the father of Maggie's son, Mark (Christopher Oakswood). Mike hates the thought of Ken spending Christmas Day with his son but Ken's pride gets the better of him. He cannot handle the situation, and he and Maggie split.", "Maggie Horton. Maggie and Mickey's marriage is in trouble by 1990. Mickey is always at work and constantly lets down Maggie and misses dinner dates and other important functions. Maggie ends up seeking solace in the arms of doctor Neil Curtis. Maggie's daughter, Sarah, caught Maggie and Neil and takes pictures of them together in bed. Sarah is ready to expose them when Maggie and Neil reveal a shocking secret to her: Neil is Sarah's true father. Sarah still exposes them and the news devastates her adopted father, Mickey. Though Mickey is hurt, he feels he is partly to blame for Maggie's infidelity. Mickey and Maggie patch up their marriage, and Neil leaves Salem.", "Bob Newhart. The cast also included Marcia Wallace as Bob's wisecracking, man-chasing receptionist, Carol Kester; Peter Bonerz as amiable orthodontist Dr. Jerry Robinson; Jack Riley as Elliot Carlin, the most misanthropic of Dr. Hartley's patients; character actor and voice artist, John Fiedler as milquetoast Emil Petersen; and Pat Finley as Bob's sister, Ellen Hartley, a love interest for Howard Borden. Future Newhart regular Tom Poston had a briefly recurring role as Cliff \"Peeper\" Murdock, veteran stage actor Barnard Hughes appeared as Bob's father for three episodes spread over two seasons, and Martha Scott appeared in several episodes as Bob's mother.", "Waking Ned. Elsewhere in the village, Maggie O'Toole (Susan Lynch) continues to spurn the romantic interests of her old flame, \"Pig\" Finn (James Nesbitt), a local pig farmer. Finn is convinced they belong together, as he thinks he is the father of her son Maurice, but she cannot abide him due to his ever-present odour of pigs. Finn has a rival in Pat Mulligan (Fintan McKeown), also hoping to marry Maggie.", "Jim Ignatowski. Jim's mother died when he was quite young, leaving Jim's father (later played by Victor Buono) to raise the family. (Jim states while applying for his taxi driver's license that his father's name was Ignatowski—another example of his faulty memory.) Being busy with his thriving urology practices, Dr. Caldwell left much of this task to various family servants. The father's absence seemed to affect all the Caldwell children in some way: Jim was an extremely uptight and humorless person before he became a drop-out; his brother Tom remained humorless and somewhat mean-spirited throughout his adulthood; and his sister Lila exhibited marked nymphomania.", "Maggie Lawson. Margaret Cassidy \"Maggie\" Lawson (born August 12, 1980) is an American actress who is best known for her role as Detective Juliet \"Jules\" O'Hara in the TV show Psych. She also has starred in the sitcoms Inside Schwartz, It's All Relative, and Crumbs, as well as the television movie Nancy Drew. In late 2014 and early 2015, she had a supporting role as Miss McMartin in the 12th and final season of Two and a Half Men.", "Maggie Peterson. The youngest of four children, Peterson was born to Arthur and Tressa Hill Peterson. Her father was a doctor and her mother a homemaker. Aside from The Andy Griffith Show, Peterson also appeared on other TV shows such as Love American Style, Green Acres, Gomer Pyle USMC, and The Odd Couple. She appeared in an episode of Mayberry R.F.D. as Edna, a cafe waitress; in the 1986 movie Return to Mayberry; as the innocent Rose Ellen in the 1969 film The Love God?, starring next to Don Knotts; and in the 1968 film Angel in My Pocket.", "List of Six Feet Under characters. Maggie Sibley, played by Tina Holmes, is George's daughter. A Quaker and traveling pharmaceutical representative from Arizona, Maggie moves to Los Angeles to help take care of her ailing father. She and Nate become close friends, with Nate confiding to her his fears about his and Brenda's unborn child after blood tests show the baby may have special needs (Maggie's own child had died of leukemia when he was only two). Nate's feelings for her, combined with his problems with Brenda, lead to him committing adultery with Maggie on the evening of his seizure. Maggie suffers guilt and tried to make amends with Brenda, who is not interested. Maggie leaves town after Nate's funeral and an argument with her father. Ruth later calls Maggie to ask her if Nate had been happy while he was with her before he had his stroke. During the phone call, Maggie is at the doctor's office, which led to audience speculation as to whether she was pregnant with Nate's child. Alan Ball specifically denied this speculation during his DVD commentary on the series finale, noting that as a pharmaceutical industry representative, Maggie is simply working when we see her in the doctor's office.", "Maggie Horton. After several unsuccessful re-casts of the character of Mickey, the decision was made to kill him off, and in January 2010, Maggie was made a widow. Her storyline moved from supporting to front burner status with the decision to pair her with wealthy Victor Kiriakis and giving her a nasty rival with Vivian Alamain who was married to Victor at the time. After this storyline ended, Victor and Maggie were married, although she maintained her role as Horton matriarch. Maggie's life became further complicated by the revelation that Dr. Daniel Jonas was really the product of the eggs she had given in hopes of having a child years ago. Her airtime, relegated to only sporadic appearances for years (unless storyline had dictated her appearing more), became greater, and for the first time since the mid 1980s, she was considered a front burner character. This continued well past the mid 2010s, even after the leading characters of John and Marlena returned to the show, and exploded into leading character status once again in early 2016 after Daniel was suddenly killed off and other characters were introduced to create drama for both Maggie and Victor.", "Glenn Rhee. Yeun's portrayal of Glenn has been praised, particularly for breaking on-screen stereotypes associated with Asian-American men, and the depth of the character's relationship with Maggie.[16][17] In May 2011, he received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in Television.[18]", "Alan Thicke. Thicke played Jason Seaver, a psychiatrist and father, on the family sitcom Growing Pains.[17] When the show began, Jason was moving his psychiatry practice into the home to be closer to the family's children while the family matriarch Maggie, played by Joanna Kerns, resumed her career as a reporter.[18] Growing Pains debuted on ABC in 1985 and ran until 1992.[17][19]", "Grey's Anatomy. Thatcher and Susan Grey (Jeff Perry and Mare Winningham), Meredith's estranged father and step-mother, are introduced in season two,[121] with Susan making appearances until her death in season three,[122] and Thatcher continuing to appear on the series.[123] Adele Webber (Loretta Devine), is introduced as Richard's wife,[124] who eventually acquires Alzheimer's, in the seventh season,[125] and continued to make appearances until her death in season nine.[126] Introduced as Preston's mother, Jane Burke (Diahann Carroll) makes occasional appearances until the fourth season. Denny Duquette (Jeffrey Dean Morgan), a patient suffering from congestive heart failure, originates as one of Burke's patients,[127] who goes on to propose to Stevens, after weeks of bonding between the two.[128] Facing death, Stevens cuts Duquette's left ventricular assist device (LVAD), to elevate his position on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) transplant list.[129] This ultimately ends in his death, marking his initial departure from the show,[124] and placing Stevens on disciplinary probation.[130] Initially conceived as a veterinarian hired for Shepherd's dog, Doc,[121] Dr. Finn Dandridge (Chris O'Donnell) soon becomes a love interest for Meredith, while Shepherd is with Montgomery.[131] Dandridge is included in a multi-episode story arc, consisting of nine episodes, ending when Meredith reunites with Shepherd.[132]", "Sam McCall. Jason's cousin Heather Webber (Robin Mattson) tells Sam that Franco and Jason are fraternal twin brothers, and a new DNA test shows Franco is the father of Sam's baby. Jason is unsure if he can love Franco's child, and Sam moves out. Sam gives birth to a baby boy with the help of John McBain (Michael Easton), but she passes out and is unaware that Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) and Heather switch the baby with the stillborn son of Téa Delgado (Florencia Lozano). Sam wakes up, and believes her son is dead. The pain and grief overwhelms her, and she decides to file for a divorce from Jason. Sam continues to confide in John, and they share a flirtation. Jason figures out the truth about Sam's son, but by the time he figures it out, Heather has kidnapped the baby. Jason and Sam reunite and rescue their son, naming him Daniel Edward Morgan. The two reconcile, but Jason disappears after being shot by Cesar Faison (Anders Hove); he is presumed dead, but Sam remains determined to find him. After Jason disappears, Sam finds out that Jason is Danny's biological father.", "Stephen Lang. In February 2012, he signed on to play Mary Shannon's estranged father in a three episode arc on the final season of the USA television series In Plain Sight.[24]", "Stephen Amell. In 2017, Amell took part in the directorial debut of former Heartland co-star Michelle Morgan, entitled Mi Madre, My Father, playing the estranged father of a six year old girl. Morgan raised funds for the production through a crowdfunding campaign.[14]", "Lee Baldwin. Ross Elliott originated the role on General Hospital in 1963. Peter Hansen inherited the role in 1965 and played it until 1986 and again from 1989 to 1990 before returning permanently from 1992 to 2004. Lee Baldwin is the adoptive father of Scott Baldwin.", "Maggie O'Neill. The youngest of six Catholic brothers and sisters,[2] born to head teacher parents,[3] O'Neill grew up in the Midlands,[3] where she was educated at a convent school, and after being inspired by a sixth-form drama teacher, \"fell\" into acting.[4]", "Donovan Patton. He also played Shaina's Dad in the 2012 short film Beyond Belief.", "Maggie Horton. Maggie's storylines often focus on romance and family troubles. She is portrayed as a stoic, opinionated and family-oriented woman who is generally loving and supportive, but occasionally interferes in her friends' and relatives' lives. A prominent storyline in 1984 included Maggie discovering that she had Myasthenia Gravis, which mirrored Rogers' real-life struggles with the disease.[2] In 2003, Maggie was \"killed off\" in a \"whodunnit?\" murder storyline involving a serial killer. Rogers returned to the show in 2004 after producer James E. Reilly decided to have all the murder victims, including Maggie, turn up alive on the island of Melaswen, or \"New Salem\" spelled backwards.", "Jung So-min. In 2017, Jung starred in KBS' weekend family drama My Father is Strange.[19]\nThe same year, she starred in the body-swap comedy Daddy You, Daughter Me opposite veteran actor Yoon Je-moon.[20]", "Don Stark. Stark has an extensive background in dancing, bodybuilding and martial arts. Don is probably best recognized as Bob Pinciotti, the bumbling father of Donna Pinciotti (Laura Prepon) on the FOX sitcom That '70s Show. His film career includes roles in movies such as Switchblade Sisters (1975), Tilt (1979), Evilspeak (1981), Peggy Sue Got Married (1986) and The Couch Trip (1988), and he also had a small role as a clerk in the 1988 Comedy film Feds in a hunting store. He has also been a guest on Curb Your Enthusiasm, and had a small role in the Star Trek film Star Trek: First Contact. He also had a small role in an episode of Supernatural as a victim of a ghost that had been summoned by ritual to murder. He also guest starred on Viper, Disney Channel's Cory in the House, Stargate SG-1 and CSI. He had a supporting role in the 1996 television series, Time Cop. In addition, he appeared in iCarly's movie: iGo to Japan as Freight Dog, the pilot who flies the gang over to Tokyo, Japan. Stark also appeared in the first episode of the 1987 TV series Beauty and the Beast as one of the attackers who puts Linda Hamilton's character \"Catherine\" in Central Park where the beast, or \"Vincent\", played by Ron Perlman, finds her and helps her, which begins the series. He appeared as David in the film My Name is Jerry. He appeared as the Prime Minister of Russia in the episode of Cory in the House, \"Air Force One Too Many\". He is now currently playing the boss, Stan, in the web series Corey & Lucas For the Win. One of his more recent appearances was as a mobster in the episode of Castle, \"Murder He Wrote\". He also had a small, uncredited role as a principal in Anger Management, \"Charlie Lets Kate Take Charge.\" Stark plays the role of Oscar Kincade in the television series Hit the Floor. He played Uncle Frank in the 2015 film Hello, My Name Is Doris.", "Maggie Peterson. Maggie Peterson Mancuso (born January 10, 1941)[1] is an American television actress. She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show.[2] She also played the character of Doris in the episode \"A Girl for Goober\" (1968).", "Jason Grimshaw. On 15 November 2013, it was announced that Terrance Maynard had been cast as Jason's father Tony Stewart. Tony had been seen in the programme in 2003 played by Alan Igbon. Producer Stuart Blackburn told the official website: \"Tony's arrival is going to cause massive ructions for the Grimshaws. He is a man who can be your best friend or your worst enemy, and with a long history of lies and betrayal, this is a guy who has an awful lot of making up to do.\"[12]", "Gail McIntyre. In March 2008, David's new girlfriend Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) tells Gail that she is pregnant with David's baby. Believing that neither of them are ready for parenthood, Gail offers to pay for Tina to have an abortion and to keep it from David, which Tina accepts. However, David soon finds out and is angry with Gail. He goes to pack his bags and Gail begs him not to go and tries to explain her reasons, but David doesn't want to know and pushes her away from him. Unfortunately, she is at the top of the stairs and has a terrible fall resulting in her being hospitalised and suffering from short-term amnesia. Gail eventually remembers who pushed her but forgives David believing she pushed him to it. However, believing that he should be punished for nearly killing his mother, he begins smashing up windows in the street resulting in him spending several weeks in prison. Ted Page (Michael Byrne), Gail's long lost father, gets in touch with Audrey. Gail finds out and is angry that she was not told. However, she arranges to meet Ted after he discovers he has a daughter, 3 grandchildren and 1 great-grandchild.", "Couples Retreat. Vince Vaughn's real-life father, Vernon Vaughn, plays his on-screen father." ]

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[ "Organizational theory. The scientific management theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to encourage production efficiency and productivity.[24] Taylor argues that inefficiencies could be controlled through managing production as a science. Taylor defines scientific management as \"concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way.\"[25] According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the control of the labour force by management.", "The Principles of Scientific Management. Taylor argued that the principle of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. He argued that the most important object of both the employee and the management should be the training and development of each individual in the establishment, so that he can do the highest class of work for which his natural abilities fit him. Taylor demonstrated that maximum prosperity can exist only as the result of maximum productivity, both for the shop and individual, and rebuked the idea that the fundamental interests of employees and employers are necessarily antagonistic.", "Scientific management. Criticism of Taylor's principles of effective workmanship and the productivity of the workers continues today. Often, his theories are described as man-contemptuous and portrayed as now overhauled.[39] In practice, however, the principles of Taylor are still being pursued,[by whom?] which are based on the development of working methods and courses based on systematic analysis rather than relying on tradition and rule of thumb.[40]", "Frederick Winslow Taylor. Early on at Midvale, working as a laborer and machinist, Taylor recognized that workmen were not working their machines, or themselves, nearly as hard as they could (which at the time was called \"soldiering\") and that this resulted in high labor costs for the company. When he became a foreman he expected more output from the workmen. In order to determine how much work should properly be expected, he began to study and analyze the productivity of both the men and the machines (although the word \"productivity\" was not used at the time, and the applied science of productivity had not yet been developed). His focus on the human component of production Taylor labeled scientific management.[7]", "Scientific management. Taylorism's approach is called inhuman. The increased wage alone is not a permanent incentive for the workers to carry out the same monotonous work. Worker-friendly work structures are required. People no longer want to be perceived merely as executive organ. The complete separation from manual and headwork leads to a lack of pleasure in the execution of the work steps.[58]", "Job characteristic theory. Taylor’s[23] theory of scientific management emphasized efficiency and productivity through the simplification of tasks and division of labor.", "Scientific management. Taylor often expressed views of workers that may be considered insulting.[11] He recognized differences between workers, stressed the need to select the right person for the right job, and championed the workers by advocating frequent breaks and good pay for good work.[15] He often failed to conceal his condescending attitude towards less intelligent workers, describing them as \"stupid\" and comparing them to draft animals in that they have to have their tasks managed for them in order to work efficiently.[16]", "The Principles of Scientific Management. Taylor described how workers deliberately work slowly, or “soldier”, to protect their interests. According to Taylor, there were three reasons for the inefficiency:", "Scientific management. With the division of labor that became commonplace as Taylorism was implemented in manufacturing, workers lost their sense of connection to the production of goods. Workers began to feel disenfranchised with the monotonous and unfulfilling work they were doing in factories. Before scientific management, workers felt a sense of pride when completing their good, which went away when workers only completed one part of production. \"The further 'progress' of industrial development... increased the anomic or forced division of labor,\" the opposite of what Taylor thought would be the effect.[19] Partial adoption of Taylor's principles by management seeking to boost efficiency, while ignoring principles such as fair pay and direct engagement by managers, led to further tensions and the rise of unions to represent workers needs.", "Scientific management. Other thinkers soon offered more ideas on the roles that workers play in mature industrial systems. These included ideas on improvement of the individual worker with attention to the worker's needs, not just the needs of the whole. James Hartness published The Human Factor in Works Management[17] in 1912, while Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth offered their own alternatives to Taylorism. The human relations school of management evolved in the 1930s to complement rather than replace scientific management, with Taylorism determining the organisation of the work process, and human relations helping to adapt the workers to the new procedures.[18] Today's efficiency-seeking methods, such as lean manufacturing, include respect for workers and fulfillment of their needs as integral parts of the theory. (Workers slogging their way through workdays in the business world do encounter flawed implementations of these methods that make jobs unpleasant; but these implementations generally lack managerial competence in matching theory to execution.) Clearly a syncretism has occurred since Taylor's day, although its implementation has been uneven, as lean management in capable hands has produced good results for both managers and workers, but in incompetent hands has damaged enterprises.", "Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor believed in transferring control from workers to management. He set out to increase the distinction between mental (planning work) and manual labor (executing work). Detailed plans, specifying the job and how it was to be done, were to be formulated by management and communicated to the workers.[21]", "The Principles of Scientific Management. The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) is a monograph published by Frederick Winslow Taylor. This laid out Taylor's views on principles of scientific management, or industrial era organization and decision theory. Taylor was an American manufacturing manager, mechanical engineer, and then a management consultant in his later years. The term \"scientific management\" refers to coordinating the enterprise for everyone's benefit including increased wages for laborers[1] although the approach is \"directly antagonistic to the old idea that each workman can best regulate his own way of doing the work.\"[2] His approach is also often referred to as Taylor's Principles, or Taylorism.", "Scientific management. Taylor rejected the notion, which was universal in his day and still held today, that the trades, including manufacturing, were resistant to analysis and could only be performed by craft production methods. In the course of his empirical studies, Taylor examined various kinds of manual labor. For example, most bulk materials handling was manual at the time; material handling equipment as we know it today was mostly not developed yet. He looked at shoveling in the unloading of railroad cars full of ore; lifting and carrying in the moving of iron pigs at steel mills; the manual inspection of bearing balls; and others. He discovered many concepts that were not widely accepted at the time. For example, by observing workers, he decided that labor should include rest breaks so that the worker has time to recover from fatigue, either physical (as in shoveling or lifting) or mental (as in the ball inspection case). Workers were allowed to take more rests during work, and productivity increased as a result.[11]", "Scientific management. Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labour productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Scientific management is sometimes known as Taylorism after its founder, Frederick Winslow Taylor.[1]", "Frederick Winslow Taylor. With the triumph of scientific management, unions would have nothing left to do, and they would have been cleansed of their most evil feature: the restriction of output. To underscore this idea, Taylor fashioned the myth that 'there has never been a strike of men working under scientific management', trying to give it credibility by constant repetition. In similar fashion he incessantly linked his proposals to shorter hours of work, without bothering to produce evidence of \"Taylorized\" firms that reduced working hours, and he revised his famous tale of Schmidt carrying pig iron at Bethlehem Steel at least three times, obscuring some aspects of his study and stressing others, so that each successive version made Schmidt's exertions more impressive, more voluntary and more rewarding to him than the last. Unlike [Harrington] Emerson, Taylor was not a charlatan, but his ideological message required the suppression of all evidence of worker's dissent, of coercion, or of any human motives or aspirations other than those his vision of progress could encompass.[23]", "The Principles of Scientific Management. In this section, Taylor explained his principles of scientific management. He starts by describing what he considered the best system of management then in use, the system of \"initiative and incentive\". In this system, management gives incentives for better work, and workers give their best effort. The form of payment is practically the whole system, in contrast to scientific management. Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles[8]:", "Scientific management. The middle ground between the craft production of skilled workers and full automation is occupied by systems of extensive mechanization and partial automation operated by semiskilled and unskilled workers. Such systems depend on algorithmic workflows and knowledge transfer, which require substantial engineering to succeed. Although Taylor's intention for scientific management was simply to optimize work methods, the process engineering that he pioneered also tends to build the skill into the equipment and processes, removing most need for skill in the workers. Such engineering has governed most industrial engineering since then. It is also the essence of successful offshoring. The common theme in all these cases is that businesses engineer their way out of their need for large concentrations of skilled workers, and the high-wage environments that sustain them. This creates competitive advantage on the local level of individual firms, although the pressure it exerts systemically on employment and employability is an externality.", "Scientific management. Subsequent forms of scientific management were articulated by Taylor's disciples, such as Henry Gantt; other engineers and managers, such as Benjamin S. Graham; and other theorists, such as Max Weber. Taylor's work also contrasts with other efforts, including those of Henri Fayol and those of Frank Gilbreth, Sr. and Lillian Moller Gilbreth (whose views originally shared much with Taylor's but later diverged in response to Taylorism's inadequate handling of human relations).", "Scientific management. Taylorism is, according to Stephen P. Waring, considered very controversial, despite its popularity. It is often[quantify] criticized for turning the worker into an \"automaton\" or \"machine\".[41] Due to techniques employed with scientific management, employees claim to have become overworked and were hostile to the process. Criticisms commonly came from workers who were subjected to an accelerated work pace, lower standards of workmanship, lower product-quality, and lagging wages. Workers defied being reduced to such machines, and objected to the practices of Taylorism. Many workers formed unions, demanded higher pay, and went on strike to be free of control issues. This ignited class conflict, which Taylorism was initially meant[by whom?] to prevent.[citation needed] Efforts to resolve the conflicts included methods of scientific collectivism, making agreements with unions, and the personnel management movement.[42]", "Scientific management. Another reason for criticizing Taylor's methods stemmed from Taylor's belief that the scientific method included the calculations of exactly how much time it takes a man to do a particular task, or his rate of work. However, the opposition to this argument is that such a calculation relies on certain arbitrary, non-scientific decisions such as what constituted the job, which men were timed, and under which conditions. Any of these factors are subject to change, and therefore can produce inconsistencies.[44]", "Scientific management. In the middle of 1960 some counter-movements to Taylorism arose.[citation needed] Representatives of the so-called Human Relations movement urged humanization and democratization of the working world. The criticism of Taylorism supports the unilateral approach of labor. Strictly speaking, Taylorism is not a scientific theory. All theories of F. W. Taylor are based on experiments. On the basis of samples, conclusions were made, which were then generalized. There is no representativeness of the selected sample.[43]", "Scientific management. This reflects the idea that workers have a vested interest in their own well-being, and do not benefit from working above the defined rate of work when it will not increase their remuneration. He therefore proposed that the work practice that had been developed in most work environments was crafted, intentionally or unintentionally, to be very inefficient in its execution. He posited that time and motion studies combined with rational analysis and synthesis could uncover one best method for performing any particular task, and that prevailing methods were seldom equal to these best methods. Crucially, Taylor himself prominently acknowledged that if each employee's compensation was linked to their output, their productivity would go up.[15] Thus his compensation plans usually included piece rates. In contrast, some later adopters of time and motion studies ignored this aspect and tried to get large productivity gains while passing little or no compensation gains to the workforce, which contributed to resentment against the system.", "Time and motion study. While both Taylor and the Gilbreths continue to be criticized for their respective work, it should be remembered that they were writing at a time of industrial reorganization and the emergence of large, complex organizations with new forms of technology. Furthermore, to equate scientific management merely with time and motion study and consequently labor control not only misconceives the scope of scientific management, but also misinterprets Taylor’s incentives for proposing a different style of managerial thought.[28]", "The Principles of Scientific Management. As to the second cause, Taylor pointed to quotes from 'Shop Management' to help explain how current management styles caused workers to soldier. He explained the natural tendency of men to take it easy as distinct from \"systematic soldiering\" due to thought and reasoning, and how bringing men together at a standard rate of pay exacerbated this problem. He described how under standard day, piece, or contract work it was in the workers' interest to work slowly and hide how fast work can actually be done, and the antagonism between workers and management must change.", "Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor was a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants and director of a famous firm. In Peter Drucker's description,", "Time and motion study. Taylor and his colleagues placed emphasis on the content of a fair day’s work, and sought to maximize productivity irrespective of the physiological cost to the worker.[11] For example, Taylor thought unproductive time usage (soldiering) to be the deliberate attempt of workers to promote their best interests and to keep employers ignorant of how fast work could be carried out.[12] This instrumental view of human behavior by Taylor prepared the path for human relations to supersede scientific management in terms of literary success and managerial application.", "Operations management. Although productivity benefited considerably from technological inventions and division of labor, the problem of systematic measurement of performances and the calculation of these by the use of formulas remained somewhat unexplored until Frederick Taylor, whose early work focused on developing what he called a \"differential piece-rate system\"[11] and a series of experiments, measurements and formulas dealing with cutting metals[12] and manual labor.[13] The differential piece-rate system consisted in offering two different pay rates for doing a job: a higher rate for workers with high productivity (efficiency) and who produced high quality goods (effectiveness) and a lower rate for those who fail to achieve the standard. One of the problems Taylor believed could be solved with this system, was the problem of soldiering: faster workers reducing their production rate to that of the slowest worker. In 1911 Taylor published his \"The Principles of Scientific Management\",[14] in which he characterized scientific management (also known as Taylorism) as:", "Scientific management. In 1911, organized labor erupted with strong opposition to scientific management[30], spreading from Samuel Gompers, founder and president of the American Federal of Labor (AFL), in the US to far around the globe. By 1913 Vladimir Lenin wrote that the \"most widely discussed topic today in Europe, and to some extent in Russia, is the 'system' of the American engineer, Frederick Taylor\"; Lenin decried it as merely a \"'scientific' system of sweating\" more work from laborers.[3] Again in 1914, Lenin derided Taylorism as \"man’s enslavement by the machine.\"[31] However, after the Russian Revolutions brought him to power, Lenin wrote in 1918 that the \"Russian is a bad worker [who must] learn to work. The Taylor system... is a combination of the refined brutality of bourgeois exploitation and a number of the greatest scientific achievements in the field of analysing mechanical motions during work, the elimination of superfluous and awkward motions, the elaboration of correct methods of work, the introduction of the best system of accounting and control, etc. The Soviet Republic must at all costs adopt all that is valuable in the achievements of science and technology in this field.\"[32]", "Motivation. According to the system of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, a worker's motivation is solely determined by pay, and therefore management need not consider psychological or social aspects of work. In essence, scientific management bases human motivation wholly on extrinsic rewards and discards the idea of intrinsic rewards.", "Scientific management. The Watertown Arsenal in Massachusetts provides an example of the application and repeal of the Taylor system in the workplace, due to worker opposition. In the early 1900s, neglect in the Watertown shops included overcrowding, dim-lighting, lack of tools and equipment, and questionable management strategies in the eyes of the workers. Frederick W. Taylor and Carl G. Barth visited Watertown in April 1909 and reported on their observations at the shops. Their conclusion was to apply the Taylor system of management to the shops to produce better results. Efforts to install the Taylor system began in June 1909. Over the years of time study and trying to improve the efficiency of workers, criticisms began to evolve. Workers complained of having to compete with one another, feeling strained and resentful, and feeling excessively tired after work. There is, however, no evidence that the times enforced were unreasonable.[36][need quotation to verify] In June 1913, employees of the Watertown Arsenal petitioned to abolish the practice of scientific management there.[37] A number of magazine writers inquiring into the effects of scientific management found that the \"conditions in shops investigated contrasted favorably with those in other plants\".[38]", "Scientific management. Taylor's death in 1915 at age 59[10] left the movement without its original leader. In management literature today, the term \"scientific management\" mostly refers to the work of Taylor and his disciples (\"classical\", implying \"no longer current, but still respected for its seminal value\") in contrast to newer, improved iterations of efficiency-seeking methods. Today, task-oriented optimization of work tasks is nearly ubiquitous in industry.", "Second Industrial Revolution. Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy." ]

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[ "Ping pong show. Locations like Patpong in Bangkok, Walking Street, Pattaya, Bangla Road in Phuket and Ta Pae Gate in Chiang Mai have numerous venues hosting ping-pong shows.[2] Customers are brought in by employees working for the ping-pong shows. They approach tourists and passers-by in streets such as Bangkok's Khaosan Road during the late evening and ask them if they want to see a show.[9] They are frequently shown pictures of the show in a booklet.[10] The shows take place on the upper floors of bars and strip clubs in locations such as Bangkok's entertainment district Patpong,[11] while bikini-clad women dance in the ground floor bars.[12] An entry fee is usually charged, often equivalent to around US$10, though typically nearer US$20 in Bangkok.[2] In some cases, instead of a cover charge, the drinks are priced 3–4 times higher than usual and a purchase is required.[13] Other possible charges can include show fees and exit charges. In addition, performers often go around asking for tips after they have finished their acts.[14]", "Ping pong show. A ping pong show is a form of stage entertainment that takes place in strip clubs. It is a type of sex show in which women use their pelvic muscles to either hold, eject, or blow objects from their vaginal cavity. Ping pong balls are the most iconic objects used. The show has been popular in Southeast Asia (particularly Bangkok, Thailand) for several decades, and is primarily performed for foreign tourists. The show is in many cases associated with sex tourism and human rights concerns have been raised regarding the performers.", "Ping pong show. The popularity of ping pong shows in Thailand dates back to the early 1980s and a show is featured in the 1976 sexploitation film Emanuelle in Bangkok.[1] The shows are officially prohibited under the obscenity legislation of Thai law, and in 2004 the government further limited what is permitted.[5] Nevertheless, demand from foreign tourists and local police corruption usually results in the practice being implicitly condoned by Thai officials.[6] There are instances of women performing at ping pong shows also working as prostitutes,[3] but in many ping pong show bars performers do not sell sex to customers.[2] Although prostitution in Thailand is not strictly illegal, publicly soliciting and creating a nuisance is.[7][8]", "Ping pong show. Some human rights organizations (such as Not For Sale) have denounced ping pong shows as inherently misogynistic. Taina Bien-Aime of Equality Now commented that: \"The attitude that [sex work in places like ping pong shows] is empowering gives a green light to traffickers. We're trying to fight the commercial sex trade, not empower the sex trade.\"[21] Some of the performers in ping pong shows in Thailand come from poorer neighbouring countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia, or Laos.[3] The closure of factories in Thailand during the Great Recession in the late 2000s led to an increase in unemployment in the country. Some women formerly engaged in factory work moved to Thailand's red-light districts and ended up working in ping pong shows. Bien-Aime commented: \"Working 14 hours [a day] in a factory or blowing ping pong balls out of your vagina should not be a person's only choices in life.\"[21] Although no pain or suffering is generally experienced by female performers during the show,[1] there have been rare accidents in which performers have been seriously and irreparably injured.[3] The inclusion of a ping pong show scene in the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert led to the film being criticised on the grounds of sexism and racism.", "Ping pong show. In the red light district of De Wallen in Amsterdam the Moulin Rouge and Casa Rosso theatres feature on-stage sex shows including variations on the ping pong show.[19]", "Ping pong show. The ping pong show is designed to get people talking about it so that people will come to the bar to see it. Often customers come only to see the show and leave when it is over. This is good business for the bar, which makes much of its profits from drinks. However, the majority of the bar workers do not participate in the show. Research published in 2002 indicated that most bar workers regard the show as bad for business and do not like it. Many bar workers consider the show to be low-class and in bad taste, boring as it is the same every night, and liable to take attention away from the bar workers by focussing on the acts.[1]", "Ping pong show. The show typically takes place on a stage or dance platform and often involves a single performer. Usually she performs while lying on her back, although some variations involve a standing performer.[1] The performer is commonly dressed in only a bikini top or bra and has her pubic hair shaved. Items can be inserted into the vagina either on stage as part of the performance or beforehand in preparation. As an alternative to ejecting the items using the pelvic muscles, objects are sometimes pulled out by hand.[2] The earliest versions of the show involved ping pong balls, but other diverse objects have since been used in the performance. They include eggs, bananas, long strings or ribbons, whistles, horns, pens, cigarettes, candles, darts, spinning tops, bottles, firecrackers, razor blades, and chopsticks. Another activity is the shooting of goldfish into a bowl, or stuffing a large frog inside to see how long she can keep it in. A male member of the audience may be brought onto the dance platform to hold a balloon while a dart is shot at it, or the performer may do a shoot around the table at balloons tied to each customer's chair.[3][4] Another example of audience participation involves the performer filling her vagina with beer, expelling it into a glass and inviting an audience member to drink it.[2]", "Ping pong show. An article in 2009 described an example of the working conditions of women at ping pong shows. The employees arrived at 18:00 and left at daybreak. They stamped a time card and were penalized 5 baht (US$0.14) for every minute they were late. Each month, they received two nights of leave and, if they did not miss any additional nights, they earned a salary of 6,000 baht (US$181), supplemented by tips.[3] In 2015 the average monthly income in Thailand was $489, according to the International Labour Organization.[20]", "Ping pong show. The Laotian capital Vientiane was once famous for its brothels and ping-pong-show bars during the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the country's involvement in the Vietnam War.[15] Travel writer Paul Theroux described a bar in 1973 Vientiane thus: “Your eyes get accustomed to the dark and you see the waitress is naked. Without warning she jumps on the chair, pokes a cigarette into her vagina and lights it, puffing it by contracting her uterine lungs.\"[16] British journalist Christopher Robbins wrote that The White Rose, a famous Vientiane bar during the war, featured floor shows in which women used their vaginas to smoke cigarettes and fling ping pong balls.[17] Such shows have since disappeared and brothels are now prohibited by Laotian law.[18]", "Traveling carnival. Pingpong ball and fishbowl game", "Table tennis. Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using small rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. This high intense sport consists of [3]Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving the hitter a great advantage.", "French Polynesia. French Polynesia is famous for its reef break waves. Teahupo'o is probably the most renowned, regularly ranked in the best waves of the world.[38] This site hosts the annual Billabong Pro Tahiti surf competition, the 7th stop of the World Championship Tour.", "Bangkok. Sanam Luang is the site of the Thai Kite, Sport and Music Festival, usually held in March, and the Royal Ploughing Ceremony which takes place in May. The Red Cross Fair at the beginning of April is held at Suan Amporn and the Royal Plaza, and features numerous booths offering goods, games and exhibits. The Chinese New Year (January–February) and Vegetarian Festival (September–October) are celebrated widely by the Chinese community, especially in Yaowarat.[95]", "The Sultans of Ping FC. The band played several subsequent gigs in 2007, at the Brixton Academy in London (with Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine), in Glasgow, and in Roscommon. They have played a number of gigs in 2008, including Southend, London and Cork.", "Khao Phing Kan. Khao Phing Kan (Thai: เขาพิงกัน, pronounced [kʰǎw pʰīŋ kān]) or Ko Khao Phing Kan (เกาะเขาพิงกัน,  [kɔ̀ʔ kʰǎw pʰīŋ kān]) is an island in Thailand, in Phang Nga Bay northeast of Phuket. The islands are limestone tower karsts[1] and are a part of Ao Phang Nga National Park.", "Carnival game. Pingpong Ball and Fishbowl game", "Pong. Pong is a two-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player controls an in-game paddle by moving it vertically across the left or right side of the screen. They can compete against either a computer-controlled opponent or another player controlling a second paddle on the opposing side. Players use the paddles to hit a ball back and forth. The goal is for each player to reach eleven points before the opponent; points are earned when one fails to return the ball to the other.[1][2][3]", "Marina Bay Sands. In front of the three towers include a Theatre Block, a Convention and Exhibition Facilities Block, as well as the Casino Block, which have up to 1,000 gaming tables and 1,400 slot machines. The ArtScience Museum is constructed next to the three blocks and has the shape of a lotus. Its roof is retractable, providing a waterfall through the roof of collected rainwater when closed in the day and laser shows when opened at night. In front of the Event Plaza is Wonder Full, a light and water show that is the largest in Southeast Asia and was produced by Laservision.[37] The ArtScience Museum and Wonder Full show opened on 17 February 2011.", "Boracay. Boracay is one competitive venue for the Asian Windsurfing Tour,[46] with the week-long Boracay International Funboard Cup competition usually held in January on Bulabog Beach. In 2010, the event dates are January 25 – 31[update].[47] CNNGo, a division of CNN focused on travel/lifestyle/entertainment, selected the Boracay International Funboard Competition on the weekend of January 22–24 as one of its 52 weekend recommendations for 2010.[48]", "Bangkok. The city's performing arts scene features traditional theatre and dance as well as Western-style plays. Khon and other traditional dances are regularly performed at the National Theatre and Salachalermkrung Royal Theatre, while the Thailand Cultural Centre is a newer multi-purpose venue which also hosts musicals, orchestras and other events. Numerous venues regularly feature a variety of performances throughout the city.", "Beer pong. Beer pong is played at parties, bars, colleges/universities[3][4] and other venues such as tailgating at sporting events.[5][6][7][8]", "The Sultans of Ping FC. As The Sultans:", "The Sultans of Ping FC. As The Sultans:", "It's Showtime (variety show). A combination from the words FUN and Pananghalian (Lunch), this segments features mini-games that the Showtime cast will play for a chance to win P20,000. The segment has four mini-games up to date and these are: Cash-Ya! Kaya!, Copy-Cut, Petmalu Lodi, and PUROKatatawanan.", "Beer pong. Beer pong tournaments are held in the United States at the local, regional, and national levels.", "The Sultans of Ping FC. As The Sultans Of Ping:", "The Sultans of Ping FC. As The Sultans Of Ping:", "The Sultans of Ping FC. As The Sultans Of Ping:", "Agoo. Agoo has interesting attractions and main festival/events:", "Table tennis. Traditional penhold (Ryu Seung-min)", "Kowloonbay International Trade & Exhibition Centre. KITEC joined A Symphony of Lights on 26 June 2007 with its searchlights.", "2018 Thomas & Uber Cup. The matches were played at IMPACT Arena. It will be the first time that Thailand has hosted the tournament and the first time this event has been held in Southeast Asia since 2010 in Malaysia." ]

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[ "History of Connecticut. Various Algonquian tribes long inhabited the area prior to European settlement. The Dutch were the first Europeans in Connecticut. In 1614 Adriaen Block explored the coast of Long Island Sound, and sailed up the Connecticut River at least as far as the confluence of the Park River, site of modern Hartford. By 1623, the new Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and ten years later they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians, as well as from the expanding English colonies. The site was named \"House of Hope\" (also identified as \"Fort Hoop\", \"Good Hope\" and \"Hope\"), but encroaching English colonists made them agree to withdraw in the 1650 Treaty of Hartford. By 1654 they were gone, before the English took over New Netherland in 1664.", "Connecticut. Connecticut's first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut rivers called Huys de Goede Hoop. Initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England. Thomas Hooker led a band of followers overland from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded what became the Connecticut Colony; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony. The Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a royal charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.", "Connecticut. The first European explorer in Connecticut was Dutch explorer Adriaen Block.[33] After he explored this region in 1614, Dutch fur traders sailed up the Connecticut River (then known by the Dutch as Versche Rivier, \"Fresh River\") and built a fort at Dutch Point in present-day Hartford, which they called \"House of Hope\" (Dutch: Huis van Hoop).[34]", "Connecticut. The name Connecticut is derived from anglicized versions of the Algonquian word that has been translated as \"long tidal river\" and \"upon the long river\",[31] referring to the Connecticut River. The Connecticut region was inhabited by multiple Indian tribes before European settlement and colonization, including the Mohegans, the Pequots, and the Paugusetts.[32]", "History of Connecticut. The first English colonists came from the Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. Original Connecticut Colony settlements were at Windsor in 1633; at Wethersfield in 1634; and in 1636, at Hartford and Springfield, (the latter was administered by Connecticut until defecting in 1640.) [2] The Hartford settlement was led by Reverend Thomas Hooker.", "New Haven, Connecticut. Before Europeans arrived, the New Haven area was the home of the Quinnipiac tribe of Native Americans, who lived in villages around the harbor and subsisted off local fisheries and the farming of maize. The area was briefly visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a small trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in the area.", "List of colonial governors of Connecticut. The territory of the United States state of Connecticut was first settled by Europeans in the 1620s, when Dutch traders established trading posts on the Connecticut River. English settlers, mainly Puritans fleeing repression in England, began to arrive in the 1630s, and a number of separate colonies were established. The first was the Saybrook Colony in 1635, based at the mouth of the Connecticut; it was followed by the Connecticut Colony (first settlement 1633, government from 1639) and the New Haven Colony (settled 1638, government from 1639). The Saybrook Colony merged with the Connecticut Colony in 1644, and the New Haven Colony was merged into Connecticut between 1662 and 1665 after Connecticut received a royal charter.", "History of Connecticut. Connecticut factories in Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury and Hartford were magnets for European immigrants. The largest groups were Italian, and Polish and other Eastern Europeans. They brought Catholic unskilled labor to a historically Protestant state. A significant number of Jewish immigrants also arrived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[47] Connecticut's population was almost 30% foreign-born by 1910.", "History of Connecticut. The English settlement and trading post at Windsor especially threatened the Dutch trade, since it was upriver and more accessible to Native people from the interior. That fall and winter the Dutch sent a party upriver as far as modern Springfield, Massachusetts spreading gifts to convince the indigenous inhabitants in the area to bring their trade to the Dutch post at Hartford. Unfortunately, they also spread smallpox and, by the end of the 1633–34 winter, the Native population of the entire valley was reduced from over 8,000 to less than 2,000. Europeans took advantage of this decimation by further settling the fertile valley.", "Connecticut. The Connecticut Colony was originally a number of separate, smaller settlements at present-day Windsor, Wethersfield, Saybrook, Hartford, and New Haven. The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year.[35] John Winthrop the Younger of Massachusetts received a commission to create a new colony at Saybrook at the mouth of the Connecticut River in 1635.[36]", "Connecticut. Historically important colonial settlements included Windsor (1633), Wethersfield (1634), Saybrook (1635), Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), Fairfield (1639), Guilford (1639), Milford (1639), Stratford (1639), Farmington (1640), Stamford (1641), and New London (1646).", "Connecticut River. Prior to Dutch exploration beginning in 1614, numerous indigenous tribes lived throughout the fertile Connecticut River valley. Information concerning how these tribes lived and interacted stems mostly from English accounts written during the 1630s.[9]", "History of Connecticut. The U.S. state of Connecticut began as three distinct settlements of Puritans from Massachusetts and England; they combined under a single royal charter in 1663. Known as the \"land of steady habits\" for its political, social and religious conservatism, the colony prospered from the trade and farming of its ethnic English Protestant population. The Congregational and Unitarian churches became prominent here. Connecticut played an active role in the American Revolution, and became a bastion of the conservative, business-oriented, Constitutionalism Federalist Party.", "Connecticut River. The Mohegans dominated the region due north, where Hartford and its suburbs sit, particularly after allying themselves with the Colonists against the Pequots during the Pequot War of 1637.[12] Their culture was similar to that of the Pequots, as they had split off from them and become their rivals some time prior to European exploration of the area.[12] The agricultural Pocomtuc tribe lived in unfortified villages alongside the Connecticut River north of the Enfield Falls on the fertile stretch of hills and meadows surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts. The Pocomtuc village of Agawam[13] eventually became Springfield, situated on the Bay Path where the Connecticut River meets the western Westfield River and eastern Chicopee River.[14] The Pocomtuc villagers at Agawam helped Puritan explorers settle this site and remained friendly with them for decades, unlike tribes farther north and south along the Connecticut River.[15][16] The region stretching from Springfield north to the New Hampshire and Vermont state borders fostered many agricultural Pocomtuc and Nipmuc settlements, with its soil enhanced by sedimentary deposits. Occasionally, these villages endured invasions from more aggressive confederated tribes living in New York, such as the Mohawk, Mahican, and Iroquois tribes.[15][16]", "History of Connecticut. In 1637 a group of London merchants and their families, disgusted with the high Church Anglicanism around them, moved to Boston with the intention of creating a new settlement.[4] The leaders were John Davenport, a Puritan minister, and Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant who brought £3000 to the venture. They understood theology, business and trade, but had no farming experience. The good port locations in Massachusetts had been taken, but with the removal of the Pequot Indians, there were good harbors available on Long Island Sound. Eaton found a good location in spring 1638 which he named New Haven. The site seemed ideal for trade, with a good port lying between Boston and the Dutch city of New Amsterdam (New York City), and good access to the furs of the Connecticut River valley settlements of Hartford and Springfield. The settlers had no official charter or permissions, and did not purchase any land rights from the local Indians. Legally, they were squatters.[5] Minister Davenport was an Oxford-educated intellectual, and he set up a grammar school and wanted to establish a college, but failed to do so. The leaders attempted numerous merchandising enterprises, but they all failed. Much of their money went into a great ship sent to London in 1646, with £5000 in cargo of grain and beaver pelts. It never arrived.[6]", "Catholic Church in the Thirteen Colonies. The first English settlement was established on the Connecticut River at Windsor by traders from the Plymouth Colony in 1633. In the same year the Dutch from New Amsterdam had sailed up the river and erected a trading house and fort where the city of Hartford now stands, a few miles below Windsor. The Dutch soon after withdrew, leaving the English to establish the first permanent settlements within the boundaries of Connecticut. In 1664 the New Haven Colony, then comprising the various settlements along the coast, was forced to unite with those in the Connecticut valley, thus forming one commonwealth thereafter known as Connecticut. The vast majority of the population remained distinctively English of Puritan origin. Congregationalism was the established religion supported by public taxation.[12]", "Connecticut Colony. The original colonies along the Connecticut River and in New Haven were established by separatist Puritans who were connected with the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies. They held Calvinist religious beliefs similar to the English Puritans, but they maintained that their congregations needed to be separated from the English state church. They had emigrated to New England during the Great Migration.", "History of Connecticut. In the 1750s, the western frontier remained on the other side of New York. In 1754 the Susquehannah Company of Windham, Connecticut obtained from a group of Native Americans a deed to a tract of land along the Susquehanna River which covered about one-third of present-day Pennsylvania. This venture met with the disapproval of not only Pennsylvania, but also of many in Connecticut including the Deputy Governor, who opposed Governor Jonathan Trumbull's support for the company, fearing that pressing these claims would endanger the charter of the colony. In 1769, Wilkes-Barre was founded by John Durkee and a group of 240 Connecticut settlers. The British government finally ruled \"that no Connecticut settlements could be made until the royal pleasure was known\". In 1773 the issue was settled in favor of Connecticut and Westmoreland, Connecticut was established as a town and later a county.", "History of New England. The earliest known inhabitants of New England were Native Americans who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages.[1] Some of the more prominent tribes include the Abenaki, the Penobscot, the Pequot, the Mohegans, the Pocumtuck, and the Wampanoag.[1] Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine.[2] Their principal town was Norridgewock, in present-day Maine.[3] The Penobscot were settled along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket; the Pocumtucks, Western Massachusetts. The Connecticut region was inhabited by the Mohegan and Pequot tribes prior to European colonization. The Connecticut River Valley, which includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, linked different indigenous communities in cultural, linguistic, and political ways.[1]", "Connecticut Colony. Two other English settlements in the State of Connecticut were merged into the Colony of Connecticut: Saybrook Colony in 1644 and New Haven Colony in 1662.", "Connecticut. The main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. They were Puritans from Massachusetts, led by Thomas Hooker, who established the Connecticut Colony at Hartford.[37] The Quinnipiack Colony[38] was established by John Davenport, Theophilus Eaton, and others at present-day New Haven in March 1638. The New Haven Colony had its own constitution, \"The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony\", which was signed on June 4, 1639.[39]", "Hartford, Connecticut. The first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post and fortify the area for the Dutch West India Company. The original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop or the \"House of Hope.\" In 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but the area is known today as Dutch Point; the name of the Dutch fort \"House of Hope\" is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue.[7][8]", "New England Colonies. Later in 1636, Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with one hundred followers and founded a new English settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop that became Connecticut Colony. The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford shortly afterwards to honor the English town of Hertford. One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut (the Dutch were first) or even the first English settlement (Windsor was first in 1633). Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders, considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including New Haven and Saybrook.", "Connecticut River. Four separate Puritan-led groups also settled the fertile Connecticut River Valley, and they founded the two large cities that continue to dominate the Valley today: Hartford (est. 1635) and Springfield (est. 1636). The first group of pioneers left the Plymouth Colony in 1632 and ultimately founded the village of Matianuck (which became Windsor, Connecticut) several miles north of the Dutch fort. A group left the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Watertown, seeking a site where they could practice their religion more freely. With this in mind, they founded Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1633, several miles south of the Dutch fort at Hartford.", "History of Connecticut. Connecticut was the land of steady habits, with a conservative elite that dominated colonial affairs.[12] The forces of liberalism and democracy emerged slowly, encouraged by the entrepreneurship of the business community, and the new religious freedom stimulated by the First Great Awakening.[13]", "History of Connecticut. The state took a leading role in the industrial revolution of the United States, with its many factories establishing a worldwide reputation for advanced machinery. The educational and intellectual establishment was strongly led by Yale College, by scholars such as Noah Webster and by writers such as Mark Twain, who lived in Connecticut after establishing his association with the Mississippi River. Many Yankees left the farms to migrate west to New York and the Midwest in the early nineteenth century. Meanwhile, the heavy demand for labor in the nineteenth century attracted Irish, English and Italian immigrants, among many others, to the medium and small industrial cities. In the early 20th century, immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe. While the state produced few nationally prominent political leaders, Connecticut has usually been a swing state closely balanced between the parties. In the 21st century, the state is known for production of jet engines, nuclear submarines, and advanced pharmaceuticals.", "History of Connecticut. On May 1, 1637, leaders of Connecticut Colony's river towns each sent delegates to the first General Court held at the meeting house in Hartford. This was the start of self-government in Connecticut. They pooled their militia under the command of John Mason of Windsor, and declared war on the Pequots. When the war was over, the Pequots had been destroyed as a tribe. In the Treaty of Hartford in 1638, the various New England colonies and their Native allies divided the lands of the Pequots,along with surviving Pequots, taken captive by the various tribes, amongst themselves.", "History of Connecticut. Indian pressures were relieved for some time by success in the ferocious Pequot War. While the Pequots themselves gathered again along the Thames River, other tribes, especially the Mohegans, grew more powerful, though they had a rivalry with the Narragansetts located in Western Rhode Island and Eastern Connecticut, and this rivalry shaped in a large part diplomatic matters between both Indian tribes and colonial affairs. King Philip's War (1675–1676) spilled over from Plymouth Colony; Connecticut provided men and supplies. Connecticut's contribution to the war also included the large number of Indian allies they brought into the war, including the Mohegans, led by Uncas and the Pequots, of which a small population had reformed from runaway slaves taken at the end of the Pequot War. The participation of Native Allies is in a large part responsible for the Colonial Victory, and this participation was largely due to Connecticut's involvement, as they generally had the best relationships with their local Native tribes, in particular the Mohegans. [10] The colonists had seen some Indians as a potential deadly threat, and mobilized during both the Pequot war and King Philip's War to eliminate them. More than three-fourths of all adult men provided some form of military service.[11] Given the numbers of Native troops fighting with the colonists, along with estimates of Native populations, it is likely that an even larger proportion of Native troops served with Connecticut.", "Connecticut Colony. Governor John Haynes of the Massachusetts Bay Colony led 100 people to Hartford in 1636. He and Puritan minister Thomas Hooker are often considered the founders of the Connecticut colony. Hooker delivered a sermon to his congregation on May 31, 1638 on the principles of government, and it influenced those who wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut later that year. The Fundamental Orders may have been drafted by Roger Ludlow of Windsor, the only trained lawyer living in Connecticut in the 1630s; they were transcribed into the official record by secretary Thomas Welles. The Rev. John Davenport and merchant Theophilus Eaton led the founders of the New Haven Colony, which was absorbed into Connecticut Colony in the 1660s.", "New England Colonies. In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to present-day Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and, ten years later, they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site \"House of Hope\" (also identified as \"Fort Hoop,\" \"Good Hope,\" and \"Hope\").[7]", "History of Connecticut. The Pequot War was the first serious armed conflict between the indigenous peoples and the European settlers in New England. The ravages of disease, coupled with trade pressures, invited the Pequots to tighten their hold on the river tribes. Additional incidents began to involve the colonists in the area in 1635, and next spring their raid on Wethersfield prompted the three towns to meet. Following the raid on Wethersfield, the war climaxed when 300 Pequot men, women, and children were burned out of their village, in Mystic.[3]", "Hartford, Connecticut. Various tribes lived in or around present-day Hartford, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation. The area was referred to as Suckiaug', meaning \"Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, good for planting.\" These included the Podunks, mostly east of the Connecticut River; the Poquonocks north and west of Hartford; the Massacoes in the Simsbury area; the Tunxis tribe in West Hartford and Farmington; the Wangunks to the south; and the Saukiog in Hartford itself.[6]" ]

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[ "Gibbons v. Ogden. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons. Congress had the right to regulate interstate commerce. The sole decided source of Congress's power to promulgate the law at issue was the Commerce Clause. Accordingly, the Court had to answer whether the law regulated \"commerce\" that was \"among the several states.\" With respect to \"commerce,\" the Court held that commerce is more than mere traffic—that it is the trade of commodities. This broader definition includes navigation. The Court interpreted \"among\" as \"intermingled with.\"", "Clarence Thomas. In United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison, the court held that Congress lacked power under the Commerce Clause to regulate non-commercial activities. In these cases, Thomas wrote a separate concurring opinion arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause. Subsequently, in Gonzales v. Raich, the court interpreted the Interstate Commerce Clause combined with the Necessary and Proper Clause to empower the federal government to arrest, prosecute, and imprison patients who used marijuana grown at home for medicinal purposes, even where the activity is legal in that particular state. Thomas dissented in Raich, again arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause.", "Gibbons v. Ogden. the power to regulate; that is, to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed. This power, like all others vested in Congress, is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution.", "Commerce Clause. The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power \"To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.\" Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress.[1] It is common to see the individual components of the Commerce Clause referred to under specific terms: The Foreign Commerce Clause, the Interstate Commerce Clause,[2] and the Indian Commerce Clause.", "Commerce Clause. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) that the power to regulate interstate commerce also included the power to regulate interstate navigation: \"Commerce, undoubtedly is traffic, but it is something more—it is intercourse ... [A] power to regulate navigation is as expressly granted, as if that term had been added to the word 'commerce' ... [T]he power of Congress does not stop at the jurisdictional lines of the several states. It would be a very useless power if it could not pass those lines.\" The Court's decision contains language supporting one important line of Commerce Clause jurisprudence, the idea that the electoral process of representative government represents the primary limitation on the exercise of the Commerce Clause powers:", "Commerce Clause. The commerce power is not confined in its exercise to the regulation of commerce among the states. It extends to those activities intrastate which so affect interstate commerce, or the exertion of the power of Congress over it, as to make regulation of them appropriate means to the attainment of a legitimate end, the effective execution of the granted power to regulate interstate commerce. [ ...] The power of Congress over interstate commerce is plenary and complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution. [ ... ] It follows that no form of state activity can constitutionally thwart the regulatory power granted by the commerce clause to Congress. Hence, the reach of that power extends to those intrastate activities which in a substantial way interfere with or obstruct the exercise of the granted power.[13]", "Commerce Clause. As explained in United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), \"For nearly a century thereafter (that is, after Gibbons), the Court's Commerce Clause decisions dealt but rarely with the extent of Congress' power, and almost entirely with the Commerce Clause as a limit on state legislation that discriminated against interstate commerce.[10] Under this line of precedent, the Court held that certain categories of activity such as \"exhibitions\", \"production\", \"manufacturing\", and \"mining\" were within the province of state governments, and thus were beyond the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause. When Congress began to engage in economic regulation on a national scale, the Court's dormant Commerce Clause decisions influenced its approach to Congressional regulation.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Congress shall have Power [...] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;", "Commerce Clause. Of course, the mere fact that Congress has said when particular activity shall be deemed to affect commerce does not preclude further examination by this Court. But where we find that the legislators, in light of the facts and testimony before them, have a rational basis for finding a chosen regulatory scheme necessary to the protection of commerce, our investigation is at an end.", "Commerce Clause. The Commerce Clause represents one of the most fundamental powers delegated to the Congress by the founders. The outer limits of the Interstate Commerce Clause power have been the subject of long, intense political controversy. Interpretation of the sixteen words of the Commerce Clause has helped define the balance of power between the federal government and the states and the balance of power between the two elected branches of the federal government and the Judiciary. As such, it directly affects the lives of American citizens.", "Commerce Clause. Since its decision in Gibbons, the Supreme Court has held that Congress may regulate only those activities within a state that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction and that, viewed in the aggregate, substantially affect interstate commerce. Since judicial interpretations of constitutional limitations on Congressional exercise of its Commerce Clause powers represent an invasion of the democratic process which may not be overturned through ordinary democratic means, the Court has continued to assert that the primary limitation on the unwise exercise of Congressional Commerce Clause power by Congress must be found at the ballot box. Thus in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985), the Court stated:", "Commerce Clause. [The Congress shall have Power] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes. The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden, decided by a unanimous Court in 1824. The case involved conflicting federal and state laws: Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River, while the other, Aaron Ogden, had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York. Ogden contended that \"commerce\" included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation. Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion. Marshall suggested that \"commerce\" included navigation of goods, and that it \"must have been contemplated\" by the Framers. Marshall added that Congress's power over commerce \"is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution\".", "Commerce Clause. Thus the federal government did not have the power to regulate relatively unrelated things such as the possession of firearms near schools, as in Lopez. This was the first time in sixty years, since the conflict with President Roosevelt in 1936–37, that the Court had overturned a putative regulation on interstate commerce because it exceeded Congress's commerce power. Justice Clarence Thomas, in a separate concurring opinion, argued that allowing Congress to regulate intrastate, noncommercial activity under the Commerce Clause would confer on Congress a general “police power” over the entire nation.", "Gibbons v. Ogden. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824)[1] was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.[2] The case was argued by some of America's most admired and capable attorneys at the time. Exiled Irish patriot Thomas Addis Emmet and Thomas J. Oakley argued for Ogden, while U.S. Attorney General William Wirt and Daniel Webster argued for Gibbons.", "Gibbons v. Ogden. Gibbons' lawyer, Daniel Webster, argued that Congress had exclusive national power over interstate commerce according to Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution and that to argue otherwise would result in confusing and contradictory local regulatory policies. The Court of Chancery of New York and the Court of Errors of New York found in favor of Ogden and issued an injunction to restrict Gibbons from operating his boats.", "Commerce Clause. Dispute exists within the courts as to the range of powers granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause. As noted below, the clause is often paired with the Necessary and Proper Clause, the combination used to take a broad, expansive perspective of these powers. However, the effect of the Commerce Clause has varied significantly depending on the Supreme Court's interpretation. During the Marshall Court era, Commerce Clause interpretation empowered Congress to gain jurisdiction over numerous aspects of intrastate and interstate commerce as well as non-commerce. During the post-1937 era, the use of the Commerce Clause by Congress to authorize federal control of economic matters became effectively unlimited. Since the latter half of the Rehnquist Court era, Congressional use of the Commerce Clause has become slightly restricted again, being limited only to matters of trade or any other form of restricted area (whether interstate or not) and production (whether commercial or not).", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when a laissez-faire attitude dominated the Court. In United States v. E. C. Knight Company (1895), the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act, which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation's economy. The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods, even if they were later shipped to other states. Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote, \"commerce succeeds to manufacture, and is not a part of it.\"", "Sherman Antitrust Act. Congress claimed power to pass the Sherman Act through its constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce. Therefore, federal courts only have jurisdiction to apply the Act to conduct that restrains or substantially affects either interstate commerce or trade within the District of Columbia. This requires that the plaintiff must show that the conduct occurred during the flow of interstate commerce or had an appreciable effect on some activity that occurs during interstate commerce.", "Commerce Clause. The opinion pointed out that prior decisions had identified three broad categories of activity that Congress may regulate under its commerce power.", "John Marshall. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) overturned a monopoly granted by the New York state legislature to certain steamships operating between New York and New Jersey. Daniel Webster argued that the Constitution, by empowering Congress to regulate interstate commerce, implied that states do not have any concurrent power to regulate interstate commerce.[72] Chief Justice Marshall avoided that issue about the exclusivity of the federal commerce power because that issue was not necessary to decide the case. Instead, Marshall relied on an actual, existing federal statute for licensing ships, and he held that that federal law was a legitimate exercise of the congressional power to regulate interstate commerce, so the federal law superseded the state law granting the monopoly.", "Commerce Clause. In assessing the scope of Congress' authority under the Commerce Clause, we stress that the task before us is a modest one. We need not determine whether respondents' activities, taken in the aggregate, substantially affect interstate commerce in fact, but only whether a “rational basis” exists for so concluding. Given the enforcement difficulties that attend distinguishing between marijuana cultivated locally and marijuana grown elsewhere, 21 U.S.C. § 801(5), and concerns about diversion into illicit channels, we have no difficulty concluding that Congress had a rational basis for believing that failure to regulate the intrastate manufacture and possession of marijuana would leave a gaping hole in the CSA.", "Commerce Clause. During the Rehnquist court and to present, the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has played an integral part in the Court's view of the Commerce Clause. The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government has only the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution while other powers are reserved to the states, or to the people. The Commerce Clause is an important source of those powers delegated to Congress, and therefore its interpretation is very important in determining the scope of federal power in controlling innumerable aspects of American life. The Commerce Clause has been the most broadly interpreted clause in the Constitution, making way for many laws which, some argue, contradict the original intended meaning of the Constitution. Justice Clarence Thomas has gone so far as to state in his dissent to Gonzales,", "Commerce Clause. The Commerce Clause emerged as the Framers' response to the central problem giving rise to the Constitution itself: the absence of any federal commerce power under the Articles of Confederation. For the first century of our history, the primary use of the Clause was to preclude the kind of discriminatory state legislation that had once been permissible. Then, in response to rapid industrial development and an increasingly interdependent national economy, Congress “ushered in a new era of federal regulation under the commerce power,” beginning with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890.", "Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Congress claimed power to pass the Sherman Act through its constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce. Therefore, federal courts only have jurisdiction to apply the Act to conduct that restrains or substantially affects either interstate commerce or trade within the District of Columbia. This requires that the plaintiff must show that the conduct occurred during the flow of interstate commerce or had an appreciable effect on some activity that occurs during interstate commerce.", "United States constitutional law. Congress is authorized to \"regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes\" under Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution.", "Import-Export Clause. The Commerce Clause, which grants Congress the authority to \"regulate trade with foreign nations, among the states, and with the Indian Tribes,\" complements the authority of Congress given in the Import-Export Clause. Following the Michelin interpretation of the Import-Export Clause, the U.S. Supreme Court re-examined its application of the dormant commerce clause doctrine in Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, which related to interstate commerce and established a four-prong test in which a tax is valid if it \"is applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing State, is fairly apportioned, does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and is fairly related to the services provided by the State.\"[14] In Japan Line, Ltd. v. County of Los Angeles, the U.S. Supreme Court had occasion to consider the application of the dormant commerce clause doctrine to foreign commerce. In addition to the four-prong test in Complete Auto Transit, the court added two prongs derived from the Import-Export Clause: whether the tax creates a risk of multiple taxation and whether it impairs the federal government's one voice in dealing with foreign nations.[15] The dormant commerce clause is important in complementing the Import-Export Clause (which only prohibits \"imposts\" and \"duties\"), since the former also prohibits discriminatory regulations.[5]:528 In West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, for example, the Supreme Court cited a tariff as \"the paradigmatic example of a law discriminating against interstate commerce...so patently unconstitutional that our cases reveal not a single attempt by any State to enact one. Instead the cases are filled with state laws that aspire to reap some of the benefits of tariffs by other means.\"[5]:528", "Powers of the United States Congress. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Native American tribes;", "United States Congress. Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to \"make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.\"[89] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland, have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8.[90][91]", "Commerce Clause. Thus, Ogden contended, Congress could not invalidate his monopoly as long as he only transported passengers within New York. The Supreme Court, however, found that Congress could invalidate his monopoly since it was operational on an interstate channel of navigation.", "Plenary power. While other Constitutional doctrines, such as the unenumerated powers of states and the rights of individuals, are widely held (both historically and currently) as limiting the plenary power of Congress,[5] then-Associate Justice William Rehnquist reflected that \"one of the greatest 'fictions' of our federal system is that the Congress exercises only those powers delegated to it, while the remainder are reserved to the States or to the people. The manner in which this Court has construed the Commerce Clause amply illustrates the extent of this fiction. Although it is clear that the people, through the States, delegated authority to Congress to \"regulate Commerce. . . among the several States,\" (Commerce Clause), one could easily get the sense from this Court's opinions that the federal system exists only at the sufferance of Congress.\" (Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, 1981).", "Gibbons v. Ogden. The power of Congress, then, comprehends navigation, within the limits of every State in the Union; so far as that navigation may be, in any manner, connected with “commerce with foreign nations, or among the several States.”" ]

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[ "Limited government. The Constitution also partially prevents the government from expanding its own power by creating a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers. Articles One, Two, and Three of the Constitution create three separate branches of government, equal in level power, but different in responsibility, that all control the government. In assuming each branch would want to expand its powers, it was necessary that each have the ability to fend off power grabs from other branches. The three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial— compete with each other through certain powers that allow them to “check” the others and “balance” the government. Examples of this include the legislative branch’s power to override Presidential Vetoes and the judicial branch’s power to declare laws created by the legislative branch unconstitutional. James Madison writes in Federalist No. 51 “But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department, the necessary constitutional means, and personal motives, to resist encroachments of the others.”[8] Without the capacity of each branch to check the others, power would concentrate with a small minority and could potentially allow the minority to infringe upon the rights of the people. This would be antithetical to the purpose of the Constitution, hence a system of checks and balances was set in place.", "Separation of powers. Checks and balances is the principle that each of the Branches has the power to limit or check the other two and this creates a balance between the three separate powers of the state, this principle induces that the ambitions of one branch prevent that one of the other branches become supreme, and thus be eternally confronting each other and in that process leaving the people free from government abuses. Checks and Balances are designed to maintain the system of separation of powers keeping each branch in its place. This is based on the idea that it is not enough to separate the powers and guarantee their independence but to give the various branches the constitutional means to defend their own legitimate powers from the encroachments of the other branches.[15] They guarantee that the powers of the State have the same weight (co-equal), that is, to be balanced, so that they can limit each other, avoiding the abuse of state power. the origin of checks and balances, like separation of powers itself, is specifically credited to Montesquieu in the Enlightenment (in The Spirit of the Laws, 1748), under this influence was implemented in 1787 in the Constitution of the United States.", "Federalist No. 51. Madison's key point is that the members of each department should have as little dependence as possible on the members of the other departments, and to stay independent, their own department must not encroach on the others. To secure these ends, Madison suggests that \"the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department\" is to enable each department (or the leader of the department) to fend off attempts to encroach upon the government of each other's departments.[2]", "Federalist No. 48. The paper begins by asserting that \"power is of an encroaching nature\", i.e. those with power will attempt to control everything they can. It then asks how this tendency can be stopped, in order to preserve the \"separate and distinct\" quality of the branches of government. It then makes the claim that merely defining the boundaries of the branches is an insufficient safeguard. It singles out the legislative branch as being particularly successful in taking over power.", "Constitutional law. The Separation of Powers is often regarded as a second limb functioning alongside the Rule of Law to curb the powers of the Government. In many modern nation states, power is divided and vested into three branches of government: The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The first and the second are harmonised in traditional Westminster forms of government.[15]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress. Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III. The former confers executive power upon the President alone, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary. These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. This separation of powers, by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others,[1][2] is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people.", "Advice and consent. The concept serves to moderate the power of one branch of government by requiring the concurrence of another branch for selected actions. The expression is frequently used in weak executive systems where the head of state has little practical power, and in practice the important part of the passage of a law is in its adoption by the legislature.", "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution. The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\"", "Federalist No. 51. In 1797, power over people was divided both through federalism (between the federal government and the state governments) and through branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) within the national (or federal) government. Because of the division of power, a \"double security arises to the rights of the people. The governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself\".[3]", "Presidential system. Defenders of Presidential systems argue that a parliamentary system operating in a jurisdiction with strong ethnic or sectarian tensions will tend to ignore the interests of minorities or even treat them with contempt - the first half century of government in Northern Ireland is often cited as an example - whereas presidential systems ensure that minority wishes and rights cannot be disregarded, thus preventing a \"Tyranny of the majority\" and vice versa protect the wishes and rights of the majority from abuse by a legislature or an executive that holds a contrary viewpoint especially when there are frequent, scheduled elections.[citation needed] On the other hand, supporters of parliamentary systems contend that the strength and independence of the judiciary is the more decisive factor when it comes to protection of minority rights.", "Separation of powers. The separation of powers, often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislature are unified.", "Separation of powers. «But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.»", "Separation of powers. India follows constitutional democracy which offers a clear separation of powers. The judiciary branch is fairly independent of the other two branches with the power to interpret the constitution. Parliament has the legislative powers. Executive powers are vested with the President who is advised by the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The constitution of India vested the duty of protecting, preserving and defending the constitution with the President as common head of the executive, parliament, armed forces, etc. not only for the union government but also the various state governments in a federal structure. All three branches have \"checks and balances\" over each other to maintain the balance of power and not to exceed the constitutional limits.[29]", "United States Congress. The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One.[2][96]", "Separation of powers. The greatest expression of the separation of powers was incorporated in the United States Constitution, the founding fathers included features of many new concepts, including hard-learned historical lessons about the checks and balances of power and the then-new concept of separation of powers. Similar concepts were also prominent in the state governments of the United States. As colonies of Great Britain, the founding fathers considered that the American states had suffered an abuse of the broad power of parliamentarism and monarchy. As a remedy, the US Constitution limits the powers of the federal government through various means, in particular, the three branches of the federal government are divided by exercising different functions, and are separated in origin by separate elections, each branch controls the actions of others and balances its powers in some way.", "Constitution. Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government. The standard model, described by the Baron de Montesquieu, involves three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. Some constitutions include additional branches, such as an auditory branch. Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches.", "Liberal democracy. Proponents of democracy make a number of defenses concerning \"tyranny of the majority\". One is to argue that the presence of a constitution protecting the rights of all citizens in many democratic countries acts as a safeguard. Generally, changes in these constitutions require the agreement of a supermajority of the elected representatives, or require a judge and jury to agree that evidentiary and procedural standards have been fulfilled by the state, or two different votes by the representatives separated by an election, or sometimes a referendum. These requirements are often combined. The separation of powers into legislative branch, executive branch and judicial branch also makes it more difficult for a small majority to impose their will. This means a majority can still legitimately coerce a minority (which is still ethically questionable), but such a minority would be very small and as a practical matter it is harder to get a larger proportion of the people to agree to such actions.", "Federalist No. 51. The purpose of No. 51 is, according to Madison, to inform the reader of the safeguards created by the convention to maintain the separate branches of government and to protect the rights of the people and of the country.", "Clarence Thomas. Thomas has argued that the executive branch has broad authority under the constitution and federal statutes. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, he was the only justice who agreed with the Fourth Circuit that congress had power to authorize the president's detention of U.S. citizens who are enemy combatants. Thomas granted the federal government the \"strongest presumptions\" and said \"due process requires nothing more than a good-faith executive determination\" to justify the imprisonment of Hamdi, a U.S. citizen.[125]", "Tyranny of the majority. In both cases, in a context of a nation, constitutional limits on the powers of a legislative body, and the introduction of a Bill of Rights have been used to counter the problem.[7] A separation of powers (for example a legislative and executive majority actions subject to review by the judiciary) may also be implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government.[7]", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. In addition to separation of powers and equally important to limited government, each independent and sovereign branch also provides checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches.", "Separation of powers. In every government there are three sorts of power: the legislative; the executive in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive in regard to matters that depend on the civil law.", "Federalist No. 51. The government is guarded from usurpations because it is divided into distinct and separate departments.", "Separation of powers. «A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights. These inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State.»", "Constitutionalism. One of the most salient features of constitutionalism is that it describes and prescribes both the source and the limits of government power. William H. Hamilton has captured this dual aspect by noting that constitutionalism \"is the name given to the trust which men repose in the power of words engrossed on parchment to keep a government in order.\"[11]", "Separation of powers. Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.", "Constitution of Virginia. Article III has one section, confirming the principle of separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. Unlike the U.S. federal Constitution, the Virginia Constitution explicitly provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others.[37] Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in ยง5 of Article I.", "Apportionment (politics). The United States government was a construct of the thirteen states, and the Constitution's only original constraint on the states was, in Article IV, Section 4, that the federal government \"guarantee to every state... a republican form of government.\" Though the Fourteenth Amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause and bars the states from \"abridging\" voting rights, the text does not address apportionment.", "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution. Many legislators hold the view that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that \"checks and balances\" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches—for example, in the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment by Congress of rules for the conduct of federal courts, and by state legislatures for state courts. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.", "Divided government in the United States. Divided government is seen by different groups as a benefit or as an undesirable product of the model of governance used in the U.S. political system. Under said model, known as the separation of powers, the state is divided into different branches. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the others. However, the degree to which the President of the United States has control of Congress often determines his political strength - such as the ability to pass sponsored legislation, ratify treaties, and have Cabinet members and judges approved.", "Civilian control of the military. Finally, in Federalist No. 51, Madison argued that to create a government that relied primarily on the good nature of the incumbent to ensure proper government was folly. Institutions must be in place to check incompetent or malevolent leaders. Most importantly, no single branch of government ought to have control over any single aspect of governing. Thus, all three branches of government must have some control over the military, and the system of checks and balances maintained among the other branches would serve to help control the military.", "Majoritarianism. Majoritarianism, as a concept of government, branches out into several forms. The classic form includes unicameralism and a unitary state." ]

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[ "With a Little Help from My Friends. \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt. Pepper, with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\".", "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album). With a Little Help from My Friends is the debut album by singer Joe Cocker, released in 1969. It was certified gold in the US and peaked at number 35 on the Billboard 200. In the UK, the album charted in May 1972 at number 29 when it was re-released as a double pack with Cocker's second LP Joe Cocker!.", "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album). A retrospective review from Allmusic's Bruce Eder was fairly positive. Eder stated that the album \"holds up extraordinarily well across four decades, the singer's performance bolstered by some very sharp playing, [...] It's Cocker's voice, a soulful rasp of an instrument [...] that carries this album and makes \"Change in Louise,\" \"Feeling Alright,\" \"Just Like a Woman,\" \"I Shall Be Released,\" and even \"Bye Bye Blackbird\" into profound listening experiences.\" He concluded that \"the surprises in the arrangements, tempo, and approaches taken help make this an exceptional album. Tracks like \"Just Like a Woman,\" with its soaring gospel organ above a lean textured acoustic and light electric accompaniment, and the guitar-dominated rendition of \"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood\" [...] all help make this an exceptional listening experience.\"[2]", "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album). With a Little Help From My Friends is the major triumph of rock interpretation thus far. Cocker's material leans to the conventional ... but his conception and performance, as well as Denny Cordell's production, are always audacious. His transformation of \"Bye Bye Blackbird\" and \"A Little Help From My Friends\" from light-hearted ditties into wails of human need succeeds perfectly, and his version of 'Feelin' Alright' is not only better than Three Dog Night's but better than the original, by Dave Mason and Traffic. If that means Cocker is the best singer in England, well—overlook Mick Jagger and it's possible, even likely. His voice is very strong, influenced by Ray Charles, and he has no inhibitions about using it. All of his inhibitions came before the fact, in the immense care that went into each track ... Cocker's affection for rock is uniquely personalized. He is gruff and vulgar, perhaps a touch too self-involved, but his steady strength rectifies his excesses. He is the best of the male rock interpreters, as good in his way as Janis Joplin is in hers.[4]", "Stephen Harper. Harper taped a cameo appearance in an episode of the television show Corner Gas which aired March 12, 2007.[250] He reportedly owns a large vinyl record collection and is a fan of The Beatles and AC/DC.[251] In October 2009, he joined Yo-Yo Ma on stage in a National Arts Centre gala and performed \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". He was also accompanied by Herringbone, an Ottawa band with whom he regularly practises.[252] He received a standing ovation after providing the piano accompaniment and lead vocals for the song.[253]", "W. G. Snuffy Walden. Following his successful debut as a television composer for thirtysomething, Walden was contacted by the producer on another new television show, The Wonder Years, which had the fortune of premiering right after Super Bowl XXII. Walden scored the pilot episode, and then went on to score the series, which also became a hit. For the end credits, he recorded a version of The Beatles' song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\".", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song). On 4 April 2009, McCartney performed the song during a benefit concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall and segued it into \"With a Little Help From My Friends\", sung by Starr.[38]", "Blaine Anderson. Later songs performed by Blaine and the Warblers became popular enough to warrant a Warbler soundtrack album, Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers.[68] The tracks had sold over 1.3 million copies as singles by the time the album was released.[69] Blaine performed the lead vocal on covers of Train's \"Hey, Soul Sister\", which peaked at number 32 in Canada,[70][71] \"Bills, Bills, Bills\" by Destiny's Child, which reached number 44 in the U.S.,[72][73] and Robin Thicke's \"When I Get You Alone\", which got to number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100.[73][74] Criss downplayed his performance of \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", and jested that he ought to issue the group's lead singer, Beyoncé Knowles, an apology for his cover.[75] Blaine also led on \"Silly Love Songs\" by Wings,[76] and Maroon 5's \"Misery\",[77] which reached 45 and 52 respectively in the U.S.,[73][78] and Pink's \"Raise Your Glass\", which peaked at number 30 in Australia.[77][79]", "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album). With a Little Help from My Friends met with a favourable review from Rolling Stone's John Mendelsohn. Mendelsohn stated that \"Cocker has assimilated the [Ray] Charles influence to the point where his feeling for what he is singing cannot really be questioned. And, in answer to the question of why someone should listen to Cocker when there is Charles to listen to – how many times in recent years has the latter applied himself to such exceptional modern material [...] or such contemporary Dylan... ?\" He also stated that \"Cordell's success in fusing a consistently marvelous backing unit out of America's premier studio soul singers and England's most famous rock musicians and delicate egos cannot be exaggerated.\" He concluded that \"it's a triumph all around. And the thought of Cocker's next album [...] is an exceptionally pleasant one.\"[3] In The New York Times, Robert Christgau wrote:", "You're All I Need to Get By. Actresses Telma Hopkins and Valarie Pettiford performed the song together in an episode of UPN's Half and Half.", "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album). Outtakes released as B-sides", "With a Little Help from My Friends. English singer Joe Cocker's version of \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" was a radical re-arrangement of the original, in a slower, 68 meter, using different chords in the middle eight, and a lengthy instrumental introduction (featuring drums by Procol Harum's B.J. Wilson, guitar lines from Jimmy Page, and organ by Tommy Eyre). Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film, Woodstock. This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series The Wonder Years.[17] Cocker's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009.[18] In 2014, a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever.[19] The version heard in the film Across the Universe segues from the original to Cocker's arrangement at the end of the song. In 2001, Cocker's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[20]", "With a Little Help from My Friends. A subsequent recording of the track by Joe Cocker became a hit single in 1968 and an anthem for the Woodstock era.[2] In 1978, the Beatles' recording, paired with \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", was reissued as a single, and peaked at number 63 in Britain and number 71 in the United States. Starr has regularly performed the song in concert as a solo artist. \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" was ranked number 311 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.", "Thank You for Being a Friend. The song was included in the Wearside Jack tape by someone purporting to be the Yorkshire Ripper; covered by ska-pop band Suburban Legends on their 2015 album Forever in the FriendZone, and re-imagined by Virginia punk-rockers The Blanche Devereauxs on their 2009 LP Midnight Cheesecake Banter. It was also recorded by singer-songwriter and sometime Gold collaborator Stephen Bishop; ensembles such as the Starlite Singers, Wild Stylerz, Smooch, Bliss, The Blue Rubatos, and Micah's Rule; singers Alyssa Bonagura, Angela Galuppo, Valerie DeLaCruz, and Brynn Marie; and bandleader Brandon Schott, with instrumental interpretations by groups including the London Studio Orchestra, Orlando Pops Orchestra, the Twilight Trio, and the Instrumental All Stars with Dominic Kirwan.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). McCartney auditioned each of the four Iveys to sing lead on \"Come and Get It\". Ultimately, he picked fellow Liverpudlian Tom Evans over the three Welshmen, Pete Ham, Ron Griffiths, and Mike Gibbins.", "Like to Get to Know You. As on their previous hit single, their new producer, Stuart Scharf, also employed session musicians to create the instrumental backing track while the group members provided lead and background vocals. This was the first hit they recorded in Los Angeles—all of their previous records were cut in New York with Jerry Ross producing. Session players on this recording included Max Bennett on bass; Larry Knechtel on piano; Mike Deasy on guitar; Hal Blaine on drums; Ralph Schaffer, Sid Sharp, Harry Bluestone, Marvin Limonick, Nathan Kaproff, William Hymanson and Mischa Russell on violins; Leonard Selic and David Burk on violas; Paul Bergstrom and Armand Kaproff on cellos; and Jules Chaikin on trumpet. Additional Instruments were also played by Stuart Scharf, William Kurasch, and Robert Dorough. most of them playing wind instruments.[4]", "Roxette. After the release of Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!, a greatest hits record, the duo took a hiatus from the mid-1990s before returning with the albums Have a Nice Day (1999) and Room Service (2001). They continued to chart in other territories, mainly in Europe and Latin America, where they earned various Gold and Platinum awards until the beginning of the new millennium. In 2002, the duo took a break from recording and touring when Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour.[3] Gessle went on to release solo albums and reunited with Gyllene Tider before Roxette took to the stage together again for the first time in 8 years, in 2009, during Gessle's European Party Crasher tour.[4] In 2011, they released Charm School, their first studio album in ten years. This was followed by Travelling a year later.", "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album). The title track was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and originally performed by the Beatles on the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band; it has been inducted into both the Grammy Award Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[1] Cocker's version was the theme song to the television series The Wonder Years during the 1980s and 1990s.", "Ringo Starr. For the Beatles' seminal 1967 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Starr sang lead vocals on the Lennon–McCartney composition \"With a Little Help from My Friends\".[96] Although the Beatles had enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success with Sgt. Pepper, the long hours they spent recording the LP contributed to Starr's increased feeling of alienation within the band, he commented: \"[It] wasn't our best album. That was the peak for everyone else, but for me it was a bit like being a session musician ... They more or less direct me in the style I can play.\"[97][nb 6] His inability to compose new material led to his input being minimised during recording sessions; he often found himself relegated to adding minor percussion effects to songs by McCartney, Lennon and Harrison.[99] During his down-time Starr worked on his guitar playing; he commented: \"I jump into chords that no one seems to get into. Most of the stuff I write is twelve-bar\".[100]", "With a Little Help from My Friends. The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967, the day before they posed for the Sgt. Pepper album cover. They recorded 10 takes of the song, wrapping up sessions at 5:45 in the morning.[7] The backing track consisted of Starr on drums, McCartney playing piano, Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell. At dawn, Starr trudged up the stairs to head home – but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there, standing around the microphone for moral support.[4]\nThe following day they added tambourine, backing vocals, bass and more electric guitar.[7]", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song). When the Beatles' recording contract with EMI expired in 1976, EMI were free to re-release music from the Beatles' catalogue, and in 1978 issued \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\"/\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" as the A-side of a single, with \"A Day in the Life\" as the B-side. The single was released on Capitol in the US on 14 August (closely following the release there of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band film), reaching number 71 on 30 September 1978 where it stayed for two weeks. The single was issued on Parlophone in the UK in September.[17][18]", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). Most recently, Paul McCartney shared lead vocals with Alice Cooper in the cover of the song by supergroup Hollywood Vampires, which appears on their debut album Hollywood Vampires, released September 11, 2015. In addition to Cooper, and McCartney on lead vocals, piano and bass, the band features guitarist Joe Perry, Johnny Depp and drummer Abe Laboriel Jr.", "You're All I Need to Get By. Gladys Knight \"Empress of Soul\" also performed,\" You're All I Need to Get By\"", "You're All I Need to Get By. Natalie Appleton and Bootsy Collins recorded this song in 2000 and it features on the soundtrack of the movie Honest directed by Dave Stewart.", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song). On 9 February 2014, during a tribute show commemorating the Beatles' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, 50 years earlier, McCartney again sang \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" and Starr sang \"With a Little Help from My Friends\".", "Ringo Starr. Starr sang lead vocals for a song on most of the Beatles' studio albums as part of an attempt to establish a vocal personality for each band member. In many cases, Lennon or McCartney wrote the lyrics and melody especially for him, as they did for \"Yellow Submarine\" from Revolver and \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[242] These melodies were tailored to Starr's limited baritone vocal range. Because of his distinctive voice, Starr rarely performed backing vocals during his time with the Beatles, but they can be heard on songs such as \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" and \"Carry That Weight\".[243] He is also the lead vocalist on his compositions \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\".[244] In addition, he sang lead on \"I Wanna Be Your Man\", \"Boys\", \"Matchbox\", \"Honey Don't\", \"Act Naturally\", \"Good Night\" and \"What Goes On\".[245]", "With a Little Help from My Friends. Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967,[3] written specifically as Starr's track for the album. McCartney said: \"It was pretty much co-written, John and I doing a work song for Ringo, a little craft job.\" In 1970 Lennon stated: \"Paul had the line about 'a little help from my friends.' He had some kind of structure for it, and we wrote it pretty well fifty-fifty from his original idea.\", but in 1980 Lennon said: \"This is Paul, with a little help from me. 'What do you see when you turn out the light/ I can't tell you, but I know it's mine...' is mine.\"[4] It was briefly called \"Bad Finger Boogie\" (later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger),[5] supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger.", "With a Little Help from My Friends. The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.", "Chas & Dave. The group originally consisted of Charles Nicholas \"Chas\" Hodges (piano, vocals, banjo, guitars) and David Victor \"Dave\" Peacock (bass guitar, vocals, piano, banjo, guitar, ukulele), with sidesman Mick Burt on drums. In 2011, Burt retired from the band with Chas's son, Nicholas Charles \"Nik\" Hodges taking over on drums. In the 1970s Chas & Dave were prominent session musicians, playing for a wide range of artists; for instance – the hook used on Eminem's \"My Name Is\" was taken from a Labi Siffre tune, \"I Got The...\", on which Chas & Dave performed.[3]", "Get Together (The Youngbloods song). A pre-Byrds David Crosby recorded \"Get Together\" around the same time as the Trio, but possibly a few weeks later, since the band arrangement includes the riff from the Beatles' version of \"Twist and Shout\", released earlier in Britain but not in the United States until April. Crosby's version, possibly the first studio recording and pre-dating release of the Trio's version, appeared many years later on the Preflyte album.", "Ringo Starr. Sir Richard Starkey[2] MBE[3] (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, songwriter, singer, and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\", \"Good Night\", and their cover of \"Act Naturally\". He also wrote the Beatles' songs \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\", and is credited as a co-writer of others, including \"What Goes On\" and \"Flying\".", "Whatever Gets You thru the Night. In 2007, Yoko Ono granted Amnesty International the opportunity to have a number of bands cover John Lennon's solo songbook, which includes this song. Los Lonely Boys and Les Trois Accords performed it as the second single from the Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur album." ]

