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[ "United States Postmaster General. The Postmaster General of the United States is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service; Megan Brennan is the current Postmaster General. The office, in one form or another, is older than both the United States Constitution and the United States Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin was appointed by the Continental Congress as the first Postmaster General in 1775, serving just over 15 months.", "United States Postmaster General. The Postmaster General is the second-highest paid U.S. government official, based on publicly available salary information, after the President of the United States.[3]", "United States Postmaster General. As of November 2017[update], there are five living former Postmasters General, the oldest being Anthony M. Frank (1988–1992, born 1931). The most recent Postmaster General to die was W. Marvin Watson (1968–1969), on November 26, 2017. The most recently serving Postmaster General to die was Marvin Travis Runyon (1992–2000), on May 3, 2004.", "United States Postmaster General. The Cabinet post of Postmaster General was often given[when?] to a new President's campaign manager or other key political supporter, and was considered something of a sinecure. The Postmaster General was in charge of the governing party's patronage, and was a powerful position which held much influence within the party.", "United States Postmaster General. Until 1971, the postmaster general was the head of the Post Office Department (or simply \"Post Office\" until the 1820s).[2] From 1829 to 1971, they were a member of the President's Cabinet.", "United States Postmaster General. In 1971, the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, an independent agency of the executive branch. Therefore, the Postmaster General is no longer a member of the Cabinet and is no longer in Presidential succession.", "United States Postmaster General. No party   Federalist   Democratic-Republican   Democratic   Whig   Republican", "Benjamin Franklin. He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. During the Revolution, he became the first United States Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.", "United States presidential election, 1876. Postmaster General Marshall Jewell", "Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin is a prominent figure in American history comparable to Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln, and as such he has been honored on U.S. postage stamps many times. The image of Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. postage more than any other notable American save that of George Washington.[205]", "Benjamin Franklin. On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General. Franklin had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position.[132] He had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The report of the Committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, the first appointed under the Continental Congress. It established a postal system that became the United States Post Office, a system that continues to operate today.[133]", "James A. Farley Building. Upon opening in 1914, it was named the Pennsylvania Terminal. In July 1918, the building was renamed the General Post Office Building, and in 1982, was dedicated as the James A. Farley Building. (97th Congress, H.Res. 368 3/2/1982). James Farley was the nation's 53rd Postmaster General and served from 1933 to 1940. He was also the supreme democratic party boss of New York State[11] at the time, was responsible for Franklin D. Roosevelt's rise to the Presidency,[12] and is the first Roman Catholic politician in American history to have crossover appeal as a candidate for the office of the Presidency of the United States of America. Farley (a native New Yorker) was instrumental in the political careers of Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt (having served as campaign manager to both). Farley was a Democratic Party candidate for President of the United States in 1940 and opposed Roosevelt's third term.", "United States presidential line of succession. Until 1971, the Postmaster General, the head of the Post Office Department, was a member of the Cabinet, initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added. Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession.[14]", "Confederate States of America. John H. Reagan\nPostmaster General", "United States Postal Service. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger. Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi. At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson, judge of Louisiana Territory, the largest territory in North America. Bruce Adamson wrote that: \"Next to Benjamin Franklin, Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History.\" It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln's Attorney General, Edward Bates. In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm. Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park. In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three-page letter to Easton, begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr. Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton. Many years later in 1852, Easton's son, Major-General Langdon Cheves Easton, was commissioned by William T. Sherman, at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence, Missouri. Sherman wrote: \"In the Spring of 1852, General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster, Major L.C. Easton, at Fort Union, New Mexico, had occasion to send some message east by a certain date, and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office (then Independence, Missouri), making his compensation conditional on the time consumed. He was supplied with a good horse, and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange. Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians, and not a house on it, Aubrey started alone with his rifle. He was fortunate in meeting several outward-bound trains, and thereby made frequent changes of horses, some four or five, and reached Independence in six days, having hardly rested or slept the whole way.\"[16]", "United States Postal Service. The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy, procedure, and postal rates for services rendered, and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors. Of the eleven members of the Board, nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate (see 39 U.S.C. § 202). The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General, who serves as the board's tenth member, and who oversees the day-to-day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer (see 39 U.S.C. §§ 202–203). The ten-member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General, who acts as Chief Operating Officer, to the eleventh and last remaining open seat.", "John Wanamaker. John Wanamaker (July 11, 1838 – December 12, 1922) was an American merchant and religious, civic and political figure, considered by some to be a proponent of advertising and a \"pioneer in marketing\".[1] He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and served as U.S. Postmaster General.", "Independence Hall. On June 14, 1775, delegates of the Continental Congress nominated George Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania State House. The Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin to be the first Postmaster General of what would later become the United States Post Office Department on July 26.", "John Wanamaker. In 1889 Wanamaker began the First Penny Savings Bank in order to encourage thrift. That same year he was appointed United States Postmaster General by President Benjamin Harrison; he was accused by the newspapers of the day of buying the post.[13] Wanamaker was credited by his friends with introducing the first commemorative stamp and many efficiencies to the Postal Service. He was the first to make plans for free rural postal service in the United States, although the plan was not implemented until 1896.[14]", "Earl Warren. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 29¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.[72]", "United States Postal Service. On January 28, 2009, Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate[71] that, if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits, as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006,[72] the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June, July, and August.", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps. Dwight David Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe and planned the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.", "Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. The current design, depicting a basketball over a hoop and basket, was first awarded in 1977[1] still under its original name, which was changed in honor of former NBA commissioner Larry O'Brien who served from 1975 to 1984. Before joining the NBA, O'Brien was the United States Postmaster General under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1968.[2]", "United States Postal Service. The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General (OIG) was authorized by law in 1996. Prior to the 1996 legislation, the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG. The Inspector General, who is independent of postal management, is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed, Senate–confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service.", "United States Postal Service. The decision was reversed; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail.[98]", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was once an influential newspaper publisher at the Marion Daily Star. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903) and later as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1903–1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921).", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States. In 1775, when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first Postmaster General, the U.S. Post Office was born. So important was the Postmaster General that in 1829 this position was included among those in the President's Cabinet. As America began to grow and new towns and villages began to appear, so too did the Post Office along with them. The dates and postmarks generated from these places often has provided the historian with a window into a given time and place in question.[citation needed] Each postmark is uniquely distinctive with its own name of state and town, in addition to its distinctive date. Post Offices that existed along railroad lines and at various military posts have their own special historical aspect. Mail and postmarks generated from prisoner of war camps during the Civil War, or from aboard naval ships, each with a U.S. Post Office aboard, can and have offered amazing insights into United States history and are avidly sought after by historians and collectors alike.", "United States Postal Service. H.R. 22, addressing this issue, passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30, 2009.[73] However, Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery.[citation needed]", "United States Postal Service. The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin's operation, elevated to a cabinet-level department in 1872, and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency.", "William Jennings Bryan. He has been honored by the United States Postal Service with a $2 Great Americans series postage stamp.", "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln appointed two individuals from the border states to his cabinet. Montgomery Blair of Maryland, who was popular among anti-slavery and border state Democrats, became Lincoln's first Postmaster-General. Blair came from a prominent political family, as his father, Francis Preston Blair, had served as an adviser to President Andrew Jackson, while his younger brother, Francis Preston Blair Jr., was a major Unionist leader in Missouri.[57] Blair's Postal Service aptly responded to the challenges posed by the Civil War, but the Blair family alienated key Northern and border state leaders during the war. Seeing Blair as a political liability, Lincoln dismissed Blair from the cabinet in September 1864, replacing him with William Dennison.[58]", "James A. Farley Building. The James A. Farley Building was formerly the General Post Office Building. The building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1966. it was officially renamed in 1982 as a monument and testament to the political career of the nation's 53rd Postmaster General James Farley. Since 2010, the building is being integrated into Moynihan Station as part of the Penn Station Expansion." ]

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[ "Group C nerve fiber. C fibers are one class of nerve fiber found in the nerves of the somatic sensory system.[1] They are afferent fibers, conveying input signals from the periphery to the central nervous system.[2]", "Group C nerve fiber. Group C nerve fibers are one of three classes of nerve fiber in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The C group fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter and low conduction velocity. They include postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV fiber). These fibers carry sensory information.", "Group C nerve fiber. C fibers are considered polymodal because they can react to various stimuli. They react to stimuli that are thermal, or mechanical, or chemical in nature.[1] C fibers respond to all kinds of physiological changes in the body.[7] For example, they can respond to hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hypo-osmolarity, the presence of muscle metabolic products, and even light or sensitive touch.[7] C fiber receptors include:", "Group C nerve fiber. Because of their higher conduction velocity, Aδ fibers are responsible for the sensation of a quick shallow pain that is specific on one area, termed as first pain.[1] They respond to a weaker intensity of stimulus.[1] C fibers respond to stimuli which have stronger intensities and are the ones to account for the slow, but deeper and spread out over an unspecific area, second pain.[1]", "Group C nerve fiber. This variation of input signals calls for a variety of cells of the cortex in lamina 1 to have different modality-selectiveness and morphologies.[7] These varying neurons are responsible for the different feelings we perceive in our body and can be classified by their responses to ranges of stimuli.[7] The brain uses the integration of these signals to maintain homeostasis in the body whether it is temperature related or pain related.[7]", "Group C nerve fiber. C fibers are unmyelinated unlike most other fibers in the nervous system.[1] This lack of myelination is the cause of their slow conduction velocity, which is on the order of no more than 7000200000000000000♠2 m/s.[1] C fibers are on average 0.2-1.5 μm in diameter.[1]", "Group C nerve fiber. C fibers synapse to second-order projection neurons in the spinal cord at the upper laminae of the dorsal horn in the substantia gelatinosa.[5] The second-order projection neurons are of the wide dynamic range (WDR) type, which receive input from both nociceptive terminals as well as myelinated A-type fibers.[5] There are three types of second order projection neurons in the spinothalamic tract: wide dynamic range (WDR), high threshold (HT), and low threshold (LT).[6] These classifications are based on their responses to mechanical stimuli.[6] The second-order neurons ascend to the brain stem and thalamus in the ventrolateral, or anterolateral, quadrant of the contralateral half of the spinal cord, forming the spinothalamic tract.[1] The spinothalamic tract is the main pathway associated with pain and temperature perception, which immediately crosses the spinal cord laterally.[1] This crossover feature is clinically important because it allows for identification of the location of injury.", "Interaural time difference. The auditory nerve fibres, known as the afferent nerve fibres, carry information from the organ of Corti to the brainstem and brain. Auditory afferent fibres consist of two types of fibres called type I and type II fibres. Type I fibres innervate the base of one or two inner hair cells and Type II fibres innervate the outer hair cells. Both leave the organ of Corti through an opening called the habenula perforata. The type I fibres are thicker than the type II fibres and may also differ in how they innervate the inner hair cells. Neurons with large calycal endings ensure preservation of timing information throughout the ITD pathway.", "Pain. The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s).[51] Pain evoked by the A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers.[52] These \"first order\" neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract.", "Pain. Second order, spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals to the thalamus have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals.[51] Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the affective/motivational element, the unpleasantness of pain).[54] Pain that is distinctly located also activates primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.[55]", "Group C nerve fiber. Microneurography is a technique using metal electrodes to observe neural traffic of both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in efferent and afferent neurons of the skin and muscle.[15] This technique is particularly important in research involving C fibers.[15] Single action potentials from unmyelinated axons can be observed.[15] Recordings from efferent postganglionic sympathetic C fibers of the muscles and skin yield insights into the neural control of autonomic effector organs like blood vessels and sweat glands.[15] Readings of afferent discharges from C nociceptors identified by marking method have also proved helpful in revealing the mechanisms underlying sensations such as itch.[15]", "Projection fiber. The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. In human neuroanatomy, bundles of axons (nerve fibres) called tracts, within the brain, can be categorized by their function into association fibers, projection fibers, and commissural fibers.", "Dietary fiber. Dietary fibers can change the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and can change how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed through bulking and viscosity.[1][2] Some types of soluble fibers bind to bile acids in the small intestine, making them less likely to re-enter the body; this in turn lowers cholesterol levels in the blood from the actions of cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of cholesterol.[3]", "Commissural fiber. The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In contrast to commissural fibers, association fibers connect regions within the same hemisphere of the brain, and projection fibers connect each region to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord.[1]", "Cerebellum. Mossy fibers project directly to the deep nuclei, but also give rise to the following pathway: mossy fibers → granule cells → parallel fibers → Purkinje cells → deep nuclei. Climbing fibers project to Purkinje cells and also send collaterals directly to the deep nuclei.[8] The mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs each carry fiber-specific information; the cerebellum also receives dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic inputs that presumably perform global modulation.[16]", "Group C nerve fiber. C fibers cause central sensitization of the dorsal horn in the spinal cord in response to their hyperactivity.[5] The mechanism underlying this phenomenon involves the release of glutamate by these pathologically sensitized C fibers.[5] The glutamate interacts with the postsynaptic NMDA receptors, which aids the sensitization of the dorsal horn.[5] Presynaptic neuronal voltage-gated N-calcium channels are largely responsible for the release of this glutamate as well as the neuropeptide, substance P.[5] The expression of presynaptic neuronal voltage-gated N-calcium channels increases after a nerve lesion or repeated stimulation.[5] NMDA receptor activation (by glutamate) enhances postsynaptic Nitric Oxide Synthase. Nitric Oxide is thought to migrate back to the presynaptic membrane to enhance the expression of the voltage-gated N-calcium channels resulting in a pain wind-up phenomenon. This abnormal central sensitization cycle results in increased pain (hyperalgesia) and pain responses from previously non-noxious stimuli evoke a pain response (allodynia).[5]", "Hippocampus. The perforant path is the main output pathway of the entorhinal cortex (EC). The flow of information in the hippocampus is largely unidirectional. Axons from the pyramidal cells (in EC layer II) perforate the subiculum to project mainly to the granular layer in the dentate gyrus (first synaptic connection). Some axons project to CA3 and a lesser number project to CA1. The dentate granule cell axons, called mossy fibers, pass on the information, to the dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells (second synaptic connection). From there, CA3 axons called Schaffer collaterals leave the deep part of the cell body and loop up to the apical dendrites and then extend to CA1. Axons from CA1 then project back to the entorhinal cortex (third synaptic connection) completing the trisynaptic loop or circuit.[20]", "Group C nerve fiber. C fiber axons are grouped together into what is known as Remak bundles.[3] These occur when an unmyelinated Schwann cell bundles the axons close together by surrounding them.[4] The Schwann cell keeps them from touching each other by squeezing its cytoplasm between the axons.[4] The condition of Remak bundles varies with age.[4] The number of C fiber axons in each Remak bundle varies with location.[3] For example, in a rat model, large bundles of greater than 20 axons are found exiting the L5 dorsal root ganglion, while smaller bundles of average 3 axons are found in distal nerve segments.[3] Multiple neurons contribute axons to the Remak bundle with an average ratio of about 2 axons contributed per bundle.[3] The cross sectional area of a Remak bundle is proportional to the number of axons found inside it.[3] Remak bundles in the distal peripheral nerve are clustered with other Remak bundles.[3] The Remak Schwann cells have been shown to be electrochemically responsive to action potentials of the axons contained within them.[3]", "Stimulus (physiology). Semi circular ducts, which are connected directly to the cochlea, can interpret and convey to the brain information about equilibrium by a similar method as the one used for hearing. Hair cells in these parts of the ear protrude kinocilia and stereocilia into a gelatinous material that lines the ducts of this canal. In parts of these semi circular canals, specifically the maculae, calcium carbonate crystals known as statoconia rest on the surface of this gelatinous material. When tilting the head or when the body undergoes linear acceleration, these crystals move disturbing the cilia of the hair cells and, consequently, affecting the release of neurotransmitter to be taken up by surrounding sensory nerves. In other areas of the semi circular canal, specifically the ampulla, a structure known as the cupula—analogous to the gelatinous material in the maculae—distorts hair cells in a similar fashion when the fluid medium that surrounds it causes the cupula itself to move. The ampulla communicates to the brain information about the head’s horizontal rotation. Neurons of the adjacent vestibular ganglia monitor the hair cells in these ducts. These sensory fibers form the vestibular branch of the cranial nerve VIII.[6]", "Group C nerve fiber. Unfortunately, interpretation of the microneurographic readings can be difficult because axonal membrane potential can not be determined from this method.[16] A supplemental method used to better understand these readings involves examining recordings of post-spike excitability and shifts in latency; these features are associated with changes in membrane potential of unmyelinated axons like C fibers.[16] Moalem-Taylor et al. experimentally used chemical modulators with known effects on membrane potential to study the post-spike super-excitability of C fibers.[16] The researchers found three resulting events.[16] Chemical medulators can produce a combination of loss of super-excitability along with increased axonal excitability, indicating membrane depolarization.[16] Secondly, membrane hyperpolarization can result from a blockade of axonal hyperpolarization-activated current.[16] Lastly, a non-specific increase in surface charge and a change in the voltage-dependent activation of sodium channels results from the application of calcium.[16]", "Central nervous system. The body of the cerebellum holds more neurons than any other structure of the brain including that of the larger cerebrum (or cerebral hemispheres), but is also more extensively understood than other structures of the brain, and includes fewer types of different neurons.[8] It handles and processes sensory stimuli, motor information as well as balance information from the vestibular organ.[8]", "Group C nerve fiber. Central sensitization of the dorsal horn neurons that is evoked from C fiber activity is responsible for temporal summation of \"second pain\" (TSSP).[14] This event is called ‘windup’ and relies on a frequency greater or equal to 0.33Hz of the stimulus.[14] Windup is associated with chronic pain and central sensitization.[14] This minimum frequency was determined experimentally by comparing healthy patient fMRI’s when subjected to varying frequencies of heat pulses.[14] The fMRI maps show common areas activated by the TSSP responses which include contralateral thalamus (THAL), S1, bilateral S2, anterior and posterior insula (INS), mid-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and supplemental motor areas (SMA).[14] TSSP events are also associated with other regions of the brain that process functions such as somatosensory processing, pain perception and modulation, cognition, pre-motor activity in the cortex.[14]", "Nerve. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: An afferent nerve fiber conducts sensory information from a sensory neuron to the central nervous system, where the information is then processed. Bundles of fibres or axons, in the peripheral nervous system are called nerves, and bundles of afferent fibers are known as sensory nerves.[1][2] An efferent nerve fiber conducts signals from a motor neuron in the central nervous system to muscles. Bundles of these fibres are known as efferent nerves.", "Central nervous system. The spinal cord relays information up to the brain through spinal tracts through the \"final common pathway\"[8] to the thalamus and ultimately to the cortex.", "Fovea centralis. Approximately half of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the remaining half carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a radius of 1.25 mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found at a 2.75 mm radius from the fovea centralis.[3]", "Group C nerve fiber. After nerve damage or repeated stimulation, WDR (wide dynamic range) neurons experience a general increase in excitability.[5] This hyper-excitability can be caused by an increased neuronal response to a noxious stimulus (hyperalgesia), a larger neuronal receptive field, or spread of the hyper-excitability to other segments.[5] This condition is maintained by C fibers.[5]", "Spinal cord. Motor information travels from the brain down the spinal cord via descending spinal cord tracts. Descending tracts involve two neurons: the upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN).[12] A nerve signal travels down the upper motor neuron until it synapses with the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord. Then, the lower motor neuron conducts the nerve signal to the spinal root where efferent nerve fibers carry the motor signal toward the target muscle. The descending tracts are composed of white matter. There are several descending tracts serving different functions. The corticospinal tracts (lateral and anterior) are responsible for coordinated limb movements.[12]", "Optic nerve. From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus[citation needed].", "Pain. These A-delta and C fibers connect with \"second order\" nerve fibers in the central gelatinous substance of the spinal cord (laminae II and III of the dorsal horns). The second order fibers then cross the cord via the anterior white commissure and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. Before reaching the brain, the spinothalamic tract splits into the lateral, neospinothalamic tract and the medial, paleospinothalamic tract.[53]", "Cerebellum. The thin, unmyelinated axons of granule cells rise vertically to the upper (molecular) layer of the cortex, where they split in two, with each branch traveling horizontally to form a parallel fiber; the splitting of the vertical branch into two horizontal branches gives rise to a distinctive \"T\" shape. A human parallel fiber runs for an average of 3 mm in each direction from the split, for a total length of about 6 mm (about 1/10 of the total width of the cortical layer).[8] As they run along, the parallel fibers pass through the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells, contacting one of every 3–5 that they pass, making a total of 80–100 synaptic connections with Purkinje cell dendritic spines.[8] Granule cells use glutamate as their neurotransmitter, and therefore exert excitatory effects on their targets.[8]", "Sensory nerve. A sensory nerve, also called an afferent nerve, is a nerve that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system (CNS). It is a cable-like bundle of the afferent nerve fibers coming from sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A motor nerve carries information from the CNS to the PNS, and both types of nerve are called peripheral nerves.", "Sensory neuron. Information coming from the sensory neurons in the head enters the central nervous system (CNS) through cranial nerves. Information from the sensory neurons below the head enters the spinal cord and passes towards the brain through the 31 spinal nerves.[18] The sensory information traveling through the spinal cord follows well-defined pathways. The nervous system codes the differences among the sensations in terms of which cells are active." ]

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[ "Monkey bread. The origin of the term \"monkey bread\" comes from the pastry being a finger food: the consumer would pick apart the bread as a monkey would.[2]", "Monkey bread. Monkey bread, also called monkey puzzle bread, sticky bread, Hungarian coffee cake, golden crown, pinch-me cake, and pluck-it cake[citation needed] is a soft, sweet, sticky pastry served in the United States for breakfast or as a treat. It consists of pieces of soft baked dough sprinkled with cinnamon. It is often served at fairs and festivals.[1]", "Monkey bread. The name aranygaluska (monkey bread) literally means \"golden dumpling\" and by the 1880s, this dessert was being referred to in Hungarian literature. Hungarian immigrants brought this dish with them when they immigrated to America and began introducing it into the country's food landscape when Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish bakeries began selling it in the mid-twentieth century. In 1972, a cookbook published by Betty Crocker included a recipe for aranygaluska, which they referred to as \"Hungarian Coffee Cake\". As it became more popular in America, aranygaluska came to be confused with monkey bread in which the balls of dough are not dipped in cinnamon and sugar but only in butter. Monkey bread soon became the more common name for this Hungarian Jewish dessert and therefore what most people know as monkey bread today is actually aranygaluska. Recipes for the bread first appeared in American women's magazines and community cookbooks in the 1950s, but the dish is still virtually unknown outside the United States. The bread is made with pieces of sweet yeast dough (often frozen), which are baked in a cake pan at high heat after first being individually covered in melted butter, cinnamon, sugar, and chopped pecans.[3] It is traditionally served hot so that the baked segments can be easily torn away with the fingers and eaten by hand.[4]", "Tiger bread. The name originated in the Netherlands, where it is known as tijgerbrood or tijgerbol (tiger roll), and where it has been sold at least since the early 1970s.[citation needed] The US supermarket chain Wegmans sells it as \"Marco Polo\" bread.[2]", "Monkey (character). This is about the advertising character. For the mythical Chinese character, see Sun Wukong.", "Monkey see, monkey do. The saying could originate from a story in the folklore of Mali, West Africa, made well known by Esphyr Slobodkina's retelling, which she calls Caps for Sale (A Tale of a Peddler, Some Monkeys and Their Monkey Business).[1] This folk-tale is retold by Baba Wagué Diakité in his 1999 book The Hatseller and the Monkeys, set in Mali. Diakité notes that versions of this tale also exist in Egypt, Sudan, India, and England.[1]", "Monkey (character). Monkey (also known as The Monkey, ITV Digital Monkey or PG Tips Monkey, and often pronounced /'muŋkε/ in imitation of Johnny Vegas' Lancashire accent), is an animated puppet advertising character in the form of a knitted sock monkey. He was first produced by The Jim Henson Company via their UK Creature Shop, puppeteered by Nigel Plaskitt and Susan Beattie and voiced by comedian Ben Miller.", "Tiger bread. Tiger bread (also sold as Dutch crunch in the US and sometimes Giraffe bread in the United Kingdom) is the commercial name for a loaf of bread which has a mottled crust.", "Chimpanzee. The common chimpanzee was named Simia troglodytes by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1776. The species name troglodytes is a reference to the Troglodytae (literally \"cave-goers\"), an African people described by Greco-Roman geographers. Blumenbach first used it in his De generis humani varietate nativa liber (\"On the natural varieties of the human genus\") in 1776,[8][9] Linnaeus 1758 had already used Homo troglodytes for a hypothetical mixture of human and orangutan.[10]", "Barmbrack. Barm Brack (Irish: bairín breac[1]), also called Barmbrack or often shortened to brack, is a yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins.[2]", "Monkey wrench. That handy tool, the \"monkey-wrench\", is not so named because it is a handy thing to monkey with, or for any kindred reason. \"Monkey\" is not its name at all, Charles Moncky, the inventor of it, sold his patent for $5000, and invested the money in a house in Williamsburg, Kings County, where he now lives.[7][8]", "Monkey wrench. Although this story was refuted by historical and patent research in the late nineteenth century,[2] it appears to have been inspired by a real person. Charles Monk (not Moncky) lived in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn in the 1880s where he made and sold moulder's tools, not mechanics' tools like a monkey wrench.[9] He could not have invented or named the \"monkey wrench\" because he was born after the term, \"monkey wrench\", first appeared in print.[10]", "Monkey wrench. The following story can be found in sundry publications from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries:", "Monkey wrench. In 2015 it was circulated on social media via viral picture-sharing that African-American boxer Jack Johnson invented and patented the wrench and the term \"monkey\" was applied to it as a derogatory name for black people.[11] In fact, Johnson did receive a patent for a wrench, but this was for improvements on an existing wrench, and unrelated to the monkey wrench, which had been so-named almost a century prior. He patented his improvements on 18 April 1922, as US Patent 1,413,121.[12][13]", "Monkey hanger. \"Monkey hanger\" is a colloquial nickname by which people from the town of Hartlepool in north eastern England are sometimes known.[1]", "Monkey wrench. The monkey wrench, known as gas grips in the UK, is an adjustable wrench, a later American development of eighteenth-century English coach wrenches. It was popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but is now used only for heavier tasks, having been mostly replaced by the lighter and sleeker shifting adjustable spanner. The term monkey wrench is also used colloquially to refer to the pipe wrench, owing to their broadly similar shapes.", "Proboscis monkey. The monkey also goes by the Indonesian name monyet belanda (\"Dutch monkey\"), or even orang belanda (\"Dutchman\"), as Indonesians remarked that the Dutch colonisers often had similarly large bellies and noses.", "Monkey (character). Monkey also appeared in a short advertising film which was shown in cinemas at the beginning of selected showings of Horton Hears a Who, The Spiderwick Chronicles, Hannah Montana 3D and The Game Plan. The film was released on 21 March 2008. The film is called A Tale of Two Continents and has Monkey portraying various historical figures as he attempts to make the perfect cup of tea in the Kenya tea farms and then safely take it across the world to England for the Queen.[9] The film was also given away on DVD with special packs of PG Tips tea.", "Baguette. Although the word \"baguette\" was not used to refer to a type of bread until 1920,[10] the word itself simply means \"wand\", \"baton\" or \"stick\", as in baguette magique (magic wand), baguettes chinoises (chopsticks), or baguette de direction (conductor's baton).", "Tiger bread. In January 2012, the UK supermarket chain Sainsbury's announced that they would market the product under the name \"giraffe bread\", after a three-year-old girl wrote to the company to suggest it.[3]", "Monkey wrench. Adjustable coach wrenches for the odd-sized nuts of wagon wheels were manufactured in England and exported to North America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They were set either by sliding a wedge, or later by twisting the handle, which turned a screw, narrowing or widening the jaws. In 1840, Worcester, Massachusetts knife manufacturer Loring Coes invented a screw-based coach wrench design in which the jaw width was set with a spinning ring fixed under the sliding lower jaw, above the handle. This was patented in 1841 and the tools were advertised and sold in the United States as monkey wrenches, a term which was already in use for the English handle-set coach wrenches.[2] For the next eighty-seven years a very wide and popular range of monkey wrenches was manufactured by Coes family partnerships, licensees and companies, which filed further wrench patents throughout the nineteenth century. Some Coes wrenches could be bought with wooden knife handles, harking back to the company's early knife making business. In 1909 the Coes Wrench Company advertised a six-foot-long \"key\" wrench, shaped like a monkey wrench, for use on railroads.[3][4] The Coes wrench designs were acquired by longtime toolmaker Bemis & Call of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1928. After 1939 its successor companies manufactured monkey wrenches from Coes designs until the mid-1960s, yielding a production run of over 120 years.[2][5][6]", "American Born Chinese. The first tale is based upon the legendary folk tale of Sun Wukong, or The Monkey King, a character from the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West.", "Spider monkey. Spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures. In the Aztec 260-day calendar, Spider Monkey (Nahua Ozomatli) serves as the name for the 11th day. In the corresponding Maya calendar, Howler Monkey (Batz) is substituted for Spider Monkey.[40] In present-day Maya religious feasts, spider monkey impersonators serve as a kind of demonic clowns.[41] In Classical Maya art, they are ubiquitous, often shown carrying cacao pods.", "Sun Wukong. In addition to the names used in the novel, the Monkey King has other names in different languages:", "Pan de muerto. In Michoacan, breads include pan de ofrenda ('offering bread'), the shiny pan de hule, ('rubber bread') and corn-based corundas, made with tomato sauce and chile de árbol.[2]", "Three wise monkeys. Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys, the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words. The saying in Japanese is mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる) \"see not, hear not, speak not\", where the -zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs, matching zaru, the modified form of saru (猿) \"monkey\" used in compounds. Thus the saying (which does not include any specific reference to \"evil\") can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys.", "Panay. A Spaniard named Gonzalo Ronquillo reached the island and also gave the name Pan hay which means \"there's a bread (Pan)\" in the island. The place was then called Pan-hay which eventually became Panay.", "Winged monkeys. Winged monkeys (often referred to in adaptations and popular culture as flying monkeys) are fictional characters created by American author L. Frank Baum in his classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). The winged monkeys are exactly what the name implies: jungle monkeys with powerful bird-like feathered wings attached to their shoulders which allow them to fly. They are most notable from the famous 1939 musical movie by MGM. Ever since, they have taken their own place in popular culture, regularly referenced in comedic or ironic situations as a source of evil or fear.", "Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. In his dissertation, Blumenbach mentioned the name Simia troglodytes in connection with a short description for the common chimpanzee. This dissertation was printed and appeared in September 1775, but only for internal use in the University of Göttingen and not for providing a public record. The public print of his dissertation appeared in 1776.[17] Blumenbach knew that Linnaeus had already established a name Homo troglodytes for a badly known primate, and in 1779 he discussed this Linnean name and concluded correctly that Linnaeus had been dealing with two species, a human and an orangutan, none of them was a chimpanzee, and that by consequence the name Homo troglodytes could not be used. Blumenbach was one of the first scientists to understand the identities of the different species of primates, which were (excluding humans) orangutans and chimpanzees (gorillas were not known to Europeans at this time). In Opinion 1368 the ICZN Commission decided in 1985 that Blumenbach's view should be followed, and that his Simia troglodytes as published by Blumenbach in 1779 shall be the type species of the genus Pan and, since it was the oldest available name for the Common Chimpanzee, be used for this species.[18] However, the Commission did not know that Blumenbach had already mentioned this name in his dissertation. Following the rules of the ICZN Code the scientific name of one of the most well-known African animals, currently known as Pan troglodytes, must carry Blumenbach's name combined with the date 1776.[19]", "Sweetbread. The word \"sweetbread\" is first attested in the 16th century, but the etymology of the name is unclear.[6] \"Sweet\" is perhaps used since the thymus is sweet and rich-tasting, as opposed to savory-tasting muscle flesh.[7] \"Bread\" may come from brede, \"roasted meat\"[8] or from the Old English brÇ£d (\"flesh\" or \"meat\").", "Monkey (character). Monkey is sometimes portrayed as being quite cowardly; for example his refusal to take responsibility for dropping a ceramic bowl dating back to 3000 BC, despite being filmed doing so.[11] He is also prone to miserliness, having admitted that he re-uses discarded plasters he finds in swimming pools.[11] Monkey hoards both his and Al's wages, deliberately neglecting to inform the naive Al of the fact that they are in fact paid for their work, stating \"I don't bother Al with details\" and that his money is \"safely invested in a portfolio of bananas\".[12] Despite his turbulent relationship with Al, the two share the same bed.[13] Monkey is shown to be very passionate about tea, his favourite serving method being \"three stirs clockwise, two stirs back, one and three quarters sugars\".[14] He vehemently insists that tea bags should precede milk when brewing.[12] His exact species is never clarified; Monkey himself denies being a chimpanzee (the CHimp logo on his tea-shirt puns on CH sounding like the Chinese word for tea), and his response to Al's idea that he may be \"half monkey-half chimp\" is limited to \"speak for yourself\".[12] Though he claims to be a \"ladies' monkey\", he is caught by Al surfing dating sites, giving exaggerated descriptions of his physical appearance.[15] He is sometimes shown wearing a woman's nightcap,[13] a sheath dress[16] and a ballet tutu.[17] He gets distressed if tea is made in the wrong order.", "Baguette. Baguettes are closely connected to France, though they are made around the world. In France, not all long loaves are baguettes; for example, a short, almost rugby ball-shaped loaf is a bâtard (literally, bastard), or a \"torpedo loaf\" in English; its origin is variously explained, but undocumented. Another tubular shaped loaf is known as a flûte, also known in the United States as a parisienne. Flûtes closely resemble baguettes and weigh more or less than these, depending on the region.[citation needed] A thinner loaf is called a ficelle (string). A short baguette is sometimes known as a baton (stick), or even referred to using the English translation French stick. None of these are officially defined, either legally or, for instance, in major dictionaries, any more than the baguette. French breads are also made in forms such as a miche, which is a large pan loaf, and a boule, literally ball in French, a large round loaf. Sandwich-sized loaves are sometimes known as demi-baguettes or tiers." ]