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[ "Julie Walters. Walters first came to international prominence in 1983, for playing the title role in Educating Rita. It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe. She received a second Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, which also won her a BAFTA. Her other film roles include Personal Services (1987), Prick Up Your Ears (1987), Buster (1988), Stepping Out (1991), Calendar Girls (2003), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Brave (2012). She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films (2001–2011). On stage, she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons.", "Julie Walters. Walters played Molly Weasley in the Harry Potter film series. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have starred Walters.", "Julie Walters. Dame Julia Mary Walters, DBE (born 22 February 1950), known as Julie Walters, is an English actress and writer. She has won two BAFTA Film Awards and four BAFTA TV Awards and received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014.", "Julie Walters. In 2003, Walters starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class.[citation needed] In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. Also in 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in the Harry Potter series), and later had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke.[citation needed]", "Julie Walters. In the summer of 2006, Walters published her first novel, Maggie's Tree.[13] The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as \"a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.\".[14] Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as \"the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and Walters brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes.\"[15] Walters starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In summer 2008, Walters appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography titled That's Another Story.[16]", "Julie Walters. Walters appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme.[26] She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015.[citation needed] In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Walters voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport.[27]", "Julie Walters. Before making her London stage debut in Educating Rita, Walters had worked in regional theatre, stand-up comedy and cabaret. Her first serious acting role on TV was in the classic Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982, and she broke into films with her Academy-Award-nominated, BAFTA Best Actress award-winning and Golden Globe Award Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy award-winning performance opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage.", "Julie Walters. In July 2012, Walters appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II.[24] In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. Walters was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.[25]", "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation). Julie Walters portrays Molly Weasley in every film except Goblet of Fire, in which her role in the novel is cut out. In 2003, BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-\"best screen mother\", behind Julia Roberts as Erin Brockovich.[50]", "Julie Walters. Walters was born in St Chad's Hospital,[1] Edgbaston, Birmingham,[2] which was then the main maternity hospital for Smethwick, then in Staffordshire. Her parents, Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), a Roman Catholic postal clerk born in County Mayo, Ireland, and Thomas Walters, an English builder and decorator, lived at 69 Bishopton Road, near Lightwoods Park, in the Bearwood area of Smethwick.[3][4][5] The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth,[6] Walters had an early education at a convent school[7] and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls on Holly Lane in Smethwick. \"It was heaven when I went to an ordinary grammar school\", she said in 2014,[8] although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her \"high jinks\". In an interview with Alison Oddey, Walters said about her early schooling: \"I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing [...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it.\"[9]", "Julie Walters. Walters was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.[32]", "Julie Walters. Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15.[10] At 18 she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, and worked on the ophthalmic, casualty and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there.[11] Walters decided to leave nursing, and studied English and drama at Manchester Polytechnic (now Manchester Metropolitan University). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers: Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale.[12]", "Julie Walters. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk, alongside actors Neil Morrissey, Adrian Edmondson, Paul Merton, Denise van Outen and Julian Clary. From 1998 until 2000 she played Petula Gordino in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom Dinnerladies.", "Julie Walters. In 1991, Walters starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out and had a one-off television special, Julie Walters and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood and Alan Bennett.", "Julie Walters. In August 2014 she featured in the first episode in the eleventh series of the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are? The programme revealed that her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land Wars.[29] Although not included in the programme, Walters' paternal grandfather, Thomas Walters, was a veteran of the Second Boer War. He was killed in action in World War I in June 1915, serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, and is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial, France.[30]", "Julie Walters. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: \"I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today\".[19] Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland.[citation needed]", "Julie Walters. Walters first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had briefly met in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.", "Julie Walters. Walters played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010.[20] She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance,[21] but the result was highly praised by critics.[22][23]", "Bonnie Wright. Bonnie Francesca Wright[1] (born 17 February 1991)[2] is an English actress, film director, screenwriter, model and producer. She is best known for playing the role of Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, based on the Harry Potter novel series by British author J. K. Rowling.", "Julie Walters. In 2001, Walters won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son.[citation needed]", "Julie Walters. On television, she is well known for her collaborations with the late Victoria Wood, having appeared with her in several television shows including Wood and Walters (1981), Victoria Wood As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994) and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress four times, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003) and as Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland in 2009, which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest TV stars in Britain. In 2008, she released her autobiography titled That's Another Story.", "Julie Walters. They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and Walters, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, featured one of Walters's best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts).[citation needed]", "Andrea Bowen. From 2004 to 2012, Bowen portrayed Julie Mayer on Desperate Housewives.[2] She currently models for Miss Selfridge.[citation needed] She has also had recurring or guest starring roles on such shows as One Tree Hill (with friend Sophia Bush), Boston Public and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In the film Red Riding Hood she appears as one of \"The Three Ashleys.\" Most recently[when?], she played the role of Candace in the esoteric adventure film Eye of the Dolphin. She also starred in the Lifetime Original film Girl, Positive, an experience that allowed her to help spread the message among youth that \"HIV is something you can protect yourself from.\" [3]", "Harry Potter fandom. PotterCast was released less than two weeks after MuggleCast's first episode. Produced by The Leaky Cauldron, it differed from MuggleCast with a more structured program, including various segments and involvement of more people on the Leaky Cauldron staff compared to MuggleCast. It also was the first Potter podcast to produce regular interviews with people directly involved with the books and films. The first show featured interviews with Stuart Craig, art director of the films, as well as Bonnie Wright, who plays Ginny Weasley. PotterCast has also interviewed Matthew Lewis (the actor who portrays Neville Longbottom), Evanna Lynch (Luna Lovegood), Jamie Waylett (Vincent Crabbe), Rupert Grint (Ron Weasley), Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell (directors of the first four films), Arthur A. Levine and Cheryl Klein (editors of the books at Scholastic), and the author of the book series, J. K. Rowling.[45]", "Kelly Macdonald. In 2010, she played her first comedy role, in the British independent romantic comedy film The Decoy Bride.[19] The Decoy Bride was released in 2012. In 2011, she played the \"Grey Lady\" (revealed to be Helena Ravenclaw) in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the final instalment of the Harry Potter film franchise. She replaced Nina Young, the original actress in the role. In 2012, she provided the voice of Merida, the heroine of the Disney/Pixar film Brave, and starred as Dolly in Anna Karenina.", "Julie Andrews. Andrews appeared on West End theatre at the London Casino, where she played one year each as Princess Badroulbadour in Aladdin and the egg in Humpty Dumpty. She also appeared on provincial stages in Jack and the Beanstalk and Little Red Riding Hood, as well as starring as the lead role in Cinderella.[24]", "Julie Walters. Walters played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story, an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for \"taste and decency on television\". Walters commented, \"I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name.\"[17] Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and Walters was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards.[18]", "Hynden Walch. She is best known for voicing Princess Bubblegum in Adventure Time, Starfire in Teen Titans, Penny Sanchez on the Nickelodeon show ChalkZone, Elsie on the Disney Channel show Stanley, Ace in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, Harley Quinn in The Batman and in anime, she has voiced Amy Stapleton in IGPX, Emiri Kimidori in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, Yutaka Kobayakawa in Lucky Star and Nia Teppelin in Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann. In 1989, Walch received the Presidential Scholarship and went to the UNC School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. After UNC, she went to Chicago, Illinois, where she did plays.", "Tom Felton. In November 2010, the film White Other, which Tom played the main character, Ray Marsden, was released. Tom's character Ray is a troubled youth in the \"ends\" of England and Imelda Staunton, who played Dolores Umbridge in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, also makes an appearance as one of the other main roles in the film.[21]", "List of supporting Harry Potter characters. Julie Christie appeared as Madam Rosmerta in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.", "Julie Walters. Walters' relationship with Grant Roffey, an Automobile Association patrol man, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter, Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until 1997, when they went to New York City. The couple live on an organic farm run by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.[28]", "Una Stubbs. Una Stubbs (born 1 May 1937) is an English actress, television personality, and former dancer who has appeared on British television and in the theatre, and less frequently in films. She is particularly known for playing Rita Rawlins in the sitcoms Till Death Us Do Part and In Sickness and in Health." ]

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[ "Rose McIver. In July 2013, it was announced that McIver landed the role of Tinker Bell for a multi-episode story arc on the series Once Upon a Time.[19] In January 2017, it was announced that McIver would reprise her role in season 6.[20]", "Tinker Bell (film series). UL>\nTinker Bell: \"Fly to Your Heart\" – Selena Gomez (from Wizards of Waverly Place)\nTinker Bell and the Lost Treasure: \"Gift of a Friend\" – Demi Lovato (from Sonny with a Chance)\nTinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue: \"How to Believe\" – Bridgit Mendler (from Good Luck Charlie)\nPixie Hollow Games: \"Dig Down Deeper\" – Zendaya (from Shake It Up)\nSecret of the Wings: \"The Great Divide\" – McClain Sisters, (featuring China Anne McClain from A.N.T. Farm)\nThe Pirate Fairy: \"Who I Am\" - Natasha Bedingfield[16]\nTinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast: \"Float\" - KT Tunstall", "Tinker Bell (film series). Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) is born from the first laugh of a baby, and is brought by the winds to Pixie Hollow (which is part of the island of Never Land). She learns that her talent is to be one of the tinkers, the fairies who make and fix things. Two other tinker fairies, Bobble (Rob Paulsen) and Clank (Jeff Bennett), teach her their craft, and tell her about the fairies who visit the mainland to bring each season. Tink is thrilled and can't wait to go to the mainland for spring.", "Tinker Bell (film series). While out working, she meets Silvermist (Lucy Liu), a water fairy; Rosetta (Kristin Chenoweth), a garden fairy; Iridessa (Raven-Symoné), a light fairy; and Fawn (America Ferrera), an animal fairy. After meeting them, she notices Vidia (Pamela Adlon), a fast-flying fairy who immediately dislikes her because of her unusually strong talent. Vidia challenges her to prove she'll be able to go to the mainland, and Tink creates several inventions, which she shows to the Minister of Spring (Steve Valentine). But Tinker Bell soon learns from Queen Clarion (Anjelica Huston) that only nature-talent fairies visit the mainland.", "Tinker Bell (film series). P>Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast was released in cinemas in selected markets from December 2014,[8] and was released direct-to-video in the United States on March 3, 2015.[9] It was directed by Steve Loter and produced by Makul Wigert.[10] Composer Joel McNeely returned to the film.[11] Mae Whitman, Lucy Liu, Raven-Symoné, Megan Hilty, Pamela Adlon and Anjelica Huston reprise their roles of Tinker Bell, Silvermist, Iridessa, Rosetta, Vidia and Queen Clarion.[10] Ginnifer Goodwin replaces Angela Bartys as the voice of Fawn in this film.[9] Rosario Dawson and Olivia Holt join the cast as new characters Nyx and Morgan, respectively.[9]", "Michelle Keegan. Keegan made guest appearance as herself in the 2009 Easter special, Red Dwarf: Back to Earth. In June 2014, she embarked on a European tour to perform as Tinkerbell in Peter Pan.[11][better source needed]", "Tinker Bell (film series). Years before meeting Wendy and the Lost Boys, Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) met Lizzy (Lauren Mote), a little girl with a steadfast belief in the power of pixie dust and the magic land of fairies. During the fairies' summer visit to the flowering meadows of England, two very different worlds unite for the first time and Tink develops a special bond with a curious child in need of a friend. As her fellow fairies (Raven-Symoné, Lucy Liu, Kristin Chenoweth, Angela Bartys, Pamela Adlon) launch a daring rescue, Tinker Bell takes a huge risk, putting her own safety and the future of all fairykind in jeopardy.", "Tinker Bell (film series). LI>The Pirate Fairy: \"Who I Am\" - Natasha Bedingfield[16]", "Tinker Bell (film series). P>Originally planned to feature the entire ensemble cast of the earlier films in Olympic-style games spanning the four seasons, presumably due to the original plot vetoed by the producers, the story was scaled back into a shorter scenario focusing primarily on Rosetta (Megan Hilty, replacing Kristin Chenoweth) and a new fairy character, Chloe (Brenda Song). They are teamed up against Rosetta's will representing the \"garden fairies\" in a competition in which they hope to unseat the undefeated \"storm fairies\". They overcome their differences and Rosetta's fear of getting dirty, to emerge victorious at the end of the games.", "Peter and Wendy. Tinker Bell was represented on stage by a darting light \"created by a small mirror held in the hand off-stage and reflecting a little circle of light from a powerful lamp\"[17] and her voice was \"a collar of bells and two special ones that Barrie brought from Switzerland\". However, a Miss \"Jane Wren\" or \"Jenny Wren\" was listed among the cast on the programmes of the original productions as playing Tinker Bell: this was meant as a joke that fooled H.M. Inspector of Taxes, who sent her a tax demand.[18]", "Tinker Bell (film series). She tries her hand at nature skills—making dewdrops with Silvermist, lighting fireflies with Iridessa, and trying with Fawn to teach baby birds to fly but she fails miserably at all of these. Meanwhile, Bobble and Clank cover for Tink when questioned by Fairy Mary (Jane Horrocks), the tinker fairy overseer. When Tinker Bell returns, she tries to explain, but Mary simply responds that she knows, and expresses her disappointment with Tink's actions.", "Tinker Bell (film series). The fairies (Mae Whitman, Kristin Chenoweth, Lucy Liu, Raven-Symoné, Angela Bartys) are getting ready for the season of leaves, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and pumpkins: autumn. Every eight years they create a new fall scepter to hold a precious moonstone. This moonstone will create blue pixie dust that will restore the Pixie Dust Tree. It is the tinker fairies' turn to create the new scepter and they choose Tinker Bell as the maker.", "Tinker Bell (film series). Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) crosses over to the forbidden area in Winter Woods, where it is always winter. While there her wings begin to sparkle so she sets off on a quest to discover why. She is overjoyed to learn that her wings sparkled because she was close to her sister, Periwinkle (Lucy Hale). They were born when a baby's laugh split in two. They visit for a few hours before Tinker Bell is told she has to leave. Determined to help her sister visit Pixie Hollow, she crafts a contraption that grates snow to keep Peri cold during her visit. The device malfunctions badly, causing a freeze to slowly envelope Pixie Hollow.", "Melissa McCarthy. McCarthy produced a CBS pilot which starred her husband, Ben Falcone.[45] McCarthy played the female lead, opposite Bill Murray, in the 2014 comedy film St. Vincent, directed and written by Theodore Melfi.[46] On November 19, 2014, it was announced that McCarthy would portray fairy heroine Tinker Bell in the untitled comedy-adventure directed by Shawn Levy.[47] She would also produce the film.[48] In addition, McCarthy was the lead in frequent collaborator Paul Feig's spy comedy Spy (2015),[49][50] a role that earned McCarthy her first Golden Globe Award nomination.", "Tinker Bell (film series). Another feature-length film, titled The Pirate Fairy,[3] (originally titled Quest for the Queen)[4] was released on April 1, 2014.[5] The film was originally scheduled for Fall 2013, but another DisneyToon Studios film, Planes, took its place.[4] A trailer for the film was released on the Secret of the Wings Blu-ray and DVD on October 23, 2012.[6] It was directed by the Secret of the Wings director, Peggy Holmes. The film introduced new characters, Zarina, voiced by Christina Hendricks, and James aka Captain Hook, voiced by Tom Hiddleston.[3] Carlos Ponce also voiced one of the characters in the film.[7]", "Tinker Bell (film series). P>A six-minute short film, titled Pixie Hollow Bake Off, aired in the United Kingdom on October 20, 2013, on Disney Channel. Lisa Faulkner provided a voice for a baking fairy named Gelata.[13]", "Secret of the Wings. Secret of the Wings, also known as Tinker Bell: Secret of the Wings, is a 2012 computer-animated fantasy film, and the fourth in the Disney Fairies franchise, produced by DisneyToon Studios. It revolves around Tinker Bell, a fairy character created by J. M. Barrie in his play, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, and featured in subsequent adaptations, especially in Disney's animated works, and how she ventures to the Winter Woods and meets her twin sister, Periwinkle, who is a frost fairy. The film was directed by Peggy Holmes, and co-directed by Bobs Gannaway.[3][4] Starring the voices of Mae Whitman, Lucy Liu, Megan Hilty, Raven-Symoné and Angela Bartys, it also features new cast members who include Matt Lanter, Timothy Dalton, Lucy Hale and Debby Ryan, while Anjelica Huston narrates.", "Tinker Bell (film series). P>The short was released in the United States as a bonus DVD in a Walmart-exclusive edition of The Pirate Fairy on Blu-ray Disc, but with Giada De Laurentiis as the voice of Gelata.[14] In July 2014 the short was made available on the digital movie service Disney Movies Anywhere.[15]", "Freya Tingley. In 2013 Freya was cast in Once Upon a Time as Wendy, a 13-year-old girl based on the heroine Wendy Darling from the novel Peter Pan.[5] It had only taken Freya one audition to get the part of Wendy Darling because Freya could put on a good British accent. Wendy was only seen in a number of episodes and helped Peter Pan (Robbie Kay) gain Henry's heart. However she is then reunited with her family.\nIn 2014, Freya had the lead role in The Choking Game, a movie made for Lifetime.", "Tinker Bell (film series). Tinker Bell is a computer animated fantasy film series produced by DisneyToon Studios as part of the Disney Fairies franchise. Voices of Mae Whitman, Raven-Symoné, Lucy Liu, America Ferrera, Kristin Chenoweth and Pamela Adlon are featured in the films. Each of the first four films is set around one of the four seasons: Tinker Bell around Spring, Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure around Autumn, Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue around Summer, and Secret of the Wings around Winter. A fifth title, Pixie Hollow Games, was supposed to be based on all four seasons, but it was released before Secret of the Wings and scaled down. A fifth film, titled The Pirate Fairy, was released April 1, 2014, followed by the release of a sixth film Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast on March 3, 2015. The series is a spin-off of and prequel to Peter Pan and its sequel, Return to Never Land.", "Tinker Bell (film series). TABLE class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:99%;\">\n\nFilm\nDirector\nProducer\nExecutive producer\nWriter\nComposer\n\n\nTinker Bell\nBradley Raymond\nJeannine Roussel\nJohn Lasseter\nscreenplay:\nJeffrey M. Howard\nstory:\nBradley Raymond\nJoel McNeely\n\n\nTinker Bell and the Lost Treasure\nKlay Hall\nSean Lurie\nscreenplay:\nEvan Spiliotopoulos\nstory:\nKlay Hall\n\n\nTinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue\nBradley Raymond\nHelen Kafatic\nMargot Pipkin\nscreenplay:\nJoe Ansolabehere & Paul Germain\nRob Muir & Bob Hilgenberg\nstory:\nBradley Raymond\nJeffrey M. Howard\n\n\nSecret of the Wings\nBobs Gannaway\nPeggy Holmes\nMakul Wigert\nBobs Gannaway & Peggy Holmes\nRyan Rowe\nTom Rogers\n\n\nThe Pirate Fairy\nPeggy Holmes\nJenni Magee-Cook\nscreenplay:\nJeffrey M. Howard & Kate Kondell\nstory:\nJohn Lasseter & Peggy Holmes & Bobs Gannaway & Lorna Cook & Craig Gerber\n\n\nTinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast\nSteve Loter\nMakul Wigert\nscreenplay:\nTom Rodgers & Robert Schooley\nMark McCorkle\nKate Kondell\nstory:\nSteve Loter\nTom Rodgers", "Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast. Mae Whitman, Lucy Liu, Raven-Symoné, Megan Hilty, Pamela Adlon, and Anjelica Huston reprise their roles of Tinker Bell, Silvermist, Iridessa, Rosetta, Vidia and Queen Clarion.[1] Ginnifer Goodwin joins the cast, replacing Angela Bartys as the voice of Fawn in this film,[5] Rosario Dawson joins the cast as new character Nyx.[1] Singer Mel B also joins the cast as new character Fury in the British release while Danai Gurira voices Fury in the American release.", "Tinker Bell (film series). As a last resort, Tinker Bell asks Vidia for help in becoming a garden fairy. Vidia craftily tells her that capturing the sprinting thistles would prove her worth. However, once she sees Tink making progress, she lets the captured thistles loose, and in attempting to recapture them, Tink destroys all the preparations for spring. Tink decides to leave, but after talking with the dust-keeper Terence (Jesse McCartney) about how important his job is, she realizes the importance of a tinker.", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). For the second half of the season, Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes, starting in episode 11, as the Sheriff of Nottingham.[43][107] On October 31, it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma.[51] On December 11, Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13.[54] On January 6, 2017, it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel. The story line involves a team-up between Ariel, Jasmine, and Hook.[33] On January 7, Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric.[34] Two days later, it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell.[32] On January 20, it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily. The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17.[42][108] On January 23, Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season.[41] On March 14, it was announced that episode 18 would introduce the Tin Man, played by Alex Désert, and the Cowardly Lion from the Wizard of Oz tale.[109]", "Tinker Bell (film series). TR>\nThe Pirate Fairy\nPeggy Holmes\nJenni Magee-Cook\nscreenplay:\nJeffrey M. Howard & Kate Kondell\nstory:\nJohn Lasseter & Peggy Holmes & Bobs Gannaway & Lorna Cook & Craig Gerber", "Pixie. In the Disney film, Peter Pan (1953), Tinker Bell is described as a pixie, although, in the J.M. Barrie play on which the film is based, she is actually a fairy. In the Disney versions she always uses \"pixie dust\", rather than the fairy dust in the play. In Barrie's original play, Tinker Bell is traditionally staged just as a flying point of light beamed from offstage. Disney continues to use the terms \"pixie\" and \"fairy\" interchangeably for Tinker Bell, and associated spin-offs.", "Abigail Breslin. Although Jennifer Hudson won the Oscar, Breslin co-presented with actor Jaden Smith at the 79th Academy Awards on February 25, 2007.[30] Breslin was part of the Disney Year of a Million Dreams celebration. Annie Leibovitz photographed her as Fira from Disney Fairies with Dame Julie Andrews as the Blue Fairy from Pinocchio.[31]", "Raven-Symoné. Since 2008, Raven-Symoné has provided her voice to the character of Iridessa the light-fairy, as a part of the Disney Fairies franchise and direct-to-DVD Tinker Bell film series. Raven also appeared in Chris Rock's 2009 documentary Good Hair.", "Broken (Once Upon a Time). First season recurring actresses Emilie de Ravin (Belle) and Meghan Ory (Red Riding Hood/Ruby) became members of this season's main cast.[5][6] Two additional actresses who joined the recurring cast were Sarah Bolger as Aurora and Jamie Chung as Mulan, who both made their debuts during this episode.[7][8]", "Once Upon a Time (season 3). In May 2013, it was revealed that season two regular Meghan Ory (Red Riding Hood/Ruby) would be departing the show to star in CBS's upcoming sci-fi drama Intelligence. However, Ory stated that she would still be open for more episodes on the show as a guest member.[33] Ory later made appearances in episodes twelve and thirteen of the season. The same month, it was announced that Michael Raymond-James (Baelfire/Neal Cassidy) had been promoted from a recurring cast member to a series regular for the season.[34] In July 2013, it was reported that Giancarlo Esposito (The Genie/Magic Mirror/Sidney Glass) would be returning to the series, following his absence from season two.[35] In the same month, it was announced that the role of Robin Hood had been recast from Tom Ellis to Sean Maguire. Adam Horowitz stated, \"Although we love Tom Ellis, unfortunately he wasn’t available. We remain huge fans of his, but because we have an arc planned for the character, we had to move forward.\"[36] British actor Robbie Kay played the role of the villain for the first half of the season: Peter Pan.[37] On July 29, it was reported that Rose McIver had been cast as Tinker Bell. Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis teased an unexpected introduction for the well-known character, saying, \"It's taking the icon and putting our spin on it. How we introduce her, and who she is, is hopefully going to be surprising because we're going to find she has a surprising connection to someone.\"[29] For episode five, Bernard Curry played a guest role as Captain Hook's brother Liam, while a member of the Lost Boys called Devin was portrayed by Skyler Gisondo.[38] Joanna Garcia was cast as Ariel from The Little Mermaid.[27][39] On September 3, 2013, Gil McKinney was cast in the recurring role of Prince Eric.[40] On October 18, 2013, it was revealed that the American musician Marilyn Manson would voice the character of The Shadow.[41] On October 21, British actor Stephen Lord was announced to be playing Rumplestiltskin's father, Malcolm.[42] He featured in the eighth and eleventh episodes of the season.[43]", "Victoria Smurfit. Victoria Smurfit (born 31 March 1974) is an Irish actress. She is known for her role as Cruella De Vil in Once Upon a Time.", "Rose McIver. Frances Rose McIver (born 10 October 1988)[1] is a New Zealand actress. Her mainstream feature film debut came in 2009's The Lovely Bones; other works include the films Predicament and Blinder; as well as guest appearances in New Zealand-based shows Xena: Warrior Princess, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, and Legend of the Seeker. McIver was a series regular on Power Rangers RPM, and she has recurring roles in both Showtime's Masters of Sex and on ABC's Once Upon a Time." ]

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[ "2011 New England Patriots season. The Patriots lost in the Super Bowl to the New York Giants by a score of 21–17. The Patriots, as was the case in their previous appearance against these same Giants in Super Bowl XLII, had a chance to join the San Francisco 49ers, the Dallas Cowboys, the Pittsburgh Steelers, and the Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win at least four Super Bowls (the Packers, who had entered the 2011 season as the defending champions, had not yet won a fourth Super Bowl when the Patriots had last appeared). Instead, the Patriots tied a then-NFL record for most losses in a Super Bowl that had been set by the Minnesota Vikings and tied by the Denver Broncos and Buffalo Bills, each of whom had lost four.", "List of New England Patriots seasons. Overall, the Patriots have made 24 playoff appearances, one of which was before the merger. Since the merger, they have played fourteen AFC Championship Games, winning ten of them to advance to the Super Bowl.[10] In the Patriots' 56-year history, they have an overall regular season record of 476 wins, 383 losses, and 9 ties, plus an overall postseason record of 32 wins and 19 losses. In the 2017 NFL season, the Patriots reached their 10th Super Bowl, breaking their own record for most Super Bowl appearances by any organization of all time.[11]", "2017 New England Patriots season. With this loss, the Patriots were unable to defend their Super Bowl title from last year. The team finished the season with an overall record of 15-4. However, the 33 points scored is the most ever by a team that lost the Super Bowl. Tom Brady is also the first QB ever to throw for over 500 yards and lose the Super Bowl. His personal Super Bowl record dropped to 5-3. His record against the NFC East in Super Bowls also dropped to 1-3.", "List of New England Patriots seasons. The Patriots have won five Super Bowl championships (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI). They also played in and lost Super Bowls XX, XXXI, XLII, XLVI, and Super Bowl LII. During the 2007 regular season, the Patriots became the only NFL team in history to win 16 games, and the first since the 1972 Miami Dolphins (in a 14-game season) to complete the regular campaign undefeated.[8] Belichick's Patriots are one of only two teams to win three Super Bowls in four years (the other being the Dallas Cowboys from 1993 to 1996).[9]", "2011 New England Patriots season. With the loss, along with losses in 1985, 1996, and 2007, the Patriots tied with the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills and Minnesota Vikings for most Super Bowl losses at four (although the Broncos would lose their fifth against the Seattle Seahawks two years later).", "New England Patriots. The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl ten times in franchise history, the most of any team, eight of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000. The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history, winning 15 AFC East titles in 17 seasons since 2001, without a losing season in that period. The franchise has since set numerous notable records, including most wins in a ten-year period (126, in 2003–2012), an undefeated 16-game regular season in 2007, the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history (a 21-game streak from October 2003 to October 2004), and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history (won nine straight division titles from 2009 to 2017). The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached (eight) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem. Currently, the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five, after the Steelers, who have six.", "History of the New England Patriots. Bill Belichick, current head coach, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team has won five Super Bowls, including three in four years (2001-2004), and finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games; however, they ended that season with an 18-1 record after their loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.[2] The Patriots have made the playoffs in 14 of the 17 seasons that Belichick has been coach, missing them only in 2000 (his first season), 2002, and 2008. They later faced the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015, and won by a score of 28-24. The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium.", "Super Bowl XXXIX. This is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand. The next year, the Patriots, having faltered down the stretch, entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos, who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50. Two years later, the Patriots, defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI, returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII.", "New England Patriots. The Patriots' current coach, Bill Belichick, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium, was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team won three Super Bowls in four years (2001, 2003, and 2004). The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games.[6] After advancing to Super Bowl XLII, the team's fourth Super Bowl in seven years, the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19–0 season. With the loss, the Patriots ended the year at 18–1, becoming only one of three teams to go 18–1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears. The Patriots' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants, 21–17.[8] In 2015, they won Super Bowl XLIX, defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28–24.[9] The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016–17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI,[10] which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory,[11] tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime.[12]", "New England Patriots. The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017–18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[13]", "Robert Kraft. Under Kraft's ownership, the Patriots experienced newfound and sustained success. While the Patriots appeared in Super Bowl XX under their original owners, the Sullivans, this was one of only six playoff appearances in 34 years. Since Kraft bought the team, however, they have made the playoffs 18 times in 23 years. They won AFC East titles in 1996, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017; they represented the AFC in the Super Bowl that concluded each of the following seasons: 1996 (lost), 2001 (won), 2003 (won), 2004 (won), 2007 (lost), 2011 (lost), 2014 (won), 2016 (won), and 2017 (lost). The Patriots finished the 2003, 2004, 2010, and 2016 seasons with identical 14–2 regular-season records – after having never won more than 11 games prior to Kraft buying the team – and finished the 2007 regular season at 16-0 before losing to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.[37]", "Super Bowl LI. In 2016, New England tied an NFL record, earning 12+ wins for the seventh consecutive season. Even though starting quarterback Tom Brady was suspended for the first four games, and All-Pro tight end Rob Gronkowski was lost to injury in midseason, the Patriots still recorded an NFL-best 14–2 record; their only losses were a shutout loss to the Buffalo Bills in Week 4 and a loss to the Seattle Seahawks in Week 10. They scored 441 points (third in the NFL) while allowing the fewest in the league (250).[30]", "2017 New England Patriots season. The Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans in the Divisional Round 35–14, and the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game 24–20, claiming their second consecutive AFC title.[6] This was their seventh consecutive AFC Championship appearance, adding onto their record from the previous year.[7] The win also made Tom Brady the oldest quarterback (40 years, 163 days) to win a playoff game, surpassing Brett Favre for the record.[8] It was also the second time they advanced to the Super Bowl two consecutive seasons since 2004. They faced the Philadelphia Eagles in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX. This also made the Patriots the only team in NFL history to appear in ten Super Bowls, and gave the Patriots a chance to repeat as Super Bowl Champions for the second time in franchise history, and for the first time since 2004. In addition, they had the chance to tie the Pittsburgh Steelers for the record of most Super Bowl wins by a team in NFL history with 6. However, due to a late strip-sack of Brady by Brandon Graham and a failed Hail Mary pass, the Patriots lost Super Bowl LII to the Eagles by 41–33, ending their chance at a sixth Super Bowl title and resulting in their first Super Bowl loss since 2011. The loss prevented the Patriots from repeating their three-in-four Super Bowl run that they managed from 2001–2004. Also with the loss, the Patriots tied the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses with five.[9]", "Super Bowl XX. The Patriots were a Cinderella team during the 1985 season because many sports writers and fans thought they were lucky to make the playoffs at all. New England began the season losing three of their first five games, but won six consecutive games to finish with an 11–5 record. However, the 11–5 mark only earned them third place in the AFC East behind the Miami Dolphins and the New York Jets.", "Super Bowl XLVI. The Patriots finished with a 13–3 record, winning the AFC East and clinching the AFC's No. 1 seed in the playoffs. New England lost 2 consecutive games to the Steelers and Giants in week 8 and 9 respectively, before rallying to win their remaining eight games.", "Super Bowl XLVI. The Giants and Patriots became the 3rd and 4th teams (after the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers) to appear in Super Bowls in four different decades (both in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) and the second and third to appear in Super Bowls in four consecutive decades (joining the Pittsburgh Steelers). The Giants became the first team in Super Bowl history to win Super Bowls in four different decades (1986, 1990, 2007, 2011). The Patriots became the first team in Super Bowl history to lose Super Bowls in four different decades (1985, 1996, 2007, 2011).", "Super Bowl XXXI. The Patriots were considered a losing team for much of the late 1980s and early 1990s, including a dismal 1–15 regular season record in 1990. Then, in 1993, New England turned to veteran head coach Bill Parcells to lead the team, hoping to repeat the success he had with the New York Giants.", "Super Bowl LII. The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions. For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65-year old coach Bill Belichick, they recorded a double-digit win season, finishing the regular season with a record of 13–3, one of four teams (along with Philadelphia, Minnesota, and Pittsburgh) with that record. By virtue of the tie-breaking procedures, they were granted the AFC's number one overall seed in the 2017–18 NFL playoffs. The previous season's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season-ending injury. Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2–2 record after four weeks, and the worst overall defense in the league at that point.[31] The defense came together as a unit, and tighten up over the rest of the season however, with the Patriots going 11–1 after week 4. Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins, a division rival, though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one-game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week. The Patriots' defense was improved by several late-season free-agent signings, including Eric Lee, a defensive end, previously from the Buffalo Bills, whom the Patriots signed in Week 12, and James Harrison, a perennial All-Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers, whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas. In just six games for New England, Lee recorded 3​1⁄2 sacks, a safety, and an interception.[32] In his only regular season game with the Patriots, Harrison recorded two sacks.[33]", "History of the New England Patriots. Two weeks after earning a victory in Super Bowl XXXIX, linebacker Tedy Bruschi suffered a stroke and initially planned on missing the entire 2005 season; Bruschi returned to the field against the Buffalo Bills on October 31. Cornerback Ty Law was released in the offseason, and injuries at cornerback, as well as a season-ending injury to safety Rodney Harrison in Week 3, forced the Patriots to start a number of players in the secondary early in the season. Overall, injuries caused the Patriots to start 45 different players at one point or another during the season, an NFL record for a division champion (breaking the record of 42 set by the Patriots in 2003).[44] Beginning the season with a 4–4 record, the Patriots lost their first game at home since 2002 against the San Diego Chargers in Week 4. The team ended the season on a 5–1 run to finish 10–6, earning their third straight AFC East title. With the #4 seed in the AFC playoffs, the Patriots defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 28-3 in the Wild Card round, marking the last time a reigning Super Bowl champion won a playoff game the following season until the 2014 Seattle Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31-17 in the divisional round of the playoffs a season after the team won Super Bowl XLVIII. The Patriots ultimately fell to the Denver Broncos 27-13 on the road in the Divisional Playoffs, committing five turnovers in the game.", "Raymond Berry. In the 1985 season, the team improved further, posting an 11–5 record and making the playoffs as a wild card team. They went on to become the first team in NFL history to advance to the Super Bowl by winning three playoff games on the road, defeating the New York Jets 26–14, the Los Angeles Raiders 27–20, and the Miami Dolphins 31–14.[35][36] It was the first time the Patriots had beaten the Dolphins at the Orange Bowl (Miami's then-home stadium) since 1966, Miami's first season as a franchise. The Patriots had lost to the Dolphins there 18 consecutive times, including a 30–27 loss in Week 15 of the regular season.[37] Despite their success in the playoffs, the Patriots were heavy underdogs to the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX.[38] They lost 46–10 in what was at the time the most lopsided defeat in Super Bowl history. \"We couldn't protect the quarterback, and that was my fault. I couldn't come up with a system to handle the Bears' pass rush\", Berry acknowledged.[39]", "Super Bowl XXXIX. The Patriots' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston-area sports teams in 12 months, following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series–first in 86 years–three months earlier. This marked the first time since 1989–1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months.[13] The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI, losing both to Eli Manning's New York Giants, before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons, 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002.", "Super Bowl XLIX. The New England Patriots had a rough start to their 2014 season, starting the season with a 2–2 record and hitting a low point with a humiliating 41–14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in week four. By this point, the Patriots faced heavy criticism in the media, especially quarterback Tom Brady.[22] Former Patriots safety and teammate Rodney Harrison declared Brady \"looked scared to death\" in the pocket and \"doesn't have any confidence in his offensive line.\"[23] However, New England recovered with an NFL season long seven game winning streak, beginning with a dominating 43–17 win over the Cincinnati Bengals in week five, and went on to lose only two more games for the rest of the year (the latter of which was done while resting the starters the final week of the season), finishing the season with a 12–4 record and the number one seed in the AFC. They finished fourth in the NFL in scoring (468 points) and eighth in points allowed (313), and had the largest point differential in the NFL (with an average margin of victory of 9.7 points). The Patriots defeated the Baltimore Ravens 35–31 in the AFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Indianapolis Colts 45–7 in the AFC Championship Game.", "Super Bowl LI. The Patriots' victory was their fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list, trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories. New England, after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance, their second in three years, and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11–5 regular season record, and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title, having lost their only previous appearance in Super Bowl XXXIII.", "Super Bowl XXXVI. The Patriots finished the 2002 NFL season 9-7, missing the playoffs. But they went on to win Super Bowl XXXVIII, Super Bowl XXXIX, thus winning three Super Bowls in four years. Then, they won their fourth and fifth Super Bowls (Super Bowl XLIX and Super Bowl LI) a decade after their third. Brady also won three more Super Bowl MVP awards in Super Bowl XXXVIII, Super Bowl XLIX, and Super Bowl LI, making him the only player to be named Super Bowl MVP four times. Super Bowl XXXVI later became part of the wider 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy, also known as \"Spygate\". In addition to other videotaping allegations, the Boston Herald reported, citing an unnamed source, that the Patriots had also taped the Rams' walkthrough practice prior to the game.[21] After further investigations, the league determined that no tape of the Rams' Super Bowl walkthrough was made,[22] and the Herald later issued an apology in 2008 for their article about the alleged walkthrough tape.[23] Nevertheless, the Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, but failed to record an undefeated 19–0 championship season after losing Super Bowl XLII to the New York Giants. And at the conclusion of the 2015 NFL season, the Patriots held the NFL's best record since Spygate, compiling a 96-32 record from 2008 to 2015.[24]", "Super Bowl LII. New England finished the regular season with an AFC-best 13–3 record, then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten, their third in four years, and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record, a year after Dallas did it in 2016, but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season-ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles. Still, the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance, having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX.", "2016 New England Patriots season. In Super Bowl LI, the Patriots rallied from a 28–3 deficit – with 2:12 left in the third quarter – to win in overtime, with a score of 34–28.[18] This would be the franchise's fifth Super Bowl title.[19] Super Bowl LI was the first Super Bowl to be decided in overtime and constituted the first time the winner erased a deficit higher than ten points.[20] This would also be a record fifth Super Bowl victory for the Brady–Belichick quarterback-head coach combo.[21] For Tom Brady, this would be his fifth. With the Super Bowl win, he broke his tie with hall of fame quarterbacks Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw who both have four wins each.[22] Moreover, head coach Bill Belichick's fifth Super Bowl meant he surpassed Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll (4) for most wins in the Super Bowl by a head coach.[23]", "List of Super Bowl champions. The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5-4), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–74. The Denver Broncos (3–5) have lost a record five Super Bowls. The New England Patriots (5–4), the Minnesota Vikings (0–4), and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the 1966–67 Green Bay Packers, the 1972–73 Miami Dolphins, the 1974–75 and 1978–79 Pittsburgh Steelers (the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the 1988–89 San Francisco 49ers, the 1992–93 Dallas Cowboys, the 1997–98 Denver Broncos, and the 2003–04 New England Patriots. Among those, Dallas (1992–93; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–04) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl XXXVIII. Despite their victory in Super Bowl XXXVI after the 2001 season, the Patriots stumbled early in the 2002 season, recorded a 9–7 regular season record, and failed to make the playoffs.", "Bill Belichick. Under Belichick, the Patriots have a regular-season record of 201–71–0 over 17 seasons.[88] Belichick is far and away the winningest coach in Patriots history; his 201 wins with the franchise are more than triple those of runner-up Mike Holovak. Belichick also has compiled a 27–10 record in the playoffs with New England, and 5–3 in Super Bowls. He has led the Patriots to fifteen division titles, including five consecutive titles from 2003 to 2007 and nine consecutive titles from 2009 to 2017. Under Belichick, the team only missed the playoffs in 2000 and on tiebreakers in 2002 and 2008.", "Bill Belichick. In 2004, the Patriots once again finished with a 14–2 record, and they defeated the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC divisional round.[43][44] They opened the season at 6–0, which combined with the 15 straight wins to end the previous regular season, those 21 straight wins broke the record for most wins in a row (18 regular season wins in a row), formerly held by the Miami Dolphins during and just after their perfect 1972 season with 18 straight wins (16 regular season, 1971–73). They defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game. In Super Bowl XXXIX, the Patriots beat the Philadelphia Eagles and became only the second team to win three Super Bowls in four years.[45][46] Belichick is the only coach to accomplish this feat.", "2007 New England Patriots season. The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season by winning all sixteen of their games. They became only the fourth team in NFL history to finish a regular season undefeated, and first to do so since the 1972 Miami Dolphins. The Patriots were also the first team with a perfect regular season since the NFL expanded its schedule to sixteen games in 1978. Thus, they broke the record for victories in a single regular season that had been shared by the 1984 San Francisco 49ers, the 1985 Chicago Bears, the 1998 Minnesota Vikings, and the 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers, and later tied by the 2011 Green Bay Packers and 2015 Carolina Panthers, who each finished with a record of 15–1. The 1984 49ers and 1985 Bears would win Super Bowl XIX and Super Bowl XX, respectively, the 1998 Vikings and 2004 Steelers would lose their conference championship games, the 2011 Green Bay Packers would lose their first playoff game, and the 2015 Panthers would lose Super Bowl 50.", "List of New England Patriots seasons. The modern NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, was founded in the 1966 season; the first four were contested between the champions of the AFL and the NFL.[3] After the merger, the Super Bowl became the united league's championship. The Patriots made the 1963 AFL Championship Game, but struggled severely in the early years of the united league, not making the postseason until 1976. After a few good seasons including a Super Bowl appearance against a champion Bears outfit, the Patriots reached a nadir between 1989 and 1993 when they won only 19 of 80 games." ]

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[ "Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765.[1] The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed. However, the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution.[2]", "Sons of Liberty. In the popular imagination, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws.[3] The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree, \"Liberty Pole\", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became \"No taxation without representation.\"[4]", "Sons of Liberty. After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the Treaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists.[12] Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty.", "Sons of Liberty. In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was \"an enemy to the liberties of America\" and that \"whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him\".[11]", "Sons of Liberty. Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the Committee of Safety.", "Sons of Liberty (miniseries). The miniseries centers primarily on the years (1765-1776) prior to start of the American Revolutionary War, and focuses on historical figures and pivotal events between the (then) British Colonies and the mother country of Great Britain to whom then British America owed its allegiance, particularly the events that led to resistance to the crown and creation of the Sons of Liberty, a group that coalesced to resist & disrupt attempts by the British Parliament and crown to tax and govern the colonies.", "American Revolution. The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable. In Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765. Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a \"Declaration of Rights and Grievances\" stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen. Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise.[27]", "Sons of Liberty. The organization spread hour by hour, after independent starts in several different colonies. In August 1765, the group was founded in Boston, Massachusetts.[9] By November 6, a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies. In December, an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, Providence had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport, Rhode Island. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia.", "New York (state). The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year, composed of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies who set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence. This included the right to representative government. At the same time, given strong trading between Britain and the United States on both business and personal levels, many New York residents were Loyalists. The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.", "Sons of Liberty. The name was also used during the American Civil War.[23] By 1864, the Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle set up an offshoot called Order of the Sons of Liberty. They both came under federal prosecution in 1864 for treason, especially in Indiana.[24]", "Sons of Liberty (miniseries). The actions of the Sons of Liberty were the first beginnings of what would eventually become the American or Continental Army. These take place mostly in and around Boston & the then colony of Massachusetts.", "Sons of Liberty. In the 1995 alternative history novel The Two Georges, the Sons of Liberty are depicted as a nativist terrorist organisation whose aim is to make the North American Union independent of the British Empire; their attempts include the theft of the titular portrait for a fifty million pound ransom and two assassination attempts on King-Emperor Charles III. The flag used by the Sons of Liberty and the Independence Party alike is a variation of the North American Jack and Stripes with the Union Jack in the canton being replaced by a bald eagle.", "Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.[10]", "Sons of Liberty. A radical wing of the Zionist movement launched a boycott in the U.S. against British films in 1948, in response to British policies in Palestine. It called itself the \"Sons of Liberty.\"[25]", "Daughters of Liberty. The main task of the Daughters of Liberty was to protest the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts through aiding The Sons of Liberty in boycotts and non-importation movements prior to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. The Daughters of Liberty participated in spinning bees (spinning bees are organized events held to spin yarn and wool into fabric and clothing), helping to produce homespun cloth for colonists to wear instead of British textiles.[2] Women were also used as the enforcers of these movements because they were the ones responsible for purchasing goods for their households. They saw it as their duty to make sure that fellow Patriots were staying true to their word about boycotting British goods.[3]", "Stamp Act 1765. It was during this time of street demonstrations that locally organized groups started to merge into an inter-colonial organization of a type not previously seen in the colonies. The term \"sons of liberty\" had been used in a generic fashion well before 1765, but it was only around February 1766 that its influence extended throughout the colonies as an organized group using the formal name \"Sons of Liberty\", leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776.[69] Historian John C. Miller noted that the name was adopted as a result of Barre's use of the term in his February 1765 speech.[70]", "Sons of Liberty (miniseries). Various American Revolutionary figures such as Samuel Adams, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Paul Revere, George Washington and British General Thomas Gage are central characters in various episodes.", "Sons of Liberty. At various times, small secret organizations took the name \"sons of liberty\". They generally left very few records.", "Sons of Liberty (miniseries). Sons of Liberty is an American television miniseries dramatizing the early American Revolution events in Boston, Massachusetts, the start of the Revolutionary War, and the negotiations of the Second Continental Congress which resulted in the drafting and signing of the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Directed by Kari Skogland, the three-part miniseries premiered on History on January 25, 2015. The series' theme music was composed by Hans Zimmer.[1][2]", "Sons of Liberty (miniseries). The History Channel billed the series as a \"dramatic interpretation of events\"[12] and a work of \"historical fiction\", arguing the goal of the miniseries was \"to capture the spirit of the time, convey the personalities of the main characters, and focus on real events that have shaped our past\".[12] Nevertheless, the series has attracted criticism for its historical inaccuracies.[13][14]", "Stamp Act 1765. The officers and leaders of the Sons of Liberty \"were drawn almost entirely from the middle and upper ranks of colonial society,\" but they recognized the need to expand their power base to include \"the whole of political society, involving all of its social or economic subdivisions.\" To do this, the Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base.[72] They learned early on that controlling such crowds was problematical, although they strived to control \"the possible violence of extra-legal gatherings.\" The organization professed its loyalty to both local and British established government, but possible military action as a defensive measure was always part of their considerations. Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis, the Sons of Liberty professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a \"fundamental confidence\" that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax.[73]", "Sons of the American Legion. The Sons of the American Legion is a patriotic service organization formed on September 12–15, 1932. The S.A.L. is made up of male descendants of people who served in the United States Armed Forces during times specified by the American Legion.[3] The Sons of the American Legion's mission to serve veterans, the military and their families is carried out through its hundreds of outreach programs delivered by its members, volunteers and national headquarters.[4] The Sons of the American Legion's national headquarters is located in Indianapolis.", "Province of New York. The New York City Sons of Liberty learned of Boston's plan to stop the unloading of any tea and resolved to also follow this policy. Since the Association had not obtained the support they had expected, the Sons of Liberty were afraid that if the tea was landed the population would demand its distribution for retail.[39]", "Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2015 Broadway show Hamilton. In the song \"Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down),\" the character Hercules Mulligan sings, \"I am runnin' with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin' it.\"", "Sons of Liberty (miniseries). In the United Kingdom, Sons of Liberty aired on History Channel from June 2, 2015, also as a six-part series.", "Sons of Liberty. In 1767, the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins (Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy) and by American merchant ships during the war. This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty. Red and white were common colors of the flags, although other color combinations were used, such as green and white or yellow and white.[13][14][15]", "Sons of Liberty. The patriotic spirit of the Sons of Liberty has been used by Walt Disney Pictures through their 1957 film adaptation of Esther Forbes' novel Johnny Tremain. Within the movie, the Sons of Liberty sing a rousing song titled \"The Liberty Tree\". This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way in which George M. Cohan's \"You're a Grand Old Flag\" revitalized respect for the American flag in the early twentieth century.", "Stamp Act 1765. As news spread of the reasons for Andrew Oliver's resignation, violence and threats of aggressive acts increased throughout the colonies, as did organized groups of resistance. Throughout the colonies, members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty. These colonial groups of resistance burned effigies of royal officials, forced Stamp Act collectors to resign, and were able to get businessmen and judges to go about without using the proper stamps demanded by Parliament.[52]", "Slavery. Sons of Africa was a late 18th-century British group that campaigned to end slavery. Its members were Africans in London, freed slaves who included Ottobah Cugoano, Olaudah Equiano and other leading members of London's black community. It was closely connected to the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, a non-denominational group founded in 1787, whose members included Thomas Clarkson.", "Daughters of Liberty. The Daughters of Liberty signifies the formal women Patriot association that was formed in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act and later the Townshend Acts, as well as a general term for women who identified themselves as fighting for liberty during the American Revolution.[1]", "Province of New York. In May 1766, when news arrived of the repeal of the Stamp Act the Sons of Liberty celebrated by the erection of a Liberty Pole. It became a rallying point for mass meetings and an emblem of the American cause. In June, two regiments of British regulars arrived in New York City and were quartered in the upper barracks. These troops cut down the liberty pole on August 10. A second and third pole were erected and also cut down. A fourth pole was erected and encased in iron to prevent similar action.", "Sons of Liberty. In Boston, another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. They burned his effigy in the streets. When he did not resign, they escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear." ]

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[ "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws makes a cameo appearance in the animated series Jackie Chan Adventures (episode \"Tough Luck\"), where he auditions as a prospective henchman for Finn and gets his steel teeth (which are revealed to be dentures) stuck in a board he bites into. In the final credits sequence of the film adaptation of Inspector Gadget, Doctor Claw's assistant is shown attending a Henchman's Anonymous meeting; Richard Kiel, who is billed in the credits as \"Famous Big Guy with Metal Teeth\", is in attendance. Kiel also played Reace, a very similar character to Jaws (complete with metal teeth), in the 1976 film Silver Streak. In Aces Go Places 3, the third movie in a James Bond spoof series, Kiel plays a villain named Big G, which resembles Jaws, though he has no metal teeth. The film also features an actor who resembles the character Oddjob, another James Bond bad guy.", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws is a fictional character in the James Bond films The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker, played in both films by Richard Kiel. Jaws is one of the most popular James Bond henchmen and a recurring character in the James Bond video games. He is a highly skilled killer relying on his brute strength and steel teeth to quickly dispatch his victims.", "Richard Kiel. Richard Dawson Kiel (September 13, 1939 – September 10, 2014) was an American actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role as Jaws in the James Bond franchise, portraying the character in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979); he lampooned the role with a tongue-in-cheek cameo in Inspector Gadget (1999). His next-most recognized role is the tough, but eloquent Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore (1996). Other notable films include The Longest Yard (1974), Silver Streak (1976), Force 10 from Navarone (1978), Pale Rider (1985) and Tangled (2010).", "List of recurring actors and actresses in the James Bond film series. As Jaws:", "Richard Kiel. The James Bond-film producers spotted Kiel in Barbary Coast, and thought he was ideal for the role of Jaws in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). He was one of the few Bond-villains to appear in two Bond-films, later appearing in Moonraker (1979). He reprised his role of Jaws in the video game called James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, supplying his voice and likeness. Prior to becoming Jaws, Kiel gave a similarly menacing performance as another metal-toothed villain, Reace, in Silver Streak (1976).", "List of recurring actors and actresses in the James Bond film series. American actor Richard Kiel is best known for his role as the steel-toothed Jaws in the James Bond movies The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979) as well as the video game Everything or Nothing, and Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore. He stands at a towering height of 7 feet 1.5 inches (2.18 m).[citation needed]", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws was spoofed in Mel Brooks' 1977 film High Anxiety, featuring a hired killer named Braces (played by Rudy De Luca) who is wearing large metal braces on his teeth. An unrelated character named Braces from the video games TimeSplitters 2 and TimeSplitters: Future Perfect is also referencing Jaws. The film 2008 Get Smart, which is both a parody of and an homage to the James Bond film series, features a character named Dalip (played by The Great Khali), who looks like Jaws and does his Moonraker stunt of falling from the sky without a parachute and surviving; he also helps the film's protagonists in the end.", "Jaws (James Bond). Most of the background information on Jaws comes from Christopher Wood's novelisation of the film The Spy Who Loved Me; published as James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me to differentiate from Ian Fleming's novel. In Wood's version, Jaws' real name is Zbigniew Krycsiwiki. He was born in Poland, the product of a union between the strong man of a travelling circus and the Chief Wardress at the Women’s Prison in Cracow. The relationship and subsequent marriage had been a stormy one and, when it broke up, the young Zbigniew stayed with his mother and attended school and subsequently university in Cracow. He grew to a prodigious height but in temperament he followed his father and was surly and uncooperative, given to sudden outbreaks of violent temper. Because of his size he commanded a place in the university basketball team, but he was sluggish of reaction and his lack of speed was constantly exposed by more skilful but less physically endowed players. After a failed attempt at a basketball career, Krycsiwiki was arrested by the secret police for having taken part in the (fictitious) \"1972 bread riots\". While he was imprisoned, the police \"beat him with hollow steel clubs encased in thick leather\" until they thought he was dead, leaving his jaw broken beyond repair. Krycsiwiki later escaped and stowed aboard one of Stromberg's vessels. Eventually he was caught, but instead of turning him in, Stromberg hired a prestigious doctor to create an artificial jaw. After 14 operations Krycsiwiki's jaw was restored using steel components that created two rows of terrifying razor-sharp teeth, although Jaws was left mute. Since none of the above is actually mentioned in either movie, this is not necessarily considered canonical, and Wood contradicts his own continuity when one compares his scripts and his novelisations.", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws' principal video game appearances are in the 1997 Nintendo 64 game GoldenEye 007 in a bonus mission in which he is a henchman to the deceased Hugo Drax whom Bond needs to defeat, and has multiple appearances in the multi-platform 2004 game 007: Everything or Nothing as a henchman to Nikolai Diavolo. Both games use Richard Kiel's likeness and voice (grunts and sound effects).", "Jaws (James Bond). In his second appearance Jaws changed from a ruthless and unstoppable killing machine to more of a comedic figure (commencing with the cable car sequence) and he eventually turns against Drax and helps Bond to defeat him. In addition to having steel teeth, Jaws was also gigantic and extremely strong, which forced Bond to be especially inventive while fighting him. In combat during The Spy Who Loved Me, Bond found himself caught in an unbreakable death grip by Jaws, who was about to fatally bite him; Bond only escaped by using a broken electric lamp to send an electric shock through the assassin's teeth to stun him. In Moonraker he gains a girlfriend, Dolly, who like Jaws seems to almost never speak (she says nothing audible in the film) and who is the primary reason for his reformation.", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws first appeared in the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me as a henchman to the villain, Karl Stromberg. In the next film, Moonraker, Jaws is employed by both Bond's unspecified enemy in the pre-credits sequence, and the main villain Hugo Drax. Jaws is evidently well known amongst criminals, as Drax is pleased to learn that Jaws is available to hire.", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws appeared in the 1990s animated spin-off James Bond Jr. as a member of the SCUM organization and partner-in-crime of fellow henchman Nick Nack. In the show, Jaws underwent some change in his appearance; he was more muscular, his chin was also metal, and he spoke regularly.", "Jaws (film). Jaws is a 1975 American thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley's 1974 novel of the same name. In the story, a giant man-eating great white shark attacks beachgoers on Amity Island, a fictional New England summer resort town, prompting the local police chief to hunt it with the help of a marine biologist and a professional shark hunter. The film stars Roy Scheider as police chief Martin Brody, Robert Shaw as shark hunter Quint, Richard Dreyfuss as oceanographer Matt Hooper, Murray Hamilton as Larry Vaughn, the mayor of Amity Island, and Lorraine Gary as Brody's wife, Ellen. The screenplay is credited to both Benchley, who wrote the first drafts, and actor-writer Carl Gottlieb, who rewrote the script during principal photography.", "Moonraker (film). The Jaws character, played by Richard Kiel, makes a return, although in Moonraker the role is played more for comedic effect than in The Spy Who Loved Me. Jaws was intended to be a villain against Bond to the bitter end, but director Lewis Gilbert stated on the DVD documentary that he received so much fan mail from small children saying \"Why can't Jaws be a goodie not a baddie\", that as a result he was persuaded to make Jaws gradually become Bond's ally at the end of the film.[5]", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws is an unlockable multiplayer character in GoldenEye 007 as well as in 007: Nightfire, where he is the tallest character in the game, his punches can kill almost instantly, and the character model's teeth are visible at close range. Jaws is a playable multiplayer character in the 2010 remake GoldenEye 007 for the Wii, and in the 2011 re-release GoldenEye 007: Reloaded for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. He is also in the 2012 James Bond game 007 Legends.", "Jaws (James Bond). The character was inspired by Ian Fleming's description of a hoodlum named Sol \"Horror\" Horowitz in his novel The Spy Who Loved Me. When Horror speaks, he reveals steel-capped teeth. The initial script of The Spy Who Loved Me concluded with Jaws being killed by the shark, but after a rough test screening, Jaws was so well-liked that the scene was changed to have him survive. In the storyboard of the sequence from Moonraker, Jaws appears with an Emilio Largo-style eye patch, and a mustache, neither of which was seen in the actual films in which the character appeared.", "Jaws (James Bond). In the novelisation of The Spy Who Loved Me, Wood specifically states that Jaws is a mute. However, though Jaws remains mute in Wood's James Bond and Moonraker novelisation, he actually does speak at the end of the film. In the book, Jaws remains attached to the magnet that Bond dips into the tank, as opposed to the film where Bond releases Jaws from the magnet into the water: \"Now both hands were tearing at the magnet, and Jaws twisted furiously like a fish on the hook. As Bond watched in fascinated horror, a relentless triangle streaked up behind the stricken giant. A huge gray force launched itself through the wild water, and two rows of white teeth closed around the threshing flesh.\"[8]", "Roger Moore. For American TV Moore played the title role in Sherlock Holmes in New York (1976) then was back as Bond in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), a massive success. With Barbara Bach, and Richard Kiel in his first appearance as the huge, but not brainy villain, Jaws.", "Jaws (franchise). The original Jaws, directed by Steven Spielberg, is based on Peter Benchley's novel of the same name. It tells the story of Police Chief Martin Brody (portrayed by Roy Scheider) of Amity Island (a fictional summer resort town), in his quest to protect beachgoers from a great white shark by closing the beach. This is overruled by the town council, headed by the mayor (Murray Hamilton) that wants the beach to remain open in order to sustain the local tourist economy. After several attacks, the police chief enlists the help of marine biologist Matt Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) and a professional shark hunter Quint (Robert Shaw). The three voyage out onto the ocean in Quint's boat – the Orca. The shark kills Quint, but Brody manages to destroy it by shooting at the highly pressurized air tank that he has wedged in its mouth. In the end, Brody and Hooper are seen swimming away from the sinking Orca, having both of them managed to survive uninjured the shark attack on the boat.", "Jaws 2. Jaws 2 is a 1978 American thriller film, the first sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975), and the second installment in the Jaws franchise. Directed by Jeannot Szwarc, it stars Roy Scheider[4] as Police Chief Martin Brody, with Lorraine Gary and Murray Hamilton[4] reprising their respective roles as Martin's wife Ellen Brody and mayor Larry Vaughn. The film also stars Joseph Mascolo, Jeffrey Kramer, Collin Wilcox, Ann Dusenberry, Mark Gruner, Susan French, Barry Coe, Donna Wilkes, and Gary Springer.[4]", "Jaws (James Bond). The character's teeth play a prominent role in the films. Albert R. Broccoli is credited with adding steel teeth to the character for The Spy Who Loved Me. Katharina Kubrick Hobbs designed the teeth as cog-like in shape, as she felt that pointed teeth could have injured Kiel.[1] Broccoli originally hired John Chambers to make the teeth; however, these were not used, as they did not meet Broccoli's standards. Broccoli then sent Kiel to Peter Thomas, a dental technician who worked near Pinewood Studios,[2] to construct the appliances. Kiel stated the props were uncomfortable for him and he could only wear them for less than one minute before gagging.[1][3] When Kiel was required to use the teeth to bite through something, liquorice was used.[4] After shooting a scene, the teeth were placed in a plastic container with cotton wool in the bottom of it and the teeth were rinsed with mouthwash before drying for use in the next scene.[3] After the James Bond films, the teeth were taken to an unknown location.[3] In 2002, the teeth were displayed as part of an exhibition at The Science Museum in London to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the release of Dr. No.[5][6]", "Jaws (film). For the role of Hooper, Spielberg initially wanted Jon Voight.[31] Timothy Bottoms, Joel Grey, and Jeff Bridges were also considered for the part.[37] Spielberg's friend George Lucas suggested Richard Dreyfuss, whom he had directed in American Graffiti.[15] The actor initially passed, but changed his decision after he attended a pre-release screening of The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, which he had just completed. Disappointed in his performance and fearing that no one would want to hire him once Kravitz was released, he immediately called Spielberg and accepted the role in Jaws. Because the film the director envisioned was so dissimilar to Benchley's novel, Spielberg asked Dreyfuss not to read it.[38] As a result of the casting, Hooper was rewritten to better suit the actor,[30] as well as to be more representative of Spielberg, who came to view Dreyfuss as his \"alter ego\".[37]", "Jaws (James Bond). MythBusters tested the plausibility of Jaws biting through the steel cable car wire. The model based on the dentures used in the movie had little impact on the steel cable, even with a hydraulic press at ten times human bite strength. Jamie Hyneman then took huge metal pincers and became \"Claws\", who, as the announcer said, was \"meaner than Oddjob, more ferocious than Jaws, taller than Nick Nack, and creepier than Tee Hee.\" With the metal pincers, he gets through the cord easily.[9]", "Jaws (James Bond). Jaws appears in the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis game James Bond 007: The Duel, where he wanders briefly around a section toward the end of the first stage and defeats the player with one hit. He also serves as the game's final boss.\nJaws also appears in the Game Boy game James Bond 007 as a boss, where Bond must lead him to magnetized pads that will temporarily hold him in place, allowing time for Bond to attack him.", "Jaws (franchise). The sequels are not held in such high regard. Many reviewers criticized Jaws 2 director Jeannot Szwarc for showing more of the shark than the first film had, reducing the Hitchcockian notion \"that the greatest suspense derives from the unseen and the unknown, and that the imagination is capable of conceiving far worse than the materialization of a mere mechanical monster.\"[67] The performances of Scheider, Gary, and Hamilton in Jaws 2 were praised.[68] However, the teenagers, who are \"irritating and incessantly screaming... don't make for very sympathetic victims.\"[69]", "Jaws (franchise). In February 2010, film website Cinema Blend reported that a source from Universal Pictures has indicated that Universal is \"strongly considering\" remaking Jaws in 3-D, following the commercial success of Avatar.[4] The source also reported that 30 Rock star Tracy Morgan was considered to portray Matt Hooper in the remake, which they say could be more comedic and make more use of special effects.[5] The studio has not officially commented upon the rumor.[6][7]", "Jaws 3-D. Jaws 3-D (also known as Jaws 3 or Jaws III) is a 1983 American thriller film directed by Joe Alves and starring Dennis Quaid, Bess Armstrong, Lea Thompson, and Louis Gossett, Jr. It is the second sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws and the third installment in the Jaws franchise. The film follows the Brody children from the previous films at SeaWorld, a Florida marine park with underwater tunnels and lagoons. As the park prepares for opening, a young great white shark infiltrates the park from the sea, seemingly attacking and killing the park's employees. Once the shark is captured, it becomes apparent that it was a second, much larger shark who also entered the park, that was the real culprit.", "Jaws (franchise). The plot of Jaws 3-D (also known as Jaws 3) moves away from Amity Island to SeaWorld in Florida, a water themed-park with underwater tunnels and lagoons. As the park prepares to open, it is infiltrated by a baby great white shark which attacks and kills water-skiers and park employees. Once the baby shark is captured, it becomes apparent that a much larger shark, the mother, is present. The characters of Martin's sons from the first two films are developed further in this film: Michael Brody (Dennis Quaid) is the chief engineer of the park and his younger brother, Sean (John Putch), arrives at the resort to visit him. The events of the earlier films are implied through Sean's dislike of the water because of \"something that happened when he was a kid.\" The events and character development from Jaws 3-D are independent from the rest of the series.[3]", "Jaws (James Bond). In 1979 there were plans to bring Jaws back for a third film. In For Your Eyes Only, Jaws would marry Dolly.[7] However, due to a change in production personnel and a desire to make the films more down-to-earth, the producers chose not to bring Kiel or Jaws back.", "Jaws (film). Nine days before the start of production, neither Quint nor Hooper had been cast.[30] The role of Quint was originally offered to actors Lee Marvin and Sterling Hayden, both of whom passed.[15][28] Zanuck and Brown had just finished working with Robert Shaw on The Sting, and suggested him to Spielberg.[31] Shaw was reluctant to take the role since he did not like the book, but decided to accept at the urging of both his wife, actress Mary Ure, and his secretary—\"The last time they were that enthusiastic was From Russia with Love. And they were right.\"[32] Shaw based his performance on fellow cast member Craig Kingsbury, a local fisherman, farmer, and legendary eccentric, who was playing fisherman Ben Gardner.[33] Spielberg described Kingsbury as \"the purest version of who, in my mind, Quint was\", and some of his offscreen utterances were incorporated into the script as lines of Gardner and Quint.[34] Another source for some of Quint's dialogue and mannerisms, especially in the third act at sea, was Vineyard mechanic and boat-owner Lynn Murphy.[35][36]", "Jaws (James Bond). In Everything or Nothing, Jaws is electrocuted and is inside a train that is knocked over the side of a bridge. Later he drives a tanker intending to destroy the New Orleans levees, but Bond destroys his tanker. In a fight on a large lift, in which Jaws is equipped with a flamethrower, Bond shoots the flamethrower backpack which ignites Jaws. Bond then climbs into the cockpit of a plane and ejects his seat as the lift plummets to the ground. When Bond subsequently lands on the remains of the lift, Jaws is nowhere to be found, leaving his fate ambiguous. He can not be hurt himself, and any players that try to hurt him will be killed almost immediately by him.", "Jaws (franchise). The first sequel, Jaws 2, depicts the same town four years after the events of the original film when another great white shark arrives on the shores of the fictional seaside resort of Amity Island. Directed by Jeannot Szwarc and starring Roy Scheider again as Police Chief Martin Brody, who, after a series of deaths and disappearances, suspects that the culprit is another shark. However, he has trouble convincing the town's selectmen. He has to act alone to save a group of teenagers, including his two sons, who encounter the shark whilst out sailing." ]

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[ "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) (song). \"Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)\" is a song written by David Allan Coe, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in December 1973 as the first single and title track from the album Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone). It topped the U.S. country chart on March 30, 1974, for one week and was Tucker's third number-one song on the chart.[1] On the Billboard Hot 100, the song peaked at number 46. Only her 1975 number-one country hit, \"Lizzie and the Rainman\", performed better on the pop chart. Coe later recorded the song as the b-side to his 1975 single \"You Never Even Called Me by My Name.\" In 1975, a version by veteran Australian singer Judy Stone reached into the top 5 of the Australian pop charts. Willie Nelson recorded the song on his 1983 album, Take It to the Limit. In 2000, Johnny Cash covered the song on his album, American III: Solitary Man.", "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) (song). Alf Robertson covered the song in 1978, in Swedish as \"Jennifers frÃ¥gor\".[2]", "David Allan Coe. Early in 1970, Coe released his debut album, Penitentiary Blues, followed by a tour with Grand Funk Railroad.[1] In October 1971, he signed as an exclusive writer with Pete and Rose Drake's publishing company Windows Publishing Company, Inc. in Nashville, Tennessee, where he remained until 1977. Although he developed a cult following with his performances, he was not able to develop any mainstream success, but other performers achieved charting success by recording songs Coe had written, including Billie Jo Spears' 1972 recording \"Souvenirs & California Mem'rys\" and Tanya Tucker's 1973 single \"Would You Lay With Me (In a Field of Stone),\" which was a number-one hit, and responsible for Coe becoming one of Nashville's hottest songwriters and Coe himself being signed by Columbia Records.[1] Coe recorded his own version of the song for his second Columbia album, Once Upon a Rhyme, released in 1975.[7] AllMusic writer Thom Jurek said of the song, \"The amazing thing is that both versions are definitive.\"[7] Johnny Cash covered the song in his album American III: Solitary Man in 2000.The album also contained a cover of Steve Goodman and John Prine's \"You Never Even Called Me by My Name\", which was a top-10 Billboard hit, and was followed by a string of moderately successful hits.[1]", "David Allan Coe. David Allan Coe (born September 6, 1939) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician who was popular in the 1970s and 1980s.[3][4] His biggest hits were \"Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile\", \"The Ride\", \"You Never Even Called Me by My Name\", \"She Used to Love Me a Lot\", and \"Longhaired Redneck\". His most popular songs are the number-one hits \"Would You Lay With Me (In a Field of Stone)\" and \"Take This Job and Shove It\". The latter inspired the movie of the same name.", "Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms). \"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms),\" also known as \"Soldiers of Love,\"[2] is a 1962 song written by Buzz Cason and Tony Moon[3] that was originally recorded by soul artist Arthur Alexander and released as a single, with the B-side being \"Where Have You Been (All My Life).\" The song was later covered by The Beatles during a 1963 session at the BBC, that is available on the 1994 album Live at the BBC. It was also covered by The Kaisers, Marshall Crenshaw, Pearl Jam and The Derailers.", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. A midtempo love ballad,[5] \"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" features tender, seductive lyrics.[6] The group incorporated country-influenced pedal steel guitar in the song after a country band had used it at Paradise Recording Studio, where they recorded the song.[7] Gil Griffin of The Washington Post writes that the song is informed by \"the sensual moods of Barry White and Isaac Hayes\".[8]", "Let Me Be There. \"Let Me Be There\" was recorded live by Elvis Presley, and sung at many concerts until his death in 1977. Probably the most noted Elvis cover was recorded on March 20, 1974 live at a concert in Memphis, Tennessee. Most of that concert was released on July 7, 1974 as the album Elvis: As Recorded Live On Stage In Memphis. The cover of \"Let Me Be There\" from that show was also released as track 5 on the Moody Blue album on July 19, 1977. Tanya Tucker recorded the song for her gold album Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) in 1974 and included on several greatest hits compilations. Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country (2014).", "Michael Kamen. Lenny Kravitz recorded a cover of \"Fields of Joy\" on his 1991 CD Mama Said that Michael had co-written with Hal Fredricks.", "Parable of the Prodigal Son. Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins, who told the story of this parable in the song \"Prodigal Son\", which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar's Banquet. \"Prodigal Man\" was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album \"Migration\" by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969. The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled \"Prodigal Son\", based on the parable of the same name, which appeared on their second release, Killers, in 1981. U2 recorded a song titled \"The First Time\" on their 1993 album Zooropa. While based on the parable, it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story. It could be argued that Kelly Willard's 1982 song, Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home. The Prodigal Son is the first posthumous release by piano player and gospel singer Keith Green (1983).", "Rest Your Love on Me. \"Rest Your Love on Me\" was written by Barry Gibb in 1976 and recorded it in May 2 on the Children of the World sessions. Stephen Stills played bass on its original demo.[1]", "William Faulkner. In 1929, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham, Andrew Kuhn serving as best man at the wedding. Estelle brought with her two children from her previous marriage to Cornell Franklin and Faulkner hoped to support his new family as a writer. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts at the University of Mississippi Power House. The novel would be published in 1930.[19] Beginning in 1930, Faulkner sent out some of his short stories to various national magazines. Several of his stories were published, which brought him enough income to buy a house in Oxford for his family to inhabit, which he named Rowan Oak.[20] He made money on his 1931 novel, Sanctuary, which was widely reviewed and read (but widely disliked for its perceived criticism of the South).", "Sting (musician). Ten Summoner's Tales peaked at two in the UK and US album charts in 1993, and went triple platinum in just over a year.[32][44] The album was recorded at his Elizabethan country home, Lake House in Wiltshire. Ten Summoner's Tales was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 1993 and for the Grammy for Album of the Year in 1994. The title is a wordplay on his surname, Sumner, and \"The Summoner's Tale,\" one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Hit singles on the album include \"Fields of Gold\", a song inspired by the barley fields next to his Wiltshire home, with the music video featuring a silhouette of Sting walking through a village containing common features seen throughout the UK such as a red telephone box, and \"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You\", the latter earning his second award for best male pop singer at the 36th Grammy Awards.[45]", "Sanger D. Shafer. In the early 1970s Shafer signed an exclusive contract with Acuff-Rose Music. In the following years he wrote many songs which went on to become successful on the U.S. country charts, including several No. 1's. His songs included \"The Baptism of Jesse Taylor\" for Johnny Russell, \"Tell Me Lying Eyes Are Wrong\" for George Jones, and a series of hits for Moe Bandy. He had a longstanding friendship with Lefty Frizzell, whom he had met at his record label. He and Frizzell wrote the song \"That's the Way Love Goes\" together, a hit for Johnny Rodriguez and also Merle Haggard in 1983; they also wrote \"I Never Go Around Mirrors\" (which Frizzell recorded in 1973 and turned into a top 25 country hit a year later) and \"Bandy the Rodeo Clown\" for Moe Bandy, which became a major hit shortly after Frizzell's 1975 death. After Frizzell's death Shafer wrote the tribute song \"Lefty's Gone\" recorded by George Strait for his Something Special album.", "The Stones in the Park. Mick Taylor, who had by this time obtained a reputation for himself by playing with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, was invited to work on Let It Bleed. The band enjoyed his contributions and decided to make him an offer to join full-time. After considering this for a few days, he accepted,[13] and his position was officially announced at a press conference in the park's bandstand on 13 June. The single \"Honky Tonk Women,\" recorded on 1 June with Taylor, was rush-released to tie in with the festival date.[14] The Hyde Park concert would be Taylor's first gig with the band, and as they had barely had any time to rehearse with him he was understandably nervous,[13] though he later stated that he felt the others, who were far closer to Jones than him, would feel more emotionally drained.[15] Jagger, too, was nervous, unsure whether Jones's fans would take to Taylor and indeed whether they would boycott the concert; he did not expect the crowd to match the 150,000 who had come to the Blind Faith gig.[12] In addition, the hot summer had sent the pollen levels soaring and Jagger suffered from hay-fever and laryngitis in the days leading up to the concert.[12]", "Fields of Gold. The song has become a modern MOR standard and has been covered extensively by other artists. Eva Cassidy recorded a version which first appeared on her 1996 live album Live at Blues Alley and later on the 1998 album Songbird and the 2012 compilation album The Best of Eva Cassidy. Other covers include the Irish singer Lee Mulhern in his 1996 album Hey Good Looking, Mary Black on the 1999 album Speaking with the Angel, Gregorian in their 2002 album Masters of Chant Chapter III, by Maxi Priest (under the title Fields) on his 2005 album 2 the Max (also released as a double-A single along with Like I Do in 2004), by Mary Wilson on her live 2006 album Live at the Sands and in another live interpretation on her live 2007 album Up Close: Live from San Francisco and by Celtic Woman soloist Lisa Kelly on the Celtic Woman album Celtic Woman: Songs from the Heart broadcast on a special on PBS (2010). Television presenter and classical singer Alexander Armstrong recorded a version on his album Upon a Different Shore.", "Meredith Willson. Willson wrote three autobiographies: And There I Stood With My Piccolo (1948), Eggs I Have Laid (1955) and But He Doesn't Know the Territory (1959).", "Mick Taylor. After Brian Jones was removed from The Rolling Stones in June 1969, John Mayall recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones.[7] An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969.[8][9]", "Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms). As early as 1962, The Beatles had been playing live versions of the songs on both sides of Alexander's 1963 single, with \"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)\" appearing on its A-side, and \"Where Have You Been (All My Life)\" appearing on its B-side.[5] They recorded a cover of Soldiers of Love on July 2, 1963, the day after recording the \"She Loves You\"/\"I'll Get You\" single.[5][6] Unterberger rates the Beatles' performance of the song as \"fabulous,\" calling it probably \"the greatest gem\" on Live at the BBC.[7] Unterberger enumerates a number of ways in which the Beatles' recording differs from the original, such as the Beatles playing the main riff on guitar, while on Alexander's recording the riff was played on piano.[2] The Beatles also add vocal harmonies, which Unterberger describes as \"excellent,\" and eliminate Alexander's \"somber\" violins.[2] Unterberger states that the cumulative effect of the differences is to make the Beatles' version \"exuberant,\" compared to Alexander's sad version, claiming that it sounds \"as if the Beatles expected to win over the woman as a matter of course, whereas there was a sense of desperate last-hope begging in Alexander's vocal.\"[2] Critic Robert Christgau calls it one the Beatles greatest covers.[8] Rolling Stone Magazine critic Anthony DeCurtis uses John Lennon's \"crooning\" on the song as an example of why Lennon was a great rock 'n' roll singer.[9] Author Ian MacDonald describes it as an \"ideal vehicle for Lennon,\" who sings the lead vocal.[6] MacDonald also suggests that three songs from the Beatles 1963 album With the Beatles—\"Not a Second Time\", \"It Won't Be Long\" and \"All I've Got to Do\"—were influenced by \"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms).\"[6]", "Neil Gaiman. One of Gaiman's most commented-upon friendships is with the musician Tori Amos, a Sandman fan who became friends with Gaiman after making a reference to \"Neil and the Dream King\" on her 1991 demo tape. He included her in turn as a character (a talking tree) in his novel Stardust.[127] Amos also mentions Gaiman in her songs, \"Tear in Your Hand\" (\"If you need me, me and Neil'll be hangin' out with the dream king. Neil says hi by the way\"),[128] \"Space Dog\" (\"Where's Neil when you need him?\"),[129] \"Horses\" (\"But will you find me if Neil makes me a tree?\"),[130] \"Carbon\" (\"Get me Neil on the line, no I can't hold. Have him read, 'Snow, Glass, Apples' where nothing is what it seems\"),[131] \"Sweet Dreams\" (\"You're forgetting to fly, darling, when you sleep\"),[132] and \"Not Dying Today\" (\"Neil is thrilled he can claim he's mammalian, 'but the bad news,' he said, 'girl you're a dandelion'\").[131] He also wrote stories for the tour book of Boys for Pele and Scarlet's Walk, a letter for the tour book of American Doll Posse, and the stories behind each girl in her album Strange Little Girls. Amos penned the introduction for his novel Death: the High Cost of Living, and posed for the cover. She also wrote a song called \"Sister Named Desire\" based on his Sandman character, which was included on his anthology, Where's Neil When You Need Him?.", "Ben E. King. His next single, \"Stand by Me\", written with Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, ultimately would be voted as one of the Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America. King cited singers Brook Benton, Roy Hamilton and Sam Cooke as influences for his vocals of the song.[8] \"Stand by Me\", \"There Goes My Baby\", \"Spanish Harlem\", and \"Save the Last Dance for Me\" were all named in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll;[9] and each of those records has earned a Grammy Hall of Fame Award.[10] King's other well-known songs include \"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)\", \"Amor\", \"Seven Letters\", \"How Can I Forget\", \"On the Horizon\", \"Young Boy Blues\", \"First Taste of Love\", \"Here Comes the Night\", \"Ecstasy\", and \"That's When It Hurts\". In the summer of 1963, King had a Top 30 hit with \"I (Who Have Nothing)\", which reached the Top 10 on New York's radio station, WMCA.[11]", "Walter Scott. In 1951, science-fiction author Isaac Asimov wrote Breeds There a Man...?, a short story with a title alluding vividly to Scott's The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805).", "Hoagy Carmichael. Carmichael composed several hundred songs, including fifty that achieved hit record status. He is best known for composing the music for \"Stardust\", \"Georgia on My Mind\" (lyrics by Stuart Gorrell), \"The Nearness of You\", and \"Heart and Soul\" (in collaboration with lyricist Frank Loesser), four of the most-recorded American songs of all time.[3] He also collaborated with lyricist Johnny Mercer on \"Lazybones\" and \"Skylark.\" Carmichael's \"Ole Buttermilk Sky\" was an Academy Award-nominee in 1946; \"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening,\" with lyrics by Mercer, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1951. Carmichael also appeared as a character actor and musical performer in fourteen motion pictures, hosted three musical-variety radio programs, performed on television, and wrote two autobiographies.", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. Tony! Toni! Toné! recorded the song for their third album Sons of Soul, which was recorded and released in 1993.[3] The song was produced and written by the group—drummer Timothy Christian Riley, guitarist D'wayne Wiggins, and bassist Raphael Wiggins.[4]", "Michael W. Smith. In 1981, while he was playing keyboards for Higher Ground,[11] Smith was signed as a writer to Meadowgreen Music, where he wrote numerous gospel hits penned for artists such as Sandi Patty, Kathy Troccoli, Bill Gaither and Amy Grant, to the effect that some of these popular worship songs can now be found in church hymnals. The following year, Smith began touring as a keyboardist for Grant on her Age to Age tour.", "Joni Mitchell. In March 1970, Clouds produced her first Grammy Award for Best Folk Performance. The following month, Reprise released her third album, Ladies of the Canyon. Mitchell's sound was already beginning to expand beyond the confines of acoustic folk music and toward pop and rock, with more overdubs, percussion, and backing vocals, and for the first time, many songs composed on piano, which became a hallmark of Mitchell's style in her most popular era. Her own version of \"Woodstock\", slower than the cover by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, was performed solo on a Wurlitzer electric piano. The album also included the already-familiar song \"The Circle Game\" and the environmental anthem \"Big Yellow Taxi\", with its now-famous line, \"they paved paradise and put up a parking lot.\"", "The Stones in the Park. King Crimson at this point still consisted of the original line-up of Robert Fripp, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, Michael Giles and lyricist Peter Sinfield. They had not yet released an album, and were invited to play on the strength of word of mouth after their live performances in venues such as the Marquee Club.[17] Sam Cutler introduced them on stage, stating the \"new band is gonna go a long way\".[18]\nThe band's setlist was \"21st Century Schizoid Man\", \"The Court of the Crimson King\", \"Get Thy Bearings\", \"Epitaph\", \"Mantra\", \"Travel Weary Capricorn\" and \"Mars\".[19]", "The Harptones. The group never had a top forty pop hit, or a record on the US Billboard R&B chart, yet they are known for both for lead singer Willie Winfield and their pianist/arranger, Raoul Cita. The Harptones recorded for various labels, including Coed Records. The Harptones may have been the first doo-wop group to number a full-time arranger among their members, and Cita knew how to work to Winfield's strengths. Their best-known recordings include \"A Sunday Kind of Love\" (1953), \"Why Should I Love You?\" (1954), \"Life is But a Dream\" (1955), and \"The Shrine of St. Cecilia\" (1956).", "W. C. Fields. A popular bit of Fields folklore maintains that his grave marker is inscribed, \"I'd rather be in Philadelphia\"—or some close variant thereof. The legend originated from a mock epitaph that Fields wrote himself for a 1925 Vanity Fair article: \"Here Lies / W.C. Fields / I Would Rather Be Living in Philadelphia.\"[87] In reality, his interment marker bears only his stage name and the years of his birth and death.[10]", "Fields of Gold. \"Fields of Gold\" is a song written and recorded by Sting. It first appeared on his 1993 album Ten Summoner's Tales. The song was released as a single but only made it to number 16 on the UK Singles Chart and to number 23 in the United States Billboard Hot 100. But it became one of Sting's most famous songs, with many renowned artists covering the song.", "E. H. Shepard. When I am gone,\nLet Shepard decorate my tomb,\nAnd put (if there is room)\nTwo pictures on the stone:\nPiglet from page a hundred and eleven,\nAnd Pooh and Piglet walking (157) ...\nAnd Peter, thinking that they are my own,\nWill welcome me to Heaven.", "Blanket on the Ground. The song was written by Roger Bowling and sung from the point of view of a middle-aged woman who coaxes her hesitant husband outdoors to make love in the moonlight.[citation needed]", "The Book of Souls. \"Shadows of the Valley\", \"Death or Glory\", \"Speed of Light\" and \"If Eternity Should Fail\" were the first songs written for the album, the last of which, according to Dickinson, was originally written for a potential solo album and features the band's first collective use of drop D tuning.[21][22] Smith states that \"Speed of Light\" and \"Death or Glory\" were two of a small minority of tracks completed prior to the recording sessions, and mark the first collaboration between Smith and Dickinson (without Harris) since both members rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999.[23] With both tracks, Smith and Dickinson deliberately wrote shorter songs in an attempt to hark back to previous singles \"2 Minutes to Midnight\" (1984) and \"Can I Play with Madness\" (1988).[23] According to Dickinson, \"Death or Glory\" is about First World War triplanes.[17]" ]

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[ "Tour of Duty (TV series). The opening theme song was an abbreviated version of The Rolling Stones hit \"Paint It, Black\" that had featured in the end titles of the 1987 Vietnam War film Full Metal Jacket; this was removed for the US DVD release. The closing consisted of an instrumental, synthesized tune with a distinctive Asian sound mixed in with acoustic guitar; it was performed by Joseph Conlan, and was never released for public consumption other than in the series. That music was used as background music for most of the series. On the US release DVD most of the Vietnam War era popular music was replaced by instrumental bits to cover the blank spots of music.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). The show was known for its classic American rock soundtrack including Creedence Clearwater Revival, Jimi Hendrix, and Jefferson Airplane. One first-season episode, \"USO Down\", used \"live\" versions of \"Wooly Bully\", and \"We Gotta Get Out of This Place\" as performed by a USO band, the latter song being used also for ironic comment. The songs in this episode were retained in the DVD soundtracks. But for copyright reasons, the VHS and DVD soundtracks of the majority of episodes were replaced with sound alikes (the music played but there were no voices)—a move which was widely protested by buyers, and resulted in a significantly lower sales volume for the third-season DVD set than for the first two.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). All three seasons that have been released in the United Kingdom, has the complete original soundtrack including \"Paint It, Black\".", "Tour of Duty (TV series). The Tour of Duty television series soundtrack was released by CBS on Columbia Records as four different compilation albums during 1988 and 1989. The original albums are now out of print. Their track listings are as follows:", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In 1992, Sony Music released a compilation CD titled The Best of 'Tour of Duty'. It contains only twenty of the songs featured in the four original Tour of Duty Soundtrack albums.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In the Netherlands, amongst other European nations, a total number of seven albums were released, containing most of the songs featured on the show. As a result, \"Paint It, Black\" was re-released as a single, again hitting the number 1 position in the Dutch top 40 popchart in May 1990.[citation needed]", "Tour of Duty (TV series). The first season opens in 1967 and follows a standard light infantry platoon. In the second season, the troops found themselves relocated to a base near Saigon while conducting the typical \"search and destroy\" missions. Production staff interviewed in VIETNAM Magazine cited this change as a change in premise that doomed the series, as female characters were also introduced (in hopes of gaining more female viewership and because of the premiere of the ABC Vietnam Army Nurses drama China Beach, which was aimed at a more female audience), and the show ceased to be a realistic chronicle of life in the field for the average line infantryman in favor of being more romance- and action/adventure-oriented.[citation needed] In the third season, the remaining female character was killed off, and the platoon was transferred to a SOG (Studies and Observation Group) unit under the command of Colonel Brewster (played by Carl Weathers), conducting covert operations in Vietnam and in Cambodia, culminating in the fictional version of the raid on Son Tay Prison. The third season was the show's last.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Norway, the show was broadcast with the title \"Pliktløpet\" (Run of duty) by TV Norge in the 1990s.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). Tour of Duty is a U.S. television series from 1987–1990, based on events in the Vietnam War, with rebroadcasts in syndication over 30 years from initial airing on CBS. The series ran for three seasons, from September 1987 to April 1990, for a total of 58 one-hour episodes. The show was created by Steve Duncan and L. Travis Clark and produced by Zev Braun.", "Paint It Black. The song plays during the end credits of the films Full Metal Jacket and The Devil's Advocate. In TV, it was used as the opening theme song to the series Tour of Duty and for the end credits to part five of The Vietnam War documentary series. It was featured in the Call of Duty: Black Ops III and The Mummy trailers. The Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball use the song as part of their \"Black Out\" promotions.[17] An orchestral arrangement of the song has been used in multiple episodes of the TV series Westworld.[18] R&B singer Ciara would later cover the song for the soundtrack of the 2015 film The Last Witch Hunter.[19]", "Tour of Duty (TV series). On November 7, 2011 Fabulous Films (licensed from Fremantle Home Entertainment) in the United Kingdom released the complete first season as a region 2 PAL boxed set. This release has improved sound and picture quality and the complete original soundtrack, including \"Paint It, Black\". The release consists of 5 DVDs covering all 21 episodes. The fifth disc contains extras including hundreds of behind the scenes stills and images and a brand new documentary that runs for 55 minutes. Fabulous Films filmed a series of interviews in Los Angeles in July 2011 with 7 of the key cast: Terence Knox, Josh Maurer, Steve Akahoshi, Tony Becker, Eric Bruskotter, Kevin Conroy and Miguel A Nunez Jr. and key members of the production crew that included Zev Braun (producer) Bill Norton (writer/director), Steve Smith (writer/producer), Steve Duncan (creator) and Paul Sinor (military advisor). Additional documentaries are being produced for the season 2 and 3 releases.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). The show follows an American infantry platoon on a tour of duty during the Vietnam War. It was the first television series to regularly show Americans in combat in Vietnam and was one of several similarly themed series to be produced in the wake of the acclaimed Oliver Stone film Platoon. The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.[citation needed]", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In South Korea, the show was aired with the title \"머나먼 정글\" (Faraway Jungle) by MBC from 1990. It was initially aired at 11:00 PM Monday but due to popularity it moved to 6:00 PM Saturday.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Zimbabwe, the show was broadcast in the early 1990s, showing on the national television channel ZBC TV1 (Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation Television 1) at nine o'clock pm on Thursdays and developed a cult following, becoming a hit television series throughout its screening.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In the United Kingdom, Tour of Duty was screened on ITV on Friday nights at various times, usually around midnight. It was later broadcast on the FX channel.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In New Zealand, the show was aired by TVNZ. It was a very popular show in New Zealand and re-runs were also shown on the Orange TV network throughout the 1990s.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In South Africa, the show was aired with the title \"Sending Vietnam\" (Mission Vietnam) in Afrikaans by the SABC.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). Sony released all 3 seasons in the USA for the very first time in 2004-2005. All original music was replaced with sound-alike versions. These releases have been discontinued and are out of print.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Germany, the show was aired by RTL with the title \"NAM – Dienst in Vietnam\" (NAM – Service in Vietnam).", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Chile and Colombia, the show was aired with the title \"Misión del Deber\" (Duty Mission), based on the Mexican dub of the series.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Argentina, it was broadcast by Telefe as \"Nam: Primer Pelotón\" (Nam: First Platoon).", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Mexico, it was aired by Televisa's Canal 5 as \"Misión del Deber\" (Duty Mission).", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In France and the Canadian province of Québec, the French-speaking version was called \"L'Enfer du devoir\" (The Hell of duty) and aired on La Cinq in France, and on the Historia channel in Québec Monday through Thursday at 5 PM in July and August 2005.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Denmark, the show was broadcast in the 1990s as \"Platoon B\" on various local-TV networks, mainly on Kanal 2.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Poland, the show was never aired, but there was a VHS release with the title \"Rok w Piekle\" (Year in Hell).", "Tour of Duty (TV series). Besides Carl Weathers, notable guest stars include Lee Majors, James Hong, Mako, Greg Germann, Kelly Hu, Angela Bassett, Ving Rhames, Melora Hardin, Scott Lawrence, and Patrick Kilpatrick.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Dominican Republic, the show was aired with the title \"Misión del Deber\" in channel 11.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Spain, the show aired as \"Camino del Infierno\" (Road of Hell) on Telecinco in late night hours Wednesday and later on C+ as Tour of Duty at 12.00 M.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Sri Lanka, the show has been aired at least twice, once in 1990s and once in 2007/8 by MTV.", "Tour of Duty (TV series). Not simply an action program, Tour of Duty was also groundbreaking as it addressed the issues of politics, faith, teamwork, racism, suicide, fragging, terrorism, civilian deaths, sexuality, drug abuse, and the shattered lives and confused feelings of those troops who finally made it home alive. The story focused mainly on Bravo company's second platoon under the command of 2nd Lieutenant (1st Lieutenant from the start of season 2) Myron Goldman (Stephen Caffrey) and Staff Sergeant (later Sergeant First Class) Zeke Anderson (Terence Knox).", "Tour of Duty (TV series). In Italy, the show was aired by a local TV Network Italia7 with the title \"Vietnam Addio\" (Goodbye Vietnam) in the form of a TV-movie. It was also aired on the national network Italia1." ]

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[ "Crust (geology). The temperature of the crust increases with depth,[3] reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C (392 °F) to 400 °C (752 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The crust and underlying relatively rigid uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere. Because of convection in the underlying plastic (although non-molten) upper mantle and asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust, but the geothermal gradient is smaller in deeper crust.[4]", "Crust (geology). All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1%. Estimates of average density for the upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g/cm3 and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g/cm3.[11]", "Mantle (geology). In the mantle, temperatures range between 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F) at the upper boundary with the crust; to over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F) at the boundary with the core.[37] Although the higher temperatures far exceed the melting points of the mantle rocks at the surface (about 1200 °C for representative peridotite), the mantle is almost exclusively solid.[37] The enormous lithostatic pressure exerted on the mantle prevents melting, because the temperature at which melting begins (the solidus) increases with pressure.", "Atmosphere of Earth. The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K)[22] or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K),[23] depending on the reference.[24][25][26]", "Humid continental climate. A hot (or warm) version of a continental climate features an average temperature of at least 22 °C (71.6 °F) in its warmest month.[13] Since these regimes are limited to the Northern Hemisphere, the warmest month is usually July or August. In this region, July afternoon temperatures typically average near or slightly above 30 °C (86 °F), while the January mean temperature can be far below −3.0 °C (26.6 °F). Frost free periods normally last 5–6 months within this climate regime.[6]", "Continental crust. The continental crust consists of various layers, with a bulk composition that is intermediate to felsic. The average density of continental crust is about 2.7 g/cm3, less dense than the ultramafic material that makes up the mantle, which has a density of around 3.3 g/cm3. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, whose density is about 2.9 g/cm3. At 25 to 70 km, continental crust is considerably thicker than oceanic crust, which has an average thickness of around 7–10 km. About 40% of Earth's surface is currently occupied by continental crust.[1] It makes up about 70% of the volume of Earth's crust.[2]", "Geothermal energy. Outside of the seasonal variations, the geothermal gradient of temperatures through the crust is 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) per kilometer of depth in most of the world. The conductive heat flux averages 0.1 MW/km2. These values are much higher near tectonic plate boundaries where the crust is thinner. They may be further augmented by fluid circulation, either through magma conduits, hot springs, hydrothermal circulation or a combination of these.", "Crust (geology). The average age of the current Earth's continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years.[8] Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons. Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction. Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts, and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle.", "Charming (Sons of Anarchy). The town's average high temperature in January is 54 °F (12.2 °C), and the average low is 38 °F (3.3 °C). In July, the average high temperature is 94 °F (34.4 °C), and the average low is 61 °F (16.1 °C).[citation needed]", "Rome. Its average annual temperature is above 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the average temperature is 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 3 °C (37 °F) at night. In the warmest months – July and August, the average temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and 18 °C (64 °F) at night.", "Oceanic crust. As the mantle rises it cools and melts, as the pressure decreases and it crosses the solidus. The amount of melt produced depends only on the temperature of the mantle as it rises. Hence most oceanic crust is the same thickness (7±1 km). Very slow spreading ridges (<1 cm·yr−1 half-rate) produce thinner crust (4–5 km thick) as the mantle has a chance to cool on upwelling and so it crosses the solidus and melts at lesser depth, thereby producing less melt and thinner crust. An example of this is the Gakkel Ridge under the Arctic Ocean. Thicker than average crust is found above plumes as the mantle is hotter and hence it crosses the solidus and melts at a greater depth, creating more melt and a thicker crust. An example of this is Iceland which has crust of thickness ~20 km.[17]", "Malta. Average annual temperature of the sea is 20 °C (68 °F), from 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the 6 months – from June to November – the average sea temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F).[139][140][141]", "Absolute zero. The average temperature of the universe today is approximately 2.73 kelvins (−270.42 °C; −454.76 °F), based on measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation.[21][22]", "Green Bay, Wisconsin. Monthly mean temperatures range from 16.6 °F (−8.6 °C) in January to 69.1 °F (20.6 °C) in July.[22] In July, the warmest month, the average high temperature is 81.2 °F (27.3 °C).[22] There are 6.1 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 68 days where the high remains at or below freezing, and 19 days with sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows annually. From December to February, even during thaws, the temperature rarely reaches 50 °F (10 °C). Extremes have ranged from −36 °F (−38 °C) on January 21, 1888 to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 13, 1936.", "Humid continental climate. Areas featuring this subtype of the continental climate have an average temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C. Summer high temperatures in this zone typically average between 21–28 °C (70–82 °F) during the daytime and the average temperatures in the coldest month are generally far below the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm. Frost-free periods typically last 3–5 months. Heat spells lasting over a week are rare. Winters are brisk and cold.[6]", "Temperature measurement. The world's average surface air temperature is about 14 °C. For information on temperature changes relevant to climate change or Earth's geologic past see: Temperature record.", "Santiago. Temperatures vary throughout the year from an average of 20 °C (68 °F) in January to 8 °C (46 °F) in June and July. In the summer days are very warm to hot, often reaching over 30 °C (86 °F) and a record high close to 37 °C (99 °F), while nights are very pleasant and cool, at 11 °C (52 °F). During autumn and winter the temperature drops, and is slightly lower than 10 °C (50 °F). The temperature may even drop to 0 °C (32 °F), especially during the morning. The historic low of −6.8 °C (20 °F) was in July 1976.[16]", "Brisbane. The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 21.0 °C (69.8 °F) in July to 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) in February.[74]", "Concord, New Hampshire. The monthly daily average temperature range from 20.6 °F (−6.3 °C) in January to 70.0 °F (21.1 °C) in July. Temperature extremes have ranged from −37 °F (−38 °C) in February 1943 to 102 °F (39 °C) in July 1966.", "Great Bend, Kansas. The average temperature is 57 °F (14 °C).[26] Over the course of a year, temperatures range from an average low of 21 °F (−6 °C) in January to an average high of 94 °F (34 °C) in July.[25] The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 70 days a year and reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) an average of 13 days a year. The minimum temperature falls below the freezing point 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 112 days a year. The first fall freeze typically takes place by the third week of October, and the last spring freeze by the second week of April.[26]", "Lord Howe Island. The average temperature of the sea ranges from 20.0 °C (68.0 °F) in July, August and September to 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in March.[108]", "Baltimore. Extreme temperatures range from −7 °F (−22 °C) on February 9, 1934, and February 10, 1899,[b] up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.[130][131] On average, 100 °F (38 °C)+ temperatures occur on 0.9 days annually, 90 °F (32 °C)+ on 37 days, and there are 10 days where the high fails to reach the freezing mark.[122]", "Darwin, Northern Territory. The average temperature of the sea ranges from 25.8 °C (78.4 °F) in July to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) in December.[33]", "Human body temperature. The normal human body temperature is often stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F).[7] In adults a review of the literature has found a wider range of 33.2–38.2 °C (91.8–100.8 °F) for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured.[10]", "Uzbekistan. The climate in Uzbekistan is continental, with little precipitation expected annually (100–200 millimetres, or 3.9–7.9 inches). The average summer high temperature tends to be 40 °C (104 °F), while the average winter low temperature is around −23 °C (−9 °F).[25]", "Thermoregulation. Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), while normal ranges are 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) to 37.8 °C (100.0 °F). In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured axillary. 36.6 °C was considered \"ideal\" temperature in these countries, while normal ranges are 36 °C to 36.9 °C.", "Tahiti. The average temperature ranges between 21 and 31 °C (70 and 88 °F), with little seasonal variation. The lowest and highest temperatures recorded in Papeete are 16 and 34 °C (61 and 93 °F), respectively.[5]", "Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Temperatures in Sault Ste. Marie have varied between a record low of −36 °F (−38 °C) and a record high of 98 °F (37 °C). Monthly average temperatures range from 13 °F (−11 °C) in January to 64 °F (18 °C) in July.[15] On average, only two out of every five years reaches 90 °F (32 °C), while there are 85.5 days annually where the high remains at or below freezing and 26.5 nights with a low of 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder.", "Mantle convection. Typical mantle convection speed is 20 mm/yr near the crust but can vary quite a bit.[13][14][15] The small scale convection in the upper mantle is much faster than the convection near the core. (See whole-mantle discussion above.) A single shallow convection cycle takes on the order of 50 million years, though deeper convection can be closer to 200 million years.[16]", "Malta. The average yearly temperature is around 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 16 °C (61 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January – the typically maximum temperature ranges from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) during the day and minimum 6 to 12 °C (43 to 54 °F) at night. In the warmest month – August – the typically maximum temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) during the day and minimum 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F) at night. Amongst all capitals in the continent of Europe, Valletta – the capital of Malta has the warmest winters, with average temperatures of around 15 to 16 °C (59 to 61 °F) during the day and 9 to 10 °C (48 to 50 °F) at night in the period January–February. In March and December average temperatures are around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night.[137] Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Snow is very rare on the island, although various snowfalls have been recorded in the last century, being the last one reported in various locations across Malta in 2014.[138]", "Lava. ʻAʻā lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,000 to 1,100 °C (1,830 to 2,010 °F).", "Early 2014 North American cold wave. The average daily temperature for the United States on January 6 was calculated to be 17.9 °F (−7.8 °C). The last time the average for the country was below 18 was January 13, 1997; the 17-year gap was the longest on record.[20]" ]

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[ "Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore opposed imperialism and supported Indian nationalists,[130][131][132] and these views were first revealed in Manast, which was mostly composed in his twenties.[51] Evidence produced during the Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial and latter accounts affirm his awareness of the Ghadarites, and stated that he sought the support of Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake and former Premier Ōkuma Shigenobu.[133] Yet he lampooned the Swadeshi movement; he rebuked it in The Cult of the Charkha, an acrid 1925 essay.[134] He urged the masses to avoid victimology and instead seek self-help and education, and he saw the presence of British administration as a \"political symptom of our social disease\". He maintained that, even for those at the extremes of poverty, \"there can be no question of blind revolution\"; preferable to it was a \"steady and purposeful education\".[135][136]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. The Current, a Bombay magazine published these letters which were said to be written by Dange to the British Viceroy from prison in 1924, after his conviction in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, and in which he had promised to cooperate with the British government.[38] Dange, who was the chairman of the Party got the Secretariat to denounce the letters as a forgery. But slide towards split became unstoppable. His opponents exploited this opening, and called for his removal from the leadership to facilitate investigation.", "Caliphate. The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muslims in British India in 1920 to defend the Ottoman Caliphate at the end of the First World War and it spread throughout the British colonial territories. It was strong in British India where it formed a rallying point for some Indian Muslims as one of many anti-British Indian political movements. Its leaders included Mohammad Ali Jouhar, his brother Shawkat Ali, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Barrister Muhammad Jan Abbasi. For a time it was supported by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who was a member of the Central Khilafat Committee.[40][41] However, the movement lost its momentum after the arrest or flight of its leaders, and a series of offshoots splintered off from the main organization.", "Shripad Amrit Dange. In 1923, they came to the conclusion that they did not have enough to prove anti-government activity as \"Dange is a pure doctrinaire and nothing here seen of him indicate any real power of organisation.\" The Government of India soon changed its mind and the file notes that 'The evidence collected clearly shows that Dange has been an important figure in the conspiracy as constant reference to his name would be unavoidable in any event in the prosecution to be instituted against other members of the conspiracy at [Allahabad].[8]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. Shripad Amrutpant Dange was born in the village of Karanjgaon in Niphad Taluka of Nashik District, Maharashtra. His father worked in Mumbai as government officer and was major landowner of the area and lived in one palace like house in Karanjgaon. Dange was sent to study in Pune. He was expelled from college for organising a movement against compulsory teaching of the Bible.[citation needed] While in work, Dange was exposed to conditions of workers when he undertook voluntary work in the textile mill areas of Mumbai. Dange was drawn into active politics by the fervour of nationalist movement against the British rule in India.[1] Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a veteran leader of Indian National Congress from Maharashtra, the earliest proponent of swaraj (complete independence) greatly inspired young Dange. Later, when Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, Dange gave up his studies and joined the Independence movement.[1]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. In September 1963, A.K. Gopalan (formerly with Dange in 1959) was able to organise an impressive anti-official party rally in Calcutta. Dange still had a majority of two-to-one on the council, but the emerging alliance between the Leftists and Namboodiripad's smaller Centrist faction forced him to be cautious. However, at that stage, with secessionist organisations already at work in several states, no caution or concession could halt the drift towards a split; though attempts were still not given up for unity. Suddenly in March 1964, a trigger was provided by what was called the 'Dange letters', that exploded on the face of the Party, precipitating a split.", "Shripad Amrit Dange. Comrade Dange opines that during the war the Congress, taking into account the anti-English sentiments of the wide masses, opposed the English and by this action acquired a semblance of a national organisation fighting for the national sovereignty.", "British Raj. By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new \"extremists\" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in the annual public Ganapati festivals that he inaugurated in western India.[174]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. In 1939 Dange was convicted to four months of rigorous imprisonment for organising a strike of textile workers. He was arrested on 11 March 1940 for leading a general strike of textile workers in Bombay and interned in the Deoli Detention Camp. At Deoli several other communist leaders were also jailed along with him. In prison he started a political study circle amongst the prisoners. He was released in 1943.[21]", "Siraj ud-Daulah. Siraj ud-Daulah is usually seen as a freedom fighter in modern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan for his opposition to the beginning of British rule over India.", "Abul Kalam Azad. Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.[8] He fiercely criticised the British for racial discrimination and ignoring the needs of common people across India. He also criticised Muslim politicians for focusing on communal issues before the national interest and rejected the All India Muslim League's communal separatism. Azad developed curiosity and interest in the pan-Islamic doctrines of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and visited Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt, Syria and Turkey. But his views changed considerably when he met revolutionary activists in Iraq and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and nationalism.[8] Against common Muslim opinion of the time, Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly active in revolutionary activities, to which he was introduced by the prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty. Azad initially evoked surprise from other revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by working secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now called Mumbai).[8]", "Karnataka. As the \"doctrine of lapse\" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, Kittur Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna and others spearheaded rebellions in Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion of 1857. However, Kitturu was taken over by the British East India Company even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848.[43] Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at Supa, Bagalkot, Shorapur, Nargund and Dandeli. These rebellions — which coincided with the Indian Rebellion of 1857 – were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, Bhaskar Rao Bhave, the Halagali Bedas, Raja Venkatappa Nayaka and others. By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Aluru Venkata Raya, S. Nijalingappa, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century.[44]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. The main charges were that in 1921 Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Muzaffar Ahmad entered into a conspiracy to establish a branch of Comintern in India and they were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist International. The aim of the accused persons, according to the charges raised against them was", "India House. At this time, the foundation was laid for British counter-intelligence operations against the Indian revolutionary movement. In January 1910, John Arnold Wallinger, the Superintendent of Police at Bombay, was reassigned to the India Office in London, where he established the Indian Political Intelligence Office. Wallinger used his considerable skills to establish contacts with police officials in London, Paris and throughout continental Europe, creating a network of informants and spies.[99] During World War I, this organisation, working with the French Political Police, called the Sûreté,[100] was key in tracing the Indo-German conspiracy and attempted to assassinate ex-members of India House who were at the time planning a nationalist mutiny in British India.[98] Somerset Maugham, who was among Wallinger's recruits, later based some of his characters and stories on his experiences during the war.[101] Wallinger's organisation was renamed Indian Political Intelligence in 1921, and later expanded to form the Intelligence Bureau in independent India.[102]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. Two long and bitter strikes in 1928 and 1929 involving the members of Girni Kamgar Union followed. Dange was he general secretary of the Girni Kamgar Union. For their role in the strikes he was arrested along with Muzaffar Ahmed and Shaukat Usmani.", "Maniram Dewan. When the Indian sepoys started an uprising against the British on 10 May, Maniram saw it as an opportunity to restore the Ahom rule. With help from messengers disguised as fakirs, he sent coded letters to Piyali Baruah, who had been acting as the chief advisor of Kandarpeswar in his absence. In these letters, he urged Kandarpeswar Singha to launch a rebellion against the British, with help from the sepoys at Dibrugarh and Golaghat. Kandarpeswar and his loyal men hatched an anti-British plot and gathered arms. The plot was supported by several influential local leaders including Urbidhar Barua, Mayaram Barbora, Chitrasen Barbora, Kamala Charingia Barua, Mahidhar Sarma Muktear, Luki Senchowa Barua, Ugrasen Marangikhowa Gohain, Deoram Dihingia Barua, Dutiram Barua, Bahadur Gaonburha, Sheikh Formud Ali and Madhuram Koch.[15]", "Non-cooperation movement. The calls of early political leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Congress Extremists) were called major public meetings. They resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services. The British took them very seriously and imprisoned him in mandale in Burma and V.O.Chidambaram Pillai Got 40 years imprisonment . The non-cooperation movement aimed to challenge the colonial economic and power structure, and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the demands of the independence movement .", "Persian Campaign. In 1915, Wilhelm Wassmuss conferred with local chiefs and distributed pamphlets urging revolt. He was arrested by a local chief, but managed to escape from British custody. He hoped to incite a revolt through pro-German members of the Persian government in conjunction of invasion of Ottoman troops towards Kermanshah and Hamadan.[14]", "Kittur Chennamma. Kittur Chennamma (23 October 1778 – 21 February 1829)[1] was the Rani of Kittur, a former princely state in Karnataka. She led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated and died imprisoned. One of the first female rulers to rebel against British rule, she has become a folk hero in Karnataka and symbol of the independence movement in India.", "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Aref Abdul Razzik of Tayibe was responsible for the area south of Tulkarm and was known for evading capture whilst being pursued by the security forces.[166] He signed his bulletins as 'The Ghost of Sheikh Qassam'.[166] Razzik assumed a place in British army folklore and the troops sang a song about him.[166] Razzik was capable and daring and gained a reputation as one of the army's problem heroes.[166]", "Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. Veer Bhai Kotwal alias Veer Bhai Kotwal वीर भाई कोतवाल during Quit India Movement formed group of underground mercenaries called \"Kotwal Dasta\", a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Thane district. They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers. They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city. From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways.", "Dadabhai Naoroji. Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he was the first British Indian MP.[8] He refused to take the oath on the Bible as he was not a Christian, but was allowed to take the oath of office in the name of God on his copy of Khordeh Avesta. In Parliament, he spoke on Irish Home Rule and the condition of the Indian people. He was also a notable Freemason. In his political campaign and duties as an MP, he was assisted by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the future Muslim nationalist and founder of Pakistan. In 1906, Naoroji was again elected president of the Indian National Congress. Naoroji was a staunch moderate within the Congress, during the phase when opinion in the party was split between the moderates and extremists. Naoroji was a mentor to Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was married to Gulbai at the age of eleven. He died in Bombay on 30 June 1917, at the age of 91. Today the Dadabhai Naoroji Road, a heritage road of Mumbai, is named after him. Also, the Dadabhai Naoroji Road in Karachi, Pakistan is also named after him as well, as Naoroji Street in the Finsbury area of London. A prominent residential colony for central government servants in the south of Delhi is also named Naoroji Nagar. He had less hair because he had cancer. His granddaughter Khrushedben was also involved in the freedom struggle. In 1930, she was arrested along with other revolutionaries for attempting to hoist the Indian flag in a Government College in Ahmedabad.[9]", "Political history of Sri Aurobindo. In 1907 the British Government decided to prosecute the group behind Bande Mataram, for its constant propaganda against British rule. Notices were served for using language which was a \"direct incentive to violence and lawlessness.\" [7]", "Saifuddin Kitchlew. Dr. Kitchlew was first exposed to Indian nationalism when the whole country was outraged by the Rowlatt Acts. Kitchlew was arrested with Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Satyapal for leading protests in Punjab against the legislation. To protest the arrest of the trio, a public meeting had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, when Gen. Reginald Dyer and his troops fired mercilessly upon the unarmed, civilian crowd. Hundreds of people were killed, and hundreds more injured. This act, the worst case of civilian massacre since the Indian rebellion of 1857 outraged the nation, and riots broke out all throughout the Punjab.[6]", "Saifuddin Kitchlew. Saifuddin Kitchlew (15 January 1888 – 9 October 1963) was an Indian freedom fighter, barrister and an Indian Muslim nationalist leader. An Indian National Congress politician, he first became Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee (Punjab PCC) head and later the General Secretary of the AICC in 1924. He is most remembered for the protests in Punjab after the implementation of Rowlatt Act in March 1919, after which on 10 April, he and another leader Dr. Satya Pal, were secretly sent to Dharamsala. A public protest rally against their arrest and that of Gandhi, on 13 April 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[1][2][3]He was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize (now known as Lenin Peace Prize) in 1952.[4]", "Insurgency in Balochistan. During a camp at Broken Chair, Geneva, Baloch Republican Party (BRP) leader Sher Baz Bugti alleged that Baloch youth, women and children were kept in \"torture cells\". BRP chief Brahumdagh Bugti called upon human rights organisation, including the United Nations, to take steps to stop the alleged \"Baloch genocide\".[157]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. Though all the accused were not communists, the charges framed against them betrayed the British government's fear for growth of communist ideas in India. In the trial the accused were all labeled as Bolsheviks. During the trial of four and a half years, the defendants turned the courtroom into a public platform to espouse their cause. As a result, the trial saw strengthening of the communist movement in the country. Harkishan Singh Surjeet, a former General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) wrote about the aftermath of the Meerut Conspiracy case thus:", "Quit India Movement. The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,", "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Golwalkar, who became the leader of the RSS in 1940, continued and further strengthened the isolation from the independence movement. In his view, the RSS had pledged to achieve freedom through \"defending religion and culture\" and not by fighting the British.[55][56][57] Golwalkar even lamented the anti-British nationalism, calling it a \"reactionary view\" that had had disastrous effects upon the entire course of the freedom struggle.[58][59] It is believed that Golwalkar did not want to give the British an excuse to ban the RSS. He complied with all the strictures imposed by the Government during the Second World War, even announcing the termination of the RSS military department.[60][61] The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities could be overlooked. The British Home Department took note of the fact that speakers at Sangh meetings urged its members to keep aloof from the anti-British movements of the Indian National Congress, which instruction was duly followed.[62]The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India.[60][61]The Bombay government, in a report, appreciated the RSS by noting that the Sangh had scrupulously kept itself within the law and refrained from taking part in the disturbances (Quit India Movement) that broke out in August 1942.[63][64][65] It also reported that the RSS had not, in any way, infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law. The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940, orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable, and the RSS, in turn, had assured the British authorities that \"it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government\".[66][67]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. After the anti-war resignation of Dr. Khan's Ministry in 1939 because of the events of World War 2, British tactics towards the movement changed to employ divide-and-rule tactics through the instigation of sectarian and communal tensions over brute force. Governor George Cunningham's policy note of 23 September 1942, called for the government to ‘continuously preach the danger to Muslims of connivance with the revolutionary Hindu body. Most tribesmen seem to respond to this’, while in another paper he commented about the period 1939–1943: ‘Our propaganda since the beginning of the war had been most successful. It had played throughout on the Islamic theme.’[10]", "Shripad Amrit Dange. a Party with a centralized apparatus, came into being only after the release of the Meerut prisoners, in 1933. The Meerut Conspiracy Case, though launched to suppress the communist movement, provided the opportunity for Communists to propagate their ideas. It came out with its own manifesto and was affiliated to the Communist International in 1934.[18]", "Bhopal State. It was reported that the rebels were mobilising people for revolt by spreading messages through chapatis in villages. Sikander Begum banned the distribution of these chapatis from village to village. She required undertakings from the balahi and patel (chiefs) of every village, to report any violations to the concerned thana (police station). Sikandar Begum also banned the circulation of any seditious notices either found lying on the road or stuck on the walls. Maulvi Abdul Qayyum, the darogha of Fatehgarh fort distributed 500 copies of a pamphlet issued by the rebels of Cawnpore (now Kanpur). The pamphlet claimed that the British were interfering with the religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslims, and urged them to rebel against the British rule in India. Sikandar Begum instituted an inquiry against the Maulvi, who was charged of collusion with the rebels. She also published a pamphlet from Sikandari press, denying the charges of British interference in the religious affairs of Hindus and Muslims." ]

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[ "Cabinet of the United States. The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. 21 positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5313. As of January 2016, the Level I annual pay was set at $205,700.[4]", "Cabinet of the United States. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300.[4] The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The Vice President does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his ex officio position as President of the Senate.[5]", "Structure of the United States Congress. As of 2006, rank and file members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200.[14] Congressional leaders are paid $183,500 per year. The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 per annum. The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 is $183,500, equal to that of the majority and minority leader of the House and Senate.[15] Privileges include having an office and paid staff.[16] Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power.[16]", "United States House of Representatives. As of December 2014[update], the annual salary of each Representative is $174,000.[25][26] The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more: $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders).[26] A cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA[27]) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years.[28] Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited.[26]", "United States Secretary of State. The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General, are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.[6] Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (currently $205,700).[3]", "United States Secretary of Defense. Secretary of Defense is a Level I position of the Executive Schedule,[4] and thus earns a salary of $203,700 per year as of January 2015.", "Cabinet of Singapore. In 2008, the annual salary for entry-level ministers was $1,924,300.[73] In view of the worsening economic crisis in 2008–2009, as of January 2009 the Prime Minister's salary was cut to $3.04 million, while the pay of ministerial-grade officers was reduced by 18% to $1.57 million.[74] In November 2009 the Public Service Division announced that pay increments would be deferred for a second time in 2010 because of the uncertain economic recovery. A minister's 2009 salary of $1,494,700 per year was therefore 22% lower than what he or she received in 2008.[73]", "United States Congress. From 1789 to 1815, members of Congress received only a daily payment of $6 while in session. Members received an annual salary of $1,500 per year from 1815 to 1817, then a per diem salary of $8 from 1818 to 1855; since then they have received an annual salary, first pegged in 1855 at $3,000.[170][171] In 1907, salaries were raised to $7,500 per year, the equivalent of $173,000 in 2010.[171] In 2006, members of Congress received a yearly salary of $165,200.[171] Congressional leaders were paid $183,500 per year. The Speaker of the House of Representatives earns $212,100 annually. The salary of the President pro tempore for 2006 was $183,500, equal to that of the majority and minority leaders of the House and Senate.[172] Privileges include having an office and paid staff.[120] In 2008, non-officer members of Congress earned $169,300 annually.[147] Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women.[173] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government.[147] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires.[174] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute.[175] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress.[129][132] Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving––that Congress was a \"Farm League for K Street\"––instead of on public service.[176][177]", "Cabinet of the United States. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions. Cabinet-level officials attend Cabinet meetings, but are not official Cabinet Members:", "United States House of Representatives. The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009.[33]", "Cabinet of Singapore. On 26 March 2012, the Public Service Division of the Prime Minister's Office announced that the fixed component of the salary of a political appointment holder would be 13 months of his or her monthly salary. For 2011, the annual variable component of the salary would be 1.25 months plus $250, while the national bonus would be 2.625 months though appointment holders would receive a pro rata amount of 1.618 months' pay as the new salaries took effect from 21 May 2011 when the Cabinet was appointed following the general election. The targets for the four indicators making up the national bonus were 2–3% for real median income growth of citizens and real median income growth for the lowest 20th percentile of citizens, 3–5% for real GDP growth, and not more than 4.5% for the unemployment rate of citizens. Each appointment holder's performance bonus would be determined by the Prime Minister.[92]", "Structure of the United States Congress. In 2008, rank and file members of Congress earned $169,300 annually.[25] Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income of $45,113 for men and $35,102 for women.[26] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government.[25] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute.[27] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress.[28][29]", "Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet of the United States is part of the executive branch of the U.S. government that normally acts as an advisory body to the President of the United States. It is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the U.S. government serving under the President. Among those are the Vice President and the heads of the federal executive departments, all of whom are by federal law (3 U.S.C. § 19) in the line of succession to the President and have duties under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution. Members of the Cabinet (except for the Vice President) serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. All federal public officials, including Cabinet members, are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for \"treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors\".", "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament. The basic annual salary of an MP in the House of Commons was increased to £74,000 as of 31 July 2015.[2] Many MPs (ministers, the Speaker, senior opposition leaders, opposition chief whip, etc.) receive a supplementary salary for their specific responsibilities. As of 1 April 2015 these additional entitlements range from £15,025 for Select Committee Chairs[3] to £74,990 for the Prime Minister.[4] On 24 May 2015 David Cameron announced that he intended to freeze ministerial pay for the next five years.[5] However, on 2 June 2015 the Daily Mail reported that ministerial pay was to increase at the same time as MP's basic pay was increased to £74,000. The Prime Minister's total salary would therefore increase from £142,500 to £149,440. The total salary for Cabinet Ministers would increase from £134,565 to £141,505. The total salary for ministers would increase from £89,740 to £96,375. And the total salary for parliamentary under secretaries would increase from £89,435 to £96,375.[6] Full details of current ministerial pay at all levels have yet to be published on either the UK Parliament website or that of the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority.", "Presidency. There are different pay levels for Executive employees, ranging from $114,500 to $157,000. Civilian Payroll for Executive Agencies is nearly 12 million a year. Executive Direct Compensation was $129,923 million and personal benefits were $47,596 million. (As of September 2006)[18]", "Cabinet of Singapore. The Cabinet generally directs and controls the Government and is collectively responsible to Parliament. It also has significant influence over lawmaking. Ministers may be designated by the Prime Minister to be in charge of particular ministries, or as Ministers in the Prime Minister's Office. Singapore's ministers are the best paid in the world. Prior to a salary review in 2011, the Prime Minister's annual salary was S$3.07 million, while the pay of ministerial-grade officers ranged between S$1.58 million and S$2.37 million.[1] On 21 May 2011, a committee was appointed by the Prime Minister to review the salaries of the Prime Minister as well as the President, political appointment holders, and Members of Parliament.[2] Following the recommended wage reductions by the committee which were then debated and subsequently accepted in Parliament, the Prime Minister's salary was reduced by 36% (includes the removal of his pension) to S$2.2 million (then about US$1.7 million).[1] Nonetheless, the Prime Minister remains the highest-paid political leader in the world.[3]", "Social class in the United States. Many politically powerful people make money before coming to office, but in general the political power elite have official incomes in the $150,000 to $185,000 range; members of Congress are paid $174,000, and are effectively required to have a residence in their district as well as one in Washington.[29]", "Cabinet of Singapore. In April 2007, the Prime Minister's annual salary increased to S$3.1 million (US$2.05 million), about five times that of the then President of the United States George W. Bush who earned US$400,000.[68] The annual entry-level salary for ministers increased from $1.2 million to $1.6 million, and was projected to rise to 88% of the private sector benchmark by the end of 2008. Almost half of ministers' pay packages was made up of an individual performance bonus decided by the Prime Minister, and a variable bonus component based on the country's prevailing gross domestic product and capped at eight months of each minister's annual salary.[69] The pay increases were justified by the Government on the grounds that the salaries had to keep pace with those in the private sector to attract the best talent and to avoid corruption. Teo Chee Hean, the Minister for Defence and minister in charge of the civil service, was reported as saying: \"We don't want pay to be the reason for people to join [the government]. But we also don't want pay to be the reason for them not to join us, or to leave after joining us.\"[68] The increases sparked much debate both in and out of Parliament, with many people seeing ministerial pay as already being too high.[68] During a Parliamentary debate on the issue, Nominated Member of Parliament Thio Li-ann said: \"It would be a sad indictment of my generation if no one came forward to serve without excessive monetary inducement, as to be bereft of deep convictions is to be impoverished indeed.\"[70] On 11 April 2007, the Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong told Parliament: \"To make it quite clear why I am doing this, and also to give me the moral standing to defend this policy with Singaporeans, I will hold my own salary at the present level for five years. The government will pay me my full salary, because that is the way the system will have to work, but for five years, whatever the increase in the salary above its present level, I will donate to suitable good causes.\"[71] The following day, it was clarified that the Prime Minister had decided to do so a while ago, and that he had not been influenced by pressure arising from the announcement of the ministerial pay rise.[72]", "Vice President of the United States. The vice president's salary is $230,700.[38] The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate.[39] The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.[40]", "Psychologist. The median salary in the U.S., in 2012, for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists was USD$69,280 and the median salary for organizational psychologists was USD$83,580.[1][65]", "Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. These 15 positions are the core \"cabinet member\" seats, as distinct from other Cabinet-level seats for other various top level White House staffers and heads of other government agencies, none of whom are in the presidential line of succession and not all of whom are Officers of the United States.[6] Note that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate follow the Vice President and precede the Secretary of State in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet.", "Affluence in the United States. Some sources cite the profession of physician in the United States as the highest paying,[10] Physician (M.D. and D.O.) and Dentist (D.M.D and D.D.S) compensation ranks as the highest median annual earnings of all professions. Median annual earnings ranged from $149,310 for general dentists and $156,010 for family physicians to $321,686 for anesthesiologists. Surgeons post a median annual income of $282,504.[21] However, the annual salary for Chief Executive Officer (C.E.O.) is projected quite differently based on source: Salary.com reports a median salary of $634,941,[22] while the U.S. Department of Labor in May 2004 reported the median as $140,350.[23] This is primarily due to a methodological difference in terms of which companies were surveyed. Overall annual earnings among the nation's top 25 professions ranged from the $70,000s to the $300,000s.", "Salaries of members of the United States Congress. SCHEDULE 6—VICE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS[2]", "United States federal civil service. Nineteen percent of federal employees earned salaries of $100,000 or more in 2009. The average federal worker's pay was $71,208 compared with $40,331 in the private sector, although under Office of Management and Budget Circular A-76, most menial or lower paying jobs have been outsourced to private contractors.[18] In 2010, there were 82,034 workers, 3.9% of the federal workforce, making more than $150,000 annually, compared to 7,240 in 2005.[19] GS salaries are capped by law so that they do not exceed the salary for Executive Schedule IV positions.[20] The increase in civil servants making more than $150,000 resulted mainly from an increase in Executive Schedule salary approved during the Administration of George W. Bush, which raised the salary cap for senior GS employees slightly above the $150,000 threshold.[21]", "Prime Minister of Sweden. The salaries of the cabinet ministers, including the Prime Minister, is decided by and is the subject of annual review by the Statsrådsarvodesnämnden (\"Cabinet Ministers' Salary Committee\") of the Riksdag. Since 1 July 2015 the Prime Minister's monthly salary is 160,000 SEK (€17,290 / $19,164 / £12,270) or 1,920,000 SEK (€207,478 / $229,968 / £147,239) per year.[2]", "Executive Office of the President of the United States. Today, the staff is much bigger. Estimates indicate some 3,000 to 4,000 persons serve in EOP staff positions with policy-making responsibilities, with a budget of $300 to $400 million (George W. Bush's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel).[8]", "Cabinet of Singapore. The Committee's report was discussed in Parliament from 16 to 18 January 2012. Setting out the position of the Workers' Party, Chen Show Mao said that the basic monthly salary of an MP should be $11,000, the pay of an MX9-grade director in the Management Executive Scheme of the Civil Service. A minister should be paid five times this sum ($55,000), and the Prime Minister nine times ($99,000). NCMP Gerald Giam said that ministers should obtain an average annual bonus of three months of their base salaries, and in any case no more than five months' bonus. Two-thirds of the bonus should be made up of the national bonus, and the remaining third based on the individual's performance, which should be determined according to key performance indicators fixed for each ministry at the start of a new government's term. Moreover, only a portion of bonuses should be paid at the end of each year. Payment of the remainder should be deferred till the end of the government's term. If the minister's performance is poor, some of the withheld bonus should be clawed back.[88][89] The WP's proposal was criticized by a number of PAP MPs. Minister of State for Health Amy Khor expressed the view that \"[p]olitical service is much more than public service. Civil servants are not subject to the votes of citizens nor do they need to carry the ground in policymaking. ... Pegging ministerial salaries to civil service salaries is not an adequate mechanism to account for the burdens and responsibilities that come with the job.\"[89]", "Of counsel. The average annual base salary for Of Counsel in the United States has been listed at US$216,019 (with salary varying depending on size/reputation of the firm, location of the firm, and the attorney’s years of experience).[5] At highly prestigious law firms, an \"of counsel\" may make as much as US$375,000 per year.[2]", "Cabinet of Singapore. In 1994, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong received a monthly salary of nearly S$96,000 (about $1.15 million a year), while other ministers earned about $48,900 a month ($586,800 a year). This made them among the highest paid government ministers in the world.[61] In October that year, the Government issued a white paper entitled Competitive Salaries for Competent & Honest Government[62] which proposed that the salaries of ministers and civil servants be pegged at two-thirds the average principal earned income of the top four earners in six professions: accounting, banking, engineering, law, local manufacturing firms and multinational corporations. These professions were chosen because their top members had general management skills which ministers also had to have. According to the white paper, the one-third \"discount\" would be \"a visible demonstration of the sacrifice involved in becoming a minister\". Although \"[s]alaries should never be the motivation for persons to become ministers\", the financial sacrifice had to be minimized if outstanding and committed Singaporeans were to be encouraged to take on the \"risks and public responsibilities of a political career\".[63] The benchmark would also be used to determine the pay of the President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Attorney-General, Chairman of the Public Service Commission and judges.[63]", "President pro tempore of the United States Senate. The salary of the president pro tempore for 2012 was $193,400, equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress. If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president, $230,700.[10]", "Presidency. The United States presidential salary cap is $400,000 per year. The current salary cap was set in 2001, designed to account for cost-of-living increases. George W. Bush was the first U.S. President to receive this amount. Previous to 2001, the salary cap was set at $200,000 per year. In addition to the base salary, in 1949, the president began receiving a $50,000 expense account. Details and rules for the compensation of the U.S presidency can be found in the United States Constitution under Article II, Section I[24] and in the U.S Code under Title III, Chapter II.[25]", "Salaries of members of the United States Congress. Historical information on the salaries that members of the United States Congress have been paid. See chart below: [1]" ]

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[ "Indo-Islamic architecture. By around 1300 true domes and arches with voussoirs were being built; the ruined Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival.[11] The Alai Darwaza gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red sandstone and white marble, introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild horseshoe arch effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalized \"spearhead\" projections, possibly representing lotus buds. Jali, stone openwork screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.[12]", "Islam in India. In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order, i.e. all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams, the Islamic architecture was arcuate, i.e. an arch or dome was adopted as a method of bridging a space. The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. Muslims used a cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, which were derived by experience of other civilisations, in their constructions in India. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. One fact that must be stressed here is that, the Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before these were introduced in India. Unlike most Islamic monuments in these countries, which were largely constructed in brick, plaster and rubble, the Indo-Islamic monuments were typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. It must be emphasized that the development of the Indo-Islamic architecture was greatly facilitated by the knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen, who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India.", "Dome. Islamic rule over northern and central India brought with it the use of domes constructed with stone, brick and mortar, and iron dowels and cramps. Centering was made from timber and bamboo. The use of iron cramps to join together adjacent stones was known in pre-Islamic India, and was used at the base of domes for hoop reinforcement. The synthesis of styles created by this introduction of new forms to the Hindu tradition of trabeate construction created a distinctive architecture.[188] Domes in pre-Mughal India have a standard squat circular shape with a lotus design and bulbous finial at the top, derived from Hindu architecture. Because the Hindu architectural tradition did not include arches, flat corbels were used to transition from the corners of the room to the dome, rather than squinches.[33] In contrast to Persian and Ottoman domes, the domes of Indian tombs tend to be more bulbous.[189]", "Corbel arch. It took almost a century from the start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 for the true arch to appear. By around 1300 true domes and arches with voussoirs were being built; the ruined Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in the Qutb complex in Delhi may be the earliest survival.[6] The Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer, Rajasthan (begun 1190s) is an example of Islamic architecture drawing on Persia and Central Asia, where builders were well used to the true arch, that prefers to stick with the corbelled arch that Indian builders were used to.[7]", "Corbel arch. Before the true arch was introduced in Indo-Islamic architecture, the arches in Indian buildings were trabeated or corbelled. In North India in the state of Orissa, \"the later temples at Bhubaneswar were built on the principle of corbelled vaulting, which is seen first in the porch of the Mukteswar [a temple said to epitomize North Indian architecture, circa 950 AD] and, technically speaking, no fundamental change occurred from this time onwards.\"[5]", "Architecture of India. Mughal tombs of sandstone and marble show Persian influence.[27] The Red Fort at Agra (1565–74) and the walled city of Fatehpur Sikri (1569–74) are among the architectural achievements of this time—as is the Taj Mahal, built as a tomb for Queen Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan (1628–58).[27] Employing the double dome, the recessed archway, the depiction of any animal or human—an essential part of the Indian tradition—was forbidden in places of worship under Islam. The Taj Mahal does contain tilework of plant ornaments.[1] The architecture during the Mughal Period, with its rulers being of Turco-Mongol origin, has shown a notable blend of Indian style combined with the Islamic.", "Indo-Islamic architecture. Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer, Rajasthan, built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Here Hindu temple columns (and possibly some new ones) are piled up in threes to achieve extra height. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. In these the central arch is taller, in imitation of an iwan. At Ajmer the smaller screen arches are tentatively cusped, for the first time in India.[10]", "Arch. In India, Bhitargaon temple (450 AD) and Mahabodhi temple (7th century AD) built in by Gupta Dynasty are the earliest surviving examples of the use of voussoir arch vault system in India[39]. The earlier uses semicircular arch, while the later contains examples of both gothic style pointed arch and semicircular arches. Although introduced in the 5th century, arches didn't gain prominence in the indian architecture until 12th century after Islamic conquest. The Gupta era arch vault system was later used extensively in Burmese Buddhist temples in Pyu and Bagan in 11th and 12th centuries.[40] .", "Indo-Islamic architecture. The start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under Qutb al-Din Aibak introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles.[5] The important Qutb Complex in Delhi was begun under Muhammad of Ghor, by 1199, and continued under Qutb al-Din Aibakand and later sultans. The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, now a ruin, was the first structure. Like other early Islamic buildings it re-used elements such as columns from destroyed Hindu and Jain temples, including one on the same site whose platform was reused. The style was Iranian, but the arches were still corbelled in the traditional Indian way.[6]", "Indo-Islamic architecture. Possibly the first \"true\" arches in India; Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in Delhi", "Islam in India. Architecture of India took new shape with the advent of Islamic rule in India towards the end of the 12th century CE. New elements were introduced into the Indian architecture that include: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of coloured marble, painted plaster and brightly coloured glazed tiles. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque built in 1193 CE was the first mosque to be built in the Indian subcontinent; its adjoining \"Tower of Victory\", the Qutb Minar also started around 1192 CE, which marked the victory of Muhammad of Ghor and his general Qutb al-Din Aibak, from Ghazni, Afghanistan, over local Rajput kings, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi.", "Indo-Islamic architecture. The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with mosques and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large domes, and made extensive use of arches. Both of these features were hardly used in Hindu temple architecture and other native Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consisted of a single large space under a high dome, and completely avoided the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temples.[2]", "Dome. The earliest examples include the half-domes of the late 13th century tomb of Balban and the small dome of the tomb of Khan Shahid, which were made of roughly cut material and would have needed covering surface finishes.[190] Under the Lodi dynasty there was a large proliferation of tomb building, with octagonal plans reserved for royalty and square plans used for others of high rank, and the first double dome was introduced to India in this period.[191] The first major Mughal building is the domed tomb of Humayun, built between 1562 and 1571 by a Persian architect. The central double dome covers an octagonal central chamber about 15 meters wide and is accompanied by small domed chattri made of brick and faced with stone.[192] Chatris, the domed kiosks on pillars characteristic of Mughal roofs, were adopted from their Hindu use as cenotaphs.[193] The fusion of Persian and Indian architecture can be seen in the dome shape of the Taj Mahal: the bulbous shape derives from Persian Timurid domes, and the finial with lotus leaf base is derived from Hindu temples.[33] The Gol Gumbaz, or Round Dome, is one of the largest masonry domes in the world. It has an internal diameter of 41.15 meters and a height of 54.25 meters.[194] The dome was the most technically advanced built in the Deccan.[195] The last major Islamic tomb built in India was the tomb of Safdar Jang (1753–54). The central dome is reportedly triple-shelled, with two relatively flat inner brick domes and an outer bulbous marble dome, although it may actually be that the marble and second brick domes are joined everywhere but under the lotus leaf finial at the top.[196]", "History of India. Gol Gumbaz built by the Bijapur Sultanate, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia.", "Arts and entertainment in India. With the advent of Islam, the arch and dome began to be used and the mosque or masjid too began to form part of the landscape, adding to a new experience in form and space. The most famous Islamic building type in India is the tomb or the mausoleum which evolved from the basic cube and hemisphere vocabulary of the early phase into a more elaborate form during the Mughal era where multiple chambers are present and tombs were set in a garden known as the char-bagh. Well known examples are the Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur and the Taj Mahal, Agra, the latter renowned for its beauty in white marble, its minarets and its setting. With colonisation, a new chapter began. Though the Dutch, Portuguese and the French made substantial forays, it was the English who had a lasting impact. The architecture of the colonial period varied from the beginning attempts at creating authority through classical prototypes to the later approach of producing a supposedly more responsive image through what is now termed Indo-Saracenic architecture- a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements.", "Architecture of India. Walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used arched windows and doors are important features of the architecture during this period.[6] The Indian emperor Ashoka (rule: 273—232 BCE) established a chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan empire by 230 BCE.[10] One of the edicts of Ashoka (272—231 BCE) reads: \"Everywhere King Piyadasi (Ashoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted.\"[11] Indian art and culture has absorbed extraneous impacts by varying degrees and is much richer for this exposure. This cross fertilization between different art streams converging on the subcontinent produced new forms that, while retaining the essence of the past, succeeded in the integrating selected elements of the new influences. A long tradition of art and culture was already established well before the beginning of 20th century in India. Indian painting can be broadly divided into two categories — murals and miniature.", "Architecture of India. North Indian temples showed increased elevation of the wall and elaborate spire by the 10th century.[17] Richly decorated temples—including the complex at Khajuraho—were constructed in Central India.[17] Indian traders brought Indian architecture to South east Asia through various trade routes.[18] Grandeur of construction, beautiful sculptures, delicate carvings, high domes, gopuras and extensive courtyards were the features of temple architecture in India. Examples include the Lingaraj Temple at Bhubaneshwar in Odisha, Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu.", "Qutb complex. The Slave dynasty did not employ true Islamic architecture styles and used false domes and false arches. This makes the Alai Darwaza, the earliest example of first true arches and true domes in India.[11] It is considered to be one of the most important buildings built in the Delhi sultanate period. With its pointed arches and spearhead of fringes, identified as lotus buds, it adds grace to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque to which it served as an entrance.", "Architecture of India. The Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.[5] The stupa architecture was adopted in Southeast and East Asia, where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.[5] Fortified cities with stūpas, viharas, and temples were constructed during the Maurya empire (c. 321–185 BCE).[6] Wooden architecture was popular and rock cut architecture became solidified.[6] Guard rails—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a coping—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa.[6] Temples—build on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were constructed using brick and timber.[6] The Indian gateway arches, the torana, reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism.[7] Some scholars hold that torii derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BCE – 11th century CE).[8]", "Humayun's Tomb. Turkic and Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent, also introduced Central Asian and Persian styles of Islamic architecture in the region, and by the late 12th century early monuments in this style were appearing in and around Delhi, the capital of Delhi Sultanate. Starting with the Turkic Slave dynasty which built the Qutb Minar (1192 AD) and its adjacent Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (1193 CE). North India was successive ruled foreign dynasties in the coming centuries giving rise to the Indo-Islamic architecture. While the prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels, this brought in the arcuate style of construction, with its arches and beams, which flourished under Mughal patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani architecture including decorative corbel brackets, balconies, pendentive decorations and indeed kiosks or chhatris, to developed a distinct, Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal rule.[31] The combination of red sandstone and white marble was previously seen in Delhi Sultanate period tombs and mosques, most distinctively in the highly decorative Alai Darwaza in the Qutub complex, Mehrauli, built in 1311 AD, under the Khalji dynasty.[32]", "Art Deco. While Art Deco buildings in Bombay were associated with futurism, as seen in their streamlined and sleek facades, certain buildings also integrated themes of traditional Indian mythology into their design. Depictions of toiling Indian farmers, Hindu gods and goddesses and figures from Indian mythology were often incorporated into facade reliefs. Egyptian and classical Elements The discovery of the tomb of King Tutakhamun in Egypt lead to a worldwide fascination with ancient Egyptian themes and symbols. Sphinxes, hard edged geometry and hieroglyphic styles made their way into the Indian urban Landscape. Influences of the features of traditional Greek and Roman temples could also be seen in buildings across Bombay.[102]", "Architecture of India. The British arrived in 1615 and over the centuries, gradually overthrew the Maratha and Sikh empires and other small independent kingdoms. Britain was present in India for over three hundred years and their legacy still remains through some building and infrastructure that exist in their former colonies.[33] The major cities colonized during this period were Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Agra, Bankipore, Karachi, Nagpur, Bhopal and Hyderabad,[34][32] which saw the rise of Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture.", "Architecture of India. The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Indian architecture progressed with time and assimilated the many influences that came as a result of India's global discourse with other regions of the world throughout its millennia-old past. The architectural methods practiced in India are a result of examination and implementation of its established building traditions and outside cultural interactions.[1]", "Dome. Persian architecture likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest Mesopotamian domes.[96] Due to the scarcity of wood in many areas of the Iranian plateau, domes were an important part of vernacular architecture throughout Persian history.[97] The Persian invention of the squinch, a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room, enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base for a dome in a way reliable enough for large constructions and domes moved to the forefront of Persian architecture as a result.[98] Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly semi-elliptical, with pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the Islamic periods.[99]", "Ghiyas ud din Balban. Today, Tomb of Balban wherein a true arch and a true dome were built of the first time in India, lies within the Mehrauli Archaeological Park in Delhi, adjacent to which stands that of his son Khan Shahid and wall mosque. The domes of both the tombs have collapsed and the structures are ruined structures were restored in the recent years when the conservation work began in the park.", "Architecture of India. Though old, this Eastern tradition has also incorporated modern values as India became a modern nation state. The economic reforms of 1991 further bolstered the urban architecture of India as the country became more integrated with the world's economy. Traditional Vastu Shastra remains influential in India's architecture during the contemporary era.[1]", "Architecture of India. Some scholars hold that cultural contact with Europe under Manuel I of Portugal (reign: 25 October 1495—13 December 1521) resulted in exchange of architectural influences.[28] Little literary evidence exists to confirm the Indian influence but some scholars have nonetheless suggested a possible relation based on proximity of architectural styles.[28]", "Culture of India. Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Some of its earliest production are found in the Indus Valley Civilisation (2600–1900 BC) which is characterised by well planned cities and houses. Religion and kingship do not seem to have played an important role in the planning and layout of these towns.", "Architecture of India. The Marathas ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent from the mid-17th to the early 19th centuries.[29] Their religious activity took full shape and soon the skylines of Maharashtrian towns were dominated by rising temple spires. Old forms returned with this 'renewal' of Hindu architecture, infused by the Sultanate and later the Mughal traditions. The architecture of Maratha period was planned with courtyards suited to tropical climates. The Maratha Architecture is known for its simplicity, visible logic and austere aesthetic, made rich by beautiful detailing, rhythm, and repetition. The aisles and arcades, punctured by delicate niches, doors, and windows create space in which the articulation of open, semi-open and covered areas is effortless and enchanting. The materials used during those times for construction were –", "India. Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.[287] Vernacular architecture is also highly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra, literally \"science of construction\" or \"architecture\" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[288] explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;[289] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.[290] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the \"absolute\".[291] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as \"the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage\".[292] Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.[293]", "Indo-Islamic architecture. Islamic buildings initially had to adapt the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own designs. Unlike most of the Islamic world, where brick tended to predominate, India had highly skilled builders very well used to producing stone masonry of extremely high quality.[3] As well as the main style developed in Delhi and later Mughal centres, a variety of regional styles grew up, especially where there were local Muslim rulers. By the Mughal period, generally agreed to represent the peak of the style, aspects of Islamic style began to influence architecture made for Hindus, with even temples using scalloped arches, and later domes. This was especially the case in palace architecture.", "Architecture of India. Vijayanagara Architecture of the period (1336 – 1565 CE) was a notable building style evolved by the Vijayanagar empire that ruled most of South India from their capital at Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in present-day Karnataka.[19] The architecture of the temples built during the reign of the Vijayanagara empire had elements of political authority.[20] This resulted in the creation of a distinctive imperial style of architecture which featured prominently not only in temples but also in administrative structures across the deccan.[21] The Vijayanagara style is a combination of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles which evolved earlier in the centuries when these empires ruled and is characterised by a return to the simplistic and serene art of the past.[22]" ]

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[ "Vietnam War. The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War,[63] and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.[64] The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.[65] The majority of Americans believe the war was unjustified.[66]", "1968 in the Vietnam War. The year 1968 saw major developments in the Vietnam War. The military operations started with an attack on a US base by the Vietnam People's Army (NVA) and the Viet Cong on January 1, ending a truce declared by the Pope and agreed upon by all sides. At the end of January, the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive. Although militarily the operation was a failure for the Vietnamese communists, for them it was a propaganda victory, as on the home front the American public were shocked by the images they were seeing on their televisions.", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). The 1954 to 1959 phase of the Vietnam War was the era of the two nations. Coming after the First Indochina War, this period resulted in the military defeat of the French, a 1954 Geneva meeting that partitioned Vietnam into North and South, and the French withdrawal from Vietnam, leaving the Republic of Vietnam regime fighting a communist insurgency with USA aid. During this period, North Vietnam recovered from the wounds of war, rebuilt nationally, and accrued to prepare for the anticipated war. In South Vietnam, Ngô Đình Diệm consolidated power and encouraged anti-communism. This period was marked by U.S. support to South Vietnam before Gulf of Tonkin, as well as communist infrastructure-building.", "Military history of the United States. The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1955 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as \"Viet Cong.\" Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.[54]", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). On March 1959, the armed revolution began as Ho Chi Minh declared a People's War to unite all of Vietnam under his leadership. His Politburo now ordered a changeover to an all-out military struggle. Thus began the Second Indochina War.", "History of Vietnam since 1945. In 1968, the Viet Cong launched a massive and surprise Tết Offensive (known in South Vietnam as \"Biến Cố Tết Mậu Thân\" or in the North as \"Cuộc Tổng Tấn Công và Nổi Dậy Tết Mậu Thân\"), attacking almost all major cities in South Vietnam over the Vietnamese New Year (Tết). The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese captured the city of Huế, after which many mass graves were found. Many of the executed victims had relations with the South Vietnamese government or the US, or part of social groups that were considered enemies to the Viet Cong, like Catholics, business owners and intellectuals (Thảm Sát Tết Mậu Thân). Over the course of the year the Viet Cong forces were pushed out of all cities in South Vietnam and nearly decimated. In subsequent major offensives in later years, North Vietnamese regulars with artillery and tanks took over the fighting. In the months following the Tet Offensive, an American unit massacred civilian villagers, suspected to be sheltering Viet Cong guerillas, in the hamlet of My Lai in Central Vietnam, causing an uproar in protest around the world.", "Vietnam. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, eventually expelling the French in 1954. Thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam (officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and South Vietnam (officially the Republic of Vietnam). Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, with heavy intervention by the United States on the side of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1973. The war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.", "Vietnam War. Indochina was a French colony during the 19th century. When the Japanese invaded during World War II, the Viet Minh opposed them with support from the USA, Russia and China. They received some Japanese arms when Japan surrendered. The Viet Minh, a Communist-led common front under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, then initiated an insurgency against French rule. Hostilities escalated into the First Indochina War (beginning in December 1946). By the 1950s, the conflict had become entwined with the Cold War. In January 1950, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam, based in Hanoi, as the legitimate government of Vietnam. The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French-backed State of Vietnam in Saigon, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, as the legitimate Vietnamese government.[79][80] The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union.[81]", "First Indochina War. The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on 19 December 1946, and lasted until 20 July 1954. Fighting between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in the south dated from September 1945. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Viet Minh,[30] led by Ho Chi Minh[31] and the People's Army of Vietnam led by Vo Nguyen Giap.[32] Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in northern Vietnam,[33] although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). On February 12, 1955, the U.S. assumed responsibility for training Vietnamese forces, and the French disassociation began.[15]", "First Indochina War. At the International Geneva Conference on July 21, 1954, the new socialist French government and the Viet Minh made an agreement that was denounced by the State of Vietnam and by the United States, but which effectively gave the Viet Minh control of North Vietnam above the 17th parallel. The south continued under Bảo Đại. A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, creating the Republic of Vietnam. Soon an insurgency, backed by the north, developed against Diệm's government. The conflict gradually escalated into the Vietnam War/American War also known as the Second Indochina War.", "Vietnam War. On 10 May 1968, despite low expectations, peace talks began between the United States and North Vietnam in Paris. Negotiations stagnated for five months, until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam.", "History of Vietnam. Full-scale war broke out between the Việt Minh and France in late 1946 and the First Indochina War officially began. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France decided to bring former emperor Bảo Đại back to power, as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh. A Provisional Central Government was formed in 1948, reuniting Annam and Tonkin, but the complete reunification of Vietnam was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina's legal status. In July 1949, the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed, as a semi-independent country within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu. The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation, with Hồ Chí Minh's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm's Republic of Vietnam, supported by the United States, ruling the South from Saigon. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including \"rent reduction\" and \"land reform\", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time.[32][33][34][35] However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500.[36] In the South, Diem went about crushing political and religious opposition, imprisoning or killing tens of thousands.[37]", "South Vietnam. In 1949, anti-communist Vietnamese politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bảo Đại. Bảo Đại was deposed by Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in 1955, who proclaimed himself president after a referendum. After Diệm was killed in a military coup led by general Dương Văn Minh in 1963, there was a series of short-lived military governments. General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu then led the country after a U.S.-encouraged civilian presidential election from 1967 until 1975. The beginnings of the Vietnam War occurred in 1959 with an uprising by the newly organized National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (Viet Cong), armed and supported by the northern Democratic Republic of Vietnam, with other assistance rendered by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact communist satellites, along with neighboring People's Republic of China and North Korea. Larger escalation of the insurgency occurred with the 1965 landing of United States regular forces of Marines followed by Army units to supplement the cadre of military advisors guiding ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) southern forces. A regular bombing campaign over North Vietnam, conducted by offshore U.S. Navy airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by Air Force squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Fighting reached a climax during the Tet Offensive of February 1968, when there were over 1.5 million South Vietnamese soldiers and U.S. military growth to 500,000 U.S. soldiers in South Vietnam.", "Vietnam War. On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[323] Despite speculation that the victorious North Vietnamese would, in President Nixon's words, \"massacre the civilians there [South Vietnam] by the millions,\" there is a widespread consensus that no mass executions in fact took place.[324] However, in the years following the war, a vast number of South Vietnamese was sent to re-education camps. According to Amnesty International Report 1979, this figure varied considerably depend on different observers: “[...] included such figures as \"50,000 to 80,000\" (Le Monde, 19 April 1978), \"150,000\" (Reuter from Bien Hoa, 2 November 1977), \"150,000 to 200,000\" (Washington Post, 20 December 1978), and \"300,000\" (Agence France Presse from Hanoi, 12 February 1978).”[325] These large variation may be due to “Some estimates may include not only detainees but also people sent from the cities to the countryside.” According to a native observer, there were 443.360 people who had to register for a period in re-education camps in Saigon alone, some of them were released after a few days, while others stayed there for more than a decade.[326]", "1968 in the Vietnam War. In the first two weeks of 1968, communist forces shelled 49 district and provincial capitals in South Vietnam and temporarily occupied two of them. The Commander of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) General William Westmoreland described to Time the fighting \"as the most intense of the entire war.\" MACV claimed that 5,000 communist forces had been killed.[14]", "Vietnam War. ≈1,420,000 (1968)\n South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)\n1,500,000 (1974–75)[31]", "Vietnam War casualties. The conflict persisted from 1955 to 1975 and most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam; accordingly it suffered the most casualties. The war also spilled over into the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos which also endured casualties from aerial and ground fighting.", "Vietnam War. Between 1954 and 1957 there was large-scale but disorganized dissidence in the countryside which the Diệm government succeeded in quelling. In early 1957 South Vietnam enjoyed its first peace in over a decade. Incidents of political violence began to occur in mid-1957, but the government \"did not construe it as a campaign, considering the disorders too diffuse to warrant committing major GVN [Government of Vietnam] resources.\" By early 1959, however, Diệm had come to regard the (increasingly frequent) disorders as an organized campaign and implemented Law 10/59, which made political violence punishable by death and property confiscation.[123] There had been some division among former Viet Minh whose main goal was to hold the elections promised in the Geneva Accords, leading to \"wildcat\" activities separate from the other communists and anti-GVN activists.[23]", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975.", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). The Viet Minh went underground in 1956, but there was no major decision until 1959. A 1964 interrogation report said \"The period from the Armistice of 1954 until 1958 was the darkest time for the VC in South Vietnam. The political agitation policy proposed by the Communist Party could not be carried out due to the arrest of a number of party members by RVN authorities...In 1959 the party combined its political agitation with its military operations, and by the end of 1959 the combined operations were progressing smoothly.\" Note that this prisoner did not deny there were guerilla operations, but the document does not identify specific acts until 1957.", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In 1965, the United States rapidly increased its military forces in South Vietnam, prompted by the realization that the South Vietnamese government was losing the Vietnam War as the communist-dominated Viet Cong gained influence over much of the population in rural areas of the country. North Vietnam also rapidly increased its infiltration of men and supplies to combat South Vietnam and the U.S.. The objective of the U.S. and South Vietnam was to prevent a communist take-over. North Vietnam and the insurgent Viet Cong sought to unite the two sections of the country.", "1954 in the Vietnam War. As 1954 began, the French had been fighting the insurgent communist-dominated Viet Minh for more than seven years attempting to retain control of their colony Vietnam. Domestic support for the war by the population of France had declined. The United States was concerned and worried that a French military defeat in Vietnam would result in the spread of communism to all the countries of Southeast Asia—the domino theory—and was looking for means of aiding the French without committing American troops to the war.", "Vietnam War. In late 1967 the Communists lured American forces into the hinterlands at Đắk Tô and at the Marine Khe Sanh combat base in Quảng Trị Province where the United States was more than willing to fight because it could unleash its massive firepower unimpeded by civilians. However, on 30 January 1968, the NVA and the Viet Cong broke the truce that traditionally accompanied the Tết (Lunar New Year) holiday by launching the largest battle of the war, the Tet Offensive, in the hope of sparking a national uprising. Over 100 cities were attacked by over 85,000 enemy troops including assaults on General Westmoreland's headquarters and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon.[193]", "Vietnam War. Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973.[72] The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War casualties). Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000[40] to 3.1 million.[59] Some 240,000–300,000 Cambodians,[60][61][62] 20,000–62,000 Laotians,[59] and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict, and a further 1,626 remain missing in action.[A 2]", "Vietnam War. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina.[68][A 3] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S.[69] U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962.[70] U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam.", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). The period ended with major negotiations, but formal discussions had started as early as 1950, with less formal meetings during and immediately after the Second World War. France gave limited autonomy in February 1950, Associated States of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) within the French Union.[2] The enabling agreement was signed among the five states on 23 December 1950, and was the prerequisite for direct U.S. aid to Indochina.", "20th-century events. The second war, the Vietnam War, was perhaps the second most visible war of the 20th century, after World War II. After the French withdrawal from its former colony, Vietnam became partitioned into two halves, much like Korea. Fighting between North and South eventually escalated into a regional war. The United States provided aid to South Vietnam, but was not directly involved until the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, passed in reaction to a supposed North Vietnamese attack upon American destroyers, brought the U.S. into the war as a belligerent. The war was initially viewed as a fight to contain communism (see containment, Truman Doctrine, and Domino Theory), but, as more Americans were drafted and news of events such as the Tet Offensive and My Lai massacre leaked out, American sentiment turned against the war. U.S. President Richard Nixon was elected partially on claims of a \"secret plan\" to stop the war. This Nixon Doctrine involved a gradual pullout of American forces; South Vietnamese units were supposed to replace them, backed up by American air power. Unfortunately, the plan went awry, and the war spilled into neighboring Cambodia while South Vietnamese forces were pushed further back. Eventually, the U.S. and North Vietnam signed the Paris Peace Accords, ending U.S. involvement in the war. With the threat of U.S. retaliation gone, the North proceeded to violate the ceasefire and invaded the South with full military force. Saigon was captured on April 30, 1975, and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule a year later, effectively bringing an end to one of the most unpopular wars of all time.", "History of Vietnam. The Trịnh–Nguyễn War lasted from 1627 until 1672. The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives, all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân. For a time, starting in 1651, the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory. However, the Trịnh, under a new leader, Trịnh Tạc, forced the Nguyễn back by 1655. After one last offensive in 1672, Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần. The country was effectively divided in two.", "Vietnam War. On 7 May 1954, the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu surrendered. The defeat marked the end of French military involvement in Indochina. At the Geneva Conference, the French negotiated a ceasefire agreement with the Viet Minh, and independence was granted to Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.", "Vietnam War. Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel, and under the terms of the Geneva Accords, civilians were to be given the opportunity to move freely between the two provisional states for a 300-day period. Elections throughout the country were to be held in 1956 to establish a unified government.[91] Around one million northerners, mainly minority Catholics, fled south, fearing persecution by the communists.[92] This followed an American psychological warfare campaign, designed by Edward Lansdale for the CIA, which exaggerated anti-Catholic sentiment among the Viet Minh and which falsely claimed the US was about to drop atomic bombs on Hanoi.[93][94][95] The exodus was coordinated by a U.S.-funded $93 million relocation program, which included the use of the Seventh Fleet to ferry refugees.[96] The northern, mainly Catholic refugees gave the later Ngô Đình Diệm regime a strong anti-communist constituency.[97] Diệm staffed his government's key posts mostly with northern and central Catholics.", "History of Vietnam since 1945. In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary Trường Chinh, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of \"bourgeois and feudal\" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and bloody land reform campaign (Cải Cách Ruộng Đất), and denouncing \"bourgeois and feudal\" tendencies in arts and literature. Many true patriots and devoted Communist revolutionaries in the Viet Minh suffered mistreatment or were even executed during these movements. Many others became disenchanted and left the Viet Minh. The United States became strongly opposed to Hồ Chí Minh. In the 1950s the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom." ]

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[ "Kai Tak Airport. Kai Tak Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) was the international airport of Hong Kong from 1925 until 1998. It was officially known as Hong Kong International Airport from 1954 to 6 July 1998, when it was closed and replaced by the new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok, 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the west.[1] It is often known as Hong Kong International Airport, Kai Tak,[2] or simply Kai Tak, to distinguish it from its successor which is often referred to as Chek Lap Kok Airport.", "Hong Kong. In 1998, Hong Kong moved its international airport from Kai Tak to an artificially-reclaimed island north of Lantau Island. Construction of this new airport began under the British Rose Garden Project and was completed in May 1998.", "Hong Kong International Airport. Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is located on the island of Chek Lap Kok, which largely comprises land reclaimed for the construction of the airport itself. The airport is also colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport (赤鱲角機場), to distinguish it from its predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport.", "Kai Tak Airport. As a result, in the late 1980s, the Hong Kong Government began searching for alternative locations for a new airport in Hong Kong to replace the aging airport. After deliberating on a number of locations, including the south side of Hong Kong Island, the government decided to build the airport on the island of Chek Lap Kok off Lantau Island. A huge number of resources were mobilised to build this new airport, part of the ten programmes in Hong Kong's Airport Core Programme.", "Hong Kong International Airport. Chek Lap Kok Airport was designed as a replacement for the former Hong Kong International Airport (commonly known as Kai Tak Airport) built in 1925. Located in the densely built-up Kowloon City District with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay, Kai Tak had only limited room for expansion to cope with steadily increasing air traffic. By the 1990s, Kai Tak had become one of the world's busiest airports – it far exceeded its annual passenger and cargo design capacities, and one out of every three flights experienced delays, largely due to lack of space for aircraft, gates, and a second runway.[6] In addition, noise mitigation measures restricted nighttime flights, as severe noise pollution (exceeding 105 dB(A) in Kowloon City) adversely affected an estimated total of at least 340,000 people.[7][8]", "Hong Kong International Airport. Hong Kong International Airport was built on a large artificial island formed by flattening and levelling Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands (3.02 square kilometres (1.17 sq mi) and 0.08 square kilometres (0.031 sq mi) respectively) and reclaiming 9.38 square kilometres (3.62 sq mi) of the adjacent seabed. The 12.48-square-kilometre (3,080-acre) airport site added nearly 1% to Hong Kong's total surface area, connecting to the north side of Lantau Island near Tung Chung new town.[10]", "Hong Kong International Airport. The airport has been in commercial operation since 1998, replacing the Kai Tak Airport. It is an important regional trans-shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for destinations in Mainland China (with 45 destinations) and the rest of Asia. The airport is the world's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world's busiest passenger airports.[3] It is also home to one of the world's largest passenger terminal buildings (the largest when opened in 1998).", "Hong Kong International Airport. A 1974 planning study by the Civil Aviation and Public Works departments identified the small island of Chek Lap Kok, off Lantau Island, as a possible airport replacement site. Away from the congested city centre, flight paths would be routed over the South China Sea rather than populous urban areas, enabling efficient round-the-clock operation of multiple runways. The Chek Lap Kok (CLK) airport master plan and civil engineering studies were completed towards the end of 1982 and 1983 respectively. In February 1983, however, the government shelved the project for financial and economic reasons. In 1988, the Port & Airport Development Strategy (PADS) Study was undertaken by consultants, headed by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, reporting in December 1989. This study looked at forecasts for both airport and port traffic to the year 2011 and came up with three recommended strategies for overall strategic development in Hong Kong. One of the three assumed maintaining the existing airport at Kai Tak; a second assumed a possible airport in the Western Harbour between Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island, and the third assumed a new airport at Chek Lap Kok. The consultants produced detailed analyses for each scenario, enabling Government to consider these appraisals for each of the three \"Recommended Strategies\". In October 1989 the Governor of Hong Kong announced to the Legislative Council that a decision had been made on the long-term port and airport development strategy for the territory. The strategy to be adopted was that which included a replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok and incorporating new container terminals 8 and 9 at Stonecutters Island and east of the island of Tsing Yi respectively.[9]", "Hong Kong International Airport. The Airport Express line originally terminated at Airport Station, where trains open doors on both sides, allowing direct access to either Terminal 1 or Terminal 2. It was later extended to AsiaWorld–Expo Station on 20 December 2005 to facilitate the opening of the nearby AsiaWorld-Expo. During events at the station some Tung Chung Line trains, which largely share the same tracks as the Airport Express, serve this station instead of Tung Chung, but these trains do not stop by Airport Station.", "Kai Tak Airport. Kai Tak was located on the west side of Kowloon Bay in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The area is surrounded by rugged mountains. Less than 4 km (2.5 mi) to the north and northeast of the former runway 13 threshold is a range of hills reaching an elevation of 2,000 ft (610 m). To the east of the former 31 threshold, the hills are less than 3 km (1.9 mi) away. Immediately to the south of the airport is Victoria Harbour, and farther south is Hong Kong Island with hills up to 2,100 ft (640 m).", "Hong Kong International Airport. The airport is connected to inner Hong Kong by the North Lantau Highway on Lantau Island.", "Hong Kong International Airport. The airport was officially opened in an opening ceremony by President Jiang Zemin at noon Hong Kong Time on 2 July 1998. The actual operation of the airport commenced on 6 July 1998, concluding the six-year construction that cost US$20 billion. On that day at 06:25 Hong Kong Time, Cathay Pacific flight 889 became the first commercial flight to land at the airport, pipping the original CX 292 from Rome which was the scheduled first arrival.[13] However, the airport had already started to experience some technical difficulties on the first day of opening. The flight information display system (FIDS) had suddenly shut down which caused long delays. Shortly afterwards, the cargo-communication link with Kai Tak, where all the necessary data was stored (some still stored there then), went down. During the same period of time, someone had accidentally deleted an important database for cargo services. This meant that cargo had to be manually stored. At one point, the airport had to turn away all air cargo and freight headed for and exported from Hong Kong (except food and medical supplies) while it sorted out the huge mess. HKIA simply could not keep up without an automated assistant-computer system.[12] For three to five months after its opening, it suffered various severe organisational, mechanical and technical problems that almost crippled the airport and its operations. Computer glitches were mostly to blame for the major crisis. Lau Kong-wah, a Hong Kong politician, was quoted saying \"This was meant to be a first-class project but it has turned into a ninth-class airport and a disgrace. Our airport has become the laughing stock of the world.\"[14][15] At one time, the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic because of a breakdown at the new cargo terminal, named Super Terminal One (ST1).[16] However, after six months the airport started to operate normally.", "Hong Kong International Airport. The head office of Hong Kong Airlines was previously on Level 2 of the CNAC House (中航大廈, Mandarin: Zhōngháng Dàshà, Cantonese: jung1 hong4 daai6 ha6) at HKIA.[35][36]", "Kai Tak Airport. The airport was home to Hong Kong's international carrier Cathay Pacific, as well as regional carrier Dragonair, freight airline Air Hong Kong and Hong Kong Airways. The airport was also home to the former RAF Kai Tak.", "Hong Kong International Airport. The construction period was very rushed; specialists considered that only a 10–20-year period was sufficient for this massive project.[citation needed] Another cause for this rush was due to the uncertain future of the airport construction after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. Shortly after the then-British colonial government of Hong Kong announced plans to construct the new airport, the Chinese government in Beijing began voicing objections to various aspects of the massive project, which prompted financial institutions to delay extending project finance. Without access to this financing, many of the companies who had secured contracts to build various portions of the project halted construction, resulting in delays that pushed the actual opening of the airport, originally planned to take place before the transition in sovereignty until one year after. As agreements were reached with the government in China, Beijing removed most of its objections and work then continued, albeit behind schedule.[citation needed]", "Hong Kong International Airport. The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong, a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[75]", "Hong Kong. Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.[202] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.[203] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.[202][204]", "Kai Tak Airport. The Regal Meridien Hongkong Airport Hotel, linked to the passenger terminal by a footbridge spanning Prince Edward Road, opened on 19 July 1982. This was Hong Kong's first airport hotel, and comprised 380 rooms including 47 suites.[19] As of 2018 the hotel still exists, but the footbridge has been demolished. It is one of the few remaining buildings related to Kai Tak Airport.", "Hong Kong International Airport. In the PADS study, the consultants advised that the earliest the airport could be opened was January 1998.[citation needed] However, in reaching the government's decision, this date was modified to January 1997, six months prior to the handover of the territory to China. Construction of the new airport began in 1991.[citation needed] As construction progressed, an agreement was reached with China that as much as possible of the airport would be completed before the handover to China in July 1997. In the event, British Prime Minister John Major opened the Tsing Ma Bridge, the main access to Lantau Island and the airport and its supporting community in May 1997, prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China. The airport itself was opened in July 1998.", "Hong Kong International Airport. The Civil Aviation Department has its headquarters at Hong Kong International Airport.[34]", "Hong Kong International Airport. On 20 March 2012, the Hong Kong Government adopted this option as the official expansion plan.[40]", "Hong Kong International Airport. Located on Level 6 of the departure level is an aviation theme museum dedicated to civilian aviation history in Hong Kong. Various displays, mockup of cockpits as well as a theatre are found in this airport attraction.", "Hong Kong International Airport. Cathay Pacific City, the head office of Cathay Pacific, is located on the airport property.[31] Cathay Dragon House (港龍大厦), the head office of Cathay Dragon, is also on the airport property.[32] The head office of Air Hong Kong, as of 2004, is located on the fourth floor of the South Tower of Cathay Pacific City.[33]", "Kai Tak Airport. In 1924, Harry Abbott opened The Abbott School of Aviation on that piece of land.[8] Soon, it became a small grass strip runway airport for the RAF and several flying clubs which, over time, grew to include the Hong Kong Flying Club, the Far East Flying Training School, and the Aero Club of Hong Kong, which exist today as an amalgamation known as the Hong Kong Aviation Club. In 1928, a concrete slipway was built for seaplanes that used the adjoining Kowloon Bay.[1] The first control tower and hangar at Kai Tak were built in 1935. In 1936, the first domestic airline in Hong Kong was established.[citation needed]", "Hong Kong. Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[48][49][50]", "Kai Tak Airport. After the last plane, a Cathay Pacific A340-300, took off from Kai Tak International Airport to the new Hong Kong International Airport at 01:28 HKT, Kai Tak was closed, transferring its ICAO and IATA airport codes to the replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok.", "Hong Kong International Airport. Aerial view of Midfield Concourse, Hong Kong International Airport.", "Hong Kong International Airport. The third runway will be built parallel to the current two runways. It will be situated on a reclamated patch of land directly north of the existing airport island.[41]", "Hong Kong International Airport. Interior view of Satellite Terminal, Hong Kong Airport. Central internet kiosk with coffee shop behind.", "1950s in Hong Kong. In 1953, two land reclamation projects added 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) to Hong Kong. The first project would specifically add runway space to the Kai Tak Airport. Additional land would turn Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan into industrial towns.[6] The early industrial centres churned out anything that could be produced in a small space, like buttons, artificial flowers, umbrellas, textiles, enamelware, footwear and plastics.", "Hong Kong International Airport. At its opening, Terminal 1 was the largest airport passenger terminal building, with a total gross floor area of 531,000 square metres (5,720,000 sq ft). It briefly conceded the status to Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport (563,000 m2 (6,060,000 sq ft)) when the latter opened on 15 September 2006, but reclaimed the title when the East Hall was expanded, bringing the total area to its current size of 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft). (The East Hall expansion, designed by architecture firm Aedas,[21] included a 39,000-square-metre (420,000 sq ft) expansion to SkyMart, a shopping mall). Terminal 1's title as the world's largest was surrendered to Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 on 29 February 2008.", "Hong Kong International Airport. Officially opened in June 2007, the second airport terminal, called T2, (check-in facility only) is linked with the MTR Airport Express on a new platform. The terminal also features a new shopping mall, SkyPlaza, providing a large variety of shops and restaurants, together with a few entertainment facilities. T2 also houses a 36-bay coach-station for buses to and from mainland China and 56 airline check-in counters, as well as customs and immigration facilities." ]