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[ "Çatalhöyük. In upper levels of the site, it becomes apparent that the people of Çatalhöyük were gaining skills in agriculture and the domestication of animals. Female figurines have been found within bins used for storage of cereals, such as wheat and barley, and the figurines are presumed to be of a deity protecting the grain. Peas were also grown, and almonds, pistachios, and fruit were harvested from trees in the surrounding hills. Sheep were domesticated and evidence suggests the beginning of cattle domestication as well. However, hunting continued to be a major source of food for the community. Pottery and obsidian tools appear to have been major industries; obsidian tools were probably both used and also traded for items such as Mediterranean sea shells and flint from Syria.", "Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük (Turkish pronunciation: [tʃaˈtaɫhøjyk]; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal \"fork\" + höyük \"mound\") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC.[1] In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2]", "Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük had no apparent social classes, as no houses with distinctive features (belonging to royalty or religious hierarchy, for example) have been found so far. The most recent investigations also reveal little social distinction based on gender, with men and women receiving equivalent nutrition and seeming to have equal social status, as typically found in Paleolithic cultures.[20][21][22] Children observed domestic areas. They learned how to perform rituals and how to build or repair houses by watching the adults make statues, beads and other objects.[15] Çatalhöyük's spatial layout may be due to the close kin relations exhibited amongst the people. It can be seen, in the layout, that the people were \"divided into two groups who lived on opposite sides of the town, separated by a gully.\" Furthermore, because no nearby towns were found from which marriage partners could be drawn, \"this spatial separation must have marked two intermarrying kinship groups.\" This would help explain how a settlement so early on would become so large.[23]", "Carpet. The oldest records of flat woven kilims come from Çatalhöyük Neolithic pottery, circa 7000 B.C. One of the oldest settlements ever to have been discovered, Çatalhöyük is located south east of Konya in the middle of the Anatolian region.[39] The excavations to date (only 3% of the town) not only found carbonized fabric but also fragments of kilims painted on the walls of some of the dwellings. The majority of them represent geometric and stylized forms that are similar or identical to other historical and contemporary designs.[40]", "Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük is located overlooking the Konya Plain, southeast of the present-day city of Konya (ancient Iconium) in Turkey, approximately 140 km (87 mi) from the twin-coned volcano of Mount Hasan. The eastern settlement forms a mound which would have risen about 20 m (66 ft) above the plain at the time of the latest Neolithic occupation. There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west and a Byzantine settlement a few hundred meters to the east. The prehistoric mound settlements were abandoned before the Bronze Age. A channel of the Çarşamba river once flowed between the two mounds, and the settlement was built on alluvial clay which may have been favourable for early agriculture.", "Çatalhöyük. The site was first excavated by James Mellaart in 1958. He later led a team which excavated there for four seasons between 1961 and 1965.[3][4][5][6] These excavations revealed this section of Anatolia as a centre of advanced culture in the Neolithic period.[7] Excavation revealed 18 successive layers of buildings signifying various stages of the settlement and eras of history. The bottom layer of buildings signifies as early as 7500 BC while the top layer is of 5600 BC.[8]", "Çatalhöyük. All rooms were kept scrupulously clean. Archaeologists identified very little rubbish in the buildings, finding middens outside the ruins, with sewage and food waste, as well as significant amounts of wood ash. In good weather, many daily activities may also have taken place on the rooftops, which may have formed a plaza. In later periods, large communal ovens appear to have been built on these rooftops. Over time, houses were renewed by partial demolition and rebuilding on a foundation of rubble, which was how the mound was gradually built up. As many as eighteen levels of settlement have been uncovered.", "Çatalhöyük. A photo of the earliest excavations in Çatalhöyük.", "Çatalhöyük. Vivid murals and figurines are found throughout the settlement, on interior and exterior walls. Distinctive clay figurines of women, notably the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük, have been found in the upper levels of the site.[16] Although no identifiable temples have been found, the graves, murals, and figurines suggest that the people of Çatalhöyük had a religion rich in symbols. Rooms with concentrations of these items may have been shrines or public meeting areas. Predominant images include men with erect phalluses, hunting scenes, red images of the now extinct aurochs (wild cattle) and stags, and vultures swooping down on headless figures.[7] Relief figures are carved on walls, such as of lionesses facing one another.", "Çatalhöyük. farming, animal husbandry\npottery, metallurgy, wheel\ncircular ditches, henges, megaliths\nNeolithic religion", "Turkey. Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to circa 10,000 BC,[46] while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[50] The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.[51]", "Çatalhöyük. In an article in the Turkish Daily News, Hodder is reported as denying that Çatalhöyük was a matriarchal society and quoted as saying \"When we look at what they eat and drink and at their social statues, we see that men and women had the same social status. There was a balance of power. Another example is the skulls found. If one's social status was of high importance in Çatalhöyük, the body and head were separated after death. The number of female and male skulls found during the excavations is almost equal.\"[28] In another article in the Hurriyet Daily News Hodder is reported to say \"We have learned that men and women were equally approached\".[29]", "Çatalhöyük. The population of the eastern mound has been estimated to be, at maximum, 10,000 people, but the population likely varied over the community’s history. An average population of between 5,000 and 7,000 is a reasonable estimate. The sites were set up as large numbers of buildings clustered together. Households looked to their neighbors for help, trade, and possible marriage for their children.[15] The inhabitants lived in mudbrick houses that were crammed together in an aggregate structure. No footpaths or streets were used between the dwellings, which were clustered in a honeycomb-like maze. Most were accessed by holes in the ceiling, with doors reached by ladders and stairs. The rooftops were effectively streets. The ceiling openings also served as the only source of ventilation, allowing smoke from the houses' open hearths and ovens to escape.", "List of food origins. The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India, Persia and (later) Europe. They consist of flax, three cereals and four pulses, and are the first known domesticated plants in the world. Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs in the final Epi-Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra (the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species), it was insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later.", "Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük was excavated in the 1960s in a methodical way, but not using the full range of natural science techniques that are available to us today. Sir James Mellaart who excavated the site in the 1960s came up with all sorts of ideas about the way the site was organised and how it was lived in and so on ... We’ve now started working there since the mid 1990s and come up with very different ideas about the site. One of the most obvious examples of that is that Çatalhöyük is perhaps best known for the idea of the mother goddess. But our work more recently has tended to show that in fact there is very little evidence of a mother goddess and very little evidence of some sort of female-based matriarchy. That’s just one of the many myths that the modern scientific work is undermining.[30]", "Çatalhöyük. A striking feature of Çatalhöyük are its female figurines. Mellaart, the original excavator, argued that these well-formed, carefully made figurines, carved and molded from marble, blue and brown limestone, schist, calcite, basalt, alabaster, and clay, represented a female deity. Although a male deity existed as well, \"statues of a female deity far outnumber those of the male deity, who moreover, does not appear to be represented at all after Level VI\".[24] To date, eighteen levels have been identified. These artfully-hewn figurines were found primarily in areas Mellaart believed to be shrines. The stately goddess seated on a throne flanked by two female lions (illustration) was found in a grain bin, which Mellaart suggests might have been a means of ensuring the harvest or protecting the food supply.[25] In later cultures, similar depictions are seen of Cybele, a mountain goddess.", "Çatalhöyük. Çatalhöyük was composed entirely of domestic buildings, with no obvious public buildings. While some of the larger ones have rather ornate murals, the purpose of some rooms remains unclear.[7]", "Çatalhöyük. Estonian folklorist Uku Masing has suggested as early as in 1976, that Çatalhöyük was probably a hunting and gathering religion and the Mother Goddess figurine did not represent a female deity. He implied that perhaps a longer period of time was needed in order to develop symbols for agricultural rites.[31] His theory was developed in the paper \"Some remarks on the mythology of the people of Catal Hüyük\".[32]", "Çatalhöyük. Earliest known textile fragments", "City. Jericho and Çatalhöyük, dated to the eighth millennium BC, are among the earliest cities known to archaeologists.[44][51]", "British Columbia. Plant foods traditionally contributed only a part of the total food intake of coastal First Nations peoples of British Columbia, though they contributed to most of the material good produced. Among the plant foods used, berries, some roots (for example the Camas Lily – part of the Camassia family), cambium noodles (inner bark of hemlock), and seaweeds were (and to an extent still are) important. Animal products were traditionally far more important than plant foods in terms of quantity consumed; however, the huge nutritional diversity provided by native plants of BC largely contributes to the health of First Nations peoples of British Columbia. (Before colonization, British Columbia had the densest aboriginal population of any region in what is now called Canada.)[27]", "Çatalhöyük. Heads of animals, especially of cattle, were mounted on walls. A painting of the village, with the twin mountain peaks of Hasan DaÄŸ in the background,[17] is frequently cited as the world's oldest map [18] and the first landscape painting.[7] However, some archaeologists question this interpretation. Stephanie Meece, for example, argues that it is more likely a painting of a leopard skin instead of a volcano, and a decorative geometric design instead of a map.[19]", "Çatalhöyük. As a part of ritual life, the people of Çatalhöyük buried their dead within the village.[15] Human remains have been found in pits beneath the floors and, especially, beneath hearths, the platforms within the main rooms, and under beds. Bodies were tightly flexed before burial and were often placed in baskets or wound and wrapped in reed mats. Disarticulated bones in some graves suggest that bodies may have been exposed in the open air for a time before the bones were gathered and buried. In some cases, graves were disturbed, and the individual’s head removed from the skeleton. These heads may have been used in rituals, as some were found in other areas of the community. In a woman's grave spinning whorls were recovered and in a man's grave, stone axes.[15] Some skulls were plastered and painted with ochre to recreate faces, a custom more characteristic of Neolithic sites in Syria and at Neolithic Jericho than at sites closer by.", "Painted Grey Ware culture. The PGW culture cultivated rice, wheat, and barley, and domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses. Houses were built of wattle-and-daub, mud, or bricks, ranging in size from small huts to large houses with many rooms. There is a clear settlement hierarchy, with a few central towns that stand out amongst numerous small villages. Some sites, including Jakhera in Uttar Pradesh, demonstrate a “fairly evolved, proto-urban or semi-urban stage” of this culture, with evidence of social organization and trade, including ornaments of gold, copper, ivory, and semi-precious stones, storage bins for surplus grain, stone weights, paved streets, water channels and embankments.[11]", "Çatalhöyük. The current archaeological investigations at Çatalhöyük are supported by the following institutions and organizations:[33][34]", "List of food origins. Anthropogenic grasslands were maintained. The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or on the outer coast. Salmon and other fish were staples in this area. There was kokanee, a freshwater fish in the Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish watersheds. Shellfish were abundant. Butter clams, horse clams, and cockles were dried for trade.", "Paleo-Indians. Sites in Alaska (East Beringia) are where some of the earliest evidence has been found of Paleo-Indians,[20][21][22] followed by archaeological sites in northern British Columbia, western Alberta and the Old Crow Flats region in the Yukon.[23] The Paleo-Indian would eventually flourish all over the Americas.[24] These peoples were spread over a wide geographical area; thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable.[22] This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 60 members of an extended family.[25][26] Food would have been plentiful during the few warm months of the year. Lakes and rivers were teeming with many species of fish, birds and aquatic mammals. Nuts, berries and edible roots could be found in the forests and marshes. The fall would have been a busy time because foodstuffs would have to be stored and clothing made ready for the winter. During the winter, coastal fishing groups moved inland to hunt and trap fresh food and furs.[27]", "West Virginia. \"Maize (corn) did not make a substantial contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP\", to quote Mills (OSU 2003)[full citation needed]. Eventually, tribal villages began depending on corn to feed their turkey flocks, as Kanawha Fort Ancients practiced bird husbandry. The local Indians made corn bread and a flat rye bread called \"bannock\" as they emerged from the protohistoric era. A horizon extending from a little before the early 18th century is sometimes called the acculturating Fireside Cabin culture. Trading posts were established by European traders along the Potomac and James rivers.", "Woodland period. In coastal regions, many settlements were near the coast, often near salt marshes, which were habitats rich in food resources. People tended to settle along rivers and lakes in both coastal and interior regions for maximum access to food resources.[9] Nuts were processed in large amounts, including hickory and acorns, and many wild berries, including palm berries, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries, were eaten, as well as wild grapes and persimmon. Most groups relied heavily on white-tailed deer, but a variety of other small and large mammals were hunted also, including beaver, raccoon, and bear. Shellfish formed an important part of the diet, attested to by numerous shell middens along the coast and interior rivers.", "Kwakwaka'wakw. A trade and barter subsistence economy formed the early stages of the Kwakwaka'wakw economy. Trade was carried out between internal Kwakwaka'wakw nations, as well as surrounding Aboriginal nations such as the Tsimshian, Tlingit, the Nuu-chah-nulth and Coast Salish peoples.", "Prehistoric technology. Cultures of the Formative Stage are supposed to possess the technologies of pottery, weaving, and developed food production. Social organization is supposed to involve permanent towns and villages, as well as the first ceremonial centers. Ideologically, an early priestly class or theocracy is often present or in development.[50]", "Indo-European migrations. The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the Poltavka culture, an offshoot of the cattle-herding Yamnaya horizon that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BCE. Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltavka settlements or close to Poltavka cemeteries, and Poltavka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery. Sintashta material culture also shows the influence of the late Abashevo culture, a collection of Corded Ware settlements in the forest steppe zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly pastoralist.[248] Allentoft et al. (2015) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture.[249]" ]

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[ "Tin Woodman. The Wizard turns out to be a \"humbug\" and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust. However, this is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell.[2]", "Tin Woodman. His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select.[1] The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. Towards the end of the novel, though, Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow's.", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). On her way, she meets the Scarecrow, who feels inadequate with a head full of only stuffing (\"If I Only Had a Brain\"). Dorothy invites him to travel with her, hoping the Wizard can help him (\"We’re Off to See the Wizard\"). They soon meet the Tin Man, who is unhappy with his empty tin chest (\"If I Only Had a Heart\") and invite him to join them. The Wicked Witch of the West threatens to light the Scarecrow on fire unless Dorothy gives her the ruby slippers; Dorothy refuses. In the dark forest, they encounter a very unhappy Lion, afraid of his own tail (\"If I Only Had the Nerve\"). He too joins the group on the road to the Emerald City.", "List of Oz characters. Tititi-Hoochoo, the Great Jinjin and Private Citizen, is a Peculiar Person, who rules an opposite land on the exact opposite side of the earth from Oz. Like the other people of that land, all his limbs are of a different color than the others, although he has no heart. The two places are connected by the Forbidden Tube, which was created by Hiergargo the Magician who wanted to save travel time between the two places and whose rash use of the tube destroyed him.", "Tin Woodman. Since youth, Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena, the daughter of another woodsman, he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her, regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena, who they see as a freak. Many years later, Stanum, now a man, is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain, and his body slowly begins to transform into tin. To prevent himself from completely becoming tin, Stanum seeks out help from Zelena (now the Wicked Witch of the West) at the Emerald City of Oz. Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart, which can save him. During their quest, Stanum tells Zelena that she doesn't have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice. Suddenly, a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum, and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away (at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it, cowardly). When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart, the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person's magic. Unfortunately Zelena's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum, whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself, leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently. Some time later, when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode \"Heart of Gold\", the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road, torn apart.", "List of Oz characters. Nimmie Amee was aware of the spell, which occurred gradually, and was not bothered by his condition and still wished to marry him, but he lost interest when he lost his heart (In Wizard, he lost his heart after his head; in Tin Woodman, he lost his head last and the Witch ran around with it in her arms). Soon a soldier named Captain Fyter also wooed the lady, and the Witch dealt him the same blow, and he sought help from the same tinsmith, Ku-Klip. Fyter's head and parts of Nick and his body were incorporated into Chopfyt, a new person, through the use of magic glue found in the Witch's house. Ku-Klip was unable to find one arm, so he fashioned one out of tin. In this way, Chopfyt reminded her of both the men she loved, and she married him, and Baum presented them as a happy couple at the end of the novel, although Princess Ozma forbade Ku-Klip from ever doing such a thing again.", "Scarecrow (Oz). His desire for a brain notably contrasts with the Tin Woodman's desire for a heart, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. Indeed, both believe they have neither. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select.[1]", "List of Oz characters. The Tin Woodman first appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, joining Dorothy's quest to see the Wizard in order to get a heart. He had originally been a human by the name of Nick Chopper, but gradually his human parts had been replaced with metal ones. After the Wicked Witch of the West is defeated, he becomes Emperor of the Winkies. He appears in many later Oz books, often alongside his friend the Scarecrow. In the eponymous Tin Woodman of Oz he searches for his lost love.", "List of Care Bear characters. An evil wizard who is pained by love and care, No Heart seeks to destroy all the feelings in the world. No Heart wears a magic amulet which gives him most of his power, including the power to shape-shift into various animals. No Heart lives in a dark castle in the storm clouds. Like many other fictional TV villains of the time, No Heart's obsession is world domination.", "Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz. The songs were recorded in a studio before filming. Several of the recordings were completed while Buddy Ebsen, who was supposed to have played the Tin Man, was still with the cast. So while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup, his singing voice remains on the soundtrack. It is Jack Haley, who eventually played the role, that is seen and heard singing \"If I Only Had A Heart\", but Ebsen's voice is still heard on the group vocals of \"We're Off To See The Wizard\". In those vocals, his voice is easy to detect. Ray Bolger (and also Jack Haley) were speakers with a distinct Boston accent and did not pronounce the r in wizard. Buddy Ebsen was a Midwesterner, like Judy Garland, and pronounced the r.", "Buddy Ebsen. In an interview included posthumously on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz, Ebsen recalled that the studio heads did not believe he was sick until someone tried to order him back to the set and was intercepted by an angry nurse. Ebsen was replaced by Jack Haley, with the makeup quickly changed to a safer aluminum paste. As noted in a documentary on the 2005 DVD, MGM did not publicize the reason for Ebsen's departure; even Haley was not told until later. Although Haley rerecorded most of Ebsen's vocals, Ebsen's Midwestern voice (as opposed to Haley's Bostonian accent), with the enunciated \"r\" in the word \"wizard\", can still be heard on the soundtrack during several reprises of the song \"We're Off to See the Wizard\". Ebsen's recording of the Tin Man's only solo song, \"If I Only Had a Heart\", still exists and is included on the two-CD Deluxe Edition of the film's soundtrack, while a still photo recreation of the sequence featuring shots of Ebsen as the Tin Man was included as an extra with all VHS and DVD releases of the film since 1989. Until his dying day, Ebsen complained of lung problems from involvement in \"that damned movie\".[10] Ebsen outlived all of the major cast members of The Wizard of Oz, living into the 21st century; only Munchkins (e.g. Jerry Maren, who has outlived Ebsen by 14 years) and extras are still alive.[11]", "List of Oz characters. Although two kalidahs are killed in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Baum had decided by The Magic of Oz that the inhabitants of Oz are immortal, so a kalidah, though pierced through the heart, survives.", "If I Only Had a Brain. \"If I Only Had a Brain\" (also \"If I Only Had a Heart\" and \"If I Only Had the Nerve\") is a song by Harold Arlen (music) and E.Y. Harburg (lyrics). The song is sung in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz by the characters that meet Dorothy. The characters pine about what each wants from the Wizard. It was also sung in Jeremy Sams and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 2011 musical adaptation with an additional reprise called \"If We Only Had a Plan\" when the characters discuss on how to rescue Dorothy in Act II.", "Tin Woodman. Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper (the name first appearing in The Marvelous Land of Oz), the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz, as his father had before him. The Wicked Witch of the East enchanted his axe to prevent him from marrying his sweetheart, after being bribed by the lazy old woman who kept the Munchkin maiden as a servant, and did not wish to lose her. (In a later book of the series, The Tin Woodman of Oz, the woman is said to be the Witch's servant, and it is the Witch herself who decides to enchant Nick's axe.) The enchanted axe chopped off his limbs, one by one. Each time he lost a limb, Ku-Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin. Finally, nothing was left of him but tin. However, Ku-Klip neglected to replace his heart. Once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin, he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for.", "List of Oz characters. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Tin Woodman tells Dorothy Gale and the Scarecrow that the lady was a servant for an old woman who did not wish her to marry, and so sought the aid of the Wicked Witch of the East to place a spell on him that caused him to cut himself up with his axe while carrying on his livelihood. In The Tin Woodman of Oz, this was retconned, and in Nick's new telling, she was directly enslaved by the Witch herself.", "Tin Woodman. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again, Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals the Wizard. He sadly explains he is a humbug—an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz long ago from Omaha. The Wizard provides the Scarecrow with a head full of bran, pins, and needles (\"a lot of bran-new brains\"), the Tin Woodman with a silk heart stuffed with sawdust, and the Cowardly Lion a potion of \"courage\". Their faith in the Wizard's power gives these items a focus for their desires. The Wizard decides to take Dorothy and Toto home and leave the Emerald City. At the send-off, he appoints the Scarecrow to rule in his stead, which he agrees to do after Dorothy returns to Kansas. Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him, but the tethers of the balloon break and the Wizard floats away.", "Zelena (Once Upon a Time). One day, a thief known as Robin of Locksley travels to Oz to acquire a potion called the Elixir of the Wounded Heart. He meets a young man named Will Scarlet, who helps him break into the Wicked Witch's palace. Zelena catches Robin, who narrowly escapes with some of the elixir. However, rather than taking it with him, Robin chooses to give the elixir to Will Scarlet. (\"Heart of Gold\")", "Jack Skellington. \"Created\" from Sora's memories of Halloween Town, when Jack Skellington wanted to ask Doctor Finkelstein what happened when he sniffs the potion that can bring \"true memories\", Heartless appeared. When Jack Skellington had found out that Oogie Boogie had stolen the Doc's potion, he must stop him before Oogie drinks the whole potion. They fail to reach him before he does, but they defeat him, as Oogie becomes overwhelmed with fear as a side effect of the potion. Sora becomes worried about what will happen when he discovers his true memories, but Jack reassures him that fear is a sign of a strong heart.", "List of Oz characters. Nimmie Amee is the Munchkin maiden whom the Tin Woodman once loved in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[23] She was not named until The Tin Woodman of Oz, as Nick Chopper never went to find her after the Wizard gave him a \"kind\" but not a \"loving\" heart, until that novel's protagonist, Woot the Wanderer, encouraged him to do so.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). On her way, Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow, who wants a brain, and invites him to join her on her journey. Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man who desires a heart. After inviting him to come along, the Witch appears and makes threats to them. Deep in the woods, they meet a Cowardly Lion who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well. After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field, they finally reach the Emerald City. Inside, after being initially rejected, they are permitted to see the Wizard, who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire. He agrees to grant their wishes if they will bring him the Witch of the West's broomstick, implying they must kill her to get it.", "Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz. The orchestra on the album was conducted by Victor Young. In the \"Munchkinland\" medley, the Ken Darby Singers provided the voices of the Munchkins, but they were not altered to sound \"chipmunk\"-like, as in the film. The role of Glinda was sung by an unnamed soprano with an operatic voice, and in the song \"If I Only Had A Heart\", the role of the Tin Man was sung by a tenor whose voice bordered on falsetto. The two songs Garland sang on the album, \"Over the Rainbow\" and \"The Jitterbug\", had already been released as a 78-rpm single in 1939 only a month after the film's premiere,[5]on a single that had nothing to do with the Brunswick Records recording released by MGM, and were incorporated into the 1940 album.", "Scarecrow (Oz). The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow. In his first appearance, the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one. In reality, he is only two days old and merely ignorant. Throughout the course of the novel, he demonstrates that he already has the brains he seeks and is later recognized as \"the wisest man in all of Oz,\" although he continues to credit the Wizard for them. He is, however, wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz, passed to him by the Wizard, to Princess Ozma, to become one of her trusted advisors, though he typically spends more time playing games than advising.", "The Tales of Beedle the Bard. He meets that girl the next day. Though the girl is both \"fascinated and repelled\", the warlock persuades her to come to a dinner feast at his castle. During the feast, she tells him that she needs to know he has a heart. The warlock shows her his beating hairy heart inside a crystal casket in his dungeon. The witch begs him to put it back inside himself. After the warlock does so, she embraces him. However, being disconnected from its body for so long, his heart has developed savage tastes as it has degenerated into an animalistic state. And so he is driven to take by force a truly human heart. He tears out the witch's heart to replace his own, but finding that he cannot magic the hairy heart back out of his chest, he cuts it out with a dagger. Thus he and the maiden both die, with him holding both hearts in his hands.", "Zelena (Once Upon a Time). With the Wizard under her control and Glinda trapped in the Enchanted Forest, Zelena takes dominion over the Emerald City and its guards. Zelena had one of her flying monkeys bring Scarecrow to her so that she can take his brain for her first attempt at a time-traveling spell. When Dorothy returns, she and Toto free Scarecrow and escape from Zelena. With help from Hades, Zelena finds where they are hiding. Zelena then uses her magic to magically freeze Dorothy and then rips out Scarecrow's brain, leaving him without a brain. Before she can show Hades, Zelena noticed that Hades was not there. (\"Heart of Gold\")", "Dorothy Gale. Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family doesn't believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.", "We're Off to See the Wizard. Although Jack Haley replaced Ebsen on-screen and in the Tin Man's solo recording of \"If I Only Had a Heart\", it was deemed unnecessary for the group vocal to be re-recorded, so the voice in the film as released remains Ebsen's. His voice can be detected by listening for the male voice enunciating the \"R\" in words like \"Wizard\", as Ebsen's regional accent emphasized the \"R\" much more strongly than Haley's did.", "If I Only Had a Brain. The Tin Man's version of the song, about getting a heart, is sung after he says \"No heart. All hollow.\" In the song, a girl's voice (that of Adriana Caselotti, best known for playing the title role in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) comes in singing, \"Wherefore art thou Romeo?\"", "List of items in Once Upon a Time. The Crimson Heart is an artifact from the Land of Oz that can drain someone of their magic.", "Tin Woodman. The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate. In his eponymous novel, he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline's enchantment of the country, which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard. (It should be noted, however, that although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease, they may die of accidents or be killed by others.)", "The Wizard of Oz (1925 film). The Scarecrow is heartbroken to discover that Dorothy has fallen for Prince Kynd. He then flees up a tower from the Tin Man, who tries to blast him with a cannon. Snowball flies a biplane overhead, and the Scarecrow manages to grab a rope ladder dangling underneath it. However, the ladder breaks, and he falls. The scene shifts abruptly back to the little girl, who had fallen asleep. She wakes up and leaves. The grandfather reads from the book that Dorothy marries Prince Kynd and they live happily ever after.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. The next day, Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted connections of the Tin Woodman, and meets the Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages the three of them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. After several adventures, the travelers enter the gates of the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard. The Wizard appears to Dorothy as a giant head on a marble throne, to the Scarecrow as a lovely lady in silk gauze, to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, and to the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire. The Wizard agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch." ]