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[ "Brenda's Got a Baby. The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and \"Brenda\" and then the actual story starts. Ethel \"Edy\" Proctor portrays Brenda.", "Brenda's Got a Baby. The video was directed by the Hughes Brothers.", "Brenda's Got a Baby. \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" is the solo debut single by Tupac Shakur, and tenth track from his debut album, 2Pacalypse Now. The song, which features R&B singer Dave Hollister, is about a 12-year-old girl named Brenda who lives in a ghetto and has a baby she can't support. The song explores the issue of teen pregnancy and its effect on young mothers and their families. Like many of Shakur's songs, \"Brenda's Got a Baby\" draws from the plight of the impoverished. Using Brenda to represent young mothers in general, Shakur criticises the low level of support from the baby's father, the government, and society in general. Shakur wrote the song when he read a newspaper article about a 12-year-old girl who became pregnant from her cousin and threw the baby into a trash compactor.[1]", "Brenda's Got a Baby. The video begins with \"based on a true story,\" although the characters themselves are fictitious, Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a 12-year-old girl getting pregnant by her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can.", "Brenda's Got a Baby. Parts of the video were included in Tupac: Resurrection, a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of Ghetto Gospel, in the music video of Changes and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, \"All Eyez On Me,\" released June 16th 2017.", "Brenda's Got a Baby. Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of her parents, her cousin, and the baby are left unexplained. The song's final minute consists of a chorus singing \"Don't you know she's got a baby?\" repeatedly. The beginning of the song can be heard in The Game's song \"Street Riders\" 2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called \"Mama's Just a Little Girl\". The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz.", "Brenda's Got a Baby. The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that she has had virtually no education, and calls this a \"damn shame\" because she has little hope of a future. Her family is very poor and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that her family wouldn't care if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance.", "Brenda Song. Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988)[1] is an American actress. Song started in show business as a child fashion model. Her early television work included roles in the television shows Fudge (1995) and 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd (1999). After many commercials and television roles in the late 1990s, Song won a Young Artist Award for her performance in The Ultimate Christmas Present (2000). In 2002, Song signed a contract with Disney Channel and starred in the 2002 Disney Channel Original Movie Get a Clue and then made significant contributions to the channel, including Stuck in the Suburbs (2004) and many other productions. In 2005, Song began playing the lead female role of London Tipton in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck. The character is noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters.[2]", "Brenda's Got a Baby. The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac.", "Brenda Song. The series eventually earned a 2007 Young Artist Award for \"Best Family Television Series (comedy)\",[28] Emmy nominations for \"Outstanding Children's Program\" (twice)[29] and \"Outstanding Choreography\",[30] and three Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award nominations for \"Favorite TV show\" in 2007, 2008, and 2009.[31] In 2006 Song earned an Asian Excellence Award nomination for \"Outstanding Newcomer\" for her part in the series.[32] After her debut on the Suite Life series, Song became a regular on the Disney Channel, and had a voice role in Disney Channel's American Dragon: Jake Long series. In 2006, Song had a voice-over role in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen. She later starred in an online series called London Tipton's Yay Me!.", "Brenda Song. Song appeared in two episodes of the television program Thunder Alley, and was a regular in the children's television series Fudge, in which she portrayed Jenny. Her theatrical film debut was in Santa with Muscles, a 1996 independent film starring professional wrestler Hulk Hogan. After a small role in Leave It to Beaver (1997), she appeared in the Nickelodeon television series 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd, where she played Sariffa Chung in thirteen episodes. After 100 Deeds, she had a number of small parts in television shows such as 7th Heaven, Judging Amy, ER, Once and Again, The Brothers García, Popular, Bette, The Bernie Mac Show, The Nightmare Room, For the People and George Lopez.", "Brenda Song. Song made her transition into mainstream movies in 2010 when she appeared in the critically acclaimed film The Social Network. She also starred in the short indie film First Kiss. In 2012 and 2013, she had recurring roles in Scandal and New Girl. In 2013–2014, she starred in the Fox TV series Dads. In October 2014, Song signed a talent holding deal with Fox and 20th Century Fox Television to star in a television project.[3] Since then, Song has been cast in several television pilots for NBC and CBS. She also starred in the CBS drama Pure Genius. In 2017, Song was cast in two new movies: She will play Pen in Changeland;[4] and Allison Pyke in Angry Angel.[5] Song was cast in 2018 in the TV series Station 19 for a multi-episode arc.[6]", "Brenda Song. In 2002, Song signed a contract with Disney[10] and appeared in the Disney Channel movie Get a Clue. After 2002, Song continued to make guest appearances in American situation comedies such as That's So Raven and One on One. She had a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future, appearing in seven episodes of the series in 2004 and 2005.", "Brenda Song. In 2006, Song was hostess for the \"A World Of Change\" annual charity fashion show to benefit Optimist Youth Homes & Family Services.[86] She also supported the 10th Annual L.A. Cancer Challenge. In 2008, Song was part of the \"Power of Youth carnival\", a benefit for the St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital.[87] In 2006 and 2007, she participated in the YMCA Healthy Kids Day in Chicago.[88] She began hosting a Disney special daily segment called Pass the Plate in 2007, in which she helps children and their families learn more about nutrition and healthy food.[89] The series is produced in ten countries in association with Disney Channel.[90] Song returned for the second season of the miniseries.", "Brenda Song. Song started in show business as a child fashion model in San Francisco after being spotted in a shopping mall by an agent from a modeling school.[12] She began acting at the age of five or six in a Little Caesars commercial,[8][13] and then a Barbie commercial.[8] Her first film role was in the 1995 Requiem, an AFI student short film by actress Elizabeth Sung. \"She came in confident [at the auditions]. She was very focused, and it was very obvious that she loved what she was doing,\" said Sung.[10] The film is about a waitress/dancer named Fong who remembers her loving brother and their bittersweet childhood in Hong Kong. The seven-year-old Song played a young version of \"Fong\", who is portrayed as an adult by Tamlyn Tomita. The film won a CINE Golden Eagle award.[14] She appeared in another short film directed by Elizabeth Sung called The White Fox.[7]", "Brenda Song. Her 2002 appearance on The Bernie Mac Show led to her nomination for \"Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series, Guest Starring Young Actress\".[16] In the same year, she was in the 20th Century Fox family film Like Mike, which grossed over $60 million.[17] The film stars rapper Bow Wow as an orphan who can suddenly play NBA-level basketball. Song portrays the character Reg Stevens, a thirteen-year-old orphan. Although the film was criticized for its \"frightening myths about adoption\",[18] it was successful enough to spawn a sequel. Song did not participate in the sequel.", "Brenda's Got a Baby. Although she believes that her cousin (her baby's father) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth on the bathroom floor. She throws the baby into a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears it crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home.", "Brenda Song. In March 2017, Song was cast as a series regular in the CBS pilot Real Life.[75] She was also cast in Seth Green's directorial debut Changeland. In August 2017, it was announced that Song would be starring in Freeform's first original holiday movie, Angry Angel. The film is part of the network's \"Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas\" series of programming, which premiered November 18, 2017.[76]", "Brenda Song. Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California, a suburb of Sacramento, to a Hmong family.[7] Her paternal grandparents were from the Xiong clan (熊), but changed their last name to Song when the family immigrated to the United States.[7] Her parents were born in Thailand and met as adults in Sacramento. Her father works as a schoolteacher and her mother is a homemaker. She has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan.[8][9]", "Brenda Leigh Johnson. During season two, Brenda celebrated her 40th birthday.", "Brenda Song. Song reprised her role as London Tipton in the Suite Life spin-off, The Suite Life on Deck.[42] The show's premiere on the Disney Channel drew 5.7 million viewers,[43] and it became the most-watched series premiere on Canada's Family Channel.[44] The show became the most-watched scripted series among children aged 6 to 11 and among tweens in 2008.[45] In 2009, the show was the most-watched scripted series among children and the second most-watched scripted series among pre-teens.[46] Disney ordered second and third seasons for the series.[47]", "Brenda Strong. Her first break after college was a spot in Billy Crystal's 1984 music video \"You Look Marvelous\".[4] Her first television appearances came in 1985 with brief stints on St. Elsewhere, MacGyver, and Cheers. She also made guest appearances on Hotel, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Matlock, Murphy Brown, Herman's Head, and Blossom. In 1990, she had a recurring role in the ABC series, Twin Peaks. She made her film debut in 1986 comedy film Weekend Warriors, before supporting part in Spaceballs (1987).", "Baby (Justin Bieber song). Filming for the music video began during the week of January 25, 2010, in Los Angeles.[27] It was filmed at Universal CityWalk by director Ray Kay, who had previously directed videos for Beyoncé Knowles, Lady Gaga, Alexandra Burke, and Cheryl Cole, among others.[28] Ludacris said that the video \"is like a 2010 version of Michael Jackson's \"The Way You Make Me Feel\".\" Bieber said that the video \"will capture the song's message of trying to woo back a girl.\"[29] In explaining the concept of the video, Bieber said, \"It starts off, I really like this girl, but we didn't [get] along; we couldn't be together. Basically I want her back and [I'm] kind of going through the whole thing. I'm chasing her around, trying to get her, and she's kind of playing hard to get, but I'm persistent. I keep going.\"[29] The video premiered exclusively on Vevo on Friday, February 19, 2010.[30] Singer and actress Jasmine Villegas portrays Bieber's love interest in the video. Bieber's friends,[31][32][33] Young Money artists Drake and Lil Twist also appeared in the video, along with Tinashe and jerkin' crew The Rangers.[29]", "Taryn Manning. She has appeared in Juicy Couture's advertising campaign and in Frankie B`s spring 2009 campaign. They shot a short film, which follows a day in the life of a Frankie B. woman. The video is called \"Let's Get Lost\", which is the original song featured in the video by musician Gilby Clarke with vocals by Manning.[43]", "Brenda Song. In 2006, CosmoGirl named Song the \"Queen of Disney\", citing her major contributions on the Disney Channel.[78] Song ranked ninth in Netscape's 2007 \"Top 10 Pretty Petites in Entertainment\",[79] was voted one of AOL's \"Top 20 Tween (and Teen) TV Stars\",[80] and was ranked #3 on Maxim's Asian Hot 100 of 2008 list. Song was also ranked #45 in AIM's \"Top 100 Celebs Under 25\" list.[81] TV Guide listed her in its 2008 list of \"13 Hottest Young Stars to Watch\".[82] In 2009, Song was featured in Celebuzz's \"Rising Stars\" list[83] and was described as one of \"young Hollywood's most promising rising stars\".[84] In 2009, the blog Angry Asian Man named her one of the most influential Asian Americans under the age of 30.[85]", "All Eyez on Me (film). Tupac's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit \"Same Song\". Under his manager, Leila Steinberg, he begins to have hip-hop albums produced. Although his music becomes popular, he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like \"Brenda's Got a Baby\", which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin, has a baby on the bathroom floor, turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money, and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets. Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song.", "Lela Rochon. From 1986 to 1988, while attending college, Rochon was one of the \"Spudettes\" featured in over 30 national spots for the Spuds Mckenzie Budweiser/Bud Light TV commercials. She also appeared in the 1985 made-for-television film A Bunny's Tale starring Kirstie Alley and Delta Burke, based on Gloria Steinem's experiences as a Playboy Bunny. She appeared as the love interest of Gerald Levert in the video for \"My Forever Love\" by Levert,[5] and in Luther Vandross's \"It's Over Now\" video. She also appeared in the music video for Lionel Richie's single \"All Night Long (All Night)\", in Al B. Sure's video for the song \"Natalie\".,[6] and in Tupac Shakur's video \"I Get Around as one of the female dancers. She had many guest starring roles in a number of sitcoms, include The Cosby Show, Amen, 227, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Hangin' with Mr. Cooper.", "Bunty Bailey. Therese \"Bunty\" Bailey (born 23 May 1964)[1] is an English model, dancer and actress. Bunty started her career as a dancer in the dance group Hot Gossip in the early 1980s.[2] She became known as the girl in the music videos of A-ha's singles \"Take On Me\" and \"The Sun Always Shines on T.V.\" made in 1985; she met Morten Harket (the lead-singer and voice of a-ha) on the set and became his girlfriend.", "Brenda Song. In April 2008 a picture of Song was used in an ad for an escort agency in the LA Weekly.[95] A rep from Disney told TMZ: \"This is an unauthorized use of Brenda Song's image and her personal attorney has issued a cease and desist to the advertiser.\"[96] Song filed a libel suit seeking $100,000 in damages.[97] Song said: \"As a role model to millions of young people, I feel I have to take a stand against this company in regard to its exploitation of my image.\"[98] The settlement was announced in March 2009.[99]", "Brenda Leigh Johnson. Brenda's trademark is her \"honeyed Georgia cadence\", and her catch phrase is \"Thank you; thank you so much.\"", "Keeley Hawes. Early in her career, Hawes featured in at least four music videos, for the singles \"Saturday Night\" by Suede, \"Marvellous\" by The Lightning Seeds, \"Come Around\" by The Mutton Birds, and \"She's a Star\" by James. She first came into the public eye in the 1990s, having supporting roles in Troublemakers, Dennis Potter's Karaoke (1995),[4] Heartbeat (1995), The Beggar Bride (1997), and as the young Diana Dors in the biopic The Blonde Bombshell (1999).", "Brenda Song. When she was six years old, Song moved with her mother to Los Angeles, California, to support her acting career; the rest of the family followed two years later. As a young girl, Song wanted to do ballet, while her younger brother wanted to take taekwondo. She said, \"My mom only wanted to take us to one place,\" so they settled on taekwondo. Although Song cried all the way through her first class,[10] she now holds a black belt in taekwondo. Song was named an All-American Scholar in the ninth grade. She was homeschooled and earned a high school diploma at age 16,[8][7] then took courses at a community college and online from the University of California, Berkeley,[8] with a major in psychology[7] and a minor in business.[11]" ]

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[ "Forward assist. The original use was partway through the firearm's use in the Vietnam war. Before the forward assist the M16 was often carried \"Locked and Loaded\" that is cocked with a round in the chamber safety on, because of the noise made by a platoon, some 30 men, pulling back and releasing the bolt handle would alert the enemy of their location. The assist allowed soldiers to carry a firearm without a round in the chamber until necessary.", "Forward assist. The forward assist had been implemented in 2007 on the MSAR STG-556, an American-made clone of the Austrian Steyr AUG assault rifle, but the usefulness of such device is questionable, since the design is not normally prone to the malfunction that led to the need of the forward assist in other firearms; in fact Microtech Small Arms Research Inc., the manufacturer of the STG-556, has dropped the forward assist on all rifles manufactured since November 2008.", "Forward assist. The forward assist on a firearm is a button found commonly on AR-15 rifle derivatives, such as the M16 rifle, and is usually located near the bolt closure. When hit, it pushes the bolt carrier forward, ensuring that the bolt is locked. In order to ensure that the extractor is clipped around the rim of the casing, the forward assist is usually struck rather than pushed. It is commonly incorporated into standard loading procedure to prepare a firearm for firing, or to close the bolt when the firearm is excessively dirty.", "ArmaLite AR-15. After minor modifications,[9] the new redesigned rifle was renamed the Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16.[7][10] Meanwhile, the Army relented and recommended the adoption of the M16 for jungle warfare operations. However, the Army insisted on the inclusion of a forward assist to help push the bolt into battery in the event that a cartridge failed to seat into the chamber. The Air Force, Colt and Eugene Stoner believed that the addition of a forward assist was an unjustified expense. As a result, the design was split into two variants: the Air Force's M16 without the forward assist, and the XM16E1 (AKA: M16A1) with the forward assist for the other service branches.", "M16 rifle. After modifications (most notably, the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR-10 to the rear of the receiver),[11] the new redesigned rifle was renamed the Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16.[1][10] Inexplicably, the modification to the new M16 did not include a chrome-plated barrel. Meanwhile, the Army relented and recommended the adoption of the M16 for jungle warfare operations. However, the Army insisted on the inclusion of a forward assist to help push the bolt into battery in the event that a cartridge failed to seat into the chamber. The Air Force, Colt and Eugene Stoner believed that the addition of a forward assist was an unjustified expense. As a result, the design was split into two variants: the Air Force's M16 without the forward assist, and the XM16E1 with the forward assist for the other service branches.", "M16 rifle. The U.S. Army XM16E1 was essentially the same weapon as the M16 with the addition of a forward assist and corresponding notches in the bolt carrier. The M16A1 was the finalized production model in 1967.", "M16 rifle. This was the first M16 variant adopted operationally, originally by the U.S. Air Force. It was equipped with triangular handguards, butt stocks without a compartment for the storage of a cleaning kit,[167] a three-pronged flash suppressor, full auto, and no forward assist. Bolt carriers were originally chrome plated and slick-sided, lacking forward assist notches. Later, the chrome plated carriers were dropped in favor of Army issued notched and parkerized carriers though the interior portion of the bolt carrier is still chrome-lined. The Air Force continued to operate these weapons until around 2001, at which time the Air Force converted all of its M16s to the M16A2 configuration.", "Forward assist. The forward assist is generally not necessary as a standard procedure on any firearm with the exception of the British L85A1. Having realized the frequency with which the firearm jammed when taken outside of the clean environment of the test range, the forward assist was implemented to save the operator the potential danger of aiming the rifle and pulling the trigger and the rifle not going off because the bolt is not fully forward (a safety arrangement called a \"safety sear\" stopping the hammer from being released and the firearm firing, because of the dangers of firing with the bolt not fully closed).", "Forward assist. On firearms where the cocking handle is permanently connected to the bolt or bolt carrier, a dedicated device is not necessary as the bolt can be assisted forwards by simply pushing or tapping the cocking handle forwards.", "M16 rifle. In 1964, the M16 entered U.S. military service and the following year was deployed for jungle warfare operations during the Vietnam War.[1] In 1969, the M16A1 replaced the M14 rifle to become the U.S. military's standard service rifle.[15][16] The M16A1 improvements include a bolt-assist, chrome plated bore and a new 30-round magazine.[1] In 1983, the U.S. Marine Corps adopted the M16A2 rifle and the U.S. Army adopted it in 1986. The M16A2 fires the improved 5.56×45mm NATO (M855/SS109) cartridge and has a new adjustable rear sight, case deflector, heavy barrel, improved handguard, pistol grip and buttstock, as well as a semi-auto and three-round burst only fire selector.[17][18] Adopted in 1998, the M16A4 is the fourth generation of the M16 series.[19] It is equipped with a removable carrying handle and Picatinny rail for mounting optics and other ancillary devices.[19]", "Forward assist. Forward assisting is the practice of moving the bolt or bolt carrier of a firearm fully forward when the return spring has not done so (or there is a chance that it will not have done so). Some firearms have a dedicated device to allow forward assisting; on others it is simply a procedure performed on the cocking handle.", "M16 rifle. In 2009, the U.S. Military began fielding an \"improved magazine\" identified by a tan-colored follower.[146][147] \"The new follower incorporates an extended rear leg and modified bullet protrusion for improved round stacking and orientation. The self-leveling/anti-tilt follower minimizes jamming while a wider spring coil profile creates even force distribution. The performance gains have not added weight or cost to the magazines.\"[147]", "Forward assist. The design of the L85 makes the forward assist quite awkward as the left supporting arm must come off the hand grip and reach over the top to strike the bolt forward with the left edge of the left hand, much like a \"karate chop\". A redesign of the L85, known as the A2, alleviated this problem by reducing the number of locking lugs on the bolt and strengthening the recoil spring. However, the \"forward-assist\" is still taught.", "M16 rifle. A study of significant changes to Marine M16A4 rifles released in February 2015 outlined several new features that could be added from inexpensive and available components. Those features included: a muzzle compensator in place of the flash suppressor to manage recoil and allow for faster follow-on shots, though at the cost of noise and flash signature and potential overpressure in close quarters; a heavier and/or free-floating barrel to increase accuracy from 4.5 MOA to potentially 2 MOA; changing the reticle on the Rifle Combat Optic from chevron-shaped to the semi-circle with a dot at the center used in the M27 IAR's Squad Day Optic so as not to obscure the target at long distance; using a trigger group with a more consistent pull force, even a reconsideration of the burst capability; and the addition of ambidextrous charging handles and bolt catch releases for easier use with left-handed shooters.[176]", "M16 rifle. For use as an ad-hoc automatic rifle, the M16 and M16A1 could be equipped with the XM3 bipod, later standardized as the Bipod, M3 (1966)[157] and Rifle Bipod M3 (1983).[158] Weighing only 0.6 lbs, the simple and non-adjustable bipod clamped unto the barrel of the rifle to allow for supported fire.", "M16 rifle. The M16's most distinctive ergonomic feature is the carrying handle and rear sight assembly on top of the receiver. This is a by-product of the original design, where the carry handle served to protect the charging handle.[87] As the line of sight is 2.5 in (63.5 mm) over the bore, the M16 has an inherent parallax problem. At closer ranges (typically inside 15–20 meters), the shooter must compensate by aiming high to place shots where desired. The M16 has a 500 mm (19.75 inches) sight radius.[90] The M16 uses an L-type flip, aperture rear sight and it is adjustable with two settings, 0 to 300 meters and 300 to 400 meters.[91] The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field. The rear sight can be adjusted in the field for windage. The sights can be adjusted with a bullet tip or pointed tool, as troops are trained to zero their own rifles. The sight picture is the same as the M14, M1 Garand, M1 Carbine and the M1917 Enfield. The M16 also has a \"Low Light Level Sight System\", which includes a front sight post with a small glass vial of (glow-in-the-dark) radioactive Tritium H3 and a larger aperture rear sight.[92] The M16 can also mount a scope on the carrying handle. With the advent of the M16A2, a new fully adjustable rear sight was added, allowing the rear sight to be dialed in for specific range settings between 300 and 800 meters and to allow windage adjustments without the need of a tool or cartridge.[93] Modern versions such as M16A4 use Picatinny rails, which allows the use of various scopes and sighting devices. The current United States Army and Air Force issue M4 Carbine comes with the M68 Close Combat Optic and Back-up Iron Sight.[94][95] The United States Marine Corps uses the ACOG Rifle Combat Optic[96][97] and the United States Navy uses EOTech Holographic Weapon Sight.[98]", "M16 rifle. With these and other changes, the malfunction rate slowly declined and new soldiers were generally unfamiliar with early problems. A rib was built into the side of the receiver on the XM16E1 to help prevent accidentally pressing the magazine release button while closing the ejection port cover. This rib was later extended on production M16A1s to help in preventing the magazine release from inadvertently being pressed. The hole in the bolt that accepts the cam pin was crimped inward on one side, in such a way that the cam pin may not be inserted with the bolt installed backwards, which would cause failures to eject until corrected. The M16A1 is no longer in service with the United States, but is still standard issue in many world armies.", "Forward assist. Another instance where the forward assist can prove useful is when performing a stealth chamber check. Rather than letting the bolt go forward under full spring tension after verifying a round is in the chamber, the bolt can be let forward gently and then the forward assist can be used to fully close the bolt. Doing so will produce a very distinct \"click\" rather than the loud sound of the bolt slamming forward.", "M16 rifle. The development of the M16A2 rifle was originally requested by the United States Marine Corps as a result of the USMC's combat experience in Vietnam with the XM16E1 and M16A1. It was officially adopted by US Department of Defense as the \"US Rifle, 5.56mm, M16A2\" in 1982. The Marines were the first branch of the U.S. Armed Forces to adopt the M16A2 in the early/mid-1980s, with the United States Army following suit in the late 1980s. Modifications to the M16A2 were extensive. In addition to the new rifling, the barrel was made with a greater thickness in front of the front sight post, to resist bending in the field and to allow a longer period of sustained fire without overheating. The rest of the barrel was maintained at the original thickness to enable the M203 grenade launcher to be attached. A new adjustable rear sight was added, allowing the rear sight to be dialed in for specific range settings between 300 and 800 meters to take full advantage of the ballistic characteristics of the new SS109 rounds and to allow windage adjustments without the need of a tool or cartridge.[169] The weapon's reliability allowed it to be widely used around the United States Marine Corps special operations divisions as well. The flash suppressor was again modified, this time to be closed on the bottom so it would not kick up dirt or snow when being fired from the prone position, and acting as a recoil compensator.[170] The front grip was modified from the original triangular shape to a round one, which better fit smaller hands and could be fitted to older models of the M16. The new handguards were also symmetrical so that armories need not separate left and right spares. The handguard retention ring was tapered to make it easier to install and uninstall the handguards. A notch for the middle finger was added to the pistol grip, as well as more texture to enhance the grip. The buttstock was lengthened by 5⁄8 in (15.9 mm).[171] The new buttstock became ten times stronger than the original due to advances in polymer technology since the early 1960s. Original M16 stocks were made from fiberglass-impregnated resin; the newer stocks were engineered from DuPont Zytel glass-filled thermoset polymers. The new stock included a fully textured polymer buttplate for better grip on the shoulder, and retained a panel for accessing a small compartment inside the stock, often used for storing a basic cleaning kit. The heavier bullet reduces muzzle velocity from 3,200 feet per second (980 m/s), to about 3,050 feet per second (930 m/s).[172] The A2 uses a faster twist rifling to allow the use of a trajectory-matched tracer round. It has a 1:7 twist rate. A spent case deflector was incorporated into the upper receiver immediately behind the ejection port to prevent cases from striking left-handed users.[93]", "M16 rifle. In November 1963, McNamara approved the U.S. Army's order of 85,000 XM16E1s;[42][57] and to appease General LeMay, the Air Force was granted an order for another 19,000 M16s.[58][59] In March 1964, the M16 rifle went into production and the Army accepted delivery of the first batch of 2,129 rifles later that year, and an additional 57,240 rifles the following year.[1]", "M16 rifle. In July 2016, the U.S. Army introduced another improvement, the new Enhanced Performance Magazine, which it says will result in a 300% increase in reliability in the M4 Carbine. Developed by the United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center and the Army Research Laboratory in 2013, it is tan colored with blue follower to distinguish it from earlier, incompatible magazines.[148]", "Automatic rifle. The M16 entered U.S. service in the mid-1960s and was much lighter than the M14 it replaced, allowing soldiers to carry more ammunition.[47] Despite its early failures, the M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuously serving rifle in American military history.[48][49] It is a benchmark against which other assault rifles are judged,[46]and used by 15 NATO countries, and more than 80 countries worldwide[50]", "M16 rifle. In Vietnam, some soldiers were issued a carbine version of the M16 called the XM177. The XM177 had a shorter 10 in (254 mm) barrel and a telescoping stock, which made it substantially more compact. It also possessed a combination flash hider/sound moderator to reduce problems with muzzle flash and loud report. The Air Force's GAU-5/A (XM177) and the Army's XM177E1 variants differed over the latter’s inclusion of a forward assist, although some GAU-5s do have the forward assist. The final Air Force GAU-5/A and Army XM177E2 had an 11.5 in (292 mm) barrel with a longer flash/sound suppressor. The lengthening of the barrel was to support the attachment of Colt's own XM148 40 mm grenade launcher. These versions were also known as the Colt Commando model commonly referenced and marketed as the CAR-15. The variants were issued in limited numbers to special forces, helicopter crews, Air Force pilots, Air Force Security Police Military Working Dog (MWD) handlers, officers, radio operators, artillerymen, and troops other than front line riflemen. Some USAF GAU-5A/As were later equipped with even longer 14.5-inch (370 mm) 1/12 rifled barrels as the two shorter versions were worn out. The 14.5-inch (370 mm) barrel allowed the use of MILES gear and for bayonets to be used with the sub-machine guns (as the Air Force described them). By 1989, the Air Force started to replace the earlier barrels with 1/7 rifled models for use with the M855-round. The weapons were given the redesignation of GUU-5/P.", "M4 Sherman. The T6 prototype was completed on 2 September 1941. The upper hull of the T6 was a single large casting. It featured a single overhead hatch for the driver, and a hatch in the side of the hull. In the later M4A1 production model, this large casting was maintained, although the side hatch was eliminated and a second overhead hatch was added for the assistant driver. The modified T6 was standardized as the M4, and production began in February 1942[15] The cast hull models would later be re-standardized as M4A1, with the first welded hull models receiving the designation M4.", "Smith & Wesson M&P15. Smith & Wesson's M&P15 Sport II was introduced in 2016. It includes additional features of a forward bolt assist and dust cover not found on the original M&P15 model.[17]", "Comparison of the AK-47 and M16. In 2009, the U.S. Military began fielding an \"improved magazine\" identified by a tan-colored follower.[283][284] \"The new follower incorporates an extended rear leg and modified bullet protrusion for improved round stacking and orientation. The self-leveling/anti-tilt follower minimizes jamming while a wider spring coil profile creates even force distribution. The performance gains have not added weight or cost to the magazines.\"[284]", "M16 rifle. In 2014, Marine units were provided with a limited number of adjustable stocks in place of the traditional fixed stock for their M16A4s to issue to smaller Marines who would have trouble comfortably reaching the trigger when wearing body armor. The adjustable stocks were added as a standard authorized accessory, meaning units can use operations and maintenance funds to purchase more if needed.[177]", "Humvee. The M1114 \"up-armored\" HMMWV, introduced in 1996, also features a similar weapons mount.[46] In addition, some M1114 and M1116 up-armored and M1117 Armored Security Vehicle models feature a Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS), which allows the gunner to operate from inside the vehicle, and/or the Boomerang anti-sniper detection system. Recent improvements have also led to the development of the M1151 model, which quickly rendered the previous models obsolete. By replacing the M1114, M1116, and earlier armored HMMWV types with a single model, the U.S. Army hopes to lower maintenance costs.", "M16 rifle. With the development of the M16A2, the new 62-grain M855 cartridge was adopted in 1983. The heavier bullet had more energy, and was made with a steel core to penetrate Soviet body armor. However, this caused less fragmentation on impact and reduced effects against targets without armor, both of which lessened kinetic energy transfer and wounding ability.[60] Some soldiers and Marines coped with this through training, with requirements to shoot vital areas three times to guarantee killing the target.[128]", "Rockwell B-1 Lancer. Block D added a \"Near Precision Capability\" via improved weapons and targeting systems, and added advanced secure communications capabilities.[93] The first part of the electronic countermeasures upgrade added Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), ALE-50 towed decoy system, and anti-jam radios.[84][94][95] Block E upgraded the avionics computers and incorporated the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD), the AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) and the AGM-158 JASSM (Joint Air to Surface Standoff Munition), substantially improving the bomber's capability. Upgrades were completed in September 2006.[96] Block F was the Defensive Systems Upgrade Program (DSUP) to improve the aircraft's electronic countermeasures and jamming capabilities, but it was canceled in December 2002 due to cost overruns and schedule slips.[97]", "ArmaLite AR-15. The 601 and 602 are virtually identical to the later M16 rifle without the forward-assist. Like the later M16 rifle their charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR-10 to the rear of the receiver.[9] They were equipped with triangular fore-stocks and occasionally green or brown furniture. Their front sight had a more triangular shape. They had flat lower receivers without raised surfaces around the magazine well. Their bolt hold open device lacked a raised lower engagement surface and had a slanted and serrated surface that had to be engaged with a bare thumb, index finger, or thumb nail because of the lack of this surface. Their fire-selector was also changed from upward = safe, backward = semi-auto and forward = full-auto, to the now familiar forward = safe, upward = semi-auto, and backward = full-auto of the M16 rifle.[58]", "M4 Sherman. When the newly designed 76 mm gun, known as the T1, was first installed in the M4 in 1943, it was found to unbalance the turret, and the gun barrel also protruded too far forward, making it more difficult to transport and susceptible to hitting the ground when the tank traveled over undulating terrain. The barrel length was reduced by 15 in (380 mm) (from 57 calibers to 52), resulting in the M1 variant. Mounting this gun in the original M4 turret proved problematic, so the turret for the aborted T23 tank project was used instead for the definitive production version of the 76 mm M4 Shermans,[56] along with a modified version of the gun known as the M1A1." ]

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[ "You're So Vain. The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann[5] and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster. Simon plays piano on the track.", "Johnny Depp. He has appeared in music videos for Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers' \"Into the Great Wide Open\", The Lemonheads' \"It's a Shame About Ray\", Avril Lavigne's \"Alice\" (as the Mad Hatter) in 2010, and \"My Valentine\" from Kisses on the Bottom by Paul McCartney released in February 2012, along with Natalie Portman.[88]. He played lead guitar and drums on a cover of Carly Simon's \"You're So Vain\" – a bonus cut on Marilyn Manson's 2012 album Born Villain[89][90] – and performed several songs with Manson at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards in 2012.[91]", "You're So Vain. \"You're So Vain\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty.[2] The song is ranked at #82 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All-Time.[3] \"You're So Vain\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century, and in August 2014, the UK's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s.[4]", "You're So Vain. In 1983, she said it is not about Mick Jagger,[7] who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song.[8] In a 1993 book, Angie Bowie claimed to be the \"wife of a close friend\" mentioned in \"You're So Vain\", and that Jagger, for a time, had been \"obsessed\" with her.[9] Simon made another comment about the subject's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson's 2001 single, \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\", which sampled \"You're So Vain\". Simon said about the song, \"The apricot scarf was worn by Nick (Delbanco). Nothing in the words referred to Mick.\"", "Thurl Ravenscroft. Ravenscroft sang bass on Rosemary Clooney's \"This Ole House\", which went to No. 1 in both the United States and Britain in 1954, as well as Stuart Hamblen's original version of that same song. He sang on the soundtrack for Ken Clark as \"Stewpot\" in South Pacific, one of the top-selling albums of the 1950s. Singing with the Johnny Mann Singers,[4] his distinctive bass can also be heard as part of the chorus on 28 of their albums that were released during the 1960s and 1970s. He was also the bass singer on Bobby Vee's 1960 Liberty hit record \"Devil or Angel\". Andy Williams' recording of \"The 12 Days of Christmas\" features him as well. In the 1980s and 1990s, Ravenscroft was narrator for the annual Pageant of the Masters art show at the Laguna Beach, California, Festival of the Arts.", "Lalaine. She played bass guitar in the band Vanity Theft from April 2010 to January 2011.[8][9][clarification needed]", "You're So Vain. On November 4, 2009, Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song. The next day, the program's crew revealed the name concealed in a back-played whisper:[21] David. Simon denied that the whisper was \"David,\" saying she had spoken \"Ovid\" both forwards and backwards, and that sounded like David.[22] In February 2010, Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of \"You're So Vain\": \"There's a little whisper—and it's the answer to the puzzle.\"[23] A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is \"David\".[23] Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon's former boss at Elektra, David Geffen,[24] The following day Jim Hart, Simon's ex-husband and close friend, denied that the song was about Geffen.[6] Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971, she had not yet met Geffen.[25] Simon's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen, but that there was indeed \"a David who is connected to the song in some way, shape, or form,\"[6] Vanity Fair noted that in addition to \"David\", \"Warren\" and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording.[26]", "You're So Vain. Shortly before the writing of the song, Simon was married to James Taylor; she has said that he was \"definitely not\" the subject of the song.[citation needed] David Bowie, David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates.[12][13][14]", "You're So Vain. On June 19, 2008, Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio. Stern commented, \"There is an odd aspect to it... he's not that vain.\" On March 17, 2009, Stern stated that she had said it was a \"composite of three people.\" Stern repeated this on May 5, 2014, stating, \"She takes me aside, pulls me close, whispers in my ear... three names. She goes, it wasn't one person, it was three people.\"[18] Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among \"a few people\" that she had given the names to.[19]", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). According to Jackson, she phoned American singer-songwriter Carly Simon, asking for permission to use samples of her song \"You're So Vain\", but Simon wanted to re-record her vocals. She agreed, with Simon wanting to write new lines. Jackson's producer Jimmy Jam sent her the tracks they were already working on, and she went into a studio on Martha's Vineyard to record some material. She rapped, initially thinking that Jackson and the producers would not use it, but they decided to marry both tracks, as the singers thought it \"worked perfectly\", and it became a duet. Simon expressed that Jackson \"could not have been sweeter or more appreciative\".[1]", "You're So Vain. The song was a number-one hit in the US, Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa.[38] Bowing at #99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972, the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart, where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973, also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973, her first number one on either chart. \"You're So Vain\" was Simon's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973. The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres, peaking at number 41.", "You're So Vain. Before the song became a hit single in 1972, Simon told an interviewer that the song was about \"men,\" not a specific \"man\".[6]", "You're So Vain. In November 2015, Simon, promoting her about-to-be-published memoir, said, \"I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren (Beatty)\" and added that while \"Warren thinks the whole thing is about him,\" he is the subject of that verse only, with the remainder of the song referring to two other, still unnamed men.[2]", "You're So Vain. In 2005 Simon's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous.[17]", "No Secrets (Carly Simon album). \"You're So Vain\" is ranked at number 72 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All-Time.[8] The song was also voted number 216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century. It remains Simon's biggest hit and is considered her signature song.", "Brock Peters. After auditioning and landing a spot touring with the Leonard DePaur Infantry Chorus (of which he was a civilian member from 1945 to 1947), however, he officially quit CCNY. Peters often joked that he \"grew up\" in the chorus, as his vocal range changed from baritone to bass baritone during his years with them. DePaur subsequently gave him the lead in the Chorus' popular rendition of \"John Henry\" (which became a repertoire mainstay of Peters in later years, singing the work on one of his two solo albums produced by United Artists Records in the 1960s). Peters at that time with the Chorus was still performing under the name of George Fisher, but was encouraged by his agent to change it to something a bit more memorable. Future African American entrepreneur Peter Brock was a childhood friend and as he had always liked the name, Peters merely switched the order and presented the idea to his agent. After auditioning and landing a stage role in the touring company of Porgy and Bess in 1949 on the great contralto Etta Moten's suggestion, he went on tour with the opera, where the opera's statesman as Porgy, William Warfield, commended his performances and requested Peters as his understudy. It was during this time touring in Europe with the opera that celebrated African American actor-singer-activist Paul Robeson saw him in his career-defining role as \"Crown\" and purportedly declared him \"a young Paul Robeson\".", "Gary Oldman. Oldman has had a keen interest in music from an early age. He is a proficient pianist and stated in a 1995 interview with Charlie Rose that he would rather be a musician than an actor.[10] Oldman sang several tracks on the Sid and Nancy soundtrack, on which he performed alongside original Sex Pistols bassist Glen Matlock, and sang and played live piano in the 1988 movie Track 29. He traced over Beethoven compositions in 1994's Immortal Beloved. He also tutored Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe on bass guitar.[70] Oldman appeared on Reeves Gabrels' album The Sacred Squall of Now, performing a vocal duet with David Bowie on the track \"You've Been Around\".[71] He produced a live performance by former White Stripes member Jack White in conjunction with Vevo and YouTube.[72] At the 2016 Brit Awards in London, Oldman paid tribute to Bowie, before receiving the Brits \"Icon Award\" on behalf of the singer and his family.[73]", "You're So Vain. In her 2008 book Girls Like Us, author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong, and suggests that he was the inspiration for \"You're So Vain.\" Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song \"Dan, My Fling,\" which appears on her first album.[20] Armstrong's full name, Daniel Kent Armstrong, contains all three letters of Simon's clue.", "You're So Vain. After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013, Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song's subject to her in confidence.[27]", "You're So Vain. In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said, \"Let's be honest. That song was about me.\"[10] Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty \"certainly thought it was about him — he called me and said thanks for the song...\"[7] In an interview for the 1978/1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series, producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life.", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Hits by Australasian artists also included \"The Weight\" (6) by Jimmy Barnes and The Badloves, \"I Want You\" (10) and \"In Your Room\" (10) both by Toni Pearen, \"You're So Vain\" (11) by Chocolate Starfish and \"Funky Junky\" (13) by Peter Andre.", "Thurl Ravenscroft. Various record companies, such as Abbott, Coral, Brunswick, and \"X\" (a division of RCA) also released singles by Ravenscroft, often in duets with little-known female vocalists, in an attempt to turn the bass-voiced veteran into a pop singer. These efforts were commercially unsuccessful, if often quite interesting. He was also teamed up with The Andrews Sisters (on the Dot Records album The Andrews Sisters Present) on the cover of Johnny Cymbal's \"Mr. Bass Man\". The Mellomen released some doo-wop records under the name Big John & the Buzzards, a name apparently given to them by the rock-and-roll-hating Mitch Miller. His lifelong dream, which he shared in an interview in 1999 with Peter Anthony Holder, was to record the entire Bible on tape, but a big name actor \"beat him out\". However, being a devoted Christian, he appeared on many religious television shows such as The Hour of Power. In 1970, he recorded an album called \"Great Hymns in Story and Song\", which featured him singing 10 hymns, each prefaced with the stories of how each hymn came to be, with the background vocals and instrumentals arranged and conducted by Ralph Carmichael.", "Steven Adler. With Davy Vain", "Greg Reeves. Greg Reeves is an American bass guitarist. He is best known for playing bass on Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's Déjà Vu (1970).", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" generated media speculation of who exactly the man described in the song was. Many journalists believed the song was about Jackson's ex-husband René Elizondo, Jr.[2][3] Jackson responded: \"Everybody says that. Actually, that song's about a few people, not one person in particular. Everyone likes to [say], 'Ah, I know that's about Rene.' It's about a few people that have entered and exited my life.\"[4] Simon created a similar controversy when she released \"You're So Vain\". It was speculated to be about Warren Beatty or Mick Jagger, both of which she denied.[5]", "James Jamerson. James Jamerson's double bass was a German upright acoustic bass that he bought as a teenager and later used on such Motown hits as \"My Guy\" by Mary Wells and \"(Love Is Like a) Heat Wave\" by Martha and the Vandellas.", "Jimmie Gordon. He has been mistaken for the similarly named Jimmy Gordon, the bass singer with the Four Tunes.", "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You). \"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)\" is an R&B and hip hop song which features a \"rap poem\" from Simon and samples her song \"You're So Vain\".[8][9] Its composition excoriates an unfaithful lover for attempting to extort money, described as a \"mean-spirited duet that rails against enemies.\"[10][11] Jackson unveils anger and deceit, saying \"Thought you'd get the money too / Greedy motherfuckers try to have their cake and eat it too\". She also offers a comeuppance to a \"baby gigolo\" who hollers at \"everything that walks / No substance, just small talk.\"[12] Simon also cited the claims of sampled song \"You're So Vain\" to be written about Mick Jagger, singing \"The apricot scarf was worn by Nick / Nothing in the words refer to Mick\".[5] In response to critics regarding it about her divorce, Jackson explained it was directed towards several people, while Jimmy Jam revealed it to be written in regards to music executives and lawyers.[13]", "Lucas Grabeel. Early in 2009, Grabeel was voted Most Likely to Do Big Things in 2009 by MTV and had an exclusive interview with them. He mentions the release of another music video for his track Get Your Ass On.[16] He also mentioned his latest movie project, The Legend of the Dancing Ninja, where he played the lead Tokyo Jones alongside David Hasselhoff.[17] In May 2009 he portrayed the role on stage of Matt in the Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones musical, The Fantasticks with Eric McCormack and Harry Groener at UCLA's Freud Playhouse.[18] Grabeel also sings in the iTunes show I Kissed a Vampire, in which, he stars. In early 2009, he appeared at the Southland Theatre Artists Goodwill Event (S.T.A.G.E.), an AIDS charity event, in Beverly Hills performing George and Ira Gershwin's \"I Can't Be Bothered Now\".[19][20] He also recorded and released a new track titled '135n8' in early 2014 with the music video being uploaded to his YouTube account.", "Super Bass. Sophia Grace and Rosie released a cover of the song on YouTube and were invited to sing the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and met Minaj on the show. They have became famous since then.", "Questlove. Questlove was planning to collaborate with Amy Winehouse before her death in July 2011. He said \"We're Skype buddies, and she wants to do a project with Mos and me. Soon as she gets her visa thing together, that's gonna happen.\"[13] Rolling Stone named Questlove #2 in the 50 Top Tweeters in Music. In June 2011, Questlove played drums alongside The Roots bassist Owen Biddle for Karmin's cover of Nicki Minaj's \"Super Bass.\"[14] Questlove placed 8th in the Rolling Stone Readers Pick for Best Drummers of all Time.", "Double bass. Photos of bassist Miroslav Vitous:" ]

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[ "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug. An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia's World Cup bid, which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010.[5] Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012, following a meeting of the now-erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo, Japan.[6] The stadium also hosted six other matches, including the opening match on 14 June, three group stage matches, a round of 16 match, and the second semi-final match.[7][8]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The match was contested by France and Croatia, and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. The stadium has hosted numerous international sporting events. The stadium was the main venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, football (four matches, including the gold medal match), and the Individual Jumping Grand Prix.[10][13] The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final, as well as the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final.[14] Other events staged include the Spartakiad, the final game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championships, the 1973 Summer Universiade, the Friendship Games in 1984, the 1986 Goodwill Games, and the 1998 World Youth Games.[15][16] In 2013, the Rugby World Cup Sevens and World Athletics Championships were held at the ground in front of sparse crowds.[17] The stadium has also served as a venue for many concerts, including Western artists after the fall of the Soviet Union,[13] as well as political rallies.[18]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The final tournament will involve 32 national teams, which include 31 teams determined through qualifying competitions and the automatically qualified host team. Of the 32 teams, 20 will be making back-to-back appearances following the last tournament in 2014, including defending champions Germany, while Iceland and Panama will both be making their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup. A total of 64 matches will be played in 12 venues located in 11 cities. The final will take place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[3][4][5]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 (without kick-off times, which were confirmed later).[43][44] On 1 December 2017, following the final draw, six kick-off times were adjusted by FIFA.[45] Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and will play in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia, the two lowest ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw.[46] The Luzhniki Stadium will also host the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July. The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg will host the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play-off on 14 July.[19]", "2018 Asia Cup Final. The match was played at Dubai International Cricket Stadium in UAE.", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The 2018 FIFA World Cup will be the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018,[2] after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 2 December 2010. This will be the first World Cup held in Europe since the 2006 tournament in Germany; all but one of the stadium venues are in European Russia, west of the Ural Mountains, to keep travel time manageable.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. Croatia kicked off the final at 18:00 local time (15:00 UTC), with the ground temperature reported at 27 °C (81 °F). The match was played through a minor thunderstorm, which produced several visible lightning strikes.[87] An audience of 78,011 spectators at the Luzhniki Stadium watched the match, including ten heads of state, among them Russian president Vladimir Putin, French president Emmanuel Macron, and Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović.[88] The starting line-ups for both teams were identical to those fielded in the semi-finals.[89]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Final\nThe draw for the final (which decided the order of legs) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland, New Zealand.[46] The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play-offs.", "2019 Cricket World Cup. The fixture list for this event will be released at the end of March 2018 once the qualifiers have been completed. However, on 17 December 2014, the ECB indicated that the final would be held at Lord's, and the semi-finals at Old Trafford and Edgbaston Cricket Ground. In addition, the opening match of the tournament will be held at The Oval.[8]", "MetLife Stadium. On August 15, 2017, as part of the United States joint bid with Canada and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup, MetLife Stadium was announced as the venue to host the final.[70]", "2017 FIFA Club World Cup Final. The Zayed Sports City Stadium in Abu Dhabi was announced as the final venue on 11 April 2017.[5] The stadium had previously hosted the final in 2009 and 2010.", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The semi-finals and final will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais in the Lyon suburb of Décines, with 58,000 capacity, while the opening match will be played at Parc des Princes in Paris.[22]", "Rostov-on-Don. Rostov-on-Don is one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. A huge development is planned on the left bank of the Don River, which includes a soccer stadium to host the games during the championship.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. Rated as a category 4 stadium by UEFA, the Luzhniki Stadium is the largest in Russia and at the 2018 World Cup; it usually has a maximum capacity of 81,006, but was reduced to 78,011 for the World Cup.[11][19] This also makes the stadium the largest in Eastern Europe,[20] and among the largest in Europe.[21][22] To prepare for the World Cup, the stadium was closed for extensive renovations in August 2013.[23] The spectator stands were moved closer to the pitch, which was converted from artificial turf to natural grass, after the removal of the athletic track. The historic facade of the stadium was preserved due to its architectural value, while the roof was upgraded using a new polycarbonate skin with exterior lighting.[24][25] The Luzhniki did not host any matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the ongoing project.[26] The renovation project cost €341 million,[27] and the stadium officially reopened with an international friendly between Russia and Argentina on 11 November 2017.[28]", "2018 FIFA World Cup seeding. The draw for the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on 1 December 2017 at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow, Russia.[1] It determined the group in which each of the 32 qualified national teams will play in at the start of the tournament. The teams were divided into four pots of eight, with one team selected from each pot to form a group.", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012. The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list. Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament, 3 (Luzhniki, Yekaterinburg and Sochi) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament.[38]", "2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony. The opening ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on Thursday, 14 June 2018, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia[1] at 3:30 (BST), about a half hour before the opening match which Russia won 5–0 over Saudi Arabia.[2][3]", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance. They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final, and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010.[36][37] With a population of 4.17 million, Croatia is the second least-populated country to play in a World Cup final, behind Uruguay (victors in 1930 and 1950).[38] Croatia's previous best performance was as World Cup debutants in 1998, when they finished in third place,[39] losing 2–1 to hosts France in the semi-finals before beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the third place play-off.[40][41]", "England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid. Before the final decision was made by a 'technical panel', Derby,[26] Kingston upon Hull,[27] Leicester[28] and Portsmouth[29] (who later withdrew)[30] were also among the list of possible venues until the 12 'final cities' were announced on 16 December 2009.[31]", "England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid. The other stadia that were nominated were Sunderland's Stadium of Light, Birmingham's Villa Park, the New Nottingham Forest Stadium, Elland Road in Leeds, Sheffield's Hillsborough Stadium, St James' Park in Newcastle, the new Bristol City Stadium, Plymouth's Home Park, Old Trafford and the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester, and, in Liverpool, either the existing Anfield or the proposed Stanley Park Stadium. In the case of Liverpool, the bid committee determined that the current Anfield stadium would have been, with minor improvements, acceptable for World Cup matches; however, because of Liverpool FC's plans to build a new ground, the committee specified that the new stadium would take the place of Anfield if it were ready in time.[13]", "2018 Asia Cup Final. The 2018 Asia Cup started on 15 September 2018 and was hosted by United Arab Emirates across 2 venues. Five full member national teams and an associate team from the qualifier were split into two groups of three.[4] The top two teams from each of the groups progressed to the Super Four section of the tournament.[4] From there, the top two teams of the Super Four section played each other in the final.[4] Initially, the team that finishes second in Group A were scheduled to play their first Super Four game in Abu Dhabi. However, BCCI later announced that India would be based in Dubai, irrespective of their standing in Super Four.[5]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. Of the 12 venues used, the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium (the two largest stadiums in Russia) will be used most, with 7 matches being played at each of these stadiums. Sochi, Kazan, Nizhny Novogrod and Samara will host 6 matches including one quarter-final match apiece, and the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov-on-Don will host 5 matches apiece including one round of 16 match each. Volgograd, Kaliningrad, Yekaterinburg and Saransk will host 4 matches each and none of these cities will host any knockout stage games.", "2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup. The opening and final will take place at the Stadion Widzewa in Łódź.", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids. A factor that was against the Benelux bid was the lack of an 80,000 capacity stadium to host the final.[16]\nHowever, the city council of Rotterdam gave permission in March 2009 for development of a new stadium with a capacity of around 80,000 seats to be completed in time for the possible World Cup in 2018.\nIn November 2009, the venues were presented. In Belgium, matches would have been played in 7 venues: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Charleroi, Genk, Ghent and Liège. In the Netherlands, only five cities would host matches: Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Enschede, Heerenveen and Rotterdam, but both Amsterdam and Rotterdam would provide two stadiums. Eindhoven would function as the 'capital city' of the World Cup.[17][18] Euro 2000 was also jointly hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final. Before 2018, France's only World Cup victory was in 1998 – though they had also reached the final in 2006 – while Croatia were playing in their first World Cup final. Both teams had defeated former World Cup champions on their way to the final: France defeated 1930 and 1950 winners Uruguay, Croatia defeated 1966 winners England and both teams defeated 1978 and 1986 winners Argentina. Croatia became the third Eastern European nation to reach the World Cup final, and the first since Czechoslovakia lost the final in 1962 to Brazil.", "Kaliningrad. Kaliningrad will be the host of some games in the 2018 FIFA World Cup.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[29]", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The draw for the final tournament will be held on 8 December 2018 at the La Seine Musicale on the island of Île Seguin, Boulogne-Billancourt.[23]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. On 8 October 2015, FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament.[41]", "FIFA World Cup hosts. The host will be announced on June 13, 2018 at the 69th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia.", "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. The knockout stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the competition, following the group stage. It began on 30 June with the round of 16 and ended on 15 July with the final match, held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[1] The top two teams from each group (16 in total) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single-elimination style tournament. A third place play-off was also played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals.[2]" ]

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[ "Nightshift (song). \"Nightshift\" is a 1985 hit song by the Commodores and the title track from their eleventh album of the same name. The song, written by then lead singer Walter Orange in collaboration with Dennis Lambert and Franne Golde, was a loving tribute to soul/R&B singers Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, who both died in 1984. The single was released on January 31, 1985 in the United States.[1]", "Nightshift (song). A reggae version was recorded by Winston Groovy, with the lyrics changed as a tribute to Bob Marley who had also recorded a song titled \"Nightshift\".[9]", "Nightshift (song). In 2016, MTN South Africa used the song in the advert \"Night Shift\" as an ode to workers on night duty across the country. [11]", "Jackie Wilson. In 1985, the Commodores recorded \"Nightshift\" in memory of Wilson and soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had both died in 1984. Reaching No. 1 R&B and No. 3 pop in the U.S., and topping the Dutch singles chart, it was the group's biggest hit after the departure of Lionel Richie.", "Nightshift (song). The song was also parodied by the band as \"11 Alive\" on a 1985 commercial for NBC affiliate WXIA-TV in Atlanta, Georgia.", "Nightshift (song). This song, which was originally recorded in 1984, was the first hit attained by the Commodores following Lionel Richie's departure from the group. It was also their biggest hit after Richie's departure, peaking at number three on both the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart,[2] and rising to number one on the Hot Black Singles chart; the single also became a huge success on the Adult Contemporary and the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts in the first half of that year.[3][4]", "Nightshift (song). Although the band was against the label's decision to release it as a single,[5] it won a Grammy Award in 1985 for Best Vocal R&B Performance by a Duo/Group. The song features a lead vocal from drummer Walter Orange, who had sung lead years earlier on the hugely popular \"Brick House\". Lionel Richie's replacement, J.D. Nicholas, sings the second verse and then Orange and Nicholas share lead vocals on the remaining choruses.", "Nightshift (song). South African group Dr Victor and the Rasta Rebels recorded a reggae version, which appears on their greatest hits album.[10]", "Nightshift (song). The Commodores recorded another version in 2010, dedicating it to Michael Jackson.[6] In this version Jackson's hit with The Jackson 5, \"I'll Be There\", and his solo hit \"Rock With You\" are mentioned in the lyrics.", "Carole Bayer Sager. Sager received the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1987 for the song \"That's What Friends Are For\", which she co-wrote with Bacharach. This song was originally written for the movie Night Shift (1982), and it was recorded for this movie by Rod Stewart. This song was popularized in a 1986 cover version by Dionne Warwick, Stevie Wonder, Gladys Knight, and Elton John. Her song with David Foster, \"The Prayer\" originally recorded by Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli, won the Golden Globe and is one of few songs to be sung at weddings and funerals alike. She was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Sager received the prestigious NYU University Steinhardt distinguished Alumni award in 2006.", "Nightshift (song). Dexys Midnight Runners covered the song on their 2012 live album At The Royal Court.", "Nightshift (song). American Idol and Grammy Award winner Fantasia sampled the song for her single \"Lose to Win\".", "Break On Through (To the Other Side). Serbian rock band Night Shift covered the song in 2002 on their debut album Undercovers.", "Night Moves (song). \"Night Moves\" was named by Rolling Stone as Best Single of the Year for 1977. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll,[22] Seger's only such selection.", "Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin. Luther, a former monk, was familiar with the Latin Nunc dimittis from the daily night prayer (compline). The hymn was dedicated to the celebration of the Purification on 2 February, which was kept by the Lutherans as a feast day. It became also one of the most important songs for the dying (Sterbelied) and for funerals.[1] It is listed among those in the Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch as No. 519. [5]", "Bobby Sands. The Grateful Dead played the Nassau Coliseum the following night after Sands died and guitarist Bob Weir dedicated the song \"He's Gone\" to Sands.[63] The concert was later released as Dick's Picks Volume 13, part of the Grateful Dead's programme of live concert releases. French musician Léo Ferré dedicated performances of his song \"Thank You Satan\" to Sands in 1981 and 1984.[citation needed]", "Arnold Ziffel. The band Anthrax dedicated their cover of Black Sabbath's \"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath\" to Arnold Ziffel on their I'm the Man EP.", "The Night Shift (TV series). The Night Shift is an American medical drama series that premiered on May 27, 2014, on NBC.[1][2] The series was created by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah, and follows the lives of the staff who work the late night shift in the emergency room at San Antonio Memorial Hospital.", "List of The Night Shift episodes. The Night Shift is an American medical drama television series created by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah. The series premiered on May 27, 2014, on NBC, and stars Eoin Macken, Jill Flint, Ken Leung, Brendan Fehr, Daniella Alonso, Robert Bailey Jr., Jeananne Goossen, J.R. Lemon, and Freddy Rodriguez as the staff who work the late night shift in the ER at San Antonio Medical Center. On November 17, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on June 22, 2017.[1]", "Nightshift (song). For the Marvin Gaye verse his song \"What's Going On\" is mentioned, while in the Jackie Wilson verse his song \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\" is mentioned, as well as a reference to Wilson's hit \"Baby Work Out\".", "Cliff Burton. Metallica wrote a tribute to Burton titled \"To Live Is to Die\" for ...And Justice for All. Burton also received a writing credit for the lyrics and bass parts that were taken from unused bass recordings done by Burton which were re-recorded by Jason Newsted.[19] A non-Metallica tribute to Burton is the song \"In My Darkest Hour\" by thrash metal band Megadeth. According to Dave Mustaine, due to hearing of Burton's death, he sat down and wrote the music for the song in one sitting. The lyrics, however, are unrelated to Burton's death. Mustaine was Metallica's lead guitarist in the early days and was a close friend of Burton at the time.[20]", "Night Moves (song). The song took Seger over six months to complete writing. He had recently purchased a house due to the success of his first live album, Live Bullet, and he and the band would write and practice in its large basement. The ending lyrics were written first.[2] The use of descriptive imagery was inspired by Kris Kristofferson’s “Me and Bobby McGee” (1969), a song that Seger loved and which motivated him as he was developing his writing style. The catalyst for writing \"Night Moves\" came after Seger saw the 1973 film American Graffiti: \"I came out of the theater thinking, ‘Hey, I've got a story to tell, too! Nobody has ever told about how it was to grow up in my neck of the woods.'\"[1] Seger was inspired by the film's depictions of early 1960s car culture, of which he was a part.[2] A 1996 article in The Detroit News claims that Seger wrote portions of the song while at an A&W drive-in restaurant in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[7]", "Night Moves (song). \"Night Moves\" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Bob Seger. It was the lead single from his ninth studio album, Night Moves (1976), which was released on Capitol Records. Seger wrote the song as a coming of age tale about adolescent love and adult memory of it. It was based on Seger's own teenage love affair he experienced in the early 1960s. It took him six months to write and was recorded quickly at Nimbus Nine Studios in Toronto, Ontario, with producer Jack Richardson. As much of Seger's Silver Bullet Band had returned home by this point, the song was recorded with several local session musicians.", "Temple of the Dog. Cornell's post-Soundgarden band, Audioslave, added \"All Night Thing,\" \"Call Me a Dog,\" and \"Hunger Strike\" to its live set in 2005.[22] Additionally, Cornell has added the aforementioned songs, plus \"Pushin Forward Back,\" \"Wooden Jesus,\" \"Reach Down,\" and \"Say Hello 2 Heaven,\" to his solo live set.[23][24][25]", "Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters. Elton John himself has called the song \"one of my all-time favourites,\"[5] upon introducing it at his 60th-birthday concert in New York's Madison Square Garden. He also delivered a heartfelt rendition at \"The Concert for New York City\" at Madison Square Garden on October 20, 2001. The concert was meant primarily as a tribute for family members and fellow workers of New York's Fire and Police and Emergency Medical Services departments, who had been participating in the ongoing recovery efforts at the demolished World Trade Center complex following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. John dedicated the song to the emergency workers and their families, as well as to New York City.", "Night Moves (song). —Seger in 2015 reflecting on the song[2]", "Night Moves (song). Seger, for his part, has claimed that \"Night Moves\" is his favorite song he ever wrote, and that he continued to try and replicate it years afterward.[21]", "Night Moves (song). \"Night Moves\" has roots in Seger's adolescence; he wrote the song in an attempt to capture the \"freedom and looseness\" he experienced during that period of his life. At a certain point, he began socializing with a rougher crowd, who thought he was cool because he played music.[1] The song's contents are largely autobiographical; for example, the group of friends would often hold parties they called \"grassers\", which involved going to a farmer's field outside Ann Arbor to dance.[2] Through these, he met a woman—credited as Rene Andretti in the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings—whose boyfriend was in the military and was away.[3] \"It's about this dark haired Italian girl that I went out with when I was 19, she was one year older than me,\" he later recalled.[4] Seger promptly pursued a romantic relationship with the girl, but eventually her partner returned and they married, leaving Seger with a broken heart.[5] Seger later told journalist Timothy White that many of his early songs were written to impress the girl.[6]", "Night Moves (song). Released as a single in December 1976, it reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Seger's first hit single since \"Ramblin' Gamblin' Man\" from 1969. It also charted at number five in Canada and was a top 25 hit in Australia. The song was responsible for changing Seger from being a popular regional favorite into a national star.", "Frankie Laine. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "Death of Marvin Gaye. In November 1984, Diana Ross released the tribute song, \"Missing You.\" It appeared on Ross' album, Swept Away, and later peaked at #1 on the Hot Black Singles chart and placed at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100. Later, a video of the song featured classic footage of Gaye, including footage of Gaye appearing at Ross' 1982 concert in Brussels. The following January while hosting the American Music Awards, Ross led an In Memoriam tribute to stars who died in 1984 with Gaye leading the tribute. Also in November 1984, Teena Marie released the tribute song, \"My Dear Mr. Gaye\" from her hit album, Starchild, the highest selling album of her career. The Commodores issued the song \"Nightshift,\" which was dedicated to Gaye and fellow musician Jackie Wilson, who also died in 1984. The song, featured on their album of the same name, peaked at #1 on the rhythm and blues chart, reached the top ten on the Hot 100, and became a hit in other countries. Todd Rundgren's song \"Lost Horizon\" from his A Cappella album is said to be dedicated to Gaye. Rundgren later performed a medley of Gaye's hits during concerts and sometimes added \"Lost Horizon\" to the medley. In 1989, soul band Frankie Beverly & Maze produced the tribute song, \"Silky Soul,\" taking its melody from \"What's Going On.\" The song featured Nona Gaye in the video and later peaked at #5 on the R&B chart. At least two tribute albums of Gaye's have been released: 1995's Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye and 1999's Marvin Is 60: A Tribute Album.", "Dumpweed. Four Year Strong performed a cover of the song for the tribute album A Tribute to Blink 182: Pacific Ridge Records Heroes of Pop Punk (2005).[11] All Time Low frontman Alex Gaskarth included the song as part of a playlist of \"songs that changed your life\" for Alternative Press in 2009.[12]" ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (soundtrack). \"Hedwig's Theme\" is the leitmotif for the film series. Often labelled as the series's main theme, it was first featured in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in the track \"Prologue\". A concert arrangement of the same name is featured in the end credits. \"Hedwig's Theme\" has been interpolated throughout the rest of the Harry Potter film scores, including in those by Patrick Doyle, Nicholas Hooper, and Alexandre Desplat. It is also featured in the scores to the last four Harry Potter video games, all composed by James Hannigan. \"Hedwig's Theme\" has achieved significant pop culture status, being featured as ring tones, trailer music, and other forms of multimedia.", "Celesta. The celesta has been common in cinema for decades. In addition to supplementing numerous soundtrack orchestrations for films of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, the celesta has occasionally been spotlighted to invoke a whimsical air. For example, in Pinocchio (1940), a small motif on the celesta is used whenever the Blue Fairy appears out of thin air or performs magic. Celesta also provides the signature opening of Pure Imagination, a song (sung by Gene Wilder) from the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.[citation needed] Composer John Williams's scores for the first three Harry Potter films feature the instrument, particularly in the first two films' frequent statements of \"Hedwig's Theme\".", "John Williams. In the new millennium, Williams was asked to score the film adaptations of J. K. Rowling's widely successful book series, Harry Potter. He went on to score the film franchise's first three installments. As with his Superman theme, the most important theme from Williams's scores for the Harry Potter films, dubbed \"Hedwig's Theme\", has been used in the fourth through to the eighth films (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2), scored by Patrick Doyle (Goblet of Fire), Nicholas Hooper (Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince) and Alexandre Desplat (Deathly Hallows). Like the main themes from Jaws, Star Wars, Superman, and Indiana Jones, fans have come to identify the Harry Potter films with Williams's original compositions. Williams was asked to return to score the film franchise's final installment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, but director David Yates stated that \"their schedules simply did not align\" as he would have had to provide Williams with a rough cut of the film sooner than was possible.[36]", "Music of the Harry Potter films. Throughout the series, each composer created themes for particular characters, items, locations, and ideas.", "Harry Potter (film series). In January 2010, Alexandre Desplat was confirmed to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.[64] The film's orchestration started in the summer with Conrad Pope, the orchestrator on the first three Harry Potter films, collaborating with Desplat. Pope commented that the music \"reminds one of the old days.\"[65] Desplat returned to score Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 in 2011.[66]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Nicholas Hooper was the composer for the soundtrack of the film, following John Williams, who scored the first three films, and Patrick Doyle, who did the fourth. In the new score, Hooper incorporated variations on \"Hedwig's Theme\", the series' theme originally written by Williams for the first film and heard in all subsequent ones.[68] In March and April 2007, Hooper and the London Chamber Orchestra recorded nearly two hours of music at Abbey Road Studios in London. The score, like the film and book, is darker than previous instalments in the series. To emphasise this, the two new main themes reflect the sinister new character Dolores Umbridge, and Lord Voldemort's invasion of Harry's mind. A Japanese Taiko drum was used for a deeper sound in the percussion.[68] The soundtrack was released on 10 July 2007, the eve of the film's release.[69] For his work on the film, Hooper was nominated for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award. The trailer prominently features the cues \"Divine Crusade\" by X-Ray Dog and \"DNA Reactor\" by Pfeifer Broz. Music.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). John Williams, who had scored the first three Harry Potter films, could not return for the fourth instalment due to a busy 2005 schedule.[15] Patrick Doyle, who had worked with Newell in Into the West and Donnie Brasco, replaced him as composer. The initial request was that Doyle would be working with Williams' material, but eventually only \"Hedwig's Theme\", the leitmotif of the series, remained from the previous scores.[16] Pulp lead singer Jarvis Cocker, who was even rumoured to score the film,[17] was one of the musicians invited by Doyle, with whom he had worked in the Great Expectations soundtrack, to write a song for a wizard rock band. Once Doyle chose Cocker's composition, he and other British musicians such as Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway of Radiohead were picked to play the fictional band, both performing songs for the soundtrack and having cameo roles in the film.[18][19]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack). The music was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Shearman, and included three main new themes: one to represent the Triwizard Tournament, one to represent Lord Voldemort, and one to represent Harry Potter's crush on Cho Chang. It also features an ominous reprisal of the familiar \"Hedwig's Theme\". A prominent minor theme is presented in \"The Death of Cedric\".[1] The soundtrack entered the Billboard 200 at position eighty for the Week Ending December 3,[2] and also charted at four on the Top Soundtracks Chart.[3]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). Steve Ewing from Filmmusicsite.com rated the soundtrack 7/10, commenting that \"Desplat was really on to something when he wrote this soundtrack, and perhaps if he had given it a little more thought, he would have recognized how close he had come to writing something outstanding. Instead, the soundtrack’s musical gems come and go and never fully develop, leaving the listener disappointed by how close the soundtrack came to musical greatness.\"[20] Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks reviewed the score on 5 November 2010 and praised the orchestrations for the film but heavily criticized the sparse use of Hedwig's Theme and the poor continuity in the score when compared to previous entries in the series.[21] Charlotte Gardner from BBC commented that \"Pope's orchestration is a work of genius, heightening the music's drama with a myriad of different instrumental colours\" and the score \"is equally affective – menacing, comforting, magic-tinged, powerful and fragile all in one. It's particularly striking for its smooth beauty, which remains present even when painting scenes dripping with evil or fraught with pain.\" She went on to say that \"so far, so very good. However, there is one single but sizeable question mark over whether this recording is going to completely hit the spot for Potter fans. This is a work more intent on painting an atmosphere than in giving the listener motivic handles on which to grasp.\"[22]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). The recording sessions started on 14 August 2010. Conrad Pope, one of the orchestrators on the first three Potter films and the supervising orchestrator on Deathly Hallows, commented that Desplat's music is \"exciting and vigorous\". He added on his Facebook profile that \"Harry flies, fights and conjures. All accompanied by the distinctive, definitely non-generic voice of Desplat. Those who love melodies, harmonies and emotions in their film scores should be pleased. Reminds one of the old days.\"[8]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). In an interview, Desplat mentioned the inclusion of John Williams's Hedwig's Theme on the soundtrack. He said, \"We will start this summer; it will take me all summer. I will not have many holidays, but again, it's for good reason - for the soundtrack. I would take every opportunity to use the fabulous theme composed by John Williams. I'd say it has not sufficiently been used in the latest movies, so if I have the opportunity, and if the footage allows me, I'm going to arrange it...I shall make it with great honour and pleasure.\" Director David Yates also talked about the use of \"Hedwig's Theme\" in the film, stating that the theme would be present during \"anything that felt like we were being nostalgic or in a way reflective of the past.\" He went on by saying that the tone of the theme was altered to be in line with the mood of the film, as he \"wanted it to feel like it was all getting a bit distressed. We wanted to sort of fuck it up a bit.\"[6] Desplat commented on the other various major themes that he developed for the soundtrack, saying, \"Since Harry, Ron and Hermione are now on the road being chased by the dark forces of Voldemort, they are never twice in the same place. They are constantly on the move. I alternate between themes by situation or location (the Ministry of Magic, the Sky Battle, the Burrows); themes by characters: Dobby, Dumbledore, Voldemort, Bathilda Bagshot, Lovegood, or several other characters; the Oblivation theme, which conveys their loss of innocence, as well as the sense of danger, and will be the leading them through their exodus; and themes for magical devices (the Detonators, the Locket, the Deathly Hallows).\"[7]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (soundtrack). The soundtrack to Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (or Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States, India, and Pakistan) was released on 30 October 2001. The film's score was composed and conducted by John Williams. The soundtrack was nominated for Best Original Score at the 74th Academy Awards. The film introduces many character-specific themes (leitmotifs) that are used in at least one sequel as well, although most of the themes are only used again in Chamber of Secrets. These themes include two themes for Voldemort, two themes for Hogwarts, a Diagon Alley theme, a Quidditch theme, a flying theme, two friendship themes, and the main theme (\"Hedwig's Theme\"). This main theme can be found in all of the films although not usually in its unaltered state.", "Harry Potter (film series). The Harry Potter series has had four composers. John Williams scored the first three films: Philosopher's Stone, Chamber of Secrets, and Prisoner of Azkaban. However, the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams's conflicting commitments. Williams also created Hedwig's Theme, which is used in every film in the series.", "A Very Potter Musical. Harry continues to neglect his preparation for the tournament, and is caught completely off-guard when he is forced to face a deadly Hungarian Horntail in battle. With no other choice, Harry summons his guitar and serenades the dragon into submission, allowing him to move on to the next round of the competition (\"The Dragon Song\").", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (soundtrack). The main theme of the film, \"Lily's Theme\", was performed by Mai Fujisawa, daughter of Japanese composer Joe Hisaishi.[4] In the film, several tracks are re-used from previous Harry Potter films, which are not included in the released soundtrack: a variant of \"Hedwig's Theme\"', originally composed by John Williams, which plays during a scene in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, is used twice in Part 2. The first time is when Harry, Ron, and Hermione meet with their friends in the Room of Requirement. Critics have claimed that this has added strongly to the deep, moving feelings made and the sense of hope given to the audience. The second time is when Snape is sent out of the castle, and the Order of the Phoenix takes over control. \"Dumbledore's Farewell\", composed by Nicholas Hooper for Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, is connected to Desplat's \"Severus and Lily\" track, which plays during the \"Prince's Tale\" sequence. A variant of Hooper's \"The Kiss\" from Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix also makes an appearance throughout the Hogwarts viaduct scene. The final scene of Part 2, set 19 years into the lives of the trio, features \"Leaving Hogwarts\", composed by Williams, followed by the suite of \"Hedwig's Theme\" for the end credits.[5]", "Harry Potter (film series). Doyle, Hooper, and Desplat introduced their own personal themes to their respective soundtracks, while keeping a few of John Williams's themes.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows − Part 1 is a motion picture soundtrack to the 2010 film of the same name, written and conducted by the French film composer Alexandre Desplat.[2] The soundtrack was nominated for the 2010 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Fantasy Film and the 2010 Satellite Award for Best Original Score.", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film). The Academy Award-nominated score was the third and final score in the series to be composed and conducted by John Williams. It was released on CD on 25 May 2004. In general, this film's music is not as bright as that of the previous films, with distinct medieval influences in the instrumentation. One of the new themes, \"Double Trouble,\" was written during production so that a children's choir could perform it in Hogwarts's Great Hall in one of the film's earlier scenes. The lyrics of \"Double Trouble\" are from a ritual performed by the Weïrd Sisters in Act 4, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's Macbeth.[32] The film's trailer prominently features the cues \"Anticipation\" and \"Progeny\" by Brand X Music, a trailer music band.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (soundtrack). Hooper stated that \"Placing John Williams's themes became obvious as we went along. The beginning of the film has to have at least a hint of 'Hedwig's Theme'.\"", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film). John Williams was selected to compose the score.[58] Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in August 2001. One of the main themes is entitled \"Hedwig's Theme\"; Williams retained it for his finished score as \"everyone seemed to like it\" and therefore it was a recurring theme throughout the Harry Potter movies.[59]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game). The score to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 was led by James Hannigan, his third Harry Potter video game soundtrack.[1] During an interview with Squareenixmusic.com's Greg O'Connor Read he was asked if he would return for the last game to which he had stated \"I'd love to return to the series[...]\", and when asked how he would end it he said \"[...] it would be great to end the series with a bang!\".[35] It was recorded, like its predecessor, with The Philharmonia Orchestra at AIR Studios in London, while the soundtrack was first unveiled on 28 October 2010 at St Mary's Church, Nottingham where Hannigan performed several tracks with the Pinewood Singers.[36][37][38] The main theme for the soundtrack was made available for download on the games official website on 8 November 2010.[38][39] Hannigan described the music from the game as dark, \"[...] largely following similar changes in the underlying story – but is not without its lighter moments[...]\".[38]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (soundtrack). The soundtrack received critical acclaim. Jorn Tillnes of Soundtrack Geek gave the soundtrack a 9/10 and noted, \"Part 2 ends in anything but tears. It is a joy to listen to just like Part 1 and using the Hedwig's Theme by John Williams, which is the ultimate Harry Potter theme after all, is a brilliant touch.\"[7] Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks gave the soundtrack an overall rating of 4/5, the music as heard on the album 3/5, and rated the score in the context of the film a 5/5, and commented, \"Desplat finally proves that his style can transcend his obvious technical mastery of an orchestra and reach levels of tonal majesty that can be summed up in a single word: epic.\"[8]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). The score for Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is composed by Golden Globe award-winning and Academy Award-nominated film composer Alexandre Desplat.[3] Desplat follows John Williams, Patrick Doyle, and Nicholas Hooper in composing music for the Harry Potter series. Williams composed the first three films, Doyle scored the fourth film, while Hooper worked on the soundtracks for the fifth and sixth films.[4][5] Desplat stated that he would compose until September 2010, with the soundtrack being released on 16 November 2010, three days before the film's release date. A three-disc Limited Edition Collector's Box Set was also released on 21 December 2010.", "The Words That Maketh Murder. As with all her compositions on Let England Shake, Harvey's main instrument on \"The Words That Maketh Murder\" is an autoharp.[4] Its main underlying minor chord (Em) is prominent throughout the song, while the chord progression in the verses consists of a further three chords (A-G-F#/D) reverting to the minor chord. The chorus uses a contrasting major chord (G) as well as a flat chord (Bâ™­) and another minor chord (Dm) and, like the song's final refrain, finishes on a standard chord (C). A saxophone and trombone, played by Harvey, are also featured during the chorus.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Composer Nicholas Hooper, who scored Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince, did not return for Deathly Hallows. Instead, Alexandre Desplat was hired to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows − Part 1.[27] The film also featured the song \"O Children\" by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.[28]", "Music of the Harry Potter films. The music of the Harry Potter film series was recorded and released in conjunction with the post-production and releases of each of the eight corresponding films. The scores were composed by John Williams, Patrick Doyle, Nicholas Hooper, and Alexandre Desplat. Musicians credited with writing source music include Jarvis Cocker, The Ordinary Boys and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Jeremy Soule and James Hannigan wrote the music for the Harry Potter video games.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on 15 November 2005. The film's score was not composed by John Williams as were the previous three films, but by Patrick Doyle. This was done because Williams reported having certain schedule problems, as he scored music for 2005's Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Memoirs of a Geisha, Munich, and Steven Spielberg's remake of War of the Worlds.[citation needed]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). Eric Goldman from IGN wrote, \"Desplat's score starts off extremely strong with 'Obliviate', which immediately sets the scene for a sad, mournful story – which is entirely appropriate, given the content of The Deathly Hallows Part 1... On one hand, it's a bit sad to not hear the wonderful Potter theme much, yet on the other hand, this is, after all, a somber story. Desplat's melancholy themes, while not always as hummable as Williams', are exactly right for this film and story.\"[23] James Christopher Monger from Allmusic gave a positive review, stating, \"It’s been a decade since John Williams set the tone for the [Harry Potter] films, and his original theme exists only in the shadows of Harry Potter & Deathly Hallows, Pt. 1. Desplat’s score is both subtle and huge, lending quiet emotional depth ('Harry & Ginny'), playful wickedness ('Death Eaters'), and tense, robust action ('The Oblivation') with masterful precision. Film series that employ this many different composers (and directors, for that matter) rarely find cohesion, and this first installment of Deathly Hallows does nothing in the way to tarnish that achievement.\"[24] The soundtrack debuted at number 74 on the Billboard 200 chart in United States and also charted at number four on the Top Soundtracks Chart.[25]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). Personnel adapted from the album liner notes.", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Emma Watson considered not returning for the film,[18] but eventually decided that, \"the pluses outweighed the minuses,\" and could not bear to see anyone else play Hermione. Composer Nicholas Hooper returned from the last film; he included a reworking of John Williams's Hedwig's Theme, which has recurred in all scores. Also maintained were costume designer Jany Temime, visual effects supervisor Tim Burke, creature and make-up effects designer Nick Dudman, and special effects supervisor John Richardson from the third film.[19]", "James Bond Theme. With the return of Sean Connery in Diamonds Are Forever, the guitar made a comeback along with a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence. On the soundtrack this track is named \"Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd/Bond to Holland.\"", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (soundtrack). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows − Part 2 is a motion picture soundtrack to the 2011 film of the same name written and conducted by the French film composer Alexandre Desplat. The soundtrack was nominated for a Grammy Award, Satellite Award, Houston Film Critics Society Award, Denver Film Critics Society Award, and an IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Fantasy Film. The soundtrack won the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Score." ]

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[ "Doubled die. Modern doubled dies in American coinage are being discovered mainly in Lincoln cents. The 2004 Peace Reverse Nickel shows doubling in the date, motto, designer initials and eyelid of Thomas Jefferson. The 2005 Bison Reverse Nickel, shows slight doubling in the word \"Liberty\" and in other devices of the coin.", "Doubled die. Doubled die is a term in numismatics used to refer to doubling in the design elements of a coin. Doubled dies can appear as an outline of the design or in extreme cases, having legends and dates appear twice in an overlapping fashion.", "Penny (United States coin). The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB. Not identified until the 1970s, it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled. This coin is extremely rare in high grades.", "Penny (United States coin). In 1955, a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices, producing a prominent doubling of the date, and to a less noticeable degree, the rest of the obverse. This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent. A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint. While the 1955 doubled die cent is well-known and widely collected, the 1969-S doubled die is far rarer, with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction.[40] The same mechanism produced 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995 Doubled die cents. Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are minor, and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.", "Doubled die. Doubled dies are a result of the way in which in the United States Mint's dies are created. Before 1997, die pairs (hammer die and anvil die) were made by hubs that contained the raised design elements that were intended to appear on the coin. The blank dies were heated (to soften them) and then were pressed against the hubs to transfer the design from the hub to the working dies. One impression was not enough in every case to transfer the design elements from the hub to the die, so multiple impressions were required to transfer enough of the design. For this reason, after the first impression was made, the die was reheated and prepared for a second impression. The mint workers would use guides to align the hub and the working die perfectly to prevent overlapping, or a doubled die. It is when mint workers failed to align dies properly during this process that doubled dies were produced. In many instances three to four impressions were required, which could but rarely led to tripled and quadrupled dies.", "Doubled die. Doubled die error coins can fetch significant prices when they are noticeable to the naked eye or occur in a popular coin series. One example of this is the 1955 doubled die Lincoln Wheat cent.", "Doubled die. Class 3, Design", "Doubled die. Class 4, Offset", "Doubled die. Class 2, Distorted", "Doubled die. Class 1, Rotated", "Doubled die. Modern coining methods have vastly reduced the frequency of these varieties due to the use of a single squeeze hubbing method during die creation, but doubled dies in modern United States coinage are still occurring. With the new die making process, implemented after 1996, dies only required one impression of the hub to transfer all of the design from the hub to the die. But it has been discovered that the pressure created is so great, that some dies tend to slightly rotate during this process.", "Doubled die. Class 5, Pivoted", "Doubled die. Class 7, Modified", "Doubled die. Class 6, Distended", "Doubled die. Note that the proper terminology for this occurrence includes the letter 'd' at the end of the first word, hence \"doubled die\". The term \"double die\" without the first word ending in 'd' is not proper numismatic terminology.", "Doubled die. Class 8, Tilted", "Penny (British decimal coin). To date, four different obverses have been used. In all cases, the inscription is ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. 2013,[8] where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting. In the original design both sides of the coin are encircled by dots, a common feature on coins, known as beading.", "Penny (British pre-decimal coin). The bronze penny was first issued with the so-called \"bun head\", or \"draped bust\" of Queen Victoria on the obverse. The inscription around the bust read VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D. This was replaced in 1895 by the \"old head\", or \"veiled bust\".[11] The inscription on these coins read VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP.", "Halfpenny (British decimal coin). Only one design of obverse was used on the halfpenny coin. The inscription around the portrait on the obverse was ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. 19xx,[2] where 19xx was the year of minting. Both sides of the coin are encircled by dots, a common feature on coins, known as beading.", "Pub games. Shove ha'penny (or shove halfpenny) is played by two players on a small, smooth board, normally made of slate. A number of parallel lines or grooves run horizontally across this board. Ha'pennies or similarly-sized coins or metal discs are placed at one end of the board and are shoved with a quick flick of the hand. The object is to shove the coins so that a certain number of them (normally five) lie between the lines. The two players take alternate turns. In addition to shoving his own coin directly between the lines, a player may use his turn to knock his own coins into position.One set of coins are used by both players.", "Doubled die. Doubled dies are created when the hub imprints an additional, misaligned image onto a die. There are many ways this misalignment of images can occur, which have been classified into eight accepted classes:", "Halfpenny (British decimal coin). As on all decimal coins produced before 1984, the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse;[3] in this portrait the Queen wears the 'Girls of Great Britain and Ireland' Tiara.", "Craps. Another variation uses a red and a blue deck of 36 custom playing cards each. Each card has a picture of a two-die roll on it - from 1-1 to 6-6. The shooter shoots what looks like a red and a blue die, called \"cubes\". They are numbered such that they can never throw a pair, and that the blue one will show a higher value than the red one exactly half the time. One such scheme could be 222555 on the red die and 333444 on the blue die.", "1943 steel cent. Far ahead of the 1955 doubled die cent in rarity, the 1943 copper cent is one of the notable rarities of the Lincoln cent series. An estimated 40 examples are believed to have been struck, with 12 confirmed to exist. The error occurred when copper planchets were left in the press hopper and press machines during the changeover from copper to steel blanks. Examples were discovered after the War, with the first two in 1947,[5] and another in 1958. An example was first sold in 1958 for $40,000; one mint condition specimen sold for over $200,000 in 2004. Many people have counterfeited the coin by either copper-plating normal 1943 cents (sometimes as novelties with no intent to defraud), or altering cents from the period, usually 1945-, 1948-, or 1949-dated coins.", "Penny (United States coin). The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10, $500, and $5, respectively, in gem uncirculated condition. These reverse die errors are technically \"mule\" errors, as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date.", "Penny board. Basic figures:", "Penny (United States coin). When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coinage for collectors, the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof, which was thought to highlight the design, while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended. This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use. When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result was a semi-rough surface, a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims. These coins were produced in very small numbers, and the dies quickly developed small marks, known as diagnostics. These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin. Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production, they were not popular with collectors. When new, the coins were wrapped in a tarnish-proof tissue, which over time proved to be anything but. Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold, vivid colors and toning developed. It is not unusual to see vivid blues, greens, lavender, coppery orange, deep reds and purple hues on these coins. Eagerly collected by numismatists today, they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents. Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide, square outer rims, quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes.", "Penny (United States coin). An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent. The letters \"VDB\" stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the primary designer of the Wheat cent.", "Walking Liberty half dollar. There are few varieties in the series, and they are relatively minor. They principally involve the mint mark: several repunchings, one overpunching of a D over an S in 1942, and some changes in size. One oddity is the 1943/1942, which is not a true overdate but was formed by a working die struck once from a 1942-dated master die, and once from one dated 1943.[27] Some 1946 half dollars show a doubled die on the reverse.[50]", "Penny Black. The two upper corners hold Maltese crosses with radiant solar discs at their centres; the lower corner letters show the position of the stamp in the printed sheet, from \"A A\" at top left to \"T L\" at bottom right. The sheets, printed by Perkins Bacon, consisted of 240 stamps in 20 rows of 12 columns. One full sheet cost 240 pence or one pound; one row of 12 stamps cost a shilling. As the name suggests, the stamp was printed in black ink. A two penny stamp printed in blue and covering the double-letter rate (up to 1 oz or 28 g) was issued on 8 May 1840.", "Penny (Canadian coin). The 2012 coin had a round, smooth edge, as was the case for most of the penny's history; however, from 1982 to 1996, the coin was twelve-sided. This was done to help the visually impaired identify the coin.[8] However, the new copper-plated zinc coin proved difficult to plate in the twelve-sided shape, so the Mint switched back to a round shape.[9]", "Lincoln cent. In 1952, the Mint considered replacing the Lincoln cent with a new design by Mint Chief Engraver Gilroy Roberts, but Mint officials feared that the incoming Eisenhower administration would be hostile to replacing a Republican on the cent.[52] Several thousand 1955 pieces were struck with a doubled die, and display doubling of the date. The Mint was aware of the pieces, and knew they were somewhere within a large production lot, but opted to release them, rather than destroy the entire lot. The variety did not become widely known until several years later.[53]" ]

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[ "Ethan (biblical figure). Ethan means strong and optimistic, solid and enduring; permanent. The name Ethan appears eight times in the Hebrew Bible (1 Kings 4:31, Ps. 89 title, 1 Chr. 2:6 and 2:8, 1 Chr. 6:42 and 6:44, and 1 Chr. 15:17 and 15:19).", "Ethan (biblical figure). Ethan (Hebrew: אֵיתָן‎, Modern Eytan / Eitan Tiberian ʾÊṯān, \"Firm\") the Ezrahite, is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. It may be that Ethan was a cymbal-player in King David's court. He authored Psalm 89.[1] Charles Spurgeon theorised that this was the same person as Jeduthun.[citation needed] Theologian John Gill refers to a Jewish tradition which identifies Ethan with Abraham, Heman with Moses, and Chalcol with Joseph.[2]", "Ethan (biblical figure). He was a standard of wisdom to whom King Solomon is compared favorably.[3]", "Ibrahim (name). Ibrahim (Arabic: إبراهيم‎‎, Ibrāhīm) is the Arabic name of the prophet and patriarch Abraham. He was God's messenger. It is a common first name and surname among Muslims and Arab Christians, a derivative of the name Abraham or Avram from Judaism and Christianity in the Middle East. In Lebanon and Maghreb, Brahim is a common diminutive for the first name Ibrahim.", "Abraham (disambiguation). Abraham is a patriarch described in the Book of Genesis and the Quran.", "Immanuel. A fourth, even longer, prophetic \"name\", is found in Isaiah 9:6 with \"Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom\". This is generally translated fully in English Bible versions such as \"his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace\" (KJV).", "Immanuel. Immanuel (Hebrew: עִמָּנוּאֵל‬ meaning, \"God with us\"; also romanized Emmanuel, Imanu'el) is a Hebrew name which appears in the Book of Isaiah as a sign that God will protect the House of David.[1] The Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 1:22–23) quotes part of this, \"a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel\", as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus.[2]", "Esau. Esau (/ˈiːsɔː/),[a] in the Hebrew Bible, is the older son of Isaac. He is mentioned in the Book of Genesis,[3] and by the prophets Obadiah[4] and Malachi.[5] The New Testament alludes to him in the Epistle to the Romans[6] and in the Epistle to the Hebrews.[7]", "Names of God in Judaism. Ehyeh asher ehyeh (Hebrew: אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה‎) is the first of three responses given to Moses when he asks for God's name in the Book of Exodus.[17] The King James Version of the Bible translates the Hebrew as \"I Am that I Am\" and uses it as a proper name for God. The Aramaic Targum Onkelos leaves the phrase untranslated and is so quoted in the Talmud (B. B. 73a.[clarification needed])", "Elyon. The name is repeated later in the chapter, but with a variation: verse fifty-six says 'Elohim 'Elyon.", "Abraham. Abraham's name is apparently very ancient, as the tradition found in Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably \"Father is exalted\" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, \"Father of a multitude\", is a popular etymology).[9] The story, like those of the other patriarchs, most likely had a substantial oral prehistory.[10] At some stage the oral traditions became part of the written tradition of the Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs to the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.[11] The mechanisms by which this came about remain unknown,[12] but there are currently two important hypotheses.[13] The first, called Persian Imperial authorisation, is that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a legal basis on which to function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for who would belong to the post Exilic Jewish community and to establish the power structures and relative positions of its various groups, notably the priesthood and the lay \"elders\".[13]", "Abraham. Sarah died, and Abraham buried her in the Cave of the Patriarchs (the \"cave of Machpelah\"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field from Ephron the Hittite.[Genesis 23:1–20] After the death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.[Genesis 25:1–6] According to the Bible, reflecting the change of his name to \"Abraham\" meaning \"a father of many nations\", Abraham is considered to be the progenitor of many nations mentioned in the Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,[Genesis 25:12–18] Edomites,[Genesis 36:1–43]) Amalekites,[Genesis 36:12–16] Kenizzites,[Genesis 36:9–16] Midianites and Assyrians,[Genesis 25:1–5] and through his nephew Lot he was also related to the Moabites and Ammonites.[Genesis 19:35–38] Abraham lived to see his son marry Rebekah, (and to see the birth of his twin grandsons Jacob and Esau). He died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.[Genesis 25:7–10][1 Chronicles 1:32]", "Elohim. The Book of Abraham, which faithful members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints hold to be divinely inspired scripture revealed by the prophet Joseph Smith, contains a paraphrase of the first chapter of Genesis which explicitly translates Elohim as “the Gods” multiple times.", "Isaac. Isaac[a] is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites, according to the biblical Book of Genesis. In the biblical narrative, he is the son of Abraham and Sarah and father of Jacob; his name means \"he will laugh\", reflecting when both Abraham and Sarah laughed in disbelief when told that they would have a child.[1][2] He is the only patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not move out of Canaan.[2] According to the narrative, he died when he was 180 years old, the longest-lived of the three.[2]", "Masoretic Text. It has been suggested that there never was an actual \"ben Naphtali\"; rather, the name was chosen (based on the Bible, where Asher and Naphtali are the younger sons of Zilpah and Bilhah) to designate any tradition different from ben Asher's.[citation needed]", "Jacob. Jacob (/ˈdʒeɪkəb/; Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב‬, Modern  Ya‘aqōv (help·info), Tiberian Yā‘āqōḇ), later given the name Israel, is regarded as a Patriarch of the Israelites. According to the Book of Genesis, Jacob was the third Hebrew progenitor with whom God made a covenant. He is the son of Isaac and Rebecca, the grandson of Abraham, Sarah and Bethuel, the nephew of Ishmael, and the younger twin brother of Esau. Jacob had twelve sons and at least one daughter, by his two wives, Leah and Rachel, and by their handmaidens Bilhah and Zilpah.", "List of Lorien Legacies characters. While Five was preparing to infiltrate the remaining Garde, Ethan left a note in Five's box. It states as Five is reading it, he's probably dead as he saw it coming when his usefulness was up and that Five should do anything to survive; putting himself before everything, including Setrakus Ra.\nEthan was one of the Greeters that welcomed the nine Garde and Cepan. But he had lost faith in the Loric cause and started to work for the Mogadorians, in exchange for his services his life will be spared when the Mogadorians take over the Earth. These events take place in I Am Number Four: Th Lost Files: The Hidden Enemy.", "List of Friday the 13th characters. Ethan is a character in the two-issue comic miniseries Friday the 13th: Bad Land by Wildstorm. A fur trapper living in the 19th century, Ethan, while hunting with fellow fur trappers Ben and Joseph, becomes stranded in a blizzard near Crystal Lake.[48] While searching for shelter, the trio of fur trappers discover a hut belonging to a Native family and break in. While Ethan is content to simply wait out the storm and leave the occupants of the hut, a woman and her child, alone, Ben grows restless and, with help from Joseph, rapes the woman, threatening Ethan with violence if he interferes. After raping the woman, Joseph and Ben rest, while Ethan voices his disgust at what they have done. As Ethan talks, Joseph notices the woman reaching for something and, believing it to be a weapon, shoots her and her baby dead, only to learn to afterwards that what she was reaching for was a rattle. Enraged by what Joseph has done, Ethan begins to yell at him, only to be interrupted in his speech when the husband of the dead woman enters, having been out fishing. Seeing his family dead, the man lunges at Ethan, only to be shot in the face by Ben and sent running.", "Jacob. Jacob is mentioned in a number of sacred scriptures, including the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament, the Quran, hadith, and the Book of Mormon.", "Canaan. The passage in the Book of Genesis often called the Table of Nations presents the Canaanites as descendants of an eponymous ancestor called Canaan, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah (Hebrew: כְּנַעַן‎, Knaan). (Genesis 10:15–19) states:", "Burning bush. When challenged on his identity, Adonai replies that he is the God of the Patriarchs – Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob –[12] and that he is Adonai.[13] The text derives Yahweh (יהוה‬) from the Hebrew word hayah (היה‬) in the phrase ehyeh ašer ehyeh, meaning he who is he, or I am that I am;.[11]", "Enki. Jean Bottero (1952)[33] and others[34] suggested that Ia in this case is a West Semitic (Canaanite) way of saying Ea, Enki's Akkadian name, associating the Canaanite theonym Yahu, and ultimately Hebrew YHWH. Some scholars remain skeptical of the theory while explaining how it might have been misinterpreted.[35] Ia has also been compared by William Hallo[36] with the Ugaritic Yamm (sea), (also called Judge Nahar, or Judge River) whose earlier name in at least one ancient source was Yaw, or Ya'a.", "Imran. Imran (also transliterated as Emran, Emraan, Omran, Umran, Emrah (Turkish) or Amram (in the Bible) Arabic: عمران‎) is an Arabic male name. In Turkish, Emrah can also be a given name for females. \n(The name Imran is a Quranic: Surat Al-Imran)\nThe name Omran. It may refer to:", "Elyon. The compound name 'Ēl ʿElyōn 'God Most High' occurs in Genesis 14.18–20 as the God whose priest was Melchizedek king of Salem. The form appears again almost immediately in verse 22, used by Abraham in an oath to the King of Sodom. In this verse the name of God also occurs in apposition to Ēl ʿElyōn in the Masoretic text but is absent in the Samaritan version, in the Septuagint translation, and in Symmachus.[citation needed]", "Names of God in Judaism. Ehyeh is the first-person singular imperfect form of hayah, \"to be\". Ehyeh is usually translated \"I will be\", since the imperfect tense in Hebrew denotes actions that are not yet completed (e.g. Exodus 3:12, \"Certainly I will be [ehyeh] with thee.\").[55] Asher is an ambiguous pronoun which can mean, depending on context, \"that\", \"who\", \"which\", or \"where\".[55]", "Abraham. Abraham (/ˈeɪbrəhæm, -həm/; Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם‬, Modern ʾAvraham, Tiberian ʾAḇrāhām; Arabic: إبراهيم Ibrahim), originally Abram (Hebrew: אַבְרָם‬, Modern ʾAvram, Tiberian ʾAḇrām), is the common patriarch of the three Abrahamic religions.[1]\nIn Judaism, he is the founding father of the Covenant, the special relationship between the Jewish people and God; in Christianity, he is the prototype of all believers, Jewish or Gentile; and in Islam he is seen as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.[2]", "Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament. The name Emmanuel (also Immanuel or Imanu'el) of the Hebrew עִמָּנוּאֵל \"God [is] with us\" consists of two Hebrew words: אֵל (’El, meaning 'God') and עִמָּנוּ (ʻImmānū, meaning 'with us'); Standard Hebrew ʻImmanuʼel, Tiberian Hebrew ʻImmānûʼēl. It is a theophoric name used in the Bible in Isaiah 7:14 and Isaiah 8:8.", "Abraham. Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: \"Abraham\" – \"a father of many nations\".[Genesis 17:5] Abraham then received the instructions for the covenant, of which circumcision was to be the sign.[Genesis 17:10–14]", "Theophory in the Bible. The name Rachel also appears to refer to El in English, but contains chet.", "Paul (name). Paul /pɔːl/ ( listen) is a common masculine given name in countries and ethnicities with a Christian heritage (Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism) and, beyond Europe, in Christian religious communities throughout the world. Paul – or its variations – can be a given name or surname.", "Nehushtan. The name is transliterated as \"Nohestan\" in the Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition,[2] as \"N’chushtan\" in the Complete Jewish Bible [3] and as \"Nechushtan\" in the Orthodox Jewish Bible.[4]", "Elyon. It appears in Moses' final song in Deuteronomy 32.8 (a much discussed verse). A translation of the Masoretic text:" ]

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[ "I Have a Dream. On November 27, 1962, King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial. And while parts of the text had been moved around, large portions were identical, including the \"I have a dream\" refrain.[12][13] After being rediscovered,[14] the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University.[12]", "I Have a Dream. \"I Have a Dream\" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement.[2]", "I Have a Dream. The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones[19] in Riverdale, New York City. Jones has said that \"the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us\" and that, \"on the evening of Tuesday, Aug. 27, [12 hours before the march] Martin still didn't know what he was going to say\".[20]", "I Have a Dream. Leading up to the speech's rendition at the Great March on Washington, King had delivered its \"I have a dream\" refrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000-strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit, June 23, 1963.[21][22] After the Washington, D.C. March, a recording of King's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit's Gordy Records as an LP entitled \"The Great March To Freedom\".[23]", "I Have a Dream. King also is said to have used portions of Prathia Hall's speech at the site of a burned-down African American church in Terrell County, Georgia, in September 1962, in which she used the repeated phrase \"I have a dream\".[31] The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings.[32]", "I Have a Dream. Martin Luther King had also delivered a \"dream\" speech in Detroit, in June 1963, when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C. L. Franklin, and had rehearsed other parts.[15]", "I Have a Dream. The March on Washington Speech, known as \"I Have a Dream Speech\", has been shown to have had several versions, written at several different times.[16] It has no single version draft, but is an amalgamation of several drafts, and was originally called \"Normalcy, Never Again\". Little of this, and another \"Normalcy Speech\", ended up in the final draft. A draft of \"Normalcy, Never Again\" is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr. Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College.[17] The focus on \"I have a dream\" comes through the speech's delivery. Toward the end of its delivery, noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd, \"Tell them about the dream, Martin.\"[18] King departed from his prepared remarks and started \"preaching\" improvisationally, punctuating his points with \"I have a dream.\"", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The speech given by SCLC president King, who spoke last, became known as the \"I Have a Dream\" speech, which was carried live by TV stations and subsequently considered the most impressive moment of the march.[93] In it, King called for an end to racism in the United States. It invoked the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the United States Constitution. At the end of the speech, Mahalia Jackson shouted from the crowd, “Tell them about the dream, Martin!”, and King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme of \"I have a dream\".[94][95] Over time it has been hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, added to the National Recording Registry and memorialized by the National Park Service with an inscription on the spot where King stood to deliver the speech.", "Emancipation Proclamation. King's most famous invocation of the Emancipation Proclamation was in a speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (often referred to as the \"I Have a Dream\" speech). King began the speech saying \"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity. But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.\"[109]", "Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. At the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, King imagined an end to racial inequality in his \"I Have a Dream\" speech.[13] This speech has been canonized as one of the greatest pieces of American oratory.[14] In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means.[15]", "Social Democrats, USA. Kahn helped Bayard Rustin organize the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington and the 1958 and 1959 Youth March for Integrated Schools.[61] As a white student at historically black Howard University, Kahn and Norman Hill helped Rustin and A. Philip Randolph to plan the 1963 March on Washington, at which Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech.[62][63] Kahn's role in the civil rights movement was discussed in the eulogy by Rachelle Horowitz.[53]", "Lincoln Memorial. On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which proved to be a high point of the American Civil Rights Movement. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard Martin Luther King Jr., deliver his historic I Have a Dream speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years earlier. King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity.[21] The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.[22] Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. The \"I Have a Dream\" speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.", "Martin Luther King Jr.. \"I Have a Dream\" came to be regarded as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory.[99] The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the agenda of reformers in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[100][101]", "I Have a Dream. In 2002, the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry.[51] In 2003, the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King's speech at the Lincoln Memorial.[52]", "I Have a Dream. On August 28, 2013, thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion. In attendance were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, and incumbent President Barack Obama, who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event. Many of King's family were in attendance.[55]", "Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The crowning moment of the march was King's famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech in which he articulated the hopes and aspirations of the Civil Rights Movement and rooted it in two cherished gospels—the Old Testament and the unfulfilled promise of the American creed.[14]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington,[1][2] was held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans. At the march, Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic \"I Have a Dream\" speech in which he called for an end to racism.[3]", "Lincoln Memorial. The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a large seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-known speeches by Lincoln, \"The Gettysburg Address\" and his Second Inaugural Address. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including Martin Luther King Jr.'s \"I Have a Dream\" speech, delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.", "I Have a Dream. The ideas in the speech reflect King's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse, the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks.[28] The speech draws upon appeals to America's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people, and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God's will. Thus, the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins.[29] King describes the promises made by America as a \"promissory note\" on which America has defaulted. He says that \"America has given the Negro people a bad check\", but that \"we've come to cash this check\" by marching in Washington, D.C.", "I Have a Dream. The speech was lauded in the days after the event, and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers.[41] James Reston, writing for The New York Times, said that \"Dr. King touched all the themes of the day, only better than anybody else. He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi, and the cadences of the Bible. He was both militant and sad, and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile.\"[9] Reston also noted that the event \"was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy's inauguration\", and opined that \"it will be a long time before [Washington] forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude.\"[42] An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King's speech \"caught the mood\" and \"moved the crowd\" of the day \"as no other\" speaker in the event.[43] Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King's speech \"rose above mere oratory\".[44] An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the \"matchless eloquence\" displayed by King—\"a supreme orator\" of \"a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age\"—put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the \"conscience of America\" with the justice of the civil-rights cause.[45]", "I Have a Dream. The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it. It was considered a \"triumph of managed protest\", and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Kennedy had watched King's speech on television and been very impressed. Afterwards, March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy. Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.[48]", "Martin Luther King Jr.. King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as \"I Have a Dream.\" In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, \"Tell them about the dream!\"[96][97]—King said:[98]", "Gettysburg Address. In the many generations that have passed since the Address, it has remained among the most famous speeches in American history,[109] and is often taught in classes about history or civics.[110] Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is itself referenced in another of those famed orations, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s \"I Have a Dream\" speech.[111] Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in August 1963, King began with a reference, by the style of his opening phrase, to President Lincoln and his enduring words: \"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.\"", "I Have a Dream. As King waved goodbye to the audience, he handed George Raveling the original typewritten \"I Have a Dream\" speech.[60] Raveling, an All-American Villanova Wildcats college basketball player, had volunteered as a security guard for the event and was on the podium with King at that moment.[61] In 2013, Raveling still had custody of the original copy, for which he had been offered $3,000,000, but he has said he does not intend to sell it.[62][63]", "Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. A ceremony dedicating the memorial was scheduled for Sunday, August 28, 2011, the 48th anniversary of the \"I Have a Dream\" speech that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963[6] but was postponed until October 16 (the 16th anniversary of the 1995 Million Man March on the National Mall) due to Hurricane Irene.[7][8][9]", "I Have a Dream. The final passage from King's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr.'s address to the 1952 Republican National Convention: both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of \"America\", and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort \"let freedom ring\".[9][30]", "I Have a Dream. In 1990, the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon. One song from Icon, \"Shang-a-lang\", sampled the end of the speech.", "I Have a Dream. Why King's speech was powerful is debated, but essentially, it came at a point of many factors combining at a key cultural turning point. Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes, \"The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time.\"[39]", "I Have a Dream. Meanwhile, some of the more radical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech (along with the rest of the march)[citation needed] as too compromising. Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography: \"Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools, with gospels and guitars and 'I have a dream' speeches?\"[6]", "I Have a Dream. Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, King's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history, including the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the United States Constitution. Early in his speech, King alludes to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by saying \"Five score years ago...\" In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation, King says: \"It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.\" Anaphora (i.e., the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences) is employed throughout the speech. Early in his speech, King urges his audience to seize the moment; \"Now is the time\" is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph. The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase \"I have a dream\", which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience. Other occasions include \"One hundred years later\", \"We can never be satisfied\", \"With this faith\", \"Let freedom ring\", and \"free at last\". King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day, according to the official program.[24]", "I Have a Dream. King had been preaching about dreams since 1960, when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) called \"The Negro and the American Dream\". This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality, saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream, and that \"our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy, its betrayal of the cause of justice\". King suggests that \"It may well be that the Negro is God's instrument to save the soul of America.\"[9][10] In 1961, he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists' \"dream\" of equality—\"the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled\"—in several national speeches and statements, and took \"the dream\" as the centerpiece for these speeches.[11]", "Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. The earliest quote is from 1955, spoken during the time of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the latest is from a sermon King delivered at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., four days before he was assassinated.[35] The quotes are not arranged in chronological order, so that no visitor must follow a \"defined path\" to follow the quotations, instead being able to start reading at any point he or she might choose.[35] Because the main theme of the Memorial is linked to King's famous \"I Have a Dream\" speech, none of the quotations on the Inscription Wall come from that speech.[35]" ]

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[ "Small intestine. Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:", "Small intestine. The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi.[2]", "Small intestine. Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for \"shaggy hair\"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.", "Cat anatomy. Food then moves on to the jejunum. This is the most nutrient absorptive section of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system from the small intestine. From the jejunum, whatever food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum which connects to the large intestine.[24] The first part of the large intestine is the cecum and the second portion is the colon. The large intestine reabsorbs water and forms fecal matter.", "Gastric bypass surgery. The small intestine is normally 6–10 m (20–33 ft) in length. As the Y-connection is moved further down the gastrointestinal tract, the amount available to fully absorb nutrients is progressively reduced, traded for greater effectiveness of the operation. The Y-connection is formed much closer to the lower (distal) end of the small intestine, usually 100–150 cm (39–59 in) from the lower end, causing reduced absorption (malabsorption) of food: primarily of fats and starches, but also of various minerals and the fat-soluble vitamins. The unabsorbed fats and starches pass into the large intestine, where bacterial actions may act on them to produce irritants and malodorous gases. These larger effects on nutrition are traded for a relatively modest increase in total weight loss.", "Human digestive system. The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches.[27]", "Carbohydrate digestion. Digestion of food continues while simplest elements are absorbed. The absorption of most digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi (small hair-like structure). It is not a simple diffusion of substances, but is active and requires energy use by the epithelial cells.", "Jejunum. The lining of the jejunum is specialized for the absorption, by enterocytes, of small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. Once absorbed, nutrients (with the exception of fat, which goes to the lymph) pass from the enterocytes into the enterohepatic circulation and enter the liver via the hepatic portal vein, where the blood is processed.[7] The jejunum is involved in magnesium absorption[citation needed].", "Human digestive system. The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine, where the environment is slightly acidic. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed.", "Large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining absorbable nutrients from the food before sending the indigestible matter to the rectum. The colon absorbs vitamins that are created by the colonic bacteria, such as vitamin K (especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to maintain adequate blood coagulation), thiamine and riboflavin.[citation needed] It also compacts feces, and stores fecal matter in the rectum until it can be discharged via the anus in defecation. The large intestine also secretes K+ and Cl-. Chloride secretion increases in cystic fibrosis. Recycling of various nutrients takes place in colon. Examples include fermentation of carbohydrates, short chain fatty acids, and urea cycling.[29][citation needed]", "Gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine begins at the duodenum and is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long.[15] Its mucosal area in an adult human is about 30 m2.[16] Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions:", "Vitamin C. Vitamin C is absorbed by the intestines using a sodium-ion dependent channel. It is transported through the intestine via both glucose-sensitive and glucose-insensitive mechanisms. The presence of large quantities of sugar either in the intestines or in the blood can slow absorption.[67]", "Human digestive system. Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli.", "Small intestine. Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine.", "Human digestive system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine.", "Fish physiology. The small intestine is the part of the digestive tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not clear, and the terms anterior or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum.[18] The small intestine is found in all teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epithelium.[8]", "Jejunum. The interior surface of the jejunum—which is exposed to ingested food—is covered in finger-like projections of mucosa, called villi, which increase the surface area of tissue available to absorb nutrients from ingested foodstuffs. The epithelial cells which line these villi have microvilli. The transport of nutrients across epithelial cells through the jejunum and ileum includes the passive transport of sugar fructose and the active transport of amino acids, small peptides, vitamins, and most glucose. The villi in the jejunum are much longer than in the duodenum or ileum.", "Intestinal epithelium. In the small intestine, the mucosal layer is specially adapted to provide a large surface area in order to maximize the absorption of nutrients. The expansion of the absorptive surface, 600 times beyond that of a cylindrical tube, is achieved by three anatomical factors:[4]", "Small intestine. The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:", "Protein (nutrient). Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.[14] Before the absorption in the small intestine, most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids. Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed. Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end. There, most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids.", "Intestinal gland. The enterocytes in the small intestinal mucosa contain digestive enzymes that digest specific foods while they are being absorbed through the epithelium. These enzymes include peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase and intestinal lipase. This is in contrast to the gastric glands of the stomach where chief cells secrete pepsinogen.", "Digestion. After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.[1]", "Large intestine. The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion. The bicarbonate that the large intestine secretes helps to neutralize the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.[39]", "Small intestine. The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.", "Digestion. The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.", "Lymphatic system. Lymph vessels called lacteals are at the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. (There are exceptions, for example medium-chain triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the small intestine is called chyle. The nutrients that are released into the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.", "Stomach. Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:", "Ileum. The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver. Lacteals are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb fatty acid and glycerol, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the chyme (partly digested food and water) to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis. The remaining chyme is passed to the colon.", "Ruminant. After this, the digesta is moved to the true stomach, the abomasum. This is the gastric compartment of the ruminant stomach. The abomasum is the direct equivalent of the monogastric stomach, and digesta is digested here in much the same way. This compartment releases acids and enzymes that further digest the material passing through. This is also where the ruminant digests the microbes produced in the rumen.[8] Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. The small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption. the surface area of the digesta is greatly increased here because of the villi that are in the small intestine. This increased surface area allows for greater nutrient absorption. Microbes produced in the reticulorumen are also digested in the small intestine. After the small intestine is the large intestine. The major roles here are breaking down mainly fiber by fermentation with microbes, absorption of water (ions and minerals) and other fermented products, and also expelling waste.[10] Fermentation continues in the large intestine in the same way as in the reticulorumen.", "Vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum by passive diffusion. With the capacity for absorption being so great, animals are able to absorb quantities much greater than necessary for physiological demands. The absorption of pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate involves their dephosphorylation catalyzed by a membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase. Those products and nonphosphorylated forms in the digestive tract are absorbed by diffusion, which is driven by trapping of the vitamin as 5′-phosphates through the action of phosphorylation (by a pyridoxal kinase) in the jejunal mucosa. The trapped pyridoxine and pyridoxamine are oxidized to pyridoxal phosphate in the tissue.[4]", "Chyme. When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down proteins and starches in chyme that were not digested fully in the small intestine.", "Carbohydrate digestion. Digestion of starch begins with the action of salivary alpha-amylase/ptyalin, although its activity is slight in comparison with that of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine. Amylase hydrolyzes starch to alpha-dextrin, which are then digested by gluco-amylase (alpha-dextrinases) to maltose and maltotriose. The products of digestion of alpha-amylase and alpha-dextrinase, along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase) present in the brush border of the small intestine. In the typical Western diet, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine." ]

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[ "Geography of Texas. Continental, Mountain, and Modified Marine are the three major climatic types of Texas, with no distinguishable boundaries. Modified Marine, or subtropical, dominates the majority of the state.[4] Texas has an annual precipitation range from 60.57 inches (1,538 mm) in Jasper County, East Texas, to 9.43 inches (240 mm) in El Paso. The record high of 120 °F (49 °C) was reached at Seymour on August 12, 1936, and Monahans on June 28, 1994. The low also ties at −23 °F (−31 °C) in Tulia on February 12, 1899, and Seminole on February 8, 1933.[5]", "Texas. The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages 8.7 inches (220 mm) of annual rainfall,[31] while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches (1,600 mm) per year.[32] Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940 mm) per year.", "Climate of Texas. The region of South Texas includes the semiarid ranch country and the wetter Rio Grande Valley. Considered to be the southernmost tip of the American Great Plains region, the inland region has rainfall that is similar to that of the Northern Plains. The coastal areas are nearly warm most of the year due to currents of the Gulf of Mexico, but can get cold in winter if a strong front comes in, and sometimes even causing snow at sea level. Summers are hot and humid. Rain in the coastal region is more abundant than in the inland region, and subtropical forests line the Rio Grande. The wettest months of the year are April and May in western areas, but approaching the Gulf Coast, September becomes the year's wettest month on average. This owes to the threat from tropical weather systems, including hurricanes, which can bring torrential rains of 5-10+ inches in one or two days. The resulting September monthly rainfall maximum prevails, for example, at Corpus Christi, South Padre Island and Brownsville.[3] Inland, where it is drier, ranches dominate the landscape, characterized by thick spiny brush and grasslands. The winters in the inland region are variable, but usually mild, but are subject to Arctic air outbreaks from Canada, Snow is a rare occurrence due to the lack of humidity in winter, and the summers are for the most part hot and dry, but at times can be humid when winds come off the Gulf of Mexico. Tornadoes can occur in this region, but are less frequent than in other parts of the state.", "Climate of Texas. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is a huge impact on the weather in Texas. During the El Niño phase, the jet stream is located west-to-east across the southern portion of the United States. Therefore, winters in Texas are colder and receive more snowfall than normal. Texas is also less likely to get impacted by hurricanes due to the increased wind shear across the Atlantic. Spring to early summer yields increased rainfall especially where a low pressure system is located over the Four Corners region or northern Mexico which yields monsoon-like climate (which was exacerbated during the 2015 and 2016 spring season where the City of Houston was the hardest hit as if the climate was similar to Mumbai or Kolkata, India with heavy rainfall usually from moisture from the Gulf of Mexico). During the opposite phase, La Niña, the jet stream is much further north, therefore winter is milder and drier than normal. Hurricanes are more likely to impact Texas during La Niña due to decreased wind shear in the Atlantic. Droughts in Texas are much more likely during La Niña. The 2010-11 La Niña is mostly to blame for one of the worst droughts in Texas history.", "Climate of Texas. The Trans-Pecos region, also known as Big Bend Country, is in the west-central and western parts of the state, consisting of the Chihuahuan Desert and isolated mountain ranges. During fall, winter, and spring, it experiences the most clear days statewide.[2] It is also the driest receiving an average annual rainfall of only 16 inches (410 mm) or less. Snowfall is rare at lower elevations, although the highest mountain peaks are prone to heavy snowfalls during winter. The arid climate is the main reason for desertification of the land, but overgrazing is slowly widening the land area of that desert. In the mountain areas one can see coniferous forests in a wetter and more temperate environment. The wettest months in this region occur during the summer.[3] Winds are strengthened as they are forced to push through canyons and valleys. In the flatter areas these winds are harvested into usable electricity.", "Climate of Texas. The Northern Plains' climate is semi-arid and is prone to drought, annually receiving between 16 and 32 inches (810 mm) of precipitation, and average annual snowfall ranging between 15 and 30 inches, with the greatest snowfall amounts occurring in the Texas panhandle and areas near the border with New Mexico. During the summer, this area of state sees the most clear days.[2] Winter nights commonly see temperatures fall below the freezing mark, or 32 °F (0 °C). The wettest months of the year are April and May.[3] Tornadoes, caused by the convergence of westerly and southerly prevailing winds during the late spring, are common, making the region part of Tornado Alley.[4] Poor land management, drought, and high wind speeds can cause large dust storms, minimized in modern times by improved land-management practices, but most troublesome in the 1930s during the Dust Bowl period.[5] The panhandle region, farthest from the Gulf of Mexico, experiences colder winters than the other regions of Texas, where occasional wintertime Arctic blasts can cause temperatures to plunge to well below freezing and bring snowy conditions.[6]", "Climate of Texas. Texas ranks first in tornado occurrence with an average of 139 per year. Tropical cyclones can affect the state, either from the Gulf of Mexico or from an overland trajectory originating in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Those originating from the Gulf of Mexico are more likely to strike the upper Texas coast than elsewhere. Significant floods have occurred across the state throughout history, both from tropical cyclones and from stalled weather fronts.", "Humid subtropical climate. In addition, areas in Texas that are slightly inland from the Gulf of Mexico, such as Austin and San Antonio that border the semi-arid climate zone, generally see a peak of precipitation in May, a drought-like nadir in mid-summer and a secondary, if not equal, precipitation peak in September or October. Districts further south, along South Texas' Gulf Coast (Corpus Christi and Brownsville), typically have a strong September precipitation maximum, and a tendency toward dry conditions in late winter and spring, with March or April often the driest months.", "Climate of Texas. The Piney Woods is the eastern region of Texas and is within the humid subtropical climate zone. It receives the most rainfall; more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) annually in the far east.[1] This is due to the gulf currents that carry humid air to the region, where it condenses and precipitates out in the vicinity of sea breeze fronts as well as when extratropical cyclones move by. While coastal sections see the most cloudy days statewide and year-round, northern sections see the most clear days during the summer.[2] The wettest months of the year are April and May.[3] The area is prone to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes when the proper conditions exist, generally in the springtime. Hurricanes also strike the region, the most disastrous of which was the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.[10] More recently Hurricane Rita pummeled the Golden Triangle of southeast Texas.[11] The higher humidity of the region amplifies the feeling of heat during the summer. During winter and spring along the immediate coast, temperatures are kept cool by relatively cool gulf waters. Dense advection fog can form when warm air moves over the cool shelf waters during February and March, stopping ship traffic for days.", "Climate of Texas. The Texas Hill Country, or central Texas is shaped by its many rivers and hills. The climate is semi-arid west of Brady through Junction to Rocksprings, but it is sub-humid east and south of that area; both areas have hot summers and mild winters with occasional cold spells. Humidity is high during the warm season, though afternoons especially further northwest can see a wind shift and drier air before Gulf air returns after sunset. The vegetation is both deciduous in the river valleys, and coniferous where there is greater elevation. Dry savannas, open woodlands, and shorter grasses dominate the northwest, while closed woodlands and moist savannas mix with taller grasses in the east and south. In a single year the region can receive up to 48 inches (1,200 mm) of precipitation, and flooding is common near rivers and in low-lying areas, while drier years might receive only 12 inches (300 mm) of precipitation; average annual precipitation ranges from 21 inches (530 mm) in western sections up to 35 inches (890 mm) in southeast. The wettest months of the year are April and May.[3]", "Victoria, Texas. Average monthly precipitation is lowest in winter and has a secondary minimum in August, with intense heat and humidity prevailing. On average, the wettest months are May, June, September and October (the last two of these due to significant threat from tropical weather systems, including hurricanes, which can produce torrential rainfalls some years).", "Climate of Texas. Thunderstorms are very common in Texas, especially the eastern and northern portion. Texas is part of the Tornado Alley section of the country. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the Union, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.[4] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April, May, and June.[17]", "Climate of Dallas. In May 2015, the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport received a record-shattering 16.96 inches of rainfall, in a month that obliterated heavy-rainfall records virtually throughout the Southern Plains (Texas and Oklahoma, especially). Strangely enough, a very hot, dry summer followed, resulting in some parts of Texas returning to abnormally dry conditions as early as July 2015, soon after the record May rains erased years-long drought conditions over the area.", "South Texas. The climate of South Texas is varied. The area along the Mexican border is generally semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh), while the area from the coast inland to just west of San Antonio has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). South Texas weather is affected by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and the Chihuahuan Desert to the west/northwest. Moisture from the Pacific is cut off by the Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental and Oriental mountain ranges. Along coastal south Texas, the climate is best exemplified in the summers because they are long and tropical, though at times arid, depending upon whether tropical moisture from the Gulf and sometimes from the Pacific is flowing in or if the region is cut off from any moisture by high pressure systems, causing long droughts, which occur every few years. Temperatures reach freezing only a few times in the winter and snowfall is rare, usually three inches or less. Summers in this zone are hot and humid, with daily averages above 90 °F or 32.2 °C. In addition, areas in Texas that are slightly inland from the Gulf of Mexico, such as San Antonio that border the semi-arid climate zone, generally see a peak of precipitation in the spring, and a deep, drought-like nadir in midsummer. Night-time temperatures are around 85 °F or 29.4 °C in summer. The region of South Texas includes the semi-arid ranch country and the wetter Rio Grande Valley. Considered to be the southernmost tip of the American Great Plains region, the inland region has rainfall similar to that of the Northern Plains. The coastal areas are warm most of the year due to currents of the Gulf of Mexico, but can get cold in winter if a strong front comes in, occasionally causing snow at sea level. Rain in the coastal region is more abundant than in the inland region, and subtropical forests line the Rio Grande. Inland, where it is drier, ranches dominate the landscape, characterized by thick, spiny brush and grasslands. The winters in the inland region are cooler and drier, as Arctic air can make it into the region, but snow is rare due to the lack of humidity. Summers are for the most part hot and dry, but at times can be humid if winds come off the warmer Gulf of Mexico. Tornadoes can occur in this region, but less frequently than in other parts of the state.", "McAllen, Texas. Average annual precipitation is only 21.60 inches (549 mm). Most precipitation occurs in the warm season, with the least precipitation distinctly occurring in the cooler winter. As September is the peak of the north Atlantic hurricane season and tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally drop copious amounts of rainfall on the region, this month tends to be by far the wettest, averaging 4.08 inches (104 mm) of rain. The driest month is March, with only 0.72 inches (18 mm) of precipitation. Since 1941, it has snowed once, when the city received 1.7 inches (43 mm) on December 25, 2004.[12]", "Climate of Texas. The most serious threat from tropical cyclones for Texans is from flooding. The worst aspect about tropical cyclones is that the weaker they are, the more efficient they can be at producing heavy rains and catastrophic flooding. Systems with sprawling circulations, such as Hurricane Beulah, also tend to make good rainmakers.[20] Slow moving systems, such as Tropical Storm Amelia (1978) and Hurricane Harvey (2017) can produce significant rainfall.[21] Tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Basins can impact the Lone Star State.[22] In general, flooding across Texas is more common during the spring and early autumn months, and it can also be due to nearby stationary fronts interacting with strong upper level cyclones.[23] The most likely location for floods statewide is the Balcones Escarpment, an area of steep elevation gradient in central Texas at the boundary between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain.[24]", "Climate of Texas. Texas' weather varies widely, from arid in the west to humid in the east. The huge expanse of Texas encompasses several regions with distinctly different climates: Northern Plains, Trans-Pecos Region, Texas Hill Country, Piney Woods, and South Texas. Generally speaking, the part of Texas that lies to the east of Interstate 35 is subtropical, while the portion that lies to the west of Interstate 35 is arid desert.", "East Texas. Climate is the unifying factor in the region's geography—all of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the Southeast, occasionally interrupted by intrusions of cold air from the north. East Texas receives more rainfall, 35 to 60 inches (890 to 1,520 mm), than the rest of Texas.[3] In Houston the average January temperature is 50.4 °F (10.2 °C) and the average July temperature is 82.6 °F (28.1 °C), however Houston has slightly warmer winters than most of East Texas due to its proximity to the coast.", "Beaumont, Texas. The city of Beaumont is within the humid subtropical climate regime,[19] and is within the Piney Woods region of eastern Texas.[20] The area around Beaumont receives the most rainfall in the state: more than 48 inches (1,200 mm) annually. Summers in the area are usually hot and humid, due to the moisture that flows inland off of the Gulf of Mexico. Winters are usually kept mild by the warm gulf waters. Hurricanes also pose a threat to the region. Hurricane Rita in 2005 and Hurricane Ike in 2008 both caused significant damage. Hurricane Harvey in 2017 caused historic flooding throughout the city.", "Texas. Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.[37] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.[38]", "Irving, Texas. May is the average wettest month.", "Climate of Houston. Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation in Houston. The wettest month is June, with an average of 5.93 inches (151 mm) of rain.[1] Houston normally receives 49.77 inches (1,264 mm) of precipitation on 104.0 days annually.[1] The most precipitation to fall in one year was 83.02 inches (2,108.7 mm) which occurred in 1979. Houston has received less than 20 inches (510 mm) of rain only once: 17.66 inches in 1917.[21] Flash flood warnings are common all year, and due to the flat landscape, heavy rains often threaten life and property in the city. Sea breeze showers which are monsoon-like (especially during the summer months from a mesoscale convective cycle where the polar jet stream usually forms an omega block) are common throughout the Texas Gulf Coast area (from Brownsville to the Florida Peninsula) which has a similar climate to areas like Mumbai and Kolkata - locals refer to the sea breeze showers as the Gulf Coast Monsoon (also called the Gulf of Mexico or the Texas Monsoon), despite Houston being 50 feet above sea level. The sea breeze showers are also a contributor to the North American Monsoon.", "Corsicana, Texas. Corsicana rainfall averages 39.5 inches (1,000 mm) per year.[15] Leafy oak, pecan, magnolia, and walnut trees are common, and grasses grow tall and green. Rain is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with small wetter peaks in May and October.[15]", "Fort Worth, Texas. The average annual precipitation for Fort Worth is 34.01 inches (863.9 mm).[40] The wettest month of the year is May, when an average of 4.58 inches (116.3 mm) of precipitation falls.[40] The driest month of the year is January, when only 1.70 inches (43.2 mm) of precipitation falls.[40] The driest calendar year since records began has been 1921 with 17.91 inches (454.9 mm) and the wettest 2015 with 62.61 inches (1,590.3 mm). The wettest calendar month has been April 1922 with 17.64 inches (448.1 mm), including 8.56 inches (217.4 mm) on April 25.", "Corpus Christi, Texas. Between 1981 and 2010, Corpus Christi averaged 31.73 inches or 805.9 millimetres of rainfall; however, long periods with very little rainfall are normal, and hurricanes can frequently produce daily falls of over 4 inches or 101.6 millimetres. The wettest day on record is July 2, 2007, with 9.86 inches or 250.4 millimetres, while the wettest month on record is September 1967, with 20.33 inches or 516.4 millimetres, including four days with over 3 inches or 76.2 millimetres. Eight months with not even a trace of rainfall have happened, of which the most recent was May 1998, and 21 with merely a trace. The longest spell without measurable rainfall in Corpus Christi has been 55 days from June 23 to August 17 (inclusive) of 1895, and from June 1 to July 25 of 1915, while easily the driest calendar year has been 1917, with a mere 5.38 inches or 136.7 millimetres. The two wettest calendar years have been 1888 with 48.16 inches or 1,223.3 millimetres and 1991 with 48.07 inches or 1,221.0 millimetres, although from August 1967 to July 1968, 59.09 inches or 1,500.9 millimetres fell, and for the 12 months ending January 1918, only 5.22 inches or 132.6 millimetres.", "Geography of Texas. The Gulf Coastal Plains extends from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the Balcones Fault and the Eastern Cross Timbers. This large area, including the Texas barrier islands, stretches from the cities of Paris to San Antonio to Del Rio but shows a large variety in vegetation. With about 20 to over 58 inches (508–1,480 mm) annual rainfall, this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.[11] National Parks include Big Thicket National Preserve, Padre Island National Seashore and the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site.[12]", "South Texas. Droughts- Although South Texas summers generally see rainfall in summer months, some years the lack of rain is persistent and leads to water shortages; lake levels drop significantly and lead to municipal water restrictions. In the summer of 2011, numerous records were set. On August 28, 2011, most of South Texas had temperatures reaching 110 °F, breaking many cities' record highs. Furthermore, 95% of the state faced an extreme or exceptional drought, according to the office of the Texas state climatologist. These drought conditions led to a string of dangerous wildfires across the state, and the enforcement of burn bans in 250 of the 254 counties in Texas.", "Seguin, Texas. On the northern edge of the South Texas Plains, Seguin enjoys a mild winter. The sunny days of spring bring on spectacular shows of wildflowers March into June. Most of Texas suffers hot, dry summers from June into September. Then cold fronts pushing down from the north usually trigger precipitation and make October a rainy month, bringing \"a second spring\" of wildflowers. At their worst, fall and winter have \"northers\", fast-moving cold fronts with wind, often rain, and rapid drops of temperature, frequently falling 30° or more during one day. Northers give way to warm spells, right through the winter.", "West Texas. West Texas receives much less rainfall than the rest of Texas and has an arid or semiarid climate, requiring most of its scant agriculture to be heavily dependent on irrigation. This irrigation, and water taken out farther north for the needs of El Paso and Juarez, Mexico, has reduced the once mighty Rio Grande to a stream in some places, even dry at times. Much of West Texas has rugged terrain, including many small mountain ranges while there are none in other parts of the state.", "Geography of Texas. The North Central Plains are bounded by the Caprock Escarpment to the west, the Edwards Plateau to the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east. This area includes the North Central Plains around the cities of Abilene and Wichita Falls, the Western Cross Timbers to the west of Fort Worth, the Grand Prairie, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east of Dallas. With about 35 to 50 inches (890 to 1,270 mm) annual rainfall, gently rolling to hilly forested land is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest of oaks, hickories, elm and gum trees.[11] Soils vary from coarse sands to tight clays or shet rock clays and shales.[13]", "Climate of Texas. Northern and western sections of the state average snowfall annually due to their colder average readings each winter. For one week in February 1956, a snow storm of historic proportions struck northern Texas. The maximum amount measured was 61 inches (150 cm) at Vega with Plainview receiving 24 inches (61 cm) in one day.[12] El Paso, in Far West Texas, received 22.4 in (57 cm) of snow during a 24-hour period December 13–14, 1987.[13] For central and southern sections, snowfall is considerably more unusual. In February 1895, a large area of southeastern Texas received over 12 inches (30 cm) of snow, with peak amounts near 30 inches (76 cm) at Port Arthur.[14] More recently around Christmas of 2004, up to 13 inches (33 cm) of snow fell along the middle coast, with the maximum occurring at Victoria.[15]", "San Angelo, Texas. San Angelo falls near the boundary between the subtropical semiarid steppe (Köppen BSh) and mid-latitude steppe climates (Köppen BSk). It is located at the region where Central Texas meets West Texas weather. Temperatures reach 100 °F about 18 times in an average year.[16] However, in 2011, San Angelo recorded 100 days of 100 °F or higher.[17] The average year has 50 days with lows below freezing.[18] Though the region does experience snow and sleet, they occur only a few times a year. San Angelo averages 251 days of sunshine a year, and the average temperature is 65.4 °F. The city has an average rainfall of 21.25 inches (540 mm).[19]" ]

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[ "United States Senate. The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, ambassadors, Justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed, but in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history).[citation needed]", "Cabinet (government). In presidential systems like the United States, members of the cabinet are chosen by the president, and they may have to be confirmed by the legislature. In most countries, cabinet members cannot be sitting legislators, and legislators who are offered appointments must resign if they wish to accept.", "Cabinet of Donald Trump. The President of the United States has the authority to nominate members of his or her Cabinet to the United States Senate for confirmation under Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution. Before confirmation, a high level career member of an executive department heads this pre-confirmed cabinet on an acting basis. The Cabinet's creation is part of the transition of power following the 2016 United States presidential election.", "Representative of the Government in the Senate. Occasionally, senators still hold senior cabinet positions (other than the leader of the government in the Senate) in order to ensure regional balance in cabinet if the governing party is unable to elect members in a particular region or province, e.g., when the Progressive Conservative Party formed the government under the leadership of Joe Clark in 1979, and when the Liberal Party formed the government under the leadership of Pierre Trudeau in 1980. However, it is usually the case that the leader of the government in the Senate is the sole senator serving in Cabinet.", "United States Senate. The Seventeenth Amendment requires that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election. Whenever a Senator must be appointed or elected, the Secretary of the Senate mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator.[19] If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, each seat is contested separately. A senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. not for a full term).", "Cabinet (government). They are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the head of government and are therefore strongly subordinate to the president as they can be replaced at any time. Normally, since they are appointed by the president, they are members of the same political party, but the executive is free to select anyone, including opposition party members, subject to the advice and consent of the Senate.", "Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet. The President of the United States has the authority to nominate members of the cabinet to the United States Senate for confirmation under Article II, Section II, Clause II of the United States Constitution.", "List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation. Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution and law of the United States, certain federal positions appointed by the president of the United States require confirmation (advice and consent) of the United States Senate.", "United States Senate. A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a \"senator-elect\"; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a \"senator-designate\".", "Seniority in the United States Senate. The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new senator is sworn in.[citation needed] In the case of senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress, their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress. Since 1935, that means January 3 of odd-numbered years. The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment, although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office. An incoming senator who holds another office, including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives, must resign from that office before becoming a senator.", "Representative of the Government in the Senate. Early Canadian cabinets included several senators who would be answerable to the Senate for government actions, one of whom would serve as de facto government leader in the Senate. In the nineteenth century, it was not considered unusual for a senator to be Prime Minister. Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell served as prime minister from the Senate. Abbott and Bowell both found it difficult to lead the government from the Senate, however, and over time, the perceived legitimacy of the Senate declined. Today, it is rare for senators to occupy prominent positions in cabinet. From 1935 on, it was typical for a cabinet to have only one senator who would have the position of minister without portfolio alongside the position of leader of the government in the Senate.", "Senate of Canada. Most Cabinet ministers are from the House of Commons. In particular, every prime minister has been a member of the House of Commons since 1896, with the exception of John Turner. Typically, the Cabinet includes only one senator: the Leader of the Government in the Senate. Occasionally, when the governing party does not include any members from a particular region, senators are appointed to ministerial positions in order to maintain regional balance in the Cabinet. The most recent example of this was on February 6, 2006, when Stephen Harper advised that Michael Fortier be appointed to serve as both a senator representing the Montreal region, where the minority government had no elected representation, and the Cabinet position of Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Fortier resigned his Senate seat to run (unsuccessfully) for a House of Commons seat in the 2008 general election.", "Cabinet of Donald Trump. All members of the Cabinet require the advice and consent of the United States Senate following appointment by the president prior to taking office. The vice presidency is exceptional in that the position requires election to office pursuant to the United States Constitution. Although some are afforded cabinet-level rank, non-cabinet members within the Executive Office of the President, such as White House Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor, and White House Press Secretary, do not hold constitutionally created positions and most do not require Senate confirmation for appointment.", "Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet of the United States is part of the executive branch of the U.S. government that normally acts as an advisory body to the President of the United States. It is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the U.S. government serving under the President. Among those are the Vice President and the heads of the federal executive departments, all of whom are by federal law (3 U.S.C. § 19) in the line of succession to the President and have duties under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution. Members of the Cabinet (except for the Vice President) serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. All federal public officials, including Cabinet members, are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for \"treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors\".", "Article One of the United States Constitution. As originally established, Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate. If a senator died, resigned, or was expelled, the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator's term. If the State Legislature was not in session, its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement. This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment, which provided for the Popular Election of Senators, instead of their appointment by the State Legislature. In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate, the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy, but (unlike in the House) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held. Note, however, that under the original Constitution, the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments. The current system, under the Seventeenth Amendment, allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so; otherwise, the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat, as in the case of a vacancy in the House.", "Representative of the Government in the Senate. There have been a few rare occasions when the leader of the government in the Senate was not included in the cabinet by virtue of a separate ministerial appointment, such as William Benjamin Ross who served in the position in 1926, and Walter Morley Aseltine and Alfred Johnson Brooks who were not included in the cabinets of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker from 1958-1963. In 1968, the position of leader of the government in the Senate became an official cabinet position in its own right with the appointment of Paul Martin, Sr. (father of Canada's future prime minister, Paul Martin). From July 2013, under prime minister Stephen Harper, the government leader in the Senate was again a non-cabinet minister.", "Cabinet (government). Normally, the legislature or a segment thereof must confirm the appointment of a cabinet member; this is but one of the many checks and balances built into a presidential system. The legislature may also remove a cabinet member through a usually difficult impeachment process.", "Ineligibility Clause. The Ineligibility Clause has resulted in some conflicts over potential appointments of Representatives and Senators to various Cabinet posts and other federal government offices. Among the earliest questions to be addressed under the clause was whether a person serving as a United States Attorney could continue to serve in that capacity after being elected to a seat in Congress. In 1816, Samuel Herrick was elected to the 15th United States Congress while still serving as U.S. Attorney for the District of Ohio. He was not allowed to take his seat until the House of Representatives had determined whether his service as a U.S. Attorney created a conflict under the clause. Finally, in December 1817, the United States House Committee on Elections determined that there was no conflict, because even though Herrick had been elected to Congress, he had not taken the Congressional oath of office while he was still serving as a U.S. Attorney.[9]", "Cabinet of the United States. The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the \"nuclear option\" during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by  3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties.", "Appointments Clause. In the federal government of the United States, \"advice and consent\" is a power of the United States Senate — in this instance, the power to approve appointments by the President of the United States to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries, federal judges, and ambassadors. The term \"advice and consent\" first appears in the United States Constitution in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, referring to the Senate's role in the signing and ratification of treaties. This term is then used again, to describe the Senate's role in the appointment of public officials, immediately after describing the President's duty to nominate such officials.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch. This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress. It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament, where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament.", "Senatorial courtesy. This custom generally affords each senator some role in the process of nomination and confirmation of federal office holders, conditional on a matching political party affiliation between the president and the senator. Where each is of the same political party, the president will consult the senator prior to submitting a nomination for any federal posting geographically tied to that senator's state.[4] Such consultation can help the president avoid a politically costly and embarrassing rejection of the nominee. This consultation can be one of soliciting the senator for recommendations regarding whom the president should nominate, whereby the senator can reward political supporters from their state who are qualified for the position, or of quietly seeking the senator's advance approval or rejection of a nominee the president already has in mind for the vacancy prior to making that nomination. As U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy described the enterprise, \"Basically, it's senatorial appointment with the advice and consent of the president.\"[5] While not afforded the advisory role given to senators of the president's party, the blue slip policy of the Senate Judiciary Committee guarantees that even senators of the opposition party receive at least a consultative role regarding appointments of federal district and appellate court judges, U.S. attorneys, and federal marshals whose jurisdictions are geographically tied to the senator's state.[6]", "United States Congress. The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers \"by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.\" It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010.[101] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president.[1]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.", "Recess appointment. In the United States, a recess appointment is an appointment by the President of a federal official, who would normally require Senate confirmation, while the U.S. Senate is in recess. The United States Constitution requires most senior federal officials be confirmed by the Senate before assuming office, but the President may act alone to make the appointment while the Senate is in recess. To remain in effect, a recess appointment must be approved by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress, or the position becomes vacant again; in current practice this means that a recess appointment must be approved by roughly the end of the next calendar year.", "United States Senate. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President, the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House. The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative[2] and more prestigious[3][4][5] body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere.[6]", "Ambassadors of the United States. The ambassadors are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate.[4] An ambassador can be appointed during a recess, but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed.[5] Ambassadors serve \"at the pleasure of the President\", meaning they can be dismissed at any time.", "United States presidential line of succession. The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives, and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker, though this is not technically a requirement; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line, ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established.", "United States Senate. The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate's advice and consent. The recess appointment remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in Myers v. United States, although the Senate's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal.[59] Recess appointments have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments.", "Senate (Belize). Occasionally, a Prime Minister may find it necessary to appoint a Senator to a post in the Cabinet. The first such instance was for C.L.B. Rogers under George Price in 1979 after losing his seat in the House. Price also appointed Ralph Fonseca, who did not run in the 1989 general election, to a Minister of State post until he ran and won in a newly created constituency in 1993.", "Resignation from the United States Senate. A member of the United States Senate can resign by writing a letter of resignation to the governor of the state that the senator represents.[citation needed] Whenever a senator needs to be appointed or elected, the Secretary of the Senate mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new Senator.[1]", "Australian Senate. Section 15 of the Constitution provides that a casual vacancy of a State senator shall be filled by the State Parliament. If the previous senator was a member of a particular political party the replacement must come from the same party, but the State Parliament may choose not to fill the vacancy, in which case Section 11 requires the Senate to proceed regardless. If the State Parliament happens to be in recess when the vacancy occurs, the Constitution provides that the State Governor can appoint someone to fill the place until fourteen days after the State Parliament resumes sitting." ]

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[ "Wish You Well (film). Wish You Well is a 2013 theatrical family film directed by Darnell Martin, written by David Baldacci from his novel, and starring Mackenzie Foy, Josh Lucas and Ellen Burstyn. The movie is set in rural Virginia during the 1940s. Foy and Burstyn, who play granddaughter and grandmother in this film, both portrayed \"Murph\" Cooper at radically different ages in Interstellar the following year. The supporting cast features Ned Bellamy and Laura Fraser, the cinematographer was Frank Prinzi, and the music was by Paul Cantelon. The film was shot in Giles County, Virginia, near the southeastern border of West Virginia.", "David Baldacci. Baldacci wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of his novel Wish You Well; the movie was shot on location in southwest Virginia with Academy Award winner Ellen Burstyn, Josh Lucas, and Mackenzie Foy in the lead roles.", "Wish You Well (film). Mackenzie Foy\t...\t\nLou Cardinal\nJosh Lucas\t...\t\nCotton Longfellow\nEllen Burstyn\t...\t\nLouisa Mae Cardinal\nNed Bellamy\t...\t\nGeorge Davis\nJP Vanderloo ...\tOz Cardinal\nAlano Miller\t...\t\nEugene Randall\nSeamus Davey-Fitzpatrick\t...\t\nDiamond Skinner\nAntonio Ducrot\t...\t\nBilly Davis\nLaura Fraser\t...\t\nAmanda Cardinal", "You Wish! (film). You Wish! is a 2003 Disney Channel Original Movie, based on Jackie French Koller's 1991 novel If I Had One Wish. The film was directed by Paul Hoen; it stars A. J. Trauth, Spencer Breslin, Lalaine and Tim Reid. The movie was filmed in Auckland, New Zealand. It was released on January 10, 2003, on the Disney Channel.", "Miss You Already. Principal photography began on 7 September 2014 in London and later shooting also took place in North York Moors, England. The hospital that features in the film is the UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre.[12]", "And When Did You Last See Your Father?. The film was shot on location in Brighton in East Sussex; Chichester, Goodwood, Petworth, and West Wittering in West Sussex; Bakewell, Cromford, Kedleston, and Snake Pass in Derbyshire; the National Liberal Club in Westminster, London; Sheffield in South Yorkshire; Flintham in Nottinghamshire; and Yorkshire Dales in North Yorkshire. Interiors were filmed at the Twickenham Film Studios in Middlesex.", "Like to Get to Know You Well. Two different videos were made. The first featured Jones walking around the streets of London greeting members of the public, accompanied by his bandmates of the time. Locations featured included the Sphinx statue and Cleopatra’s Needle on Victoria Embankment, Trafalgar Square, and the Sun Luck Chinese restaurant on Macclesfield Street, Soho. When the single was released in the US, a new animated video was produced for that market.", "Flagstaff, Arizona. In 2005, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition built a home just outside Flagstaff for slain soldier Lori Piestewa's two children and parents. Grizzly Peak Films also filmed Sasquatch Mountain, a feature-length film for the Science Fiction Channel about a Yeti, in Flagstaff and nearby Williams.[87] In December 2007, talk show hostess Ellen DeGeneres selected Flagstaff as the winner of her show's \"Wish You Were Here\" contest.[88]", "Wish Upon a Star. This movie was filmed at Hunter High School in West Valley City, Utah. Their school was the Hunter Vikings, but the real Hunter High are the Wolverines. The real Hunter High basketball team was the opposing team in the basketball game and were called the Wolverines. The movie was filmed in late 1995 and early 1996, which is why snow is present in some shots and Danielle Harris has visible breath when opening the door. Moonpools & Caterpillars was the rock band featured in the movie at the Winter Festival Dance. The movie shares similar elements with many other films also featuring the FreakyFridayFlip television trope.", "Death Wish (1974 film). A minor argument occurred when it came to a shooting location for the film. Bronson asked for a California-based location so he could visit his family in Bel Air, Los Angeles. Winner insisted on New York City and De Laurentiis agreed. Ultimately, Bronson backed down.[7] Death Wish was shot on location in New York City, during the winter of 1973-1974.[7] Death Wish was first released to American audiences in July 1974. The world premiere took place on July 24 in the Loews Theater of New York City.[7]", "A Cure for Wellness. Principal photography for the film began on June 22, 2015[6] and took place mainly at Babelsberg Studio (co-producer) in Potsdam, Germany.[7][8] Another great part of the film was shot at former royal Hohenzollern Castle, in the German municipality of Bisingen. The castle was closed to the public for filming from July 13 to July 24, 2015. Aside from Hohenzollern, parts of the film were also shot in Saxony-Anhalt and Zella-Mehlis, Germany.[9] An abandoned hospital in Beelitz-Heilstätten, Germany, served as a location for many of the hospital interiors.[3] The film received funds of €8.1 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF), as well as €500,000 from Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg.[10][11]", "A Million Happy Nows. Principal photography took place in California over 20 days in late 2014. The majority of the film was shot in a house overlooking the ocean on the Malibu coast. Post-production was completed at Technicolor in New York in mid 2016.", "Hi-de-Hi!. However, the majority of filming was done at Mill Rythe Holiday Village on Hayling Island in Hampshire.", "Midnight Cowboy. The opening scenes were filmed in Big Spring, Texas. A roadside billboard, stating \"IF YOU DON'T HAVE AN OIL WELL...GET ONE!\" was shown as the New York-bound bus carrying Joe Buck rolled through Texas.[6] Such advertisements, common in the Southwestern United States in the late-1960s and through the 1970s, promoted Eddie Chiles's Western Company of North America.[7] In the film, Joe stays at the Hotel Claridge, at the southeast corner of Broadway and West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan. His room overlooked the northern half of Times Square.[8] The building, designed by D. H. Burnham & Company and opened in 1911, was demolished in 1972.[9] A motif featured three times throughout the New York scenes was the sign at the top of the facade of the Mutual of New York (MONY) Building at 1740 Broadway.[6] It was extended into the Scribbage scene with Shirley the socialite, when Joe's incorrect spelling of the word \"money\" matched that of the signage.[10]", "Mr. Holland's Opus. The movie was written by Patrick Sheane Duncan, directed by Stephen Herek, and was filmed in and around Portland, Oregon, with many exterior and interior scenes taking place at Ulysses S. Grant High School.[3]", "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair). The music video was shot in Bethnal Green in London.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. On 13 October 2015, shooting was taking place at Borough Market,[22] and later in October in Windsor Great Park, at Rosy Bottom.[23] According to the Daily Mail, filming took place at a church in Oxfordshire in October;[24] other sources mention filming at St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe in Buckinghamshire.", "You and Tequila. Potter appears in the song's music video, which was filmed in Malibu, California.[11]", "Heart and Souls. The film was shot on-location in San Francisco, California.[1] from December 1, 1992 to March 18, 1993. Parts of the film were also shot at Greenfield Ranch in Thousand Oaks, California.[4]", "Sorry to Bother You (film). Principal photography began on June 22, 2017, in Oakland, California[12] and concluded on July 30, 2017.[13]", "The Way We Were. Laurents ultimately regretted recommending Pollack. The director demanded the role of Hubbell be made equal to that of Katie, and throughout filming, for unexplained reasons, he kept Laurents away from Redford. What was intended to be the final draft of the screenplay was written by Laurents and Pollack at Stark's condominium in Sun Valley, Idaho. Laurents, dismayed to discover very little of his work remained when it was completed, left the project. Over time eleven writers, including Dalton Trumbo, Alvin Sargent, Paddy Chayefsky, and Herb Gardner, contributed to the script. The end result was a garbled story filled with holes that neither Streisand nor Redford liked. Laurents was asked to return and did so only after demanding and receiving an exorbitant amount of money.[12]", "Shallow Hal. Shallow Hal is a 2001 American romantic comedy film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Jack Black about a shallow man who falls in love with an overweight woman. The motion picture was directed by the Farrelly brothers and filmed in and around Charlotte, North Carolina as well as Sterling and Princeton, Massachusetts at Wachusett Mountain.[citation needed] The supporting cast features Jason Alexander, Tony Robbins (as himself), and Laura Kightlinger.", "Death Wish (2017 film). Principal photography on the film began in late-September 2016 in Chicago, Illinois.[9] Later in October 2016, it began filming in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[10]", "We Made You. The single's music video was directed by Joseph Kahn, who also shot \"Without Me\" from The Eminem Show is in the same vein as past videos under the Slim Shady persona, and the first of its kind since Encore's \"Ass Like That\". The video was filmed in Las Vegas and features star appearances by Dr. Dre, 50 Cent, Denaun Porter, Bobby Lee, The Palms hotel owner George Maloof, Francesca Le, Melissa Peterman, Vanilla Ice, Trisha Paytas (playing Jessica Simpson's role in The Dukes of Hazzard), Derrick Barry (of America's Got Talent fame) (playing Britney Spears), actress Gabrielle Salinger (playing Amy Winehouse) and pornographic actress Lisa Ann as Sarah Palin. The music video for \"We Made You\" premiered on April 7, 2009 at 6:00 AM on several MTV networks, as well as MTV.com. The video also premiered on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on the next day.[10]", "Debby Ryan. In 2009, Ryan landed a starring role in the independent feature film, What If..., alongside Kevin Sorbo and Kristy Swanson. The film was shot in Grand Rapids and Manistee, Michigan in July 2009 and was released in theaters on August 20, 2010. The film is produced by Pure Flix Entertainment and centers on a Christian family.[20][21][22] In October 2009, Ryan hosted the first Tween Girl Summit Music Festival.[23] \"Tween girls are drawn to talented performers who emanate the joy of life, and we are so happy to have teen favorite Debby Ryan as the first host of The Tween Summit Music Festival,\" said Denise Restauri, founder of The Tween Summit, AllyKatzz.com and AK Tweens.[23] Ryan was set to headline the \"Terrific Teen Tour\", a concert series which co-headlined Mitchel Musso, Jasmine Richards and Savannah Outen, that would start on July 9, 2009 and end on July 14 but the tour was canceled owing to schedule conflicts.[24] The tour would have been Ryan's debut as a live musician.[25] In 2010, she starred in the young adult film 16 Wishes. In addition, the movie introduced Ryan to new audiences, such as the contemporary adult audience since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic.[6][7][8] Ryan noted that to prepare for her role in 16 Wishes, she watched numerous Brat Pack movies.[26]", "Best I Ever Had (Drake song). The video, directed by Kanye West, was shot in Brooklyn, New York at Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School.[7] Trey Songz, Fabolous, Consequence, and the song's producer Boi-1da made cameos in the video, as well as artists signed to Young Money Entertainment, such as Lil Twist, Shanell, and Lil Chuckee.[8]", "Wanna Love You Girl. The video was filmed in August 2005 in the Dominican Republic. This video was shot with mostly natural lighting using mirrors and bounce boards as the locations were so remote that there were no cables available long enough to connect to the generator. Some of the models were brought from Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, and two were local models from the Dominican Republic. This video was commissioned by Interscope for Star Trak. Pharrell was flown into the area of the location and then brought by boat to the beach as the roads were too dangerous for access after a hard rain the night before his performance shot. Thicke was also brought by boat to the beach locations and had to be driven in by 4WD to the waterfalls.", "Turville. The 1942 Ealing Studios film Went the Day Well?, in which German paratroopers invade a small English village, was filmed in Turville, as were many of the scenes from the 1963 comedy film Father Came Too!. Additionally many of the outdoor scenes of television show Goodnight Mr Tom were filmed in Turville, as was the dream scene in Bride and Prejudice, and a brief scene from I Capture the Castle.", "Hot Fuzz. During the latter half of 2005, Working Title approached several towns in South West England looking for an appropriate filming location. Pegg commented, \"We're both [Pegg and Wright] from the West Country so it just seemed like it was the perfect and logical thing to drag those kind of ideas and those genres and those clichés back to our beginnings to where we grew up, so you could see high-octane balls-to-the-wall action in Frome\".[14] Stow-on-the-Wold was considered amongst others, but after being turned away, the company settled upon Wells in Somerset, Wright's hometown,[15] of which he has said \"I love it but I also want to trash it\".[16] Wells Cathedral was digitally painted out of every shot of the cathedral city, as Wright wanted the Church of St. Cuthbert to be the centre building for the fictional town of Sandford;[17] however, the Bishop's Palace is identifiable in some shots (and was itself used as the setting for some scenes).[18] While shooting scenes in their uniforms, Pegg and Frost were often mistaken for genuine police officers and asked for directions by passers-by.[19] Filming also took place at the Hendon Police College, including the driving school skid pan and athletic track.[20] Filming commenced on 19 March 2006 and lasted for eleven weeks.[21][22] After editing, Wright ended up cutting half an hour of footage from the film.[23]", "The World Is Not Enough. The exterior of Kazakhstan nuclear facility was shot at the Bardenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain, and the exterior of the oil refinery control centre at the Motorola building in Groundwell, Swindon.[16] The exterior of the oil pipeline was filmed in Cwm Dyli, Snowdonia, Wales,[17] while the production teams shot the oil pipeline explosion in Hankley Common, Elstead, Surrey. Istanbul, Turkey, was indeed used in the film and Elektra King's Baku villa was actually in the city, also using the famous Maiden's Tower which was used as Renard's hideout in Turkey. The underwater submarine scenes were filmed in The Bahamas.[18]", "Joe Robinson (actor). Robinson's first role came in the keep-fit documentary Fit as a Fiddle and in the same year, 1952, he followed it up with a part as Harry 'Muscles' Green in the musical Wish You Were Here in the West End of London.", "Say Hey (I Love You). The video for this song was filmed at Vigário Geral favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[2]" ]

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[ "Wanna Be a Baller. \"Wanna Be a Baller\" is a single by American hip-hop artist Lil' Troy featuring Fat Pat, Yungstar, Lil' Will, and H.A.W.K.. It was released in 1999 as the 2nd single from his debut major label studio album Sittin' Fat Down South. The song peaked at #70 on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart.", "Wanna Be a Baller. The song samples Little Red Corvette by Prince.[3] Zach Turcotte, widely considered the songbird of our generation, suggests that listeners \"pour up some \"H-Town\", lay back in the shack, and play this track.\"[4]", "Wanna Be a Baller. Lil' Troy wrote but did not perform in this song.[1][2]", "I Wish (Skee-Lo song). The song's lyrics are self-deprecating, with Skee-Lo lamenting a variety of personal shortcomings that he says are to blame for his unsuccessful love life. He wishes he were of taller stature (\"like 6'9\") and a basketball player (\"a baller\"). He wishes for a better car, specifically a '64 Impala, instead of his 1974 Ford Pinto with \"an 8-Track and a spare tire in the backseat, but that's flat!\" The lyrics also mention the Los Angeles neighborhood of Crenshaw, and a signpost featuring the street name appears in the background of the music video.", "Ryan Tedder. Tedder's production and songwriting work has proven successful commercially. \"Apologize\", performed by his band OneRepublic, \"Bleeding Love\", performed by Leona Lewis, and \"Halo\", performed by Beyoncé, all made it to the list of best-selling singles of all time.[1] In early 2014, Billboard named him \"The Undercover King of Pop\" and featured him on the magazine's cover.", "I Wish (Skee-Lo song). \"I Wish\" is a single by Skee-Lo released by Scotti Bros. as his only single. In the United States, the track peaked at #13 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was certified Gold by the RIAA and sold 600,000 copies domestically.[1][2] Internationally, \"I Wish\" reached #15 in the UK and #4 in Sweden and Norway. Most of the song's instruments are sampled from \"Spinnin'\" by Bernard Wright, and the song features a vocal sample of people shouting from the track \"Buffalo Gals\" by Malcolm McLaren.", "I Wish (R. Kelly song). \"I Wish\" is an R&B song recorded by American singer-songwriter R. Kelly, from the album TP-2.com. It was released as the album's first single. It spent three weeks at number-one on the U.S. R&B chart and peaked at number fourteen on the U.S. Hot 100 chart.[1] The song is dedicated to his mother as well as friends and other loved ones of his who have died. This song was originally going to feature rapper 2Pac, but he died before recording his verse.[2] The remix, which was titled \"I Wish - Remix (To the Homies That We Lost) featured Hip Hop duo Boo & Gotti, who were then signed to his Rockland Records imprint.", "LaVar Ball. LaVar Christopher Ball (born October 23, 1967)[1] is an American media personality and businessman. He is the father of three basketball players: Los Angeles Lakers guard Lonzo; LiAngelo, who was enrolled at UCLA briefly with a basketball scholarship;[2] and LaMelo.[3][4][5][6] Ball is the founder and CEO of the sports apparel company Big Baller Brand and founder of the Junior Basketball Association (JBA).[7]", "AND1. In 1993, AND1 began as a graduate school project partnership of Jay Coen Gilbert, Seth Berger, and Tom Austin while they were graduate students at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The company name is derived from a phrase used by basketball broadcasters: when a player is fouled while shooting, makes the shot and makes the awarded foul shot as well, they score the points for the made basket \"and 1\" for the made free throw. The brand started by selling T-shirts out of the back of a car, but caught fire right away. Early advertising strategies, used to distinguish their products from others, included other basketball slogans and trash talk, such as \"Pass. Save Yourself The Embarrassment\". It marketed itself towards the “ballers”, those who hone their craft on streets and always think they’re the best player on the court. The t-shirts started off in Foot Locker and within the second year of launching it reached 1,500 stores across America.", "Lonzo Ball. On September 7, 2017, Ball debuted his rap single \"Melo 1,\" a track featuring Kenneth Paige and named after his youngest brother.[51]", "Nick Cannon. In 2005, Cannon formed his own record label, Can-I-Ball Records, with plans to release his second studio album, entitled Stages, later that year.[5] The album's first single, \"Can I Live?\", a pro-life song, was released in July 2005[6] followed by the second single \"Dime Piece\" in March 2006.[6] It was never released because of Nick Cannon's acting career.", "Wishing on a Star. \"Wishing on a Star\" was covered by American singer Beyoncé in 2004, for the CD of her live album Live at Wembley.[12] It was also used to promote the fragrance True Star endorsed by American fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger in 2004.[13] An a cappella version of the song was recorded by Beyoncé for a television campaign.[13] An extended play (EP) album was also released in 2004 to promote the fragrance composed of two songs – \"Wishing on a Star\" and \"Naïve\". Produced by Beyoncé and Tommy Hilfiger, it was solely available with limited edition purchases of True Star.[14] In 2005, the song was included on the soundtrack of the film Roll Bounce.[15] It was later released for radio airplay as one of three singles from the soundtrack,[16] becoming the second most-added single at urban adult contemporary radio following its release[17] and later peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Adult R&B Airplay chart.[16]", "Turn My Swag On. In the late summer of 2010, Austrian rapper Money Boy released a cover version titled \"Dreh den Swag auf\" with German lyrics.[5] The music video of it has been watched 18 million times on YouTube[6] and that created a big media hype for Money Boy.[7]", "Don't Cha. An accompanying music video for \"Don't Cha\" was directed by Paul Hunter during the week of April 11, 2005.[46] Nicole Scherzinger told MTV News that the video was all about having fun. \"Busta Rhymes is pretty phat, man. He is so much fun. He's so humble and he just makes you feel good. When you're around him, you feel magical. The lyrics are, 'Don't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me.'... But if you see the video, it's all about being who you are, having fun and being confident — and feeling hot. It's not so much about looking hot ... although looking hot is important.\"[10]", "Hip Hop Pantsula. Pantsula released Acceptance Speech in December 2007 with its first single, Music & Lights, whose music video features Danny K and US R&B Star Amerie. In December 2009 Pantsula released his seventh studio album Dumela. That same year, he collaborated with another well-known South African rapper, Proverb, on a song entitled Breadwinners, once again featuring Tebogo Rameetse on production. He co-chairs a record label, Lekoko Entertainment.[4]", "Grenade (song). \"Grenade\" was written and produced by The Smeezingtons (Mars, Phillip Lawrence, Ari Levine) with additional songwriting by Brody Brown, Claude Kelly, and Andrew Wyatt.[1] The song was recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles, California.[1] In an interview with Idolator, Mars revealed the song's conception and inspiration, saying that he was with his friend Benny Blanco and he was playing a couple of songs to Mars, including one which lyrics were similar to the ones in \"Grenade\". Blanco added that the band to which the song belonged was not signed, and that the CD was not released. Mars replied \"I can relate to that so much, I want to take that and make it my own\". Mars confessed that the song was inspired by \"his love for a girl who did not love him back\". He admitted to be \"a bit of a drama queen in that song\" and that the track was therapeutic to him.[2] Afterwards, Blanco contact the dude, and Mars started writing his version.[3]", "Snow on tha Bluff. Music Artist B.O.B announced that his Mixtape \"Fuck Em We Ball\" was inspired by the film \"Snow On Tha Bluff\". B.O.B states, \"I got it from a line in Snow On The Bluff. It's a movie based in Atlanta, and it’s about these college kids who go to the hood, looking for some ecstasy and they’re taping the whole thing then they get robbed. I put it up there with movies like Slumdog Millionaire, City of God, and Shottas. You don’t know what’s real and what’s fake. One of the characters [in Snow On Tha Bluff] says “Fuck em, we ball” and it really just stuck with me. That’s where I’m at right now in my career, ‘Fuck em, I’m doing what I wanna do.’ I’m not conforming.\"[13]", "Jingle Bell Ball. Ed Sheeran\nTaylor Swift\nThe Chainsmokers\nSigala\nThe Script\nLouisa Johnson\nJames Hype\nMatt Terry\nMabel\nStefflon Don\nLiam Payne\nBig Shaq", "I Wish (Skee-Lo song). The song was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 1996 Grammy Awards but lost to \"Gangsta's Paradise\" by Coolio. Blender listed \"I Wish\" as #359 on its list of \"Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\".[3] The music video, directed by Marty Thomas, was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards including \"Best New Artist Music Video\" and \"Maximum Vision Clip of the Year\".[4]", "I Cry When I Laugh. In August 2013, Glynne signed a contract with Atlantic Records, consequently leaving her job at the time in brand management for a drinks company.[1] The same year, deep house producer Route 94 approached Glynne about rewriting and providing vocals for a song of his, called \"My Love\", which at the time contained a sample that he was prohibited from using.[2] It was released on DJ Annie Mac's compilation album Annie Mac Presents in October 2013 and led to Glynne’s discovery by British electronic group Clean Bandit who approached her to feature on their song \"Rather Be\".[2] Released as a single in January 2014, \"Rather Be\" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the third fastest-selling single and the most streamed song of 2014.[3] The track attained number-one and top-five positions on charts across Europe and Oceania, and was a top ten hit on the US Billboard Hot 100. In February 2014, Route 94's \"My Love\" was released as a single; it also debuted at number one in the UK.[4]", "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman. Billboard Magazine rated it one of the top tracks from Low Budget.[9] Producer Clive Davis described the song as tapping \"the malaise at the tail end of the decade.\"[12] In its review of the single, Trouser Press praised the band for \"tackl[ing] disco and com[ing] away with more than a shred of dignity.\"[1]", "LaVar Ball. Ball is the founder and CEO of Big Baller Brand, a sports apparel company that he launched in 2016.[53] During his rise in March 2017, he often promoted his brand on national TV, comparing it with major shoe companies like Nike and Adidas.[54] Soon after, Lonzo's connection to the brand while he played college basketball at UCLA raised questions about whether it broke National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules.[55] In mid-March, Time wrote an article describing the Ball's campaign against the NCAA rules.[56] On April 20, George Raveling, the global basketball sports marketing director of Nike, called Ball \"the worst thing to happen to basketball in the last hundred years.\"[57][58] In response, Ball claimed that Big Baller Brand would eventually compete with Nike.[58] In the following week, Nike, Under Armour and Adidas declined to sign an endorsement deal with Lonzo, according to Ball.[59][60]", "LaVar Ball. On December 20, 2017, Ball announced that under complete funding of the Big Baller Brand, he would help set up the creation of the Junior Basketball Association (JBA).[82] Under his planning, the league is set up as an alternative to college basketball and other alternative methods for high school players that may not want to play in the collegiate level, with 8 teams being involved in the league looking to play in major NBA venues out in places like Los Angeles, Dallas, Brooklyn, and Atlanta. The goal there is to have 80 different players participate in the league, with lower-ranked players earning $3,000 per month and higher-ranked players earning up to $10,000 per month. Its rules are set to be similar to that of the NBA with 12 minute quarters and a three-point line similar to what's seen in professional leagues like the NBA. Players would also wear merchandise from the Big Baller Brand, including shoes and branded uniforms; the Junior Basketball Association's logo is set to have a silhouette of his oldest son, Lonzo. His inspiration for creating the league came from the aftermath of LiAngelo Ball's situation in UCLA, which resulted in his removal from the school earlier in December, as a response to comments made by NCAA President Mark Emmert. On May 1, 2018, Ball announced he would look into bringing his youngest son, LaMelo, into the league to help both upstart it and regain some lost reputation to his name during his time out in Lithuania.[83] Three days later, his youngest son was announced as a member of the Los Angeles Ballers.[84]", "The Dan Band. The band released a Christmas LP called Ho: A Dan Band Xmas. The album consists completely of original Dan Band songs, with no covers. Songs on the album include \"Ho, Ho, Ho\" (a smooth R&B Christmas song about a prostitute), \"Merry Christmakwanzakah\", \"Please Don't Bomb Nobody This Holiday\" and \"I Wanna Rock U Hard This Christmas\" with a video featuring Florence Henderson from The Brady Bunch making the moves on Santa at a retirement home. The video for \"Please Don't Bomb Nobody This Holiday\" featured many celebrity cameos, including Sheryl Crow, Christina Applegate, Nicole Scherzinger from The Pussycat Dolls, Kyle Gass from Tenacious D, Neil Patrick Harris, Meg Ryan, Macy Gray, Christopher Guest, among others.", "The Moody Blues. By this time, other bands were picking up their work. Pinder's songs \"A Simple Game\" (1968) and \"So Deep Within You\" (1969) were successfully covered by the Four Tops, Pinder winning an Ivor Novello Award for \"A Simple Game\", Elkie Brooks later covered Hayward's \"Nights in White Satin\". Pinder also appeared on John Lennon's \"Imagine\" album in 1971, providing additional percussion on \"I Don't Wanna Be a Soldier (I Don't Want to Die)\". The 1968 to 1972 album sleeves, plus several solo sets up to Ray Thomas's \"Hopes, Wishes & Dreams\" in 1976, were characterised by striking surreal scenic sleeve artwork (mostly gatefold sleeves) by artist Phil Travers.", "Mi Gente (J Balvin and Willy William song). A music video was also released on YouTube featuring American producer Diplo, French DJ David Guetta, Dutch DJ Martin Garrix, Dutch DJ Tiësto, Venezuelan YouTuber Lele Pons, Brazilian soccer player Neymar, Brazilian singer Anitta, Colombian singer El Llane, Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo and several fan made videos. [12]", "Be Like Mike. After seeing an early cut of the commercial, just featuring highlights of Jordan dunking, advertising executive Bernie Pitzel was disappointed. Pitzel came up with an idea to use the song \"I Wanna Be Like You\" from the 1967 film The Jungle Book, though Disney asked for more money in licensing to use it than Gatorade was willing to pay.[1][2]", "Ryan Tedder. Tedder is the writer of the worldwide hit, \"Apologize\", performed by his band OneRepublic. The song broke the US Top 40 Radio Airplay Record with 10,331 spins in one week. It was the number-one most played song for five months until May 7, 2008 when Leona Lewis's \"Bleeding Love\" (a song that Tedder co-wrote and produced), broke the record previously set by \"Apologize\", with 10,665 spins in one week.[11] \"Bleeding Love\" was the best-selling single of 2007 in the United Kingdom, topping the UK charts for seven weeks and was the fastest selling CD of 2007 receiving the most radio airplay worldwide prior to its US debut. The song also earned a Best British Single award nomination at the Brit Awards in February 2008 and reached number one in over 35 countries. Tedder and co-writer Jesse McCartney received an ASCAP award for writing the song. Tedder is also credited for writing the treatment for the second music video that was filmed for the US release of \"Bleeding Love\". It also earned a Record of the Year nomination at the February 2009 Grammy Awards.[12]", "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair). The song was originally released in October 2005 by Viking Legacy Records, reaching number 55 in the UK Singles Chart. It was re-released in May 2006 on Sony's RCA Records label, and went on to be the UK's fifth best selling single of the year.[2] Also successful in Australia, it was on the ARIA Charts for ten weeks at number-one, and finished the year as the country's highest-selling single. It also received a 2× Platinum certification from the ARIA.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The format of the show was created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight, who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant's morning show on Capital FM radio, such as the bong game. Tentatively known as Cash Mountain,[61] the show takes its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, in which it was sung by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm.", "Fabolous. Fabolous released his debut album, Ghetto Fabolous, on September 11, 2001. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200, selling over 14,000 copies in its first week.[8][9] The album's first single, \"Can't Deny It\", was produced by Rick Rock and features a chorus by Nate Dogg interpolating Tupac Shakur's song \"Ambitionz Az a Ridah\".[10] It charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, along with two of the subsequent singles.[11] The other charting singles were \"Young'n (Holla Back)\", which was produced by The Neptunes and \"Trade It All\", which features vocals from Jagged Edge and was produced by DJ Clue and Duro.", "If I Were a Bell. \"If I Were a Bell\" is a song composed by Frank Loesser for his 1950 musical Guys and Dolls." ]

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[ "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. \"The Dock of the Bay\" has been hugely popular, even after its stay at the top of the charts. The song has been recorded by many artists, from Redding's peers, like Glen Campbell, Cher, Peggy Lee, David Allan Coe,[19] Bob Dylan, Don Partridge,[20] Percy Sledge, Dee Clark, and Sam & Dave, to artists in various genres, including Jimmy Velvit (whose cover version was included on his 2001 Grammy-nominated album Sun Sea & Sand), Widespread Panic (who opened their New Year's Eve 2005 concert with the song), Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson (whose duet peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart), Kenny Rankin, Dennis Brown, Michel Pagliaro, Jacob Miller, Pearl Jam, the Format, T. Rex (as the B-side of \"Dreamy Lady\", released in 1975), Brent Smith of Shinedown (during an acoustic set in 2008 and with Zach Myers in a 2014 EP), Justin Nozuka (2007), Sara Bareilles (2008), and Garth Brooks (for the 2013 Blue-Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences compilation). Playing for Change recorded a version featuring Grandpa Elliott and other performers.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968,[2] becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US.[3] It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" was released in January 1968, shortly after Redding's death. R&B stations quickly added the song to their playlists, which had been saturated with Redding's previous hits. The song shot to number one on the R&B charts in early 1968 and, starting in March, topped the pop charts for four weeks.[27] The album, which shared the song's title, became his largest-selling to date, peaking at number four on the pop albums chart.[15] \"Dock of the Bay\" was popular in countries across the world and became Redding's most successful record, selling more than four million copies worldwide.[28][29] The song went on to win two Grammy Awards: Best R&B Song and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.[30]", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. In 1999, BMI named the song as the sixth-most performed song of the twentieth century, with about six million performances.[33] Rolling Stone ranked The Dock of the Bay number 161 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the third of five Redding albums on the list. \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" was ranked twenty-eighth on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the second-highest of four Redding songs on the list, after \"Respect\".[34]", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Many who first heard the final version had doubts about the song, the sound, and the production. Among the skeptics were Phil Walden and Jim Stewart. Redding accepted some of the criticisms and fine-tuned the song. He reversed the opening, which was Redding's whistling part, and put it at the end as suggested.[citation needed] \"The Dock of the Bay\" was released early in 1968 and topped the charts in the US and UK. Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song for 1968.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. While on tour with the Bar-Kays in August 1967, Redding wrote the first verse of the song, under the abbreviated title \"Dock of the Bay,\" on a houseboat at Waldo Point in Sausalito, California.[1] He had completed his famed performance at the Monterey Pop Festival just weeks earlier. While touring in support of the albums King & Queen (a collaboration with female vocalist Carla Thomas) and Live in Europe, he continued to scribble lines of the song on napkins and hotel paper. In November of that year, he joined producer and guitarist Steve Cropper at the Stax recording studio in Memphis, Tennessee, to record the song.[4]", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Michael Bolton included the song on his 1987 album The Hunger. His version peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Zelma Redding, Otis's widow, said she was so moved by Bolton's performance \"that it brought tears to my eyes. It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it, he would feel the same.\"[24] In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton's office, she referred to the record as \"my all-time favorite version of my husband's classic.\"[25]", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. In April 2013, Justin Timberlake performed the song as part of a tribute to Memphis soul music at the \"In Performance\" concert series performed at the White House. The series was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama.[26]", "Kenny Everett. In May 1975 Everett found early mornings too much for his lifestyle and he vacated the breakfast show to Graham Dene and moved to less high-pressure weekend timeslots at Capital on Saturday and Sunday lunchtimes. Here he further developed his style and his cult following, and featured both what he thought the best in music (Queen, Chris Rainbow) and the worst, which led to the popular Kenny Everett's World's Worst Record Show programmes, later released as an album in 1978, with slightly different tracks. Several shows featured the \"Bottom 30\": compilations (from listeners' votes) of the world's worst records during this period, including some tracks by well-known personalities not known for their singing, notably William Shatner (Captain Kirk of Star Trek) with his version of \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" and \"The Shifting Whispering Sands\" by Eamonn Andrews.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Redding started writing the lyrics to the song in August 1967, while sitting on a rented houseboat in Sausalito, California. He completed the song with the help of Cropper, who was a Stax producer and the guitarist for Booker T. & the M.G.'s. The song features whistling and sounds of waves crashing on a shore.", "The Dock of the Bay (album). The Dock of the Bay is the first of a number of posthumously released Otis Redding albums, and his seventh studio album. It contains a number of singles and B-sides dating back to 1965 and one of his best known songs, the posthumous hit \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\". In 2003, the album was ranked number 161 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Sammy Hagar released a version of the song as a non-album single in 1979. His version features the song's co-writer, Steve Cropper, on guitar and members of the band Boston—Brad Delp, Sib Hashian and Barry Goudreau—on backup vocals.[21] Producer John S. Carter had the track recorded in May 1979 with Cropper, bassist Leland Sklar and drummer Alvin Taylor. Later, he added Hagar's vocals with background harmonies by the three members of Boston, with whom Hagar had just toured.[22] Although the single was a modest hit for Hagar, peaking at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100, he considered it Carter's efforts to manufacture a pop top 40 pop hit despite Hagar's heavy metal roots.[21] Hagar and Cropper's work on the song was rated the thirty-seventh worst guitar solo in history by Pitchfork in 1998.[23] The song was not released on an album until 1992, when it appeared on The Best of Sammy Hagar. The B-side of Hagar's single was the first release of his studio version of \"I've Done Everything for You\".", "Sitting on Top of the World. In May 1930, Charlie Patton recorded a version of the song (with altered lyrics) called “Some Summer Day”[5] During the next few years renditions of \"Sitting on Top of the World\" were recorded by a number of artists: the Two Poor Boys, Doc Watson, Big Bill Broonzy, Sam Collins, Milton Brown and His Musical Brownies, and Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys. After Milton Brown recorded it for Bluebird Records the song became a staple in the repertoire of western swing bands.[1]", "Sitting on Top of the World. “Sitting Top of the World” is a strophic nine-bar blues. Bar nine provides rhythmic separation between stanzas, the end of one stanza and the relatively large pickup at the beginning of the next.[6]", "Chesapeake Bay. The 1976 hit \"Moonlight Feels Right\" by Starbuck refers to Chesapeake Bay: \"I'll take you on a trip beside the ocean / And drop the top at Chesapeake Bay.\"", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. In a September 1990 interview on NPR's Fresh Air, Cropper explained the origins of the song:", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. After Redding's death, Cropper mixed \"Dock of the Bay\" at Stax Studios. He added the sound of seagulls and waves crashing to the background, as Redding had requested, recalling the sounds he heard when he was staying on the houseboat.[10] The fade-out whistling was originally recorded by Redding and was re-recorded by his bandleader, Sam \"Bluzman\" Taylor.[11][12]", "Sitting on Top of the World. \"Sitting on Top of the World\" (also \"Sittin' on Top of the World\") is a country blues song written by Walter Vinson and Lonnie Chatmon. They were core members of the Mississippi Sheiks, who first recorded it in 1930. Vinson claimed to have composed the song one morning after playing at a white dance in Greenwood, Mississippi.[1] It became a popular crossover hit for the band, and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008.[2]", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Together, they completed the music and melancholy lyrics of \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay.\" From those sessions emerged Redding's final recorded work, including \"Dock of the Bay,\" which was recorded on November 22, with additional overdubs on December 7.[1] Redding's restrained yet emotive delivery is backed by Cropper's memorably succinct guitar playing.[6] The song is somewhat different in style from most of Redding's other recordings.[1] While discussing the song with his wife, Redding stated that he had wanted to \"be a little different\" with \"The Dock of the Bay\" and \"change his style\".[1] There were concerns that \"The Dock of the Bay\" had too much of a pop feel for an Otis Redding record, and contracting the Stax gospel act the Staple Singers to record backing vocals was discussed but never carried out.[1] Redding had considered the song to be unfinished and planned to record what he considered a final version, but never got the chance.[7] The song features a whistled tune heard before the song's fade. It was originally performed by Redding, who (according to Cropper) had \"this little fadeout rap he was gonna do, an ad-lib. He forgot what it was so he started whistling.\"[8] Redding continued to tour after the recording sessions. On December 10, his charter plane crashed into Lake Monona, outside Madison, Wisconsin. Redding and six others were killed.[9]", "Down by the Bay. \"Down by the Bay\" is a traditional children's song. A famous version was performed by Raffi and appears on his 1976 album Singable Songs for the Very Young. In recent years, the song had gained popularity as a campfire song among the Scouting Movement in Britain.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. In addition to the original Otis Redding version, several other versions have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. King Curtis's version charted for five weeks starting in March 1968 and peaked at number 84 (during the same month, the original was number one). A year later, Sergio Mendes & Brasil '66's version charted for five weeks starting in June 1969 and peaked at number 66. Sammy Hagar's version charted for five weeks starting in April 1979, peaking at number 65. The Reddings, who included two of Otis Redding's sons, released a version which charted for nine weeks starting in June 1982 and peaked at number 55. Michael Bolton's rendition charted for 17 weeks starting in January 1988 and peaked at number 11, making it the highest-charting cover version.[35] In 2016, the British coffee brand Nescafé remixed part of the song in a television advertisement featuring American musician will.i.am.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay. Redding's body of work at the time of his death was immense, including a backlog of archived recordings as well as those created in November and December 1967, just before his death. In mid-1968, Stax Records severed its distribution contract with Atlantic Records, which retained the label's back catalog and the rights to the unreleased Otis Redding masters.[31] Through its Atco subsidiary (Atco had distributed Otis Redding's releases from Stax's Volt label), Atlantic issued three more albums of new Redding material, one live album, and eight singles between 1968 and 1970.[31] Reprise Records issued a live album featuring Redding and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival. Both studio albums and anthologies sold well in America and abroad. Redding was especially successful in the United Kingdom, where The Dock of the Bay went to number one, becoming the first posthumous album to reach the top spot there.[32]", "Humpty Dumpty. The 1925 song \"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\", most notably sung by Dean Martin and Doris Day, mentions Humpty Dumpty twice in its lyrics, saying \"just like Humpty Dumpty, I'm gonna fall\".[34]", "I'm Sitting on Top of the World. The song was most likely first recorded by Art Gillham (‘the Whispering Pianist’), who recorded ‘I'm Sitting on Top of the World’ on 24 October 1925. Al Jolson's recording is generally attributed to 1926. It was used in the 1928 part-talkie film \"The Singing Fool\" starring Al Jolson. In February 1926, Roger Wolfe Kahn and His Hotel Biltmore Orchestra's 1925 recording of I'm Sitting On Top Of The World charted at #9.", "Sitting on Top of the World. “Sittin’ on Top of the World”, recorded by Howlin’ Wolf in 1957 (and published under his birth-name Chester Burnett), is a well-known and widely used version of this song. This was the version recorded by Cream in 1968.[7]", "The Ink Spots. In 1938, after being in the group for two years, Bill Kenny started to introduce the group to a new format that he called \"Top & Bottom\". This format was used primarily for ballads rather than the uptempo \"jive\" songs the group was used to performing. This format called for the tenor (Bill Kenny or Deek Watson) to sing the lead for one chorus followed by a chorus performed by bass singer Hoppy Jones reciting the lyrics rather than singing them. After a chorus of the \"talking bass\" the lead tenor sang the rest of the song until the end. The earliest example of their \"Top & Bottom\" format is from a radio broadcast from 1938. The song entitled \"Tune In on My Heart\" features Bill Kenny taking the lead and Hoppy Jones performing the talking bass.[5]", "The Dells. Subsequent R&B hits included \"Wear It on Our Face,\" \"Always Together\" (Top 20 Pop, \"I Can Sing a Rainbow - Love is Blue (medley)\" (UK #15),[4] and their first #1 R&B hit and first Top Ten pop hit, 1968's \"Stay in My Corner,\" which reached #10 on the pop chart and showcased both Carter and Marvin in lead vocals. The Dells' soulful version of their debut hit, \"Oh What a Night\" gave the group their second chart-topping R&B single and also reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. For a second time, the song sold over a million copies.[3] Subsequent hits included \"Open Up My Heart,\" \"Oh What A Day,\" and \"On the Dock of the Bay.\" In 1971, the Dells' \"The Love We Had Stays on My Mind\" became another Top Ten hit on the R&B charts, also reaching the pop Top 30. By this time Charles Stepney had taken over production duties from Bobby Miller. 1973's \"Give Your Baby a Standing Ovation\" was their third certified gold record.[3] The song was written by L.V. Johnson[5] and produced by Don Davis.", "Sitting on Top of the World. The numerous versions of “Sitting Top of the World” recorded since 1930 have been characterized by variations to the original lyrics, as recorded by the Mississippi Sheiks in 1930.", "Sitting on Top of the World. The title line of \"Sitting on Top of the World\" is similar to a well-known popular song of the 1920s, \"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\", written by Ray Henderson, Sam Lewis and Joe Young (popularised by Al Jolson in 1926). However the two songs are distinct, both musically and lyrically. Similarities have also been noted that \"Sitting on Top of the World\" was derived from an earlier song by Leroy Carr and Scrapper Blackwell, \"You Got To Reap What You Sow\" (1929). Tampa Red used the same melody in his version from the same year.[4]", "Keith Chegwin. Chegwin performed in West End stage shows such as Tom Brown's School Days with Russell Grant and Simon Le Bon; The Good Old Bad Old Days with Anthony Newley; and Captain Pugwash by John Kennett at the King’s Road Theatre in 1973.[8] He had a career as a singer, releasing singles on the Cherub and Pye record labels, but turned down an offer to front the band Kenny (who had a number 19 hit in the UK Singles Chart with \"The Bump\").[1][9][10] He also worked as a disc jockey for 194 Radio City in Liverpool,[11] and worked at BBC Radio 1 on Tony Blackburn's weekend morning show for four years.[12][9]", "Sitting Down Here. \"Sitting Down Here\" is a pop song written by Norwegian singer-songwriter Lene Marlin for Marlin's 1999 debut album, Playing My Game. The song is the album's opening track, and was released as its second single, peaking at number 5 in the UK Singles Chart (see 2000 in British music).It was certified gold in Norway.[1]", "Rita MacNeil. Rita MacNeil, CM, ONS (May 28, 1944 – April 16, 2013) was a Canadian singer from the community of Big Pond on Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island. Her biggest hit, \"Flying On Your Own\", was a crossover Top 40 hit in 1987 and was covered by Anne Murray the following year, although she had hits on the country and adult contemporary charts throughout her career. In the United Kingdom, MacNeil's song \"Working Man\" was a No. 11 hit in 1990.[1]" ]