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[ "Sam and Diane. Throughout the second season of Cheers, Sam and Diane consummate their relationship, which becomes dysfunctional. Sam and Diane love each other but maintain their antagonistic relationship style toward each other. Their pride and jealousy are often the cause of conflict, and their characteristic bickering continues, though often their love for each other overcomes any problems, such as their on-off relationship.[15][16] Major conflicts arise toward the end of the second season. Robert David Sullivan wrote in December 2012 that trying to change each other and hurting each other took its toll on their relationship.[17] In \"Fortune and Men's Weight\" (1984), Diane admits to Sam that she spent a platonic evening with a fellow student who shares her common interests, and feels guilty for not telling Sam. In \"Snow Job\" (1984), Sam plans to have a weekend of debauchery with his friends on a ski trip, and he hides it from Diane. Carla tells Diane about Sam's trip and Diane takes advantage of Sam's lies to teach him a lesson.", "Sam and Diane. In the series finale, \"One for the Road,\" after six years of separation, Sam watches Diane win an award for writing a cable television movie and sends her a congratulatory telegram. Diane accepts Sam's invitation on the telephone. The following day, Sam and Diane reunite at last. Diane confesses to Sam that six months of leaving Boston in 1987, her novel was not published but became a television movie, and she did not want to return to Cheers as a failure. They both admit that despite their good times, they are never meant to be together because they are total opposites. As Diane prepares to leave Boston again, Sam stops her and begs her to have sex with him for old times' sake. The next day, they are engaged again and then plan to move to Los Angeles together. However, as the airplane is leaving Boston, they have doubts about their relationship with help of rhetorical questions from announcers. Their flight is delayed, so Sam and Diane end their relationship once more, parting as friends as they have made their peace after their many years apart. Sam returns to Boston and Diane returns to Los Angeles.", "Sam and Diane. Sam Malone and Diane Chambers, collectively known as Sam and Diane, are fictional characters in the American situation comedy television series Cheers. Sam Malone is a working-class, retired baseball player-turned-bartender played by Ted Danson; Diane Chambers is a college-graduate cocktail waitress played by Shelley Long. Danson appeared on Cheers for its entire run of the series; Long was part of the regular cast from the 1982 series premiere (\"Give Me a Ring Sometime\") until the fifth-season finale, \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987). Long returned for a special appearance in the 1993 series finale, \"One for the Road.\"", "Sam and Diane. In the season premiere, \"Birth, Death, Love, and Rice\" (1985), Sam arrives too late to stop Diane and Frasier's wedding. Several months later, Sam discovers that Diane had abandoned Frasier at the altar and feeling guilty for her promiscuity, joins a convent. Sam rescues her and gives her back her job at Cheers. Throughout the season, Sam and Diane try to simply be friends again, fighting their attraction to each other.", "Sam and Diane. In the series premiere, \"Give Me a Ring Sometime\" (1982), Diane Chambers, a college student, enters Cheers and meets Sam Malone, a recovering alcoholic and a womanizer. While she waits for her fiancé Sumner Sloan (Michael McGuire), Diane realizes that Sumner has left her, and that she is jobless and penniless with nothing else in her life. Sam offers Diane a job as a cocktail waitress, and she accepts. In the next episode, \"Sam's Women\" (1982), Diane snootily teases Sam for preferring just beautiful women with below average intelligence. In response, Sam involves his ex-wife, Debra (Donna McKechnie), in a pretend relationship to prove Diane wrong. (In some syndicated prints, Sam's past marriage is omitted.) When Sam and Debra are leaving \"for\" an opera, Diane retrieves the opera pamphlet from Debra only to find it two years old, foiling Sam's scheme. Sam blames Diane for making his romantic life less fun anymore, and Diane assures that he would never win an intelligent woman. They argue but then make up. When Sam explains a color of the sky at a ski resort and compares it to Diane's eyes in vivid detail, apparently distracted Diane is nearly touched but then averts herself and treats it as repulsive to an intelligent woman. Throughout the season, Sam and Diane are attracted to each other and trade each other flirts and innuendos, but they never consummate their relationship. In the two-part season finale, \"Showdown\" (1983), Diane briefly dates Sam's successful, handsome, well-educated brother Derek, making Sam jealous. No longer able to suppress their feelings, Sam and Diane kiss passionately in the bar's office.", "Sam and Diane. The creators had intended Cheers to be a comedy about \"family\" of characters in a Boston bar, but quickly realized that the \"Sam and Diane\" romance was popular and decided that every episode would depict it. Burrows told the others several weeks after filming began, \"Sam & Diane – that's your show.\" The \"Sam and Diane\" romance dominated the show for five years. As Burrows hypothesized, the couple would have diminished the importance and relevance of the bar setting if Long had not left the show in 1987.[7][8][9][10] While the writers were developing the sexual tension between the two characters in the first season, the Charles brothers recognized that the relationship had to mature, so they paired them up in the first-season finale.[10] With the exceptions of Long's last regular episode \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987) and the series finale \"One for the Road\", every season finale that primarily focuses on Sam and Diane ends with a cliffhanger.[11] With Long leaving Cheers, producers planned to revamp the show without losing its initial premise, and credited Long's departure for saving the series from cancellation.[6] As Les Charles observed, Sam was a \"straight man\" to Diane; after Long's departure, he became more \"carefree\" and a \"goof-off\" in later seasons.[12]", "Sam and Diane. In May 1984, Mike Boone of the Montreal Gazette wrote that when Sam and Diane's relationship was consummated, their sexual tension evaporated; their relationship dominated the series, alienating viewers and critics and \"diminish[ing] the appeal of Cheers\".[13][25][26] Although the show won the Emmy Award in 1984 for Outstanding Comedy Series,[27] because the show was seen as dominated by Sam and Diane during its second season (1983–1984), Fred Rothenberg of the Associated Press wrote in September 1984 that Cheers did not deserve an award.[28] According to Ron Weiskind of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the series suffered after Sam and Diane became lovers.[29] Weiskind wrote in 1987 that the relationship \"ran out of steam long ago\", and was relieved when Long's departure ended it.[30]", "Sam and Diane. Some Sacramento bar patrons were dissatisfied with the series' finale, and thought that Sam and Diane should have been together at the end.[40] Bret Watson of Entertainment Weekly wrote in 1994 that Sam's flirtation with Diane in Cheers might be considered sexual harassment by contemporary standards.[41]", "One for the Road (Cheers). The television series Cheers follows the fortunes and inter-relationships of a group of Bostonians who meet regularly at \"Cheers\", their local bar. Sam Malone (Ted Danson), a ladies' man, former baseball player, and bartender, and Diane Chambers (Shelley Long), a college graduate student, and cocktail waitress, had on-and-off relationships throughout first five seasons of the program (1982–1987) until Diane left Boston to pursue a writing career in the season five finale, \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987). This was Shelley Long's last contracted appearance as Diane Chambers. Six years after the season five finale, the Sam and Diane storyline is resurrected with a special guest appearance by Shelley Long and then concluded during the third part of this final episode.", "Sam and Diane. In October 1984 television critic Rick Sherwood wrote that although the sexual tension between Sam and Diane provided a focus for Cheers' other characters, their later romance and \"the removal of the love-hate subplot [caused] much of the edge of the series [to be] lost\".[31] In October 1985, Sherwood's interest in the show lessened because of the romance; Diane's affair with Frasier Crane \"made things worse\".[32] According to Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times in 1986, Glenn Caron (executive producer of Moonlighting) said: \" ... I think it's masochistic to take two people who seem destined for each other and ask an audience not to see them get together\".[33] In 1989, Michael Hill of The Baltimore Evening Sun found the similarity between the Cheers characters and real-life news anchors Sam Donaldson and Diane Sawyer of Primetime Live \"remarkable\".[34]", "Sam and Diane. In the season finale \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987), Diane's ex-fiancé, Sumner Sloan, who dumped her in the series pilot, returns to Cheers and tells Diane that he sent one of her unfinished manuscripts to his colleague, who praised it and gave it to the publishers. Although Diane is excited, Sumner warns her that simultaneously being married and having a career is impossible, and that choosing marriage over career would put her talents to waste. Later, Sam and Diane want to be married immediately at the bar. At the wedding, Diane receives a telephone call informing her that the publisher wants her work, but she must finish it immediately. Although she wants to be married to Sam, he convinces Diane to finish the book and delay the wedding, so that she has no regrets about giving up her dream of being a great writer. In their last scene together, Diane tells Sam that she will return to him for six months, but Sam doubts it. She leaves Boston behind to pursue her writing career.", "Sam and Diane. In the two-part season premiere, \"Rebound\" (1984), within months after her breakup with Sam, Diane meets psychiatrist Frasier Crane in a psychiatric hospital and begins to date him. Meanwhile, spurred by the collapse of his romance with Diane, Sam relapses into alcoholism. When she leaves the hospital, Coach (Nicholas Colasanto) tells Diane about Sam's relapse. Diane and Frasier help Sam to regain his sobriety. When Diane refuses to work as a waitress again, Coach convinces Diane that Sam will relapse again, tells Sam that Diane will lose her mind if she leaves Cheers again, and convinces Frasier that Sam and Diane will long for each other if she does not return to work there. Diane returns to Cheers as a waitress.", "Sam and Diane. In April 1993 there was media debate about whether Sam should be with Diane or her replacement, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). According to an April 1–4, 1993 telephone survey of 1,011 people by the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press (now the Pew Research Center), Sam Malone was the favorite character of 26 percent of respondents and Diane Chambers the favorite of four percent. Asked whom Sam should marry, 21 percent favored Diane, 19 percent favored Rebecca, 48 percent favored neither and 12 percent had no opinion.[36][37] According to a May 1993 People magazine article, newspaper columnist Mike Royko chose Diane to be with Sam, novelist Jackie Collins picked Rebecca, Zsa Zsa Gabor chose both for Sam, tennis player Martina Navratilova thought Sam too good for either of them, and novelist and archaeologist Clive Cussler saw Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) as \"Sam's best bet.\"[38] That month, George Wendt (who played Norm Peterson) told the Los Angeles Times that \"the first two or three years\" of the Sam-and-Diane story arc were his favorite Cheers seasons.[39]", "Sam and Diane. On January 28, 2011 a critic wrote on CraveOnline, \"The ill-fated love affair of a prissy barmaid and a retired, egomaniacal relief pitcher made an art out of teasing a love story ... \", ranking Cheers one of the \"Best TV Romance Shows\".[51] In the March 2, 2011 issue of the Chicago Sun Times, Walter Podrazik wrote that both characters were the focus of Cheers. However, since Shelley Long departed from the series in 1987, Podrazik observed that the series changed its focus into an ensemble.[52] On March 11, 2011, Beth Brindle of HowStuffWorks called their relationship \"completely unrealistic\".[53] In that same year, Ben Shapiro wrote that Sam has influenced Diane to loosen \"uptight sexuality\" and become \"the sexualized feminist, the liberated woman.\"[54]", "One for the Road (Cheers). The reviews in later years were mostly positive. In 1998, A. J. Jacobs of Entertainment Weekly graded this finale a B+, calling it \"a satisfying nightcap\" and \"sharply written by the [Charles brothers]\", with its final moments \"classy as a flute of chilled Cristal.\"[30] In 2006, Ron Geraci, author of the book The Bachelor Chronicles: A Dating Memoir, called it \"raw and moving\" and \"significant.\"[31] In 2007, Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly called it one of his \"Five Best (pre-Sopranos) Series Finales.\"[32] In 2007, Douglas Durden of The Richmond Times-Dispatch named it his fifth most favorite television finale of all-time.[33] In 2009, the A.V. Club ranked it No. 3 in \"10 American TV Series with Satisfying Endings\" in the book Inventory.[34] In 2010, Sharon Knolle of The Huffington Post was relieved to see the final onscreen romance between Sam and Diane end rather than conclude with their marriage.[35] In the same year, Oliver Miller of The Huffington Post was heartbroken by Sam and Diane's on-screen \"absurd protracted double-gut-punch break-up\" in the episode.[36] Claire Suddath from Time magazine called it one of top ten \"anticipated\" finales ever.[5] In 2011, the finale was ranked fifth on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales.[37] In 2014, IGN ranked it number six of the top ten Cheers episodes.[38]", "One for the Road (Cheers). The episode begins with Frasier writing a political speech for Woody, who has trouble doing it himself. Rebecca rejects plumber Don Santry's (Tom Berenger)[note a] proposal accidentally because she is too excited to accept it, causing him to break up with her. Sam struggles with his sex addiction and wants to avoid watching Kim Alexis on television. Diane Chambers, making her first appearance on the series after six years, appears on television, accepting an award for outstanding writing of a television movie, surprising Sam. Diane calls Sam at the bar to thank him for the congratulatory telegram he sent earlier. Diane accepts Sam's invitation to return to Boston, but Sam reveals to Norm that he doubts her confirmation.", "Sam and Diane. During the first five seasons Sam and Diane both flirt with and condemn each other as social opposites, repeatedly consummating their relationship and breaking up. When they are not together, Sam has affairs with many women; Diane has relationships with men fitting her upper-class aspirations, such as Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer), long-running character who initially debuts in the third season as Diane's love interest in the romantic pair's dynamic. Each of the first four-season finales ends with a cliffhanger involving the story arc. In \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987) Sam and Diane are due to marry, but they cancel the wedding when Diane leaves Sam and the bar to begin a career as a writer. In the series finale Sam and Diane are reunited, become engaged and break up again, realizing that they are never meant to be together.", "Sam and Diane. Later in \"Cheerio, Cheers\" (1985), Sam is told of Diane's plans to leave Boston with Frasier for London. At night in the bar, Sam and Diane try to have sex after their passionate embrace, but realize that they are not sure what else to do in their future together. Before she leaves, Sam advises her to call him if she wants to revive their relationship again. Diane arrives in London with Frasier and then calls Sam at the bar to tell him. Despite her obvious misgivings about her relationship with Frasier, and Sam's pain at her choice, Diane stays in Europe with Frasier. She contacts Sam in two episodes before the season finale \"Rescue Me\" (1985), in which Frasier proposes to Diane in Italy; she accepts and tells Sam about it by telephone. Suddenly, Sam daydreams of stopping the wedding. Back in reality, Carla assures Sam that he is still a womanizer, regardless of his feelings about Diane. With the help of Cliff Clavin's (John Ratzenberger) travel reservation, Sam goes to Italy to stop Diane from marrying Frasier. Diane tries to call Sam but hears part of his answering machine message, and then hangs up. Frasier and Diane are set to be married immediately.", "Sam and Diane. Critics on The A.V. Club have reviewed the relationship, with Noel Murray calling them one of \"[Ten] TV Romances for the Ages\" in February 2006.[65] In September 2009, critics considered Sam and Diane's relationship fun to watch; it did not spoil Cheers, since the show's genius lay in the writers' freedom to risk alienating the audience.[66] In April 2012, they noted Sam's \"insecurities\" about his intelligence and Diane's enthusiasm about \"pretentious creative types.\"[67]", "Diane Chambers. According to a telephone survey of 1,011 people conducted by the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press (now Pew Research Center) on April 1–4, 1993, Sam Malone was the favorite Cheers character of 26%, Diane Chambers was favored by 4%, Rebecca Howe was favored by 6%, and Frasier Crane was favored by 1%. The survey also asked whom Sam should marry; 21% voted Diane Chambers, 19% voted Rebecca Howe, 48% voted Sam to stay single, and 12% had no opinion on this matter.[35][36]", "Sam and Diane. In the season premiere \"The Proposal\" (1986), the unseen character is revealed to be Diane Chambers. Although she is thrilled, Diane tells Sam that a proposal by telephone is not how she envisioned getting engaged. Sam agrees and invites her for a night of romance on a yacht, where he proposes again. Diane rejects him, thinking that Sam is proposing on the rebound from Janet.[22] Diane wants to marry Sam, but Sam is furious with her for turning him down. Regardless, Diane returns to work at the bar and waits for Sam to propose again. Meanwhile, they continue dating other people. In \"Chambers vs. Malone\" (1987), after Sam proposes again and Diane rejects him, Sam chases Diane up the street, causing her to fall and injure herself. Diane charges Sam with assault, leading to a trial. In the courtroom, at the judge's behest, Sam proposes to Diane again, and she finally accepts. In \"A House Is Not a Home\", Sam and Diane buy a house together.", "Sam Malone. In the following episode \"Home Is the Sailor\" (episode 122, 1987), Sam sells Cheers to the Lillian Corporation six months before the episode and later returns to the bar to work under employment of the \"voluptuously beautiful\"[6] new manager, Rebecca Howe. Within the period, Sam constantly flirts with and attempts to seduce Rebecca, but she rejects all of his advances.[6] In \"Cry Harder\" (episode 194, 1990), Sam is able to buy back the bar from the Lillian Corporation after Sam has saved the corporation from financial victimization by Robin Colcord (Roger Rees), Rebecca's lover. At the last minute, Sam and Rebecca embrace and kiss. However, in the following episode \"Love Is a Really, Really, Perfectly Okay Thing\" (episode 195, 1990), Sam devastatingly tells Rebecca that he has no feelings for her. In the tenth season (1991–92), they try to conceive a child, but by then they have decided to stay friends. In \"The Guy Can't Help It\" (1993), Sam plays with the idea of marrying Rebecca (as a safety net \"in case no one better comes along\"), but several bar patrons and even Carla tell Sam his womanizing is getting him nowhere, prompting him to join Dr. Robert Sutton's (Gilbert Lewis) group meetings for sex addicts, a referral made by Frasier. In the series finale, \"One for the Road\" (1993), Sam reunites with Diane after six years of separation. They try to rekindle their relationship, but just before they fly off together to California, Sam and Diane begin to have doubts about their future together, and they re-separate. Sam returns to the bar, where his friends celebrate his return. Then, when Norm and Sam remain while everyone else leaves, Norm reassures Sam that Sam would return and never leave his one \"true love\"—which the TV Guide implies is the Cheers bar.[7][8]", "One for the Road (Cheers). The following day, Cliff wants to be promoted by the head of the postal department, Marty Feldman, who often hires his own relatives rather than hard-working employees by merit, like Cliff. Frasier fails to correct Woody's grammar. Norm begs Woody to hire him as a city accountant. Rebecca arrives an emotional mess in the same dress she wore the previous day. Then Diane arrives with her \"husband\" Reed (Mark Harelik), surprising Sam. Sam uses Rebecca, who is grieving her love loss, as his pretend wife. At Melville's restaurant, when Don enters and re-proposes, Rebecca finally accepts in front of the others, ruining Sam's charade. After Rebecca and Don leave, Reed's partner Kevin (Anthony Heald) arrives to confront him for \"cheating\" with Diane, who clearly was not married. Now alone at the table, after Kevin and Don leave, Sam and Diane both come to terms with the fact they have no family of their own. Diane admits to Sam that she broke her promise to return to him after six months in the episode \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987). In fact, her manuscript was rejected by publishers but then became a television movie prompting her to stay in Los Angeles for six years looking for greater success. When Diane bids Sam farewell and is about to leave, he stops her and convinces her they should rekindle their relationship for old times' sake.", "Sam and Diane. The creators of Cheers, Glen and Les Charles and James Burrows, originally planned Sam and Diane to be an ex-athlete and an executive businesswoman involved in a \"mixture of romance and antagonism\" from movies starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn for Sam and Diane, but they decided to scrap it.[6] The concept evolved into a \"pretentious, college-student relationship with Sam,\" an ex-baseball player. After Shelley Long's departure from the show and replacement with Kirstie Alley as Rebecca Howe, the original concept was revisited.[7][8] Heide Perlman said, \"It wasn't quite Tracy-Hepburn, because she was a tight-ass, and he was a hound.\"[9]", "One for the Road (Cheers). In this episode, Shelley Long reprised the role of Diane Chambers, a character who is reunited with her former on-off love interest Sam Malone after six years of separation. Rebecca Howe continues her relationship with plumber Don Santry. Frasier Crane helps Woody Boyd write Woody's political speech. A semi-unemployed Norm Peterson wants a job. Cliff Clavin wants to be promoted by the Post Office.", "Sam and Diane. Shelley Long said in January 1983, \"the core of the show is Sam and Diane ... the relationship has a wonderful chemistry, although they try to resist each other\". She said that the producers felt that they did not want the relationship to proceed too quickly.[14] The creators stated that Long and Danson \"were easier to write for and had more potential than [other tested auditioning pairs].\"[3]", "Sam Malone. Samuel \"Sam\" \"Mayday\" Malone[1] is a fictional character on the American television show Cheers, portrayed by Ted Danson and created by Glen and Les Charles. The central character of the series, Sam, a former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox baseball team, is the owner and bartender of the bar called \"Cheers\". He is also a recovering alcoholic and a notorious womanizer. Although his celebrity status was short-lived, Sam retains that standing within the confines of Cheers, where he is beloved by the regular patrons. Along with Carla Tortelli and Norm Peterson, he is one of only three characters to appear in all episodes of Cheers.[citation needed] Sam has an on-again, off-again relationship with the bar waitress Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) for the series' first five seasons until her departure from the series. Then he tries to seduce Diane's replacement, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley), who frequently rejects his advances. Sam also appears in \"The Show Where Sam Shows Up\", a crossover episode of the spin-off Frasier.", "Sam Malone. Throughout the series, Sam has had casual female partners, usually one-dimensional or sexually very available, and sometimes takes them along in his red Chevrolet Corvette. However, in \"Sam Turns the Other Cheek\" (episode 49, 1984), Sam reveals that he avoids \"married, underage, and comatose\" women—so he does have some ethical standards. In \"Teacher's Pet\" (season 3, 1985), Sam earns his high school diploma despite an overall bad grade from the high school geography teacher, with whom he had a brief affair while he was her student. The episode \"Sam's Women\" (episode 2, 1982) reveals that Sam was married to his somewhat more sophisticated ex-wife, Debra (Donna McKechnie). (In some syndicated prints, Sam's past marriage is omitted.) Also, he has the key on-and-off relationship with \"a bright, attractive graduate student\", Diane Chambers (Shelley Long).[4][5] One time after Sam and Diane ended their on-and-off relationship, in \"Rebound, Part One\" (episode 45, 1984), Sam relapses into alcoholism and excessively womanizes. Diane finds that out from Coach, and involves her love interest Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer) in helping Sam slowly regain his sobriety in the following episode, \"Rebound, Part Two\". In the three-part episode \"Strange Bedfellows\" (episodes 93–95, 1986), Sam dates an intelligent, attractive politician Janet Eldridge (Kate Mulgrew), who eventually ends the relationship because of Sam's visible feelings for Diane. Throughout the fifth season (1986–87), Sam cyclically proposes to Diane, but she rejects every proposal until, in \"Chambers vs. Malone\" (episode 108, 1987), Diane finally accepts his latest proposal. In \"I Do, Adieu\" (episode 121, 1987), Sam and Diane try to marry but call off the wedding to let her start a supposedly promising writing career.", "Diane Chambers. In February 1987, the creators decided to find a female lead replacement who did not resemble Shelley Long.[22] During production of \"I Do, Adieu,\" the producers developed ideas to separate Sam and Diane. Many ideas of writing out Diane were attempted, but they decided she would leave Boston for a writing career.[25] James Burrows said they intended Cheers to be a comedy about comedy set in the bar, but the \"Sam and Diane\" romance predominated the show for five years and would have made the bar a minor role and less relevant if Long had not left the show in 1987.[15][16] When Long decided to leave Cheers, producers made plans to revise the show without losing its initial premise; they credited Long's departure for saving the series from cancellation.[14] Long said:", "Diane Chambers. In 1987, Monica Collins from USA Today called Diane a \"snitty, selfish snob\" and was relieved that the character left the series. According to Collins, she has not made friends with other Cheers characters onscreen. More often, she has not befriended women, and she has \"[teased] men more than [pleased] them\".[37] In 2002, Bill Simmons of ESPN praised Diane's early years but said she became \"overbearing\".[38] In 2009, Andrea Zimmerman from the website Lemondrop ranked Diane number 5 in his list of \"20 Least Feminist TV Characters\" for chasing after Sam to prevent her own insanity.[39] In 2012, Steve Silverman from the website Screen Junkies website wrote that Diane was \"too needy and insecure for anyone [like Sam] to have a legitimate relationship with\".[40]", "One for the Road (Cheers). The next day Woody gives Norm a job with the city. Rebecca marries Don but secretly regrets it, feeling he is too good for her. Cliff is promoted to postal assistant supervisor after giving Marty gifts. Sam and Diane walk in and announce their engagement. His friends disapprove. Having enough of their disapproval, and going years without a family, Sam leaves the bar with Diane. On the plane, they begin to reconsider their decision to be together again. As the flight is delayed, they return to the airport terminal and amicably agree to part ways. Diane goes to Los Angeles, and Sam returns to Cheers to see his friends again. While Sam and his gang celebrate the reunion, Rebecca announces happily that Don has a job with the sewer department and leaves excitedly with the tickets for their honeymoon trip. After the rest of the gang head home, Norm stays behind and tells Sam that he knew he would return to Boston for his \"one true love\", saying: \"You'll always come back to her.\"[note b] After Norm leaves, someone (Bob Broder[note c]) knocks on the door. Sam replies, \"Sorry, we're closed,\" then walks over and straightens a picture of Geronimo in honor to Coach Ernie Pantusso[note d] hanging on the back wall, and then exits into the corridor toward the pool room. (In the original broadcast, after the closing credits, the text reads \"Thanks for having us over on all those Thursday nights.\" with the show's logo appearing.)", "Diane Chambers. Diane also has on-and-off relationships with womanizing bartender Sam Malone, who is her non-intellectual opposite.[3][5] When Sam and Diane end one of their relationships at the end of the second season,[6] she goes to a psychiatric hospital in the following season and meets its psychiatrist Frasier Crane, initially Sam's rival[7][8] who eventually becomes a regular character and then has his own spin-off.[8] At the end of the season, Diane leaves Boston to marry Frasier in Europe. However, at the start of the fourth season, she jilts Frasier at the wedding altar. In the fifth season, after Sam ended his relationship with politician Janet Eldridge (Kate Mulgrew), Sam proposes to Diane, who repeatedly rejects his proposals until she accepts one of his latest proposals in the episode \"Chambers vs. Malone\" (1987). In the season finale, \"I Do, Adieu\" (1987), when Diane is offered the chance to fulfill her dream of becoming a writer, Sam and Diane halt their wedding. Therefore, she leaves Boston, promising him that she will return to him in six months. However, in the series finale, \"One for the Road\" (1993), after six years of separation, Diane returns to him as the award-winning cable television writer. Both try to rekindle their romance for old times' sake and plan to leave Boston together for Los Angeles. However, they begin to reconsider their relationship and then amicably break it off. Therefore, Diane returns to Los Angeles without Sam." ]

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[ "Nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous,[1] is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N\n2O. At room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a slightly metallic scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.", "Nitrogen. Nitrous oxide (N2O), better known as laughing gas, is made by thermal decomposition of molten ammonium nitrate at 250 °C. This is a redox reaction and thus nitric oxide and nitrogen are also produced as byproducts. It is mostly used as a propellant and aerating agent for sprayed canned whipped cream, and was formerly commonly used as an anaesthetic. Despite appearances, it cannot be considered to be the anhydride of hyponitrous acid (H2N2O2) because that acid is not produced by the dissolution of nitrous oxide in water. It is rather unreactive (not reacting with the halogens, the alkali metals, or ozone at room temperature, although reactivity increases upon heating) and has the unsymmetrical structure N–N–O (N≡N+O−↔−N=N+=O): above 600 °C it dissociates by breaking the weaker N–O bond.[54]", "Oxide. Nitrous oxide (\"laughing gas\") is a potent greenhouse gas produced by soil bacteria.", "Nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is a colourless, non-toxic gas with a faint, sweet odour.", "Nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects. Its name \"laughing gas\" is due to the euphoric effects upon inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[2] It also is used as an oxidizer in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines.", "I Love to Laugh. The scene is based on the chapter \"Laughing Gas\" in the book Mary Poppins by P.L. Travers. In the book, Mary's Uncle Albert, also called Mr. Wigg, is said to float because of an excess of \"laughing gas\", although it is clear that the term is not used in the chemical sense. So-called \"laughing gas\" (nitrous oxide) was one of the earliest effective anaesthetics developed in the Nineteenth century. it was popularised by dentists, for pain-free tooth extractions, as well as by showground novelty booths. Customers at the booth would be gassed and, as they were recovering from the drugged sleep they often felt euphoric and giggly. Hence the name. A famous 1931 British comedy sketch starring Cicely Courtneidge, called \"Laughing Gas\", was based on this idea. A group of people meet, very seriously, to hear the reading of a will. However a large bottle of laughing gas has been placed just off-stage, and begins to leak. As the will is read, the listeners become increasingly hysterical, despite the obvious seriousness of the death-related situation, with obvious comic effects.", "Nitric oxide. Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide[3] or nitrogen monoxide), a chemical compound, is a colorless gas under standard conditions, and is one of several oxides of nitrogen. Nitric oxide is a free radical, i.e., its bonding structure includes an unpaired electron,[4] denoted by a dot in its chemical formula, ·NO. Nitric oxide is also a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, a historic class that drew researches which spawned early modern theories of chemical bonding.", "Oxygen. At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas with the molecular formula O\n2, referred to as dioxygen.[25]", "History of chemistry. Davy also experimented with gases by inhaling them. This experimental procedure nearly proved fatal on several occasions, but led to the discovery of the unusual effects of nitrous oxide, which came to be known as laughing gas. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it \"dephlogisticated marine acid\" (see phlogiston theory) and mistakenly thought it contained oxygen. Scheele observed several properties of chlorine gas, such as its bleaching effect on litmus, its deadly effect on insects, its yellow-green colour, and the similarity of its smell to that of aqua regia. However, Scheele was unable to publish his findings at the time. In 1810, chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy (derived from the Greek word for green), who insisted that chlorine was in fact an element.[66] He also showed that oxygen could not be obtained from the substance known as oxymuriatic acid (HCl solution). This discovery overturned Lavoisier's definition of acids as compounds of oxygen. Davy was a popular lecturer and able experimenter.", "Nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO\n2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. NO\n2 is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year. At higher temperatures it is a reddish-brown gas that has a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a prominent air pollutant.[7] Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic, bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry.", "Tear gas. Tear gas, formally known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (from the Latin lacrima, meaning \"tear\"), sometimes colloquially known as mace,[NB 1] is a chemical weapon that causes severe eye, respiratory, and skin irritation, pain, bleeding, and even blindness. In the eye, it stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland to produce tears. Common lachrymators include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray (nonivamide), CS gas, CR gas, CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, syn-propanethial-S-oxide (from onions), and Mace (a branded mixture).", "Nitric oxide. or by the reduction of nitrous acid in the form of sodium nitrite or potassium nitrite:", "Ideal gas. that is,", "Biological functions of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide,[1] nitrogen monoxide) is a molecular, chemical compound with chemical formula of ·NO. One of several oxides of nitrogen, it is a colorless gas under standard conditions. Nitric oxide is a free radical—i.e., its bonding structure includes an unpaired electron,[2] represented by the dot (·) on the nitrogen atom—and it is in the class of heteronuclear diatomic molecules that are of historic theoretical interest (for the insights they gave in formulating early modern theories of bonding). It is a particularly important intermediate in the chemical industry. In addition, some is unavoidably produced during combustion of fossil fuels in power plants and automobile engines, with excess being created when more air or higher temperatures are present than needed for efficient and complete combustion of the fuel. It is also produced naturally by the extremely high air temperatures produced along the path of lightning in thunderstorms.", "Chemical formula. The simplest types of chemical formulas are called empirical formulas, which use letters and numbers indicating the numerical proportions of atoms of each type. Molecular formulas indicate the simple numbers of each type of atom in a molecule, with no information on structure. For example, the empirical formula for glucose is CH2O (twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon and oxygen), while its molecular formula is C6H12O6 (12 hydrogen atoms, six carbon and oxygen atoms).", "Ammonia. Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. The simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.", "Recreational drug use. Whippets containing nitrous oxide, commonly known as \"laughing gas\"", "Sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO\n2. It is a toxic gas with a pungent, irritating smell. It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels contaminated with sulfur compounds.", "Gas. where n is equal to the number of moles of gas (the number of molecules divided by Avogadro's Number).", "NOx. The term NOx is chemistry shorthand for molecules containing one nitrogen and one or more oxygen atom. It is generally not meant to include nitrous oxide (N2O),[1] a fairly inert oxide of nitrogen that has many uses as an oxidizer for rockets and car engines, an anesthetic, and a propellant for aerosol sprays and whipped cream. Nitrous oxide plays hardly any role in air pollution, although it may have a significant impact on the ozone layer.[4]", "Breathing. Inhaled air is by volume 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen and small amounts include argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and hydrogen.[16]", "Chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2. This yellowish-green gas crystallizes as bright orange crystals at −59 °C. As one of several oxides of chlorine, it is a potent and useful oxidizing agent used in water treatment and in bleaching.[4]", "Nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is a weak general anaesthetic, and so is generally not used alone in general anaesthesia, but used as a carrier gas (mixed with oxygen) for more powerful general anaesthetic drugs such as sevoflurane or desflurane. It has a minimum alveolar concentration of 105% and a blood/gas partition coefficient of 0.46. The use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia, however, can increase the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting.[27][28][29]", "Nitrogen. Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name nitrogène was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790, when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the Greek άζωτικός \"no life\", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name is instead used in many languages, such as French, Russian, and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.", "Methane. Methane (US: /ˈmɛθeɪn/ or UK: /ˈmiːθeɪn/) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group-14 hydride and the simplest alkane, and is the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an attractive fuel, though capturing and storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure.", "Chemical formula. When the chemical compound of the formula consists of simple molecules, chemical formulas often employ ways to suggest the structure of the molecule. These types of formulas are variously known as molecular formulas and condensed formulas. A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 rather than the glucose empirical formula, which is CH2O. However, except for very simple substances, molecular chemical formulas lack needed structural information, and are ambiguous.", "Ozone. Ozone /ˈoʊzoʊn/ (systematically named 2λ4-trioxidiene and catena-trioxygen), or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O\n3. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O\n2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O\n2 or dioxygen. Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges, and is present in very low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere (stratosphere). Its concentration is highest in the ozone layer region of the atmosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", "Nitrogen. Nitrous acid (HNO2) is not known as a pure compound, but is a common component in gaseous equilibria and is an important aqueous reagent: its aqueous solutions may be made from acidifying cool aqueous nitrite (NO−2, bent) solutions, although already at room temperature disproportionation to nitrate and nitric oxide is significant. It is a weak acid with pKa 3.35 at 18 °C. They may be titrimetrically analysed by their oxidation to nitrate by permanganate. They are readily reduced to nitrous oxide and nitric oxide by sulfur dioxide, to hyponitrous acid with tin(II), and to ammonia with hydrogen sulfide. Salts of hydrazinium N2H+5 react with nitrous acid to produce azides which further react to give nitrous oxide and nitrogen. Sodium nitrite is mildly toxic in concentrations above 100 mg/kg, but small amounts are often used to cure meat and as a preservative to avoid bacterial spoilage. It is also used to synthesise hydroxylamine and to diazotise primary aromatic amines as follows:[58]", "Inhalant. It is also possible to classify inhalants by the effect they have on the body. Solvents such as toluene and gasoline act as depressants, causing users to feel relaxed and sleepy. Many inhalants act primarily as asphyxiant gases, with their primary effect due to oxygen deprivation.[11] Nitrous oxide can be categorized as a psychedelic drug, as it can cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Other agents may have more direct effects at receptors, as inhalants exhibit a variety of mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action of many non-medical inhalants have not been well elucidated. Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane, are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as NMDA receptor antagonists, open channel blockers that bind to the inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron, and provide high levels of NMDA receptor blockade for a short period of time.", "Hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula H\n2S. It is a colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. It is very poisonous, corrosive, and flammable.[10]", "History of general anesthesia. During the course of his research at the Pneumatic Institution, Davy discovered the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.[49] Davy, who coined the term \"laughing gas\" for nitrous oxide, published his findings the following year in the now-classic treatise, Researches, chemical and philosophical–chiefly concerning nitrous oxide or dephlogisticated nitrous air, and its respiration. Davy was not a physician, and he never administered nitrous oxide during a surgical procedure. He was, however, the first to document the analgesic effects of nitrous oxide, as well as its potential benefits in relieving pain during surgery:[50]", "Ideal gas. where, as before," ]

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[ "Cattle. Certain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk,[128][129] which can be processed into dairy products such as milk, cheese or yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product.[130] For dairy cattle to continue producing milk, they must give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it generally is slaughtered at a young age to produce veal.[131] They will continue to produce milk until three weeks before birth.[129] Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The Holstein-Friesian is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. Around 22 litres per day is average in the UK.[128][129]", "Dairy cattle. The dairy cow will produce large amounts of milk in its lifetime. Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving. Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months. The cow is \"dried off\" for about sixty days before calving again. Within a 12 to 14-month inter-calving cycle, the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long.[17][18][19] Among many variables, certain breeds produce more milk than others within a range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg (15,000 to 37,500 lbs) of milk per year.[citation needed] The Holstein Friesian is the main breed of dairy cattle in Australia, and said to have the \"world's highest\" productivity, at 10000L of milk per year.[20] The average for a single dairy cow in the US in 2007 was 9164.4 kg (20,204 lbs) per year, excluding milk consumed by her calves,[2] whereas the same average value for a single cow in Israel was reported in the Philippine press to be 12,240 kg in 2009.[21] High production cows are more difficult to breed at a two-year interval. Many farms take the view that 24 or even 36 month cycles are more appropriate for this type of cow.[citation needed]", "Dairy cattle. The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation is followed by a \"dry\" period of about two months before calving, which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frames can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation.[51] Dairy operations therefore include both the production of milk and the production of calves. Bull calves are either castrated and raised as steers for beef production or veal.", "Milk. In the Western world, cow's milk is produced on an industrial scale and is by far the most commonly consumed form of milk. Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries. Dairy cattle such as the Holstein have been bred selectively for increased milk production. About 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins.[19] Other dairy cows in the United States include Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey and Milking Shorthorn (Dairy Shorthorn).", "Dairy cattle. Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus.[1]", "Dairy cattle. Cow longevity is strongly correlated with production levels.[22] Lower production cows live longer than high production cows, but may be less profitable. Cows no longer wanted for milk production are sent to slaughter. Their meat is of relatively low value and is generally used for processed meat. Another factor affecting milk production is the stress the cow is faced with. Psychologists at the University of Leicester, UK, analyzed the musical preference of milk cows and found out that music actually influences the dairy cow's lactation. Calming music can improve milk yield, probably because it reduces stress and relaxes the cows in much the same way as it relaxes humans. [23]", "Milk. FAO reports[53] Israel dairy farms are the most productive in the world, with a yield of 12,546 kilograms (27,659 lb) milk per cow per year. This survey over 2001 and 2007 was conducted by ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording[67]) across 17 developed countries. The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between 2001 and 2007. A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and 337 in New Zealand. Annual milk production in the same period increased from 7,726 to 8,550 kg (17,033 to 18,850 lb) per cow in these developed countries. The lowest average production was in New Zealand at 3,974 kg (8,761 lb) per cow. The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on the production obtained. New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet.", "Animal husbandry. Although all mammals produce milk to nourish their young, the cow is predominantly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys.[55]", "Dairy cattle. Cows have a high motivation to lie down [26] so farmers should be conscious of this, not only because they have a high motivation to lie down, but also because lying down can increase milk yield.[27] When the lactating dairy cow lies down, blood flow is increased to the mammary gland which in return results in a higher milk yield.[27]", "Milk. The females of all mammal species can by definition produce milk, but cow's milk dominates commercial production. In 2011, FAO estimates 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows.[53] Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, human milk banks collect donated human breastmilk and redistribute it to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies, metabolic diseases, etc.) but who cannot breastfeed.[54]", "Dairy cattle. Historically, there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production. Today, the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk.", "Cash cow. The term cash cow is a metaphor for a \"dairy cow\" used on farms to produce milk, offering a steady stream of income with little maintenance.[2]", "Lactose. Infant mammals nurse on their mothers to drink milk, which is rich in lactose. The intestinal villi secrete the enzyme lactase (β-D-galactosidase) to digest it. This enzyme cleaves the lactose molecule into its two subunits, the simple sugars glucose and galactose, which can be absorbed. Since lactose occurs mostly in milk, in most mammals, the production of lactase gradually decreases with maturity due to a lack of continuing consumption.", "Dairy cattle. To maintain lactation, a dairy cow must be bred and produce calves. Depending on market conditions, the cow may be bred with a \"dairy bull\" or a \"beef bull.\" Female calves (heifers) with dairy breeding may be kept as replacement cows for the dairy herd. If a replacement cow turns out to be a substandard producer of milk, she then goes to market and can be slaughtered for beef. Male calves can either be used later as a breeding bull or sold and used for veal or beef. Dairy farmers usually begin breeding or artificially inseminating heifers around 13 months of age.[10] A cow's gestation period is approximately nine months.[11] Newborn calves are removed from their mothers quickly, usually within three days, as the mother/calf bond intensifies over time and delayed separation can cause extreme stress on both cow and calf.[12]", "Milking. Today there exist fully automatic milking machines which give a cow the freedom to choose when to be milked, allowing for a larger amount of milk to be obtained more efficiently.[2]", "Milk. In many cultures, especially in the West, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other mammals (especially cattle, goats and sheep) as a food product. Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce lactase, an enzyme necessary for digesting the lactose in milk. People therefore converted milk to curd, cheese and other products to reduce the levels of lactose. Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in Europe that enabled the production of lactase in adulthood. This mutation allowed milk to be used as a new source of nutrition which could sustain populations when other food sources failed.[16] People process milk into a variety of products such as cream, butter, yogurt, kefir, ice cream, and cheese. Modern industrial processes use milk to produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additives and industrial products.", "Dairy cattle. Feeding behaviors are obviously important for the dairy cow, as feeding is how the cow will ingest dry matter, however, the cow must ruminate to fully digest the feed and utilize the nutrients in the feed.[26] Dairy cows with good rumen health will likely be more profitable than cows with poor rumen health, as a healthy rumen will aid in the digestion of nutrients.[24] An increase in the time a cow spends ruminating is associated with the increase in health and an increase in milk production.[24]", "Milk. Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals (including humans who breastfeed) before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients[1] including protein and lactose.", "Cattle. The effect of overstocking in cows can have a negative effect on milk production and reproduction rates which are two very important traits for dairy farmers. Overcrowding of cows in barns has been found to reduced feeding, resting and rumination.[197] Although they consume the same amount of dry matter within the span of a day, they consume the food at a much more rapid rate, and this behaviour in cows can lead to further complications.[198] The feeding behaviour of cows during their post-milking period is very important as it has been proven that the longer animals can eat after milking, the longer they will be standing up and therefore causing less contamination to the teat ends.[199] This is necessary to reduce the risk of mastitis as infection has been shown to increase the chances of embryonic loss.[200] Sufficient rest is important for dairy cows because it is during this period that their resting blood flow increases up to 50%, this is directly proportionate to milk production.[199] Each additional hour of rest can be seen to translate to 2 to 3.5 more pounds of milk per cow daily. Stocking densities of anything over 120% have been shown to decrease the amount of time cows spend lying down.[201]", "Vegetarianism. To produce milk from dairy cattle, calves are separated from their mothers soon after birth and slaughtered or fed milk replacer in order to retain the cows milk for human consumption.[123] Vegans state that this breaks the natural mother and calf bond.[123] Unwanted male calves are either slaughtered at birth or sent for veal production.[123] To prolong lactation, dairy cows are almost permanently kept pregnant through artificial insemination.[123] After about five years, once the cows milk production has dropped, they are considered \"spent\" and sent to slaughter for beef and their hides. A dairy cow's natural life expectancy is about twenty years.[122]", "Milking. Most milking in the developed world is done using milking machines. Teat cups are attached to the cow's teats, and then the cups alternate between vacuum and normal air pressure to extract the milk. The milk is filtered and cooled before being added to a large bulk tank of milk for storage.", "Milk. Whole milk, butter and cream have high levels of saturated fat.[17][18] The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the human small intestine after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly.[19] Those groups who do continue to tolerate milk, however, often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates, not only of cattle, but also sheep, goats, yaks, water buffalo, horses, reindeer and camels. India is the largest producer and consumer of cattle and buffalo milk in the world. [20]", "Milk. The milk yield per cow in the United States, the world's largest cow milk producer, was 9,954 kg (21,945 lb) per year in 2010. In contrast, the milk yields per cow in India and China – the second and third largest producers – were respectively 1,154 kg (2,544 lb) and 2,282 kg (5,031 lb) per year.[68]", "Colostrum. Dairy cattle are naturally exposed to pathogens and produce immunoglobulins against them. These antibodies are present in the cow’s bloodstream and in the colostrum. These immunoglobulins are specific to many human pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus species,[51] and rotavirus (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight bacteria. In fact, when Albert Sabin made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.[52] When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.[53]", "A2 milk. The percentage of the A1 and A2 beta-casein protein varies between herds of cattle, and also between countries and provinces. While African and Asian cattle continue to produce only A2 beta-casein, the A1 version of the protein is common among cattle in the western world.[11] The A1 beta-casein type is the most common type found in cow's milk in Europe (excluding France), the USA, Australia and New Zealand.[2]:20 On average, more than 70 percent of Guernsey cows produce milk with predominantly A2 protein, while among Holsteins and Ayrshires between 46 and 70 percent produce A1 milk.[13]", "Milk. In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. The early milk from mammals is called colostrum. Colostrum contains antibodies that provide protection to the newborn baby as well as nutrients and growth factors.[11] The makeup of the colostrum and the period of secretion varies from species to species.[12]", "Dairy cattle. The hormones are used to produce multiple embryos have to be administered at specific times to dairy cattle to induce ovulation. Frequently, for economic considerations, these drugs are also used to synchronise a group of cows to ovulate simultaneously. The hormones prostaglandin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and progesterone are used for this purpose and sold under the brand names Lutalyse, Cystorelin, Estrumate, Estroplan, Factrel, Prostamate, Fertagyl, Insynch, and Ovacyst. They may be administered by injection.[32]", "Extensive farming. Extensive farming may produce more methane and nitrous oxide per kg of milk than intensive farming. A 1995 study compared of a modern dairy farm in Wisconsin with one in New Zealand in which the animals grazed extensively.[3] Using total farm emissions per kg milk produced as a parameter, the researchers showed that production of methane from belching was higher in the New Zealand farm, while carbon dioxide production was higher in the Wisconsin farm. Output of nitrous oxide, a gas with an estimated global warming potential 310 times that of carbon dioxide was also higher in the New Zealand farm. Methane from manure handling was similar in the two types of farm. The explanation for the finding relates to the different diets used on these farms, being based more completely on forage (and hence more fibrous) in New Zealand and containing less concentrate than in Wisconsin. Fibrous diets promote a higher proportion of acetate in the gut of ruminant animals, resulting in a higher production of methane that must be released by belching. When cattle are given a diet containing some concentrates (such as corn and soybean meal) in addition to grass and silage, the pattern of ruminal fermentation alters from acetate to mainly propionate. As a result, methane production is reduced. Capper et al. compared the environmental impact of US dairy production in 1944 and 2007.[4] They calculated that the carbon \"footprint\" per billion kg (2.2 billion lb) of milk produced in 2007 was 37 percent that of equivalent milk production in 1944.", "Goat farming. Goats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply.[8] Some goats are bred specifically for milk. Unprocessed goat milk has small, well-emulsified fat globules, which means the cream remains suspended in the milk instead of rising to the top, as in unprocessed cow milk; therefore, it does not need to be homogenized. Indeed, if goat milk is to be used to make cheese, homogenization is not recommended, as this changes the structure of the milk, affecting the culture's ability to coagulate the milk and the final quality and yield of cheese.[9] Dairy goats in their peak milk production (generally around the third or fourth lactation cycle) average—2.7 to 3.6 kg (6 to 8 lb)—of milk production daily—roughly 2.8 to 3.8 l (3 to 4 U.S. qt)—during a ten-month lactation, producing more just after freshening and gradually dropping in production toward the end of their lactation. The milk generally averages 3.5% butterfat.[10]", "Dairy cattle. Dairy cows may continue to be economically productive for many lactation cycles. In theory a longevity of 10 lactations is possible. The chances of problems arising which may lead to a cow being culled are high, however; the average herd life of US Holstein is today fewer than 3 lactations. This requires more herd replacements to be reared or purchased. Over 90% of all cows are slaughtered for 4 main reasons:", "Milk. When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns \"sour\". This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk into lactic acid. Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e.g. Lactobacilli sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., etc.) to produce a variety of fermented milk products. The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and causes the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis. See Dairy product for more information.", "Soy milk. Using soybeans to make milk instead of raising cows may be ecologically advantageous.[16] Cows require much more energy in order to produce milk, since the farmer must feed the animal, which can consume up to 24 kilograms (53 lb) of food in dry matter basis and 90 to 180 litres (24 to 48 US gal) of water a day, producing an average of 40 kilograms (88 lb) of milk a day. Legumes, including the soybean plant, also replenish the nitrogen content of the soil in which they are grown." ]