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[ "Virgil Abloh. Abloh on the inspiration behind founding high-end streetwear label, Off-White.[6]", "Virgil Abloh. Abloh founded his first fashion house and second business overall in 2013 with the high-end streetwear brand Off-White.[2] Based in Milan, Italy, the company was described by Abloh as \"the gray area between black and white as the color off-white\" to investors and fashion critics.[2] He launched the company's women's wear line in 2014 and showed the collections at the Paris Fashion Week.[2] His collections were selected as a finalist for the LVMH Prize, an industry award, but lost to Marques’Almeida and Jacquemus.[2] Abloh launched his first concept store for Off-White in Tokyo, Japan where he started the company's furniture arm, Grey Area.[2] In 2017, he was asked to design a new collection in conjunction with Nike entitled \"The Ten\" where he re-designed a variety of the company's best-selling shoes.[2] Virgil also partnered up with the Swedish furniture company IKEA to design furniture for apartments and houses.[7] It is aimed primarily at Millennials looking for furnish their first home. The collection will be named Markerad which is a Swedish word meaning “clear-cut; crisp; pronounced” and is scheduled to release in 2019.[8]", "Virgil Abloh. Born in Chicago, Illinois to Ghanaian parents, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2002 and the Illinois Institute of Technology in 2006, with degrees in civil engineering and architecture, respectively. He entered the world of fashion with an internship at Fendi in 2009 alongside rapper Kanye West. The two began an artistic collaboration that would launch Abloh's career into founding Off-White. Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.[1]", "Virgil Abloh. Virgil Abloh (/æbloʊ/; born September 30, 1980) is an American fashion designer who has been the artistic director of Louis Vuitton's men's wear collection since March 2018. Apart from his work at Louis Vuitton, Abloh serves as the chief executive officer of the Milan-based label Off-White, a fashion house he founded in 2013 .", "White (surname). White is a surname either of English[1] or of Scottish and Irish origin, the latter being an anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic MacGillebhàin, \"Son of the fair gillie\" and the Irish \"Mac Faoitigh\" or \"de Faoite\".[2][3][4] It is the seventeenth most common surname in England.[5] In the 1990 United States Census, \"White\" ranked fourteenth among all reported surnames in frequency, accounting for 0.28% of the population.[6] By 2000, White had fallen to position 20 in the United States[7] and 22nd position by 2014[5]", "Shades of white. Shades of white are colors that differ only slightly from pure white. Variations of white include what are commonly termed off-white colors, which may be considered part of a neutral color scheme.", "Diana, Princess of Wales. Diana was an inspiration for Off-White's Spring 2018 show at Paris Fashion Week in 2017.[360] The designer Virgil Abloh used the Princess' signature looks as fragments to design new suits and attire.[361][362] Supermodel Naomi Campbell, dressed in a combination of white blazer and cropped spandex leggings in reference to Diana's formal and off-duty styles, closed off the show.[360][361]", "African-American Vernacular English. AAVE also has words that either are not part of most other American English dialects or have strikingly different meanings. For example, there are several words in AAVE referring to white people that are not part of mainstream American English; these include gray as an adjective for whites (as in gray dude), possibly from the color of Confederate uniforms; and paddy, an extension of the slang use for \"Irish\".[76] \"Ofay,\" which is pejorative, is another general term for a white person; it might derive from the Ibibio word afia, which means \"light-colored\", from the Yoruba word ofe, spoken in hopes of disappearing from danger, or via Pig Latin from \"foe\". However, most dictionaries simply say its etymology is unknown.[77] Kitchen refers to the particularly curly or kinky hair at the nape of the neck, and siditty or seddity means \"snobbish\" or \"bourgeois\".[78]", "Steven Berkoff. Berkoff was born Leslie Steven Berks on 3 August 1937, in Stepney in the East End of London.[1] He is the son of Pauline (née Hyman), a housewife, and Alfred Berks (né Berkoff), a tailor.[4] His family was Jewish (originally from Romania and Russia).[5][6] Berkoff's father had anglicised his family surname to \"Berks\" in order to aid the family's assimilation into Britain. Berkoff later removed the “s” from and added back the \"off\" to his own name, and went by his middle name.[7]", "White (surname). Notable people with the surname include:", "Shades of white. The term originates from beige cloth, a cotton fabric left undyed in its natural color.", "Shilling (British coin). In much of West Africa, white people are called toubabs, which may derive from the colonial practice of paying locals two shillings for running errands.[22] An alternate etymology holds that the name is derived from French toubib, i.e. doctor.[23]", "White South Africans. White South Africans are South Africans descended from any of the white racial groups of Europe who regard themselves, or are not regarded as, as being part of another racial group (for example, as Coloureds).[4] In linguistic, cultural and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Dutch East India Company's original settlers, known as Afrikaners, and the Anglophone descendants of predominantly British colonists. In 2011, 61% were native Afrikaans speakers, 36% were native English speakers, and 3% spoke another language as their mother tongue,[2] such as Portuguese or German. White South Africans are by far the largest European-descended population group in Africa.", "Shades of white. Colors often considered \"shades of white\" include cream, eggshell, ivory, Navajo white, and vanilla. Even the lighting of a room, however, can cause a pure white to be perceived as off-white.[1]", "Shades of white. Ivory is an off-white color that resembles ivory, the material out of which the teeth and tusks of animals (such as the elephant and the walrus) are made. It has a very slight tint of yellow.", "Ojibwe. \"One Called From A Distance\" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894.", "Oreo. The term \"Oreo\" has been used as a derogatory reference to a black person who is perceived or judged to act in a \"white manner.\" The racial slur may be levied as an accusation that the person called \"Oreo\" perpetuates the \"un-level playing field for blacks.\" The racial epithet is used to imply that someone is like the cookie, \"black on the outside and white on the inside\".[51]", "White movement. The White movement's leaders and first members[22] came mainly from the ranks of military officers. Many came from outside the nobility, such as generals Mikhail Alekseev and Anton Denikin (who originated in serf families) or General Lavr Kornilov (a Cossack).", "Apartheid. For political reasons, the classification of \"honorary white\" was granted to immigrants from Japan, South Korea and Taiwan – countries with which South Africa maintained diplomatic and economic relations[104] – and to their descendants.", "E. B. White. White was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the youngest child of Samuel Tilly White, the president of a piano firm, and Jessie Hart White, the daughter of Scottish-American painter William Hart.[4] Elwyn's older brother Stanley Hart White, known as Stan, a professor of landscape architecture and the inventor of the Vertical Garden, taught E. B. White to read and to explore the natural world.[5] White graduated from Cornell University with a bachelor of arts degree in 1921. He got the nickname \"Andy\" at Cornell, where tradition confers that moniker on any male student whose surname is White, after Cornell co-founder Andrew Dickson White. While at Cornell, he worked as editor of The Cornell Daily Sun with classmate Allison Danzig, who later became a sportswriter for The New York Times. White was also a member of the Aleph Samach[6] and Quill and Dagger societies and Phi Gamma Delta (\"Fiji\") fraternity.", "Louis Vuitton. On 26 March 2018, Virgil Abloh was named artistic director of men's wear—he is the label's first African-American artistic director and one of few black designers of a major European fashion house.[23] Abloh is also founder and CEO of Milan-based luxury streetwear brand Off-White, as well as creative director for American rapper, music producer, and fashion designer Kanye West.[24][25] Abloh's debut show was at the 2018 Paris Men's Fashion Week, staged in the historical Palais-Royal gardens' courtyard.[26][27]", "White wedding. A white wedding is a traditional formal or semi-formal wedding originating in Britain.", "White-shoe firm. The phrase “white shoe” has a distinctly different meaning and history in Australia.", "White flight. White flight is a term that originated in the United States, starting in the 1950s and 1960s, and applied to the large-scale migration of people of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by whites, from older, inner suburbs to rural areas, as well as from the US Northeast and Midwest to the milder climate in the Southeast and Southwest.[1][2][3] The term has also been used for large-scale post-colonial emigration of whites from Africa, or parts of that continent,[4][5][6][7][8] driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial state policies.[9]", "Mark Twain. In his autobiography, Twain writes of his early experiments with wearing white out-of-season:", "Penguin. Some dictionaries suggest a derivation from Welsh pen, \"head\" and gwyn, \"white\",[6] including the Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary,[7] the Century Dictionary[7] and Merriam-Webster,[8] on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, either because it was found on White Head Island (Welsh Pen Gwyn) in Newfoundland, or because it had white circles around its eyes (though the head was black).", "Oregon. One theory is that the name comes from the French word ouragan (\"windstorm\" or \"hurricane\"), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds on the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from firsthand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains. At the time, the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains.[16]", "Neutrogena. In 1930, Emanuel Stolaroff started a small company called Natone. Soon, it grew into a larger business, and he started expanding it into retail markets.[3] Stolaroff met Belgian chemist Edmond Fromont in 1954, and acquired the rights to distribute his patented formula of a mild clear soap that cleared the skin, without drying it, in the US.[1] By then, Lloyd Cotsen had entered the Stolaroff family by marrying his daughter Joanne Stolaroff.[4] In 1962, the company name was officially changed to Neutrogena Corporation; Cotsen became president in 1967.[5]", "Shades of white. Off-white colors were pervasively paired with beiges in the 1930s,[2] and especially popular again from roughly 1955 to 1975.[3]", "White movement. In the Russian context after 1917 \"White\" had three main connotations:", "Guinevere. The original Welsh form of the name Gwenhwyfar, which seems to be cognate with the Irish name Findabair, can be translated as \"The White Enchantress\" or \"The White Fay/Ghost\", from Proto-Celtic *Windo- \"white, fair, holy\" + *sēbarā \"magical being\" (cognate with Old Irish síabair \"a spectre, phantom, supernatural being [usually in pejorative sense]\").[2][3][4][5]", "Miscegenation. Miscegenation comes from the Latin miscere, \"to mix\" and genus, \"kind\". The word was coined in the U.S. in 1863, and the etymology of the word is tied up with political conflicts during the American Civil War over the abolition of slavery and over the racial segregation of African-Americans. The reference to genus was made to emphasize the supposedly distinct biological differences between whites and non-whites, though all humans belong to the same genus, Homo, and the same species, Homo sapiens." ]

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[ "Human embryogenesis. The beginning of the cleavage process is marked when the zygote divides through mitosis into two cells. This mitosis continues and the first two cells divide into four cells, then into eight cells and so on. Each division takes from 12 to 24 hours. The zygote is large compared to any other cell and undergoes cleavage without any overall increase in size. This means that with each successive subdivision, the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material increases.[4] Initially the dividing cells, called blastomeres (blastos Greek for sprout), are undifferentiated and aggregated into a sphere enclosed within the membrane of glycoproteins (termed the zona pellucida) of the ovum. When eight blastomeres have formed they begin to develop gap junctions, enabling them to develop in an integrated way and co-ordinate their response to physiological signals and environmental cues.[5]", "Cleavage (embryo). The end of cleavage coincides with the beginning of zygotic transcription. This point is referred to as the midblastula transition and appears to be controlled by the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio (about 1/6).", "Cleavage (embryo). In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.", "Cleavage (embryo). Differences exist between the cleavage in placental mammals and the cleavage in other animals. Mammals have a slow rate of division that is between 12 and 24 hours. These cellular divisions are asynchronous. Zygotic transcription starts at the two-, four-, or eight-cell stage. Cleavage is holoblastic and rotational.", "Deuterostome. In both deuterostomes and protostomes, a zygote first develops into a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula. In deuterostomes, the early divisions occur parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis. This is called radial cleavage, and also occurs in certain protostomes, such as the lophophorates.", "Cleavage (embryo). In the absence of a large concentration of yolk, four major cleavage types can be observed in isolecithal cells (cells with a small even distribution of yolk) or in mesolecithal cells (moderate amount of yolk in a gradient) – bilateral holoblastic, radial holoblastic, rotational holoblastic, and spiral holoblastic, cleavage.[2] These holoblastic cleavage planes pass all the way through isolecithal zygotes during the process of cytokinesis. Coeloblastula is the next stage of development for eggs that undergo these radial cleavaging. In holoblastic eggs, the first cleavage always occurs along the vegetal-animal axis of the egg, the second cleavage is perpendicular to the first. From here, the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms.", "Zygote. A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos \"joined\" or \"yoked\", from ζυγοῦν zygoun \"to join\" or \"to yoke\"),[1] is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes. The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information necessary to form a new individual. In multicellular organisms, the zygote is the earliest developmental stage. In single-celled organisms, the zygote can divide asexually by mitosis to produce identical offspring.", "Embryogenesis. The end of cleavage is known as midblastula transition and coincides with the onset of zygotic transcription.", "Embryogenesis. Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called cleavage. At least four initial cell divisions occur, resulting in a dense ball of at least sixteen cells called the morula. The different cells derived from cleavage, up to the blastula stage, are called blastomeres. Depending mostly on the amount of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total) or meroblastic (partial).[2]", "Platypus. Most mammal zygotes go though holoblastic cleavage, meaning that following fertilization the ovum is split due to cell divisions into multiple, divisible daughter cells. This is in comparison to meroblastic division in birds and platypuses, which causes the ovum to split but not completely. This causes the cells at the edge of the yolk to be cytoplasmically continuous with the egg’s cytoplasm. This allows the yolk, which contains the embryo, to exchange waste and nutrients with the cytoplasm.[63]", "Germ layer. Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote. During the next stage, cleavage, mitotic cell divisions transform the zygote into a hollow ball of cells, a blastula. This early embryonic form undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with either two or three layers (the germ layers). In all vertebrates, these progenitor cells differentiate into all adult tissues and organs.[5]", "Embryogenesis. Embryogenesis starts with the fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell, (spermatozoon). Once fertilized, the ovum is referred to as a zygote, a single diploid cell. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of a multicellular embryo.", "Zygote. After fertilization, the conceptus travels down the oviduct towards the uterus while continuing to divide[6] mitotically without actually increasing in size, in a process called cleavage.[7] After four divisions, the conceptus consists of 16 blastomeres, and it is known as the morula.[8] Through the processes of compaction, cell division, and blastulation, the conceptus takes the form of the blastocyst by the fifth day of development, just as it approaches the site of implantation.[9] When the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida, it can implant in the endometrial lining of the uterus and begin the embryonic stage of development.", "Hornwort. The biflagellate sperm must swim from the antheridia, or else be splashed to the archegonia. When this happens, the sperm and egg cell fuse to form a zygote, the cell from which the sporophyte stage of the life cycle will develop. Unlike all other bryophytes, the first cell division of the zygote is longitudinal. Further divisions produce three basic regions of the sporophyte.", "Human embryogenesis. Cleavage itself is the first stage in blastulation, the process of forming the blastocyst. Cells differentiate into an outer layer of cells (collectively called the trophoblast) and an inner cell mass. With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable. They are still enclosed within the zona pellucida. This compaction serves to make the structure watertight, containing the fluid that the cells will later secrete. The inner mass of cells differentiate to become embryoblasts and polarise at one end. They close together and form gap junctions, which facilitate cellular communication. This polarisation leaves a cavity, the blastocoel, creating a structure that is now termed the blastocyst. (In animals other than mammals, this is called the blastula.) The trophoblasts secrete fluid into the blastocoel. The resulting increase in size of the blastocyst causes it to hatch through the zona pellucida, which then disintegrates.[7][4]", "Drosophila melanogaster. After fertilization of the oocyte, the early embryo (or syncytial embryo) undergoes rapid DNA replication and 13 nuclear divisions until about 5000 to 6000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the embryo. By the end of the eighth division, most nuclei have migrated to the surface, surrounding the yolk sac (leaving behind only a few nuclei, which will become the yolk nuclei). After the 10th division, the pole cells form at the posterior end of the embryo, segregating the germ line from the syncytium. Finally, after the 13th division, cell membranes slowly invaginate, dividing the syncytium into individual somatic cells. Once this process is completed, gastrulation starts.[42]", "Bryozoa. The cleavage of bryozoan eggs is biradial, in other words the early stages are bilaterally symmetrical. It is unknown how the coleom forms, since the metamorphosis from larva to adult destroys all of the larva's internal tissues. In many animals the blastopore, an opening in the surface of the early embryo, tunnels through to form the gut. However, in bryozoans the blastopore closes, and a new opening develops to create the mouth.[7]", "Zygote. In the amoeba, reproduction occurs by cell division of the parent cell: first the nucleus of the parent divides into two and then the cell membrane also cleaves, becoming two \"daughter\" Amoebae.", "Seed. In the majority of flowering plants, the zygote's first division is transversely oriented in regards to the long axis, and this establishes the polarity of the embryo. The upper or chalazal pole becomes the main area of growth of the embryo, while the lower or micropylar pole produces the stalk-like suspensor that attaches to the micropyle. The suspensor absorbs and manufactures nutrients from the endosperm that are used during the embryo's growth.[3]", "Embryogenesis. Holoblastic cleavage occurs in animals with little yolk in their eggs, such as humans and other mammals who receive nourishment as embryos from the mother, via the placenta or milk, such as might be secreted from a marsupium. On the other hand, meroblastic cleavage occurs in animals whose eggs have more yolk (i.e. birds and reptiles). Because cleavage is impeded in the vegetal pole, there is an uneven distribution and size of cells, being more numerous and smaller at the animal pole of the zygote.[2]", "Twin. When the division of the developing zygote into 2 embryos occurs, 99% of the time it is within 8 days of fertilization.", "Embryogenesis. In holoblastic eggs the first cleavage always occurs along the vegetal-animal axis of the egg, and the second cleavage is perpendicular to the first. From here the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms:", "Caenorhabditis elegans. The fertilized zygote undergoes rotational holoblastic cleavage.", "Spermatozoon. Neck: It is the smallest part (0.03 ×10−6 m), and has a proximal and distal centriole. The proximal centriole enters into the egg during fertilisation and starts the first cleavage division of the egg, which has no centriole. The distal centriole gives rise to axial filament which forms the tail and has (9+2) arrangement. A transitory membrane called Manchette lies in middle piece.", "Human embryogenesis. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus. The germinal stage takes around 10 days.[2] During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called cleavage. A blastocyst is then formed and implanted in the uterus. Embryogenesis continues with the next stage of gastrulation, when the three germ layers of the embryo form in a process called histogenesis, and the processes of neurulation and organogenesis follow.", "Developmental biology. The sperm and egg fuse in the process of fertilization to form a fertilized egg, or zygote.[12] This undergoes a period of divisions to form a ball or sheet of similar cells called a blastula or blastoderm. These cell divisions are usually rapid with no growth so the daughter cells are half the size of the mother cell and the whole embryo stays about the same size. They are called cleavage divisions. Morphogenetic movements convert the cell mass into a three layered structure consisting of multicellular sheets called ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, which are known as germ layers. This is the process of gastrulation. During cleavage and gastrulation the first regional specification events occur. In addition to the formation of the three germ layers themselves, these often generate extraembryonic structures, such as the mammalian placenta, needed for support and nutrition of the embryo,[13] and also establish differences of commitment along the anteroposterior axis (head, trunk and tail).[14]", "Leech. The embryonic development of the larva[vague] occurs as a series of stages. During stage 1, the first cleavage occurs, which gives rise to an AB and a CD blastomere, and is in the interphase of this cell division when a yolk-free cytoplasm called teloplasm is formed.[11] The teloplasm is known to be a determinant for the specification of the D cell fate.[12] In stage 3, during the second cleavage, an unequal division occurs in the CD blastomere. As a consequence, it creates a large D cell on the left and a smaller C cell to the right. This unequal division process is dependent on actomyosin,[13] and by the end of stage 3 the AB cell divides. On stage 4 of development, the micromeres and teloblast stem cells are formed and subsequently, the D quadrant divides to form the DM and the DNOPQ teloblast precursor cells. By the end stage 6, the zygote contains a set of 25 micromeres, 3 macromeres (A, B and C) and 10 teloblasts derived from the D quadrant.[14]", "Pregnancy. The sperm and the egg cell, which has been released from one of the female's two ovaries, unite in one of the two fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after the male and female cells unite. Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, a process known as implantation.", "Germ layer. In the human embryo, after about three days, the zygote forms a solid mass of cells by mitotic division, called a morula. This then changes to a blastocyst, consisting of an outer layer called a trophoblast, and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast. Filled with uterine fluid, the blastocyst breaks out of the zona pellucida and undergoes implantation. The inner cell mass initially has two layers: the hypoblast and epiblast. At the end of the second week, a primitive streak appears. The epiblast in this region moves towards the primitive streak, dives down into it, and forms a new layer, called the endoderm, pushing the hypoblast out of the way (this goes on to form the amnion.) The epiblast keeps moving and forms a second layer, the mesoderm. The top layer is now called the ectoderm.[6]", "Caenorhabditis elegans. Sperm entry into the oocyte commences formation of an anterior-posterior axis. The sperm microtubule organizing center directs the movement of the sperm pronucleus to the future posterior pole of the embryo, while also inciting the movement of PAR proteins, a group of cytoplasmic determination factors, to their proper respective locations.[23] As a result of the difference in PAR protein distribution, the first cell division is highly asymmetric.[24] C. elegans embryogenesis is among the best understood examples of asymmetric cell division.[25]", "Biological life cycle. A zygotic meiosis is a meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyogamy, which is the fusion of two cell nuclei. This way, the organism ends its diploid phase and produces several haploid cells. These cells divide mitotically to form either larger, multicellular individuals, or more haploid cells. Two opposite types of gametes (e.g., male and female) from these individuals or cells fuse to become a zygote.", "Cleavage (embryo). Cleavage differs from other forms of cell division in that it increases the number of cells without increasing the cytoplasmic mass. This means that with each successive subdivision, there is roughly half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell than before that division, and thus the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material increases.[1]" ]

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[ "Mount Ararat. Despite the scholarly consensus that the \"mountains of Ararat\" of the Book of Genesis do not refer to specifically Mt. Ararat, it has been widely accepted in Christianity as the resting place of Noah's Ark. It is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It is featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. Along with Noah's Ark, it is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia.", "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image. According to Exodus 25 and 37, the Ark of the Covenant was a rectangular container overlaid with pure gold with two gold cherubim on its cover. It was considered holy; it was kept in the Holy of Holies, the innermost part of the Tabernacle (and later the Temple), was not to be touched directly, and was only to be transported in a prescribed manner.[44] However, it was not to be an object of worship, and when the Israelites carried it into war like a cult idol, assuming it would guarantee victory, they were defeated, suffering 30,000 casualties, and the Ark was captured and taken to the temple of a foreign god.[45]", "Ark of the Covenant. According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam, and Islam gives it special significance.[67]", "Ark of the Covenant. And their prophet said to them, \"Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest (tābūt) will come to you in which is assurance (sakīnatun) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses (Mūsā) and the family of Aaron (Hārūn) had left, carried by the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers.\"[64][65]", "Ark of the Covenant. The Ark of the Covenant (Hebrew: אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית‬, Modern Arōn Ha'brēt, Tiberian ʾĀrôn Habbərîṯ), also known as the Ark of the Testimony, is a gold-covered wooden chest with lid cover described in the Book of Exodus as containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. According to various texts within the Hebrew Bible, it also contained Aaron's rod and a pot of manna.[1] Hebrews 9:4 describes: \"The ark of the covenant [was] covered on all sides with gold, in which was a golden jar holding the manna, and Aaron's rod which budded, and the tables of the covenant.\"", "Ark of the Covenant. During the construction of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark;[51] and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein.[52] When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, \"for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord\".[53][54][55]", "Ark of the Covenant. The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Psalms and Jeremiah.", "Ark of the Covenant. The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah found a cave-dwelling; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, then blocked up the entrance. Some of his companions came to mark out the way, but were unable to find it. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. \"The place shall remain unknown\", he said, \"until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light again, and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud, as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated.\"", "Ark of the Covenant. The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or \"voice of God\", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[75][76]", "Ark of the Covenant. The biblical account relates that, approximately one year after the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was created according to the pattern given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of biblical Mount Sinai. Thereafter, the gold-plated acacia chest was carried by its staves while en route by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits (approximately 800 meters or 2,600 feet) in advance of the people when on the march or before the Israelite army, the host of fighting men.[2] When carried, the Ark was always hidden under a large veil made of skins and blue cloth, always carefully concealed, even from the eyes of the priests and the Levites who carried it. God was said to have spoken with Moses \"from between the two cherubim\" on the Ark's cover.[3] When at rest the tabernacle was set up and the holy Ark was placed under the veil of the covering, the staves of it crossing the middle side bars to hold it up off the ground.", "Ark of the Covenant. The Arabic word sakÄ«na (variously translated \"peace of reassurance\" or \"spirit of tranquility\") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah, meaning \"dwelling or presence of God\".", "Ark of the Covenant. And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land, in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it will not come to mind; they will not mention it, and will not recall it, and it will not be used any more.", "Ark of the Covenant. The biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.", "Ark of the Covenant. After the Ark had been among them for seven months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings.[29] Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and as a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand and seventy in some translations) were smitten by the Lord.[30] The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed;[31] and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years. Under Saul, the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines, but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle. In 1 Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.[32]", "Synagogue. The Ark is reminiscent of the Ark of the Covenant, which held the tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments. This is the holiest spot in a synagogue, equivalent to the Holy of Holies. The Ark is often closed with an ornate curtain, the parochet פרוכת‬, which hangs outside or inside the ark doors.", "Torah ark. The ark is often placed on the wall of the sanctuary which is facing Jerusalem, however it is sometimes placed on the north wall or another wall for architectural reasons. In those cases where the ark does not show the direction to Jerusalem, traditional Judaism instructs the worshiper to face the true direction towards Jerusalem in prayers such as the Amidah.", "Ark of the Covenant. On 14 April 2008, in a UK Channel 4 documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not allowed to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used as a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.[77]", "Shekhinah. Their prophet said to them: \"The sign of his kingship is that the Ark will come to you in which there is tranquility from your Lord and a relic from the family of Moses and the family of Aaron, borne by the angels. In this is a sign for you if you are true believers. [Quran 2:248 (Translated by Tarif Khalidi)][non-primary source needed]", "Ark of the Covenant. When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance.[10][11] During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[12][13][14][15] As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood.[16]", "Ark of the Covenant. In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns.[17] On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city.[18] After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark.[19] When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version).[20] According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later, however, the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 16 km north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[21] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli.[22]", "Ark of the Covenant. When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark.[49] Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom.[50]", "Ark of the Covenant. The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270. It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, it predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. \"The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant\", he wrote, and, after a description of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year, \"on the feast of the great nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the feast of the illuminating Cross.\"[70]", "Ark of the Covenant. A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines, after being defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer.[23] They were, however, heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger \"with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head.\" The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received, named him Ichabod — explained as \"The glory has departed Israel\" in reference to the loss of the Ark.[24] The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth.[25]", "Ark of the Covenant. The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark, which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936. It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).[89]", "Ark of the Covenant. In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from charged static electricity from different metal plates like a giant battery.[90]", "Ark of the Covenant. Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Verse 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:", "Ark of the Covenant. In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah,[61] prophesied a future time, possibly the end of days, when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again:", "Ark of the Covenant. Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, there has been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places have been suggested for its location.", "Ark of the Covenant. The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark.[42] David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God.[43][44][45][46] The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah;[47] and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem.[48]", "Ark of the Covenant. On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum, Ethiopia.[73] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[74]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. The scriptural story of Noah and his Ark describes the end of the corrupted original civilization and its replacement with a remade world. Noah is assigned the task to build the Ark and save the lifeforms so as to reestablish a new post-flood world.", "Ark of the Covenant. In Rabbinic literature, the final disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[59] A late 2nd-century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the king of Judah, stored away the Ark, along with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines.[60] This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the same rabbinic work, state that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own place, meaning, somewhere on the Temple Mount." ]

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[ "Maggie Elizabeth Jones. Maggie Elizabeth Jones (born October 10, 2003) is an American child actress, best known for her roles in We Bought a Zoo, the Fox sitcom Ben and Kate,[1] and as Lea Clark in American Girl: Lea to the Rescue. [2]", "We Bought a Zoo. Mee eventually decides to buy the zoo when he sees Rosie happily playing with the peacocks. Dylan, however, hates the idea of moving away from his friends and retreats into his artwork which has grown more macabre since the death of his mother. Benjamin's brother, Duncan, tries to dissuade him from the purchase, but Benjamin buys it anyway. The zoo staff, led by the 28-year-old head keeper, Kelly Foster, help to start renovating the zoo with the intent to reopen it to the public. When Kelly confronts Benjamin about why he bought a zoo, knowing nothing about running one, Benjamin simply responds, \"Why not?\" Dylan befriends Kelly's 13-year-old homeschooled cousin, Lily Miska, who develops a romantic interest that Dylan is oblivious to.", "We Bought a Zoo. Instead of an escaping bear, as portrayed by the film, it was a jaguar called Sovereign that had escaped.[25] Benjamin's children were also younger (aged four and six respectively) than the children in the film.[25]", "We Bought a Zoo. Benjamin Mee is still grieving the loss of his wife and dealing with the expulsion of his 14-year-old son, Dylan, from school, and decides to make a fresh start by buying a new house. He tours many houses with his 7-year-old daughter, Rosie, and his realtor, Mr. Stevens, but finds none he likes until his daughter finds a listing with what seems like the perfect house. They drive to an old large house and Benjamin inspects the property, telling his realtor it is perfect. When they hear a lion roar, Stevens explains that the house comes with a zoo in the back, which closed several years before; if they want the house, they must buy the zoo.", "Zooey Deschanel. On September 27, 1999, Deschanel starred as herself in the music video \"She's Got Issues\" for The Offspring.[81] Deschanel was a judge for the 9th Independent Music Awards.[82] In 2005, she modeled for Chanel and Clements Ribeiro, and in 2010, she signed to represent Rimmel.[83]", "We Bought a Zoo. We Bought a Zoo is a 2011 American family comedy-drama film loosely based on the 2008 memoir of the same name by Benjamin Mee. It was written and directed by Cameron Crowe and stars Matt Damon as widowed father Benjamin Mee, who purchases a dilapidated zoo with his family and takes on the challenge of preparing the zoo for its reopening to the public. The film also stars Scarlett Johansson, Maggie Elizabeth Jones, Thomas Haden Church, Patrick Fugit, Elle Fanning, Colin Ford, and John Michael Higgins. The film was released in the United States on December 23, 2011 by 20th Century Fox.[3] The film earned $120.1 million on a $50 million budget. We Bought a Zoo was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 3, 2012 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Dartmoor Zoological Park (originally Dartmoor Wildlife Park), on which the film is based, is a 33-acre zoological garden located near the village of Sparkwell, Devon, England.", "Colin Ford. He starred in the film We Bought a Zoo, which was released in December 2011. He played the young son Dylan of a three-part family, with Matt Damon as the father, Benjamin, along with a little sister Rosie Maggie Elizabeth Jones.[3]", "We Bought a Zoo. Prior to the grand opening of the zoo, the facility passes a very stringent inspection from Ferris, who grudgingly wishes them good luck. Dylan, following his father's advice, confesses to Lily that he loves her and she forgives him. The week prior to the opening, the worst rainstorm in 100 years is predicted to wash it out. The weather clears in time, but in the morning they are disappointed when no visitors arrive. They discover that a fallen tree has blocked the access road, with a large crowd of waiting visitors behind it. The staff help them to climb over the tree. There are so many people that they run out of tickets, forcing Benjamin and Kelly to look for more. They end up face to face in a shed, where Kelly admits to Benjamin that she is romantically interested in him and since she \"can't get a handle on it\", she kisses him, telling him that maybe they can do it again on New Year's Eve; Benjamin kisses her back, and tells her that he is looking forward to it.", "Vanessa Lee Chester. Vanessa Lee Chester (born July 2, 1984)[1] is an American television and film actress.[2] Chester rose to fame as a child actor for her roles in A Little Princess (1995) and Harriet the Spy (1996), before gaining worldwide recognition for her role in Steven Spielberg's The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997).", "Alexis Bledel. Bledel attended Catholic St. Agnes Academy in Houston, as well as Baptist and Lutheran schools.[13] Her mother encouraged her to try community theater to overcome her shyness.[14] As a child, Bledel appeared in local productions of Our Town and The Wizard of Oz.[15] She was scouted at a local shopping mall and given work as a fashion model.[citation needed] She went to Page Parkes Center for Modeling and Acting and attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts for one year.[16][not in citation given]", "We Bought a Zoo. Benjamin takes his children to the restaurant where he met their mother, explaining that it was the point where their existence became a possibility. He takes them through that day's encounter, where Benjamin worked up the nerve to talk to his future wife with \"20 seconds of insane courage\", and walks up to the table she was sitting. He visualizes her sitting there, and asks her why such an amazing woman would talk to someone like him. She responds, \"Why not?\"", "China Anne McClain. China Anne McClain (born August 25, 1998) is an American actress and singer. She is a member of the sister girl group McClain. McClain's career began in 2005 when she was seven years old, acting in the movie The Gospel (2005). She also played China James in Tyler Perry’s Daddy's Little Girls (2007), along with Idris Elba and her two sisters. However, she became nationally known after 2007, when she joined the cast of the series Tyler Perry's House of Payne as Jazmine Payne. In 2010, she co-starred in Grown Ups (2010) as Charlotte McKenzie. McClain became internationally known after starring in the Disney Channel original television series A.N.T. Farm, landing the role as Chyna Parks, from 2011 to 2014. Disney released the soundtrack of the television series A.N.T. Farm on October 11, 2011.", "Natalie Portman. Portman, who is an advocate for animal rights, became a vegetarian when she was eight years old, a decision which came after she witnessed a demonstration of laser surgery on a chicken while attending a medical conference with her father.[103] She became a vegan in 2009 after reading Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals and later produced a documentary on factory farming systems in the U.S. by the same title.[104][105] In September 2017, she was recognized for her work on the film by the Environmental Media Association Awards with the Ongoing Commitment Award.[106][107] She does not eat animal products or wear fur, feathers, or leather. \"All of my shoes are from Target and Stella McCartney\", she has said.[108] In 2007, she launched her own brand of vegan footwear.[109] In 2007, Portman traveled to Rwanda with Jack Hanna, to film the documentary, Gorillas on the Brink. Later, at a naming ceremony, Portman named a baby gorilla Gukina, which means \"to play.\"[110] Portman has been an advocate of environmental causes since childhood, when she joined an environmental song and dance troupe known as World Patrol Kids.[111] She is also a member of the One Voice movement.[112]", "We Bought a Zoo. When Lily tells Dylan that she heard his family might be leaving, he is overjoyed, which hurts her feelings. Benjamin discovers that his wife bequeathed him an investment account, with instructions to use the money wisely while listening to his heart. Duncan advises him to walk away and start over with the money, but Benjamin decides to use the money to repair the zoo. While this lifts the zoo workers' morale, Dylan is unhappy about having to stay; he confronts his father, and a heated argument ensues. They reconcile the next morning and Dylan admits he misses Lily. Benjamin gives his son advice using his favorite principle, that you only need 20 seconds of courage to achieve great things. Benjamin realizes that instead of trying to start over by forgetting his wife, he should accept that she will always be a part of him.", "National Zoological Park (United States). Mei Xiang gave birth in August 2015 to two live cubs; the smaller one died a few days later (keepers had to care for it after Mei decided to focus on the larger cub). Sperm from both Tian Tian and another male giant panda based in a China preserve was used. It was determined on August 28, 2015[44] that both cubs were male and sired by Tian Tian. The larger, surviving cub was named Bei Bei[45] (\"precious treasure\") on September 25, 2015. In celebration of a state visit, the name was selected by First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, and First Lady of the People's Republic of China, Peng Liyuan.", "Laura Marano. Laura Marie Marano[1] (born November 29, 1995[2]) is an American actress and singer. She starred in the Disney Channel series Austin & Ally[3][4] as Ally Dawson. Marano was one of the five original classmates in Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?. She starred in Without a Trace for three seasons and also Back to You, in both instances playing the daughter of the main characters. Marano starred in the indie film A Sort of Homecoming.[5] Marano also starred in the 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie Bad Hair Day along with Good Luck Charlie actress Leigh-Allyn Baker.[6] In 2015, she signed with Big Machine Records and released her debut single \"Boombox\" on March 11, 2016. At the end of 2016, Big Machine Records made the decision to drop all of their pop artists.[7] Marano then signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2017 and plans to release her debut album with the label.[8] She is also the younger sister of actress Vanessa Marano who starred in Freeform's Switched at Birth.", "Crazy Eyes (character). In season two, episode three (\"Hugs Can Be Deceiving\"), Eden Wiggins,and Taliyah Whitaker portray the 10-year-old and 5-year-old versions of Warren.[4] Throughout the first two seasons, it is shown that Warren aspires \"to be included\" and \"to make friends and be valued\".[5] The character is known for her bantu knots, an awkward grin, and her crazy eyes.[6][7]", "Cheryl Tunt. Cheryl's characterization and Greer's voice work has been well received by the media. HitFix's Alan Sepinwall called Cheryl his favorite character on the show.[7] In his review for \"El Secuestro\", Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club felt that Greer's performance was an episode highlight, where she effectively captures her character's quirk. VanDerWerff wrote, \"Greer is mostly just asked to say crazy things as Cheryl, and that’s fun, but she steps it up here, playing both Cheryl’s insanity and the part of her that’s a spoiled trust-fund kid who’s found a day job and has to ride the subway with a dwarf that freaks her out.\"[22] Likewise, Ian MacDonald of TV Overmind said the writers \"found a great way to expand on ISIS' most emotionally unstable employees\";[23] \"Cheryl, whose crazy has been escalated to an almost extreme,\" MacDonald stated, \"seems almost justified in her maladjusted-ness. She's a billionaire heiress who owns an ocelot and drinks glue [...]. Humor involving insane rich people just no[t] getting it is usually pretty funny, and if anyone can pull it off, it's Adam Reed and [Judy] Greer.\"[23] Alongside fellow cast members Jessica Walter and H. Jon Benjamin, Greer was a candidate for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in a Television Production—the award was given to Jeff Bennett for his work in the Nickelodeon television series The Penguins of Madagascar.[24]", "Margo Harshman. At the age of two, Harshman's grandmother entered her in a beauty pageant.[1] At 3, she was involved in dance and gymnastics. At 5, she learned to play piano, and at 8, she began acting and met her first manager.[citation needed]", "Colin Ford. He attended Campbell Hall School, the same school as his We Bought a Zoo costar, Elle Fanning.[4] He now attends Oaks Christian Online High School, a college preparatory school. After filming We Bought a Zoo, Colin was cast on the TV series Under The Dome, playing Joe McAlister.[5]", "Rowan Blanchard. Blanchard began acting at the age of five.[8] In 2010, Rowan was cast as Mona's daughter in The Back-up Plan and was in the main cast of the Disney Junior Original Series Dance-A-Lot Robot as Caitlin. In 2011, she was cast as Rebecca Wilson in Spy Kids: All the Time in the World, and as Raquel Pacheco in Little in Common. In late January 2013, Blanchard was cast as Riley Matthews in the Disney Channel series Girl Meets World. She also sings the title song, along with co-star Sabrina Carpenter. The titular character is the daughter of Cory and Topanga from Boy Meets World.[9][10] She is an active member of Disney Channel Circle of Stars.[11] In early January 2015, Blanchard was cast as Cleo in the Disney Channel Original Movie Invisible Sister.[12]", "Hayden Panettiere. For her performance in Lifetime Television's 1999 TV movie If You Believe, she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Young Actress Age Ten or Under in the category of Best Performance in a TV Movie or Pilot.[10] Panettiere appeared on Fox's Ally McBeal as the title character's daughter, played the daughter of a man transitioning to female in HBO Films' Normal, had a recurring guest role on Malcolm in the Middle and guest starred in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in two different roles. In 2004, Panettiere had her first starring role in the Disney Channel film Tiger Cruise.", "Regan Mizrahi. Regan Mizrahi is an American child actor from New Jersey, known for his role as the voice of Boots the Monkey in the television series Dora the Explorer.[1] He began working professionally at the age of three[citation needed] and has appeared in numerous national television commercials and radio ads. He is the great grandson of radio personality Nat Hale and is a member of Mensa.[2]", "We Bought a Zoo. In August 2011, it was announced that Icelandic musician Jón Þór \"Jónsi\" Birgisson, the lead singer of the band Sigur Rós, would be composing the music scores for We Bought a Zoo.[9] Director Crowe described the choice as \"only natural\", since \"Jónsi has been a part of the making of We Bought A Zoo from the very beginning\".[9]", "Shawna Waldron. Waldron was featured in a string of commercial roles before landing the part of Becky \"Icebox\" O'Shea, the only girl on an all-boys football team, in the movie Little Giants.[1] Little Giants is considered her first feature film debut (the film The New Kid, in which she also acted, has never been released). After starring in Little Giants, Waldron went on to play Michael Douglas' daughter in the movie The American President.[2]", "Ashley Tisdale. When Tisdale was twelve, she sang for then-President Bill Clinton during an event at the White House as part of a troupe.[6] Hoping to expand her career, Tisdale and her family moved to Los Angeles, California.[1] She landed her first role in 1997, guest starring on an episode of both Smart Guy and 7th Heaven.[10] During this time, she also began doing modeling work for Ford Models.[5] The following year, Tisdale appeared as a voice actor in both An All Dogs Christmas Carol (1998) and A Bug's Life (1998).[5] She guest starred in an episode of Boston Public in 2000, earning a 2000 Young Artist Award nomination for \"Best Guest Performance in a TV Drama\".[11] Tisdale continued to make guest appearances on television shows and appear in minor film roles throughout the following years, with roles in films such as Donnie Darko (2001) and The Mayor of Oyster Bay (2002). During this time, Tisdale continued to work and attend school, stating \"I was always in regular school and I worked in clothing stores growing up. I didn't 'make it' until I was 18, so I had already graduated public school. I definitely feel like I had the best of both worlds.\"[12]", "We Bought a Zoo. A strict USDA inspector, Walter Ferris, arrives for a surprise inspection and makes a list of repairs that would cost around $100,000, which Benjamin does not have. Rhonda Blair, the zoo's accountant, gossips that Benjamin will probably sell the zoo. The workers' morale sinks, fearing the property will be sold to a buyer that will close it down.", "Kellie Pickler. Pickler participated with other country artists in an online auction for charity by Mario Magro: Kiss for a Cause Foundation Celebrity Auction held June 15–25, 2007, in support of orphaned and abandoned children. The event auctioned off celebrity lip prints and signatures pressed on the inside of Mario Magro Crystal Le Coop handbags at the 42nd Annual Academy of Country Music Awards.[49] In November 2007, Pickler appeared on a celebrity edition of the quiz show Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?, playing for the charities of her choice, (American Red Cross and the AARP's Grandparenting Program).[50][51] During the show, she was asked to name the European country for which Budapest is the capital, to which she responded \"...I thought Europe was a country ...I know they speak French there. Is France a country?\" She chose the copy cheat, allowing her to go along with the 3rd grader's correct response of Hungary.[52]\nShe has participated in three USO tours. The first, in late 2007 and early 2008, took her to Iraq;[53][54] the second, in December 2008, included stops in Germany, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, and England.[55] In January 2010, Pickler made stops in Iraq and Kuwait on a 10-day tour with Randy Houser and Jamey Johnson. The three country stars \"played remote bases on the front lines of the war zone, and the sound of gun fire became their frequent companion at night.\"[56]", "We Bought a Zoo. In real life, Benjamin's wife, Katherine, died after they had already bought the zoo and moved in.[25] In the film, Benjamin bought the zoo after her death. In real life, Benjamin's father had died and his mother needed to move; the farm cost the same price as his parents' house, and his mother came too.[26] Benjamin and his family made a specific and informed decision to buy a zoo. In the film, it occurred as a result of finding a house they liked.", "London Zoo. Dumbo (born 1948) was a female Indian elephant who lived at London Zoo during the 1950s and was well known for her fondness for sweets.[54] She was rescued from hunters as a baby, and was transported from India to England by air, where she spent her adult life giving rides to the children.[55] Dumbo was named after the eponymous Disney character because she was the first elephant to travel by airplane. In 1958 she was transferred to Moscow Zoo in return for four endangered snow leopards.[56] At some point between 1962 and 1971, Dumbo was acquired by circus performer Dolly Jacobs, but by 1978 she had been sold to Paul Kaye and was living in California with three other elephants.[57]", "Erinn Hayes. Alexandra Erinn Hayes (née Carter; born May 25, 1976) is an American actress and comedian. She is known for her role as Dr. Lola Spratt on the Adult Swim sitcom Childrens Hospital. She has played roles in a number of network sitcoms, including Alison on The Winner (2007), Melanie Clayton on Worst Week (2008–2009), and Sheila on Guys with Kids (2012–2013). In 2012, she had her first feature film role in the black comedy It's a Disaster. She also starred in the first season of the CBS sitcom Kevin Can Wait. She is currently in production for the Amazon series The Dangerous Book for Boys.", "Cassie Newman. When she debuted, Cassie was 6 years old, having been born on January 8, 1991.[4] She was adopted by Alice Johnson (Tamara Clatterbuck) as an infant. However, in 1994, Alice disappeared and left her in the care of her elderly mother Millie. Sharon's best friend Grace Turner (Jennifer Gareis) later tracked down Cassie and took her for herself.[5] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said that Grace wanted Cassie as a \"pet\" despite knowing Sharon was her biological mother.[5] As she grew up, she went from a sweet child to a \"rebellious\" teen who began to lie to her parents.[6] She also wanted to hang out with older kids at school, like Daniel Romalotti (Michael Graziadei) and Lily Winters (Christel Khalil). She was grounded because of her \"rebellious streak\".[6] Cassie was described as a \"good girl\" who wanted to \"fit in\" but began cutting classes, giving her parents attitude and \"a whole host of other angsty teenage pleasantries.\"[7]" ]

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[ "I Don't Want to Go Home. I Don't Want to Go Home was the first album by seminal New Jersey rock/R&B band Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes. The work helped establish the basis of the Jersey Shore sound.", "I Don't Want You to Go (Lani Hall song). Filipino singer Sharon Cuneta covered the song on her 1981 album Dear Heart and again on her 2006 album Isn't It Romantic? under Sony-BMG.[4][5] The song is a staple of Cuneta's repertoire. Of the songs on Isn't It Romantic, \"I Don't Want You to Go\" was called \"the best of the lot\" by the Philippine Headline News Online.[6]", "Welcome Home (Peters and Lee song). Originally written by Jean Alphonse Dupre and Stanislas Beldone in French and translated into English by Bryan Blackburn, the record was produced by Johnny Franz. Coming after their success in the talent show Opportunity Knocks, Peters and Lee recorded Welcome Home becoming the duo's only number one single in the UK Singles Chart, spending a week at the top in July 1973.[1] It went on to sell over 800,000 copies in the UK.", "Bringing It All Back Home. The raunchy \"If You Gotta Go, Go Now (Or Else You Got To Stay All Night)\" was issued as a single in Benelux. A different version of the song appears on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961-1991. An upbeat, electric performance, the song is relatively straightforward, with the title providing much of the subtext. Manfred Mann took the song to #2 in the UK in September 1965. Fairport Convention recorded a tongue-in-cheek, acoustic French-language version, \"Si Tu Dois Partir\", for their celebrated third album, Unhalfbricking.", "Gee, Mom, I Want to Go Home. The original song was sung by Canadian soldiers during World War II. With original chorus", "Don't Wanna Go Home. \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" received mixed reviews from music critics. Bill Lamb from About.com awarded \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" a rating of four stars out of five, praising the song's \"ingratiating party mood\" and Derulo's \"energetic vocal performance\".[8] He also went on to say that \"Jason Derulo should have no problem taking back his place on pop radio playlists and pulling the Beluga Heights sound back into the spotlight.\"[8] Scott Shelter from PopCrush wrote that, \"Despite the track's lack of originality, the beat is irresistible, and its lyrics about staying out all night are likely to resonate with summer partiers,\" and concluded by writing that it is \"a song that succeeds in spite of its shortcomings.\"[12] A writer for Beatweek magazine praised Derulo for sampling \"Day-O\" into the song's chorus, writing that \"'Don't Wanna Go Home' is yet the latest evidence that Derulo can create a song in any genre, using any kind of samples, and turn it into a hit.\"[13]", "Don't Wanna Go Home. \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" is an up-tempo electropop and dance-pop song.[2][5] \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" makes use of a thumping Euro disco beat and some Auto-Tune vocals.[6] Its hook features the lyrics, \"Day-o, me say day-o / Daylight come and we don't wanna go home\",[7] as it is partially constructed from lyrics of \"Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)\" by Harry Belafonte, while a sample of \"Show Me Love\" by Robin S. runs throughout the song.[2][8] In an interview with MTV UK, Derulo commented on the \"Show Me Love\" sample: \"I'm in love with that bassline, it's just really hypnotic and I just wanted to play around with it in the studio. I heard it a bunch of times in the club and I fell in love with it, like most people do.\"[9] Meena Rupani from DesiHits noted that the song borrows lyrics from Lil Wayne,[10] while Shahryar Rizvi from Dallas Observer noted that its pre-chorus line \"from the window / to the wall\" comes from Lil Jon's 2003 single \"Get Low\".[11]", "Joe South. Responding to late 1960s issues, South's style changed radically, most evident in his biggest single, 1969's pungent, no-nonsense \"Games People Play\" (purportedly inspired by Eric Berne's book of the same name), a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. Accompanied by a lush string sound, an organ, and brass, the production won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Song and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. South followed up with \"Birds of a Feather\" (originally \"Bubbled Under\" at No. 106 on February 10–17, 1968, more successful as a cover by The Raiders that peaked on the Hot 100 at No. 23 on October 23–30, 1971) and two other soul-searchers, the back-to-nature \"Don't It Make You Want to Go Home\" (also covered eight months later by Brook Benton With The Dixie Flyers) and the socially provocative \"Walk a Mile in My Shoes\" (also covered by Elvis Presley in a Las Vegas era version, Bryan Ferry, and Coldcut).", "Bring It on Home to Me. The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown's 1959 single \"I Want to Go Home\",[3][4] and it retains the gospel flavor and call-and-response format; the song differs significantly in that its refrain (\"Bring it to me, bring your sweet lovin', bring it on home to me\") is overtly secular.[2] The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots (\"[He] felt that he needed more weight, that that light shit wouldn't sustain him,\" said J.W. Alexander).[1] The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke’s former group, the Soul Stirrers.[2] The original, unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls, J.W. Alexander, Fred Smith (former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records), and \"probably\" the Sims Twins. A second, final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice.[2]", "If You Want Me to Stay. \"If You Want Me to Stay\" is a 1973 hit single by Sly and the Family Stone, from their album Fresh. The single was the band's final Top 20 pop hit, and is the best-known of its post-There's a Riot Goin' On recordings.", "Bowling for Soup. A Hangover You Don't Deserve followed two years later, and has become the band's only Top 40 album. Sales of the album were driven in large part by the radio airplay of the single \"1985\", a song cowritten by the band SR-71. Mitch Allan, lead vocalist of SR-71, contributed backing vocals to the song and appeared in the music video. \"1985\" became Bowling for Soup's biggest hit in the U.S., reaching No. 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. A second single from A Hangover You Don't Deserve, \"Almost\", charted on the UK Singles Chart, No. 46 on the U.S. Top 100, and No. 23 on U.S. Pop 100. \"Ohio\", better known as \"Come Back to Texas\", was released as a radio single in the U.S., but was not as popular as \"1985\" or \"Almost\", reaching only No. 59 on the U.S. Pop 100.", "Gee, Mom, I Want to Go Home. \"Gee, Mom, I Want to Go Home\" (also known as \"I Don't Want No More of Army Life\") is a traditional, humorous song satirizing life in the Armed Forces. Each verse has two lines relating what recruits are told, followed by an exaggerated description of the fact. For example:", "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?. Wilko Johnson and Roger Daltrey covered it for their album Going Back Home", "The Nolans. \"Sexy Music\", also featured on Making Waves, won the grand prize at the 1981 Tokyo Music Festival,[27] and was subsequently released as a single in Japan. This became the group's third number 1 on the Japanese Import chart – following \"I'm In the Mood for Dancing\" and \"Gotta Pull Myself Together\".[28] During 1981, Coleen and Linda contributed vocals to the Young and Moody Band,[1] which scored a UK number 63 hit with \"Don't Do That\".[29]", "The Clark Sisters. In 1989, The Clark Sisters released their highly anticipated live album, Bringing it Back Home, recorded in their home town of Detroit. It was the last recording from The Clark Sisters on Word Records’ Rejoice imprint and the last group album with Twinkie just before the launch of her solo career. The album included both previous hits and new material. It featured guest appearances from gospel icon Rance Allen and backing choir vocals from The Michigan State Choir directed by Dr. Mattie Moss Clark.[4]", "Welcome Home (Peters and Lee song). \"Welcome Home\" was a song made popular by Peters and Lee.", "Heart (band). In 1990, Brigade became the band's sixth multi-platinum LP[28] and added three more Top 25 Billboard Hot 100 hits: \"Stranded\" and \"I Didn't Want to Need You\", which reached numbers 12 and 24 respectively; \"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You\" reached number two,[40] but created controversy when it was argued that its story line might endanger women by encouraging them to pick up hitch-hikers.[41] Three other album cuts, \"Secret\", \"Wild Child\", and \"Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger\" were Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart hits.[40] Brigade was the band's highest charting album in the UK, reaching No. 3.[39]", "The Lovin' Spoonful. \"Do You Believe in Magic\" reached #9 on the Hot 100, and the band followed it up with a series of hit singles and albums throughout 1965 and 1966, all produced by Jacobsen. The Lovin' Spoonful became known for such folk-flavored pop hits as \"You Didn't Have to Be So Nice\", which reached #10, and \"Daydream\", which went to #2.[5][7] Other hits included \"Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?\" (another #2 hit) and their only song to reach #1 on the Hot 100, \"Summer in the City\" (August 13–27, 1966). Later that year, the #10 hit \"Rain on the Roof\" and the #8 hit \"Nashville Cats\" (which went on to become a staple in the concerts of bluegrass legend Del McCoury) completed the group's first seven consecutive Hot 100 hits to reach that chart's top 10. The only other 1960s act to achieve that feat is Gary Lewis & the Playboys. Some years later, Bobby Weinstein and The Lovin' Cohens turned \"Nashville Cats\" into \"Noshville Katz\", a frequent Dr. Demento staple.[8]", "Don't Wanna Go Home. In Australia, \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" debuted at number 34 on the ARIA Singles Chart on May 29, 2011, serving as the highest debuting single of that week.[25] It later peaked at number five for two consecutive weeks.[26] \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" also peaked at number two on the ARIA Urban Singles Chart.[27] The song was certified five times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting sales of 350,000 copies.[28] On the New Zealand Singles Chart, \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" debuted at number 33 on May 30, 2011, and peaked at number 17 on June 27, 2011, and spent a total of twelve weeks on the chart.[29] The song also attained top-ten positions on the Austrian Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart, both at number eight.[30][31] In the United Kingdom, \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, selling 76,581 copies in its first week,[32] and became Derulo's second number-one single in that country, following \"In My Head\", which topped the chart in 2010.[33]", "The Tourists. \"I Only Want to Be With You\" was also a top 10 hit in Australia[4] and reached numner 83 in the US Billboard Hot 100.[5] Coombes was the band's main songwriter, although later releases saw the first compositions by Lennox and Stewart.", "Return to Sender (song). Gerri Granger later recorded an answer song: \"Don't Want Your Letters\". The song was arranged and conducted by Bert Keyes. It was released on the single Big Top 45-3128.[7]", "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It). \"You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)\" is a popular song. The music was written by James V. Monaco, the lyrics by Joseph McCarthy and the song was published in 1913. It was introduced by Al Jolson in the Broadway revue The Honeymoon Express (1913) and used in the 1973 revival of the musical Irene.", "Don't Wanna Go Home. \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" is a song by American recording artist Jason Derulo, released as the lead single from his second studio album, Future History, on May 20, 2011. The song was written by Derulo, Chaz Mishan, David Delazyn, William Attaway, Irving Burgie, Allen George and Fred McFarlane and is featured in all episodes of the Disney Channel Original Series Shake It Up. It was produced by The Fliptones. The song is an up-tempo electropop and dance-pop song that samples Robin S.' 1993 single \"Show Me Love\" and incorporates an interpolation of Harry Belafonte's 1956 single, \"Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)\".", "Don't Wanna Go Home. \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" was written by Jason Derulo, Chaz Mishan, David Delazyn, William Attaway, Irving Burgie, Allen George and Fred McFarlane.[1] Production for the song was handled by The Fliptones, with additional production by Tim Roberts and Heather Jeanette.[1] It was recorded at Serenity West Recording Studio in Los Angeles, California and was mixed by Serban Ghenea at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[1] On May 3, 2011, a 34-second preview of the song premiered online and its cover art was also unveiled.[2] \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" was sent to contemporary hit radios in the United States on May 10,[3] and was released for digital download on May 20.[4]", "Chris Trousdale. Chris went on to record \"Kissless Christmas\" and \"Wild Christmas\" for School's Out! Christmas album [1] in addition to the popular duets with the girl group Play (rendition of \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\") and solo artist Nikki Cleary (remake of the Grease track \"You're the One that I Want\"), which were huge hits on Radio Disney. However, shortly after his solo career started to take off, Chris put his career on hold in 2006 and moved back home to Michigan to take care of his ailing mother.", "Paul Revere & the Raiders. The punk rock and new wave eras would see a wave of interest in the Raiders' music; \"I'm Not Your Stepping Stone\" was covered by the Sex Pistols, Minor Threat, and Liverpool band the Farm (although the Monkees' cover version was better known than the Raiders' original), and later \"Just Like Me\" would be covered by the Circle Jerks, Joan Jett and Pat Benatar. David Bowie covered \"Louie, Go Home\". In 1964, the Who took the song and changed the title and lyrics to \"Lubie (Come Back Home)\" in 1965. \"Hungry\" was covered by Sammy Hagar. The Flamin' Groovies tackled three Raiders songs (\"Him or Me, What's it Gonna Be?\", \"Sometimes\" and \"Ups and Downs\") and The Morrells did a country-tinged arrangement of \"Ups and Downs\" as well. The Paisley Underground, garage rock revival, and grunge movements would all acknowledge the Raiders' influence. \"Kicks\" was also covered by Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork of the Monkees as one of three new recordings included on their 1986 compilation, Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees.[citation needed]", "I Don't Want to Go Home. The album features a number of guest artists and duets, a tradition that continued in their next album, This Time It's for Real. The track \"How Come You Treat Me So Bad\" features a duet with Lee Dorsey, while \"Broke Down Piece of Man\" features a duet with Steven Van Zandt, \"It Ain't the Meat (It's the Motion) features a duet with Kenny 'Popeye' Pentifallo, and finally \"You Mean So Much To Me\" features a duet with Ronnie Spector.[2][3]", "The Triplets (band). \"You Don't Have to Go Home Tonight\" was re-recorded and released on their latest album Independence Road in 2016.", "The Triplets (band). \"You Don't Have to Go Home Tonight\" also reached the Dutch charts at the time. In 1995 its success was eclipsed by the Dutch-language version (\"Je Hoeft Niet naar Huis Vannacht\") that Marco Borsato recorded.", "The Tourists. By 1976, they had recruited bass guitarist Eddie Chin and drummer Jim Toomey, and renamed themselves The Tourists. This saw the beginning of a productive period for the band and they released three albums: The Tourists (1979), Reality Effect (1979) and Luminous Basement (1980), as well as half a dozen singles, including \"Blind Among the Flowers\" (1979), \"The Loneliest Man in the World\" (1979), \"Don't Say I Told You So\" (1980) and two hits, the Dusty Springfield cover \"I Only Want to Be with You\" (1979)[2] and \"So Good to Be Back Home Again\" (1980), both of which reached the top 10 in the UK.[3]", "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) (song). \"Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)\" is a country music song, made famous by Country music singer Loretta Lynn in early 1967. The song was Loretta Lynn's first number-one hit country hit.[1] It is one her best known songs.", "Don't Wanna Go Home. \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" received mixed reviews; some music critics praised its production and lyrics, while others claimed it lacked originality. In the United States, \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and at number four on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It also attained top 20 positions across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, \"Don't Wanna Go Home\" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Derulo's second consecutive number-one single in Britain following \"In My Head\" (2010). The accompanying music video was directed by Rich Lee, and features Derulo in various dance sequences and a cameo appearance by Melody Thornton." ]

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[ "Geography of Japan. Japan is an island nation in East Asia comprising a volcanic archipelago extending along the continent's Pacific coast. It lies between 24째 to 46째 north latitude and from 123째 to 146째 east longitude. Japan is southeast of the Russian Far East, separated by the Sea of Okhotsk; slightly east of the Korean Peninsula, separated by the Sea of Japan; and east-northeast of China and Taiwan, separated by the East China Sea. The closest neighboring country to Japan is Russia.[4]", "Japan. Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia. The country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 24째 and 46째N, and longitudes 122째 and 146째E. The main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. The Ryukyu Islands, which include Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu. Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago.[71]", "Geography of Japan. Location: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula.", "Geography of Japan. Japan is informally divided into eight regions. Each contains several prefectures, except the Hokkaido region, which covers only Hokkaido Prefecture.", "Japan. Japan (Japanese: 日本 Nippon [ɲippoɴ] or Nihon [ɲihoɴ]; formally 日本国  Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, meaning \"State of Japan\") is a sovereign island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest.", "Geography of Japan. Japan is generally a rainy country with high humidity. Because of its wide range of latitude, seasonal winds and different types of ocean currents, Japan has a variety of climates, with a latitude range of the inhabited islands from 24° to 46° north, which is comparable to the range between Nova Scotia and The Bahamas in the east coast of North America. Tokyo is at about 35 degrees north latitude, comparable to that of Tehran, Athens, or Las Vegas.", "Geography of Japan. The mountainous islands of the Japanese archipelago form a crescent off the eastern coast of Asia. They are separated from the mainland by the Sea of Japan, which historically served as a protective barrier. The country consists of four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; with more than 6,500 adjacent smaller islands and islets (\"island\" defined as land more than 100 m in circumference),[7] including the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands in the Nanpō Islands, and the Satsunan Islands, Okinawa Islands, and Sakishima Islands of the Ryukyu Islands.", "Geography of Japan. Since there is little level ground, many hills and mountainsides at lower elevations around towns and cities are often cultivated. As Japan is situated in a volcanic zone along the Pacific deeps, frequent low-intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes occur several times a century. Hot springs are numerous and have been exploited as an economic capital by the leisure industry.", "Geography of Japan. Map references: Asia, Oceania", "Geography of Japan. None of the populated plains or mountain basins are extensive in area. The largest, the Kantō Plain, where Tokyo is situated, covers only 13,000 square kilometers. Other important plains are the Nōbi Plain surrounding Nagoya, the Kinai Plain in the Osaka–Kyoto area, the Sendai Plain around the city of Sendai in northeastern Honshū, and the Ishikari Plain on Hokkaidō. Many of these plains are along the coast, and their areas have been increased by reclamation throughout recorded history.", "Geography of Japan. The distance between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, the nearest point on the Asian continent, is about 200 kilometers at the Korea Strait. Japan has always been linked with the continent through trade routes, stretching in the north toward Siberia, in the west through the Tsushima Islands to the Korean Peninsula, and in the south to the ports on the south China coast.", "Japan. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean \"sun origin\", and it is often called the \"Land of the Rising Sun\". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. The population of 127 million is the world's tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98.5% of Japan's total population. About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo,[15] the capital of Japan.", "Geography of Japan. The national territory also includes the Volcano Islands (Kazan Retto) such as Iwo Jima, located some 1,200 kilometers south of mainland Tokyo. A territorial dispute with Russia, dating from the end of World War II, over the two southernmost of the Kuril Islands, Etorofu and Kunashiri, and the smaller Shikotan Island and Habomai Islands northeast of Hokkaido remains a sensitive spot in Japanese–Russian relations (as of 2005[update]). Excluding disputed territory, the archipelago covers about 377,000 square kilometers. No point in Japan is more than 150 kilometers from the sea.", "Geography of Japan. The major islands, sometimes called the \"Home Islands\", are (from north to south) Hokkaido, Honshu (the \"mainland\"), Shikoku and Kyushu. There are 6,852 islands in total,[5] including the Nansei Islands, the Nanpo Islands and islets, with 430 islands being inhabited and others uninhabited. In total, as of 2006, Japan's territory is 377,923.1 km2 (145,916.9 sq mi), of which 374,834 km2 (144,724 sq mi) is land and 3,091 km2 (1,193 sq mi) water.", "Geography of Japan. The Japanese islands are the summits of mountain ridges uplifted near the outer edge of the continental shelf. About 73 percent of Japan's area is mountainous, and scattered plains and intermontane basins (in which the population is concentrated) cover only about 27 percent. A long chain of mountains runs down the middle of the archipelago, dividing it into two halves, the \"face\", fronting on the Pacific Ocean, and the \"back\", toward the Sea of Japan. On the Pacific side are steep mountains 1,500 to 3,000 meters high, with deep valleys and gorges.", "Geography of Japan. The four major islands are separated by narrow straits and form a natural entity. The Ryukyu Islands curve 970 kilometers southward from Kyūshū.", "Geography of Japan. As an island nation, Japan has the 7th longest coastline in the world.[11][12] A few prefectures are landlocked: Gunma, Tochigi, Saitama, Nagano, Yamanashi, Gifu, Shiga, and Nara. As Mt. Fuji and the coastal Japanese Alps provide a rain shadow, Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures receive the least precipitation in Honshu, though it still exceeds 900 millimetres (35 in) annually. A similar effect is found in Hokkaido, where Okhotsk Subprefecture receives as little as 750 millimetres (30 in) per year. All other prefectures have coasts on the Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Seto Inland Sea or have a body of salt water connected to them. Two prefectures—Hokkaido and Okinawa—are composed entirely of islands.", "Japan. The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. The Boso Triple Junction off the coast of Japan is a triple junction where the North American Plate, the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate meets. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.[74]", "Geography of Japan. In November 2008, Japan filed a request to expand its claimed continental shelf.[8] In April 2012, the U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf recognized around 310,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of seabed around Okinotorishima, giving Japan priority over access to seabed resources in nearby areas. According to U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, the approved expansion is equal to about 82% of Japan's total land area.[8] The People's Republic of China and South Korea have opposed Japan's claim because they view Okinotorishima not as an island, but as a group of rocks.", "Japan. About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial or residential use.[7][72] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.[73]", "Geography of Japan. This is a list of the extreme points of Japan, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.", "Geography of Japan. The only part of Japan with antipodes over land are the Ryukyu Islands, though the islands off the western coast of Kyūshū are close.", "Geography of Japan. Extensive coastal shipping, especially around the Seto Inland Sea", "Geography of Japan. Maritime claims:", "Geography of Japan. The region is not an official administrative unit, but has been traditionally used as the regional division of Japan in a number of contexts: for example, maps and geography textbooks divide Japan into the eight regions, weather reports usually give the weather by region, and many businesses and institutions use their home region as part of their name (Kinki Nippon Railway, ChÅ«goku Bank, Tohoku University, etc.). While Japan has eight High Courts, their jurisdictions do not correspond to the eight regions.", "Geology of Japan. Japan is situated in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Frequent low intensity earth tremors and occasional volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times a century. The most recent major quakes include the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts.", "Geography of Japan. Ten percent of the world's active volcanoes—forty in the early 1990s (another 148 were dormant)—are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 7 are common. Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the twentieth century was the great Kantō earthquake of 1923, in which 130,000 people died. Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis (津波).", "Geography of Japan. Coastline: 29,751 km (18,486 mi)", "Japan. Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan's land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China.[7] As of 2016[update], Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers.[7] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Some 20 million people, around 17 per cent of the population, were below the poverty line in 2007.[135] Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas.[136]", "East Asia. Tokyo is the largest city in the world, both in metropolitan population and economy.", "Geography of Japan. Regional climatic variations range from humid continental in the northern island of Hokkaido extending down through northern Japan to the Central Highland, then blending with and eventually changing to a humid subtropical climate on the Pacific Coast and ultimately reaching tropical rainforest climate on the Yaeyama Islands of the Ryukyu Islands. Climate also varies dramatically with altitude and with location on the Pacific Ocean or on the Sea of Japan.", "Geology of Japan. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates, being deeper than the Eurasian plate, pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.[1] The Strait of Tartary and the Korea Strait opened much later." ]

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[ "United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment (1791) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states. The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution. These powers include the power to declare war, to collect taxes, to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments. Any power not listed is, says the Tenth Amendment, left to the states or the people. While there is no specific list of what these \"reserved powers\" may be, the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations, commerce within a state's own borders, and local law enforcement activities, are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people.[75]", "U.S. state. States' rights are understood mainly with reference to the Tenth Amendment. The Constitution delegates some powers to the national government, and it forbids some powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment reserves all other powers to the states, or to the people. Powers of the U.S Congress are enumerated in Article I, Section 8, for example, the power to declare war. Making treaties is a power forbidden to the states, listed among other such powers in Article I, Section 10.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791.[1] It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.", "United States Bill of Rights. The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or the people. The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states, but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government.[116]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.[5]", "State government. Under the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, all governmental powers not granted to the Federal government of the United States nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.", "State constitution (United States). The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, provides that \"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that \"The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government.\" These two provisions indicate states did not surrender their wide latitude to adopt a constitution, the fundamental documents of state law, when the U.S. Constitution was adopted.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited to only the powers granted in the Constitution, has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court. In United States v. Sprague (1931) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment \"added nothing to the [Constitution] as originally ratified.\"[15]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation: \"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.\"[6] After the Constitution was ratified, South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting the federal government to powers \"expressly\" delegated, which would have denied implied powers.[7] James Madison opposed the amendments, stating that \"it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia.\"[7] When a vote on this version of the amendment with \"expressly delegated\" was defeated, Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting \"expressly.\"[8] Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause.[8][9]", "Limited government. The Tenth Amendment states “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”[7] This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution. Also, it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well. These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government is not unlimited.", "Laboratories of democracy. The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that \"all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" This is a basis for the \"laboratories of democracy\" concept, because the Tenth Amendment assigns most day-to-day governance responsibilities, including general \"police power\", to the state and local governments. Because there are 50 semi-autonomous states, different policies can be enacted and tested at the state level without directly affecting the entire country. As a result, a diverse patchwork of state-level government practices is created. If any one or more of those policies are successful, they can be expanded to the national level by acts of Congress. For example, Massachusetts established a health care reform law in 2006 that became the model for the subsequent Affordable Care Act at the national level in 2010, or the various concealed carry state reciprocity agreements that motivated the subsequent federal Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act of 2017.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The states decided to ratify the Tenth Amendment, and thus declined to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights.[11][12] The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or implication.", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. ref is http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html Amendment 10 - Powers of the States and People. Ratified 12/15/1791. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. I find, from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions, that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the Constitution, that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States. Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the whole of the instrument now does, may be considered as superfluous. I admit they may be deemed unnecessary: but there can be no harm in making such a declaration, if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated. I am sure I understand it so, and do therefore propose it.[10]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. For this reason, Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by offering or encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards; a system known as cooperative federalism. One example of the exercise of this device was to condition allocation of federal funding where certain state laws do not conform to federal guidelines. For example, federal educational funds may not be accepted without implementation of special education programs in compliance with IDEA. Similarly, the nationwide state 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit, .08 legal blood alcohol limit, and the nationwide state 21-year drinking age[18] were imposed through this method; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws (though the national speed limit has since been repealed).", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The federal system limits the ability of the federal government to use state governments as an instrument of the national government, as held in Printz v. United States.[19] However, where Congress or the Executive has the power to implement programs, or otherwise regulate, there are, arguably, certain incentives in the national government encouraging States to become the instruments of such national policy, rather than to implement the program directly. One incentive is that state implementation of national programs places implementation in the hands of local officials who are closer to local circumstances. Another incentive is that implementation of federal programs at the state level would in principle limit the growth of the national bureaucracy.[citation needed]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered. There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between the national and state governments as it had been established by the Constitution before the amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted, and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers.", "States' rights. In American political discourse, states' rights are political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment. The enumerated powers that are listed in the Constitution include exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are contrasted with the reserved powers—also called states' rights—that only the states possess.[1][2]", "McCulloch v. Maryland. Though Marshall rejected the 10th amendment's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word \"expressly\" unlike the Articles of Confederation, which was replaced by the Constitution,[7] controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed. Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states where the states maintain superiority. Unlike Marshall, his successor, Roger B. Taney, established Dual federalism, where separate but equal branches of government were believed to be a better option.[8]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In drafting this amendment, its framers had two purposes in mind: first, as a necessary rule of construction; and second, as a reaffirmation of the nature of federalism.[3][4]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The full text of the amendment reads as follows:", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court rarely declares laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment. In the modern era, the Court has only done so where the federal government compels the states to enforce federal statutes. In 1992, in New York v. United States,[17] for only the second time in 55 years, the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for violating the Tenth Amendment. The case challenged a portion of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. The first two incentives were monetary. The third, which was challenged in the case, obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1, 1996, and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste. The Court, in a 6–3 decision, ruled that the imposition of that obligation on the states violated the Tenth Amendment. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power (e.g. by attaching conditions to the receipt of federal funds, see South Dakota v. Dole,[18] or through the commerce power (by directly pre-empting state law). However, Congress cannot directly compel states to enforce federal regulations.", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. and the belief that the exercise of a power not granted to Congress, is a violation of the Tenth Amendment, which states that powers not granted to the Federal government are retained by either the states or by the people", "Commerce Clause. During the Rehnquist court and to present, the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has played an integral part in the Court's view of the Commerce Clause. The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government has only the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution while other powers are reserved to the states, or to the people. The Commerce Clause is an important source of those powers delegated to Congress, and therefore its interpretation is very important in determining the scope of federal power in controlling innumerable aspects of American life. The Commerce Clause has been the most broadly interpreted clause in the Constitution, making way for many laws which, some argue, contradict the original intended meaning of the Constitution. Justice Clarence Thomas has gone so far as to state in his dissent to Gonzales,", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The amendment was proposed by Congress in 1789 during its first term following the Constitutional Convention and ratification of the Constitution. It was considered by many members as a prerequisite of such ratification[2] particularly to satisfy demands by the Anti-Federalism movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government.", "States' rights. In 2009–2010 thirty-eight states introduced resolutions to reaffirm the principles of sovereignty under the Constitution and the 10th Amendment; 14 states have passed the resolutions. These non-binding resolutions, often called \"state sovereignty resolutions\" do not carry the force of law. Instead, they are intended to be a statement to demand that the federal government halt its practices of assuming powers and imposing mandates upon the states for purposes not enumerated by the Constitution.[4]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In modern times, the Commerce Clause has become one of the most frequently-used sources of Congress's power, and thus its interpretation is very important in determining the allowable scope of federal government.[21]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In the 20th century, complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy.[22]", "Federalism. Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states.[21] The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.", "Enumerated powers. The Enumerated powers of the United States Congress are listed in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it, subject to the individual rights listed in the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the Constitution expresses various other limitations on Congress, such as the one expressed by the Tenth Amendment: \"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" Historically, Congress and the Supreme Court have broadly interpreted the enumerated powers, especially by deriving many implied powers from them.[1] The enumerated powers listed in Article One include both exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are to be contrasted with reserved powers that only the states possess.[2][3]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The phrase \"..., or to the people.\" was appended in handwriting by the clerk of the Senate as the Bill of Rights circulated between the two Houses of Congress.[13][14]", "Federal government of the United States. The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans' daily lives. The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution; as a result, states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction. Because state governments are not authorized to print currency, they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds. As a result, state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering.[23]" ]

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[ "Mississippi River. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca, 1,475 feet (450 m) above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, Minnesota. The name \"Itasca\" was chosen to designate the \"true head\" of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth (veritas) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head (caput).[20] However, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams.", "Mississippi River. The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. It is divided into two sections:", "Mississippi River. The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections: the Upper Mississippi, the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River; the Middle Mississippi, which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River; and the Lower Mississippi, which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico.", "Mississippi River. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, the waterway's flow is moderated by 43 dams. Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river. Taken as a whole, these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river. Beginning just below Saint Paul, Minnesota, and continuing throughout the upper and lower river, the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks.", "Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.[13][14] The stream is entirely within the United States (although its drainage basin reaches into Canada), its source is in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles (3,730 km)[14] to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest and fifteenth-largest river in the world by discharge. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[15][16]", "Mississippi River. The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Before it was built in 1913, steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud, Minnesota, depending on river conditions.", "Henry Schoolcraft. During the voyage, Schoolcraft took the opportunity to explore the region, making the first accurate map of the Lake District around western Lake Superior. He discovered the true headwaters of the Mississippi River in Lake Itasca, a name which he coined from the Latin words veritas meaning 'truth' and caput meaning 'head'.[14] The nearby Schoolcraft River, the first major tributary of the Mississippi, was later named in his honor. United States newspapers widely covered this expedition. Schoolcraft followed up with a personal account of the discovery with his book, Narrative of an Expedition Through the Upper Mississippi River to Itasca Lake (1834).", "Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri, for 190 miles (310 km) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois.[24][25]", "Mississippi River. The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities; the St. Croix River near Prescott, Wisconsin; the Cannon River near Red Wing, Minnesota; the Zumbro River at Wabasha, Minnesota; the Black, La Crosse, and Root rivers in La Crosse, Wisconsin; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; the Rock River at the Quad Cities; the Iowa River near Wapello, Iowa; the Skunk River south of Burlington, Iowa; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk, Iowa. Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota, the Chippewa River in Wisconsin, the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa, and the Illinois River in Illinois.", "Mississippi River System. The Mississippi River stemmed from Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota where it was only a tiny outlet stream. It worked its way 2,350 miles south to the Gulf of Mexico. Today, the Mississippi River is connected to hundreds of tributaries making up the Mississippi River System.", "Mississippi River. After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963, the river's head of navigation moved upstream, to the Coon Rapids Dam. However, the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp, making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river.[21]", "Henry Schoolcraft. The expedition was intended to establish the source of the Mississippi River, and in part to settle the question of an undetermined boundary between the United States and British Canada. The expedition traveled as far upstream as Upper Red Cedar Lake in present-day Minnesota. Since low water precluded navigating farther upstream, the lake was designated the river's headwaters, and renamed in honor of Cass. (Schoolcraft noted, however, that locals informed the expedition that it was possible to navigate by canoe farther upstream earlier in the year, when water levels were higher.) Schoolcraft's account of the expedition was published as A Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Northwestern Regions...to the Sources of the Mississippi River (1821).", "River source. The furthest stream is also often called the headstream. Headwaters are often small streams with cool waters because of shade and recently melted ice or snow. They may also be glacial headwaters, waters formed by the melting of glacial ice.", "Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 1,000 miles (1,600 km). At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the long-term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo, Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second (7,970 cubic metres per second),[26] while the long-term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s).[27] Thus, by volume, the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and the Allegheny River further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi.", "Mississippi River. In addition to the Ohio River, the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River, flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas; the Arkansas River, joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post; the Big Black River in Mississippi; and the Yazoo River, meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile (1.6 km) in width in several places.", "River source. The source or headwaters of a river or stream is the furthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river.", "Missouri River. From the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming, three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River:", "Mississippi River. The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis. Above the dam, the river's elevation is 799 feet (244 m). Below the dam, the river's elevation is 750 feet (230 m). This 49-foot (15 m) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams. The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete. Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River. The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall.", "Mississippi River System. The Upper Mississippi River spans around 1,250 miles from Lake Itasca to Cairo.[6] Most of the Upper Mississippi goes through the center of the Driftless Area, around 15,000 square miles in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois that has managed to stay free of glacial flows covering the past two million years.[7]", "Mississippi River. When measured from its traditional source at Lake Itasca, the Mississippi has a length of 2,320 miles (3,730 km). When measured from its longest stream source (most distant source from the sea), Brower's Spring in Montana, the source of the Missouri River. it has a length of 3,710 miles, making it the fourth longest river in the world after the Nile, Amazon, and Yangtze.[42] When measured by the largest stream source (by water volume), the Ohio River, by extension the Allegheny River, would be the source, and the Mississippi would begin in Pennsylvania.[citation needed]", "Mississippi River. The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands. From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque, Iowa, the river is entrenched, with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side. The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque, though they are still significant through Savanna, Illinois. This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi, which is a meandering river in a broad, flat area, only rarely flowing alongside a bluff (as at Vicksburg, Mississippi).", "Mississippi River. Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance, with their cities or locations. They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi's source to the Lower Mississippi's mouth.", "Mississippi River. To improve navigation between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area, including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama. The dams, which were built beginning in the 1880s, stored spring run-off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth.", "Prairie. The course of the upper Mississippi River is largely consequent upon glacial deposits. Its sources are in the morainic lakes in northern Minnesota. The drift deposits thereabouts are so heavy that the present divides between the drainage basins of Hudson Bay, Lake Superior, and the Gulf of Mexico evidently stand in no very definite relation to the preglacial divides. The course of the Mississippi through Minnesota is largely guided by the form of the drift cover. Several rapids and the Saint Anthony Falls (determining the site of Minneapolis) are signs of immaturity, resulting from superposition through the drift on the under rock. Farther south, as far as the entrance of the Ohio River, the Mississippi follows a rock-walled valley 300 to 400 ft (91 to 122 m) deep, with a flood-plain 2 to 4 mi (3.2 to 6.4 km) wide. This valley seems to represent the path of an enlarged early-glacial Mississippi, when much precipitation that is today discharged to Hudson Bay and the Gulf of St Lawrence was delivered to the Gulf of Mexico, for the curves of the present river are of distinctly smaller radii than the curves of the valley. Lake Pepin (30 mi [48 km] below St. Paul), a picturesque expansion of the river across its flood-plain, is due to the aggradation of the valley floor where the Chippewa River, coming from the northeast, brought an overload of fluvio-glacial drift. Hence, even the father of waters, like so many other rivers in the Northern states, owes many of its features more or less directly to glacial action.", "Missouri River. The Missouri's headwaters above Three Forks extend much farther upstream than the main stem. Measured to the farthest source at Brower's Spring, the Jefferson River is 298 miles (480 km) long.[24] Thus measured to its highest headwaters, the Missouri River stretches for 2,639 miles (4,247 km). When combined with the lower Mississippi, the Missouri and its headwaters form part of the fourth-longest river system in the world, at 3,745 miles (6,027 km).[7]", "River source. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) states that a river's \"length may be considered to be the distance from the mouth to the most distant headwater source (irrespective of stream name), or from the mouth to the headwaters of the stream commonly known as the source stream\". As an example of the second definition above, the USGS at times considers the Missouri River as a tributary of the Mississippi River. But it also follows the first definition above (along with virtually all other geographic authorities and publications) in using the combined Missouri - lower Mississippi length figure in lists of lengths of rivers around the world.[1] Most rivers have numerous tributaries and change names often; it is customary to regard the longest tributary or stem as the source, regardless of what name that watercourse may carry on local maps and in local usage.", "Territorial era of Minnesota. Several efforts were made to determine the source of the Mississippi River. In 1823 Italian explorer Giacomo Constantino Beltrami who had split from the Long expedition in Pembina, found Lake Julia which he believed was the source of the Mississippi River.[30] The actual source was found in 1832, when Henry Schoolcraft was guided by a group of Ojibwe headed by Ozaawindib (\"Yellow Head\") to a lake in northern Minnesota. Schoolcraft named it Lake Itasca, combining the Latin words veritas (\"truth\") and caput (\"head\").[31][32]", "Mississippi River System. From the perspective of natural geography and hydrology, the system consists of the Mississippi River itself and its numerous natural tributaries and distributaries. The major tributaries are the Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio and Red rivers. Given their flow volumes, major Ohio River tributaries like the Allegheny, Tennessee, and Wabash rivers are considered important tributaries to the Mississippi system.[3] Before the Mississippi River reaches the Gulf of Mexico, it runs into its distributary, the Atchafalaya River.[1]", "Mississippi River. By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul, Minnesota, below Lock and Dam No. 1, it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet (209 m) above sea level. From St. Paul to St. Louis, Missouri, the river elevation falls much more slowly, and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams.[23]", "List of rivers of Mississippi. The list of rivers in Mississippi includes any rivers that flow through part of the State of Mississippi. The major rivers in Mississippi are the Mississippi River, Pearl River, Pascagoula River and the Tombigbee River, along with their main tributaries: the Tallahatchie River, Yazoo River, Big Black River, Leaf River, and the Chickasawhay River. However, other tributaries vary in size, with some also draining rather sizable areas of Mississippi (Also see list below: Alphabetically).", "Mississippi River. The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes, as well as route part of the Mississippi's flow into the Atchafalaya Basin and from there to the Gulf of Mexico, bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The main structures are the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway in Missouri; the Old River Control Structure and the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana, which direct excess water down the west and east sides (respectively) of the Atchafalaya River; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway, also in Louisiana, which directs floodwaters to Lake Pontchartrain (see diagram). Some experts blame urban sprawl for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River.[57]", "River source. Headwater areas are the upstream areas of a watershed, as opposed to the outflow or discharge of a watershed. The river source is often but not always on or quite near the edge of the watershed, or watershed divide. For example, the source of the Colorado River is at the Continental Divide separating the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean watersheds of North America." ]

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[ "Royal Proclamation of 1763. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.[1] It rendered worthless land grants given by the British government to Americans who fought for the crown against France. The Proclamation angered American colonists, who wanted to continue their westward expansion into new lands for farming and keep local control over their settled area. The Royal Proclamation continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada. The 1763 proclamation line is similar to the Eastern Continental Divide's path running northwards from Georgia to the Pennsylvania–New York border and north-eastwards past the drainage divide on the St. Lawrence Divide from there northwards through New England.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. Besides regulating colonial expansion, the Proclamation of 1763 dealt with the management of inherited French colonies from the French and Indian War. It established government for four areas: Quebec, West Florida, East Florida, and Grenada.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. Some Native American peoples—primarily in the Great Lakes region—had a long and close relationship with France, and were dismayed to find that they were now under British sovereignty. They missed the amicable relationship with the French, along with the gifts they bestowed upon them, neither of which they had with the British. Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–66), a war launched by a group of natives around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, was an unsuccessful effort by the western tribes to push the British back. However tribes were able to take over a large number of the forts which commanded the waterways involved in trade within the region and export to Great Britain. The Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac's Rebellion, but the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process.[3] British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and help to prevent future hostilities.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America, especially Upper Canada and Rupert's Land. The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of Indigenous peloples in Canada – First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is thus mentioned in Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.", "American Revolution. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain, as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one's own livelihood as part of the drive west. The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a \"fundamental document\" for First Nations land claims and self-government.[9] It is “the first legal recognition by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights\"[10] and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown. The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature, only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of “settler encroachments on their lands”[11] and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement.[12][13] Advice given by a merchant to the Board of Trade on August 30, 1764, expressed that", "French and Indian War. Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population,[64] a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers.[65] The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians.[66] The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774, raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of \"popery.\" The Act maintained French Civil law, including the seigneurial system, a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. In the United States, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Afterward, the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation. The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790, prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands. In 1823, the U.S. Supreme Court case Johnson v. M'Intosh[21] established that only the U.S. government, and not private individuals, could purchase land from Native Americans.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768, since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country. Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties, the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans, which angered colonial land speculators.[18] Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown.[19][citation needed]", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. According to historian Colin Calloway, \"[settler] scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty\".[8] The proclamation established the important precedent that the indigenous population had certain rights to the lands they occupied.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. At the outset, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the occupied territories of North America. Explaining parts of the Frontier expansion in North America, in Colonial America and especially Canada colony of New France, a diminutive new colony, the Province of Quebec was carved. The territory northeast of the St. John River on the Labrador coast was placed under the Newfoundland Colony.[4] The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement, to the great disappointment of the land speculators of Virginia and Pennsylvania, who had started the Seven Years' War to gain these territories.[5] The proclamation created a boundary line (often called the proclamation line) between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands (called the Indian Reserve) west of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Aboriginal lands, but rather a temporary boundary which could be extended further west in an orderly, lawful manner.[6][7] It was also not designed as an uncrossable boundary; people could cross the line, just not settle past it. Its contour was defined by the headwaters that formed the watershed along the Appalachians. All land with rivers that flowed into the Atlantic was designated for the colonial entities, while all the land with rivers that flowed into the Mississippi was reserved for the native Indian population. The proclamation outlawed the private purchase of Native American land, which had often created problems in the past. Instead, all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials \"at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians\". Furthermore, British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands, and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval. The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. Some historians believe that “the British were trying to convince Native people that there was nothing to fear from the colonists, while at the same time trying to increase political and economic power relative to First Nations and other European powers.”[15] Others argue that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara, provide for an argument that “discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations”[16] and affirms Aboriginal “powers of self-determination in, among other things, allocating lands.”[17]", "Pontiac's War. The British government also came to the conclusion that colonists and Native Americans must be kept apart. On October 7, 1763, the Crown issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an effort to reorganize British North America after the Treaty of Paris. The Proclamation, already in the works when Pontiac's War erupted, was hurriedly issued after news of the uprising reached London. Officials drew a boundary line between the British colonies along the seaboard, and Native American lands west of the Allegheny Ridge (i.e., the Eastern Divide), creating a vast 'Indian Reserve' that stretched from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi River and from Florida to Quebec. It thus confirmed the antebellum demarcation that had been set by the Treaty of Easton in 1758. By forbidding colonists from trespassing on Native lands, the British government hoped to avoid more conflicts like Pontiac's Rebellion. \"The Royal Proclamation,\" writes historian Colin Calloway, \"reflected the notion that segregation not interaction should characterize Indian-white relations.\"[107]", "Cultural assimilation of Native Americans. As the dominant power after the Seven Years' War, Great Britain instituted the Royal Proclamation of 1763, to try to protect indigenous peoples' territory from colonial encroachment of peoples from east of the Appalachian Mountains. The document defined a boundary to separate Native American country from that of the European community. In part, this justified the English taking complete control of lands on the European side, but the proclamation did not effectively prevent individual ethnic European colonists from continuing to migrate westward. The British did not have sufficient forces to patrol the border and keep out colonists. Europeans and European governments continued to use military/diplomatic and economic force to secure control of more territories from Native Americans. For further information see European colonization of the Americas.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them. Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line,[3] some of which had been temporarily evacuated during Pontiac's War, and there were many already granted land claims yet to be settled. For example, George Washington and his Virginia soldiers had been granted lands past the boundary. Prominent American colonials joined with the land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west. Their efforts were successful, and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Native Americans. In 1768 the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour, followed in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber, opened much of what is now Kentucky and West Virginia to British settlement.", "Proclamation. In English law, a proclamation is a formal announcement (\"royal proclamation\"), made under the great seal, of some matter which the King in Council or Queen in Council desires to make known to his or her subjects: e.g., the declaration of war, or state of emergency, the statement of neutrality, the summoning or dissolution of Parliament, or the bringing into operation of the provisions of some statute the enforcement of which the legislature has left to the discretion of the king in the announcement. Proclamations are also used for declaring bank holidays and the issuance of coinage.", "Cherokee–American wars. Valuing the support of Native Americans, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in Mobile now Alabama. This prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, in an effort to preserve territory for the native tribes. Many colonials resented the interference with their drive to the vast western lands. The proclamation was a major irritant to the colonists, contributing to their support for the American Revolution and ending interference by the Crown. The Apalachee Indians lived at Chastang in Mobile near the present St. Peter's Church. Military Forts were constructed to protect the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians (variously referred to as Cherokee and then Creek and many other tribes since then).", "Canada. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[16] St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[55] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time that the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule.[56] It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies. The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution.[16]", "Province of Pennsylvania. With the war just over and Pontiac's War beginning, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 banned colonization beyond the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to prevent settlers settling lands which the Native Americans considered their own. This proclamation affected Pennsylvanians and Virginians the most, as they had been racing towards the lands surrounding Fort Pitt (modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).", "Thirteen Colonies. The British sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French, to keep them separated from the American frontiersmen. To this end, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, as this was designated an Indian Reserve.[19] Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation, continuing to move west and establish farms.[20] The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation.[21]", "Pontiac's War. Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal, and the killing of prisoners, the targeting of civilians, and other atrocities were widespread. The ruthlessness and treachery of the conflict was a reflection of a growing divide between the separate populations of the British colonists and Native Americans. Contrary to popular belief, the British government did not issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in reaction to Pontiac's War, though the conflict did provide an impetus for the application of the Proclamation's Indian clauses.[3] This proved unpopular with British colonists, and may have been one of the early contributing factors to the American Revolution.", "George III of the United Kingdom. Later that year, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 placed a limit upon the westward expansion of the American colonies. The Proclamation aimed to divert colonial expansion to the north (to Nova Scotia) and to the south (Florida). The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers, but it was unpopular with a vocal minority and ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government.[37] With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes, the government thought it appropriate for them to pay towards the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions.[f] The central issue for the colonists was not the amount of taxes but whether Parliament could levy a tax without American approval, for there were no American seats in Parliament.[40] The Americans protested that like all Englishmen they had rights to \"no taxation without representation\". In 1765, Grenville introduced the Stamp Act, which levied a stamp duty on every document in the British colonies in North America. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax.[41] Meanwhile, the King had become exasperated at Grenville's attempts to reduce the King's prerogatives, and tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade William Pitt the Elder to accept the office of Prime Minister.[42] After a brief illness, which may have presaged his illnesses to come, George settled on Lord Rockingham to form a ministry, and dismissed Grenville.[43]", "Title (property). Prior to the establishment of the United States title to Indian lands in lands controlled by Britain in North America was governed by The Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763. This proclamation by King George III reserved title in land to the Indians, subject to alienation only by the Crown. This continued to be the law of Canada following the American Revolution.[11]", "Province of New York. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, negotiated an end to Pontiac's Rebellion. He promoted the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix to protect the Indians from further English settlement in their lands. The treaty established a boundary line along the West Branch Delaware River and the Unadilla River, with Iroquois lands to the west and colonial lands to the east.[26]", "History of the United States. Following Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains. In ensuing years, strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures. The issue was drawn: did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it? Crying \"No taxation without representation\", the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s.[45]", "Proclamation. The Crown has from time to time legislated by proclamation; and the Statute of Proclamations 1539 provided that proclamations made by the king with the assent of the council should have the force of statute law if they were not prejudicial to \"any person's inheritance, offices, liberties, goods, chattels or life.\" But this enactment was repealed by an act of 1547; and it is certain that a proclamation purporting to be made in the exercise of legislative power by which the sovereign imposes a duty to which the subject is not by law liable, or prohibits under penalties what is not an offence at law, or adds fresh penalties to any offence, is of no effect unless itself issued in virtue of statutory authority (see also Order in Council).", "Proclamation. The Crown has power to legislate by proclamation for a newly conquered country (Jenkyns, British Rule and Jurisdiction beyond the Seas); and this power was freely exercised in North America following the Seven Years' War by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and in the Transvaal Colony during the Second Boer War. In the British colonies, ordinances are frequently brought into force by proclamation; certain imperial acts do not take effect in a colony until they are proclaimed (e.g. the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870); and proclamations are constantly issued in furtherance of executive acts. In many British protectorates the high commissioner or administrator was empowered to legislate by proclamation.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. The Treaty of Paris was officially conclusion of the Seven Years' War, of which the French and Indian War was the North American theater. Under this treaty, France ceded ownership to Britain all of continental North America east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, and the rest of Canada. Spain received all French territory west of the Mississippi. Both Spain and Britain received some French islands in the Caribbean. France kept a few small islands used by fishermen,[2] modern-day Haiti and the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe.", "Iroquois. After the war, to protect their alliance, the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, forbidding Anglo-European (white) settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists largely ignored the order, and the British had insufficient soldiers to enforce it.", "History of Canada. The new British rulers of Canada abolished and later reinstated most of the property, religious, political, and social culture of the French-speaking habitants, guaranteeing the right of the Canadiens to practice the Catholic faith and to the use of French civil law (now Quebec Civil Code) through the Quebec Act of 1774.[99] The Royal Proclamation of 1763 had been issued in October, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory.[100] The proclamation organized Great Britain's new North American empire and stabilized relations between the British Crown and Aboriginal peoples through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.[100]", "First Nations. In the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the British recognized the treaty rights of the indigenous populations and resolved to only settle those areas purchased lawfully from the indigenous peoples. Treaties and land purchases were made in several cases by the British, but the lands of several indigenous nations remain unceded and/or unresolved.", "Royal Proclamation of 1763. The Indians all know we cannot be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive woody Country...from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts, Trade & ca securely, it cannot be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants.[14]" ]

[ 6.140625, 5.0625, 4.1796875, 3.9140625, 3.404296875, 5.015625, -4.21875, 3.115234375, 2.546875, 2.736328125, 6.08203125, 2.92578125, 3.498046875, -2.55859375, 1.41796875, -1.3818359375, -1.6259765625, -0.326171875, 1.9091796875, 2.154296875, -1.8828125, 1.916015625, 0.400634765625, -0.38037109375, 1.0283203125, -3.6171875, 0.6259765625, 1.994140625, 2.58203125, -1.90625, 2.05859375, 0.62939453125 ]

[ "Dice. Opposite sides of a modern die traditionally add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex.[14] The faces of a die may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called \"right-handed\", and if those faces run clockwise, the die is called \"left-handed\". Western dice are normally right-handed, and Chinese dice are normally left-handed.[15]", "Dice. Normally, the faces on a die will be placed so opposite faces will add up to one more than the number of faces (this is not possible with 4-sided dice and dice with an odd-number of faces). Some dice, such as those with 10 sides, are usually numbered sequentially beginning with 0, in which case the opposite faces will add to one less than the number of faces.", "Dice. Unlike other common dice, a four-sided die does not have a side that faces upward when it is at rest on a surface, so it has to be read in a different way. Many such dice have the numbers printed around the points, so that when it settles, the numbers at the vertex pointing up are the same and are read. Alternatively, the numbers on a tetrahedral die can be placed at the middles of the edges, in which case the numbers around the base are read.", "Dice. Many board games use dice to randomize how far pieces move or to settle conflicts. Typically, this has meant that rolling higher numbers is better. Some games, such as Axis & Allies, have inverted this system by making the lower values more potent. In the modern age, a few games and game designers have approached dice in a different way by making each side of the die similarly valuable. In Castles of Burgundy, players spend their dice to take actions based on the die's value. In this game, a six is not better than a one, or vice versa. In Quarriors (and its descendent, Dicemasters), different sides of the dice can offer completely different abilities. Several sides often give resources while others grant the player useful actions.[28]", "Dice. Dice with an odd number of flat faces can be made as \"long dice\".[25] They are based on an infinite set of prisms. All the (rectangular) faces they may actually land on are congruent, so they are equally fair. (The other 2 sides of the prism are rounded or capped with a pyramid, designed so that the die never actually rests on those faces.)", "Dice. A loaded, weighted, or crooked die is one that has been tampered with so that it will land with a specific side facing upwards more or less often than a fair die would. There are several methods for creating loaded dice, including rounded faces, off-square faces and weights. Transparent acetate dice are used by casinos as they are harder to tamper with than other dice.", "Dice. A variation on the standard die is known as the \"average\" die.[23][24] These are six-sided dice with sides numbered 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, which have the same aritmetic mean as a standard die (3.5 for a single die, 7 for a pair of dice), but have a narrower range of possible values (2 through 5 for one, 4 through 10 for a pair). They are used in some table-top wargames, where a narrower range of numbers is required.[24]", "Dice. Using these dice in various ways, games can closely approximate the real probability distributions of the events they simulate. For instance, 10-sided dice can be rolled in pairs to produce a uniform distribution of random percentages, and summing the values of multiple dice will produce approximations to normal distributions.[22]", "Dice. Dice are often sold in sets, matching in color, of six different shapes. Five of the dice are shaped like the Platonic solids, whose faces are regular polygons. Aside from the cube, the other four Platonic solids have 4, 8, 12, and 20 faces, allowing for those number ranges to be generated. The only other common non-cubical die is the 10-sided die, a pentagonal trapezohedron die, whose faces are ten kites, each with two different edge lengths, three different angles, and two different kinds of vertices. Such sets frequently include a second 10-sided die either of contrasting color or numbered by tens, allowing for a pair of 10-sided dice to generate numbers between 1 and 100.", "Star Wars Roleplaying Game (Fantasy Flight Games). The custom dice enable the dice having results on two axes; how successful the skill check was, and how lucky the attempt was with other factors–normally only one success on the pass / fail axis is needed to succeed. There are both positive and negative types of dice, which can be added to a roll represent advantages or disadvantages in a skill check.", "Dice. Dice are thrown onto a flat surface either from the hand or from a container designed for this (such as a dice cup). The face of the die that is uppermost when it comes to rest provides the value of the throw. One typical dice game today is craps, where two dice are thrown simultaneously and wagers are made on the total value of the two dice. Dice are frequently used to randomize moves in board games, usually by deciding the distance through which a piece will move along the board; examples of this are backgammon and Monopoly.", "Dice. In many gaming contexts, especially tabletop role-playing games, shorthand notations representing different dice rolls are used. A \"d\" or \"D\" is used to indicate a die with a specific number of sides; for example, d4 denotes a four-sided die. If several dice of the same type are to be rolled, this is indicated by a leading number specifying the number of dice. Hence, 6d8 means the player should roll six eight-sided dice and add the results. Modifiers to a die roll can also be indicated as desired. For example, 3d6+4 instructs the player to roll three six-sided dice, calculate the total, and add four to it.", "Craps. There are two different ways to calculate the odds and house edge of this bet. The table below gives the numbers considering that the game ends in a push when a 12 is rolled, rather than being undetermined. Betting on don't pass is often called \"playing the dark side\", and it is considered by some players to be in poor taste, or even taboo, because it goes directly against conventional play, winning when most of the players lose.", "Pearson's chi-squared test. A 6-sided dice is thrown 60 times. The number of times it lands with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 face up is 5, 8, 9, 8, 10 and 20, respectively. Is the dice biased, according to the Pearson's chi-squared test at a significance level of 95% and/or 99%?", "Craps. One card is dealt from the red deck and one is dealt from the blue deck. The shooter throws the \"cubes\" and the color of the cube that is higher selects the color of the card to be used to settle bets. On one such table, an additional one-roll prop bet was offered: If the card that was turned over for the \"roll\" was either 1-1 or 6-6, the other card was also turned over. If the other card was the \"opposite\" (6-6 or 1-1, respectively) of the first card, the bet paid 500:1 for this 647:1 proposition.", "Craps. The probability of dice combinations determine the odds of the payout. The following chart shows the dice combinations needed to roll each number. The two and twelve are the hardest to roll since only one combination of dice is possible. The game of craps is built around the dice roll of seven, since it is the most easily rolled dice combination.", "Dice. A traditional die is a cube, with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots (pips) from 1 to 6. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing on its upper surface a random integer from one to six, each value being equally likely. A variety of similar devices are also described as dice; such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes and may have faces marked with symbols instead of numbers. They may be used to produce results other than one through six. Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement.", "Pascal's calculator. Since the gears of the calculator rotated in only one direction, negative numbers could not be directly summed. To subtract one number from another, the method of nine's complement was used. The only two differences between an addition and a subtraction are the position of the display bar (direct versus complement) and the way the first number is entered (direct versus complement).", "Craps. Against one long side is the casino's table bank: as many as two thousand casino checks in stacks of 20. The opposite long side is usually a long mirror. The U-shaped ends of the table have duplicate layouts and standing room for approximately eight players. In the center of the layout is an additional group of bets which are used by players from both ends. The vertical walls at each end are usually covered with a rubberized target surface covered with small pyramid shapes to randomize the dice which strike them. The top edges of the table walls have one or two horizontal grooves in which players may store their reserve checks.", "The Rivals for Catan. At the start of each turn, two different dice are rolled: a production die determines which regions produce resources for the players, and an event die which may cause resource bonuses or losses for one or both players, or a card to be drawn from a special deck of Event Cards. Players may then play cards from their hand, and draw cards up to their hand limit to end their turn.", "Risk (game). Defenders always win ties when dice are rolled. This gives the defending player the advantage in \"one-on-one\" fights, but the attacker's ability to use more dice offsets this advantage. It is always advantageous to roll the maximum number of dice, unless an attacker wishes to avoid moving men into a 'dead-end' territory, in which case they may choose to roll fewer than three. Thus when rolling three dice against two, three against one, or two against one, the attacker has a slight advantage, otherwise the defender has an advantage.", "Random variable. A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes. The most obvious representation for the two-dice case is to take the set of pairs of numbers n1 and n2 from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (representing the numbers on the two dice) as the sample space. The total number rolled (the sum of the numbers in each pair) is then a random variable X given by the function that maps the pair to the sum:", "Ones' complement. The next example shows what happens when both operands are plus or minus zero:", "Dice. The pips on dice are arranged in specific patterns as shown. Asian style dice bear similar patterns to Western ones, but the pips are closer to the center of the face; in addition, the pips are differently sized on Asian style dice, and the pips are colored red on the 1 and 4 sides. One possible explanation is that red fours are of Indian origin.[15][16] In some older sets, the \"one\" pip is a colorless depression.", "Pascal's calculator. The accumulator contains \n\n\n\nC\nP\n(\nA\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle CP(A)}\n\n during the first step and \n\n\n\nC\nP\n(\nA\n−\nB\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle CP(A-B)}\n\n after adding B. In displaying that data in the complement window, the operator sees \n\n\n\nC\nP\n(\nC\nP\n(\nA\n)\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle CP(CP(A))}\n\n which is A and then \n\n\n\nC\nP\n(\nC\nP\n(\nA\n−\nB\n)\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle CP(CP(A-B))}\n\n which is \n\n\n\n(\nA\n−\nB\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle (A-B)}\n\n. It feels like an addition since the only two differences in between an addition and a subtraction are the position of the display bar (direct versus complement) and the way the first number is entered (direct versus complement).", "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯. then adding 0 to both sides gives", "Variance. The general formula for the variance of the outcome X of a die of n sides is", "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯. Adding 0 to both sides again gives", "Petals Around the Rose. The key to the formula is given by the name of the puzzle. The solution for a throw is found by counting the \"petals around the rose\", where a \"rose\" is any die face with a center dot. On a standard 6-sided die, this corresponds to the three odd faces—1, 3, and 5. The rose's \"petals\" are the dots which surround the center dot. There is no rose on the 2, 4, or 6 faces, so these count as zero. There are no petals on the 1 face, so it also counts as zero. There are two petals and four petals on the 3 and 5 faces, respectively. Thus, the solution to a given throw can be found by >Adding the total petals (or) >starting with 2 times the number of dice that land on the 3 face and adding to it 4 times the number of dice that lands on the 5 face.", "Order of operations. It is helpful[clarification needed] to treat division as multiplication by the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) and subtraction as addition of the opposite (additive inverse).[citation needed] Thus 3 ÷ 4 = 3 × ¼; in other words the quotient of 3 and 4 equals the product of 3 and ¼. Also 3 − 4 = 3 + (−4); in other words the difference of 3 and 4 equals the sum of 3 and −4. Thus, 1 − 3 + 7 can be thought of as the sum of 1, −3, and 7, and add in any order: (1 − 3) + 7 = −2 + 7 = 5 and in reverse order (7 − 3) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5, always keeping the negative sign with the 3.", "Mahjong. The dealer throws three dice in the square wall and sums up the total. Counting anti-clockwise so that the dealer is 1 (or 5, 9, 13, 17), so that south (player to the right) is 2 (or 6, 10, 14, 18), etc., a player's quarter of the wall is chosen. Some house rules may use only two dice but have double throws to increase randomness. In the case of double throws, the player of the chosen wall makes the second throw.", "Adder (electronics). The half adder adds two single binary digits A and B. It has two outputs, sum (S) and carry (C). The carry signal represents an overflow into the next digit of a multi-digit addition. The value of the sum is 2C + S. The simplest half-adder design, pictured on the right, incorporates an XOR gate for S and an AND gate for C. The Boolean logic for the sum (in this case S) will be A′B + AB′ whereas for the carry (C) will be AB. With the addition of an OR gate to combine their carry outputs, two half adders can be combined to make a full adder.[1] The half adder adds two input bits and generates a carry and sum, which are the two outputs of a half adder. The input variables of a half adder are called the augend and addend bits. The output variables are the sum and carry. The truth table for the half adder is:" ]

[ 4.7578125, 4.85546875, -3.634765625, -2.951171875, -4.06640625, -4.20703125, -3.44140625, -4.63671875, -3.38671875, -5.8046875, -3.912109375, -2.466796875, -7.83203125, -4.28515625, -7.06640625, -6.4609375, -3.494140625, -7.08984375, -5.0703125, -6.53515625, -6.8515625, -5.4375, -8.1796875, -4.046875, -6.69140625, -3.146484375, -5.7578125, -3.3828125, -5.09375, -3.86328125, -5.03125, -3.8359375 ]

[ "Merv Griffin. Griffin created and produced the successful television game show Jeopardy! in 1964; in an Associated Press profile released right before the show premiered, Griffin talked about the show's origins:[1]", "Jeopardy!. Jeopardy! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in the form of questions. The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30, 1964, and aired until January 3, 1975. A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975, and a revival, The All-New Jeopardy!, ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979. The current version, a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television, premiered on September 10, 1984.", "Jeopardy!. In a 1964 Associated Press profile released shortly before the original Jeopardy! series premiered, Merv Griffin offered the following account of how he created the quiz show:", "Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live). Norm Macdonald was inspired to create the first Celebrity Jeopardy! after noting how much easier the questions on the real-life Celebrity Jeopardy! were compared to regular episodes. A fan of the sketch series SCTV, Macdonald acknowledged that his concept would be substantially the same as \"Half-Wits,\" a recurring sketch on SCTV in which Eugene Levy played a parody of Trebek, exasperated by the incredibly dumb contestants on the program. Macdonald called Levy and secured permission to co-opt the premise of the sketch.[8]", "Jeopardy! audition process. Jeopardy! is an American television quiz show created by Merv Griffin, in which contestants are presented with clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in the form of a question. Throughout its run, the show has regularly offered auditions for potential contestants, taking place in the Los Angeles area and occasionally in other locations throughout the United States. Unlike those of many other game shows, Jeopardy!'s audition process involves passing a difficult test of knowledge on a diversity of subjects, approximating the breadth of material encountered by contestants on the show. Since 2006, an online screener test is conducted annually.", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Ken Jennings (born May 23, 1974) first appeared on Jeopardy! on June 2, 2004, a time shortly after producers of the game show relaxed the limit on the number of times a contestant could appear on the show. Because the five-game limit was removed, Jennings continued to win and eventually broke the winnings record set by Tom Walsh, who had won $186,900 in eight games earlier in 2004.", "Ken Jennings. On December 28, 2004, Sony announced a 15-week, 75-show Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions. It featured Tournament of Champions, College Championship, and Teen Tournament winners from the show's 21-year run, as well as over 100 five-time champions. Jeopardy!'s executive producer, Harry Friedman, explained:", "Jeopardy!. Robert Rubin served as the producer of the original Jeopardy! series for most of its run, and later became its executive producer.[59] Following Rubin's promotion, the line producer was Lynette Williams.[59]", "Art Fleming. Arthur Fleming Fazzin (May 1, 1924 – April 25, 1995), better known as Art Fleming, was an American actor and television host. He is most notable for being the original host of the television game show Jeopardy!,[1] which aired on NBC from 1964 until 1975.", "Merv Griffin. Until his death, Griffin remained friends with his ex-wife Julann Griffin, whom he credited with creating the premise of Jeopardy!", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Jay Wolpert won the 1969 Tournament of Champions.[4] He later became known as a producer of game shows.", "Jeopardy!. The original Jeopardy! series was directed at different times by Bob Hultgren, Eleanor Tarshis, and Jeff Goldstein.[59] Dick Schneider, who directed episodes of The All-New Jeopardy!, returned as director for the Trebek version's first eight seasons. Since 1992, the show has been directed by Kevin McCarthy, who had previously served as associate director under Schneider.[60]", "Jeopardy!. Over the years, the Jeopardy! brand has been licensed for various products. From 1964 through 1976, Milton Bradley issued annual board games based on the original Fleming version. The Trebek version has been adapted into board games released by Pressman Toy Corporation, Tyco Toys, and Parker Brothers.[161] In addition, Jeopardy! has been adapted into a number of video games released on various consoles and handhelds spanning multiple hardware generations, starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987.[162] The show has also been adapted for personal computers (starting in 1987 with Apple II, Commodore 64, and DOS versions[163]), Facebook,[164] Twitter, Android, and the Roku Channel Store.[165]", "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show). Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11-year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister played Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a \"hook\". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always \"drawn to\" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE's then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel.[34]", "Jeopardy!. Jeopardy! was not the first game show to give contestants the answers and require the questions. That format had previously been used by the Gil Fates-hosted program CBS Television Quiz, which aired from July 1941 until May 1942.[46]", "Jeopardy!. The first three versions of the show were hosted by Art Fleming. Don Pardo served as announcer for the original NBC version and weekly syndicated version,[7] but when NBC's revival The All-New Jeopardy! launched in 1978, Pardo's announcing duties were taken over by John Harlan.[47]", "Jeopardy!. The show's production designer is Naomi Slodki.[63] Previous art directors have included Henry Lickel, Dennis Roof,[64] Bob Rang,[59] and Ed Flesh (who also designed sets for other game shows such as The $25,000 Pyramid, Name That Tune, and Wheel of Fortune).[65]", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Jerry Frankel, (February 10, 1953 – July 13, 1987) a musician and composer from Buffalo, New York, was a five-time undefeated champion during Jeopardy's first season, winning $32,650 on the program. He became that version's first ever Tournament of Champions winner, earning the $100,000 grand prize by defeating Bruce Fauman and Steve Rogitz in the two game final.[5] Sadly, Frankel died of AIDS less than 2 years after his victory.", "Watson (computer). Since Deep Blue's victory over Garry Kasparov in chess in 1997, IBM had been on the hunt for a new challenge. In 2004, IBM Research manager Charles Lickel, over dinner with coworkers, noticed that the restaurant they were in had fallen silent. He soon discovered the cause of this evening hiatus: Ken Jennings, who was then in the middle of his successful 74-game run on Jeopardy!. Nearly the entire restaurant had piled toward the televisions, mid-meal, to watch the phenomenon. Intrigued by the quiz show as a possible challenge for IBM, Lickel passed the idea on, and in 2005, IBM Research executive Paul Horn backed Lickel up, pushing for someone in his department to take up the challenge of playing Jeopardy! with an IBM system. Though he initially had trouble finding any research staff willing to take on what looked to be a much more complex challenge than the wordless game of chess, eventually David Ferrucci took him up on the offer.[33] In competitions managed by the United States government, Watson's predecessor, a system named Piquant, was usually able to respond correctly to only about 35% of clues and often required several minutes to respond.[34][35][36] To compete successfully on Jeopardy!, Watson would need to respond in no more than a few seconds, and at that time, the problems posed by the game show were deemed to be impossible to solve.[22]", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Burns Cameron (born December 10, 1938) won a total of $11,110 in his appearances on Jeopardy!, including a then-record five-game total of $7,070 in December 1965. Cameron was also the winner of the third annual Tournament of Champions in 1966, in which he won $4,040. A still picture of Cameron receiving a \"dummy\" check still exists, as well as a still of him being greeted by Mel Brooks as the 2000-year-old man on the Fleming era 2000th show. Cameron is cited as one of the best players of the Art Fleming era of the show.[1] In 1990, when Jeopardy! creator Merv Griffin produced Super Jeopardy!, a separate weekly prime time network version based on the Trebek version of Jeopardy! to air Saturday nights in the summer on ABC, he invited Cameron to compete as the only player to represent the Fleming era. Cameron competed in the fifth quarterfinal game, where he finished in second (by one point) and won $5,000.[2]", "Roger Craig (Jeopardy! contestant). Craig prepared for Jeopardy! by studying the online archive of past questions maintained on the J! Archive website. Using data-mining and text-clustering, he identified the topics most likely to occur in game questions,[9] then used the spaced repetition program Anki for memorization and tested himself using his own program.[10][11][12][13][14]", "Jeopardy!. Griffin's first conception of the game used a board comprising ten categories with ten clues each, but after finding that this board could not easily be shown on camera, he reduced it to two rounds of thirty clues each, with five clues in each of six categories.[43] He originally intended the show to require grammatically correct phrasing (e.g., only accepting \"Who is ...\" for a person), but after finding that grammatical correction slowed the game down, he decided that the show should instead accept any correct response that was in question form.[44] Griffin discarded his initial title for the show, What's the Question?, when skeptical network executive Ed Vane rejected his original concept of the game, claiming, \"It doesn't have enough jeopardies.\"[43][45]", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Mark M. Lowenthal won the 1988 Tournament of Champions.[15] He also appeared on Super Jeopardy!,[16] the Ultimate Tournament of Champions, and the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades, beating Spangenberg in his initial game. Lowenthal is the co-author (along with Season 2 record-setting five-time champion and Tournament of Champions winner Chuck Forrest) of the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy! Champions, and has also written a college textbook on intelligence and national security.[10]", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Jeopardy! is an American television game show. Its format is a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in question form. Many contestants throughout the show's history have received significant media attention because of their success on Jeopardy!, particularly Brad Rutter, who has won the most money on the show, and Ken Jennings, who has the show's longest winning streak; Rutter and Jennings also hold the first and second place records respectively for most money ever won on American game shows. Other contestants went on to great accomplishments, including future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain.", "Jeopardy!. There is an unofficial Jeopardy! fansite known as the \"J! Archive\" (j-archive.com), which transcribes games from throughout Jeopardy!'s daily syndicated history. In the archive, episodes are covered by Jeopardy!-style game boards with panels which, when hovered over with a mouse, reveal the correct response to their corresponding clues and the contestant who gave the correct response. The site makes use of a \"wagering calculator\" that helps potential contestants determine what amount is safest to bet during Final Jeopardy!, and an alternative scoring method called \"Coryat scoring\" that disregards wagering during Daily Doubles or Final Jeopardy! and gauges one's general strength at the game. The site's main founding archivist is Robert Knecht Schmidt, a student from Cleveland, Ohio,[174] who himself appeared as a Jeopardy! contestant in March 2010.[175] Before J! Archive, there was an earlier Jeopardy! fansite known as the \"Jeoparchive\", created by season 19 contestant Ronnie O'Rourke, who managed and updated the site until Jennings's run made her disillusioned with the show.[174]", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Lieutenant Frank Spangenberg (born July 26, 1957) garnered fame in 1990 when he set the five-day cumulative winnings record, becoming the first person to win more than $100,000 in five days on the show.[26] He has been called one of the \"veritable legends\" of the show.[27] He was also the first to exceed $30,000 (winning $30,600) in a single day.", "Ken Jennings. On December 1, 2004, the day after his defeat, Jeopardy! broke with tradition by having Jennings make a guest appearance at the start of the broadcast, during which host Alex Trebek acknowledged his success and enumerated the various game show records he had broken.", "Jeopardy!. The current version of Jeopardy! employs nine writers and five researchers to create and assemble the categories and clues.[62] Billy Wisse and Michele Loud, both longtime staff members, are the editorial producer and editorial supervisor, respectively.[63] Previous writing and editorial supervisors have included Jules Minton, Terrence McDonnell, Harry Eisenberg, and Gary Johnson.[59]", "Jeopardy!. The original Jeopardy! series premiered on NBC on March 30, 1964,[3] and by the end of the 1960s was the second-highest-rated daytime game show, behind only The Hollywood Squares.[91] The show was successful until 1974, when Lin Bolen, then NBC's Vice President of Daytime Programming, moved the show out of the noontime slot where it had been located for most of its run, as part of her effort to boost ratings among the 18–34 female demographic.[92] After 2,753 episodes, the original Jeopardy! series ended on January 3, 1975; to compensate Griffin for its cancellation, NBC purchased Wheel of Fortune, another show that he had created, and premiered it the following Monday.[1] A syndicated edition of Jeopardy!, distributed by Metromedia and featuring many contestants who were previously champions on the original series, aired in the primetime during the 1974–1975 season.[93] The NBC daytime series was later revived as The All-New Jeopardy!, which premiered on October 2, 1978[94] and aired 108 episodes, ending on March 2, 1979;[95] this revival featured significant rule changes, such as progressive elimination of contestants over the course of the main game, and a bonus round instead of Final Jeopardy![5]", "Ken Jennings. Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is an American game show contestant and author. Jennings holds the record for the longest winning streak on the U.S. syndicated game show Jeopardy! and as being the second highest-earning contestant in game show history. In 2004, Jennings won 74 Jeopardy! games (in a row) before he was defeated by challenger Nancy Zerg on his 75th appearance. His total earnings on Jeopardy! are $3,196,300, consisting of $2,520,700 over his 74 wins, a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance, a $500,000 second-place prize in the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions, a $100,000 win for second-place prize in the Jeopardy Battle of the Decades, as well as half of a $300,000 prize in the IBM Challenge, when he competed against Watson.", "Merv Griffin. Mervyn Edward Griffin Jr. (July 6, 1925 – August 12, 2007) was an American television host and media mogul.[2] He began his career as a radio and big band singer who went on to appear in film and on Broadway. From 1965 to 1986, Griffin hosted his own talk show, The Merv Griffin Show. He also created the internationally popular game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune through his television production companies, Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment.", "List of Jeopardy! contestants. Chuck Forrest (born June 3, 1961[6]) held the record for the largest non-tournament cash winnings total from 1985 to 1989, and the largest all-time winnings from 1986 to 1990. The producers of the show regarded him as one of the best and most memorable contestants of the 1980s.[1] Forrest is widely regarded by other elite Jeopardy! players to be one of the most formidable contestants to ever play.[7][8] Forrest won five consecutive games from September 30 to October 4, 1985, winning a then-record $72,800 and qualifying for the 1986 Tournament of Champions, which he won, earning another $100,000.[9] Forrest later played on the Super Jeopardy! tournament, the Million Dollar Masters tournament, the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades tournament. Forrest implemented a strategy known as the \"Forrest Bounce\" to confuse opponents: the strategy involved picking each clue from a different category instead of taking the clues in order. With Mark Lowenthal, Forrest co-wrote the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy! Champions.[10]" ]

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[ "2018 Major League Soccer season. The 2018 Major League Soccer season is the 23rd season of Major League Soccer, top division of soccer in the United States and Canada. The regular season began on March 3, 2018 and will conclude on October 28, 2018. The MLS Cup Playoffs will begin on October 31, 2018 and conclude with the MLS Cup 2018 on December 8, 2018. The league will take a nine-day hiatus in early June for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, reduced from previous breaks.[1]", "2017 Major League Soccer season. The 2017 Major League Soccer season was the 22nd season of Major League Soccer, top division of soccer in the United States and Canada. The regular season began on March 3, 2017 and concluded on October 22, 2017. The MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 25, 2017 and concluded with MLS Cup 2017 on December 9, 2017.", "Soccer in the United States. The highest-level men's professional soccer league in the U.S. is Major League Soccer. MLS began play in 1996 with 10 teams, and has grown to 22 teams (19 in the United States and 3 in Canada), with further expansion planned. The MLS season runs from March to December, with the regular-season winner awarded the Supporters' Shield and the post-season winner awarded the MLS Cup. With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game, MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB),[11] and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide.[12]", "Soccer in the United States. Major League Soccer has been in an expansion phase, going from 10 teams in 2005 to 22 teams today, with new teams in Atlanta and the Twin Cities beginning play in 2017, a second Los Angeles team (replacing another team in that city folded by the league) debuting in 2018, and plans to expand to 24 teams by 2020. The league's 2007 and 2009 expansion to Toronto and Seattle, respectively, have proven highly successful, with league-leading ticket and merchandise sales, capped by sold-out attendances for friendlies against Real Madrid of Spain and Chelsea of England.[123] In 2013, New York City FC agreed to pay a record $100 million expansion fee for the right to join MLS in 2015.[124]", "Major League Soccer records and statistics. Through completion of 2017 regular season.", "Expansion of Major League Soccer. Expansion of Major League Soccer has occurred several times since the league began play in 1996. Major League Soccer was established as the top level of professional soccer in the United States in 1993 with 10 teams and began play in 1996. It has expanded several times since 1998 into new markets across the United States, and since 2006, into Canada.", "Sports in the United States. Major League Soccer is the premier soccer league in the United States. MLS has 23 clubs (20 from the U.S. and 3 from Canada). The 34-game schedule runs from mid-March to late October, with the playoffs and championship in November. Soccer-specific stadiums continue to be built for MLS teams around the country, both because American football stadiums are considered to have excessive capacity, and because teams profit from operating their stadiums. Other professional men's soccer leagues in the U.S. include the current second division, the United Soccer League, and the North American Soccer League, which had been the second-level league until being demoted in 2018 due to instability. The USL now has a formal relationship with MLS, and a number of its teams are either owned by or affiliated with MLS sides.", "2018 Major League Soccer season. During the 2018 MLS regular season, each team will play 34 games, including 17 home games and 17 away games. Teams will face each of their conference opponents (10 in the East, 11 in the West) twice during the season with one game at home and one game away. Western Conference teams will play one additional intra-conference game and Eastern Conference teams will play two. All teams will face each non-conference opponent once.", "2018 Major League Soccer season. The MLS SuperDraft is an annual event, taking place in January of each year, in which the teams of Major League Soccer select players who have graduated from college or otherwise been signed by the league. The first two rounds of 2018 MLS SuperDraft were held on January 19 in Philadelphia. Rounds three and four of the 2018 SuperDraft were held via conference call on January 21. Los Angeles FC selected João Moutinho with the first overall pick.", "Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. Major League Soccer (MLS) is the top-level men's professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. As of the current 2018 season, MLS has 20 teams in the United States and 3 in Canada, with three more U.S.-based teams scheduled to start play no later than 2020 and plans to expand to 28 teams in the early 2020s. The league began play in 1996, its creation a requirement by FIFA for awarding the United States the right to host the 1994 World Cup. MLS is the first Division I outdoor soccer league in the U.S. or Canada since the North American Soccer League operated from 1968 to 1984. MLS has increased in popularity following the adoption of the Designated Player Rule in 2007, which allowed MLS to sign stars such as David Beckham and Thierry Henry. In 2017, MLS reported an average attendance of 22,112 per game, with total attendance exceeding 8.2 million overall, both breaking previous MLS attendance records.[4]", "2018 Major League Soccer season. One new club has joined the league as an expansion franchise: Los Angeles FC. Also, this is D.C. United's first season in their new soccer-specific stadium, Audi Field.", "2018 Major League Soccer season. Note: Only U.S.-based teams are listed in this table.", "Expansion of Major League Soccer. On November 29, 2017, Cincinnati, Detroit, Nashville, and Sacramento were announced as the four finalist cities to make formal presentations to MLS Commissioner Don Garber and the league's Expansion Committee on December 6 in New York.[110] Nashville was announced as the first accepted group on December 20.[5]", "2017 MLS Cup Playoffs. The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs (branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons) began on October 25, and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017, the 22nd league championship match for MLS.[1] This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs, the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season. Twelve teams, the top six of each conference, compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30. The postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31.[2]", "2017 Major League Soccer season. Expansion Teams: As expansion teams to the league in 2017, Atlanta United and Minnesota United FC played 17 home and 17 away games (for a total of 34 games) in a secondary format:", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports. Major League Soccer in the United States was founded in 1993, and has been active since 1996. Of the 13 metro areas with Big Four teams, 10 also host MLS franchises as well. Detroit, Miami, and Phoenix currently do not have Major League Soccer teams, though an expansion team for Miami is planned.", "Culture of the United States. Soccer is very popular as a participation sport, particularly among youth, and the US national teams are competitive internationally. A twenty-team professional league, Major League Soccer, plays from March to October, but its television audience and overall popularity lag behind other American professional sports.[53]", "Transfer window. The periods are different when a league runs throughout a single calendar year, as in most Nordic countries due to weather constraints, Major League Soccer due to both weather and competition from other locally popular sports (notably basketball and American football), or as the traditional season in the Southern Hemisphere. The first window generally opens from 1 March until midnight of 30 April, followed by the in-season window from 1 to 31 August.", "2017 Major League Soccer season. Current Teams: Each team in the league (except for expansion teams Atlanta United and Minnesota United FC) played 17 home and 17 away games (for a total of 34 games) using the following format: [4]", "2017 Major League Soccer season. Two new clubs joined the league as expansion franchises: Atlanta United FC and Minnesota United. The two franchises were the 21st and 22nd teams in the league.[1]", "Major League Soccer All-Star Game. Major League Soccer's first all-star game was played at Giants Stadium in the summer of 1996. The game, using the traditional East–West format with players handpicked by the coaching staffs, was the first game of a doubleheader with the Brazilian national team defeating a team of FIFA World All-Stars.[1][2] The matchup between divisions would only be used for six seasons as MLS tried experimenting with different formats. The 1998 All-Star Game placed a team of American MLS players against MLS players from abroad. The 2002 game, the first to use a league-wide all-star team, is the only game to feature a national team opponent. Since then (except in 2004), every opponent has been a professional club invited by the league. The MLS All-Stars won their first six games before falling to Everton in penalties in 2009. All games since 2005 have been against teams from Europe, the majority of which have been from England's Premier League. This is a feasible format because unlike MLS (which runs a spring-summer-fall schedule) the major European leagues all run a fall-winter-spring schedule, meaning the middle of the MLS season coincides with the pre-seasons of most European leagues. From a European perspective, the match is considered to be a pre-season friendly against an MLS XI.", "Expansion of Major League Soccer. Garber announced on December 15, 2016 that the league would expand to 26 teams by the 2020 season, and to 28 at some later date.[108] The league confirmed there were ten markets under consideration: Charlotte, Cincinnati, Detroit, Nashville, Raleigh/Durham, Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, St. Louis, and Tampa/St. Petersburg.[1] On January 31, 2017, the MLS announced that it had received bids for expansion from 12 ownership groups, the ten previously disclosed, plus Indianapolis and Phoenix.[2][109]", "Trade (sports). In Major League Soccer, trades between MLS teams that involve players and player transfers from outside MLS must occur during either the primary transfer window (typically February - May) or secondary transfer window (July - August).", "Expansion of Major League Soccer. Major League Soccer was established in 1993, as part of an agreement with FIFA that the United States set up a professional first division to gain the right to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[9] No successful professional outdoor soccer league existed since the North American Soccer League folded in 1985. Due to rapid over-expansion and poor franchise placement, the NASL collapse led future MLS leaders to be extremely cautious of establishing new franchises.", "2017 Major League Baseball season. The 2017 Major League Baseball season began on April 2, 2017 with three games, including the 2016 World Series champions Chicago Cubs facing off against the St. Louis Cardinals, and ended on October 1. The postseason began on October 3. The 2017 World Series began October 24 and Game 7 was played on November 1, in which the Houston Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, 5-1, to capture their first World Series championship in franchise history.", "2018 Major League Soccer season. As Toronto FC won MLS Cup 2017, at least one of the U.S. berths for the 2019 CONCACAF Champions League will be reallocated to the U.S.-based team with the best aggregate record over the 2017 and 2018 MLS regular seasons that has not yet qualified. More berths will be allocated based on this method if a Canada-based team wins MLS Cup 2018, and/or a U.S.-based team qualifies for multiple CONCACAF Champions League berths (by winning a combination of MLS Cup 2018, 2017 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, and/or 2018 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup).[3]", "Major League Baseball schedule. The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months—a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside the United States before the official Opening Day.[1][2] It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series).", "Drought (sport). Since the founding of Major League Soccer in 1996, both Columbus and Washington have won all three major U.S. soccer trophies (MLS Supporters' Shield, MLS Cup and U.S. Open Cup) during their \"Big Four\" droughts. Toronto won all three major Canadian soccer trophies (MLS Supporters' Shield, MLS Cup and Voyageurs Cup) in the 2017 MLS season, during its current \"Big Four\" drought. San Jose has won the MLS Supporters' Shield and MLS Cup during its \"Big Four\" drought while Portland and Salt Lake City have won the MLS Cup (but no MLS Supporters' Shields or U.S. Open Cups) during their \"Big Four\" droughts.", "List of winless seasons. The Major League Soccer schedule has consisted of between twenty-six and thirty-four games. No team in Major League Soccer has ever come close to losing all its games: the most losses in a MLS season is 24 from 32 games by the Kansas City Wizards in 1999, the year when the league used shootouts to decide all tied games. Shootouts were abandoned the following season. In 2013, D.C. United set new MLS records in futility. They won a league low three games, and lost a record 24 games, tying the aforementioned Wizards.", "Expansion of Major League Soccer. In May 2010, league commissioner Don Garber announced the league's desire to place its 20th team in New York City[46] On June 27, 2012, MLS announced plans to build a new soccer-specific stadium in Queens, New York, with a seating capacity of 25,000 and located near the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows.[47] On May 21, 2013, MLS announced New York City FC as the next expansion team. The team's expansion rights were purchased by the English Premier League club Manchester City and the New York Yankees baseball team for $100 million, and the team began play in 2015.[48]", "Instant replay. Major League Soccer in the United States introduced VARs in competitive matches during its 2017 season after the 2017 MLS All-Star Game on 2 August 2017.[41][42]" ]

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[ "Peace of Augsburg. The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement,[1] was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (the predecessor of Ferdinand I) and the Schmalkaldic League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. Calvinism was not allowed until the Peace of Westphalia.", "Peace of Augsburg. The Interim was overthrown in 1552 by the revolt of the Protestant elector Maurice of Saxony and his allies. In the negotiations at Passau in the summer of 1552, even the Catholic princes had called for a lasting peace, fearing the religious controversy would never be settled. The emperor, however, was unwilling to recognize the religious division in Western Christendom as permanent. This document was foreshadowed by the Peace of Passau, which in 1552 gave Lutherans religious freedom after a victory by Protestant armies. Under the Passau document, Charles granted a peace only until the next imperial Diet, whose meeting was called in early 1555.", "Thirty Years' War. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the Diet of Speyer (1526), ending the war between German Lutherans and Catholics, and establishing that:[19]", "European wars of religion. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer and ended the violence between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany. It stated that:", "Peace of Augsburg. The Peace established the principle Cuius regio, eius religio (\"whose realm, his religion\"), which allowed the princes of states within the Holy Roman Empire to adopt either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming their sovereignty over those domains. Subjects, citizens, or residents who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a grace period in which they were free to emigrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted.", "Peace of Augsburg. The Peace of Augsburg contained three main principles:[3]", "Peace of Augsburg. The third principle exempted knights and some of the cities under the jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical prince if they had practiced Lutheranism for some time (Lutheranism was the only branch of Protestantism recognized under the Peace). The provision was not publicized as part of the treaty, and was kept secret for almost two decades.[7]", "Peace of Augsburg. The document itself had critical problems. While it gave legal basis for the practice of the Lutheran confession, it did not accept any of the Reformed traditions, such as Calvinism, nor did it recognize Anabaptism. Although the Peace of Augsburg was moderately successful in relieving tension in the empire and increasing tolerance, it left important things undone. Neither the Anabaptists nor the Calvinists were protected under the peace, so many Protestant groups living under the rule of a Lutheran prince still found themselves in danger of the charge of heresy. (Article 17: \"However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions shall not be included in the present peace but be totally excluded from it.\") These minorities did not achieve any legal recognition until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.\nThe intolerance towards Calvinists caused them to take desperate measures that led to the Thirty Years' War. One of the more notable measures was the Second Defenestration of Prague (1618) in which two representatives of the fiercely Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II were thrown out of a castle window in Prague.[citation needed]", "Peace of Augsburg. Charles V had made an interim ruling, the Augsburg Interim of 1548, on the legitimacy of two religious creeds in the empire, and this was codified in law on 30 June 1548 upon the insistence of Charles V, who wanted to work out religious differences under the auspices of a general council of the Catholic Church. The Interim largely reflected principles of religious behavior in its 26 articles, although it allowed for marriage of the clergy, and the giving of both bread and wine to the laity. This led to resistance by the Protestant territories, who proclaimed their own Interim at Leipzig the following year.[2]", "Spanish Empire. In response, Charles invaded Germany at the head of a mixed Dutch–Spanish army, hoping to restore the Imperial authority. The emperor personally inflicted a decisive defeat on the Protestants at the historic Battle of Mühlberg in 1547. In 1555, Charles signed the Peace of Augsburg with the Protestant states and restored stability in Germany on his principle of cuius regio, eius religio, a position unpopular with Spanish and Italian clergymen. Charles's involvement in Germany would establish a role for Spain as protector of the Catholic, Habsburg cause in the Holy Roman Empire; the precedent would lead, seven decades later, to involvement in the war that would decisively end Spain as Europe's leading power.", "Peace of Augsburg. The treaty, negotiated on Charles' behalf by his brother Ferdinand, effectively gave Lutheranism official status within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire, according to the policy of cuius regio, eius religio. Knights and towns who had practiced Lutheranism for some time were exempted under the Declaratio Ferdinandei, but the Ecclesiastical reservation supposedly prevented the principle of cuius regio, eius religio from being applied if an ecclesiastical ruler converted to Lutheranism.", "Thirty Years' War. Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities, it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict, which was made yet more complex by the spread of Calvinism throughout Germany in the years that followed.[20] This added a third major faith to the region, but its position was not recognized in any way by the Augsburg terms, to which only Catholicism and Lutheranism were parties.[21][22]", "Freedom of religion. In the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V agreed to tolerate Lutheranism in 1555 at the Peace of Augsburg. Each state was to take the religion of its prince, but within those states, there was not necessarily religious tolerance. Citizens of other faiths could relocate to a more hospitable environment.", "Holy Roman Empire. Lutheranism was officially recognized in the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, and Calvinism in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Those two constituted the only officially recognized Protestant denominations, while various other Protestant confessions such as Anabaptism, Arminianism, etc. coexisted illegally within the Empire.", "Holy Roman Empire. Charles V continued to battle the French and the Protestant princes in Germany for much of his reign. After his son Philip married Queen Mary of England, it appeared that France would be completely surrounded by Habsburg domains, but this hope proved unfounded when the marriage produced no children. In 1555, Paul IV was elected pope and took the side of France, whereupon an exhausted Charles finally gave up his hopes of a world Christian empire. He abdicated and divided his territories between Philip and Ferdinand of Austria. The Peace of Augsburg ended the war in Germany and accepted the existence of Protestantism in form of Lutheranism, while Calvinism was still not recognized. Anabaptist, Arminian and other minor Protestant communities were also forbidden.", "Louis XIV of France. The Treaty of Ryswick ended the War of the League of Augsburg and disbanded the Grand Alliance. By manipulating their rivalries and suspicions, Louis divided his enemies and broke their power.", "Lutheranism. After the death of Martin Luther in 1546, the Schmalkaldic War started out as a conflict between two German Lutheran rulers in 1547. Soon, Holy Roman Imperial forces joined the battle and conquered the members of the Schmalkaldic League, oppressing and exiling many German Lutherans as they enforced the terms of the Augsburg Interim. Religious freedom was secured for Lutherans through the Peace of Passau in 1552, and under the Cuius regio, eius religio (the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled) and Declaratio Ferdinandei (limited religious tolerance) clauses of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.[24]", "Peace of Westphalia. The power taken by Ferdinand III in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped and returned to the rulers of the Imperial States. This rectification allowed the rulers of the Imperial States to decide their religious worship independently. Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition.[11][12] Independence of the Dutch Republic also provided a safe country for European Jews.[13]", "Germany. In 1517, the Wittenberg monk Martin Luther publicised The Ninety-Five Theses, challenging the Roman Catholic Church and initiating the Protestant Reformation. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg established Lutheranism as an acceptable alternative to Catholicism, but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects, a principle called Cuius regio, eius religio. The agreement at Augsburg failed to address other religious creed: for example, the Reformed faith was still considered a heresy and the principle did not address the possible conversion of an ecclesiastic ruler, such as happened in Electorate of Cologne in 1583. From the Cologne War until the end of the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands.[35] The latter reduced the overall population of the German states by about 30 per cent, and in some places, up to 80 per cent.[36] The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the German states.[35] German rulers were able to choose either Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism or the Reformed faith as their official religion after 1648.[37]", "Peace of Westphalia. The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, effectively ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire between the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side and the Protestant powers (Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, and Holy Roman principalities) and their Catholic (France) Anti-Habsburg allies on the other. The treaties also ended the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch Republic.", "European wars of religion. The peace finally ended in the Schmalkaldic War (German: Schmalkaldischer Krieg), a brief conflict between 1546 and 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League. The conflict ended with the advantage of the Catholics, and the Emperor was able to impose the Augsburg Interim, a compromise allowing slightly modified worship, and supposed to remain in force until the conclusion of a General Council of the Church. However various Protestant elements rejected the Interim, and the Second Schmalkaldic War broke out in 1552, which would last until 1555.[12]", "Habsburg Spain. Perhaps more important to the strategy of the Spanish king, the League had allied itself with the French, and efforts in Germany to undermine the League had been rebuffed. Francis’s defeat in 1544 led to the annulment of the alliance with the Protestants, and Charles took advantage of the opportunity. He first tried the path of negotiation at the Council of Trent in 1545, but the Protestant leadership, feeling betrayed by the stance taken by the Catholics at the Council, went to war, led by the Saxon elector Maurice. In response, Charles invaded Germany at the head of a mixed Dutch-Spanish army, hoping to restore the Imperial authority. The Emperor personally inflicted a decisive defeat on the Protestants at the historic Battle of Mühlberg in 1547. In 1555, Charles signed the Peace of Augsburg with the Protestant states and restored stability in Germany on his principle of cuius regio, eius religio (\"whose realm, his religion\"). Charles's involvement in Germany would establish a role for Spain as protector of the Catholic Habsburg cause in the Holy Roman Empire.", "Concordat of Worms. The Emperor renounced the right to invest ecclesiastics with ring and crosier, the symbols of their spiritual power, and guaranteed election by the canons of cathedral or abbey and free consecration. The two ended by granting one another peace.", "Thirty Years' War. Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of the 16th century. The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel: some converted bishops refused to give up their bishoprics, and certain Habsburg and other Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain sought to restore the power of Catholicism in the region. This was evident from the Cologne War (1583–88), a conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, converted to Calvinism. As he was an imperial elector, this could have produced a Protestant majority in the College that elected the Holy Roman Emperor, a position that Catholics had always held.", "Peace of Augsburg. Article 24 stated: \"In case our subjects, whether belonging to the old religion or the Augsburg Confession, should intend leaving their homes with their wives and children in order to settle in another, they shall be hindered neither in the sale of their estates after due payment of the local taxes nor injured in their honour.\"", "Catholic Church. The Reformation led to clashes between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic Emperor Charles V and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the Thirty Years' War—which broke out in 1618.[325] In France, a series of conflicts termed the French Wars of Religion was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the Huguenots (French Calvinists) and the forces of the French Catholic League. A series of popes sided with and became financial supporters of the Catholic League.[326] This ended under Pope Clement VIII, who hesitantly accepted King Henry IV's 1598 Edict of Nantes, which granted civil and religious toleration to French Protestants.[325][326]", "Peace of Westphalia. The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden declared the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg to be preliminaries of an overall peace agreement. This larger agreement was negotiated in Westphalia, in the neighbouring cities of M端nster and Osnabr端ck.", "Thirty Years' War. By the spring of 1635, all Swedish resistance in the south of Germany had ended. After that, the Imperial and Protestant German sides met for negotiations, producing the Peace of Prague (1635), which entailed a delay in the enforcement of the Edict of Restitution for 40 years and allowed Protestant rulers to retain secularized bishoprics held by them in 1627. This protected the Lutheran rulers of northeastern Germany, but not those of the south and west (whose lands had been occupied by the imperial or league armies prior to 1627).", "Peace of Augsburg. A side effect of the religious turmoil was Charles' decision to abdicate and divide Habsburg territory into two sections. His brother Ferdinand ruled the Austrian lands, and Charles' fervently Catholic son, Philip II, became administrator of Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, parts of Italy, and other overseas holdings.", "Early modern period. The Diet of Worms in 1521, presided by Emperor Charles V, declared Martin Luther a heretic and an outlaw (although Charles V was more preoccupied with maintaining his vast empire than with arresting Luther). As a result of Charles V's distractions in East Europe and in Spain, he agreed through the Diet of Speyer in 1526 to allow German princes to effectively decide themselves whether to enforce the Edict of Worms or not, for the time being. After returning to the empire, Charles V attended the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 to order all Protestants in the empire to revert to Catholicism. In response, the Protestant territories in and around Germany formed the Schmalkaldic League to fight against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire. Charles V left again to handle the advance of the Ottoman Turks. He returned in 1547 to launch a military campaign against the Schmalkaldic League and to issue an imperial law requiring all Protestants to return to Catholic practices (with a few superficial concessions to Protestant practices). Warfare ended when Charles V relented in the Peace of Passau (1552) and in the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which formalized the law that the rulers of a land decide its religion.", "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1545, the opening of the Council of Trent began the Counter-Reformation, and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire.[citation needed] In 1546 (the year of Luther's death), he outlawed the Schmalkaldic League (which had occupied the territory of another prince). The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and Philip of Hesse at the Battle of Mühlberg, capturing both. At the Augsburg Interim in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with Henry II of France, rebelled again, which caused Charles to retreat to the Netherlands.", "Italian War of 1551–59. The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis (1559). Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain were in reality absent, and the peace was signed by their ambassadors." ]

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[ "White blood cell. White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.[1]", "Blood cell. White blood cells or leukocytes, are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. They are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. There are a variety of types of white bloods cells that serve specific roles in the human immune system. WBCs constitute approximately 1% of the blood volume.[2]", "Bone. The cancellous part of bones contain bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis.[28] Blood cells that are created in bone marrow include red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells.[29] Progenitor cells such as the hematopoietic stem cell divide in a process called mitosis to produce precursor cells. These include precursors which eventually give rise to white blood cells, and erythroblasts which give rise to red blood cells.[30] Unlike red and white blood cells, created by mitosis, platelets are shed from very large cells called megakaryocytes.[31] This process of progressive differentiation occurs within the bone marrow. After the cells are matured, they enter the circulation.[32] Every day, over 2.5 billion red blood cells and platelets, and 50–100 billion granulocytes are produced in this way.[10]", "Blood. In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in the mediastinum, is an important source of T lymphocytes.[13] There are recent reports that the lungs may also be the site of hematopoiesis.[14] The proteinaceous component of blood (including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney.", "Innate immune system. All white blood cells (WBCs) are known as leukocytes. Leukocytes differ from other cells of the body in that they are not tightly associated with a particular organ or tissue; thus, their function is similar to that of independent, single-cell organisms. Leukocytes are able to move freely and interact with and capture cellular debris, foreign particles, and invading microorganisms. Unlike many other cells in the body, most innate immune leukocytes cannot divide or reproduce on their own, but are the products of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow.[2]", "White blood cell. All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets. Types of white blood cells can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure (granulocytes or agranulocytes) or by cell division lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.[2] These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic. Further subtypes can be classified; for example, among lymphocytes, there are B cells, T cells, and NK cells.", "Granulocyte. Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.[1] They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, or PMNL) because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments. This distinguishes them from the mononuclear agranulocytes. In common parlance, the term polymorphonuclear leukocyte often refers specifically to \"neutrophil granulocytes\",[2] the most abundant of the granulocytes; the other types (eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells) have lower numbers. Granulocytes are produced via granulopoiesis in the bone marrow.", "Blood cell. A blood cell, also called a haematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include;", "White blood cell. The name \"white blood cell\" derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation. White cells are found in the buff, a thin, typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. The scientific term leukocyte directly reflects its description. It is derived from the Greek roots leuk- meaning \"white\" and cyt- meaning \"cell\". The buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample, due to the heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce.", "Blood cell. RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells in a process known as erythropoiesis. In adults, about 2.4 million RBCs are produced each second. RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 100-120 days. After they have completed their lifespan, they are removed from the bloodstream by the spleen.", "Human musculoskeletal system. Located in long bones are two distinctions of bone marrow (yellow and red). The yellow marrow has fatty connective tissue and is found in the marrow cavity. During starvation, the body uses the fat in yellow marrow for energy.[8] The red marrow of some bones is an important site for blood cell production, approximately 2.6 million red blood cells per second in order to replace existing cells that have been destroyed by the liver.[5] Here all erythrocytes, platelets, and most leukocytes form in adults. From the red marrow, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes migrate to the blood to do their special tasks.", "Bone marrow. Bone marrow is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones. In humans, red blood cells are produced by cores of bone marrow in the heads of long bones in a process known as hematopoiesis.[2] On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb). The hematopoietic component of bone marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which use the bone marrow vasculature as a conduit to the body's systemic circulation.[3] Bone marrow is also a key component of the lymphatic system, producing the lymphocytes that support the body's immune system.[4] In addition to hematopoietic cells, the marrow is composed of marrow adipose tissue as well as trabecular bone. The interplay between these different cell types and the local factors they produce can have an effect on hematopoietic cells within the hematopoietic stem cell niche.", "Blood cell. White blood cells are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes, distinguished by the presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm. Granulocytes include basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.", "Plasma cell. Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Plasma cells originate in the bone marrow; B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modelled after the receptors of the precursor B cell. Once released into the blood and lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen (foreign substance) and initiate its neutralization or destruction.[1]", "Neutrophil. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in humans (approximately 1011 are produced daily); they account for approximately 50–70% of all white blood cells (leukocytes). The stated normal range for human blood counts varies between laboratories, but a neutrophil count of 2.5–7.5 x 109/L is a standard normal range. People of African and Middle Eastern descent may have lower counts, which are still normal.[13] A report may divide neutrophils into segmented neutrophils and bands.", "Bone marrow. In addition, the bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in the circulation: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).[7]", "Red blood cell. Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones. (In the embryo, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as reticulocytes; these comprise about 1% of circulating red blood cells.", "Haematopoiesis. Red and white blood cell production is regulated with great precision in healthy humans, and the production of leukocytes is rapidly increased during infection. The proliferation and self-renewal of these cells depend on growth factors. One of the key players in self-renewal and development of haematopoietic cells is stem cell factor (SCF),[15] which binds to the c-kit receptor on the HSC. Absence of SCF is lethal. There are other important glycoprotein growth factors which regulate the proliferation and maturation, such as interleukins IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7. Other factors, termed colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), specifically stimulate the production of committed cells. Three CSFs are granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and macrophage CSF (M-CSF).[16] These stimulate granulocyte formation and are active on either progenitor cells or end product cells.", "Prenatal development. Fetus starts producing leukocytes at 2 months gestation mainly from thymus and spleen. Lymphocytes derived from thymus are called T lymphocytes, whereas the ones derived from bone marrow are called B lymphocytes. Both these populations of lymphocytes have short-lived and long-lived groups. Short-lived T lymphocytes usually reside in thymus, bone marrow and spleen; whereas long-lived T lymphocytes reside in blood stream. Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes and their life in fetal blood is 0.5 to 2 days.", "Haematopoiesis. Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, \"blood\" and ποιεῖν \"to make\"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells.[1] In a healthy adult person, approximately 1011–1012 new blood cells are produced daily in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation.[2][3]", "White blood cell. Some leucocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at that location rather than remaining in the blood. Often these cells have specific names depending upon which tissue they settle in, such as fixed macrophages in the liver, which become known as Kupffer cells. These cells still serve a role in the immune system.", "Haematopoiesis. In developing embryos, blood formation occurs in aggregates of blood cells in the yolk sac, called blood islands. As development progresses, blood formation occurs in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. When bone marrow develops, it eventually assumes the task of forming most of the blood cells for the entire organism.[1] However, maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. In children, haematopoiesis occurs in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum.[7]", "Red pulp. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp.[4] Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma.[1]", "White blood cell. All white blood cells are nucleated, which distinguishes them from the anucleated red blood cells and platelets. Types of leukocytes can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure (granulocytes or agranulocytes) or by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.[2] These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic. Further subtypes can be classified.", "Red blood cell. Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days. When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant).[45] At the end of their lifespan, they are removed from circulation. In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced.", "Bone marrow. The two types of bone marrow are \"red marrow\" (Latin: medulla ossium rubra), which consists mainly of hematopoietic tissue, and \"yellow marrow\" (Latin: medulla ossium flava), which is mainly made up of fat cells. Red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells arise in red marrow. Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrows are red. With age, more and more of it is converted to the yellow type; only around half of adult bone marrow is red. Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and in the cancellous (\"spongy\") material at the epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity, the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.", "Blood substitute. Stem cells offer a possible means of producing transfusable blood. A study performed by Giarratana et al.[33] describes a large-scale ex-vivo production of mature human blood cells using hematopoietic stem cells. The cultured cells possessed the same haemoglobin content and morphology as native red blood cells. The authors contend that the cells had a near-normal lifespan, when compared to natural red blood cells.", "Cells at Work!. The story takes place inside the human body, where trillions of anthropomorphic cells each do their job to keep the body healthy. The series largely focuses on two such cells; a rookie red blood cell, AE3803, who often gets lost during deliveries, and a relentless white blood cell, U-1146, who fights against any germs that invade the body.", "Histamine. Most histamine in the body is generated in granules in mast cells and in white blood cells (leukocytes) called basophils. Mast cells are especially numerous at sites of potential injury — the nose, mouth, and feet, internal body surfaces, and blood vessels. Non-mast cell histamine is found in several tissues, including the brain, where it functions as a neurotransmitter. Another important site of histamine storage and release is the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell of the stomach.", "Packed red blood cells. Red blood cells are sometimes modified to address specific patient needs. The most common modification is leukoreduction, where the donor blood is filtered to remove white cells, although this is becoming increasingly universal throughout the blood supply (over 80% in the US, 100% in Europe). The blood may also be irradiated, which destroys the DNA in the white cells and prevents graft versus host disease, which may happen if the blood donor and recipient are closely related, and is also important for immunocompromized patients. Other modifications, such as washing the RBCs to remove any remaining plasma, are much less common.", "Neutrophil. Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals. They form an essential part of the innate immune system. Their functions vary in different animals.[1]", "White blood cell. The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease, and thus the WBC count is an important subset of the complete blood count. The normal white cell count is usually between 4 × 109/L and 11 × 109/L. In the US this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood.[3] They make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult,[4] making them substantially less numerous than the RBCs at 40% to 45%. However, this 1% of the blood makes a large difference to health, because immunity depends on it. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis. It is normal when it is part of healthy immune responses, which happen frequently. It is occasionally abnormal, when it is neoplastic or autoimmune in origin. A decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia. It weakens the immune system." ]

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[ "Baseball uniform. In 1916, the Cleveland Indians became the first team to add numbers on their uniforms, positioned on the left sleeve of the home uniforms only. (Okkonen, p. 36, p. 120)[3] In 1929, numbers were first added on the backs of uniforms by the New York Yankees and the Cleveland Indians. By 1932, all major league baseball teams had numbers on their players' uniforms.[3] The Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1952, became the first baseball team to add numbers to the fronts of their uniforms.[3][7] In 1960, the Chicago White Sox were the first team to place players' names on the back of their jerseys, doing so on their road jerseys; within a few years, this practice became almost universal in MLB, though to this day the Yankees only wear names on their uniforms for Players Weekend, a yearly event where alternate uniforms with nicknames are used.[10]", "Chicago White Sox. Over the years the White Sox have become noted for many of their uniform innovations and changes. In 1960, the White Sox became the first team in the major sports to put players' last names on jerseys.", "History of baseball team nicknames. During 1905 and 1906, the team wore \"Nationals\" on their new shirts, the first team to do so. Otherwise, the shirts either read \"Washington\" or carried a plain block \"W\". (Okkonen)", "Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees. In 1929, the New York Yankees became the first team to make numbers a permanent part of the uniform. Numbers were handed out based on the order in the lineup. In 1929, Earle Combs wore #1, Mark Koenig #2, Babe Ruth #3, Lou Gehrig #4, Bob Meusel #5, Tony Lazzeri #6, Leo Durocher #7, Johnny Grabowski #8, Benny Bengough #9, and Bill Dickey #10. The team has never issued #0 or #00.[5] When other teams began putting names on the backs of jerseys in the 1960s, the Yankees did not follow suit. Many companies have created replica Yankee jerseys and other apparel with the player name above the number on the back for fans to purchase, but the only official Yankee uniform that has ever had a name on the back was a special uniform used during MLB's inaugural Players Weekend on August 25–27, 2017.[6] Apart from the Players Weekend jerseys,[6] the Yankees are the only team in Major League Baseball that has never displayed the logo of the official uniform supplier, currently Majestic Athletic, on game jerseys or pants supplied to players. They are also one of only two teams (the other being the Detroit Tigers) in Major League Baseball to shun the trend of creating a third \"alternate\" jersey.", "Ichiro Suzuki. Ichiro is noted for his work ethic in arriving early for his team's games, and for his calisthenic stretching exercises to stay limber even during the middle of the game. Continuing in Seattle the custom he began in Japan, he used his given name (written in Romaji) on the back of his uniform instead of his family name, becoming the first player in Major League Baseball to do so since Vida Blue; the custom was not continued following his trade to the Yankees in 2012, as the Yankees do not include players' names on their jerseys. However, upon joining the Marlins in 2015, he resumed using his given name on the back of his uniform.[citation needed]", "Baseball uniform. By the 1930s, nearly every team had distinctive logos, letters or the team nickname on their home shirts, as part of the team's marketing. The trend of the city name on the road jerseys continued. In recent years, with team nicknames being so strongly associated with the clubs, logos that were once only used at home also turned up on road jerseys, in place of city names.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The newly formed American League wanted to compete directly with the National League's New York Giants, but the Giants used their political clout to block the American League from placing a club there. Instead, a team was placed in Baltimore in 1901. Their \"Orioles\" nickname was acknowledged in an unusual way that year, with an orange letter \"O\" on their uniform shirts, probably the only major league team ever to sport a symbol that looked like a \"zero\". The 1902 shirts substituted a more conventional B. In 1903, after the American and National leagues settled their dispute, the National League allowed the American league to have a New York club and the Baltimore club, which was originally meant to have been located in New York from the beginning was transferred to New York City and is now known as the New York Yankees.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The red-trimmed uniforms at first were only labeled \"ST. LOUIS\", on both home and road shirts, later replaced by the familiar interlocking \"StL\" logo. The word \"Cardinals\" first appeared on both home and road shirts in 1918. The term went from just being a color to also being a symbol in 1922, with the first incarnation of the two Cardinal birds perched on a bat across the word \"Cardinals\". (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. Although known from the beginning as the \"Browns\", and wearing brown trim most of the time (except for 1906 when they experimented with all-black trim), the club did not wear the word \"BROWNS\" on their shirts until 1934. (Okkonen) The team had various logos. In the early years they had an interlaced \"StL\", as with the Cardinals. In the 1930s, they began wearing a patch featuring an illustration of the famous statue of the personification of the Saint. In 1952 they began wearing a sleeve patch with a cartoon face of a \"Brownie\".", "History of baseball team nicknames. While the 1882 rules prescribed stocking colors according to club, they also prescribed jersey and cap colors, but according to player position rather than according to club. Thus, on a single player's uniform, his cap and jersey would designate his position, and only his stockings would designate his club.", "History of baseball team nicknames. Bob Carpenter acquired the Phillies in the late fall of 1943. The following spring, a new name, \"Blue Jays\", was selected in a fans' contest. (BBG) This change never caught on with the general public, especially as the uniform shirts continued to say \"Phillies\", albeit with a blue jay shoulder patch. That experiment was dropped after a couple of years.", "Baseball uniform. From the beginning, graphic designs were used to identify teams. Often an Old English letter was worn on the chest. This style survives with the Detroit Tigers and their gothic style \"D\" on their home jerseys and caps and the Oakland Athletics, who currently have an Old English \"A\" on their caps and their alternative jerseys.", "Major League Baseball uniforms. Typically, home uniforms feature the team's nickname, while away uniforms feature the name of the team's geographic designation. Currently, the Tampa Bay Rays, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, and Milwaukee Brewers are the only exceptions to this rule, although the Brewers reintroduced \"Milwaukee\" on their alternate away uniforms in 2010, and the Cardinals' aforementioned 2013 alternate placed \"St. Louis\" on their jerseys for the first time since 1932. These teams feature the club nickname on both the home and away uniforms (since 1900, in 169 seasons – including the Athletics' presence in the city from 1901 to 1954 – the full word \"Philadelphia\" has never appeared on a Major League jersey). From 1973 to 2008, the Baltimore Orioles were part of this group – the omission of the city's name being part of a largely successful effort to attract fans from the Washington, D.C. area – before returning \"Baltimore\" to the road jerseys in 2009, by which time their neighbor 38 miles (61 km) to the south once again had a team of its own. In 2014, the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago Cubs partially joined this group, carrying one road jersey with the city name and another with the team name, and wearing both interchangeably; in only the third game of the season, one player accidentally played the first inning in the \"Chicago\" jersey while the team wore \"Cubs\"; the Cubs dropped the alternate road jersey in 2016, leaving the \"Chicago\" version as the lone style. As of 2017, only two teams wear their city/state name on their home uniforms, the Texas Rangers and Miami Marlins.", "History of baseball team nicknames. Although many of the players on these clubs were de facto professionals, the first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati \"Red Stockings\", an amateur team that turned professional and began a successful barnstorming tour in 1869. The fame of this team spelled the end of the high-level \"amateur\" version of the game. The team's newfangled uniform of knickers with colored socks also inspired the use of team colors serving a dual role as a team nickname for the sportswriters of the day, who could add variety to their prose by referring to, e.g., the Hartford club or \"Hartfords\" alternately as the \"Dark Blues\" based on their obvious characteristic. None of these early 'color' nicknames was official or used by the teams themselves, however. Examples:", "History of baseball team nicknames. The team first used the single \"C\" on its uniforms in 1905. The word \"Reds\" was placed inside the \"C\" for the first time in 1911. Variants on that style have been used in most years since then. (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. Although the \"Giants\" nickname was well established by 1900, the prosaic \"NEW YORK\" or simple block letters \"NY\" were used on uniform shirts until 1918 when \"GIANTS\" first appeared. (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. The New York Times for opening day 1912 reported that \"The Yankees presented a natty appearance in their new uniforms of white with black pin stripes.\"", "Baseball uniform. The New York Knickerbockers were the first baseball team to wear uniforms, taking the field on April 4, 1849, in pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts and straw hats.[1][2] The practice of wearing a uniform soon spread, and by 1900, all Major League Baseball teams had adopted them.[3] By 1882 most uniforms included stockings, which covered the leg from foot to knee, and were used to differentiate one club from another. The uniforms themselves had different colors and patterns that reflected the different baseball positions.[4] In the late 1880s, the Detroit Wolverines and Washington Nationals of the National League and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the American Association were the first to wear striped uniforms.[5]", "Baltimore Orioles. The Miles-Krieger (Gunther Brewing Company)-Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles soon after taking control of the franchise. The name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by a National League team in the 1890s. In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded an expansion franchise in the growing American League, naming the team the Orioles. After a battle with Ban Johnson, the Head of the American League in 1902, McGraw took many of the top players including Walter Scott \"Steve\" Brodie, Dan McGann, Roger Bresnahan and Joe McGinnity to the New York Giants. As an affront to Johnson, McGraw kept the black and orange colors of the New York Giants, which San Francisco wears to this day. In 1903, the rest of the team was transferred to New York where they were nicknamed the Highlanders until circa 1912, by which time Yanks or Yankees had taken over as their popular monicker. As a member of the high-minor league level International League, the Orioles competed at what is now known as the AAA level from 1903 to 1953; the IL Orioles' most famous player was a local Baltimore product, a hard-hitting lefthanded pitcher named George Herman Ruth. When Oriole Park burned down in 1944, the team moved to a temporary home, Municipal Stadium, where they won the Junior World Series. Their large postseason crowds caught the attention of the major leagues, eventually leading to a new MLB franchise in Baltimore.[5]", "Major League Baseball. The New York Knickerbockers were the first baseball team to use uniforms, taking the field on April 4, 1849, in pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts (jerseys) and straw hats.[105][106][107] Caps and other types of headgear have been a part of baseball uniforms from the beginning.[108][109] Baseball teams often wore full-brimmed straw hats or no cap at all since there was no official rule regarding headgear.[110] Under the 1882 uniform rules, players on the same team wore uniforms of different colors and patterns that indicated which position they played.[111]", "History of baseball team nicknames. The first openly all-professional team was the famous Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869–1870. They began as an amateur organization in the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1866, as interest in baseball grew substantially after the American Civil War. Interest in the Red Stockings themselves grew as they compiled an impressive winning streak while mostly on a road tour or \"barnstorming\". The nickname \"Red Stockings\" was again a press appellation based on their uniforms; in fact the 1869 Cincinnati club inaugurated the baseball tradition of wearing knickers with knee socks instead of long trousers, a style some contemporary prudes considered shocking and immoral.[7]", "Baseball uniform. As official nicknames gained prominence in the early 1900s (in contrast to media-generated and unofficial nicknames of prior generations), pictorial logos began emerging as part of the team's marketing. Some early examples include a small red tiger on the black cap of the 1901 Detroit Tigers, as they were officially the Tigers from the beginning; and a bear cub logo on the Chicago Cubs shirts by 1907, as that unofficial nickname was then adopted officially by the club.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The Washington Redskins of the NFL began in 1932 as the Boston Braves. They renamed themselves the Redskins the next year, having moved from Braves Field to the Red Sox' Fenway Park, serving the dual purpose of sounding similar to their new baseball co-tenants while allowing them to keep the Native American-logoed uniforms they had worn as the Braves, and in 1937 they moved to Washington, D.C., bringing the nickname with them.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The name \"Bees\" did nothing to improve the team's fortunes, and was abandoned by the end of World War II. In 1935 the uniform shirts had read \"BRAVES\" and in 1936 they merely said \"BOSTON\" on the home as well as the road version. They switched to a block \"B\" on home shirts the next year, which remained the pattern most years until the block-letter \"BRAVES\" reappeared in 1945. At no point did they wear anything on their uniforms which suggested an actual bee other than the homonym of the letter \"B\". In 1946, the script version of \"Braves\", complete with tomahawk, made its first appearance and has been on most of the uniform shirts since then. (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. The red stocking on the shirt front was a one-year innovation before returning to the plain \"BOSTON\". The familiar \"RED SOX\" first appeared in 1912, coincident with the opening of Fenway Park. Through the years, the Red Sox have continued to wear red somewhere in their uniforms. By the 1930s, the color blue was re-added to the mix. (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. There is no evidence that \"Highlanders\" was ever officially adopted by the team itself. The uniforms only sported a large block \"N Y\", which eventually evolved into the well-known curving NY logo of the Yankees. (Okkonen)", "St. Louis Cardinals. In 1922, the Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name \"Cardinals\" with the letter \"C\" of the word hooked over the bat. The concept of the birds originated after general manager Branch Rickey noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring cardinal birds on a table in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson, Missouri, at which he was speaking. The arrangement's production was by a woman named Allie May Schmidt. Schmidt's father, a graphic designer, helped Ricky make the logo a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms.[114] Colloquially referred to as the \"birds on the bat\", it initially appeared with the birds perched on a black bat and \"Cardinals\" in printed letters. An alternate version of this logo with \"St. Louis\" replacing \"Cardinals\" appeared in 1930 and was the primary logo in 1931 and 1932 before \"Cardinals\" returned. In 1940, the now-familiar \"StL\" logo was introduced on the team's caps. The interlocking \"StL\" has undergone several slight modifications over the years but has appeared on the team's caps every year since. The first appearance of the \"STL\" in 1940 coincided with the introduction of navy blue as a uniform color. From 1940 until 1955, the team wore navy blue caps with red bills and a red interlocking \"StL\" while the jerseys featured both cardinal red and navy blue accents. In 1951, the \"birds on the bat\" logo was changed to feature a yellow baseball bat.[115]", "History of baseball team nicknames. As the team typically wore a stylized \"A\" on both their home and road shirts, and eventually on their caps, the nickname \"A's\" also arose. The first break with the \"A\" tradition came in 1920, when the team featured the elephant logo on shirts for the first time, displacing the \"A\", albeit in a dark blue. The elephant, worn as a badge of defiance following McGraw's remarks, had previously appeared on just the warmup weathers and then on the uniform sleeve. The elephant was changed to its titular white in 1924, and in 1928 the team went back to the traditional \"A\". (Okkonen)", "Upper Deck Company. Upper Deck was also the first to insert swatches of game-used material into cards when it made jersey cards in 1997 UD Basketball. The insert set was called Game Jersey and a similar set followed in baseball the next year, where UD cut up game-used jerseys of Ken Griffey, Jr., Tony Gwynn and Rey Ordóñez.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The new American League entry adopted the abandoned colors and nickname of their National League rivals. They were initially called the \"White Stockings\", a nickname quickly shortened to White Sox by the press. In 1912, the team started wearing the first incarnation of its \"SOX\" logo on the shirts. (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. In 1900, the team's road shirts said \"PHILA\", a common abbreviation of \"Philadelphia\". The Phillies' uniforms otherwise carried only a simple block or stylized letter \"P\" for several decades. The first time the word \"Phillies\" appeared was 1933, in a script-style that has appeared frequently in the decades since then. 1942, the word \"Phils\" appeared on the road shirts and the block letter \"P\" re-appeared on the home shirts, just for the one season. The script \"Phillies\" continued until 1970 when, in anticipation of the move to Veterans Stadium, the team returned to a stylized letter \"P\" on their shirts. In 1992, the script \"Phillies\" was restored to the shirts. (Okkonen)", "History of baseball team nicknames. When the Federal League began its two-year experiment, it placed a team in Chicago. Although the Fed was known for colorful nicknames, the best anyone could come up with for the Chicago Federals' first year, 1914, was the Chi-Feds. For the second and final Fed season, which proved to be a pennant winner for the Chi-Feds, the name Chicago Whales was used, despite the lack of any known whales in Lake Michigan. The uniforms featured a whale icon inside a large round \"C\", suggestive of the Cubs' logo of that time, a large round \"C\" encircling a bear cub. (Okkonen)" ]