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[ "Christoph Sanders. Christopher \"Christoph\" Sanders (born April 21, 1988) is an American actor who is best known for his role as Ned Banks in the television series Ghost Whisperer and Kyle Anderson in the sitcom Last Man Standing on ABC (2011-2017) and FOX (2018-).", "Kyle Davis (actor). Kyle Davis (born July 9, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in the comedy drama Men of a Certain Age and American Horror Story.", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. Last Man Standing is an American sitcom that premiered on ABC on October 11, 2011.[1] Created by Jack Burditt, the series stars Tim Allen as Mike Baxter, a director of marketing at an outdoor sporting goods store in Colorado, whose home life and world is dominated by women: his wife Vanessa (Nancy Travis) and their three daughters Eve (Kaitlyn Dever), Mandy (Molly Ephraim), and Kristin (Alexandra Krosney for season 1 and Amanda Fuller for the remaining seasons). Héctor Elizondo also stars as Ed Alzate, Mike's boss at his sporting goods store \"Outdoor Man\", while Christoph Sanders appears as Kyle Anderson, a young employee of Outdoor Man.", "Kyle Chandler. Kyle Martin Chandler (born September 17, 1965) is an American actor, best known for his role as Gary Hobson on Early Edition and as Coach Eric Taylor in the drama series Friday Night Lights, for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2011. He has starred in the films King Kong (2005), The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008), Super 8 (2011), Argo (2012), Zero Dark Thirty (2012), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Carol (2015), and Manchester by the Sea (2016).[1] In 2015, he began starring on Netflix's drama series Bloodline, for which he received his fourth and fifth Primetime Emmy Award nominations.", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). On July 2, Fox announced that, in addition to Allen, series regulars Nancy Travis, Amanda Fuller, Hector Elizondo, Christoph Sanders, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot. Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season.[60] Their roles (\"Mandy\" and \"Boyd\", respectively) will be recast ahead of the new season. Kaitlyn Dever, who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable, is in negotiations to return as \"Eve\" in a recurring role.[61] On August 6, 2018, it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of \"Mandy\" and \"Boyd\", respectively.[5]", "Brian Van Holt. He has since appeared in Man of the House, House of Wax, and the short-lived CBS series Threshold. Van Holt revisited his surfer roots when he was cast in David Milch's HBO series John from Cincinnati as Butchie Yost, son of surfing legend Mitch Yost. He also played Kyle Hobart in the TV series Sons of Anarchy. He guest-starred in the hit show CSI: Miami.", "Kyle MacLachlan. Kyle Merritt MacLachlan (/məˈɡlɒklən/; born February 22, 1959)[1] is an American actor. MacLachlan is best known for his role as Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks (1990–1991; 2017) and its film prequel Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992), as well as roles in two of David Lynch's films: Paul Atreides in Dune (1984) and Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet (1986). MacLachlan's other film roles include Lloyd Gallagher in The Hidden (1987), Ray Manzarek in The Doors (1991), Clifford Vandercave in The Flintstones (1994), Zack Carey in Showgirls (1995), and the voice of Riley's dad in Inside Out (2015).", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[25] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[26]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). On June 11, 2012, it was announced that Alexandra Krosney (Kristin) was let go from the show for creative reasons.[27] Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2.[28] On June 19, 2012, it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev, who played the role of Boyd in season 1, would not be returning; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2.[29] The character of Boyd was also age-advanced from two years old to five years old.[30] Jordan Masterson plays Ryan, Boyd's father, in a recurring role beginning in season 2.[31] The role was previously played by Nick Jonas, who guest-starred in one episode in season 1.[32]", "Kyle Davis (actor). At the age of 20, Davis began his career appearing on The Dating Game and working as an extra on shows and commercials.[1]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver, Colorado, who is a married father of three daughters. The series includes his interactions with family, neighbors, and coworkers.", "Jason Nash. Jason Nash (born May 23, 1973)[3] is an American actor, writer, comedian and YouTube personality. He was a semi-finalist on Last Comic Standing.[4]", "Kyle Davis (actor). Davis was born in Downey, California. When he was 14, he and his parents moved to Arizona. He attended Sedona Red Rock High School and then studied photography at Yavapi Community College. After that, he wanted to enlist in the military, but he was involved in a fight that left him blind in his left eye, preventing him from being deployed.", "Kyle Davis (actor). From 2007 to 2011, he has had recurring roles on the comedy It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia and Men of a Certain Age. In 2011, he had recurring roles on Dexter and American Horror Story.", "Jerry O'Connell. Jeremiah \"Jerry\" O'Connell[1] (born February 17, 1974)[1] is an American actor, known for his roles as Quinn Mallory in the TV series Sliders, Andrew Clements in My Secret Identity, Vern Tessio in the film Stand by Me (1986), Frank Cushman in Jerry Maguire (1996), Derek in Scream 2 (1997), Charlie Carbone in Kangaroo Jack (2003), and Detective Woody Hoyt on the drama Crossing Jordan. He starred as Pete Kaczmarek in the CBS TV series The Defenders until its cancellation in 2011. He also had a starring role in the comedy horror film Piranha 3D (2010).", "Niall Matter. Matter landed his first professional acting job in 2007 playing the lead role of baitshop owner Josh Riley in the Syfy original film Loch Ness Terror, (broadcast as Beyond Loch Ness), which also starred Brian Krause and Don S Davis. While filming Loch Ness he sent an audition tape to the producers of The Best Years which lead to him gaining the main cast role of bar tender, and cocaine addict, Trent Hamilton in the series first season.[1][4] He went on to play the role of USAF soldier Lieutenant Kemp in a two-episode guest spot on the Syfy television series Stargate Atlantis.", "Nancy Travis. In 2011, Travis was cast in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing opposite Tim Allen.[12][13] Travis also appeared in The CW medical drama series Hart of Dixie as Emmeline 'Mrs. H' Hattenbarger.[14]", "List of Last Man Standing episodes. On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a second season.[23] Beginning this season, Amanda Fuller now plays Kristin, replacing Alexandra Krosney.[24] Flynn Morrison was also added to the main cast as an age-advanced Boyd, replacing twins Evan and Luke Kruntchev.[25] Jordan Masterson recurs as Ryan, Boyd's father, replacing Nick Jonas, who guest starred in one episode in the previous season.[26] The second season initially received a thirteen-episode order, but ABC announced on November 12, 2012 that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[27] The episode order was then extended to five additional episodes, bringing the current total to eighteen for the season.[28] Tim Allen's former Home Improvement co-star Richard Karn guest starred in the episode \"Attractive Architect\", playing the character Bill McKendree.[29][30] Karn reprised his role again in the episode \"The Fight\".[31] Jonathan Taylor Thomas, another Home Improvement co-star of Allen's, guest starred in the season finale, \"College Girl\", as the character John Baker.[32][33]", "Kyle Abbott (The Young and the Restless). In March 2012, the character was rapidly aged, with Blake Hood cast to portray Kyle as an adult.[12][13][14][15] He was previously known for his role of Mark Driscott on The CW's 90210.[16] Hood debuted on April 27, 2012.[17][18] Hood was surprised at how fast the process of soap operas where, and also credited Peter Bergman (who plays his on-screen father, Jack) as being very \"gracious\" and kind to him, lending experience.[19] In March 2013, after a year in the role, Hood was let go and replaced with Hartley Sawyer.[20] The soap opera had issued a casting call for a character named \"Connor Boyd\" in January and, due to the character sounding very much like Kyle, Sawyer's casting was kept quiet.[21] Casting directors used a scene previously been performed by Noah Newman to recast the character.[22] Hood stated his ouster and replacement came as a shock to him.[22] Sawyer made his debut on April 24, 2013.[21]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement. (Episode numbers in parentheses)", "Living Single. Kyle Barker (T.C. Carson) lived in the second apartment with Overton Wakefield Jones (John Henton). Kyle was a stockbroker whose constant verbal sparring with Max did little to mask their obvious sexual attraction. Overton was the friendly but not too bright maintenance man for the owner of their (and neighboring) building who held deep affection for Synclaire. Kyle and Max ended up pursuing a sexual relationship, but when he decided to take a job in London and invited Max to join him, she turned him down. Maxine subsequently became distraught over her decision and, after defending a man who claims to be the second coming of Jesus (Harold Perrineau), she began to seriously look for the purpose of her life. Through a series of events, Max decided that her purpose must be to become a mother and during the insemination process unknowingly picked Kyle's sperm specimen based on a list of qualities she would like for her child to have. Kyle returned in the series finale and the two reconciled. Overton and Synclaire also got together and their relationship culminated in marriage by the end of the fourth season. In season five, they moved in together, leaving Overton and Kyle's apartment open for new character Roni DeSantos (Idalis DeLeon), a New York-area D.J., to move in. It was eventually revealed that DeSantos had a fling with Ira Lee \"Tripp\" Williams III, (Mel Jackson), the new roommate of Khadijah and Régine who moved in when Synclaire's room became available. Tripp was a songwriter. Synclaire joined a comedy improv troupe where she gained the attention of Tony Jonas, a Warner Bros. television exec who cast her as a nun for a new comedy series he was developing.", "Kyle Davis (actor). Davis lives in North Hollywood with his wife, April Chappell.", "Kyle Chandler. While shooting the series, Chandler also acted in some films. In 2007, he appeared in The Kingdom, which was directed by Friday Night Lights creator Berg, and in 2008, he appeared in The Day the Earth Stood Still as John Driscoll.", "Kevin Rahm. Kevin Rahm (born January 7, 1971) is an American actor best known for his television roles as Kyle McCarty on Judging Amy, Lee McDermott on Desperate Housewives, and Ted Chaough on Mad Men.", "Chris Kyle. Kyle paired with FITCO Cares Foundation, a nonprofit organization which created the Heroes Project to provide free in-home fitness equipment, individualized programs, personal training, and life-coaching to in-need veterans with disabilities, Gold Star families, or those suffering from PTSD.[31] On August 13, 2012, Kyle appeared on the reality television show Stars Earn Stripes, which features celebrities pairing up with a special operations or law enforcement professional who train them in weapons and combat tactics. Kyle was teamed with actor Dean Cain.[32]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). The cancellation was met with outrage from the show's fans, many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show.[44] It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen (who is also a real-life Republican) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, that being a Republican in Hollywood is \"like 1930s Germany. You gotta be real careful around here, you know. You'll get beat up if you don't believe what everybody believes.\" His comment was widely criticized, especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany.[45]", "Kyle Massey. Kyle Orlando Massey (born August 28, 1991) is an American actor, rapper, and singer from Atlanta, Georgia. He is perhaps best known for starring in the Disney Channel sitcoms That's So Raven and its spin-off Cory in the House, in which he played Cory Baxter. Massey starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Life Is Ruff. Massey has released several rap songs for Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records. He provided the voice of Milo in the Disney animated series Fish Hooks and was the runner-up on the 11th season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars. He is the younger brother of actor Christopher Massey.", "Kyle Chandler. In 1988, Chandler was signed by the American Broadcasting Company and brought to Hollywood as part of ABC's new talent program.[15] He made his television film debut that same year as a supporting hero actor in Quiet Victory. Also in 1988, Chandler studied with acting teacher, Milton Katselas.[16] His first major acting experience was a supporting role on television as Army Private William Griner in Tour of Duty. In eight episodes of the last season of the series, he played a member of a special operations squad fighting in Vietnam.", "Kyle MacLachlan. MacLachlan was introduced to stage acting by his mother when she became director of a youth theater program for teenagers that she helped set up in Yakima.[5][6] She also sent him to piano lessons from age 9 to 14, when he also began to study classical singing.[6][13] While in high school, he performed in plays and in class musicals, acting in his first play at age 15.[4][6] In 1982, he graduated cum laude with a BFA in drama from the University of Washington, as a student of the Professional Actor Training Program.[1][14][15] He initially planned to major in business[6] and also studied classical voice at UW,[16] before focusing on acting.[6] He moved to Los Angeles in 1985 after the release of the movie Dune in 1984,[6][17] where he made his film debut in the starring role.[6][18]", "Roberts Blossom. Roberts Scott Blossom (March 25, 1924 – July 8, 2011) was an American theatre, film and television character actor, and poet. He was best known for his roles as Old Man Marley in Home Alone (1990) and as Ezra Cobb in the horror film Deranged (1974).[1] He is also remembered for his supporting roles in films such as The Great Gatsby (1974), Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), Escape from Alcatraz (1979), Christine (1983), and The Last Temptation of Christ (1988).", "Alexandra Daddario. In 2014, Daddario had a short role in the first season of the HBO anthology series True Detective.[16] She appeared in a four-episode arc as Lisa Tragnetti, a court reporter having an extramarital affair with Woody Harrelson's character - a role which involved full-frontal nudity.[17] The following year, she had a lead role as Blake Gaines in the disaster film San Andreas, alongside Dwayne Johnson.[18] Also in 2015, Daddario made a cameo appearance in the pilot of the Fox comedy series The Last Man on Earth created by and starring Will Forte.[19] That same year, she guest starred in the fifth season of the FX anthology series American Horror Story, portraying a fictionalized version of designer Natacha Rambova.[20]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series). The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, grandson, and the young men married to or dating his daughters." ]

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[ "Far side of the Moon. Tidal forces from Earth have slowed down the Moon's rotation so that the same side is always facing the Earth, a phenomenon called tidal locking. The other face, most of which is never visible from the Earth, is therefore called the \"far side of the Moon\". Over time some parts of the far side can be seen due to libration.[6] In total 59 percent of the Moon's surface is visible from Earth at one time or another. Useful observation of the parts of the far side of the Moon occasionally visible from Earth is difficult because of the low viewing angle from Earth (they cannot be observed \"full on\").", "Far side of the Moon. The far side has more visible craters. This was thought to be a result of the effects of lunar lava flows, which cover and obscure craters, rather than a shielding effect from the Earth. NASA calculates that the Earth obscures only about 4 square degrees out of 41,000 square degrees of the sky as seen from the Moon. \"This makes the Earth negligible as a shield for the Moon. . . . It is likely that each side of the Moon has received equal numbers of impacts, but the resurfacing by lava results in fewer craters visible on the near side than the far side, even though the [sic] both sides have received the same number of impacts.\"[10]", "Extraterrestrial skies. As a result of the Moon's synchronous rotation, one side of the Moon (the \"near side\") is permanently turned towards Earth, and the other side, the \"far side\", mostly cannot be seen from Earth. This means, conversely, that Earth can only be seen from the near side of the Moon and would always be invisible from the far side. If the Moon's rotation were purely synchronous, Earth would not have any noticeable movement in the Moon's sky. However, due to the Moon's libration, Earth does perform a slow and complex wobbling movement. Once a month, as seen from the Moon, Earth traces out an approximate oval 18° in diameter. The exact shape and orientation of this oval depend on one's location on the Moon. As a result, near the boundary of the near and far sides of the Moon, Earth is sometimes below the horizon and sometimes above it.", "Far side of the Moon. The idiomatic phrase \"dark side of the Moon\" does not refer to \"dark\" as in the absence of light, but rather \"dark\" as in unknown: until humans were able to send spacecraft around the Moon, this area had never been seen.[1][2][3][4] While many misconstrue this to think that the \"dark side\" receives little to no sunlight, in reality, both the near and far sides receive (on average) almost equal amounts of light directly from the Sun. However, the near side also receives sunlight reflected from the Earth, known as earthshine. Earthshine does not reach the area of the far side which cannot be seen from Earth. Only during a full moon (as viewed from Earth) is the whole far side of the Moon dark. The word \"dark\" has expanded to also refer to the fact that communication with spacecraft can be blocked while on the far side of the Moon, during Apollo space missions for example.[7]", "Far side of the Moon. The far side of the Moon is the hemisphere of the Moon that always faces away from Earth. The far side's terrain is rugged, with a multitude of impact craters and relatively few flat lunar maria. It has one of the largest craters in the Solar System, the South Pole–Aitken basin. Although both sides of the moon experience two weeks of sunlight followed by two weeks of night, the far side is sometimes called the \"dark side of the Moon,\" with \"dark\" meaning \"unknown\" rather than lack of light.[1][2][3][4]", "Far side of the Moon. About 18% of the far side is occasionally visible from Earth due to libration. The remaining 82% remained unobserved until 1959, when the Soviet Union's Luna 3 space probe photographed it. The Soviet Academy of Sciences published the first atlas of the far side in 1960. In 1968, the Apollo 8 mission's astronauts were the first humans to view this region directly when they orbited the Moon. To date, no human being has ever stood on the surface of the far side of the Moon.", "Far side of the Moon. Until the late 1950s, little was known about the far side of the Moon. Librations of the Moon periodically allowed limited glimpses of features near the lunar limb on the far side. These features, however, were seen from a low angle, hindering useful observation. (It proved difficult to distinguish a crater from a mountain range.) The remaining 82% of the surface on the far side remained unknown, and its properties were subject to much speculation.", "Far side of the Moon. On October 7, 1959, the Soviet probe Luna 3 took the first photographs of the lunar far side, eighteen of them resolvable,[12] covering one-third of the surface invisible from the Earth.[13] The images were analysed, and the first atlas of the far side of the Moon was published by the USSR Academy of Sciences on November 6, 1960.[14][15] It included a catalog of 500 distinguished features of the landscape.[16] A year later the first globe (1:13 600 000 scale [17]) containing lunar features invisible from the Earth was released in the USSR, based on images from Luna 3.[18] On July 20, 1965 another Soviet probe, Zond 3, transmitted 25 pictures of very good quality of the lunar far side,[19] with much better resolution than those from Luna 3.[13] In particular, they revealed chains of craters, hundreds of kilometers in length.[13] In 1967 the second part of the \"Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon\" was published in Moscow,[20][21] based on data from Zond 3, with the catalog now including 4,000 newly discovered features of the lunar far side landscape.[13] In the same year the first \"Complete Map of the Moon\" (1:5 000 000 scale[17]) and updated complete globe (1:10 000 000 scale), featuring 95 percent of the lunar surface,[17] were released in the Soviet Union.[22][23]", "Far side of the Moon. The two hemispheres have distinctly different appearances, with the near side covered in multiple, large maria (Latin for 'seas,' since the earliest astronomers incorrectly thought that these plains were seas of lunar water). The far side has a battered, densely cratered appearance with few maria. Only 1% of the surface of the far side is covered by maria,[8] compared to 31.2% on the near side. One commonly accepted explanation for this difference is related to a higher concentration of heat-producing elements on the near-side hemisphere, as has been demonstrated by geochemical maps obtained from the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer. While other factors such as surface elevation and crustal thickness could also affect where basalts erupt, these do not explain why the farside South Pole–Aitken basin (which contains the lowest elevations of the Moon and possesses a thin crust) was not as volcanically active as Oceanus Procellarum on the near side.", "Far side of the Moon. Astronomers have suggested installing a large radio telescope on the far side, where the Moon would shield it from possible radio interference from Earth.[5]", "Far side of the Moon. Newer research suggests that the reason the side of the moon facing Earth has fewer impact craters is heat from Earth at the time when the Moon was formed. The lunar crust consists primarily of plagioclases formed when aluminium and calcium condensed and combined with silicates in the mantle. The cooler far side experienced condensation of these elements sooner and so formed a thicker crust; meteoroid impacts on the near side would sometimes penetrate the thinner crust here and release basaltic lava that created the maria, but would rarely do so on the far side.[11]", "Tidal locking. The Moon's rotation and orbital periods are tidally locked with each other, so no matter when the Moon is observed from Earth the same hemisphere of the Moon is always seen. The far side of the Moon was not seen until 1959, when photographs of most of the far side were transmitted from the Soviet spacecraft Luna 3.[11]", "Far side of the Moon. The far side was first seen directly by human eyes during the Apollo 8 mission in 1968. Astronaut William Anders described the view:", "Far side of the Moon. As many prominent landscape features of the far side were discovered by Soviet space probes, Soviet scientists selected names for them. This caused some controversy, and the International Astronomical Union, leaving many of those names intact, later assumed the role of naming lunar features on this hemisphere.", "Moon. The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became tidally locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by Earth.[121] With time, the energy of rotation of the Moon on its axis was dissipated as heat, until there was no rotation of the Moon relative to the Earth. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite the far side. The far side is often inaccurately called the \"dark side\", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark.[122] In 2016, planetary scientists, using data collected on the much earlier Nasa Lunar Prospector mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides of the Moon, probably in the form of water ice. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago, before it was tidally locked to Earth.[123]", "Far side of the Moon. An example of a far side feature that can be seen through libration is the Mare Orientale, which is a prominent impact basin spanning almost 1,000 kilometres (600 mi), yet this was not even named as a feature until 1906, by Julius Franz in Der Mond. The true nature of the basin was discovered in the 1960s when rectified images were projected onto a globe. The basin was photographed in fine detail by Lunar Orbiter 4 in 1967.", "Far side of the Moon. Before deploying radio telescopes to the far side, several problems must be overcome. The fine lunar dust can contaminate equipment, vehicles, and space suits. The conducting materials used for the radio dishes must also be carefully shielded against the effects of solar flares. Finally the area around the telescopes must be protected against contamination by other radio sources.", "Moon. The far side of the Moon has a crust that is 30 mi (48 km) thicker than the near side of the Moon. This is thought to be due to the Moon having been amalgamated from two different bodies.", "Far side of the Moon. It has been seen by all crew members of the Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 through Apollo 17 missions since that time, and photographed by multiple lunar probes. Spacecraft passing behind the Moon were out of direct radio communication with the Earth, and had to wait until the orbit allowed transmission. During the Apollo missions, the main engine of the Service Module was fired when the vessel was behind the Moon, producing some tense moments in Mission Control before the craft reappeared.", "Far side of the Moon. Because the far side of the Moon is shielded from radio transmissions from the Earth, it is considered a good location for placing radio telescopes for use by astronomers. Small, bowl-shaped craters provide a natural formation for a stationary telescope similar to Arecibo in Puerto Rico. For much larger-scale telescopes, the 100-kilometer (62 mi) diameter crater Daedalus is situated near the center of the far side, and the 3 km (2 mi)-high rim would help to block stray communications from orbiting satellites. Another potential candidate for a radio telescope is the Saha crater.[28]", "Lunar phase. When the Moon as seen from Earth is a narrow crescent, Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun. Often, the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth, but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth. This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as \"the old moon in the new moon's arms\" or, as pictured here, \"the new moon in the old moon's arms\".", "Far side of the Moon. On April 26, 1962, NASA's Ranger 4 space probe became the first spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon, although it failed to return any scientific data before impact.[24]", "Far side of the Moon. Because the near side is partly shielded from the solar wind by the Earth, the far side maria are expected to have the highest concentration of helium-3 on the surface of the Moon.[30] This isotope is relatively rare on the Earth, but has good potential for use as a fuel in fusion reactors. Proponents of lunar settlement have cited the presence of this material as a reason for developing a Moon base.[31]", "Far side of the Moon. The first truly comprehensive and detailed mapping survey of the far side was undertaken by the American unmanned Lunar Orbiter program launched by NASA from 1966 to 1967. Most of the coverage of the far side was provided by the final probe in the series, Lunar Orbiter 5.", "Moon illusion. In 1813, Schopenhauer wrote about this, that the moon illusion is \"purely intellectual or cerebral and not optical or sensuous.\"[13] The brain takes the sense data that is given to it from the eye and it apprehends a large moon because \"our intuitively perceiving understanding regards everything that is seen in a horizontal direction as being more distant and therefore as being larger than objects that are seen in a vertical direction.\"[14] The brain is accustomed to seeing terrestrially–sized objects in a horizontal direction and also as they are affected by atmospheric perspective, according to Schopenhauer.", "Extraterrestrial skies. Earth and the Sun sometimes meet in the lunar sky, causing an eclipse. On Earth, one would see a lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow; meanwhile on the Moon, one would see a solar eclipse, when the Sun goes behind the Earth. Since the apparent diameter of the Earth is four times as large as that of the Sun, the Sun would be hidden behind the Earth for hours. Earth's atmosphere would be visible as a reddish ring. During the Apollo 15 mission, an attempt was made to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle's TV camera to view such an eclipse, but the camera or its power source failed after the astronauts left for Earth.[8]", "List of artificial objects on the Moon. Objects at greater than 90 degrees east or west are on the far side of the Moon, including Ranger 4, Lunar Orbiter 1, Lunar Orbiter 2, and Lunar Orbiter 3.", "Moon. Additionally, colour constancy in the visual system recalibrates the relations between the colours of an object and its surroundings, and because the surrounding sky is comparatively dark, the sunlit Moon is perceived as a bright object. The edges of the full moon seem as bright as the centre, with no limb darkening, due to the reflective properties of lunar soil, which reflects more light back towards the Sun than in other directions. The Moon does appear larger when close to the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, known as the Moon illusion, first described in the 7th century BC.[125] The full moon subtends an arc of about 0.52° (on average) in the sky, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see § Eclipses).", "Extraterrestrial skies. The Moon's atmosphere is negligibly thin, essentially vacuum, so its sky is always black, as in the case of Mercury. However, the Sun is so bright that it is impossible to see stars during the daytime, unless the observer is well shielded from sunlight (direct or reflected from the ground). The Moon has a southern polar star, δ Doradus, a magnitude 4.34 star. It is better aligned than Earth's Polaris (α Ursae Minoris), but much fainter.", "Earth. Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant.[184] This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.", "Moon illusion. A popular belief, stretching back at least to Aristotle in the 4th century B.C., holds that the Moon appears larger near the horizon due to a real magnification effect caused by the Earth's atmosphere. This is not true: although the atmosphere does change the perceived colour of the Moon, it does not magnify or enlarge it.[5] Atmospheric refraction also makes the image of the Moon slightly smaller in the vertical direction.[citation needed]", "Far side of the Moon. The L2 Lagrange point of the Earth–Moon system is located about 62,800 km (39,000 mi) above the far side, which has also been proposed as a location for a future radio telescope which would perform a Lissajous orbit about the Lagrangian point." ]