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[ "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Once Upon a Time in Shaolin is a double album by the New York hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan that was limited to a single copy sold in 2015. It is the most expensive single album ever sold.[1] One double-CD of the album, which was recorded in secret over six years, was pressed in 2014 and stored in a secured vault at the Royal Mansour Hotel in Marrakech, Morocco. The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015.[2] It was subsequently revealed that the winning bid of $2 million was placed by American businessman Martin Shkreli. A legal agreement with the purchaser states that the album cannot be commercially exploited until 2103, although it can be released for free or played during listening parties.[3]", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015. A winning bid for the album was accepted by the Wu-Tang Clan on May 3, 2015, and was followed by months of legal diligence. Due to the unprecedented nature of the sale, new and unique legal structures were written for the sales agreement. The sale was completed on August 26, 2015, at a price \"in the millions\" to a \"private American collector\".[10] On December 9, 2015, Bloomberg Businessweek identified the buyer as controversial Turing pharmaceutical CEO Martin Shkreli.[11] In a statement emailed to Bloomberg, RZA noted that the sale had been agreed upon before Shkreli's controversial price hike of Daraprim, an anti-infective agent most commonly used in immunocompromised patients with toxoplasmosis. In the statement, RZA added that the group had donated a \"significant portion\" of the proceeds to charity upon hearing who the buyer was.[12] Among the charities Wu-Tang Clan donated to were the Children's Literacy Society, the Hip Hop Chess Federation and TTAC, an institution focused on showcasing alternative cures for cancer.[13] The actual sale price was never revealed by the auction house or the Wu-Tang Clan, but Bloomberg reported[11] and Shkreli later confirmed[14] that he had purchased the album for $2 million.", "Martin Shkreli. Shkreli was revealed as the winner of an auction for the Wu-Tang Clan album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin after the single copy of the album was sold via Paddle8 on November 24, 2015, for US$2 million to what was reported to be a \"private American collector\".[149] On December 9, 2015, Bloomberg Businessweek identified Shkreli as the purchaser.[106] In October 2016, Shkreli claimed on his Twitter that he would release the album for free download if Donald Trump won the 2016 US presidential election and would destroy the album if Hillary Clinton won.[150] He shared the intro and one track the day after Trump became the President-elect.[151] In early September 2017, he put the album for sale on eBay, selling for $1,025,100.[152][153]", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. In February 2016, artist Jason Koza sued RZA, Cilvaringz, Paddle8 and Shkreli in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for the alleged unauthorized use of his artwork on the album.[18][19]", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Many fans reacted negatively to the news of the single-copy album, believing that the album would not be available to the public until 2103. Wu-Tang member Method Man spoke out against the 88-year commercial ban, blaming fellow member RZA and producer Cilvaringz. RZA replied that the 88-year ban was necessary to maintain the integrity of the album as a work of art and deflect any notions of a grand marketing or publicity stunt. According to him, the number 8 bears symbolic significance because there were eight original members of the Wu-Tang Clan, the numbers of the year 2015 add up to eight, Paddle8 has eight in its name, and a rotated eight is the symbol for infinity that was used on their second album Wu-Tang Forever.[15] Wu-Tang later released an official statement saying that, although the music cannot be sold to the public until 2103, the owner may exhibit or distribute the music for free.[3]", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. The Guinness Book of Records certified the album as the most valuable album in existence,[16] outpricing the previous most expensive records in the world held by Elvis Presley and The Quarrymen, later to be known as The Beatles. On March 3, 2015, the album was detained at JFK Airport for three hours while border control determined the contents of the silver box holding the album.[17]", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Shkreli shared the intro and part of two tracks after Donald Trump was elected president,[4] after threatening to destroy the album.[5] In 2017 Shkreli allegedly livestreamed the album to YouTube after a verdict was reached in a criminal case against him.[6] On September 6, 2017, Shkreli placed the album up for auction via eBay;[7] it received 343 bids and sold for $1,025,100 USD.", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. The concept to offer a musical work in a single form was conceived by Wu-Tang Clan producer Cilvaringz and was based on music exploitation as a commissioned commodity in the Baroque, Enlightenment and Renaissance ages.[8] The idea was later developed further with Wu-Tang de facto leader RZA into a concept presentable to the public. The album reportedly features the singer and actress Cher as a guest on two of the album's tracks.[9]", "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. The track listing remained a secret for the buyer.[citation needed] Paddle8 released a track list of working titles the group used during the recordings.[citation needed] The track listing has been compiled by Complex magazine.[20]", "Shaolin Monastery. In 1994 the temple registered its name as a trademark. In the late 2000's, Shi Yongxin began authorizing Shaolin branches outside of mainland China in what has been called a franchise scheme. The branches are run by current and former monks and allow dispersion of Shaolin culture and study of Shaolin kung fu around the world.[32] As of January, 2011, Yongxin and the temple operated over 40 companies in cities across the world, including London and Berlin, which have purchased land and property.[33]", "Wu-Tang Clan. In March 2014 it was reported that in addition to work on A Better Tomorrow, a Wu-Tang Clan compilation album entitled The Wu – Once Upon A Time In Shaolin had been recorded, with Wu-Tang-affiliated producer Cilvaringz as the primary producer instead of RZA.[74] The album, a double album consisting of 31 tracks, will not be given a conventional commercial release and only one copy has been produced; this copy will be toured in museums, art galleries and music festivals before being sold at a high price to a single individual. In August 2014, a reporter from Forbes traveled to Marrakech to meet Cilvaringz and hear a 51-second snippet of a song from the album, which featured Cher.[75] The snippet was subsequently put on their website. The album is encased in a handcrafted silver-and-nickel box made by British-Moroccan artist Yahya and features never-before-heard music recorded over years.[76] RZA stated he has been receiving multiple million dollar offers for the album.[77] Despite the album's exclusivity it made an appearance in electronic dance music producer Skrillex's music video for his song \"Fuck That\" even though he did not purchase the project.[78] The album was sold through Paddle8, an online auction house, for $2 million to Martin Shkreli. When the FBI arrested Martin Shkreli on December 17, 2015, they did not seize the Wu-Tang Clan album.[79] Following the victory of Republican candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Shkreli broadcast excerpts from the album on streaming platforms Periscope and Hitbox.tv.[80]", "Shaolin Kung Fu. Some popular stories[10][11] consider Bodhidharma as the founder of Shaolin kung fu.", "Shaolin Kung Fu. Like other stories of Shaolin, this story[14][15] has, after all, some basis in reality. Bodhidharma was the founder of Dhyana (Chinese: 禅; pinyin: chán; Japanese: zen) Buddhism.", "Wynn Las Vegas. Most recently, Wynn Las Vegas bought the rights to the show from Dragone to make some changes, including the logo. Wynn now owns all rights to the show.", "Betty Boop. Ownership of the Boop cartoons has changed hands over the intervening decades due to a series of corporate mergers, acquisitions and divestitures (mainly involving Republic Pictures and the 2006 corporate split of parent company Viacom into two separate companies). As of the present, Olive Films (under license from Paramount) holds home video rights and Trifecta retains television rights. The \"Betty Boop\" character and trademark is currently owned by Fleischer Studios, with the merchandising rights licensed to King Features Syndicate.", "King Kong. RKO (whose rights consisted of only the original film and its sequel) had its film library acquired by Ted Turner in 1986 via his company Turner Entertainment. Turner merged his company into Time Warner in 1996, which is how they own the rights to those two films today, although the copyright over the entire RKO films library (including King Kong and The Son Of Kong) is still held by RKO Pictures LLC. In 2017, Warner Brothers co-produced the film Kong: Skull Island and in 2020 will co-produce the film Godzilla vs. Kong, after Legendary Pictures brought the projects from Universal to their company to build a shared cinematic universe.", "Shaolin Kung Fu. Shaolin Kung Fu (Chinese: 少林功夫; pinyin: Shàolín gōng fu), also called Shaolin Wushu (少林武術; Shàolín wǔshù) or Shaolin quan (少林拳; Shàolín quán), is one of the oldest, largest, and most famous styles of wushu or kungfu. It combines Zen Buddhism and martial arts and originated and was developed in the Shaolin temple in Henan province, China during its 1500-year history. Popular sayings in Chinese folklore related to this practice include \"All martial arts under heaven originated from Shaolin\" and \"Shaolin kung fu is the best under heaven,\" indicating the influence of Shaolin kung fu among martial arts. The name Shaolin is also used as a brand for the so-called external styles of kung fu. Many styles in southern and northern China use the name Shaolin.", "Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf. Toon Express Group owns the copyrights to the characters.[2] Alpha Animation (a Chinese company) spent 634 million dollars (HK) to purchase Toon Express Group and Creative Power Entertaining.[3]", "Shaolin Kung Fu. The monks of Shaolin allied with Wang's enemy, Li Shimin, and took back the Cypress Valley Estate, defeating Wang's troops and capturing his nephew Renze. Without the fort at Cypress Valley, there was nothing to keep Li Shimin from marching on Luoyang after his defeat of Wang's ally Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao, forcing Wang Shichong to surrender. Li Shimin's father was the first Tang Emperor and Shimin himself became its second. Thereafter Shaolin enjoyed the royal patronage of the Tang.", "Way of the Dragon. Bruce Lee formed his own production company, Concord Production Inc., with Golden Harvest founder, Raymond Chow.[6]", "If You Are the One (game show). In January 2016, as a result of a Chinese judge ruling that the show's name \"Fei Cheng Wu Rao\" infringed another individual's copyright who owned the same name as the show, the producers temporarily changed the name of the show to \"Yuan Lai Fei Cheng Wu Rao\" (although the English name seems to have stayed the same).[6] Jiangsu Television station has promised to appeal the ruling.", "Get Smart. HBO currently owns the copyrights to the series itself, due to Time-Life Films' 1977 acquisition of Talent Associates. Home videos are distributed by HBO Home Video. For a time the DVD release was only available through Time-Life (a former Time Warner division). Warner Bros. Television owns international distribution rights.", "Shaolin Monastery. The Shaolin Monastery (Chinese: 少林寺; pinyin: Shàolín sì), also known as the Shaolin Temple, is a Chan (\"Zen\") Buddhist temple in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, China. Dating back 1,500 years when founded by Fang Lu-Hao, Shaolin Temple is the main temple of the Shaolin school of Buddhism to this day.", "Mark DellaGrotte. DellaGrotte is the owner and operator of the Sityodtong USA Branch. He began his martial arts studies at an early age. His initial training involved classical martial arts, such as Tae Kwon Do, Shotokan Karate, and Tai-Chi. As his athleticism and martial skills grew, so did his desire to further his training in the martial arts.", "Martial Arts of Shaolin. Martial Arts of Shaolin (Chinese: 南北少林, lit. \"Southern and Northern Shaolin\") aka Shaolin Temple 3: Martial Arts of Shaolin, is a 1986 Hong Kong martial arts film. It is notable as the only collaboration between film director Lau Kar-leung and actor Jet Li. The film was later released on Region 1 DVD by The Weinstein Company under the Dragon Dynasty imprint.", "Let's Make a Deal. RTL Group holds international (and as of February 2009, American) rights to the show, and has licensed the show to 14 countries.", "Lee Byung-hun. Lee formed a management company, BH Entertainment, which manages many actors including Han Hyo-joo, Go Soo, Jin Goo, and Han Ji-min.[59] He owns a shop, BHNC, which sells hats, scarfs and wallets.[60]", "Warner Bros.. In 1982, during their independent years, Turner Broadcasting System acquired Brut Productions, the film production arm of France-based then-struggling personal-care company Faberge Inc.[273]", "History of the Golden State Warriors. On July 15, owner Chris Cohan sold the Warriors to Peter Guber of Mandalay Entertainment and his partner Joe Lacob for a then-record $450 million.", "Lanai. In 1985, Lānaʻi passed into the control of David H. Murdock, as a result of his purchase of Castle & Cooke, then owner of Dole.", "Shaolin Monastery. Martial arts groups from all over the world have made donations for the upkeep of the temple and grounds, and are subsequently honored with carved stones near the entrance of the temple.", "Once Upon a Time... Man. * Production company** Originally broadcast in B/W; color not yet introduced in these countries*** Contributing co-producer to the series" ]

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[ "The Postman (film). The Postman was filmed in Metaline Falls and Fidalgo Island, Washington; central Oregon; and southern Arizona around Tucson and Nogales.", "The Post (film). The film began principal photography in New York on May 30, 2017.[23] On June 6, 2017, it was announced that the project, retitled The Papers, would also star Alison Brie, Carrie Coon, David Cross, Bruce Greenwood, Tracy Letts, Bob Odenkirk, Sarah Paulson, Jesse Plemons, Matthew Rhys, Michael Stuhlbarg, Bradley Whitford, and Zach Woods.[24] On August 25, 2017, the film's title reverted to The Post.[25] Spielberg finished the final cut of the film on November 6, 2017, with the final sound mix also completed along with the musical score a week later, on November 13.[26]", "The Post (film). Principal photography began in New York City in May 2017. The film premiered at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. on December 14, 2017 and began a limited release in the United States on December 22, 2017. It had a wide release on January 12, 2018, and grossed $174 million worldwide.", "The Postman (film). It is set in a post-apocalyptic and neo-Western version of the United States in the then near-future year of 2013, fifteen years after an unspecified apocalyptic event that left a huge impact on human civilization and erased most technology. Like the book, the film follows the story of a nomadic drifter (Costner) who stumbles across the uniform of an old United States Postal Service mail carrier, and unwittingly inspires hope through an empty promise of a \"Restored United States of America.\"", "The Postman (film). During a raid of Pineview, General Bethlehem learns of the Postman’s tales of a restored government and becomes afraid of losing power if word spreads. He burns the American flag and post office, kills Abby’s husband, kidnaps Abby, and attacks the town of Benning. The Postman surrenders, but Abby saves him from execution, and the two escape into the surrounding mountains. A pregnant Abby and an injured Postman ride out the winter in an abandoned cabin.", "The Postman (film). In 2013, an unnamed nomad enters the Oregon flatlands, trading Shakespearean performances for food and water. In one of the towns, the nomad is forced into the ranks of the predominant militia, known as the Holnists and run by General Bethlehem. When he escapes, the nomad takes refuge in a dead postman's mail vehicle.", "The Bye Bye Man. Principal photography on the film began on November 2, 2015, in Cleveland, Ohio,[4][11] and wrapped on December 11, 2015.[12]", "The Postman (film). Wearing the postman's uniform and carrying the mail bag, he arrives in Pineview claiming to be a postman from the newly restored US government. The Postman inspires a teenager named Ford Lincoln Mercury and swears him into the postal service. The Postman also meets Abby. When the Postman leaves for the town of Benning, he carries a pile of mail left at the post office door by the townspeople.", "The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film). This version was the third filming of The Postman Always Rings Twice, but the first under the novel's original title and the first in English. Previously, the novel had been filmed as Le Dernier Tournant (The Last Turning) in France in 1939 and as Ossessione (Obsession) in Italy in 1943.", "The Postman (film). The Postman is a 1997 American epic post-apocalyptic adventure film. It is directed by, produced by, and stars Kevin Costner, with the screenplay written by Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland, based on David Brin's 1985 book of the same name. The film also features Will Patton, Larenz Tate, Olivia Williams, James Russo, and Tom Petty.", "The Quiet Man. Filming commenced on June 7, 1951. All of the outdoor scenes were shot on location in Ireland in County Mayo and County Galway. The inside scenes were filmed toward the end of July at the Republic Studios in Hollywood.", "The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film). The Postman Always Rings Twice is the fourth film adaptation of the 1934 novel of the same name by James M. Cain. The film was an American-German production by Lorimar, in association with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,[2] and originally released theatrically in North America by Paramount Pictures in 1981. This version, based on a screenplay by David Mamet and directed by Bob Rafelson, starred Jack Nicholson and Jessica Lange. The film was shot in Santa Barbara, California.", "The Postman (film). In a recitation of King Henry V's speech prior to the Siege of Harfleur, the Postman rallies himself and his troops to war. Bethlehem and his army meet the Postman's army across a field. Knowing the casualties will be great if the armies meet in battle, the Postman instead challenges Bethlehem for leadership, with their troops as witnesses. The Postman wins the fight with inspiration from the \"Neither snow nor rain\" inscription, and offers Bethlehem a chance to build a new, peaceful world. Bethlehem lunges to shoot the Postman but is shot by his former first officer. The officer surrenders, and the rest of the militia follows.", "The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film). Frank Chambers (Jack Nicholson) a drifter, stops at a rural California diner for a meal and ends up working there. The diner is operated by a young, beautiful woman, Cora Smith (Jessica Lange), and her much older husband, Nick Papadakis (John Colicos), who is an immigrant from Greece.", "Rain Man. Principal photography included nine weeks of filming on location.[8] Other portions were shot in the desert near Palm Springs, California.[9]:168–71", "The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film). Tay Garnett, the director, wanted to film in as many actual locations as possible for the movie, a rarity for MGM at the time. For the seaside love scenes, he took the cast and crew to Laguna Beach, where a fog made shooting impossible for days. After a few days, they moved to San Clemente in search of clearer skies, only to have fog roll in there as well. Then word got to them that the fog had lifted at Laguna Beach. By the time they got back there, however, it had returned. The strain of waiting for the fog to lift caused Garnett, who had suffered from drinking problems in the past, to fall off the wagon. Garnett holed up in his hotel room, where nobody could get him to stop drinking. Concerned about rumours that he was going to be replaced, Garfield and Turner decided to visit him on their own. Garfield could get nowhere with him, but Turner managed to convince him to go back to Los Angeles for treatment. When he returned a week later, the fog lifted, and they all went back to work.", "The Post (film). Recording began on October 30, 2017 in Los Angeles.[31] The soundtrack was released digitally by Sony Classical Records on December 22, 2017 and in physical form on January 12, 2018.[32]", "The Postman (film). In an interview with Metro before filming began, Brin expressed his hope that The Postman would have the \"pro-community feel\" of Field of Dreams instead of the Mad Max feel of Costner's other post-apocalyptic film Waterworld. Brin said that, unlike typical post-apocalyptic movies that satisfy \"little-boy wish fantasies about running amok in a world without rules\", the intended moral of The Postman is that \"if we lost our civilization, we'd all come to realize how much we missed it, and would realize what a miracle it is simply to get your mail every day.\"[4]", "The Post (film). December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22) (digital)", "Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.). The Old Post Office Building's tower slowly became an iconic one in the city. The United States Information Agency often used it as a backdrop for propaganda films to be shown in foreign countries. In one instance, a portion of a film about Soviet dissident Alexander Solzhenitsyn was taped in the tower.[24]", "Postman Pat: The Movie. Patrick \"Pat\" Clifton also known as \"Postman Pat\" (voiced by Stephen Mangan), is a friendly postman who has been delivering letters in the village of Greendale in the north of England for years. He wants to take his wife, Sara (voiced by Susan Duerden), on a late honeymoon to Italy. He plans to afford it through a bonus from his employer, the Special Delivery Service (SDS), but their new boss, Edwin Carbunkle (voiced by Peter Woodward), has cancelled all bonuses. He plans to make SDS more efficient by replacing its human workers with robots, thinking that being friendly is a waste of time.", "Cool Hand Luke. The film, set in the early 1950s, is based on Donn Pearce's 1965 novel of the same name. Pearce sold the story to Warner Bros., who then hired him to write the script. Due to Pearce's lack of film experience, the studio added Frank Pierson to rework the screenplay. Newman's biographer Marie Edelman Borden states that the \"tough, honest\" script drew together threads from earlier movies, especially Hombre, Newman's earlier film of 1967. The film has been cited by Roger Ebert as an anti-establishment film which was shot during the time of the Vietnam War, in which Newman's character endures \"physical punishment, psychological cruelty, hopelessness and equal parts of sadism and masochism.\" His influence on his prison mates and the torture that he endures is compared to that of Jesus, and Christian symbolism is used throughout the film, culminating in a photograph superimposed over crossroads at the end of the film in comparison to the crucifixion. Filming took place on the San Joaquin River Delta, and the set, imitating a southern prison farm, was built in Stockton, California. The filmmakers sent a crew to Tavares Road Prison in Tavares, Florida, to take photographs and measurements.", "Kansas City, Missouri. The 1983 television movie The Day After was filmed in Kansas City and Lawrence, Kansas. The 1990s film Truman, starring Gary Sinise, was filmed in the city. Other films shot in or around Kansas City include Article 99, Mr. & Mrs. Bridge, Kansas City, Paper Moon, In Cold Blood, Ninth Street, and Sometimes They Come Back (in and around nearby Liberty, Missouri). More recently, a scene in the controversial film Brüno was filmed in downtown Kansas City's historic Hotel Phillips.", "The Postman (film). Bethlehem is still fighting to suppress the postal carriers, who are mostly teenagers pitted against a better-equipped enemy. In the face of mounting casualties, the Postman orders everyone to disband and writes a surrender letter to Bethlehem. However, Bethlehem learns to his dismay that the Postman's example has spread farther than he could have anticipated when his men capture a carrier from California, and redoubles his efforts to find the Postman. The Postman, Abby, and a small group of postal carriers travel to Bridge City. When Bethlehem's scouts catch up, the enclave leader, Tom Petty, helps the Postman to escape on a cable car to find volunteers for another army.", "Santa Rosa, California. Famed director Alfred Hitchcock filmed his thriller Shadow of a Doubt in Santa Rosa in 1943; the film gives glimpses of Santa Rosa in the 1940s. Many of the downtown buildings seen in the film no longer exist due to major reconstruction following the strong earthquakes in October 1969. However, some, like the rough-stone Northwestern Pacific Railroad depot and the prominent Empire Building (built in 1910 with a gold-topped clock tower), still survive. A scene at the bank was filmed at the corner of Fourth Street and Mendocino Avenue (at present day Old Courthouse square); the KRESS building on Fourth Street is also visible. However, the courthouse and bank are now gone. The Coen brothers' 2001 film The Man Who Wasn't There is set in Santa Rosa c. 1949.", "The Post (film). The White House retaliates, and in short order the Post and Times appear together before the Supreme Court to plead their First Amendment argument for the right to publish the material. Meanwhile, newspapers across the country pick up the story in solidarity with the Post and Times. The court rules 6–3 in the newspapers' favor, vindicating Graham's decision. Nixon demands that the Post should be barred from the White House. One year later, security guard Frank Wills discovers a break-in in progress at the Watergate complex after a guest at the Watergate hotel called complaining about people using flashlights.", "Post Office (novel). In Los Angeles, California, down-and-out barfly Henry Chinaski becomes a substitute mail carrier; he quits for a while and lives on his winnings at the track, then becomes a mail clerk. Chinaski drifts from place to place, surviving through booze and women, with his biting sense of humor and a cynical view of the world.[1]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. David Brin's novel The Postman (1985) takes place in an America where some are trying to rebuild civilization after the \"Doomwar\". It was adapted into the film The Postman (1997).", "The Quiet Man. The story is set in the fictitious community of Inisfree. This is not the same as the Lake Isle of Innisfree, a place in Lough Gill on the Sligo–Leitrim border made famous by poet William Butler Yeats, which is a tiny island. Many scenes for the film were actually shot in and around the village of Cong, County Mayo, on the grounds of Cong's Ashford Castle. Cong is now a wealthy small town and the castle a 5-star luxury hotel. The connections with the film have led to the area becoming a tourist attraction. In 2008, a pub opened in the building used as the pub in the film (it had actually been a shop at the time when the movie was shot); the pub hosts daily re-runs of the film on DVD.[5] The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle. Other locations in the film include Thoor Ballylee, Co. Galway, home of poet W.B. Yeats for a period, Ballyglunin railway station near Tuam Co. Galway, which was filmed as Castletown station, and various places in Connemara Co. Galway and Co. Mayo. Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed,[6] the Quiet Man Bridge, signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard[7] and the \"White O'Morn\" cottage. The latter is located on R336 south of Maam, but has long ago fallen into ruin.[8]", "The Bye Bye Man. Principal photography began on November 2, 2015, in Cleveland, Ohio. STXfilms released the film on January 13, 2017, and it grossed $26 million worldwide on a budget of $7.4 million.", "The Postman (film). When spring arrives, they cross the range and run into a girl, who claims to be a postal carrier. She reveals that Ford Lincoln Mercury organized a postal service based on the Postman's story. They have established communications with other settlements, creating a quasi-society and inadvertently spreading hope.", "The Postman (film). The Postman received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics." ]

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[ "2017 Las Vegas shooting. The 2017 Las Vegas shooting occurred on the night of Sunday, October 1, 2017 when a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, leaving 58 people dead and 851 injured. Between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT, 64-year-old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite, Nevada, fired more than 1,100 rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel. About an hour after he fired his last shot into the crowd, he was found dead in his room from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive remains unknown.", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. The mass shooting occurred between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT on October 1, 2017, which was the third and final night of the festival. When the shooting began, country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance.[17]", "Route 91 Harvest. Route 91 Harvest was the scene of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, the deadliest mass shooting by an individual in U.S. history so far.[6] The shooting began as singer Jason Aldean gave the closing performance on the final day of the festival and ended with gunman Stephen Paddock's suicide. At the time, the event was attended by approximately 22,000 people.[7]", "Jason Aldean. On October 1, 2017, Aldean had just begun performing \"When She Says Baby\" at the Route 91 Harvest festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada when Stephen Paddock began firing into the crowd from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Resort.[20][21] Aldean ran off the stage and was unharmed, but 58 people were killed and 489 people were injured as a result of the incident.[22]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval called the shooting \"a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family\".[65] Jason Aldean, who was singing when the shooting started, posted his condolences on Instagram and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack.[66]", "Las Vegas Strip. On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival, adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel. This incident became the deadliest mass shooting in modern United States history.[18]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Paddock may have considered attacking other events. He had researched large-scale venues in cities such as Boston since at least May 2017,[11] and had reserved a room overlooking the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago, but did not use it.[12] According to his girlfriend, she and Paddock were at the Mandalay Bay during an earlier stay a month before the attack when he repeatedly cased out Las Vegas Village from different windows in their room.[13] From September 17, Paddock stayed at The Ogden in Downtown Las Vegas, which overlooked the open-air Life Is Beautiful festival that ran from September 22 to September 24.[13][4] His internet search terms from mid-September included \"swat weapons\", \"ballistics chart 308\", \"SWAT Las Vegas\", and \"do police use explosives\".[13]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. The annual Rock 'n' Roll Las Vegas Marathon took place on November 12 and was the largest event to be held in the city since the shooting. The event received a massive amount of security, which included 350 officers, counter-sniper surveillance posts, and a number of barriers composed of dump trucks, buses, and other large vehicles.[75]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Las Vegas Village, a 15-acre (6.1-hectare) lot used for outdoor performances, is located diagonally across the intersection to the northeast.[2][3] From 2014 onward, the venue hosted the annual Route 91 Harvest country music festival. The 2017 festival ran from September 29 to October 1, with over 22,000 attendees on the final day.[3][4][a]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. A unity prayer walk and ceremony was held in Las Vegas on October 7 in honor of the dead. Speakers at the ceremony included Vice President Mike Pence and Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman.[73] On the evening of October 15, thousands participated in a commemorative 3 mile walk between Circus Circus and Mandalay Bay.[74]", "Mandalay Bay. On October 1, 2017, gunman Stephen Paddock opened fire on the Route 91 Harvest, a country music festival, from a room on the 32nd floor of the hotel, killing 58 and wounding 546. The shooting ended when Paddock committed suicide before Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers breached the hotel room.[21][22][23] The shooting brought attention to a legal device called a bump-fire stock, which is used to mimic an automatic weapon. Automatic weapons are restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986. This incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in recent U.S. history.[24]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. After Paddock used a hammer to break two of the windows in both of his suites,[4] he began shooting through them at 10:05 p.m.[26] He ultimately fired more than 1,100 rifle rounds[27] approximately 490 yards (450 m) into the festival audience.[28][29][30][c] He initially started out with a few single gunshots before firing in prolonged bursts.[4] Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks.[31] During the shooting, a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15-acre concrete lot.[32] The gunfire continued, with some momentary pauses, over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10:15 p.m.[33][34]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Investigators found hidden surveillance cameras that were placed inside and outside the hotel room, presumably so Paddock could monitor the arrival of others.[102] The cameras were not in record mode.[103] Police said a handwritten note found in the room indicated Paddock had been calculating the distance, wind, and trajectory from his 32nd floor hotel suite to the concertgoers he was targeting on the festival lot.[104][105]", "Celine (concert residency). Following Vegas mass shooting, Celine decided to continue her residency and resumed performing two days after the events. She opened the residency with a speech that was streamed online. Celine paid tribute to the victims and donated all the proceeds from this show to the victims’ families.", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Fifty-eight people were shot to death at the music festival; Paddock's suicide was the only death at the Mandalay Bay Hotel.[47][48][49] The fatalities included 36 women and 22 men.[47] The oldest was 67, the youngest 20.[50] Six were from Nevada, 35 from California, 13 from other states, and four from Canada.[51] The Clark County Coroner's Office determined that all 58 victims died as a result of gunshot wounds.[52] Thirty one of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene, while the rest were pronounced dead at hospitals.[11]", "History of Las Vegas. During the late evening of October 1, 2017, Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting committed by a single gunman in the history of the United States. A gunman opened fire on Route 91 Harvest festival-goers from the Mandalay Bay resort, killing 58 and injuring 851.[29][30]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States, exceeding the death toll of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, where 49 people were shot and killed.[47][61][62]", "Irving Plaza. On May 25, 2016, 4 people were shot at a T.I. concert before T.I. took the stage. One of the victims died later at a hospital.[18]", "National Rifle Association. After the October 2017 shooting at a concert in Las Vegas, which left 58 people dead and 851 injured, the NRA was initially criticized for their silence.[196] After four days they issued a statement opposing additional gun control laws, which they said would not stop further attacks, and calling for a federal law allowing people who have a concealed carry permit in one state to carry concealed weapons in all other states. The organization also suggested additional regulations on so-called bump fire stocks, which allow a semi-automatic weapon to function like a machine gun; the Las Vegas shooter had used such a device.[197]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. In addition to shooting at the concertgoers, Paddock fired eight bullets at a large jet fuel tank at McCarran International Airport 2,000 feet (600 m) away.[4] Two of those bullets struck the exterior of the tank, with one bullet penetrating the tank. The fuel did not explode because jet fuel is mostly kerosene, which is unlikely to ignite when struck by a bullet.[35]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Paddock arrived at the Mandalay Bay on September 25, 2017. He was booked into Room 32-135, a complimentary room on the 32nd floor.[4][8] Four days later, he also checked into the directly-connected Room 32-134. Both suites overlook the site of the concert at Las Vegas Village.[4][14][b] Between September 25 and October 1—the day of the shooting—he stockpiled an arsenal of weapons, associated equipment and ammunition that included fourteen AR-15 rifles (twelve of which had bump stocks and 100-round magazines), eight AR-10 rifles, a bolt-action rifle, and a revolver. Often with the help of hotel bellhops, he brought five suitcases to his room on September 25, seven on the 26th, two on the 28th, six on the 30th, and two on October 1.[15][13][4] Cell phone records also show that he also made multiple visits to his home in Mesquite. On September 30, he placed \"Do not disturb\" signs on the doors of both rooms.[15] Paddock spent much of his time at the Mandalay Bay before the shooting gambling, often at night. He interacted with Mandalay Bay employees more than ten times during his stay, including twice on the day of the shooting; an MGM Resorts International spokesperson said they were all \"normal in nature\".[16]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. During the shooting, police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay, the nearby Luxor hotel, or the festival grounds.[32] There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip.[36] Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire in the middle of the northern side of Mandalay Bay and responded to the hotel. At 10:12 p.m., two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them.[32] When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10:17 p.m. and encountered Campos a minute later, he directed them to Paddock's room and helped others evacuate. Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself.[19][21]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard immediately south of the city of Las Vegas in Clark County, Nevada. The Strip is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels, including the 43-story Mandalay Bay southwest of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road, in the unincorporated town of Paradise.[2]", "Las Vegas (TV series). Some episodes were shot using interior and exterior shots of Green Valley Ranch, including a shot of the pool and spa area where, in one episode, Everlast holds a concert.", "Wynn Las Vegas. An action comedy film Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 starring Kevin James was entirely filmed at the casino. It is the first film ever shot on the property of Steve Wynn by his permission.[11] Other films shot at Wynn include Frank & Lola, The Squeeze, Sinatra 100: An All-Star Grammy Concert, Garth Brooks’ Holiday Special, and The House.[12]", "Las Vegas Stadium. On September 18, construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation.[36] The Raiders officially broke ground for the new stadium on November 13.[37][38] The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, Raiders owner Mark Davis, his mother Carol Davis, various Raiders legends including Howie Long, Jim Plunkett, Tom Flores, and Ray Guy, Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval, Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman, Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill. The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana, longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton, and Howie D and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys. There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby by with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ‘Rise up’ while 58 beams of light for the 58 people shot and killed lit up.[39]", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States. It reignited the debate about gun laws in the U.S., with attention focused on bump fire stocks, which Paddock used to fire semi-automatic rifles at a rate similar to that of a fully automatic weapon.", "Shot at the Night. The Las Vegas Review Journal ranked it as the #2 Best Music Video Filmed in Las Vegas.", "2017 Las Vegas shooting. Although the investigation remains ongoing, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department released a preliminary report on the event on January 18, 2018.[4]", "Caesars Palace. Frank Sinatra began performing at Caesars Palace in 1967,[17] after a fallout with Howard Hughes and Carl Cohen at The Sands.[18][19] He signed a three-year contract.[20] In the early morning hours of September 6, 1970, Sinatra was playing a high stakes baccarat at the casino, where he was performing at the time. Normal limits for the game are US$2,000 per hand; Sinatra had been playing for US$8,000 and wanted the stakes to be raised to US$16,000.[21] When Sinatra began shouting after his request was denied, hotel executive Sanford Waterman came to talk with him. Witnesses to the incident said the two men both made threats, with Waterman producing a gun and pointing it at Sinatra. Sinatra walked out of the casino and returned to his Palm Springs home without fulfilling the rest of his three-week engagement there. Waterman was booked on a charge of assault with a deadly weapon, but was released without bail.[22] The local district attorney's office declined to file charges against Waterman for pulling the gun, stating that Sinatra had refused to make a statement regarding the incident.[23] Despite swearing to never perform at Caesars again, [24] Sinatra returned after his retirement in January 1974, and became a frequent performer at Caesars Palace throughout the decade. He was performing at Caesars when his mother Dolly died in a plane crash in January 1977,[25] and in 1979 he was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award in a party at the hotel, while celebrating 40 years in show business and his 64th birthday.[26][27] When Sinatra was given back his gaming license by the Nevada Gaming Commission in 1981, he became an entertainment-public relations consultant at the casino for $20,000 a week.[28]", "Wynn Las Vegas. In addition, the Encore Theater was home to Beyoncé's sold-out I Am... Tour, which was featured in I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas, filmed from July 30 to August 2, 2009.", "Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas). The guitar sign of the hotel was also featured in Urban Strike as a primary target in Las Vegas Mission. Canadian hard rock group My Darkest Days filmed their video for \"Porn Star Dancin'\" at the Vanity nightclub in 2010.[4]" ]

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[ "Scott Weiland. Scott Richard Weiland (/ˈwaɪlənd/; né Kline,[1] October 27, 1967 – December 3, 2015) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. During a career spanning three decades, Weiland was best known as the lead singer of the band Stone Temple Pilots from 1989 to 2002 and 2008 to 2013. He was also a member of supergroup Velvet Revolver from 2003 to 2008 and recorded one album with another supergroup, Art of Anarchy. He also established himself as a solo artist, releasing three studio albums, two cover albums, and collaborations with several other musicians throughout his career.", "Stone Temple Pilots. On December 3, 2015, Scott Weiland was found dead of an accidental overdose of alcohol, pills, and cocaine on his tour bus in Minnesota.[54] Stone Temple Pilots released a statement noting his passing in which they thanked him for his time with them and said he was \"gifted beyond words.\"[55]", "Stone Temple Pilots. Stone Temple Pilots (often abbreviated as STP) are an American rock band from San Diego, California, that originally consisted of Scott Weiland (lead vocals), brothers Robert DeLeo (bass, backing vocals) and Dean DeLeo (guitars), and Eric Kretz (drums). From the band's formation in 1989, its line-up remained unchanged until the firing of Weiland in February 2013. Linkin Park vocalist Chester Bennington joined the band in May 2013.[1] In November 2015, Bennington left the band to focus solely on Linkin Park.[2][3] On December 3, 2015, Weiland was found dead on his tour bus before a performance with his band The Wildabouts. In 2016, the band launched an online audition for a new lead vocalist.[4][5] On July 20, 2017, Bennington was found dead at his home. His death was ruled as suicide by hanging. On November 14, 2017, Jeff Gutt became the new singer of the band.", "Scott Weiland. News of Weiland's death quickly spread throughout the Internet, with many of his fellow musical peers, including his former band members along with fans and music critics throughout the world, sharing their condolences, tributes, and memories.[105] A day following his death, his former bandmates in Stone Temple Pilots issued a statement saying that he was \"gifted beyond words\" but acknowledged his struggle with substance abuse, calling it \"part of [his] curse.\"[106] Weiland's ex-wife, Mary Forsberg, released an open letter about her ex-husband, his addictions, and not being a good father to their children. Forsberg said, \"I won't say he can rest now, or that he's in a better place. He belongs with his children barbecuing in the backyard and waiting for a Notre Dame game to come on. We are angry and sad about this loss, but we are most devastated that he chose to give up. Let's choose to make this the first time we don't glorify this tragedy with talk of rock and roll and the demons that, by the way, don't have to come with it.\"[107] Weiland's death occurred a month after the departure of his replacement Chester Bennington in Stone Temple Pilots.", "Stone Temple Pilots. On July 20, 2017, Chester Bennington was found dead in his home shortly before 9:00am. His death was ruled a suicide by hanging.", "Chester Bennington. Bennington formed his own band, Dead by Sunrise, as a side project in 2005. The band's debut album, Out of Ashes, was released on October 13, 2009. He became the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the extended play record High Rise on October 8, 2013, via their own record label, Play Pen, but left in 2015 to focus solely on Linkin Park. He was widely regarded as one of the top rock vocalists of the 2000s. Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 46 on their list of the \"100 Metal Vocalists of All Time\".[2] He also appeared in cameo roles in several films, including Crank, Crank: High Voltage and Saw 3D.[3]", "Chester Bennington. Chester Charles Bennington (March 20, 1976 – July 20, 2017) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He served as lead singer for the bands Linkin Park, Dead by Sunrise, Grey Daze, and Stone Temple Pilots.", "Stone Temple Pilots. On December 3, 2016, STP posted a tribute on their website to mark the one year anniversary of Weiland's death.[85] In 2017, Metal Injection ranked Stone Temple Pilots at number 9 on their list of \"10 Heaviest Grunge Bands.\"[86]", "Stone Temple Pilots. After the death of Scott Weiland, Smashing Pumpkins singer Billy Corgan paid official tribute to the band and musician, calling him one of the greatest voices of their generation:", "Chester Bennington. In February 2013, Stone Temple Pilots parted ways with long-time lead singer Scott Weiland. The band recruited Bennington to replace Weiland in May 2013. On May 18, 2013, Bennington took the stage at KROQ's Weenie Roast with the band. The setlist included original Stone Temple Pilots songs, as well as their first single with Bennington on vocals called \"Out of Time\", which debuted on May 19 and was available for free download via their official website. It was later announced by Chester and the band in an exclusive KROQ interview that he was officially the new frontman of Stone Temple Pilots and discussed the possibility of a new album and tour. The song \"Out of Time\" is featured on their EP High Rise, which was released on October 8, 2013.[23]", "Stone Temple Pilots. On November 9, 2015, Bennington announced he was amicably leaving Stone Temple Pilots to focus more on Linkin Park.[2][3] Bennington would not return to the band as he was found dead at his home, in 2017. His death was ruled as suicide by hanging.[53]", "Stone Temple Pilots. In October 2017, Dean DeLeo said that the band's search for a new vocalist was \"going great,\" and that the band is \"working on new material.\"[59] On November 14, the band revealed that Jeff Gutt had been chosen as their new lead singer.[60]", "Scott Weiland. STP began to experience problems in 2012 that were said to have been caused by tensions between Weiland and the rest of the band. Despite the band's claims that their fall tour would be celebrating the 20th anniversary of Core,[25] this did not happen. On February 27, 2013, shortly before this solo tour was set to commence, Stone Temple Pilots announced on their website that \"[...]they [had] officially terminated Scott Weiland.\"[26]", "Stone Temple Pilots. The band, sans Weiland, recruited Dave Coutts, the frontman of Ten Inch Men, and performed under the moniker Talk Show. Talk Show released one eponymous album in 1997 before dissolving. Meanwhile, pursuing his own musical interests, Weiland released his first solo album, 12 Bar Blues, in 1998. Although both albums received moderate critical praise,[23][24] neither was commercially successful.", "Stone Temple Pilots. On February 27, 2013, Stone Temple Pilots fired Weiland.[1] The firing was officially announced as Weiland left on tour with his solo band.[45] Both parties issued lawsuits over the right to perform with the Stone Temple Pilots name; both were settled out of court, with the DeLeo brothers and Kretz retaining the rights to perform under the name.[46]", "Stone Temple Pilots (2018 album). Stone Temple Pilots is the seventh studio album by American rock band Stone Temple Pilots. It is the second consecutive self-titled album by the band and was released on March 16, 2018.[12] The album is the first to feature new lead singer Jeff Gutt and the second without original singer Scott Weiland, who was fired from the band in 2013 and died in 2015. The first single from the album, \"Meadow\", was released on November 15, 2017.[13] A second single, \"Roll Me Under\", was released on January 31, 2018 to announce the album's release and the band's 2018 tour.[14] A third single from the album, \"The Art of Letting Go\", was released on February 22, 2018 and a fourth single, \"Never Enough\", was released on March 8, 2018.[15][16]", "Scott Weiland. In 2007, Stone Temple Pilots guitarist Dean DeLeo discussed with Weiland an offer from a concert promoter to headline several summer festivals. Weiland accepted and said he had cleared the brief tour with his Velvet Revolver bandmates. He explained, \"everything was cool. Then it wasn't,\" and said the rest of the band stopped talking to him.On March 20, 2008 Weiland revealed at Velvet Revolver's show in Glasgow that this would be the band's final tour. After several flares on their personal blogs and in interviews,[47][48] on April 1 it was announced by a number of media outlets that Weiland would no longer be in Velvet Revolver.[49] Stone Temple Pilots subsequently reunited for a tour and Velvet Revolver began auditioning singers.", "Scott Weiland. In November 2000, Weiland was invited to perform on the show VH1 Storytellers with the surviving members of The Doors. Weiland did vocals on two Doors songs, \"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\" and \"Five to One.\" That same month Stone Temple Pilots appeared on The Doors tribute CD, Stoned Immaculate with their own rendition of \"Break on Through\" as the lead track.[20] On June 19, 2001, STP released its fifth album, Shangri-La Dee Da. That same year the band headlined the Family Values Tour along with Linkin Park, Staind and Static-X.[21] In late 2002, the band broke up with the DeLeo brothers and Weiland having had significant altercations back stage.", "Stone Temple Pilots. After forming in 1989 under the name Mighty Joe Young, the band signed with Atlantic Records and changed its name to Stone Temple Pilots. The band's debut album, Core (1992), was a commercial success, and they went on to become one of the most commercially successful bands of the 1990s, selling more than 18 million albums in the United States and 35 million worldwide.[6][7][8] The band released four more studio albums: Purple (1994), Tiny Music... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop (1996), No. 4 (1999), and Shangri-La Dee Da (2001), before separating in 2002, after which the band members partook in various projects (most notably Velvet Revolver and Army of Anyone). The band eventually reconvened in 2008 for a reunion tour, released a new self-titled album in 2010, and actively toured until Chester Bennington's departure. The band's only material with Bennington was the EP High Rise in 2013.[9] The band released its seventh studio album, also titled Stone Temple Pilots, on March 16, 2018.[10]", "Stone Temple Pilots. On September 17, at a show in Abbotsford, British Columbia, STP arrived nearly two hours late, and cut their set 30 minutes short, angering many fans.[42] The following day, the band released a brief statement announcing that that night's show in Lethbridge, Alberta was cancelled due to Weiland being ordered to go on \"48 hours complete vocal rest due to strained vocal cords.\"[43]", "Scott Weiland. A small funeral for Weiland was held at Hollywood Forever Cemetery on December 11, 2015, in Los Angeles. Members of both Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver attended. Chris Kushner, the wife of Velvet Revolver guitarist Dave Kushner, wrote on her Instagram page following the funeral, \"A very sad day when (you) bury a friend. He was a good man. Don't believe everything (you) read. Remember, we were all there.\"[108] Mary Forsberg and the two children were not in attendance,[93] later having a private ceremony in honor of Weiland.", "Shirley Temple. Temple died at age 85 on February 10, 2014, at her home in Woodside, California.[113][114] Her family stated that she died of natural causes. The specific cause, according to her death certificate released on March 3, 2014, was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Temple was a lifelong smoker and avoided displaying her habit in public because she did not want to set a bad example for her fans.[115]", "Stone Temple Pilots. According to Dean DeLeo, steps toward a Stone Temple Pilots reformation started with a phone call from Weiland's wife, Mary Forsberg. She invited the DeLeo brothers to play at a private beach party, which led to the reconciliation of Weiland and the DeLeo brothers.[28] In 2007, Dean DeLeo and Weiland discussed a concert promoter's offer to headline several summer festivals. Weiland subsequently left Velvet Revolver in April 2008 and the following month, Stone Temple Pilots announced they were reuniting for a 65-date North American tour. The group officially reunited for a private gig at the Houdini Mansion and held their first public show on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on May 1. Stone Temple Pilots toured throughout the summer and fall, headlining the Virgin Mobile Festival in Baltimore on August of that year as well as the 10th annual Voodoo Experience in New Orleans. The band's six-month reunion tour wrapped up on Halloween 2008 in Pelham, Alabama.", "Scott Weiland. In 1986 Weiland met bassist Robert DeLeo at a Black Flag concert in Long Beach, California. The two of them were discussing their love interests, when they realized one of them was the same girl they were both dating. They developed a bond over the incident, and ended up moving into her vacated apartment. Weiland's childhood friends Corey Hicock and David Allin rounded out the group, both of whom would soon be replaced by Eric Kretz and DeLeo's brother Dean. They took the name Stone Temple Pilots because of their fondness for the initials \"STP.\"[8] In one of the band's first opening performances as Mighty Joe Young, they opened for Electric Love Hogs, whose guitarist Dave Kushner would one day co-found Weiland's later band Velvet Revolver.[9] In 1992, they released their first album, Core, spawning four hits (\"Sex Type Thing,\" \"Wicked Garden,\" \"Creep,\" and \"Plush.\")", "Stone Temple Pilots. Despite reports that the band had begun work on a sixth studio album in 2002, the band had dissolved by the end of that year,[26] after reports of an altercation between Dean DeLeo and Weiland after the last show of Stone Temple Pilots' fall 2002 tour.[27] As a capstone to the band's career, Atlantic Records released a greatest hits album, Thank You, with a bonus DVD of archive material and music videos, in 2003.", "Scott Weiland. In 2012, Weiland formed Scott Weiland and the Wildabouts. The band received mixed reviews, and some critics and fans noted Weiland's failing health. In December 2015, Weiland died of an accidental drug overdose on his tour bus in Minnesota at the age of 48. Upon his death, many critics and peers offered re-evaluations of Weiland's life and career; those critics included David Fricke of Rolling Stone[4] and Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins, who identified Weiland as one of three \"voices of the generation\" alongside Kurt Cobain and Layne Staley.", "Steve Miller Band. Founding member Tim Davis died from complications due to diabetes on September 20, 1988, at the age of 44. Longtime band member Norton Buffalo died from lung cancer on October 30, 2009. John King (drummer during \"The Joker\" era) died after a short bout with kidney cancer on October 26, 2010. James Cooke died from cancer on 16 May 2011.[10][11]", "Shannon Hoon. Richard Shannon Hoon (September 26, 1967 – October 21, 1995) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was the lead singer of the band Blind Melon until his death from a cocaine overdose in 1995.[2]", "Chester Bennington. Bennington reflected on joining Stone Temple Pilots, stating, \"Every band has its own kind of vibe. Stone Temple Pilots has this sexier, more classic rock feel to it. Linkin Park is a very modern, very tech-heavy type of band. I grew up listening to these guys. When this opportunity came up, it was just like a no-brainer.\" Bennington stated in interviews that singing lead vocals in Stone Temple Pilots was his lifelong dream. He left the band on good terms due to his commitments with Linkin Park in 2015.[8][24]", "Scott Weiland. In the wake of Weiland's death, several other artists paid tribute to the singer by covering Stone Temple Pilots tunes in concert, including Life of Agony,[109] Saint Asonia,[110]Umphrey's McGee,[111] Candlebox,[112] Halestorm,[113] and Pop Evil,[114] among others, while Chris Cornell dedicated a performance of \"Say Hello 2 Heaven\" by Temple of the Dog to the singer.[115]", "Jefferson Airplane. Both Signe Anderson and Paul Kantner died on January 28, 2016.[34]", "Scott Weiland. In 2008, Stone Temple Pilots announced a 73-date U.S. tour on April 7 and performed together for the first time since 2002. The reunion tour kicked off at the Rock on the Range festival on May 17, 2008. According to Dean DeLeo, steps toward a Stone Temple Pilots reunion started with a simple phone call from Weiland's wife. She invited the DeLeo brothers to play at a private beach party, which led to the reconciliation of Weiland and the DeLeo brothers.[22] However, Weiland said in a 2010 radio interview to promote the band's self-titled release that the reunion was the result of Dean calling him and asking if he'd be interested in reuniting the band to headline the Coachella Festival." ]

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[ "Grease (film). The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers \"Greased Lightning\" and \"Beauty School Dropout\". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot.[10] The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School.[11] And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles.", "Grease 2. Scenes at Rydell High School were filmed at Excelsior High School, an abandoned school in Norwalk, California.[8] Filming took place throughout a 58-day shooting schedule during the autumn of 1981.[9] According to director Birch, the script was still incomplete when filming commenced.[9] Sequences that were filmed but cut during post-production include scenes in which Frenchy helps Michael become a motorcycle rider, and a sequence at the end of the film showing Michael and Stephanie flying off into the sky on a motorcycle.[9]", "Grease (film). The gang realizes that high school is now over, and worries that they'll never see each other again. Danny insists, \"Nah, that'll never happen,\" and everyone celebrates their friendship (\"We Go Together\"). As the song nears its conclusion, Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod, which takes flight, and the pair wave goodbye to their friends.", "Grease 2. In the film, after Stephanie wins the contest, it goes on to show the stakeout in the final scene. Originally, there were a few minutes dedicated to a scene in which Michael (believed to be dead in his alter ego, by Stephanie) comes out on stage as Stephanie is exiting the stage, unbeknownst to her that he is the cool rider and he is alive. He attempts to ask her what's wrong and she storms past him and runs off crying, then it cuts to the stakeout. There was a scene within the \"Who's that Guy?\" number in which Goose accidentally smashes Rhonda's nose at the Bowl-A-Rama door. None of these scenes have been shown since the film's release.", "File:Grease car race LA river.jpg. The canalized L.A. River culvert has been used in numerous films and television shows as a location for car chases, races, the dumping of dead bodies, etc. (During most of the year the river is a trickle and the culvert is almost completely dry.) The scene from Grease is a particualrly well-known and notable example, and serves in the article to illustrate this use of the river culvert as a shooting location for films and television.", "Grease: Live. Grease: Live was broadcast from Warner Bros. in Burbank, California, using two soundstages, half of its backlot, and 44 cameras.[12] Set designer David Korins explained that the medium of a live, television musical would \"really show off what theater does best, and also what film and television does best\", having constructed a self-contained \"cafegymatorium\" set that is designed to provide an \"immersive\", 360-degree experience, as well as traditional theatrical-style stagings. Grease: Live was presented to live studio audiences at each of the three filming locations, who were also directly integrated into relevant scenes as extras on-stage, such as in crowds. Kail explained that he wanted to capture the \"feeling\" of the audiences at live stage productions, as there was \"an energy and an undeniable vitality that real humans give back to real humans that are performing\". The Hollywood Reporter believed that the use of live audiences would help to stylistically distinguish Grease: Live from the NBC live musicals that it was patterned after.[10]", "Grease (film). In the summer of 1958, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"only the beginning\", and they will stay friends. The film moves to the start of the new school year at Rydell High School (\"Grease\"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a sassy, popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly).", "Grease (musical). Afterwards, the other Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies cheer for Danny and Sandy being together again. They happily invite Patty to watch The Mickey Mouse Club with them at Roger's house, and she agrees. Frenchy takes a job as a makeup saleswoman at Woolworth's, Rizzo reveals that she is not pregnant, and she and Kenickie reunite. All ends happily, and the Burger Palace Boys, the Pink Ladies, Sandy, and Patty sing about how they will always be friends to the end (\"We Go Together\" (Reprise)).", "Grease (musical). A U.S. national tour began October 12, 2010 in Denver, Colorado and closed May 15, 2011 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Directed by David John O'Brien and choreographed by Joyce Chittick, the cast featured Dominic Fortuna as DJ Vince Fontaine, Alyssa Herrera as Sandy and Matt Nolan as Danny.", "Grease (film). After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy, who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school. Unaware of each other's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair's brief romance, without initially mentioning the other's name. Sandy's version emphasizes the romance of the affair, and the truth and purity, while Danny's version is more sexual (and therefore presumably less honest) (\"Summer Nights\" song).", "Linda Harrison (actress). After filming in the desert concluded, production moved to Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, on Las Virgenes Road off Mulholland Highway, where the 20th Century Fox's Malibu Ranch was located.[15] Ape City was built on the ranch, and a field of corn grown, by which Heston first encounters Harrison. \"It was stinking hot,\" Harrison recalled. \"The scenes of us in cages were also shot at Ape City.\"[7] From the Malibu Ranch, production moved to the coast, where the penultimate scenes were shot between Malibu and Oxnard. The final scenes were filmed in a secluded cove between Zuma Beach and Point Dume on the far eastern end of Westward Beach. Harrison's Nova was the sole human witness to Taylor's outburst on the beach, after which she looks up and, in the film's iconic ending, sees the ruined Statue of Liberty, without comprehending why it has caused her mate's grief.", "Grease 2. Grease 2 is a 1982 American musical romantic comedy film and the sequel to Grease, which is based upon the musical of the same name by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. The film was produced by Allan Carr and Robert Stigwood, and directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch, who also choreographed the first film. It takes place two years after the original film at Rydell High School, with an almost entirely new cast, led by actors Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer.", "Grease (musical). Note*: \"Grease Medley\" is sung during the final curtain call.", "Grease (musical). Grease was a major success for both Stigwood and Paramount Pictures, who re-released the film several times; the film soundtrack made international hits out of several of the songs. Paramount also produced a sequel Grease 2, which had no involvement from Jacobs (who openly disapproved) or Casey and followed a younger class of students at Rydell High School. A few supporting characters (Frenchy, Eugene, Craterface and most of the school staff) reprised their roles, with Birch taking on directing duties in addition to choreography, while Adrian Zmed came over from the stage version. Grease 2 was both a critical failure and, while barely profitable, a financial disappointment given the high expectations set by the original film.", "Grease (musical). On June 7, 1972, the production moved to the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway, and on November 21, it moved to the Royale Theatre there, where it ran until January 27, 1980. For the five final weeks of the run, the show moved to the larger Majestic Theatre. By the time it closed on April 13, 1980, it had run 3,388 performances.", "The Last Song (film). On the first day of production, Cyrus and Hemsworth filmed a kiss in the ocean.[64] Other scenes which took place in June included the carnival and volleyball tournament, both of which were filmed on the beach near the Tybee Island pier.[65] Filming at the pier wrapped up on June 23, 2009 after shooting the scene in which Kim drops off Ronnie and Jonah to live with Steve.[66] Scenes of the church fire were shot on July 10, 2009.[62][67] Filming at the Georgia Tech Savannah campus began on July 16.[68] Kinnear finished taping on July 17, 2009.[69] Wedding scenes and a key driving scene were filmed at the Wormsloe Historic Site between July 20[70] and July 23[71] for twelve hours each day.[70] Driving scenes in Isle of Hope, Georgia continued to the 28.[72] By July 30, the movie had returned to Tybee Island for more beach scenes.[73] Chaikin's character framed Cyrus' for stealing a watch on August 6.[11] On August 10, Hemsworth performed an oil change and Cyrus browsed an upscale boutique in downtown Savannah for the movie.[74][75] The funeral was filmed from August 11, 2009 to August 13, 2009 at the church set in Tybee Island.[75][76] On August 15, further church burning scenes took place.[76] The wrap party was held on the 16,[77] and the cast and crew arrived in Atlanta, Georgia the following day to spend the last days of filming at the Georgia Aquarium.[76][78] After analyzing the area on the 17th, the movie began shooting in public areas at dawn on the 18th to avoid crowds. Once the aquarium opened to the public at 10:00, filming shifted to behind-the-scenes areas.[78]", "Grease (musical). Produced by The Gordon Frost Organization, the revival version of the show opened at Brisbane's Lyric Theatre on August 27, 2013 before heading on an Australian tour.[25] It is the first time Grease has been performed in Australia in a Proscenium Arch theatre (as opposed to an Arena Tour) in 22 years. The tour played seasons in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart, Singapore, Perth and Adelaide. After tickets were initially released, the first season playing Brisbane was almost immediately extended due to strong ticket sales. The cast included Rob Mills (Danny), Gretel Scarlett (Sandy), Anthony Callea (Johnny Casino), Stephen Mahy (Kenickie), Lucy Maunder (Rizzo), Todd McKenney (Teen Angel), and Bert Newton as Vince Fontaine.[26]", "Grease (musical). The show's original, aggressive and profane 1971 incarnation was directed by Guy Barile, choreographed by Ronna Kaye and produced by the Kingston Mines Theater Company founded by June Pyskacek on Chicago's Lincoln Avenue. The script was based on Jim Jacobs' experience at William Taft High School, Chicago.[2] Warren Casey collaborated with Jim and together they wrote the music and lyrics. It ran for eight months.[8] The cast: Doug Stevenson (Danny), Leslie Goto (Sandy), Sue Williams (Rizzo), Polly Pen (Patty), Gary Houston (Roger), Marilu Henner (Marty), James Canning (Doody), Hedda Lubin (Frenchy), Bruce Hickey (Kenickie), Sheila Ray Ceaser (Jan), Bill Cervetti (Miller), Jerry Bolnick (Sonny), Judy Brubaker (Miss Lynch), Mike O'Connor (Vince Fontaine), Steve Munro (Eugene), Barbara Munro (Cha Cha), Mac Hamilton (Teen Angel) and George Lopez (Bum). In addition to the \"R-rated\" profanity and deliberate use of shock value, the Chicago version of Grease included an almost entirely different songbook, which was shorter and included multiple references to real Chicago landmarks.[9]", "Grease (musical). A Spanish revival ran successfully at Teatre Victòria, Barcelona from October 3, 2006 to January 6, 2008. After a short national tour, the production was transferred to Teatro Nuevo Alcalá, Madrid, where it ran from October 14, 2008 to January 31, 2010 and then continued touring Spain until it finally closed on August 1, 2010, becoming one of the Spain's longest running production in history with 1090 performances. Directed by Ricard Reguant, the original cast included Carlos Solano (later alternating the role with Tony Bernetti) as Danny Zuko, María Adamuz as Sandy (later Replaced by Edurne and Gisela), Elena Gadel as Betty Rizzo, Daniel Millet as Kenickie (later replaced by Marc Parejo), Marisa Gerardi as Miss Lynch and Xavier Mateu as Vince Fontaine/Teen Angel (later replaced by Victor Díaz). In October 2015 Baleart Music (BAM) premiered its version of Grease at the Teatre Principal in Palma, Majorca, with Victoria Maldi as Sandy, Ricky Merino as Danny, Tamara Fajardo as Rizzo and Bernat Molina as Kenickie. The role of Vince Fontaine/Teen Angel was performed by Alex Tejedor.", "Grease (musical). In the next scene, Danny and Sandy are in Greased Lightning, watching a drive-in movie. Danny tells Sandy how upset his buddies are at him, and how sorry he is for his companion's behavior during the picnic. After Danny offers Sandy his ring, he attempts to get intimate with her, but moves too fast, and she leaves. Danny misses Sandy, and wishes that they could be together again (\"Alone at a Drive-In Movie\" or \"Sandy\", in the 2007 Broadway revival).", "Grease (film). On the last day of school, a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche (Dody Goodman), in a speech over the intercom, tell the students that they could be future leaders. The school hosts a carnival where Sonny and Putzie learn that, because they either never took or failed physical education, they have to take summer school with Coach Calhoun in order to get their diplomas.", "Grease (musical). The three remaining Burger Palace Boys go into the Burger Palace for a snack before the fight, and Frenchy laments at what to do with her life, having dropped out of beauty school in frustration at failing all of her classes. The heavenly Teen Angel appears with a chorus of back-up singing angels and tells her to return to high school (\"Beauty School Dropout\").", "Yes/No (Glee). The cast and crew did location filming at Venice High School on December 6, 2011. The school is where exterior locations for the movie musical Grease were filmed.[7] Several members of the cast tweeted photos, as did students from the high school. Vanessa Lengies, who plays Sugar Motta, retweeted a student's photo of herself with some of the students, telling the student, \"thanks for letting us borrow your school!\"[8]", "Grease (film). The song \"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee\" references Sal Mineo in the original stage version. Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming, so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead. The references to Troy Donohue, Doris Day, Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version. Coincidentally, this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16, 1977, the date of Elvis Presley's death.[35]", "Grease (film). Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the musical of the same name. Written by Bronte Woodard[2] and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut, the film depicts the lives of two high school seniors: bad boy Danny (John Travolta) and good girl Sandy (Olivia Newton-John) in the late 1950s. Grease was successful both critically and commercially. Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States, behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever.[3]", "Grease (musical). In 1994, the musical was revived at the Hidalgo Theater in Mexico City, by producers Alejandro Ibarra and Julissa. The cast included Alejandro Ibarra, Juan Carlos Casasola, and Arturo G. Alvarez, among others.[28][29]", "File:Grease car race LA river.jpg. A screenshot of the car race in the LA River culvert from the film Grease", "Grease (film). Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca-Cola signs.[12] Prior to the film's release, producer Allan Carr had made a product-placement deal with Coca-Cola's main competitor Pepsi (for example, a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence). When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca-Cola products and signage, he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca-Cola logos from the scene. As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time-consuming, optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca-Cola references. The 'blurring' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster, but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged. According to Kleiser, \"We just had to hope that Pepsi wouldn't complain. They didn't.\"[13][14]", "Grease (musical). There have been professional productions of Grease in Argentina (cast: Zenon Recalde/Marisol Otero/Florencia Peña/Gustavo Monje), Austria (cast:Pia Douwes, Andreas Bieber, Susanne Eisenkolb, Brian Carmack, Eric Minsk), Belgium, Brazil, French Canada (a 1998 French spoken/English sung version incorporating songs from the movie starring Marina Orsini as Rizzo and Serge Postigo as Danny ), Denmark, Estonia, Czech Republic, Colombia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan,[27] South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and Poland.", "Grease (musical). The New Zealand Production, based on the London West End Revival, ran at the Civic Theatre in Auckland during August 2010. The production featured the South African cast, with Jonathan Roxmouth as Danny, Bethany Dickson as Sandy and Genna Galloway as Rizzo.[30][31]", "Grease (film). The next day, the T-Birds are looking over Kenickie's car, and although they are initially skeptical of its potential, Danny and Kenickie explain the modifications they could add to make it a hot-rodding sex machine (\"Greased Lightnin'\"). In an attempt to impress Sandy, Danny approaches Coach Calhoun (Sid Caesar) in an effort to become a high school athlete. Danny's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball, wrestling or baseball, so Calhoun suggests cross-country running, in which Danny excels. Danny's running proves to impress Sandy, prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace; when the other greasers arrive, Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort. Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up, while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance. Left alone, Frenchy—who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school, only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink—is visited by a guardian angel (Frankie Avalon) who advises her to return to Rydell (\"Beauty School Dropout\").", "Grease 2. The school year ends with the luau (\"Rock-a-Hula Luau\"), during which the Cycle Lords appear and begin to destroy the celebration. However, the Cool Rider reappears. After he defeats the Cycle Lords again, he reveals himself to be Michael. Initially shocked, Johnny gives him a T-Birds jacket, officially welcoming him into the gang, and Stephanie accepts that she can now be with him. As a reward, Michael and Stephanie kiss for their new love for each other. All the couples pair off happily at the seniors' graduation as the graduating class sings (\"We'll Be Together\"). The credits start rolling in yearbook-style, as in the original film." ]

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[ "Energy in Australia. Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export. Energy policy of Australia describes the politics of Australia as it relates to energy.", "Energy policy of Australia. Renewable energy commercialisation in Australia is an area of growing activity. Australia's renewable energy industries are diverse, covering numerous energy sources and scales of operation, and currently contribute about 8–10% of Australia's total energy supply.[citation needed] The major area where renewable energy is growing is in electricity generation following the introduction of government Mandatory Renewable Energy Targets.[5] The two most populous states, New South Wales and Victoria have renewable energy targets of 20%[6] and 25%[7] respectively by 2020.", "Energy in Australia. Historically–and until recent times–energy in Australia was sourced largely from coal and natural gas,[1] however due to the increasing effects of global warming and human-induced climate change on the global environment, there has been a greater shift towards renewable energy such as solar power and wind power both in Australia and abroad.[2][3] This in turn has led to a decrease in the demand of coal worldwide.[4]", "Renewable energy in Australia. Renewable energy in Australia deals with efforts that have been and continue to be made in Australia to quantify and expand the use of renewable energy in the generation of electricity, as fuel in transport and in thermal energy. Renewable energy is created through electricity generation using renewable sources, such as wind, hydro, landfill gas, geothermal, solar PV and solar thermal. Total renewable energy consumption in Australia in 2015 was 346 petajoules (9.6×1010 kWh) (PJ), 5.9% of Australia's total energy consumption;[1] compared to consumption of 265PJ in 2011/12, 4.3% of Australia's total energy consumption.[2] Of all renewable energy consumption in 2015 (in order of contribution) biomass (wood, woodwaste and bagasse) represented 53%, hydroelectricity 19.2%, wind 10.7%, solar PV 5.1%, biogas 4.7%, solar hot water 3.8% and biofuels 3.6%.[3] Bioenergy (the sum of all energy derived from plant matter) represented 61.3% (211.9PJ) of Australia's total renewable energy consumption in 2015.[3]", "Energy policy of Australia. Solar energy is used to heat water, in addition to its role in producing electricity through photovoltaics (PV).", "Energy policy of Australia. As of 2016, Federal energy policies continue to support the coal mining and natural gas industries through subsidies for fossil fuel use and production as the exports by those industries contribute significantly to the earnings of foreign exchange and government revenues.[citation needed] Australia is one of the most coal-dependent countries in the world.[1] Coal and natural gas, along with oil-based products, are currently the primary sources of Australian energy usage and the coal industry produces approximately 38% of Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions. In 2015 Federal policy reverted to a pro-coal economy with cuts to alternate and renewable energy government offices, targets and subsidies [2]", "Energy in Australia. Renewable energy has potential in Australia, and the Climate Change Authority is reviewing the 20-percent Renewable Energy Target (RET). The production of 50 megawatts of wind power (power for nearly 21,000 homes annually) creates about 50 construction jobs and five staff positions.[29][30] In recent years, wind and solar power have been the fastest growing source of energy in Australia.", "Energy policy of Australia. The responsible governmental agencies for energy policy are the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), the Ministerial Council on Energy (MCE), the Ministerial Council on Mineral and Petroleum Resources (MCMPR), the Commonwealth Department of Resources; Energy and Tourism (DRET), the Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH), the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO), the Department of Transport and Regional Services, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), the Australian Energy Market Commission, the Australian Energy Regulator and the Australian Energy Market Operator.", "Renewable energy in Australia. Biomass can be used directly for electricity generation, for example by burning sugar cane waste (bagasse) as a fuel for thermal power generation in sugar mills. It can also be used to produce steam for industrial uses, cooking and heating. It can also be converted into a liquid or gaseous biofuel.[65] In 2015 Bagasse accounted for 26.1% (90.2PJ) of Australia's renewable energy consumption, while wood and woodwaste for another 26.9% (92.9PJ).[3] Biomass for energy production was the subject of a federal government report in 2004.[66]", "Renewable energy in Australia. Survey results suggest that there is considerable public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia. In one recent survey, 74% of respondents favoured a \"greenhouse strategy based mainly on energy efficiency and renewable energy, and 19% favoured an \"approach that focuses mainly on nuclear power and clean coal technologies.\"[100] The Australian results from the 1st Annual World Environment Review, based on a survey of 1,007 people in 2007, found that:[101]", "Energy policy of Australia. The main source of Australia's electricity generation is coal. In 2003, coal-fired plants produced 58.4% of the total capacity, followed by hydropower (19.1%, of which 17% is pumped storage), natural gas (13.5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5.4%), oil products (2.9%), wind power (0.4%), biomass (0.2%) and solar (0.1%).[16] In 2003, coal-fired power plants generated 77.2% of the country's total electricity production, followed by natural gas (13.8%), hydropower (7.0%), oil (1.0%), biomass (0.6%) and solar and wind combined (0.3%).[17]", "Energy policy of Australia. Over the 10 years from 1998–99 to 2008–09, Australia's electricity use increased at an average rate of 2.5% a year.[14] In 2008–09, a total of 261 terawatt-hours (940 PJ) of electricity (including off-grid electricity) was generated in Australia. Between 2009 and 2013 NEM energy usage had decreased by 4.3% or almost 8 terawatt-hours (29 PJ).[15]", "Energy in Australia. In Western Australia, 93 per cent of all jobs in renewable energy are in solar power. The proportion of employment in biomass is significantly greater in Queensland (42 per cent), where the sugar industry makes great use of sugar cane to generate electricity for sugar milling and to return to the grid. Most jobs in Tasmania’s renewable energy industry are in hydropower (87 per cent).[40]", "Energy policy of Australia. The energy policy of Australia is subject to the regulatory and fiscal influence of all three levels of government in Australia, although only the State and Federal levels determine policy for primary industries such as coal.", "Energy policy of Australia. Coal is the most carbon-intensive energy source releasing the highest levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.", "Solar thermal energy in Australia. Australia is well placed to harness solar thermal energy. Solar thermal energy is used in three main ways: solar hot water heating, production of steam for electricity generation and space heating through building design.", "Renewable energy in Australia. In Australia, geothermal energy is a natural resource which is not utilised as a form of energy. However, there are known and potential locations near the centre of the country in which geothermal activity is detectable. Exploratory geothermal wells have been drilled to test for the presence of high temperature geothermal activity and such high levels were detected. As a result, projects will eventuate in the coming years and more exploration is expected at potential locations.", "Energy policy of Australia. In 2003, Australian total primary energy supply (TPES) was 112.6 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) and total final consumption (TFC) of energy was 72.3 Mtoe.[37]", "Efficient energy use. The Australian national government is actively leading the country in efforts to increase their energy efficiency, mainly through the government’s Department of Industry and Science. In July 2009, the Council of Australian Governments, which represents the individual states and territories of Australia, agreed to a National Strategy on Energy Efficiency (NSEE).[31]", "Food energy. Recognizing that people of different age and gender groups have varying daily activity levels, Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council recommends no single daily energy intake but instead prescribes an appropriate recommendation for each age and gender group.[21] Notwithstanding, nutrition labels on Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of 2,100 kcal (8,800 kJ).", "Energy in Australia. For most Australian states and territories the major contributor to employment in renewable energy is solar power. Employment in roof-top solar photovoltaic systems, including solar hot water systems, comprised half of all employment in renewable energy in 2015–16. Employment in large scale solar and wind power is driven primarily by installation activity, rather than ongoing operation and maintenance.[40].", "Energy policy of Australia. In 2007, less than 1% of Australian electricity came from solar power generation,[18] mainly due to the higher cost per kW than other power sources because of the cost of solar panels. Innovative applications of PV technology being developed in Australia and elsewhere include concentrating systems to focus the solar energy on to a smaller area of higher efficiency cells and the use of building integrated PV, where the PV cells perform architectural or structural functions as well as power generation, thereby offsetting some of the cost. In 2014/15, PV accounted for 2.4% of Australia's electrical energy production.[22] The installed PV capacity in Australia has increased 10-fold between 2009 and 2011, and quadrupled between 2011 and 2016.", "Energy policy of Australia. The Australian government says new technology harnessing wave energy could be important for supplying electricity to most of the country's major capital cities. The Perth Wave Energy Project near Fremantle in Western Australia operates through a number of submerged buoys, creating energy as they move with passing waves. The Australian government has provided more than $US600,000 in research funding for the technology developed by Carnegie, a Perth company.[23]", "Energy policy of Australia. Between 2008 and 2012 most states and territories in Australia implemented various feed-in tariff arrangements to promote uptake of renewable electricity, primarily in the form of rooftop solar PV systems. As system costs fell uptake accelerated rapidly (in conjunction with the assistance provided through the national-level Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES)) and these schemes were progressively wound back.", "Energy in Australia. Due to its large size and the location of its population, Australia lacks a single grid.[23]", "Energy in Australia. On 17 October 2017, the Australian Government rejected Finkel's CET proposal, in favour of what it called the National Energy Guarantee (NEG), to reduce power prices and prevent blackouts. The strategy calls on electricity retailers to meet separate reliability and emissions requirements, rather than Dr Finkel’s CET recommendation. Under the plan, retailers will have to provide a minimum amount of baseload power from coal, gas or hydro, while also providing a specified level of low emissions energy.[44] NEG has been criticised as turning away from renewable energy.[45]", "Energy in Australia. Lower energy use could save A$25 billion, or A$840 per electricity customer, according to EnergyAustralia.[31]", "Solar power in Australia. Australia has been internationally criticised for producing very little of its energy from solar power, despite its vast resources, extensive sunshine and overall high potential.[10][11][12][13][14]", "Energy in Australia. Since 2005, wind power and rooftop solar have led to an increasing share of renewable energy in total electricity generation.[22]", "Solar power in Australia. The combination of Australia's dry climate and latitude give it high benefits and potential for solar energy production. Most of the Australian continent receives in excess of 4 kilowatt-hours (14 MJ) per square metre per day of insolation during winter months, with a region in the north exceeding 6 kilowatt-hours (22 MJ) per square metre per day.", "Energy policy of Australia. There are vast deep-seated granite systems, mainly in central Australia, that have high temperatures at depth and these are being drilled by 19 companies across Australia in 141 areas. They are spending A$654 million on exploration programs. South Australia has been described as \"Australia's hot rock haven\" and this emissions-free and renewable energy form could provide an estimated 6.8% of Australia's base load power needs by 2030. According to an estimate by the Centre for International Economics, Australia has enough geothermal energy to contribute electricity for 450 years.[31]", "Energy policy of Australia. In 2001, the federal government introduced a Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) of 9,500 GWh of new generation, with the scheme running until at least 2020.[72] This represents an increase of new renewable electricity generation of about 4% of Australia's total electricity generation and a doubling of renewable generation from 1997 levels. Australia's renewable energy target does not cover heating or transport energy like Europe's or China's, Australia's target is therefore equivalent of approximately 5% of all energy from renewable sources." ]

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[ "Flight recorder. The first recorded use of the term \"black box\" in reference to flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders was by Mr E. Newton of the AAIB at a meeting of the Aeronautical Research Council in August 1958.[22]", "Flight recorder. One explanation for popularization of the term \"black box\" comes from the early film-based design of flight data recorders, which required the inside of the recorder to be perfectly dark to prevent light leaks from corrupting the record, as in a photographer's darkroom.[19][20]", "Flight recorder. Another possible origin of the term is World War II RAF jargon. Prior to the end of the war in 1945, new electronic innovations, such as Oboe, GEE and H2S, were added to bombers on a regular basis. The prototypes were roughly covered in hand-made metal boxes, painted black to prevent reflections. After a time any piece of \"new\" electronics was referred to as the \"box-of-tricks\" (as illusionist box) or the \"black box\".[21]", "Flight recorder. The origin of the term \"black box\" is uncertain. In a systems engineering context (since the 1960s when the term was spreading), the meaning is that the aircraft is modeled as a black box, and its behaviour can be understood from its recorded inputs, such as pilot instructions, and outputs, such as flight level data.[citation needed]", "Flight recorder. Another explanation of the \"black box\" term popularization came from a meeting about Warren's \"Red Egg\", when afterwards a journalist told Warren: \"This is a wonderful black box.\"[citation needed] The unit itself was based on an EMI Minifon wire recorder (originally a 1950s espionage gadget from the West-German manufacturer Protona Monske) fitted into a perspex box firmly screwed together.[citation needed]", "Flight recorder. A flight recorder, commonly known as a black box, although it is now orange-coloured, is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents.", "Flight recorder. The term \"black box\" is almost never used within the flight safety industry or aviation, which prefers the term \"flight recorder\".[citation needed] The recorders are not permitted to be black in color, and must be bright orange, as they are intended to be spotted and recovered after incidents.[18] The term \"black box\" has been popularised by the media in general.[citation needed]", "Transportation Security Administration. As early as 2010, the TSA began to test scanners that would produce less intrusive \"stick figures\".[100] In February 2011, the TSA began testing new software on the millimeter wave machines already used at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport that automatically detects potential threats on a passenger without the need for having an officer review actual images. Instead, one generic figure is used for all passengers and small yellow boxes are placed on areas of the body requiring additional screening.[101] The TSA announced in 2013 that the Rapiscan's backscatter scanners would no longer be used, due to the fact that the manufacturer of the machines could not produce \"privacy software\" to abstract the near-nude images that agents view and turn them into stick like figures. The TSA will continue to use other full body scanners.[102]", "Flight recorder. The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems, with the second CVDR set being \"deployable or ejectable\". The \"deployable\" recorder combines the cockpit voice/flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) in a single unit. The \"deployable\" unit would depart the aircraft before impact, activated by sensors. The unit is designed to \"eject\" and \"fly\" away from the crash site, to survive the terminal velocity of fall, to float on water indefinitely, and would be equipped with satellite technology for immediate location of crash impact site. The \"deployable\" CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993.[43] The recommendations would involve a massive retrofit program. However, government funding would negate cost objections from manufacturers and airlines. Operators would get both sets of recorders for free: they would not have to pay for the one set they are currently required by law to carry. The cost of the second \"deployable/ejectable CVDR\" (or \"Black Box\") was estimated at US$30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft (about $60,000 per new commercial plane).[citation needed]", "Transportation Security Administration. In November 2010, the TSA began putting backscatter X-ray scanners and millimeter wave scanners machines into airports. The TSA refers to these two technologies as Advanced Imaging Technologies, or AIT. Critics sometimes refer to them as \"naked scanners\".[91]", "Air France Flight 447. Following the end of the search for bodies, the search continued for the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder, the so-called \"black boxes\". French Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA) chief Paul-Louis Arslanian said that he was not optimistic about finding them since they might have been under as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft) of water, and the terrain under this portion of the ocean was very rugged.[126] Investigators were hoping to find the aircraft's lower aft section, since that was where the recorders were located.[127] Although France had never recovered a flight recorder from such depths,[126] there was precedent for such an operation: in 1988, an independent contractor recovered the cockpit voice recorder of South African Airways Flight 295 from a depth of 4,900 m (16,100 ft) in a search area of between 80 and 250 square nautical miles (270 and 860 km2).[128][129] The Air France flight recorders were fitted with water-activated acoustic underwater locator beacons or \"pingers\", which should have remained active for at least 30 days, giving searchers that much time to locate the origin of the signals.[130]", "Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. In 2007 the Transportation Security Administration introduced the first of its backscatter X-ray machines at PHX.[17]", "Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145. As the Flight Data Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder were retrieved by investigators, it was revealed that both black boxes had been damaged. The FDR had a slight damage, and was downloaded by investigators in a file. However, the situation was different for the CVR. The CVR coaxial spools were under tension during its normal operating flight. When the tape was severed, the spool would have spun freely which resulted in the release of additional tape into the transport area. There were some problems with both black boxes, but the data was filtered several times until the audio became reasonably intelligible.[13]", "Blacklight. One of the innovations for night and all-weather flying used by the US, UK, Japan and Germany during World War II was the use of UV interior lighting to illuminate the instrument panel, giving a safer alternative to the radium-painted instrument faces and pointers, and an intensity that could be varied easily and without visible illumination that would give away an aircraft's position. This went so far as to include the printing of charts that were marked in UV-fluorescent inks, and the provision of UV-visible pencils and slide rules such as the E6B.", "Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. On 13 November 1962, Tsarapkin indicated that the Soviet Union would accept a proposal drafted by US and Soviet experts involving automated test detection stations (\"black boxes\") and a limited number of on-site inspections. The two sides disagreed over the number of black boxes, however, as the US sought 12–20 such stations and the Soviet Union rejected any more than three.[126] On 28 December 1962, Kennedy lowered the US demand to 8–10 stations. On 19 February 1963, the number was lowered further to seven, as Khrushchev continued to insist on no more than three.[124] Kennedy was willing to reduce the number to six, though this was not clearly communicated to the Soviet Union.[138] On 20 April 1963, Khrushchev withdrew support for three inspections entirely.[139]", "Berlin Blockade. As a result of Black Friday, Tunner instituted a number of new rules; instrument flight rules (IFR) would be in effect at all times, regardless of actual visibility, and each sortie would have only one chance to land in Berlin, returning to its air base if it missed its approach, where it was slotted back into the flow. Stacking was completely eliminated. With straight-in approaches, the planners found that in the time it had taken to unstack and land nine aircraft, 30 aircraft could be landed, bringing in 300 tons.[70] Accident rates and delays dropped immediately. Turner decided, as he had done during the Hump operation, to replace the C-47s in the airlift with C-54s or larger aircraft when it was realised that it took just as long to unload a 3.5-ton C-47 as a 10-ton C-54. One of the reasons for this was the sloping cargo floor of the \"taildragger\" C-47s, which made truck loading difficult. The tricycle geared C-54's cargo deck was level, so that a truck could back up to it and offload cargo quickly. The change went into full effect after 28 September 1948.[71]", "Flight recorder. The first modern flight recorder, called \"Mata Hari\", was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala. This black high-tech mechanical box was able to record all important aviation details during test flights of World War II fighter aircraft that the Finnish army repaired or built in their main aviation factory in Tampere, Finland. The \"Mata Hari\" black box is displayed in the Vapriikki Museum (fi) in Tampere, Finland.[citation needed]", "Baa Baa Black Sheep (TV series). Some air-battle scenes were actually short clips from the 1969 film Battle of Britain, and German markings on the planes can clearly be seen.[original research?] Other flying scenes pioneered the technique of mounting cameras on helmets worn by pilots, thus providing a pilot's-eye view never before seen in films featuring single-seat aircraft.[citation needed] Because of reflections from the Plexiglas canopies, many close-ups were shot with the canopies removed.", "Decision support system. In 1987, Texas Instruments completed development of the Gate Assignment Display System (GADS) for United Airlines. This decision support system is credited with significantly reducing travel delays by aiding the management of ground operations at various airports, beginning with O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Stapleton Airport in Denver Colorado.[5] Beginning in about 1990, data warehousing and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) began broadening the realm of DSS. As the turn of the millennium approached, new Web-based analytical applications were introduced.", "Despatch box. Black is used for those boxes prepared for government whips and for discretion when boxes are designed for travel. A black box with a red stripe is used specifically for confidential papers only seen by the Prime Minister, his or her Private Secretary, and intelligence officials. This box is known as \"Old Stripey\" due to the red stripe. Permanent Secretaries, who are civil servants rather than MPs or Lords, have similar boxes but coloured green. These have exactly the same function as the ministerial red boxes. Barrow Hepburn and Gale have also made available despatch boxes in green for members of parliament.", "Federal Aviation Administration. On March 18, 2008, the FAA ordered its inspectors to reconfirm that airlines are complying with federal rules after revelations that Southwest Airlines flew dozens of aircraft without certain mandatory inspections.[15] The FAA exercises surprise Red Team drills on national airports annually.", "Traffic collision avoidance system. Later versions of TCAS II manufactured by Bendix/King Air Transport Avionics Division were installed and approved on United Airlines airplanes in early 1988. Similar units manufactured by Honeywell were installed and approved on Northwest Airlines airplanes in late 1988. This limited installation program operated TCAS II units approved for operation as a full-time system in both visual and instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) on three different aircraft types. The operational evaluation programs continued through 1988 to validate the operational suitability of the systems[3]", "Flight recorder. Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II. Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact. This unit used copper foil as the recording medium with various styli indicating various instruments / aircraft controls which indented the copper foil. The copper foil was periodically advanced at set periods of time therefore giving a history of the instruments / control settings of the aircraft. This unit was developed at Farnborough for the Ministry of Aircraft Production. At the war's end the Ministry got Harrison and Husband to sign over their invention to them and the Ministry patented it under British patent 19330/45. This unit was the forerunner of today's black boxes being able to withstand conditions that aircrew could not.", "Aircraft flight control system. The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight dynamics. This article centers on the operating mechanisms of the flight controls. The basic system in use on aircraft first appeared in a readily recognizable form as early as April 1908, on Louis Blériot's Blériot VIII pioneer-era monoplane design.[1]", "Boarding pass. In Europe, Lufthansa was one of the first airlines to launch Mobile BCBP in April 2008.[10] In the US, the Transportation Security Administration runs a pilot program of a Boarding Pass Scanning System, using the IATA BCBP standard.[11]", "Neutrality Acts of 1930s. In 1948, Charles Winters, Al Schwimmer and Herman Greenspun were convicted under the 1939 Act after smuggling B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from Florida to the nascent state of Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[15] All three received Presidential pardons in subsequent decades.[16]", "Pan Am Flight 103. The anonymous warning was taken seriously by the US government, and the State Department cabled the bulletin to dozens of embassies. The FAA sent it to all US carriers, including Pan Am, which had charged each of the passengers a $5 security surcharge, promising a \"program that will screen passengers, employees, airport facilities, baggage and aircraft with unrelenting thoroughness\";[35] the security team in Frankfurt found the warning under a pile of papers on a desk the day after the bombing.[14][page needed] One of the Frankfurt security screeners, whose job was to spot explosive devices under X-ray, told ABC News that she had first learned what Semtex (a plastic explosive) was during her ABC interview 11 months after the bombing.[36]", "Malaysia Airlines Flight 17. On 28 July 2014, Ukrainian security official Andriy Lysenko announced, at a press conference, that black box recorder analysis had revealed that the aircraft had been brought down by shrapnel that caused \"massive explosive decompression.\" Dutch officials were reported to be \"stunned\" by what they saw as a \"premature announcement\" and said that they had not provided this information.[193]", "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. Ongoing problems with avionics systems were addressed in the Jolly Well program, completed in 1964, which improved components of the AN/ASQ-38 bombing navigational computer and the terrain computer. The MADREC (Malfunction Detection and Recording) upgrade fitted to most aircraft by 1965 could detect failures in avionics and weapons computer systems, and was essential in monitoring the Hound Dog missiles. The electronic countermeasures capability of the B-52 was expanded with Rivet Rambler (1971) and Rivet Ace (1973).[100]", "1973 Paris Air Show crash. In 2005, during the production of the Russian documentary The Fight for Supersonic Flight: The Truth About the Tu-144, E. Krupyanskiy said: \"There were certain experimental control units present on the plane (Tu-144), that were installed on the plane for the first time.\"[this quote needs a citation] On the in-cockpit footage released before the test flight, the control console is clearly seen fully exposed on the back of the captain's seat. The control units were supposed to be disabled, with the console covered up and sealed for the test flight, but in the wreckage the console was found without seals or cover. Krupyanskiy said \"They enabled a system, which was used to improve the manoeuverability characteristics of the aircraft ... improving the effectiveness of the rudders.\"[this quote needs a citation]", "United States–European Union relations. The Washington Post claimed on November 2, 2005, that the United States was maintaining several secret jails (or \"black sites\") in Eastern Europe. Poland and Romania, however, have denied these allegations. Also, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) planes carrying terror suspects would have made secret stopovers in several West European countries since 2001. Belgium, Iceland, Spain, and Sweden have launched investigations. The Guardian calculated on November 30 that CIA planes landed about 300 times on European air ports. Most planes would have landed in Germany and the United Kingdom as a transit point to East Europe, North Africa (possibly Morocco and Egypt), or the Middle East (possibly Syria and Jordan). In the meanwhile, the European Commission, on behalf of the European Union, asked the United States for a clarification. The EU has refused to confirm or deny the reports.[25][26][27][28][29]", "Flight recorder. The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO-regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the popular term \"black box\", the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat-resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's tail section, where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. Following an accident, the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body, as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors.[23]" ]

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