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[ "Climate of Houston. Spring comes with a gradual warm up from winter, lasting from March 20 through May. Temperatures are generally not hot yet, averaging from 75–82 °F (23.9–27.8 °C) in the day and 56–64 °F (13.3–17.8 °C) at night. Spring thunderstorms are common, often with spectacular lightning shows.[20] This rainfall prompts Houston's 10-month-long \"growing season\" to begin. April sees the return of many types of insects, including butterflies and mosquitoes, to Houston's warm climate.", "Climate of Houston. The climate of Houston is classified as humid subtropical. August normally ranks as the warmest month at 84.6 °F (29.2 °C) and January the coldest month at 53.1 °F (11.7 °C).[1]", "Climate of Houston. Autumn in Houston is warm, with temperatures averaging in the upper 60s to lower 80s °F (20-28 °C) during the day and in the 50s to lower 60s °F (10-17 °C) at night.[15] Cool fronts that move through the region during the fall can bring rain. Hurricanes can move into the area from the Gulf of Mexico, bringing heavy rains and high winds. However, most years see little or no significant hurricane activity. Flooding most frequently occurs in October and November.[16] Most of these flood events result from remnants of Eastern Pacific cyclones interacting with upper-level boundaries; October 2015 was the latest example of such an occurrence, wherein the remnants of Hurricane Patricia brought over 9 inches of rain to the city. [17] The latest hurricane to reach Texas was Hurricane Harvey in August 2017.", "Climate of Houston. June through August in Houston is very hot and humid, often with scattered afternoon showers and thunderstorms. At George Bush Intercontinental Airport, the normal daily high temperature peaks at 95.0 °F (35.0 °C) on 5–12 August,[1] with a normal of 102.4 days per year at or above 90 °F (32 °C) and 3.5 days per year at or above 100 °F (38 °C).[1] The average relative humidity ranges from over 90 percent in the morning to around 60 percent in the afternoon.[6] Summer temperatures in Houston are very similar to average temperatures seen in tropical climates, such as in the Philippines and Central America.[7] The value of relative humidity results in a heat index higher than the actual temperature.[8] The highest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was 109 °F (43 °C) on September 4, 2000[9] and on August 27, 2011.[10] On June 29, 2013, the temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport reached 107 °F (42 °C), the highest ever recorded in June.[11] Heat stroke can strike people who stay outdoors for long periods of time during the summer, making hydration essential for outdoor work and recreational activity.[12] The 2014 summer season did not yield 100+ degree weather in response to the monsoon-esque rainfall during late June to August during a period where the Pacific Coast off Central America was heating up which evolved into the 2014-16 El Nino event - this cycle one existed between 1971-76 during post-El Nino cycles.", "Houston. During the summer, temperatures commonly reach over 90 °F (32 °C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 °F (32 °C) or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 °F (38 °C).[67] However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average over 90% relative humidity.[68] Although sea breezes are present, they don't offer substantial relief, except in the southeastern areas of the city closer to the Gulf.[69] To cope with the strong humidity and heat, people use air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was described as the \"most air-conditioned place on earth\".[70] Officially, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C), which was reached both on September 4, 2000, and August 28, 2011.[67]", "Climate of Houston. In December, southward-moving cold fronts [19] can bring cold rain, low wind chills, and, rarely, frozen precipitation. Early January is the coldest time of the year, with temperatures moderating slightly by February.", "Climate of Houston. Winters in Houston are relatively mild and temperate compared to most areas of the United States, though Houston does get much colder than places like South Florida and South Texas. Houston is more prone to extreme variation in the winter months than cities like San Diego, California or Tampa, Florida. The average high in January, the coldest month, is 62.9 °F (17.2 °C) and the low 43.2 °F (6.2 °C), George Bush Intercontinental Airport sees an average of 9.6 days per year of freezing temperatures.[1] Cold fronts during the winter drop nighttime lows into the 30s but usually above freezing. The coldest weather of the season often includes a period about three weeks with temperatures in the low 30s to mid-40s at night. Hard freezes occur only uncommonly; however, George Bush Intercontinental Airport has recorded a freeze every winter since it opened in 1969. The coldest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was 7 °F (−14 °C) on December 23, 1989. Elsewhere, the temperature in Houston dropped to 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.[18]", "Climate of Houston. There are usually a few days of freezing (<32 °F (0 °C)) temperatures each year, though the average low in January, the coldest month, is still only 43 °F (6 °C) or 24 °F (−4 °C).", "Sugar Land, Texas. Winters in the Houston area are cool and temperate. The average winter high/low is 62 °F/45 °F (16 °C/7 °C). The coldest period is usually in January, when north winds bring winter rains. Snow is almost unheard of and typically does not accumulate when it is seen. One such rare snowstorm hit Houston on Christmas Eve 2004. A few inches accumulated, but was all gone by the next afternoon. But the earliest snowfall to occur in any winter did happen on December 4, 2009 and also meant that snow fell for 2 consecutive years for the first time since records were held.", "Houston. Houston has mild winters. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F (11.7 °C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004 when 1.0 in (2.5 cm) of snow accumulated in parts of the metro area.[71] Falls of at least 1.0 in (25 mm) on both December 10, 2008, and December 4, 2009, marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.[67] Houston has historically received an ample amount of rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually per 1981–2010 normals. Localized flooding often occurs, owing to the extremely flat topography and widespread typical clay-silt prairie soils, which do not drain quickly.", "Climate of Houston. The December 21–24, 2004 North American winter storm brought a white Christmas to the region. The average has the lowest recorded temperature for that month, 24 °F (−4 °C).", "Climate of Houston. Because Houston is on the Gulf of Mexico, the city has a small chance of being hit by hurricanes or tropical storms every hurricane season (June through November).", "Houston. The city controller is elected independently of the mayor and council. The controller's duties are to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Chris Brown is the city controller, serving his first term as of January 2016.", "Climate of Houston. During El Ni単o, Houston winters are cooler and wetter than normal due to a stronger southern jet stream. Increased clouds during El Nino winters are what keep the temperatures from warming up. La Ni単a is where the jet stream is further north resulting in a warmer and drier winter. The chance of damage from tropical storms and hurricanes also goes up during La Ni単a events due to decreased Atlantic wind shear. Post-El Ni単o weather during the spring usually result in increased rainfall, as demonstrated with the Memorial Day 2015 and Tax Day/Memorial Day/early June 2016 flood events where the Houston Metro area (and the rest of the state) experienced a climate similar to the South Asian summer monsoon (in this case with the state of Texas where a stalled low pressure system [usually from an upper level low from the northeast Pacific Ocean which migrates east where the northern polar jet stream form the usual omega blocks] originates over the Four Corners region or the Sierra Madre Occidental/Sierra Madre Oriental mountain ranges in northern Mexico).", "Top Fuel. The engine is warmed up for about 80 seconds. After the warm up the valve covers are taken off, oil is changed and the car is refueled. The run including tire warming is about 100 seconds which results in a \"lap\" of about three minutes. After each lap, the entire engine is disassembled and examined, and worn or damaged components are replaced.", "Climate of Houston. The 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm brought a never-before-seen white Christmas to the region. Average annual snowfall is very, very little above zero, being less than the measurable amount of 0.1 inches (2.5 mm). In descending order of frequency, the most snow has fallen in January, followed by February, December, and finally a single occurrence on March 10, 1932,[37] which was also the lowest recorded temperature for that month, 22 °F (−6 °C).[38]", "Climate of Houston. Snow falls infrequently in the Magnolia City. When it does occur, it almost invariably melts immediately on the ground with light accumulation on roofs and raised surfaces. Since 1895, it has snowed 38 times in Houston at an average of about once every 10 years, though some decades have several instances of recorded snowfall while others have only one each (e.g., the 1930s and 1950s). The last recorded snowfall in Houston was on January 16, 2018.[31] There were more incidences of snow in the 1980s on average than any other decade recorded, but the 2000s also witnessed more frequent and record-breaking snows.", "Texas. The table below consists of averages for August (generally the warmest month) and January (generally the coldest) in selected cities in various regions of the state. El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively, but with August and January only being narrowly different.", "Climate of Houston. Occurrences of freezing rain, also known as ice storms, are slightly less rare than snow in Houston. Some of the most recent ice storms occurred in 1997, 2007, February 4, 2011, and January 16, 2018. An overnight event occurred from January 23, 2014 to January 24, another significant icing occurred a few days later on January 28, and a third event took place on March 4. These storms can be very disruptive since road crews are not equipped to handle such rare events over the city's expansive size.[39] When ice occurs, roads and schools are usually closed.[40][41] The city's Office of Emergency Management encourages driver's to \"avoid driving unless absolutely necessary... if roadways are at risk of icing.\"[42] Typically, such ice storms affect mainly the northern/western areas of the metro, while the southern/eastern areas are left with just cold rain.[43]The ice storm that occurred on January 16, 2018 started as cold rain for several hours before changing to wintry mix and then eventually sleet and snow, Temps started in the low-mid 30's and quickly dropped to the 20's in the afternoon and then the teens by the evening/overnight hours which caused all the rain to turn to ice and thickness up to 1' on some roads, bridges and overpasses making it one of the worst winter storms in history.", "Climate of Houston. The normal annual precipitation measures 49.77 inches (1,264 mm). Occasional severe weather of Houston mostly takes the form of flooding. Supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area, most commonly during spring. Houston sometimes experiences tropical cyclones during the Atlantic hurricane season, which can bring heavy rain and significant damage to the city. The last hurricane to hit was Hurricane Harvey in 2017.", "Climate of Houston. Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation in Houston. The wettest month is June, with an average of 5.93 inches (151 mm) of rain.[1] Houston normally receives 49.77 inches (1,264 mm) of precipitation on 104.0 days annually.[1] The most precipitation to fall in one year was 83.02 inches (2,108.7 mm) which occurred in 1979. Houston has received less than 20 inches (510 mm) of rain only once: 17.66 inches in 1917.[21] Flash flood warnings are common all year, and due to the flat landscape, heavy rains often threaten life and property in the city. Sea breeze showers which are monsoon-like (especially during the summer months from a mesoscale convective cycle where the polar jet stream usually forms an omega block) are common throughout the Texas Gulf Coast area (from Brownsville to the Florida Peninsula) which has a similar climate to areas like Mumbai and Kolkata - locals refer to the sea breeze showers as the Gulf Coast Monsoon (also called the Gulf of Mexico or the Texas Monsoon), despite Houston being 50 feet above sea level. The sea breeze showers are also a contributor to the North American Monsoon.", "Climate of Houston. Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Rockport, Texas on August 25, 2017. By August 30, Houston was flooded due to heavy rainfall from the hurricane.[27][28][29]", "Climate of Houston. Heat and humidity in Houston make air conditioning important in day-to-day life.[13] Most indoor workers spend the hottest part of the day in air conditioning. After World War II, air conditioning stimulated the growth of Houston, called the most air-conditioned city in the world in 1950.[14] For construction workers, landscapers, and others who must work outdoors, there is little relief from the summer heat and humidity. Industrial workers, automobile mechanics and others who usually work in non-air conditioned indoor spaces often rely on large electric fans to provide some relief.", "Houston. The city has hosted several major professional and college sporting events, including the annual Houston Open golf tournament. Houston hosts the annual Houston College Classic baseball tournament every February and the Texas Bowl in December.[174]", "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. The Thursday, Friday, and Saturday before the livestock show begins, the World's Championship Bar-B-Que Contest is held on the grounds of NRG Park.[32] It is one of the largest barbecue cookoffs in the United States, but it is not sanctioned by the Kansas City Barbecue Society.[33] More than 250 teams,[32] including a handful from outside of the United States,[34] compete to be named best entry in several categories, including brisket, chicken, and ribs.[35] The barbecue must be cooked on a wood fire; electric or gas fires are prohibited.[16]", "List of Houston Astros Opening Day starting pitchers. The Astros have played in three home ball parks. Their first home ball park was Colt Stadium. Their starting pitchers had one win and one loss in their two Opening Day games at Colt Stadium. They played 25 Opening Day games in the Astrodome after moving there in 1965, and their starting pitchers had a record of 12 wins, 8 losses and 5 no decisions in those games. In 2000, they moved to Enron Field (subsequently renamed Astros Field and Minute Maid Park) in Downtown Houston. Through 2010, they have played nine Opening Day games there, and their starting pitchers have a record of three wins, four losses and two no decisions in those games. This makes the record of the Astros' Opening Day starting pitchers in home games 16 wins, 13 losses and 7 no decisions. Their record in Opening Day away games is four wins, eight losses and two no decisions.[3] The Astros have advanced to the World Series once, in 2005.[8] Oswalt lost to the St. Louis Cardinals as the Opening Day starter that season.[3]", "Major League Baseball. Spring training typically lasts almost two months, starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day, traditionally the first week of April. As pitchers benefit from a longer training period, pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team.[116]", "Minute Maid Park. In April 2017, the park hosted the final rounds of the Houston leg of the FIRST Championship. To avoid damaging the field while the Astros were in season, the competition fields were built on a stage over the infield dirt between first and third base.[67]", "Early 2014 North American cold wave. On January 7, 2014, the cold air reached even farther south to Houston, where the low temperature for that morning was 21 °F (−6 °C), two degrees shy of the record-low temperature of 19 °F (−7 °C) for that day.", "Houston. METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track (\"Red Line\") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines.[219] and expand the current Red Line. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service three times a week to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles–New Orleans), which stops at the Houston Amtrak Station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008.[220] In 2012, there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak Station.[221]", "Sugar Land, Texas. In the summer time, daily high temperatures are in the 95 °F (35 °C) range throughout much of July and August. The air tends to feel still and the abundant humidity, with dewpoints typically in the low to mid 70s, creates a heat index around 100 each day. Summer thunderstorms are common with 1/3 to 1/2 of the days hearing thunder. The highest temperature recorded in the area was 109 °F in September 2000.", "Climate of Houston. Houston has also seen recent improvements to the city's waterways. The banks of Buffalo Bayou have been cleaned of garbage and have been turned into jogging trails and parks. Since the mid-1990s, Houston has seen a great increase in wildlife along the bayou due to many successful cleaning attempts.[50] The Port of Houston has not seen any major cleaning attempts." ]

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[ "Gull. Most gull species are migratory, with birds moving to warmer habitats during the winter, but the extent to which they migrate varies by species. Some migrate long distances, like Franklin's gull, which migrates from Canada to wintering grounds in the south of South America. Other species move much shorter distances and may simply disperse along the coasts near their breeding sites.[13]", "Bird migration. Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas.[50] One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.[51]", "Canada goose. Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in V-shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates from California to the Great Lakes, some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators.[citation needed]", "Canada goose. Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations. Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others. Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November.[citation needed][29] The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster. The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops. Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate, raising them in the same way each year. This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast.", "Weather lore. Seagulls tend to sleep on the water. However, seagulls, like people, find gusty, turbulent wind difficult to contend with, and under such circumstances, the water is also choppy and unpleasant. Seagulls huddled on the ground may be a sign that the weather is already bad.", "Narwhal. Narwhals exhibit seasonal migrations, with a high fidelity of return to preferred, ice-free summering grounds, usually in shallow waters. In summer months, they move closer to coasts, usually in pods of 10–100. In the winter, they move to offshore, deeper waters under thick pack ice, surfacing in narrow fissures in the sea ice, or leads.[28] As spring comes, these leads open up into channels and the narwhals return to the coastal bays.[29] Narwhals from Canada and West Greenland winter regularly in the pack ice of Davis Strait and Baffin Bay along the continental slope with less than 5% open water and high densities of Greenland halibut.[27] Feeding in the winter accounts for a much larger portion of narwhal energy intake than in the summer.[27][28]", "Gull. The gulls have a worldwide cosmopolitan distribution. They breed on every continent, including the margins of Antarctica, and are found in the high Arctic, as well. They are less common on tropical islands, although a few species do live on islands such as the Galapagos and New Caledonia. Many species breed in coastal colonies, with a preference for islands, and one species, the grey gull, breeds in the interior of dry deserts far from water. Considerable variety exists in the family and species may breed and feed in marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats.[13]", "Canada goose. This species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats. The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada geese. Canada geese occur year-round in the southern part of their breeding range, including most of the eastern seaboard and the Pacific coast. Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and northern Mexico, Canada geese are primarily present as migrants from further north during the winter.[15]", "Snow goose. Outside of the nesting season, they usually feed in flocks. In winter, snow geese feed on left-over grain in fields. They migrate in large flocks, often visiting traditional stopover habitats in spectacular numbers. Snow geese frequently travel and feed alongside greater white-fronted geese; in contrast, the two tend to avoid travelling and feeding alongside Canada geese, which are often heavier birds.[citation needed]", "Common starling. Common starlings in the south and west of Europe and south of latitude 40°N are mainly resident,[24] although other populations migrate from regions where the winter is harsh, the ground frozen and food scarce. Large numbers of birds from northern Europe, Russia and Ukraine migrate south westwards or south eastwards.[20][28] In the autumn, when immigrants are arriving from eastern Europe, many of Britain's common starlings are setting off for Iberia and North Africa. Other groups of birds are in passage across the country and the pathways of these different streams of bird may cross.[20] Of the 15,000 birds ringed as nestlings in Merseyside, England, individuals have been recovered at various times of year as far afield as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany and the Low Countries.[91] Small numbers of common starling have sporadically been observed in Japan and Hong Kong but it is unclear from where these birds originated.[28] In North America, northern populations have developed a migration pattern, vacating much of Canada in winter.[92] Birds in the east of the country move southwards, and those from further west winter in the southwest of the US.[15]", "Lake-effect snow. The Canadian Maritimes, specifically Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, are often affected by such snow squalls when an Arctic winter airmass moves over unfrozen waters. In PEI, sea-effect snow is often generated when a cold north wind blows over the unfrozen Gulf of St. Lawrence, dumping heavy snow on the north shore. In Nova Scotia, a cold north-west wind can produce sea-effect snow over the Cape Breton Highlands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Annapolis Valley from the Bay of Fundy; in the latter case, the sea-effect snow season can continue all winter as the Bay of Fundy remains open owing to its extreme tidal currents.", "Bird migration. The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the pink-footed goose migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries, whilst the dark-eyed junco migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States[37] and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon.[38] Some ducks, such as the garganey Anas querquedula, move completely or partially into the tropics. The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend, breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa.", "Canada goose. Contrary to its normal migration routine, large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence in Esquimalt, British Columbia, on Chesapeake Bay, in Virginia's James River regions, and in the Triangle area of North Carolina (Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill), and nearby Hillsborough. Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida, in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes. Large resident populations of Canada geese are also present in much of the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California. In 2015, the Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000, with the number likely to continue increasing. Many of the geese, previously migratory, reportedly had become native, remaining in the state even in the summer. The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of water, and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas.[19] Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the American Civil War, but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs. The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979. The geese are considered protected, though a hunting season is allowed from September 1–15, with a daily bag limit of five.[20] The Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends a number of non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese, but if such methods have been used without success, they may issue a permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests, conduct a goose roundup or shoot geese.[21]", "Red-winged blackbird. Red-winged blackbirds that breed in the northern part of their range, i.e., Canada and border states in the United States, migrate south for the winter. However, populations near the Pacific and Gulf coasts of North America and those of Middle America are year-round resident.[2] Red-winged blackbirds live in both Northern U.S. and Canada, ranging from Yucatan Peninsula in the south to the southern part of Alaska.[2] These extensions account for the majority of the continent stretching from California’s Pacific coast and Canada to the eastern seaboard. Much of the populations within Middle America are non-migratory [30] During the fall, populations begin migrating towards Southern U.S. Movement of red-winged blackbirds can begin as early as August through October. Spring migration begins anywhere between mid-February to mid-May. Numerous birds from northern parts of the U.S., particularly the Great lakes, migrate nearly 1,200 km between their breeding season and winter [2] Winter territorial areas differ based on geographic location [30] Other populations that migrate year-round include those located in Middle America or in the western U.S. and Gulf Coast. Females typically migrate longer distances than males. These female populations located near the Great Lakes migrate nearly 230 km farther. Yearly-traveled females also migrate further than adult males, while also moving roughly the same distance as other adult females. Red-winged blackbirds migrate primarily during daytime. In general, males’ migration flocks arrive prior to females in the spring and after females in the fall.[2]", "Gull. Most gulls breed once a year and have predictable breeding seasons lasting for three to five months. Gulls begin to assemble around the colony for a few weeks prior to occupying the colony. Existing pairs re-establish their pair-bonds, and unpaired birds begin courting. Birds then move back into their territories and new males establish new territories and attempt to court females. Gulls defend their territories from rivals of both sexes through calls and aerial attacks.[13]", "Bald eagle. Bald eagles will also congregate in certain locations in winter. From November until February, one to two thousand birds winter in Squamish, British Columbia, about halfway between Vancouver and Whistler. The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, attracted by the salmon spawning in the area.[27]", "Bird migration. Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon.[64] This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, among (pelagic) seabirds, species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate. This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere, and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest.[65]", "Waterfowl hunting. Ducks and geese are born in the tundra of Quebec, and fly south in autumn to Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's famous Back Bay, and the James River, and then move southward through North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida for the winter. Northeast and northwest Florida get a great number of teal and divers as the winter progresses. In the northeastern states the Saint Lawrence River, the coast of Maine, Long island harbors, Barnegat Bay, Great Egg Harbor, Little Egg Harbor, Absecon Bay, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia's Eastern Shore and Back Bays saw presidents and captains of great industry spend part of their winters at their wildfowling clubs. North Carolina's Outer Banks, and the Core and Pamlico Sounds have been known for centuries for great waterfowl hunting drawing people from throughout the big cities of the northeastern states. In South Carolina there was Georgetown's and Charleston's old rice fields, and backcountry marshes and freshwater rivers and lakes that continued to draw ducks in great numbers until the Santee National Wildlife Refuge stopped feeding the ducks in the winter months of the 1980s due to the economy and changes in National Wildlife Refuge policy across the nation. In the 1960s to the mid 1980s the upper Santee swamp's upper Lake Marion region used to winter over 150,000 mallards each and every winter's duck count.", "Lake-effect snow. Even when precipitation is not produced, cold air passing over warmer water may produce cloud cover. Fast moving mid-latitude cyclones, known as Alberta clippers, often cross the Great Lakes. After the passage of a cold front, winds tend to switch to the northwest, and a frequent pattern is for a long-lasting low-pressure area to form over the Canadian Maritimes, which may pull cold northwestern air across the Great Lakes for a week or more, commonly identified with the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Since the prevailing winter winds tend to be colder than the water for much of the winter, the southeastern shores of the lakes are almost constantly overcast, leading to the use of the term The Great Gray Funk as a synonym for winter.[citation needed] These areas allegedly contain populations that suffer from high rates of seasonal affective disorder, a type of psychological depression thought to be caused by lack of light.[11][citation needed]", "James Bay Project. Seasonal reversal in the flow of rivers can potentially rob the rich nutrients that thrive in various mudflats and coastal marshes, affecting millions of migratory birds such as waterfowl, Canada geese, and various inland birds that use the coastlines of both the James and Hudson Bays during their spring and fall migrations.[38]", "Bird migration. A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina[44] and western sandpiper Calidris mauri,[45] undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.[46]", "Black-billed magpie. Like American crows, magpies tend to roost communally in winter. Every evening they fly, often in groups and sometimes over long distances, to reach safe roosting sites such as dense trees or shrubs that impede predator movement, or, at higher latitudes, dense conifers that afford good wind protection.[13] In Canada they arrive at the roosting site earlier in the evening and leave later in the morning on colder days.[14] At the roosting site they tend to occupy trees singly; they do not huddle. They sleep with the bill tucked under the scapular (shoulder) and back feathers, adopting this position sooner on colder nights.[15] During the night they may also regurgitate, in the form of pellets, the undigested parts of what they ate during the day. Such pellets can be found on the ground and then used to determine at least part of the birds' diet.[16]", "Mallard. The mallard is widely distributed across the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; in North America its range extends from southern and central Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands,[43] across Eurasia,[44] from Iceland[45] and southern Greenland[43] and parts of Morocco (North Africa)[45] in the west, Scandinavia[45] and Britain[45] to the north, and to Siberia,[46] Japan,[47] and South Korea,[47] in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia[48] and New Zealand[49] in the Southern hemisphere.[22]:505[1] It is strongly migratory in the northern parts of its breeding range, and winters farther south.[50][51] For example, in North America, it winters south to the southern United States and northern Mexico,[52][53] but also regularly strays into Central America and the Caribbean between September and May.[54]", "Canada goose. Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally, as has been proved by ringing recoveries. The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes, and possibly others. These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia, and eastern China.[citation needed]", "Hummingbird. Most North American hummingbirds migrate southward in fall to spend winter in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, or Central America. A few southern South American species also move north to the tropics during the southern winter. A few species are year-round residents of California and southwestern desert regions of the USA. Among these are Anna's hummingbird, a common resident from southern Arizona and inland California, and buff-bellied hummingbird, an uncommon resident in subtropical woodlands of southern Texas east through the Gulf coast to the Atlantic coast of Florida. Ruby-throated hummingbirds migrate from as far north as Ontario, Canada, in summer, returning to Mexico, South America, southern Texas, and Florida to winter.[92]", "American robin. This bird breeds throughout most of North America, from Alaska and Canada southward to northern Florida and Mexico.[16] While robins occasionally overwinter in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada,[12] most migrate to winter south of Canada from Florida and the Gulf Coast to central Mexico, as well as along the Pacific Coast.[16] Most depart south by the end of August and begin to return north in February and March (exact dates vary with latitude and climate). Despite being depicted in the film Mary Poppins \"feathering its nest\" in London,[17] this species is actually a rare vagrant to western Europe, where the majority of records, more than 20, have been in Britain.[7] In autumn 2003, migration was displaced eastwards leading to massive movements through the eastern U.S., and presumably this is what led to no fewer than three American robins being found in Britain[citation needed], with two attempting to overwinter in 2003–2004,[18] although one was taken by a sparrowhawk.[19][20] A sighting occurred in Britain in January 2007.[21]", "Lake-effect snow. Toronto and Hamilton are usually spared lake-effect squalls because they are not on the leeward side of Lake Ontario during the dominant northwest winds. However, some central and northern portions of the Greater Toronto Area can be affected a few times each year by lake-effect snow from Georgian Bay. Downtown Toronto and Hamilton get most of their lake-effect snow when the wind comes from the southeast or east, over Lake Ontario. Such easterly winds are usually associated with a winter cyclone passing just to the south of the Great Lakes.", "Gull. In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as sea gulls or seagulls; however, \"seagull\" is a layperson's term that is not used by most ornithologists and biologists. This name is used informally to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed taxonomic meaning.[citation needed] In common usage, gull-like seabirds that are not technically gulls (e.g. albatrosses, fulmars, terns, and skuas) may also be referred to as seagulls by the layperson.", "Tourism in Canada. Whale watching is common along the coastal areas of BC as is Pacific storm watching along the west coast of Vancouver Island during the winter months.", "American goldfinch. Its winter range includes southern Canada and stretches south through the United States to parts of Mexico. In winter, in the northern part of its range, the finch may move nearer to feeders if they are available. In southern ranges, during winter, they remain in areas similar to the fields and flood plains where they live during the summer months.[24]", "Snow goose. The lesser snow goose travels through the Central Flyway, Mississippi Flyway, and Pacific Flyway across prairie and rich farmland to their wintering grounds on grassland and agricultural fields across the United States and Mexico, especially the Gulf coastal plain. The larger and less numerous greater snow goose travels through the Atlantic Flyway and winters on a relatively more restricted range on the Atlantic coastal plain. Traditionally, lesser snow geese wintered in coastal marsh areas where they used their short but strong bills to dig up the roots of marsh grasses for food. However, they have also since shifted inland towards agricultural areas, likely the cause behind the unsustainable population increase in the 20th century. This shift may help to contribute to increased goose survival rates, leading to overgrazing on tundra breeding grounds.[8]", "Gull. Gulls are typically medium to large birds, usually grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They typically have harsh wailing or squawking calls; stout, longish bills; and webbed feet. Most gulls are ground-nesting carnivores which take live food or scavenge opportunistically, particularly the Larus species. Live food often includes crabs and small fish. Gulls have unhinging jaws which allow them to consume large prey. Gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea, except for the kittiwakes.[5] The large species take up to four years to attain full adult plumage, but two years is typical for small gulls. Large white-headed gulls are typically long-lived birds, with a maximum age of 49 years recorded for the herring gull.[6]" ]

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[ "Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, where it is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet, and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about 35 km (22 mi) and is joined by the Dibang River and the Lohit River at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Burlung-Buthur by native Bodo tribals, it then enters the state of Assam, and becomes very wide—as wide as 20 km (12 mi) in parts of Assam.", "Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra (/ˌbrɑːməˈpuːtrə/ is one of the major rivers of Asia, a trans-boundary river which flows through China, India and Bangladesh. As such, it is known by various names in the region: Assamese: ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ ('নদ' nôd, masculine form of 'নদী' nôdi \"river\") Brôhmôputrô [bɹɔɦmɔputɹɔ]; Sanskrit: ब्रह्मपुत्र, IAST: Brahmaputra; Tibetan: ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་, Wylie: yar klung gtsang po Yarlung Tsangpo; simplified Chinese: 布拉马普特拉河; traditional Chinese: 布拉馬普特拉河; pinyin: Bùlāmǎpǔtèlā Hé. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within Tibet).[3] The Manas River, which runs through Bhutan, joins it at Jogighopa, in India. It is the tenth largest river in the world by discharge, and the 15th longest.", "Brahmaputra River. With its origin in the Angsi glacier, located on the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo River,[1] it flows across southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon) and into Arunachal Pradesh (India).[4] It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna (not to be mistaken with Yamuna of India). In the vast Ganges Delta, it merges with the Padma, the popular name of the river Ganges in Bangladesh, and finally the Meghna and from here it is known as Meghna before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.[5]", "Brahmaputra River. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of Gyala Peri and Namcha Barwa in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the “Grand Canyon” of the Tsangpo) across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for 5,000 m (16,000 ft) and more on each side. During that stretch, the river enters northern Arunachal Pradesh state in northeastern India, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly.", "Brahmaputra River. The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns toward the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about 1,450 km (900 mi) from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra (\"Son of Brahma\"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than 8 km (5.0 mi) apart. As the river follows its braided 700 m (2,300 ft) course through the valley, it receives several rapidly rushing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bhareli, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhu, and the Kopili.", "Brahmaputra River. The environment of the Brahmaputra floodplains in Assam have been described as the Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests ecoregion.", "Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra River, also called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan language, originates on the Angsi Glacier located on the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about 97 km (60 mi) southeast of Lake Manasarovar in southwestern Tibet. The river is 3,848 km (2,391 mi) long, and its drainage area is 712,035 km2 (274,918 sq mi) according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2,900 to 3,350 km and its drainage area between 520,000 and 1.73 million km2. This finding has been given by Liu Shaochuang, a researcher with the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications under the analysis using expeditions and satellite imagery from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).[1][9]", "Ganges. Also near the end of the 18th century, the course of the lower Brahmaputra changed dramatically, altering its relationship with the Ganges. In 1787 there was a great flood on the Teesta River, which at the time was a tributary of the Ganges-Padma River. The flood of 1787 caused the Teesta to undergo a sudden change course (an avulsion), shifting east to join the Brahmaputra and causing the Brahmaputra to shift its course south, cutting a new channel. This new main channel of the Brahmaputra is called the Jamuna River. It flows south to join the Ganges-Padma. Since ancient times the main flow of the Brahmaputra was more easterly, passing by the city of Mymensingh and joining the Meghna River. Today this channel is a small distributary but retains the name Brahmaputra, sometimes Old Brahmaputra.[47] The site of the old Brahmaputra-Meghna confluence, in the locality of Langalbandh, is still considered sacred by Hindus. Near the confluence is a major early historic site called Wari-Bateshwar.[16]", "Brahmaputra River. The river drains the Himalaya east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the Ganga basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai-Bum hills, the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills, the Assam plains, and the northern portion of Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) is the only peak above 8,000 m, hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin.", "Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh. This category has only the following subcategory.", "Brahmaputra River. The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by China, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to divert the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.[24] At the Kathmandu Workshop of Strategic Foresight Group in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.[25] However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the Zangmu Dam on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,[24] but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.[26] This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.[27] Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese hydropower plans.[28]", "Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh. The following 11 pages are in this category, out of 11 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).", "Brahmaputra River. In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna (Jomuna) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the Padma River (Pôdda). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or old Brahmaputra (Brommoputro). It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka. The Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.", "Northeast India. Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River in Northeast India:", "Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–86. This river is often called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.", "Geography of Bangladesh. The profusion of rivers can be divided into five major networks. The Jamuna-Brahmaputra is 292 kilometres (181 mi) long and extends from northern Bangladesh to its confluence with the Padma. Originating as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in China's Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) and flowing through India's state of Arunachal Pradesh, where it becomes known as the Brahmaputra (\"Son of Brahma\"), it receives waters from five major tributaries that total some 740 kilometres (460 mi) in length. At the point where the Brahmaputra meets the Tista River in Bangladesh, it becomes known as the Jamuna. The Jamuna is notorious for its shifting subchannels and for the formation of fertile silt islands (chars). No permanent settlements can exist along its banks.", "Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snow melt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about 1.9m and 19,830 m3 /s of discharge. The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was 72,726 m3 /s August 1962 while the lowest was 1,757 m3 /s in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems.", "Brahmaputra River. The hydrology of the Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will results in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over 18 km in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River.", "Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E and 97.30° E longitude and has an area of 83,743 km2 The topography rapidly rises to 7000 m at its highest peak. Kangte, Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen peak and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas. Numerous river valleys dissect the precipitous terrain of Arunachal. Some of the major rivers are Kameng, Subansiri, Siang, Dibang, Lohit and Noa-Dihing rivers. Mountains till the Siang river are classified under the Eastern Himalayas mountain range. Between the Siang river and the Noa-Dihing river is classified as the Mishmi Hills that may be part of the Hengduan Shan, but the true extents of these mountains is unclear. South of the Noa-Dihing in Tirap and Longding districts, these mountains are parts of the Patkai Range. The rivers are fed by immense abundance of forest cover that absorb moisture and transfer it to subsurface flows. Summer melt water from snow caps also contribute to the volume of water.", "Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bankline migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank. [19]", "Brahmaputra River. Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur Districts, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about 100 km (62 mi) downstream, forming the Majuli island, which is the largest river island in the world.[10] At Guwahati, near the ancient pilgrimage centre of Hajo, the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau, and is at its narrowest at 1 km (1,100 yd) bank-to-bank. Because of the river's narrow width, the Battle of Saraighat was fought here in March 1671. The first combined rail/road bridge across the Brahmaputra was opened to traffic in April 1962 at Saraighat.", "Brahmaputra River. About 3,848 km (2,391 mi)[1] long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and transportation. The average depth of the river is 38 m (124 ft) and maximum depth is 120 m (380 ft). The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when Himalayas snow melts. The average discharge of the river is about 19,800 m3/s (700,000 cu ft/s),[4] and floods can reach over 100,000 m3/s (3,500,000 cu ft/s).[6] It is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion.[7] It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. It is navigable for most of its length.", "Brahmaputra River. The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name, as it means \"son of Brahma\" in Sanskrit (putra means \"son\").[8]", "Brahmaputra River. From its source, the river runs for nearly 1,100 km (680 mi) in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the Kailas Range to the north. Throughout its upper course, the river is generally known as the Tsangpo (“Purifier”); it is also known by its Chinese name (Yarlung Zangbo) and by other local Tibetan names.", "Brahmaputra River. China had built the Zangmu Dam in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.[21] The main purpose of the dam was to generate electricity for China and its operation has caused concerns for downstream neighbours like India as the presence of dams in the upper course of the river will mean unpredictability in the dynamics of downstream flows.", "Brahmaputra River. One idea about the most recent avulsion is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista.", "Brahmaputra River. The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of 80 km from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the \"old Brahmaputra\". The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river’s erosion rate has decreased to 30m per year as compared to 150m per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land.", "Manas River. The Lhobrak, or Kuri Chhu, is the main central tributary of the Manas. It is the only river that rises north of the Great Himalayas and it joins the Manas in southern Bhutan; further downstream of the combined stream joining at the Tongsa Chu. Here, the river bed level is 121 metres (397 ft).[3] After flowing in a generally south-westerly direction for about 29 kilometres (18 mi) in Bhutan, the Aie river enters In India into the Goalpara district of Assam at the village of Agrong. From here, it follows a meandering course for about 75 kilometres (47 mi) and outfalls into the Brahmaputra near Jogigopa. Aie River, which rises in the Black mountains at an altitude of about 4,915 metres (16,125 ft) near the village of Bangpari, is about 110 kilometres (68 mi) in length. The total length of the Manas measured along its longest tributary the Kur is 376 kilometres (234 mi), out of which about 104 kilometres (65 mi) lies in India.[4]", "North-East India. The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra-Barak river systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak and Imphal valleys and some flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two-thirds of the area is hilly terrain interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost sea-level to over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above MSL. The region's high rainfall, averaging around 10,000 millimetres (390 in) and above, creates problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity, and floods. The states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.", "Geography of India. (The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi).[41] The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi).[22] The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand.[40] It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal).[22] (The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains.[22] The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, China, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River) (or \"Tsangpo\"). It enters India in the far-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, then flows west through Assam. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna River.[22][42]", "Brahmaputra River. The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a 240 km (150-mi) course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the main stream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the Baral, Atrai, and Hurasagar Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large Dhaleswari River on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga (“Old Ganga”), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.", "Northeast India. The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra-Barak river systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak and Imphal valleys and some flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two-thirds of the area is hilly terrain interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost sea-level to over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above MSL. The region's high rainfall, averaging around 10,000 millimetres (390 in) and above, creates problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity, and floods. The states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers." ]

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[ "Port of Melbourne. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest port for containerised and general cargo.[1] It is located in Melbourne, Victoria, and covers an area at the mouth of the Yarra River, downstream of Bolte Bridge, which is at the head of Port Phillip, as well as several piers on the bay itself. Since 1 July 2003, the Port of Melbourne has been managed by the Port of Melbourne Corporation, a statutory corporation created by the State of Victoria.", "Melbourne. Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere.[150] Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there.[216] Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay.", "Port of Melbourne. Port Melbourne (or Sandridge as it was known until 1884) was a busy port early in the history of Melbourne, but declined as a cargo port with the development of the Port of Melbourne in the late 19th century. It retains Melbourne's passenger terminal however, with cruise ships and ferries using Station Pier.", "Port of Melbourne. The Port of Melbourne consists of several major man-made docks on the Yarra River and Port Melbourne, including (from upstream to downstream):", "Port of Melbourne. In the future the Victorian Government will redevelop the Port of Melbourne to better integrate it with other modes of transport. The Melbourne wholesale fruit and vegetable market will be relocated to Epping and Footscray Road raised so that port users will have improved access to the rail facilities at South Dynon.[6]", "Port of Melbourne. In Melbourne's early days, large ships were unable to navigate the Yarra River, so cargo destined for Melbourne had to be unloaded at either Hobsons Bay (now Williamstown) or Sandridge (now Port Melbourne) and transferred either by rail or by cargo lighter to warehouses which were concentrated around King Street. This was an expensive and inefficient process.", "Port of Melbourne. Recently further controversy has resulted from plans to dredge Port Phillip to deepen shipping channels to allow larger ships into the Port of Melbourne. This process commenced in 2008 and was completed in November 2009. It involved removing more than 22 million cubic metres of sand and silt to provide a minimum 14 metre draught at all times. Opposition to this project stems from potential environmental damage due to silting [5] and loss of amenity for bayside residents due to the noise produced by the dredges. The project was subject to the strictest environmental testing and monitoring requirements in the world at the time. These activities will continue on for many years to help protect the Port Phillip Bay ecosystems.", "Port of Melbourne. The Port of Melbourne is made up of the following:", "Port of Melbourne. The Port of Melbourne was also the scene of a watershed industrial battle in 1998 between Patrick Corporation and the Maritime Union of Australia (MUA).", "Port of Melbourne. Railway goods sidings serve both Swanson Dock East and West, permitting the transfer of shipping containers between sea and rail transport. Originally provided in the 1960s with the development of the port, they were later removed and not restored until 2003 as a 1500 metre long siding.[8][9] Rail sidings at Appleton Dock reopened in 2000 to serve a new export grain terminal at the port.[10] Dual gauge access is provided to the majority of sidings in the area. Extensive sidings once served the Victoria Dock area,[11] as well as Webb Dock which had a dedicated line.[12]", "Port of Melbourne. Development slowed during the Great Depression and World War II but resumed after the war with construction of Appleton Dock (1956), Webb Dock (1960) at the mouth of the Yarra and Swanson Dock, the first container terminal, on what was Coode Island.", "Melbourne. The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo.[22] Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.[23]", "Port of Melbourne. From May 2003 till May 2004, approximately 3,400 ships from 42 different lines called at the Port of Melbourne. The port handled 64.4 million tonnes of cargo, including a throughput of 1.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo. In 2006-07 it became the first Australian port to handle two million TEU in a year.[7]", "Port of Melbourne. Eventually Victoria Dock became too small to handle large container ships and was closed. Its fate was permanently sealed by the construction of the Bolte Bridge, part of CityLink, across its entrance in 1999. It now forms the centrepiece of the Melbourne Docklands redevelopment.", "Yarra River. Today, the mouth and including Swanson and Appleton Docks are used for container shipping by the Port of Melbourne which is the busiest on the continent. The city reach which is inaccessible to larger watercraft, has seen increased use for both transport and recreational boating (including kayaking, canoeing, rowing and swimming). In recent years[date missing] however recreational use of the river is threatened by high levels of pollution in its lower stretches. The upper reaches remain relatively healthy.", "Port of Melbourne. Most of the port is in the suburb of West Melbourne and should not be confused with the Melbourne suburb of Port Melbourne although Webb Dock and Station Pier, parts of the Port of Melbourne, are in Port Melbourne.", "Port of Melbourne. In 2011, the port was projected to reach its full capacity in 2015.[2]", "Port of Melbourne. In September 2016, the port’s commercial operations were leased to the Lonsdale Consortium, comprising the Australian Government Future Fund, Queensland Investment Corporation, GIP and OMERS, for a term of 50 years for more than $9.7 billion.[3]", "Port of Melbourne. Over time the docks moved progressively downstream as ships became larger and road bridges were built across the Yarra. The construction of the Spencer Street Bridge in 1928 and the Charles Grimes Bridge in 1975 each closed access to docks to the east. The barque Polly Woodside lying in the old Duke and Orr drydock, the warehouses of South Wharf and the Mission to Seafarers building are now the only reminders of the maritime history of this area.", "Port of Melbourne. Coode also oversaw the construction of Victoria Dock in swampland to the west of the city. This opened in 1889.", "Port of Melbourne. In 1991 a large fire at the Coode Island bulk liquid handling facility blanketed much of Melbourne in toxic fumes. The public outrage forced the government to investigate relocating the facility. Point Lillias near Geelong was considered. However, due to the high cost involved and local opposition the facility has remained at Coode Island.[4]", "Port of Melbourne. With these works, ships were now able to sail as far up the river as Queensbridge where a turning basin was constructed.", "Port of Melbourne. In 1877, Victoria's colonial government resolved to make the Yarra more navigable and engaged English engineer Sir John Coode to devise a solution. His solution was to change the course of the river by cutting a canal south of the original course of the river. This shortened it by a mile and made it much wider. It also created Coode Island, a name still used today although the northern course of the river has long since disappeared.", "Melbourne. With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network spreading into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox,[25] frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.", "Melbourne. Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters of many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and five of the largest seven in the country (based on market capitalisation)[149] (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank, CSL and Telstra, as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than AU$75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade.[116][150][151] Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[152]", "West Gate Bridge. Strong growth in suburbs along the route, and increased freight through the Port of Melbourne, means that the corridor is experiencing traffic congestion during peak periods, is vulnerable to short term interruptions and is rapidly approaching capacity. Proposals to abate congestion by allowing more traffic have included bridge widening, a tunnel underneath the river, or adding a second deck to the bridge. Many such plans have come under fire from community groups such as the Public Transport Users Association and Environment Victoria advocating investment in alternative forms of transport.", "Melbourne. The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid-1851 led to a gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.[40] Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.[41]", "Victoria, British Columbia. The Port of Victoria consists of three parts, the Outer Harbour, used by deep sea vessels, the Inner and Upper Harbours, used by coastal and industrial traffic. It is protected by a breakwater with a deep and wide opening. The port is a working harbour, tourist attraction and cruise destination. Esquimalt Harbour is also a well-protected harbour with a large graving dock and shipbuilding and repair facilities.", "Port Melbourne Football Club. Port Melbourne is traditionally considered one of the strongest, most successful and most supported Victorian clubs outside of the AFL due to its long and illustrious history in the competition formerly known as the Victorian Football Association (VFA).", "Great Barrier Reef. This approval is in line with the agency’s view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports. As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years, Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas. It’s important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand, silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds.[96]", "Port of London. The Port of London has been central to the economy of London since the founding of the city in the 1st century and was a major contributor to the growth and success of the city. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was the busiest port in the world, with wharves extending continuously along the Thames for 11 miles (18 km), and over 1,500 cranes handling 60,000 ships per year. In World War II it was a prime target for the Luftwaffe during The Blitz.", "Yarra River. The river was instrumental in the establishment of Melbourne along its banks from 1835 onwards. The new settlement's main port was sited just downstream of Yarra Falls west of modern-day Queen's Bridge, the place where saltwater met freshwater. Ships would use one side of the falls while the other side provided fresh drinking water for the town and a convenient sewer. In the city's early days the Yarra was one of two major ports, the other being Sandridge or Port Melbourne, but the Yarra was preferred due to the direct access to the town's main streets and was the location of Customs House. Early industries grew along the banks of the river, rapidly degrading the water quality until Melbourne's fresh water had to be sourced from elsewhere. Industries then began using the river and tributaries such as Merri Creek as landfill and for harmful chemical dumps for substances like grease and oils.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). The Doctor, an Emergency Medical Hologram Mark I (or EMH for short), is a fictional character from the television series Star Trek: Voyager, played by actor Robert Picardo. The character also appeared in the now-closed Star Trek: The Experience amusement exhibition at the Las Vegas Hilton.", "Robert Picardo. Robert Picardo (born October 27, 1953) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayals of Dr. Dick Richards on ABC's China Beach; the Emergency Medical Hologram (EMH), also known as The Doctor, on Star Trek: Voyager; the Cowboy in Innerspace, Coach Cutlip on The Wonder Years (where he received an Emmy nomination); Ben Wheeler in Wagons East; and as Richard Woolsey in the Stargate television franchise. Picardo is also a member of the Board of Directors of The Planetary Society.", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). There has been only one update to the Mark I seen on screen, the Mark II played by Andy Dick in the episode \"Message in a Bottle\", which supposedly had a \"better\" bedside manner than the Mark I, as well as possibly some updated medical information. However, later episodes mention that further versions of the EMH exist.", "The Pagemaster. Many of the cast members have had roles in the Star Trek franchise: Patrick Stewart played Captain Jean-Luc Picard, Whoopi Goldberg played Guinan, Leonard Nimoy played Mr. Spock, Christopher Lloyd played Kruge in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Ed Begley, Jr. played Henry Starling in a two-part episode of Star Trek: Voyager, George Hearn played Dr. Berel in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and B.J. Ward played numerous characters in Star Trek computer games, as did Jim Cummings. Composer James Horner was also the composer for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. Frank Welker voiced Spock's screams in Star Trek III and the alien creature in the Star Trek: Voyager episode \"Nothing Human\". Robert Picardo played The Doctor on Star Trek: Voyager.", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). Picardo had a minor role in the movie Star Trek: First Contact, where he played the emergency medical hologram of the USS Enterprise-E. Doctor Beverly Crusher activates him, albeit reluctantly, as a means of distracting the Borg while she and other crew members escape from the besieged sickbay. He replies, \"I'm a doctor, not a doorstop\", an homage to Doctor McCoy's catchphrase line \"I'm a doctor, not a ...\" (The Doctor also made this reference several other times, on Voyager.) Nevertheless, when the Borg do break in, he does attempt to distract them by noting that Borg implants can cause skin irritation and offering to prescribe an analgesic cream. Although the Borg would be unable to harm or assimilate him, he still appears intimidated as they advance upon him.", "Leonard McCoy. Kelley had worked with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry on previous television pilots,[18] and was Roddenberry's first choice to play the doctor aboard the USS Enterprise.[19] However, for the rejected pilot \"The Cage\" (1964), Roddenberry went with director Robert Butler's choice of John Hoyt to play Dr. Philip Boyce.[20] For the second pilot, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" (1966), Roddenberry accepted director James Goldstone's decision to have Paul Fix play Dr. Mark Piper.[21] Although Roddenberry wanted Kelley to play the character of ship's doctor, he did not put Kelley's name forward to NBC; the network never \"rejected\" the actor as Roddenberry sometimes suggested.[19]", "Robert Picardo. From 1995 to 2001, he played the role of the Emergency Medical Hologram (EMH) in the television series Star Trek: Voyager. Before being accepted for this role, Picardo initially auditioned for the role of Neelix.[1] He later also directed two episodes.", "Robert Picardo. He played additional versions of the role of the EMH in the 1996 motion picture Star Trek: First Contact and the 1997 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \"Doctor Bashir, I Presume?\" He also played Dr. Lewis Zimmerman, the creator of the EMH, in episodes of Deep Space Nine and Voyager.", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). Picardo initially auditioned for Neelix. Despite Ethan Phillips getting the part, Picardo was asked by the producers to come back and audition for The Doctor — something that shocked him, because usually actors would be passed over completely.[10] During his audition for the role of The Doctor, Picardo was asked only to say, \"Somebody forgot to terminate my program.\" However, he then ad libbed, \"I'm a doctor, not a nightlight!\" (Picardo was initially afraid that he may have ruined his chances—ad libbing, he explained, was something that one just \"did not do\" in an audition.)", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). The Doctor began his service on the USS Voyager as the standard Emergency Medical Hologram built into almost every newer Starfleet ship's sickbay. The EMH is for use should the ship's doctor be incapacitated. In the series' first episode, Voyager's chief medical officer, along with his Vulcan nurse, was killed, necessitating extended use of the EMH. The EMH eventually developed his own personality, although he generally maintained his acerbic wit, and irritating \"version one\" bedside manner. As he was originally intended as a temporary medical backup system, not as a digital life form, Voyager's journey strains his programming to some limits. His cohorts were Kes and Tom Paris, both of whom functioned as nurses.", "Robert Picardo. In 2015, Picardo reprised the role of Dr. Lewis Zimmerman in the pilot episode of the fan series Star Trek: Renegades", "List of actors who have played the Doctor. David Tennant also played the Doctor's half-human clone in \"Journey's End\" – 5 July 2008", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). A recurring theme was the ethical aspects of an artificial, yet apparently sentient, being. In \"Latent Image\" treating two patients with an equal chance of survival, with only enough time to treat one, The Doctor chose Harry Kim, a friend. The other patient, Ensign Jetal, died. The Doctor was overwhelmed with guilt, believing that his friendship influenced his choice. When the stress nearly led to his program breaking down, Captain Janeway had his memories of these events deleted. When The Doctor later discovered clues as to what had happened, Captain Janeway was convinced by him and others that he had a right to learn to come to grips with the guilt in the manner of any other sentient being rather than be treated merely as a defective piece of equipment.[2]", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). The Doctor's program required a custom-built photonic processor, and Starfleet outfitted Voyager with only two. This hardware itself also could not be replicated, hence the Doctor could not be easily backed up, restored, or copied.", "List of actors considered for the part of the Doctor. Boris Karloff was approached to play the Doctor for a proposed radio series by Stanmark Productions in the late 1960s. Karloff declined, and Peter Cushing was hired to reprise his film version of \"Dr. Who\" for a pilot episode titled \"Journey Into Time\" that was recorded, but the BBC passed on the series. The recording as of 2014 is considered lost.[40]", "Patrick Stewart. Following a period with Manchester's Library Theatre, he became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1966, remaining with them until 1982. He was an associate artist of the company in 1968.[25] He appeared with actors such as Ben Kingsley and Ian Richardson. In January 1967, he made his debut TV appearance on Coronation Street as a fire officer. In 1969, he had a brief TV cameo role as Horatio, opposite Ian Richardson's Hamlet, in a performance of the gravedigger scene as part of episode six of Sir Kenneth Clark's Civilisation television series.[26] He made his Broadway debut as Snout in Peter Brook's legendary[27] production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, then moved to the Royal National Theatre in the early 1980s. Over the years, Stewart took roles in many major television series without ever becoming a household name. He appeared as Vladimir Lenin in Fall of Eagles; Sejanus in I, Claudius;[28] Karla in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and Smiley's People; Claudius in a 1980 BBC adaptation of Hamlet. He even took the romantic male lead in the 1975 BBC adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South (wearing a hairpiece). He also took the lead, playing psychiatric consultant Dr Edward Roebuck in BBC's Maybury in 1981. Stewart continued to play minor roles in films, such as King Leondegrance in John Boorman's Excalibur (1981),[28] the character Gurney Halleck in David Lynch's film version of Dune (1984)[28] and Dr. Armstrong in Tobe Hooper's Lifeforce (1985).", "Leonard McCoy. The line or some variation has been used by Dr. Julian Bashir (Alexander Siddig) from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, The Doctor (Robert Picardo) from Star Trek: Voyager, two other Emergency Medical Holograms (one in Star Trek: First Contact (Picardo) and the other in the Voyager episode \"Message in a Bottle\" (Andy Dick)), and Dr. Phlox (John Billingsley) from Star Trek: Enterprise. It has also made its way into many other shows such as Stargate Atlantis,[48] Robot Chicken,[49] Terra Nova,[50] Family Guy, Once Upon a Time, and Friends, as well as Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, and \"The Hangover\". In a parody sketch titled \"The Restaurant Enterprise\", on an episode of Saturday Night Live, Kirk (guest host William Shatner) directs McCoy (Phil Hartman) to help a man who's choking. McCoy snaps, \"Dammit, Jim! I'm a doctor, not a ... (suddenly realizes the situation; slightly embarrassed) Oh ... oh, sure.\" On an episode of In Living Color, one parody sketch lampoons the advanced age of the principal Star Trek actors. McCoy appears as a skeleton in a wheelchair, and quips, \"Dammit, Jim! I'm a corpse, not a doctor!\" The phrase was referenced in the Disney film Treasure Planet when Dr. Doppler says \"Dang it Jim, I'm an astronomer, not a doctor! I mean I am a doctor, but not that kind of doctor. I have a doctorate, it's not the same thing.\"", "Richard McGonagle. In television, he has appeared in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation and two episodes of Star Trek: Voyager. He played the recurring character Judge Lathrop in the crime drama Close to Home and provided the voice of Sanders on the sitcom Community in the second-season episode \"Basic Rocket Science\". He appeared in the TV series Rules of Engagement as a doctor.", "Seven of Nine. Although Seven was originally introduced as a foil for Captain Janeway, with the two of them proving to be very adversarial, they gained mutual respect as time went by. Ryan later described this as a mother-daughter relationship on the show, although she said that the writers had managed to make the character into more of an unruly teenager.[14] However, the inclusion of Seven of Nine as a primary character for the show alongside Janeway and the Doctor was criticised by other actors such as Robert Beltran, who played Chakotay. He felt that his character, along with Harry Kim, Tuvok and Neelix, had been overlooked.[15] As the end of the series approached, Ryan remarked that she would \"love to do something without special effects or rubber glued to my face, it'd be a nice change of pace.\"[16]", "Reginald Barclay. Barclay appears as a guest character in Voyager. His first appearance is in the third episode of the second season, Projections, although this is as a holographic character. In this episode, it is claimed that Barclay worked with Dr. Lewis Zimmerman to develop the EMH doctor program, although since Barclay's appearance is actually caused by a holographic breakdown this may not actually be the case.", "Reginald Barclay. Lieutenant Reginald Endicott \"Reg\" Barclay III, played by Dwight Schultz, is a fictional character from both Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager, in the latter of which he plays a vital role in re-establishing regular contact with the starship and Starfleet. Reginald Barclay as played by Dwight Schultz appears in the 1996 feature film Star Trek: First Contact. The character is portrayed as coming up with innovative solutions to technical problems, but struggles with holodeck addiction and some social issues. A common plot theme is that others overlook his science and technology brilliance because they evaluate his abilities based on his conversational and emotional demeanor.", "Michael Shanks. Michael Garrett Shanks (born December 15, 1970) is a Canadian actor, writer and director. He is known for playing Dr. Daniel Jackson in the long-running Canadian–American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 and as Dr. Charles Harris on the Canadian medical drama Saving Hope.", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). The Doctor soon gets the opportunity to live out his daydreams as, with the assistance of the crew, he pretends to be in charge to neutralize a war fleet.", "Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Other actors from the television series who returned include Majel Barrett as Christine Chapel, a doctor aboard the Enterprise; and Grace Lee Whitney as Janice Rand, formerly one of Kirk's yeomen and now a transporter operator. David Gautreaux, who had been cast as Xon in the aborted second television series, cameos as Branch, the commander of the Epsilon 9 communications station.[5] Mark Lenard portrays the Klingon commander in the film's opening sequence; he also played Spock's father, Sarek, in the television series and in later feature films.[16]", "Where No Man Has Gone Before. Gary Lockwood, as Lt. Commander Gary Mitchell, had starred in the title role of Roddenberry's earlier series on NBC, The Lieutenant; Sally Kellerman was cast as Dr. Elizabeth Dehner. Both actors needed silver eyes, which were produced by an expert contact lens fabricator who sandwiched wrinkled tinfoil between two sclera contact lenses which covered the entire eye. These were outdated even in the 1960s and dangerous to the health of the actors' eyes. Although Kellerman could insert and remove the prosthetics easily with no discomfort, Lockwood found them almost impossible to use. He needed to raise his face and sight along his nose in order to see through tiny holes in the foil. He was able to use this to enhance his performance as the mutating Mitchell, the unusual gaze giving him an arrogant and haughty demeanor.[4]", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). Attempting to develop a realistic personality, The Doctor not only manufactured a holographic family,[1] he had an increasing number of other \"human\" experiences. This resulted in The Doctor's program evolving to become more lifelike, with emotions and ambitions. He developed meaningful and complex relationships with many members of the ship's crew. The Doctor also developed talents as a playwright, artist, and photographer, and even became a connoisseur of opera.", "David Bradley (actor). Bradley played Solomon, a ruthless buccaneer, in the 2012 Doctor Who episode \"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship\". He previously provided voice work for The Sarah Jane Adventures serial Death of the Doctor.[9] It was announced in January 2013 that Bradley had been cast as actor William Hartnell in An Adventure in Space and Time, a BBC docudrama about the creation of Doctor Who in 1963. The special aired in November 2013, adding to the buildup to the 50th anniversary episode of Doctor Who later that month.", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). In these grandiose daydreams, The Doctor adds routines which allow him to take command of Voyager in the event of the command crew being disabled.", "The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager). A recurring theme in the Doctor’s life was his lack of a proper name. Starfleet did not assign a name and initially the Doctor maintained that he did not want one. In season 1 episode 6, “Eye of the Needle,” the Doctor requests a name immediately before credits roll. Later, he adopted such names as 'Schweitzer'[5] (after Albert Schweitzer), ‘Shmullus’[6] (by Vidiian patient Dr. Denara Pel), ‘Van Gogh,’ ‘Kenneth,”[1] ‘Jones’ and several others. His friends suggest the famous historical Earth doctors \"Galen\" and \"Spock.\" The captioned dialog of early episodes, and early promotional material for the series premiere, referred to him as ‘Dr. Zimmerman,’ after his creator Lewis Zimmerman. In the series finale, an alternate future timeline is shown where he has chosen the name Joe after his new wife’s grandfather (and having Tom Paris jest, \"It took you 33 years to come up with 'Joe'?\" in response).[7]", "Star Trek: Voyager. In some cases, the actors play the same character as elsewhere, such as Dwight Schultz who plays Reginald Barclay. In other cases, the same actors play different characters.", "Sylvester McCoy. Sylvester McCoy (born Percy James Patrick Kent-Smith; 20 August 1943) is a Scottish actor, best known for playing the seventh incarnation of the Doctor in the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who from 1987 to 1989—the final Doctor of the original run—and briefly returning in a television film in 1996.", "Silurian (Doctor Who). A Silurian doctor named Malohkeh (played by Richard Hope) is seen attending to Winston Churchill (Ian McNeice) in \"The Wedding of River Song\" in an aborted timeline. Hope plays another Silurian in \"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship\" (2012), seen briefly on a computer screen. The titular spaceship is a Silurian Ark searching for a new planet with a cargo of dinosaurs, the Silurian colony on board having been ejected from the ship by Solomon (David Bradley) prior to the episode. The ship is shown to have reached a planet named Siluria with its dinosaurs at the episode's conclusion." ]

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[ "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket. Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement.[1][2][3] In the year 2001, Sachin Tendulkar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in ODIs, while playing a match during the bi-lateral series against Australia at home.[4] In the chase for achieving top scores, West Indies' Desmond Haynes retired as the most prolific run-scorer in One Day Internationals (ODIs), with a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin.[5] Azharuddin remained the top-scorer in the format until his compatriot Sachin Tendulkar passed him in October 2000.[6] As of August 2016, eleven players—from six teams that are Full members of the International Cricket Council—have scored more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Four of these are from Sri Lanka and three from India. The rest are one player each from Pakistan, Australia, West Indies, and South Africa.[7] Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player reach the 10,000-run mark in this format.", "Virat Kohli. During South Africa's tour of India, Kohli became the fastest batsman in the world to make 1,000 runs in T20I cricket, reaching the milestone in his 27th innings.[208] In the ODI series, he made 77 at Rajkot and a match-winning 138 in the fourth ODI at Chennai that helped India draw level in the series.[209] India lost the series after a defeat in the final ODI and Kohli finished the series with an average of 49.[210] India came back to beat the top-ranked South African team 3–0 in the four-match Test series under Kohli's captaincy, and climbed to number two position on the ICC Test rankings.[211] He scored a total of 200 runs in the series at 33.33, including 44 and 88 in the fourth match at Delhi.[95]", "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket. Tendulkar took the fewest innings (259) while Sri Lanka's Mahela Jayawardene took the most innings to achieve the feat (333). Tendulkar holds multiple records—the most appearances, the best average, and the highest number of both centuries and half-centuries. Rahul Dravid—the third Indian to reach the milestone after Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly—is the fastest in terms of time span, taking 10 years and 317 days.[a][10] Brian Lara's time span of 16 years and 17 days is the slowest among all.[11] As of August 2016, Tendulkar leads the list with 18,426 runs, followed by Sri Lanka's Kumar Sangakkara, who scored 14,234.[12] Sangakkara's compatriot Tillakaratne Dilshan was the latest player to achieve this feat.[b][14]", "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket. Brian Lara took the least number of innings (195) to reach the 10,000 run mark, later equalled by Sachin Tendulkar and Kumar Sangakkara, while Australia's Steve Waugh took 244 innings to achieve the feat.[2] Alastair Cook is the fastest in terms of time span, taking 10 years and 87 days.[2] The time taken by Shivnarine Chanderpaul (18 years and 37 days) is the slowest among all.[2] As of May 2017[update], Tendulkar leads the list with 15,921 runs followed by Ricky Ponting of Australia with 13,378.[6]", "Virender Sehwag. On 11 March 2009, Sehwag blasted India's fastest ODI hundred against New Zealand by reaching 3 figures in just 60 balls. Eventually, he led India to win its first series win in New Zealand.", "Sanath Jayasuriya. Jayasuriya was the previous record-holder for the fastest century (off 48 balls), before losing that to Shahid Afridi's 37 ball century. This is cited as the first ever fastest century scored in less than 50 balls in world cricket. The record was then broken by Corey Anderson of New Zealand (36 balls), which is currently held by AB de Villiers of South Africa with 31 ball century. He has also held the world record for most ODI sixes (270 in 441 ODIs), which was surpassed by Shahid Afridi during the 2010 Asia Cup match against Bangladesh. He became the fourth batsman to score more than 10,000 runs and the second batsman to score more than 12,000, and 13,000 runs in the history of ODIs. He also has 28 centuries, the fourth highest in ODIs. He held the record of scoring most runs in an ODI over (30; he has achieved this twice), and first batsman to score over 30 in an over. This record is now held by South Africa's Herschelle Gibbs (36 runs in an over).", "Kumar Sangakkara. In terms of a number of innings required, Sangakkara is the fastest batsman to reach 8,000, 9,000, 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket. He is also joint fastest to 10,000.[16] He won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012, Test Cricketer of the Year in 2012, and ODI Cricketer of the Year multiple times in 2011 and 2013.[17] He has also won the LG People's Choice Award twice, in 2011 and 2012. Sangakkara has regularly featured in the World Test XI and World ODI XI, appearing six times and three times in them, respectively. He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2015 edition of Wisden.", "Virat Kohli. Kohli started 2016 with scores of 91 and 59 in the first two ODIs of the limited-overs tour of Australia. He followed it up with a pair of hundreds–a run-a-ball 117 at Melbourne and 106 from 92 balls at Canberra–in the next two matches. During the course of the series, he became the fastest batsman in the world to cross the 7000-run mark in ODIs, getting to the milestone in his 161st innings, and the fastest to get to 25 centuries. After the ODI series ended in a 1–4 loss, the Indian team came back to whitewash the Australians 3–0 in the T20I series. Kohli made fifties in all three T20Is with scores of 90 not out,[212] 59 not out[213] and 50, winning two man of the matches as well as the man of the series award.[214] He was also instrumental in India winning the Asia Cup in Bangladesh the following month in which he scored 49 in a run-chase of 84 against Pakistan,[215] followed by an unbeaten 56 against Sri Lanka and 41 not out in the Final against Bangladesh in two more successful chases.[216]", "Virender Sehwag. Sehwag holds multiple records including the highest score made by an Indian in Test cricket (319 against South Africa at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai), which was also the fastest triple century in the history of international cricket (reached 300 off only 278 balls) as well as the fastest 250 by any batsman (in 207 balls against Sri Lanka on 3 December 2009 at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai). Sehwag also holds the distinction of being one of four batsmen in the world to have ever surpassed 300 twice in Test cricket, and the only one to score two triple centuries and take a five-wicket innings haul.[5] In March 2009, Sehwag smashed what was till then the fastest century ever scored by an Indian in ODI cricket, from 60 balls.[6] On 8 December 2011, he hit his maiden double century in ODI cricket, against West Indies, becoming the second batsman after Sachin Tendulkar to reach the landmark.[7] His score became the highest individual score in ODI cricket – 219 off 149 balls which was later bettered by Rohit Sharma – 264 off 173 balls on 13 November 2014.[8][9][10] He is one of only two players in the world to score a double hundred in ODI and a triple hundred in Test Cricket, the other being Chris Gayle.[11]", "Century (cricket). In One day International cricket (ODI) the fastest century is held by South African batsman AB De Villiers. De Villiers' century came up in just 31 balls against the West Indies in the 2nd ODI at Johannesburg on 18 January 2015. De Villiers' hundred included 8 fours and 10 sixes. Corey Anderson (New Zealand) is second with 36 balls century against West Indies in Queenstown on 1 January 2014 and Shahid Afridi (Pakistan) is third with 37 balls century against Sri Lanka in Nairobi on 4 October 1996.", "Virat Kohli. Kohli had a successful time with the bat in the seven-match ODI series against Australia. After top-scoring with 61 in the opening loss at Pune, he struck the fastest century by an Indian in ODIs in the second match at Jaipur. Reaching the milestone in just 52 balls and putting up an unbroken 186-run second-wicket partnership with Rohit Sharma that came in 17.2 overs,[156] Kohli's innings of 100 not out helped India chase down the target of 360 for the loss of one wicket with more than six overs to spare. This chase was the second-highest successful run-chase in ODI cricket, while Kohli's knock became the fastest hundred against Australia and the third-fastest in a run-chase.[157] He followed that innings with 68 in the next match at Mohali in another Indian defeat,[55] before the next two matches were washed out by rain. In the sixth ODI at Nagpur, he struck 115 off only 66 balls to help India successfully chase the target of 351 and level the series 2–2 and won the man of the match.[158] He reached the 100-run mark in 61 balls, making it the third-fastest ODI century by an Indian batsman, and also became the fastest batsman in the world to score 17 hundreds in ODI cricket.[159] India clinched the series after winning the last match in which he was run out for a duck. At the conclusion of the series, Kohli moved to the top position in the ICC ODI batsmen rankings for the first time in his career.[8]", "Sourav Ganguly. Statistics about Ganguly show that he was the seventh Indian cricketer to have played 100 Test matches,[132] the 4th highest overall run scorer for India in Tests,[133] and the fourth Indian to have played in more than 300 ODIs.[134] In terms of overall runs scored in ODIs, Ganguly is the second among Indians after Sachin Tendulkar (who has the most ODI runs) and the eighth overall.[135] He has scored 16 centuries in Test matches and 22 in ODIs. He is also one of only ten batsmen to score more than 10,000 runs in ODIs.[136] Along with Tendulkar, Ganguly has formed the most successful opening pair in One Day Cricket, having amassed the highest number of century partnerships (26) for the first wicket. Together, they have scored more than 7000 runs at an average of 48.98, and hold the world record for creating most number of 50-run partnership in the first wicket (44 fifties).[137] Ganguly became the fourth player to cross 11,000 ODI runs, and was the fastest player to do so in ODI cricket, after Tendulkar.[138] As of 2006, he is the only Indian captain to win a Test series in Pakistan (although two of the three Tests of that series was led by Rahul Dravid). He is also one of the five players in the world to achieve amazing treble of 10,000 runs, 100 wickets and 100 catches in ODI cricket history, the others being Tendulkar, Kallis, Sanath Jayasuriya and Tillakaratne Dilshan.[139]", "Sachin Tendulkar. In the One-Day International Commonwealth Bank Tri-Series involving India, Sri Lanka and Australia, Tendulkar became the only batsman to complete 16,000 runs in ODIs.[152] He achieved this feat against Sri Lanka on 5 February 2008 at the Gabba in Brisbane. He started the series wth scores of 10, 35, 44 and 32.[153] His form dipped a bit in the middle of the tournament,[original research?] but Tendulkar came back strongly in India's must-win game against Sri Lanka at the Bellerive Oval in Hobart, scoring 63 off 54 balls.[154] He finished the series with a match winning 117 not out off 120 balls in the first final,[155] and 91 runs in the second final.[156]", "Virender Sehwag. Sehwag's scoring rate is extremely quick, at 103.44 runs per 100 balls (it is exceeded only by one current player: Shahid Afridi, who has a much lower average). He has had more success in run chases, scoring seven of his thirteen centuries while chasing. He has led India on seven occasions, due to the unavailability of the incumbent due to illness, injury or rotation policy. In December 2011 Sehwag scored 219 in 149 deliveries against West Indies at Indore. He has the record of 2nd highest individual score in ODI.[9]", "List of One Day International cricket records. The most successful team in ODI cricket, in terms of win percentage, barring the Asia XI cricket team,[5] is Australia, having won 527 of their 854 ODIs (64.58%). In contrast, four teams have failed to win a single ODI: East Africa, Hong Kong, Namibia, and the USA.[6] Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence (Australia, 21), longest losing sequence (Bangladesh, 23), highest match by any player (Sachin,463 ) highest individual score (Rohit Sharma, 264), best bowling figures (Chaminda Vaas, 8–19), most runs in an over (Herschelle Gibbs, 36) and fastest century (AB De Villiers, 31 deliveries[7]).", "Sourav Ganguly. Ganguly was introduced into the world of cricket by his elder brother, Snehasish. He is regarded as one of India's most successful captains in modern times,[6] and one of the greatest ODI batsmen of all time.[7][8][9] He started his career by playing in state and school teams. Currently, he is the 8th highest run scorer in One Day Internationals (ODIs) and was the 3rd batsman in history to cross the 10,000 run landmark, after Sachin Tendulkar and Inzamam Ul Haq. In 2002, the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack ranked him the sixth greatest ODI batsman of all time, next to Viv Richards, Sachin Tendulkar, Brian Lara, Dean Jones and Michael Bevan.[7]", "Kumar Sangakkara. Sangakkara holds the record for being the fastest man to 8,000, 9,000, 10,000 (jointly held), 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket. During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side. On 3 March 2009, a terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan team convoy in Pakistan injured 6 Sri Lankan players including Sangakkara. Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder.[45] In November 2006, Sangakkara was included in the ICC World XI Test team. Next year, he signed an agreement to join Warwickshire County Cricket Club.[46] That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so.[47]", "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket. Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement.[1] As of May 2017[update], thirteen players from seven different teams have scored more than 10,000 runs in Test cricket. The Indians and Australians lead the list with three players each. West Indies and Sri Lanka each have two players followed by one from South Africa, England and Pakistan. [2] Bangladesh, New Zealand and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player breach the 10,000-run mark in the format.", "Shahid Afridi. He hits many sixes long and high, favouring straight down the ground or over midwicket. His trademark shot is a cross-batted flick to the leg-side to a ball outside off stump. However, his aggressive style increases his risk of getting out and he is one of the most inconsistent batsmen in cricket. This is reflected by the fact that he is the only player to score more than 7,000 ODI runs at an average under 25.[121] Afridi is the only player in the world who has scored 1,000 runs and 50 wickets in the T20 format of the game.[122] Afridi has moved about the batting order, and this lack of consistency has made it difficult for him to settle. In the Indian subcontinent, where the ball quickly loses its shine, he prefers to open the batting; however, elsewhere he prefers to bat at number six.[123]", "Sanath Jayasuriya. Jayasuriya held the records for the fastest fifty (against Pakistan 17 balls), fastest 100 for Sri Lanka(against Pakistan 48 balls) and fastest 150 (against England in 95 balls) in ODI cricket. His fastest 50 stayed 19 years, where his half-century is regarded as the best because he achieved this feat in an era where no any fielding restrictions and power plays are available. It took 19 years to surpass the fastest 50 with all limited over new restrictions and other fielding restrictions. However, he subsequently lost fastest fifty to AB de Villiers. Jayasuriya and Sachin Tendulkar are the only players in history to have 4 ODI scores over 150, where Jayasuriya is the only player of the history to have scored two consecutive 150+ scores.", "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket. In 1974, West Indies cricketer Garfield Sobers retired as Test cricket's most prolific run scorer with 8,032 runs from 93 matches.[3] Sobers' record was surpassed nine years later by England's Geoffrey Boycott in the 1982 series against India.[4][5] Boycott remained the top-scorer before being overtaken by Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar two years later in 1983.[6][7] Four years later in March 1987, Gavaskar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in the format, doing so while playing a match against Pakistan.[2]", "Yuvraj Singh. He had a very poor Test series against Australia in Indian tour to that country in 2007/08. After his poor showing in the first two Tests, he was dropped for the remainder of the series. In November 2008, he hit 138 not out from 78 balls against England at Rajkot, taking 64 balls to reach his century which at the time was the second fastest by an Indian in ODIs after Mohammad Azharuddin's century in 1988 against New Zealand came off 62 balls. After reaching 50 from 42 balls, he added a further 88 in the next 36 balls. He did so despite straining his back, which necessitated the use of Gautam Gambhir as a runner. This was followed by 118 from 122 balls and a 4/28 all his wickets being specialist batsmen in the next match in Indore, earning him two consecutive man of the match awards. Yuvraj scored 85 not output on an unbroken partnership of 163 with Sachin Tendulkar to defeat England in the First Test at Chennai in December 2008. It was the fourth highest successful run chase in history and the highest in India. He scored a quick, unbeaten 54 in the second innings of the Napier Test against New Zealand to help India save the game after following on. India preserved their lead and went on to win the series 1–0.", "Rohit Sharma. On 22 December 2017, Sharma equalled the world record by scoring the joint-fastest century off 35 balls in Twenty20 International against Sri Lanka at Holkar Stadium, Indore.[41] His ODI stats improved dramatically since moving up to an opener in ODIs.[42]", "Virat Kohli. Raina was named captain and Kohli vice-captain for the tri-series against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe in May–June 2010, as many first-choice players skipped the tour. Kohli made 168 runs at 42.00 including two fifties,[75] but India suffered three defeats in four matches and crashed out of the series. During the series, Kohli became the fastest Indian batsman to reach 1,000 runs in ODI cricket.[76] He made his T20I debut against Zimbabwe at Harare and scored an unbeaten 26.[77] Later that month, Kohli batted at 3 in a full-strength Indian team throughout the 2010 Asia Cup and scored a total of 67 runs at an average of 16.75.[78] His struggles with form continued in the tri-series against Sri Lanka and New Zealand in Sri Lanka where he averaged 15.", "Mohammad Hafeez. In 2010 he was recalled for the third ICC World Twenty20 squad. His form was poor scoring only 39 runs and taking only 2 wickets in 6 matches. However he was subsequently selected for the T20Is and the ODIs on Pakistan's 2010 tour of England. He was the second highest Pakistani run scorer in the ODI series producing some solid opening partnerships with Kamran Akmal. Following this good form he was included in the squad that was selected to play South Africa in the UAE and he replaced disgraced skipper Salman Butt as an opening batsman in both Tests, achieving a batting average 32.50. He played in all 5 ODI matches ending up as the top run scorer and he also topped the bowling averages for the series. At the end of 2010 he was also selected for the party that would tour New Zealand and the West Indies and this resulted in him establishing himself as a regular in the Test, ODI and T20 teams. In 2011 he won an amazing 10 Man-of-the-Match awards in all forms of international cricket and became only the third player (after Sanath Jayasuriya and Jacques Kallis) to score 1000 runs and take 30 wickets in ODI matches within a calendar year.", "List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in ODI cricket. As of August 2017, Sri Lankan bowler Muttiah Muralitharan who is considered as the best bowler ever has the highest aggregate with 534 wickets, and also achieved 10 five-wicket hauls.[2] Australian Glenn McGrath has the best bowling average amongst players to achieve the milestone, taking 381 wickets per 22.02 runs.[6] Brett Lee—another Australian cricketer— was the fastest to accomplish the feat, taking 171 ODIs to do so.[7] South African fast bowler Shaun Pollock is the most economical with 3.67 runs per over where as Lee has the best strike rate of 29.4 balls per wicket.[2] Amongst the players, Chaminda Vaas has the best bowling figures, eight wickets for 19 runs against Zimbabwe in 2001, which is the only occasion in the history of ODI cricket where a bowler took eight wickets in a match.[8] Waqar Younis took 13 five-wicket hauls which are the most by any bowler.[2] Sanath Jayasuriya and Shahid Afridi are the only players to have scored more than 8,000 runs in the format.[9][10]", "Shahid Afridi. His general style of batting is very aggressive and attack oriented and has earned him the nickname \"Boom Boom\". Moreover, out of the seven fastest ODI centuries of all time, Afridi has produced three of them.[119] As of May 2013[update], he has an ODI strike rate of 114.53 runs per 100 balls, the third highest in the game's history.[120] This attitude has been transferred to Test cricket as well, with Afridi scoring at a relatively high strike rate of 86.97.", "Virender Sehwag. On 8 December 2011, Sehwag scored his highest ODI score against West Indies at Indore slamming 219 runs off only 149 Balls. In the same innings, he also crossed 8,000 runs in ODI Cricket.[50]", "Shahid Afridi. In October 1996 at age 16, Afridi was drafted into the ODI team during the four-nation Sameer Cup 1996–97 as a leg spinner as a replacement for the injured Mushtaq Ahmed.[20][21] He made his debut on 2 October against Kenya; however, he didn't bat and went wicketless.[22] In the next match against Sri Lanka, Afridi batted at number three in the role of a pinch-hitter. In his first international innings, Afridi broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket, reaching his hundred from 37 balls. The eleven sixes he struck also equaled the record for most in an ODI innings.[23][nb 1] Aged 16 years and 217 days, Afridi became the youngest player to score an ODI century.[25] Pakistan posted a total of 371, at the time the second-highest in ODIs, and won by 82 runs; Afridi was named man of the match.[23] The record for fastest century in ODI was broken by New Zealand cricketer Corey Anderson on 1 January 2014 who hit 131* runs from 36 balls and is now held by South-African cricketer AB de Villiers who made a century from 31 balls on 18 January 2015 against West Indies.[26]", "Virender Sehwag. Sehwag had his international breakthrough in Sri Lanka in August 2001 when he was promoted to the opening slot for the tri-series also involving New Zealand. The promotion to open the innings came because regular opener Sachin Tendulkar was absent due to a foot injury.[34] In the match against New Zealand that was to decide the finalist, he scored his maiden century from 69 balls.[35] At the time, the century was the third fastest ODI century for an Indian behind Mohammad Azharuddin's 62 ball effort and Yuvraj Singh's 64 ball effort. This was his first score beyond 50 in ten matches and saw him named the Man of the Match. This performance earned him a regular spot in the ODI squad in the middle-order. He bettered his own record by hitting a 60-ball century against New Zealand during the 2009 tour. An innings of note in 2002 was the 22 ball half-century against Kenya in Bloemfontein, tying the second fastest 50 by an Indian. Because of his attacking cricket stroke plays, Sehwag has got many fans, including the WestIndies legend Desmond Haynes, who admitted that he is a great fan of him.[36]", "List of One Day International cricket records. The trend of countries to increase the number of ODI matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players. Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar has scored the most runs in ODIs with a total of 18,426. Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest ODI wicket-taker with a total of 534 wickets. The record for most dismissals by a wicket-keeper is held by Kumar Sangakkara of Sri Lanka while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardene.", "Anil Kumble. Kumble took his first 50 Test wickets in 10 matches; the record remained the fastest by an Indian bowler till Ravichandran Ashwin surpassed him achieving the feat in nine matches. His 100 Test wickets in 21 Test matches, the second fastest by an Indian bowler[24] after Erapalli Prasanna (who took 100 wickets in 20 matches). On 27 November 1993, he took six wickets for 12 runs in an ODI against the West Indies at Eden Gardens, Calcutta in the final of the Hero Cup, which was an Indian record for very long time.[25][26] This record was broken by Stuart Binny on 17 June 2014 against Bangladesh.[27] In January 1994, when Sri Lanka toured India, Kumble picked up his first 10 wicket haul in his 14th match which ensured India's victory by an innings and 119 runs. He picked up 11 wickets for 128 runs in the match.[28]" ]

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[ "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). Over the course of the programme's broadcast history, it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £1 million. They include:", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple-choice questions of increasing (or, in some cases, random) difficulty. The maximum cash prize (in the original British version) was one million pounds. Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In 2007, it was announced that the UK version was changing its format, reducing the number of questions in the game from fifteen to twelve. The new payout structure was as follows: first going from £500 to £2,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then from £5,000 to £20,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then to £50,000, £75,000 and £150,000, and finally from £250,000 to £1,000,000 with the prize value doubling for each new question. Whereas the first safe haven remained at £1,000, the second safe haven was moved to £50,000. The new rules debuted in an episode that aired on 18 August 2007.[3] Within a period of four years following its introduction to the British Millionaire, the 12-question format was subsequently carried over to a number of international versions, including the Arab, Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Polish, Spanish, and Turkish versions.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is a British quiz show, created and produced by David Briggs, and made for the ITV network. The show's format, devised by Briggs, sees contestants taking on multiple-choice questions, based upon general knowledge, winning a cash prize for each question they answer correctly, with the amount offered increasing as they take on more difficult questions. To assist each contestant who takes part, they are given three lifelines to use, may walk away with the money they already have won if they wish not to risk answering a question, and are provided with a safety net that grants them a guaranteed cash prize if they give an incorrect answer, provided they reach a specific milestone in the quiz.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes, from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014, and was presented by Chris Tarrant. Over the course of its run, the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £1 million, and faced a number of controversies during its run, including an attempt to defraud the show of its top prize by a contestant. The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years, changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result, and later incorporating a time limit.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Subsequent questions are played for increasingly large sums, roughly doubling at each turn. The first few questions often have some joke answers. On episodes of the UK version aired between 1998 and 2007, the payout structure was as follows: first going from £100 to £300 in increments of £100, then from £500 to £64,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question, and finally from £125,000 to £1,000,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question.[1]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings. The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland. Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999; he estimates those contestants to have won around £5,000,000. The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation, with Burgess stating: \"The show knows about me and these types of syndicates, but they cover it up to keep the show going.\"[55][56] An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003.[57] Paul Smith, the Managing Director of Celador Productions, stated: \"We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing, and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure. We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system.\"[57] Since then, the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on-air.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In 2000, the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its \"BFI TV 100\" list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country.[72] The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). Members of the public wishing to apply for the game show are provided with four options to choose form - calling/texting a premium-rate number; submitting an application via the show's ITV website, using a system of £1 \"credits\"; taking part in a casting audition, held at various locations around the UK. Once an application is made, production staff select an episode's contestants through a combination of random selection, and a potential contestant's ability to answer a set of test questions based on general knowledge.[citation needed]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). To date there have only been 3 millionaires, two on the regular version and 1 on Millionaire Hot Seat:", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. The explanation on the ITV website (http://millionaire.itv.com/millionaire/howtoplaywalkaway.php) makes no mention that I can see of these supplementary questions, and I have never heard this mentioned on the show either. I have never played the text game myself; can anyone confirm that it does actually work as the article describes? Matt 21:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC).", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel, the first winner of the UK version;[16] Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million;[17] Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram, but was later cleared;[18] and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in Western media as the \"real-life Slumdog Millionaire\".[19][20][21][22][23]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The original British version of Millionaire, hosted by Chris Tarrant, debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998. At its peak in 1999, one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers (one out of every three Britons).[24] Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public, but in the show's later years, only celebrities appeared on the show, in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like. On 22 October 2013, Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years, and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished, stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned.[25][26] Tarrant's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013, and the final episode, a clip show entitled \"Chris' Final Answer\", aired on 11 February 2014.[27] Four years later, ITV announced that there will be a special 7-episode revived series being broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson presenting, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (disambiguation). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire may also refer to:", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (South African game show). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is a South African game show hosted by Jeremy Maggs and based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The goal of the game was to win 1 million rand by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? was shown on the South African TV station SABC 3. Earlier the quiz was aired on M-Net, which also lent its logo in the quiz logo. Four seasons of the show were made. There was a project of making this show in Afrikaans but it was never realised.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. Arthurvasey (talk) 13:17, 8 June 2009 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the \"Walkaway Text Game\". The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question, if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got, by choosing the letters 'A, B, C or D' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number. The viewer who answered the question won £1,000 by having their entries selected randomly.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. It was just a coincidence, people. Coincidences happen. Get over it.... Martyn Smith 20:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). To date only six people have got the million dollar question wrong, all on Millionaire Hot Seat:", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. In the UK the person who plays next week wins £1,000,000. The first in two years.......Duff12 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Canadian Edition. As in the United Kingdom and the United States, contestants tried to answer 15 multiple-choice questions to win CA$1,000,000 (US$750,000) with three lifelines (50:50, Phone-A-Friend, and Ask The Audience) to help them. Contestants were guaranteed $1,000 for correctly answering the fifth question, and $32,000 for the tenth.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). On 11 February 2006, celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children's Hospice. Having reached the final question of the quiz, they were asked \"Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?\", to which the Bowens answered with \"In God, We Trust\", only to learn that the question's correct answer was \"One Out of Many\" - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum.[38] However, Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de facto motto of the United States, it was never legally declared as such; In God, We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956, although it is not translated from any form of Latin. Following this revelation, the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question, with their original winnings reinstated; the couple chose not to risk the new question, and left with £500,000 for their charity.[38]", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. The ITV website calls it \"Walk Away\".", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. --Trainspotter 11:40 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). After completing the preliminary round, the contestant now begins taking on the main game, tackling a series of increasingly difficult question, which offering increasingly high sums of money, up to the top prize of £1 million. The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from list of generated questions based on general knowledge, with each consisting of four answers to choose from. While undertaking questions, the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time, and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong, but had reached a designated cash value during their game, they left with that amount as their prize. Unlike other game shows, if a contestant is unsure about a question they are facing, they are allowed to leave the game at that point with the cash amount they had managed to win by that stage. While the initial questions are generally easy, the subsequent ones after it require the contestant to confirm that their answer/decision is final by the host, at which point it is locked in and cannot be reversed. As a rule, the host is not shown the correct answer, until a contestant has given their answer. If an episode is reaching the end of its allotted, an audio cue is triggered to highlight this; contestants still playing the main game are left to wait until filming for the next episode begins to continue, though this is not the case for special editions of the show, such as celebrity episodes.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In 2002, John Bachini started a claim against Celador, ITV, and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire. Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format, a two-page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990, and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts, BT Lottery, also dating from 1990. Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith, from a sister company of Celador's, in March 1995 and again in January 1996, and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996. Bachini claimed that they used 90% of his Millionaire format, which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire's pilot: twenty questions, three lifelines, two safe havens (£1,000 and £32,000), and even starting from £1.00. Bachini's lifelines were known by different names; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone-a-friend, but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did. Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain, a five-page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995. The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing, and lost. Bachini won the right to go to trial, but could not continue at trial due to serious illness, so Celador reached an out-of-court settlement with Bachini.[64]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (disambiguation). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is an international series of television game shows.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Of all the international versions, the Japanese version has produced the most number (38) of top prize winners, including juniors. The most recent Millionaire winner is Yevgeny Malischuk from the Kazakh version, winning 10,000,000 tenge in the episode broadcast on 24 March 2018.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. I don't know why would someone put Thailand on the list. I doubt that because the \"Thai version\" doesn't look like Millionaire at all; just a simple set with sponsors' logos on the background. It doesn't even resemble Millionaire. - 上村七美 | talk 18:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (often informally called Millionaire[note 1]) is an American television game show based on the same-titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies. The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple-choice questions of increasing difficulty (although, for a time, most of the questions were of random difficulty). The program has endured as one of the longest-running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? franchise.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. I also auditioned at it was only 30 questions and they gave you 15 minutes. Mike Minnick", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). Tony and John Koutsonikolas' $125,000 question, 6 March 2010 (used the 50:50 lifeline on the question)" ]

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[ "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). The first season of the American animated television sitcom SpongeBob SquarePants, created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg, aired from May 1, 1999 to April 8, 2000, and consists of 20 episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The show features the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, and Lori Alan. Among the first guest stars to appear on the show were Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway voicing the superhero characters of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, respectively.", "Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants). SpongeBob SquarePants aired its first episode, \"Help Wanted\", along with sister episodes \"Reef Blower\" and \"Tea at the Treedome\", on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards.[1][28][29] The series later made its \"official\" debut on July 17, 1999 with the second episode \"Bubblestand\" and \"Ripped Pants\".[1][28][29]", "SpongeBob SquarePants. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and a sequel was released on February 6, 2015. In 2017, the series began airing its eleventh season and was renewed for a twelfth season.", "List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes. Since its debut on May 1, 1999,[3] SpongeBob SquarePants has broadcast 232 episodes, and its eleventh season premiered on June 24, 2017. The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004 and grossed over US$140 million worldwide.[4] Atlantis SquarePantis, a television film guest starring David Bowie, debuted as part of the fifth season.[5] In 2009, Nickelodeon celebrated the show's tenth anniversary with Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants and SpongeBob's Truth or Square.[6][7] The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, a stand-alone sequel, was released in theaters on February 6, 2015 and grossed over US$324 million worldwide.[8]", "Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants). \"Help Wanted\" is the pilot episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The episode follows the protagonist, an anthropomorphic young sea sponge named SpongeBob SquarePants, attempting to get a job at a local restaurant called the Krusty Krab. However, he is tasked to find a seemingly non-existent high-caliber spatula because the owner, Mr. Krabs, considers him unqualified for the position. Eventually, crowds of ravenous anchovies stop by the Krusty Krab and demand meals. SpongeBob returns from his errand, having fulfilled the request of Mr. Krabs and found a mechanical spatula. He utilizes the spatula to fulfill the anchovies' hunger. SpongeBob is then welcomed by Mr. Krabs as a Krusty Krab employee against Squidward's, the cashier of the Krusty Krab, wishes.", "SpongeBob SquarePants. Nickelodeon began celebrating the 10th anniversary of the series on January 18, 2009 with a live cast reading of the episode \"SpongeBob vs. The Big One\". The reading — a first for the series — was held at that year's Sundance Film Festival.[113][114] The episode, which would not premiere on TV until April 17, featured Johnny Depp as a guest star.[115] Other celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching of a new website for the series (spongebob.com) and the introduction of new merchandising. A \"SpongeBob and water conservation-themed element\" was also added to Nickelodeon's pro-social campaign The Big Green Help.[113] In an interview, Tom Kenny said, \"What I'm most proud of is that kids still really like [SpongeBob SquarePants] and care about it ... They eagerly await new episodes. People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it's funny. That's the loving cup for me\".[116]", "1990s. Nickelodeon's first animated series (Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show) debuted in 1991. One of Nickelodeon's most popular and longest running series, SpongeBob SquarePants, started in 1999 and became a huge success.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). Creator Stephen Hillenburg initially conceived SpongeBob SquarePants in 1984, while he was teaching and studying marine biology at what is now the Orange County Ocean Institute.[6] During this period, Hillenburg became fascinated with animation, and wrote a comic book entitled The Intertidal Zone ,starring various anthropomorphic forms of sea life, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob SquarePants characters,[7] including \"Bob the Sponge\", who was the co-host of the comic and resembled an actual sea sponge, as opposed to SpongeBob, who resembles a kitchen sponge.[1] In 1987, Hillenburg left the institute to pursue his dream of becoming an animator,[1][7] and began to envision the possible concept of a project involving anthropomorphic sea life. He then later started drawing several rough sketches.[1] In 1992, Hillenburg began to attend the California Institute of the Arts to study animation, having been accepted into the institute by Jules Engel, who was impressed with Hillenburg's previous work.[7][8]", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). Rocko's Modern Life ended in 1996.[12] Shortly following this, Hillenburg began working on SpongeBob SquarePants, teaming up with several Nickelodeon veterans and Rocko crew members,[1] including creative director Derek Drymon, writers and directors Sherm Cohen and Dan Povenmire,[13] writer Tim Hill, actor and writer Martin Olson, animation director Alan Smart, and story editor Merriwether Williams.[2] To voice the character of SpongeBob, Hillenburg approached Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life.[3] Originally the character was to be named SpongeBoy and the show would be called SpongeBoy Ahoy!.[14][15] However, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered that the name SpongeBoy was already in use for a mop product.[4][14] This was discovered after voice acting for the original seven-minute pilot was recorded in 1997.[14] Upon finding this out, Hillenburg decided that the character's given name still had to contain \"Sponge\" so viewers would not mistake the character for a \"Cheese Man\". Hillenburg decided to use the name \"SpongeBob\". He chose \"SquarePants\" as a family name as it referred to the character's square shape and it had a \"nice ring to it\".[5]", "Rock Bottom (SpongeBob SquarePants). \"Rock Bottom\" is the 34th episode of the first season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It originally was produced in 1999 and aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on March 15, 2000. The series follows the adventures of the title character in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. In the episode, SpongeBob becomes stranded in a abyssopelagic zone called Rock Bottom.", "List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes. The first season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (41 segments).\nNote: This is the only season that used cel animation.[20]", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). Hillenburg initially conceived the show in 1984 and began to work on it shortly after the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life in 1996.[1][2] To voice the character of SpongeBob, Hillenburg approached Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life.[3] The show was originally to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy!, but the name SpongeBoy was already in use for a mop product.[4] Upon finding it out, Hillenburg decided to use the name \"SpongeBob\". He chose \"SquarePants\" as a family name as it referred to the character's square shape and it had a \"nice ring to it\".[5]", "List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes. SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator, Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series is set in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom, and centers on the adventures and endeavors of SpongeBob SquarePants, an over-optimistic sea sponge that annoys other characters. Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished, educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s. He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 after the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, another Nickelodeon television series that Hillenburg previously directed.[1][2]", "SpongeBob SquarePants (film series). SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated/live-action comedy film series based on the Nickelodeon television program of the same name, created by Stephen Hillenburg. It began in 2004 with the release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The series is distributed and owned by Paramount Pictures, a subsidiary of Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom. All films feature the regular television voice cast: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan. The first installment is directed by Hillenburg, the second is directed by former showrunner Paul Tibbitt, and the third is directed by former writer Tim Hill.", "SpongeBob SquarePants. Many of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in 1989.[3] He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, and turned to Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on that series, to voice the title character. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy!, but both of these were changed, as the name was already trademarked.", "Tom Kenny. The series premiered on May 1, 1999, on Nickelodeon and became a commercial success in 2000, during its second season. Kenny voices other characters on the show including Gary the Snail, the French narrator (a parody of Jacques Cousteau), SpongeBob's father Harold SquarePants, and his live-action portrayal of Patchy the Pirate. In 2010, Kenny received the Annie Award for \"Voice Acting in a Television Production\" for his role as SpongeBob in SpongeBob's Truth or Square (season 6, episode 23-24). He also voiced SpongeBob in the sequel film released on February 6, 2015.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). The DVD boxset for season one was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada in October 2003, three years after it had completed broadcast on television. The DVD release features bonus materials including audio commentaries, featurettes, and music videos.[46][48][69] The pilot episode \"Help Wanted\" was excluded in the DVD release due to copyright issues.[69] According to Derek Drymon, the episode was not included because Nickelodeon did not want to pay Tiny Tim's estate for the DVD rights.[25] However, on the German release of the season one DVD, the episode \"Help Wanted\" actually is included.[70] \"Help Wanted\" was later released on the SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 3rd Season DVD as a bonus feature on September 27, 2005.[71][72] It was also released on the SpongeBob SquarePants: The First 100 Episodes DVD, alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five.[73][74] The DVD included a featurette called \"Help Wanted\" the Seven Seas Edition that featured \"Help Wanted\" in numerous languages.[75][76] The episode was also a bonus feature in the series DVD called SpongeBob SquarePants: 10 Happiest Moments that was released on September 14, 2010.[77][78] Upon release, the DVD set was quickly sold out at Best Buy and was selling \"briskly\" at online retailers, including Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble and Walmart.[79] In 2012, the DVD was released in slim packaging.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (film series). Production on the first film began in 2002 after Hillenburg and the show's staff completed the third season.[18] A tongue-in-cheek announcement of the film's plot from early on stated that it would feature SpongeBob rescuing Patrick from a fisherman in Florida.[18] This was intended as a humorous reference to Finding Nemo and was later confirmed by Tom Kenny (the voice of SpongeBob) to be a \"joke\" plot to keep fans busy.[18] Hillenburg wrote the film with five other writer-animators from the show (Paul Tibbitt, Derek Drymon, Aaron Springer, Kent Osborne and Tim Hill) over a three-month period in a room of a former Glendale, California bank.[15] Osborne said, \"It was hugely fun [...] although it did get kind of gamy in there.\"[15] At the beginning of the series, Hillenburg screened a number of silent shorts (from Laurel and Hardy, Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton) and work by two modern comic actors: Jerry Lewis and Pee-wee Herman, who were both inspirations for SpongeBob.[16]", "Friend or Foe (SpongeBob SquarePants). \"Friend or Foe\" is the first episode of the fifth season and the 81st overall episode of the American animated television sitcom SpongeBob SquarePants. It was written by Casey Alexander, Zeus Cervas, Mike Mitchell, Steven Banks and Tim Hill, and the animation was directed by supervising director, Alan Smart and Tom Yasumi. Alexander, Cervas and Mitchell also function as storyboard directors. The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on April 13, 2007.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released. The SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 1st Season DVD was released in Region 1 on October 28, 2003, Region 2 on November 7, 2005, and Region 4 on November 30, 2006. The pilot episode, \"Help Wanted\", was not included on the DVD due to copyright issues with the song \"Living in the Sunlight\" by Tiny Tim, which appears in the episode, but was later released as a bonus feature on various series DVDs, including that of the third season. The season received positive reviews from media critics upon release.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3). The season aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom, and was produced by United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon. The season's executive producer was series creator Stephen Hillenburg, who also functioned as the showrunner.[3] During production of the previous season, Nickelodeon already picked up a third season for SpongeBob SquarePants on September 20, 2000, due to the show's high ratings across basic cable television.[4] It premiered more than a year later, on October 5, 2001.", "List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members. SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg that debuted on Nickelodeon in the United States on May 1, 1999. The regular voice cast consists of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan. Most one-off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite and Thomas F. Wilson. Throughout the show's run, it has employed numerous guest stars from many ranges of professions. Repeat guests include Ernest Borgnine, Tim Conway, Brian Doyle-Murray, Marion Ross, John O'Hurley and Michael McKean.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 11). The eleventh season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants, created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg, began airing on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 24, 2017, beginning with the episode \"Spot Returns\"/\"The Check-Up\". The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom.", "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The film's trailer was released on May 19, 2004, and was attached to Shrek 2.[68] The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie opened in theaters on November 19, 2004;[69] its yellow-carpet world premiere was at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on November 14, 2004.[70][71][72] Among celebrities who saw the premiere with their children were Ray Romano, Larry King, Ice Cube, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation's Gary Dourdan and Friends' Lisa Kudrow.[73] The carpet was a disturbing reminder of home for Tom Kenny, SpongeBob's voice actor; he said, \"I have a 15-month-old daughter, so I'm no stranger to yellow carpets.\"[73]", "SpongeBob SquarePants. Nickelodeon launched the first global SpongeBob SquarePants-themed short film competition, SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes, in 2013.[319][320] The contest encourages fans and filmmakers around the world to create original short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for four people to a screening event in Hollywood. The contest opened on May 6 and ran through June 28, 2013.[321][322] On July 19, 2013, Nickelodeon announced the finalists for the competition,[323][324][325] and, on August 13, 2013, the \"under 18 years of age\" category was won by David of the United States for his \"The Krabby Commercial\", while the \"Finally Home\" short by Nicole of South Africa won the \"18 and over\" category.[326]", "Rock Bottom (SpongeBob SquarePants). \"Rock Bottom\" was written by Paul Tibbitt, Ennio Torresan, and David Fain, with Tom Yasumi serving as animation director. Tibbitt and Torresan also worked as storyboard directors.[2] The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on March 15, 2000, with a TV-Y7 parental rating.[3]", "Mr. Krabs. Eugene Harold Krabs is a fictional character in the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. He is voiced by actor Clancy Brown and first appeared in the series' pilot episode \"Help Wanted\" on May 1, 1999. The character was created and designed by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg.", "SpongeBob SquarePants. Three nights before the official anniversary date, an hour-long documentary of the series, Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants, premiered on VH1.[112][113][114][116][117] Critically acclaimed duo Patrick Creadon and Christine O'Malley created the film as a followup to I.O.U.S.A. – a documentary on America's financial situation. Creadon remarked, \"After spending two years examining the financial health of the United States, Christine and I were ready to tackle something a little more upbeat. Telling the SpongeBob story feels like the perfect fit.\"[113] On Friday, July 17, Nickelodeon marked the official anniversary of the series, with a 50-hour television marathon titled \"The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend\". The marathon began with a new episode, \"To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants\". Saturday saw a countdown of the top ten episodes as picked by fans, as well as an airing of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The marathon finished on Sunday, which saw a countdown of episodes as picked by celebrities, as well as the premiere of ten new episodes.[113][118][119]", "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie is a 2004 American live-action/animated comedy film based on the Nickelodeon television series SpongeBob SquarePants. The film was co-written, directed, and co-produced by series creator Stephen Hillenburg and starred the series' cast of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Clancy Brown, Rodger Bumpass and Mr. Lawrence, with guest performances by Scarlett Johansson, Jeffrey Tambor, Alec Baldwin and David Hasselhoff. It was produced by Hillenburg's production company United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies, it was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was also the first film in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series. In the film, Plankton devises a plan to steal King Neptune's crown and send it to Shell City, and SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve the crown to save Mr. Krabs from King Neptune's wrath and Bikini Bottom from Plankton's plan.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 11). The season was first announced on March 2, 2016, along with the tenth season, and premiered on June 24, 2017. A total of 26 episodes will be produced for the season, bringing the number of episodes up to 241.", "SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1). In his review for The Washington Post, Michael Cavna rewatched the pilot episode \"Help Wanted\" in 2009 and said \"so much of the style and polish are already in place.\"[50] He ranked the episode at No. 3 at his The Top Five SpongeBob Episodes: We Pick 'Em list.[51] Nancy Basile of the About.com said \"[The] humor and optimistic essence of SpongeBob is evident even in this first episode.\"[52]", "SpongeBob SquarePants. In February 2011, creator Hillenburg first announced the release of the 32-page bimonthly comic book series, SpongeBob Comics, based on the show.[263][264] The release marked the first time Hillenburg authored his own books. He said, \"I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a SpongeBob comic book from me\".[263][264] The comic book series is published by Hillenburg's production company, United Plankton Pictures, and distributed by Bongo Comics Group.[263][264] Although the characters of the series had previously appeared in Nickelodeon Magazine and in Cine-Manga, the first issue of SpongeBob Comics marked the first time the characters have appeared in their own comic books in the United States.[263][264] Hillenburg described the stories from the comic books as \"original and always true to the humor, characters, and universe of the SpongeBob SquarePants series\".[263][264]" ]

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[ "Duffer Brothers. It premiered in the summer of 2016 to excellent reviews,[9] specifically for its characterization, pacing, atmosphere, acting, soundtrack, directing, writing, and homages to 1980s genre films, and subsequently began to develop a cult following online.[10] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an approval rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with a weighted average score of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus states, \"Exciting, heartbreaking, and sometimes scary, Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television.\"[11] On August 31, 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes, which were released on October 27, 2017.", "Stranger Things. As part of its release on Netflix on April 14, 2017, the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of \"Chapter 1\" of Stranger Things.[205] Google used augmented reality (AR) \"stickers\" of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017.[206] Sesame Street created a young audience-appropriate spoof of Stranger Things, called Sharing Things, released in November 2017; it featured Cookie Monster as the \"Cookiegorgon\", Grover as Lucas, Ernie as Dustin, and included several nods to the narrative of the second season.[207]", "Million Dollar Matchmaker. On April 5, 2017 it was announced that AMC Networks had ordered a second season of Million Dollar Matchmaker making its debut on WE TV on August 4, 2017.[5] In season two, Stanger returns with a set of fellow relationship experts joining her matchmaking team : Candace Smith and Maxwell Billieon. [6] The Million Dollar Matchmaking trio join forces for one mission: to help client of celebrity status and financial wealth find love.[7]", "Someone Knows Something. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is \"coming soon\".[21] The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016,[5] with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3.[22]", "Stranger Things. The first season was released on Netflix on July 15, 2016. It received critical acclaim for its characterization, pacing, atmosphere, acting, soundtrack, directing, writing, and homages to 1980s genre films. The series has received several industry nominations and awards, including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016, and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series. On August 31, 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes, which was released on October 27, 2017. In December 2017, Netflix ordered a third season. The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season.", "Clangers. A second series of the revival, and the fourth series overall, will start on 11 September 2017.[27]", "Stranger Things. The second season is set a year later, starting in October 1984. Will has been rescued, but few know of the details of the events. When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down, his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]", "Stranger Things. The first season consisted of eight one-hour-long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15, 2016,[100] in Ultra HD 4K. The second season, consisting of nine episodes, was released on October 27, 2017[101] in HDR.[102] A teaser for the second season, which also announced the release date, aired during Super Bowl LI.[103]", "A Million Little Things. On February 6, 2018, David Giuntoli was cast as Eddie.[2] A week later, Romany Malco was cast as Rome.[3] By the end of the month, Christina Ochoa had joined the cast as Ashley,[6] along with Anne Son as Katherine,[25] Christina Moses as Regina Howard,[5] and James Roday as Gary.[9] In early March 2018, Stéphanie Szostak was cast as Delilah,[10] while Lizzy Greene was cast as Sophie Dixon.[13] That month, it was also revealed that Ron Livingston had joined the series in an unspecified role,[11] which was revealed with the series order in May to be the character Jon.[14] On June 27, 2018, Grace Park was cast as Katherine, replacing Anne Son who was in the original pilot.[7][8]", "It's Dangerous Beyond the Blankets. The second season airs every Thursday at 23:10 (KST), starting from April 5, 2018.", "Stranger Things. With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016, speculation on a possible second season was raised. By the end of July, The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green-lit,[40] and Netflix's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company \"would be dumb not to\" renew Stranger Things for a second season.[41] On August 31, 2016, Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes, to be released in 2017.[42] The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered. Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal, Matt Duffer said, \"it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch. I guess that’s what [Netflix] were intending to do all the time.\"[43]", "Stan Lee's Lucky Man. The first series debuted on 22 January 2016,[4] and averaged 1.49 million viewers per episode, making it Sky 1's most successful original drama series to date. The series was renewed for a second season, which began filming in June 2016 and was first broadcast on 24 February 2017.[5] On 25 August 2017, the series was renewed for a third series of eight new episodes. Series 3 began filming September 2017 and is available only on Sky 1 and TV streaming service NOW TV in the UK and Ireland which started on 20 July 2018.[6][7]", "Tracey Breaks the News. On 15 May 2018, it was formally announced that the show had been picked up for a second series, which began airing in June on BBC One.[3]", "SKAM Austin. On July 25, 2018, it was announced during the annual Television Critics Association's summer press tour that Facebook had renewed the series for a second season.[14]", "Stranger Things. The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20, 2017. The soundtrack, once again composed by Stein and Dixon, consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally. The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats, such as compact disc, vinyl, and cassette as well.[98] On the soundtrack's composition, Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces \"new styles of composition, while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We've created new elements that are necessary to support the story, but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1.\" The first track from the soundtrack, \"Walkin' in Hawkins\", was released on October 12.[99]", "DreamWorks Trollhunters. The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] It was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The series was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017, winning six including Outstanding Directing, Writing and Casting in an Animated Program. It was also nominated for four Annie Awards in 2017, winning three in the categories of Outstanding Achievement in Character Animation, Character Design, and Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production. On February 9, 2017, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of thirteen episodes, which is set to be released later in 2017.[5] It will be adapted into a comic book by Marc Guggenheim and Richard Hamilton.[6]", "Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle. Season 2 was released on 20 June 2011 as a single-disc region-2 PAL issue. Red-button extras are absent.[5]", "Trollhunters. The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] It was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The second season premiered on December 15, 2017, with a third and final season set to premiere in 2018. [5][6]", "Sneaky Pete. Episode 2 and the remainder of the first season premiered on January 13, 2017.[3]", "Tracey Breaks the News. In February 2018, Ullman revealed to writer and broadcaster Claire Fordham that writing on the second series had already begun.[3] Filming on the new series commenced 30 April 2018. On 15 May 2018, it was confirmed that the show would return to BBC One on 1 June with a new series consisting of three episodes.[18] A photo of Ullman made up as a British Conservative politician, and current Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Michael Gove, was released by the BBC on 16 May. It was further revealed that British politician Jacob Rees-Mogg, played by actor Liam Hourican, would be added to the show's long roster of impersonations. Mogg, presented as one-half of a double-act, is accompanied by his \"very long-suffering Nanny.\"[19] Also returning to the series is Ben Miller as Rupert Murdoch playing opposite Ullman as wife Jerry Hall.[20]", "SKAM Austin. On July 25, 2018, it was announced that Facebook had renewed the series for a second season.", "Grace and Frankie. On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]", "SKAM Austin. On April 19, 2018, the first short clips of the series were released, announcing April 24 as the official start of the series' daily releases.[15] Social media accounts for some of the fictional characters had started posting content earlier, sometimes as far back as April 2017.[16]", "Liar (TV series). After the first series concluded on 16 October 2017, it was announced that the programme would be returning for a second series. The second series, set to film and premiere in 2019, will focus on a whodunit storyline involving the cliffhanger of the first series' finale. Froggatt and Gruffudd are both set to return.[8]", "Angie Tribeca. A second season of an additional ten episodes was announced, which premiered on June 6, 2016.[2][9][10][11]", "Steve Guttenberg. In Fall 2014, Guttenberg wrapped production on SyFy Channel Lavalantula, scheduled to premiere Summer 2015.[12]", "Milo Murphy's Law. In Canada, the series premiered on Disney XD on October 17, 2016.[32] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, a preview aired on Disney Channel on December 2, 2016 and on Disney XD on December 12, 2016.[33][34] The full series premiered on April 3, 2017 and in September 2017 on each respective channel.[35][36] The series premiered on Disney XD channels in Australia and New Zealand on February 4, 2017 and in Sub-Saharan Africa on March 18, 2017.[37] It debuted on Disney Channels in Southeast Asia on February 10, 2017 and in India on August 21, 2017.[38][39]", "Josh Stewart. On February 26, 2018, it was announced that Stewart will join as a series regular in the second season of Netflix's The Punisher.[13]", "Ang Probinsyano. On 28 September 2017, this series will be celebrating its 2nd Anniversary.", "American Vandal. American Vandal is an American television mockumentary series that premiered on Netflix on September 15, 2017.[1] The series is a satire of true crime documentaries such as Making a Murderer and Serial (which it is explicitly compared to in episode 4). American Vandal was co-created by Dan Perrault and Tony Yacenda, with Dan Lagana acting as the showrunner. The first season consists of eight episodes and was released on September 15, 2017.[2] On October 26, 2017, Netflix renewed the series for an eight-episode second season, which will premiere in 2018.[3]", "The OA. On February 8, 2017, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, dubbed \"Part II\".[10] Production started in January 2018 with Brit Marling reprising her lead role as Prairie.[11]", "Congqian Youzuo Lingjianshan. A second season aired from January 7, 2017[2] to March 26, 2017." ]

[ 5.4609375, 0.9736328125, 0.64013671875, -2.755859375, 5.7578125, -4.73046875, 3.388671875, 5.296875, -4.26953125, -5.6640625, 5.57421875, -4.67578125, -5.61328125, -6, 4.7890625, -3.494140625, -2.892578125, -3.703125, -5.00390625, -4.40234375, -6.60546875, -4.84765625, -5.55859375, -5.06640625, -5.51171875, -6.80078125, -4.71484375, -7.82421875, -8.0859375, -5.98046875, -2.974609375, -4.58984375 ]

[ "Heathrow Airport. The commission released its interim report in December 2013, shortlisting three options: the north-west third runway option at Heathrow, extending an existing runway at Heathrow, and a second runway at Gatwick Airport. After this report was published, the government confirmed that no options had been ruled out for airport expansion in the South-east and that a new runway would not be built at Heathrow before 2015.[159] The full report was published on 1 July 2015, and backed a third, north-west, runway at Heathrow.[160]\nReaction to the report was generally negative, particularly from London Mayor Boris Johnson. One senior Conservative told Channel 4: \"Howard Davies has dumped an utter steaming pile of poo on the Prime Minister's desk.\"[161] On 25 October 2016, the government confirmed that Heathrow would be allowed to build a third runway; however, a final decision would not be taken until winter of 2017/18, after consultations and government votes. The earliest opening year would be 2025. On 5 June 2018 Cabinet approved the third runway, with a full vote planned for Parliament.[162] On 25 June 2018, the House of Commons voted 415-119 in favor of the Third Runway.[163] The bill received support from most MPs in the Conservative and Labour Parties.[164] A judicial review against the decision is being launched by four London local authorities affected by the expansion—Wandsworth, Richmond, Hillingdon and Hammersmith and Fulham—in partnership with Greenpeace and London mayor Sadiq Khan.[165] Khan previously stated he would take legal action if it were passed by Parliament.[166]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. It was suggested that a third runway would increase Heathrow's resilience to disruption, and so reduce emissions from aircraft waiting to land.[8]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In January 2009, the then Transport Secretary Geoff Hoon announced that the UK government supported the expansion of Heathrow by building a third runway (2200m) and sixth terminal building. The government would not undertake construction, but encourage the airport operator (BAA) to apply for planning permission and carry out the work. The government anticipated that the new runway would be operational in 2015 or soon after.[8][9][better source needed] In 2009 the government declared that they did not intend that the third runway should be used at full capacity when it is first opened. Initially the extra flights should be limited to 125,000 a year until 2020, rather than the 222,000 at full capacity.[9]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In December 2006 the Department for Transport published a progress report on the strategy which confirmed the original vision of expanding the runways.[2][3] In November 2007 the government started a public consultation on its proposal for a slightly shorter third runway (2,000 metres (2,187 yd)) and a new passenger terminal.[4]", "Heathrow Airport. In July 2013, the airport submitted three new proposals for expansion to the Airports Commission, which was established to review airport capacity in the southeast of England. The Airports Commission was chaired by Sir Howard Davies who, at the time of his appointment was in the employ of GIC Private Limited (formerly known as Government Investment Corporation of Singapore) and a member of its International Advisory Board. GIC Private Limited was then (2012), as it remains today, one of Heathrow's principal owners. Sir Howard Davies resigned these positions upon confirmation of his appointment to lead the Airports Commission, although it has been observed that he failed to identify these interests when invited to complete the Airports Commission's register of interests. Each of the three proposals that were to be considered by Sir Howard Davies's commission involved the construction of a third runway, either to the north, northwest or southwest of the airport.[158]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In January 2009, more detailed plans for the third runway were approved together with a sixth terminal and also a major new Heathrow Hub railway station which would provide better high-speed domestic rail links to the Great Western Main Line.[10] Plans for a high-speed rail connection direct to Heathrow were however dropped during 2010.[citation needed]", "Heathrow Airport. Prior to the 2010 general election, the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties announced that they would prevent the construction of any third runway or further material expansion of the airport's operating capacity. The Mayor of London, then Boris Johnson, took the position that London needs more airport capacity, favouring the construction of an entirely new airport in the Thames Estuary rather than expanding Heathrow.[153] After the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition took power, it was announced that the third runway expansion was cancelled.[154] Two years later, leading Conservatives were reported to have changed their minds on the subject.[155]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In January 2009, Greenpeace and partners (including actress Emma Thompson and impressionist Alistair McGowan) bought a piece of land on the site of the proposed third runway called Airplot.[75][76] Their aim is to maximise the opportunities to put legal obstacles in the way of expansion. Although this action is similar to the tactics first employed in the early 1980s by FoE with the 'Alice's Meadow' campaign; it differs in that it relies on the concept of multiple beneficial ownership rather than the division of the field into microplots. The field was bought for an undisclosed sum from a local land owner.[77] Also in January, Climate Rush staged a \"picnic protest\" at Heathrow airport against the construction of the 3rd runway. Hundreds of people attended the protest, dressed in Edwardian period dress. In the same month the glass doors of the Department for Transport were also broken by members of the organisation.[78]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In July 2013, the airport submitted three new proposals for expansion to the Airports Commission, which was established to review airport capacity in the southeast of England. The Airports Commission was chaired by Sir Howard Davies who, at the time of his appointment was in the employ of GIC Private Limited (formerly known as Government Investment Corporation of Singapore) and a member of its International Advisory Board. GIC Private Limited was then (2012), as it remains today, one of Heathrow's principal owners. Sir Howard Davies resigned these positions upon confirmation of his appointment to lead the Airports Commission, although it has been observed that he failed to identify these interests when invited to complete the Airports Commission's register of interests. Each of the three proposals that were to be considered by Sir Howard Davies's commission involved the construction of a third runway, either to the north, northwest or southwest of the airport.[15] The commission released its interim report in December 2013, shortlisting the northwest third runway option at Heathrow, extending an existing runway at Heathrow and a second runway at Gatwick Airport. The full report was published on 1 June 2015, finally confirming the Northwest runway and new sixth terminal as the commission's chosen proposal.[16] The commission estimated the cost to be around £18.6 billion; £4 billion higher than Heathrow's own estimate.[17] The northwest runway and terminal plan was approved by Government on 25 October 2016.", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. Building a third runway at Heathrow would expose hundreds of thousands of residents in London and Berkshire to sustained high levels of aircraft noise for the first time.[50]", "Heathrow Airport. In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, an independent commission chaired by Sir Howard Davies to examine various options for increasing capacity at UK airports. In July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow, which the government approved in October 2016.[5][6][7]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. The government's argument is that Heathrow is on the brink of suffering a decline in connectivity. Heathrow’s runways are now operating at around 99% capacity, which increases delays when flights are disrupted, and risks competing European airports gaining destinations at Heathrow's expense.[8] The government estimates that building a third runway would allow Heathrow to increase its connectivity, bringing £5.5bn of economic benefits over 2020-2080.[9] However, the British Chambers of Commerce estimated the economic benefits are £30 billion for the UK economy over the same time scale and has also stated that for every year the programme is delayed, it costs the UK between £900 million and £1.1 billion.[19]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. On 12 May 2010, the expansion was cancelled by the new coalition government. BAA formally dropped its plans on 24 May 2010.[12] However, London First, a lobby group representing many of London's businesses and major employers, continue to press the coalition government to rethink their opposition to the expansion of the airport.[13] On 1 July 2015, the Airport Commission recommended the third runway and sixth terminal, with a projected capacity of 740,000 flights per year after construction has ended.[14]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. An alternative suggestion to relieve the pressure on Heathrow without building a third runway was made:", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. Following an election pledge not to build a third runway, Prime Minister David Cameron was keen to implement the Thames Estuary hub. However, airlines spoke out against plans to partially fund the airport with around £8 billion in landing charges from Heathrow. An aviation review was set for the end of 2012 and Cameron had advised: \"I do understand it is vitally important that we maintain the sort of hub status that Britain has. There are lots of different options that can be looked at.\"[103]", "Heathrow Airport. In January 2009, the Transport Secretary at the time, Geoff Hoon announced that the British government supported the expansion of Heathrow by building a third 2,200-metre (7,200 ft) runway and a sixth terminal building.[149] This decision followed the 2003 white paper on the future of air transport in the UK,[150] and a public consultation in November 2007.[151] This was a controversial decision which met with widespread opposition because of the expected greenhouse gas emissions, impact on local communities, as well as noise and air pollution concerns.[152]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In March 2010 campaigners 'won a High Court battle' when Lord Justice Carnwath ruled that the government's policy support for a third runway would need to be looked at again and called for a review \"of all the relevant policy issues, including the impact of climate change policy\". The Department for Transport vowed to \"robustly defend\" the third runway plan.[82] Following the announcement, Gordon Brown, the prime minister said it was the right decision, that it was \"vital not just to our national economy, but enables millions of citizens to keep in touch with their friends and families\" and that the judgement would not change its plans. Shadow transport secretary Theresa Villiers said that the ruling meant \"Labour's flagship transport policies were in complete disarray\".[83]", "Heathrow Airport. With only two runways, operating at over 98% of their capacity, Heathrow has little room for more flights, although the increasing use of larger aircraft such as the Airbus A380 will allow some increase in passenger numbers. It is difficult for existing airlines to obtain landing slots to enable them to increase their services from the airport, or for new airlines to start operations.[27] To increase the number of flights, Heathrow Airport Holdings has proposed using the existing two runways in 'mixed mode' whereby aircraft would be allowed to take off and land on the same runway. This would increase the airport's capacity from its current 480,000 movements per year to as many as 550,000 according to British Airways CEO Willie Walsh.[28] Heathrow Airport Holdings has also proposed building a third runway to the north of the airport, which would significantly increase traffic capacity (see Future expansion below).[29]", "Heathrow Airport. Another proposal for expanding Heathrow's capacity was the Heathrow Hub, which aims to extend both runways to a total length of about 7,000 metres and divide them into four so that they each provide two, full length runways, allowing simultaneous take-offs and landings while decreasing noise levels.[156][157]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. The World Development Movement has claimed that the proposed additional flights from Heathrow’s third runway would emit the same amount of CO2 per year as the whole of Kenya.[45] However, the then-Transport Secretary Ruth Kelly stated that carbon emissions will not actually rise overall in the environment since carbon trading will be used to ensure that these increases from Heathrow are offset by reductions elsewhere in the economy.[46]", "Heathrow Airport. Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt by the addition of a new four-lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with canopy to the front of the terminal building, was completed in 2007. These improvements were intended to improve passengers' experience, reduce traffic congestion and improve security.[49] As part of this project, Virgin Atlantic was assigned its own dedicated check-in area, known as 'Zone A', which features a large sculpture and atrium.", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. Some of the capacity added to Heathrow by the addition of a third runway could be used to re-instate or improve flight connections to UK cities. Several cities have seen their connections to Heathrow reduced or lost over recent years as airlines have reallocated the airport's limited capacity to more profitable long-haul flights.[20][21]", "Heathrow Terminal 3. Heathrow Airport Limited also has plans for a £1bn upgrade of the rest of the terminal over the next ten years[when?] which will include the renovation of aircraft piers and the arrivals forecourt. A new baggage system connecting to Terminal 5 (for British Airways connections) is currently under construction. In addition to the baggage system, the baggage claim hall is also set to undergo changes with dedicated A380 belts and an improved design and layout.[5]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. In February 2008, five members of Plane Stupid who have resisted expansion throughout the process staged a 2-hour protest on the roof of the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) in protest at the close links between BAA and the government.[69] They unfurled two large banners were unfurled which read \"BAA HQ\" and \"No 3rd runway at Heathrow\".[70]", "Heathrow Terminal 3. Heathrow Terminal 3 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, serving London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. Terminal 3 is currently used by Oneworld members and a few other non-affiliated airlines. It is also the base for Virgin Atlantic.", "Heathrow Terminal 3. The terminal was refurbished between 1987 and 1990 at a cost of £110 million.[2] In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed[3] to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Emirates and Qantas now operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380. Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt through the addition of a new four-lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with canopy to the front of the terminal building, was completed in 2007. These improvements were intended to improve passengers' experiences, reduce traffic congestion and improve security. As part of this project, Virgin Atlantic was assigned its own dedicated check-in area, known as 'Zone A', which features a large sculpture and atrium. As of 2013, Terminal 3 has an area of 98,962 square metres (1,065,220 sq ft).[4]", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. Environmental campaigners were concerned that the increased CO2 emissions caused by the additional flights will contribute to global warming.[41] They argued that the claimed economic benefits would be more than wiped out by the cost of the CO2 emissions. The government estimated that construction of a third runway would generate an additional 210.8 Mt CO2, but only costs this at £13.33 per ton of CO2 (2006 prices), so that the cost over 2020-2080 was only £2.8bn.[42] This is a small fraction of the government's own official estimate of the cost of carbon, which rises from £32.90 in 2020 to £108.20 in 2080 (in 2007 prices).[43] If these figures are used, the carbon cost of the third runway alone rises to £13.3bn (2006 prices), enough to wipe out the economic benefits.[44] However, the British Chambers of Commerce released a report stating the economic benefits as £30 billion over the same time scale, considerably more than the carbon cost of the expansion.[19]", "Heathrow Terminal 3. As part of the three central terminals at Heathrow, it is well linked to the M4 motorway via the M4 spur road and through a tunnel under the north runway.", "Heathrow Terminal 3. The main presences in Terminal 3 are American Airlines, British Airways and Virgin Atlantic, which have their UK hubs located here. Emirates and Qantas are the other major users of the terminal.", "Airports of London. Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, Heathrowmap1 is by far the largest of London's airports and considered the main gateway into the United Kingdom for non-European visitors. Heathrow has four terminals and two parallel runways. Due to the location in London's western suburbs, Heathrow has had trouble trying to expand, with various expansion projects being cancelled.[9]) As a result, the airport consistently runs at over 99% capacity and is often included on lists of the worst-rated airports in the world.[10] However, on 1 July 2015 Heathrow's expansion plan was suggested as the best option by the Airport Commission and on 25 October 2016 a new northwest runway and terminal was approved by the Government.", "Expansion of Heathrow Airport. Since the 1970s, there have been various proposals to complement or replace Heathrow by a new airport located in the Thames Estuary.[97] This would have the advantage of avoiding flights taking off and landing over London, with all the accompanying noise and pollution,[98] and would also avoid destroying residential areas in west London to expand Heathrow.[99] In November 2008, the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, announced a feasibility study into an airport on an artificial offshore island off the Isle of Sheppey.[100]", "Heathrow Airport. The Mayor of London's office and Transport for London commissioned plans in the event of Heathrow's closure—to replace it by a large built-up area.[175][176][177][178] Some of the plans seem to show terminal 5, or part of it, kept as a shopping centre." ]

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[ "Winning streak (sports). The longest winning streak in Major League Baseball that does not include a tie is 22 games, achieved by the Cleveland Indians in 2017, which is also the longest winning streak in the American League. The National League record for consecutive wins without a tie is 21 games, by the 1935 Chicago Cubs.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. The 1916 New York Giants hold the record for the longest unbeaten streak in MLB history at 26, with a tie in-between the 14th and 15th win. The record for the longest winning streak by an American League team is held by the 2017 Cleveland Indians at 22. The Chicago Cubs franchise has won 21 games twice, once in 1880 when they were the Chicago White Stockings and once in 1935.", "History of the Oakland Athletics. Also during this time, the Athletics won an American League record 20 games in a row, from August 13 to September 4, 2002. The last three games were won in dramatic fashion, each victory coming in the bottom of the ninth inning. Win number 20 was notable because the A's, with Tim Hudson pitching, jumped to an 11–0 lead against the AL-cellar dwelling Kansas City Royals, only to slowly give up eleven unanswered runs to lose the lead. Then, Scott Hatteberg, enduring criticism as Jason Giambi's replacement, hit a pinch-hit home run off Royals closer Jason Grimsley in the bottom of the 9th inning to win 12–11. The streak was snapped two nights later in Minneapolis, the A's losing 6–0 to the Minnesota Twins. The Major League record for consecutive games without a loss is 26, set by the NL's New York Giants in 1916. There was a tie game embedded in that streak (ties were not uncommon in the days before stadium lights) and the record for consecutive wins with no ties is 22, held by the Cleveland Indians in 2017.", "Ichiro Suzuki. In May and June, Ichiro hit in 25 consecutive games, breaking the previous Seattle Mariners record set by Joey Cora in 1997.[33][34] Ichiro broke Tim Raines's American League record by stealing 41 consecutive bases without being caught.[35] Ichiro extended the record to 45; the major league record of 50 belongs to Vince Coleman.[36]", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. The record of playing in 2,632 consecutive games over more than 16 years is held by Cal Ripken, Jr. of the Baltimore Orioles. Ripken surpassed Lou Gehrig of the New York Yankees, whose record of 2,130 consecutive games had stood for 56 years. Before Gehrig, the record was held by Everett Scott (1,307 consecutive games), a shortstop with the Red Sox and Yankees whose streak ended in 1925, less than a month before Gehrig's began. Scott broke the previous record which was established by George Pinkney (577 consecutive games) from 1885–1890.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. The longest winning streak consisting only of playoff games stands at 12 consecutive wins, by the 1927, 1928 and 1932 New York Yankees (who swept the World Series all three seasons) and tied by the 1998–99 Yankees. For streaks that have included both regular and postseason games, the 1970 and 1971 Baltimore Orioles hold the top two positions with 17 and 16 consecutive victories, respectively.", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. The record for a National League player is held by Steve Garvey of the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres (1975–1983), though Garvey's 1,207-game streak is less than half the length of Ripken's. Previous holders of the National League record include Billy Williams of the Chicago Cubs (1963–1970), Stan Musial of the St. Louis Cardinals (1952–1957), and Gus Suhr of the Pittsburgh Pirates (1931–1937).", "Interleague play. As of the end of the 2017 MLB season, the American League holds an all-time series advantage of 2,890–2,574 and has finished with the better record in interleague play for 14 straight seasons, dating back to 2004.[10] 2006 was the most lopsided season in interleague history, with American League teams posting a 154–98 record against their National League counterparts.[10] The team with the best all-time record in interleague play is the New York Yankees of the AL at 144–102 (.585), followed by the Chicago White Sox at 143–104 (.579). The Miami Marlins holds the NL's best interleague record at 127–107 (.543), followed by the St. Louis Cardinals at 109–96 (.532).[10]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Cal Ripken Jr., 1982–98.[78] The next closest player is Lou Gehrig, who had a consecutive games streak of 502 fewer games at 2,130.[24][73][78] Third on the all-time list is Everett Scott, whose streak of 1,307 consecutive games is less than half of Ripken's total.[73] Only seven players have ever played more than 1,000 consecutive games.[73] For a player to approach the milestone, he would have to play all 162 games in a season for 16 years just to get to 2,592 games.", "Run (baseball). The record for most runs scored by a major-league team during a single season is 1,212, set by the Boston Beaneaters (now the Atlanta Braves) in 1894. The modern-day record is 1,067, achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931. The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored (i.e., most consecutive games not being shut out) is 308, set by the Yankees between August 3, 1931, and August 2, 1933. The team record for most runs in its overall history (up until 2013) is the Chicago Cubs with 94,138.[2]", "Seattle Mariners. The Mariners won 116 games in 2001, which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season.", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Both records were set by Jack Taylor, who pitched 202 consecutive games without being relieved from June 20, 1901 through August 13, 1906. The streak includes a total of 187 career starts (all complete games) and 15 relief appearances. The streak of 39 consecutive complete games (uninterrupted by a relief appearance) is a subset of the longer streak, lasting from April 15 through October 6, 1904.", "Ferguson Jenkins. Jenkins led the league in wins twice, (1971, 1974) fewest walks per 9 innings five times, complete games nine times, and home runs allowed seven times. He led the league in strikeouts once (1969, with 273). His streak of six straight seasons with 20 or more wins (1967–1972) is the longest streak in the major leagues since Warren Spahn performed the feat between 1956 and 1961.", "Interleague play. Interleague play has largely favored the American League in terms of win-loss records. In 22 years of play, the AL has won the season series 17 times, including 14 straight from 2004-2017. With the Pirates sweeping the Royals on September 19, 2018, the National League is guaranteed the series win for the first time since 2003.[13]", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. From June 5, 1982 to September 14, 1987, Ripken played 8,264 consecutive innings, which is believed to be a record, although not one that is officially kept by MLB. The second-longest streak known to have occurred is 5,152 consecutive innings by George Pinkney from 1885 to 1890. The World record for consecutive innings played is currently held by former Hanshin Tigers player and now coach Tomoaki Kanemoto playing 1492 games without missing an inning[22]", "Cleveland Indians. From August 24 through September 15 during the 2017 season, the Indians set a new American League record by winning 22 games in a row.[115] On September 28, the Indians won their 100th game of the season, marking only the third time in history the team has reached that milestone. They finished the regular season with 102 wins, second most in team history (behind 1954's 111 win team). The Indians earned the AL Central Title for the second consecutive year, along with home-field advantage throughout the American League playoffs, but they lost the 2017 ALDS to the Yankees 3–2 after being up 2–0.[116]", "Winning streak (sports). Note: Throughout the duration of the above streak, the Arizona Rattlers also achieved the most consecutive regular season games won (15 wins).", "Hitting streak. Joe DiMaggio holds the Major League Baseball record with a streak of 56 consecutive games in 1941 which began on May 15 and ended July 17. DiMaggio hit .408 during his streak (91-for-223), with 15 home runs and 55 runs batted in.[2]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Ichiro Suzuki, who attained this from 2001–10.[45][46][47] Ichiro's honors since joining the Seattle Mariners from Nippon Professional Baseball at age 27 include winning the 2001 AL Rookie of the Year and MVP awards, claiming the AL batting title in 2001 and 2004, leading the AL in hits in seven seasons (2001, 2004, 2006–10)[46] and breaking George Sisler's 84-year-old single-season hits record in 2004 with 262 hits.[48] The closest player is Willie Keeler who had 8 consecutive seasons with 200 hits that occurred almost a century prior in the dead-ball era.[49] Only José Altuve, with four consecutive 200-hit seasons, will enter the 2018 season with a current streak of even two such seasons.[50]", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This is a list of the longest team winning streaks or unbeaten streaks in Major League Baseball history. Streaks started at the end of one season are carried over into the following season. The lists below include streaks that consist entirely of regular-season games, streaks from the predecessor National Association (1871–1875), streaks of playoff games and World Series games, and streaks that include both regular-season and postseason games.", "List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks. Beginning in 1969, MLB split into four divisions, and the winners of each competed in the League Championship Series, with the winners advancing to the World Series. When a multi-tier playoff system was implemented in 1995, the LCS remained the series that determined the pennant-winner. The longest streak of consecutive LCS appearances belongs to the Atlanta Braves with 8 in a row from 1991 to 1999 (not counting 1994, when there were no playoffs), while the second-longest belongs to the Oakland Athletics with 5 in a row from 1971 to 1975.", "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive games won", "List of Major League Baseball stolen base records. Max Carey established a mark in 1922 of 31 consecutive stolen bases without being caught,[27] which stood until it was broken by Davey Lopes' streak of 38 in 1975. Lopes' mark was in turn surpassed by Vince Coleman with 50 consecutive stolen bases in 1988.", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. Listed below are the longest consecutive games played in Major League Baseball history. To compile such a streak, a player must appear in every game played by his team. The streak is broken if the team completes a game in which the player neither takes a turn at bat nor plays a half-inning in the field.", "Lou Gehrig. Gehrig's record of 2,130 consecutive games endured for 56 years until Baltimore Orioles shortstop Cal Ripken, Jr., surpassed it on September 6, 1995. Ripken finished with 2,632 consecutive games.[51]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Joe DiMaggio, 1941.[2] Highlights include a .404 batting average and 91 hits.[68] DiMaggio's achievement is such a statistical aberration in its unlikelihood that sabermetrician Stephen Jay Gould called it \"the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports\".[69] The next closest player is Willie Keeler, who had a hitting streak of 11 fewer games at 45 over 2 seasons.[70] There have been only six 40-game hitting streaks, the most recent one occurring in 1978, when Pete Rose hit in 44 straight games.[70] This also marked the only time since 1941 that a player has reached a 40-game hitting streak.[71] Since 1900, no player other than DiMaggio has ever hit safely in 55 of 56 games and no active players (as of 2011) have their two longest career hit streaks even add up to 56 games.[72] The improbability of DiMaggio's hit streak ever being broken has been attributed to the increased use of the bullpen and specialist relievers.[73] On July 17, 1941, pitchers Al Smith and Jim Bagby of the Cleveland Indians held him hitless. Two hard hit shots came close, but great defensive stops by third baseman Ken Keltner ended the streak.[74]", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. 1Denotes season in which team won a pennant in the American Association", "List of Major League Baseball stolen base records. Under pre-modern rules, \"Sliding Billy\" Hamilton amassed six separate seasons of 70-plus stolen bases over his career. In the modern era, Ty Cobb established a mark of three such seasons that stood (though tied by Lou Brock and Omar Moreno) until it was broken by Tim Raines in 1984. In 1986, Raines reached six seasons of 70-plus steals, all consecutive (a record), but Rickey Henderson notched his seventh such season in 1989.", "Cleveland Indians. The Indians set what was then a franchise record for longest winning streak when they won their 14th consecutive game, a 2–1 win over the Toronto Blue Jays in 19 innings on July 1, 2016 at Rogers Centre.[113][114] The team clinched the Central Division pennant on September 26, their eighth division title overall and first since 2007, as well as returning to the playoffs for the first time since 2013. They finished the regular season at 94–67, marking their fourth straight winning season, a feat not accomplished since the 1990s and early 2000s.", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Johnny Vander Meer on June 11 and 15, 1938.[1] Despite holding this record, he finished his career with a 119–121 win–loss record.[1] The prospect of a pitcher breaking this record by hurling three consecutive no-hitters is so unimaginable that LIFE described this as \"the most unbreakable of all baseball records.\"[1] Ewell Blackwell came the closest to matching Vander Meer after following up a no-hitter with eight no-hit innings in 1947.[22] In 1988, Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays had consecutive no-hitters going with two outs in the ninth; both were broken up by singles.[23] Between 2000 and 2009, 20 no-hitters were pitched, and the closest anyone came in the 21st century is Max Scherzer, who in 2015 threw a one-hitter and no-hitter in consecutive starts, respectively losing out on perfect games in the seventh inning and on the 27th batter.[24][25][26]", "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive games won within a single season", "Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. Maccabi Los Angeles of California and Bethlehem Steel of Pennsylvania have both won the cup a record five times, while Greek American AA of New York and Seattle Sounders FC are tied for the record for most consecutive cup victories at three. Most of these records are likely to fall over time, now that Major League Soccer offers a fully professional league, and its teams typically dominate the competition. The old NASL did not participate in the Open Cup.[10]" ]

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[ "Turn Back the Hands of Time. \"Turn Back the Hands of Time\" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Tyrone Davis. The song was co-written by Jack Daniels and Bonnie Thompson and produced by Willie Henderson. Daniels and Thompson wrote \"Turn Back the Hands of Time\" based on the relationship problems that Daniels was having at the time. Daniels had co-written Davis's 1968 hit \"Can I Change My Mind\" and the recording session for \"Turn Back the Hands of Time\" included some of the same musicians from \"Can I Change My Mind\".", "Turn Back the Hands of Time. \"Turn Back the Hands of Time\" was released as a single in February 1970 and became Davis's second major hit, spending two weeks at number one on Billboard's R&B Singles chart and reaching number three on its Pop chart.[1] The single was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. \"Turn Back the Hands of Time\" is from the album of the same name that MTV says \"ranks among the best soul LP's of its time\".[2]", "Turn Back the Hands of Time. The song appears in the 1995 movie, Nine Months.", "If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time. The music video was directed by F. Gary Gray.", "If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time. \"If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time\" is a song by R. Kelly, released as the fifth single from his 1998 album, R..[1] The song is a sweeping ballad about a man wishing he could go back in time and repair his relationship with his girlfriend. The song was a top 10 hit on the pop charts of several countries, while in the United States it finished just outside the top 10, peaking at number 12.", "If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time. The song has sold 660,000 copies in the UK and is one of his biggest hits in many countries, in the Belgium the song is one of the best selling and biggest recordings there, selling triple Platinum. The song was certified Gold in the United States.[2] The song has been covered by several artist including Ed Sheeran and also sung at talent shows.[3] Rapper Mims sampled the song for his debut album Music Is My Savior on the track \"I Did You Wrong\".[4]", "If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time. Kelly does not perform this song very often, he performed this song for the first time on live television when he was in England on the show Top of the Pops.[5] He seems to perform this song more when he does a show in Europe than in the US, reason for that is that this song was highly successful there.", "John Harrison. The song \"John Harrison's Hands\", written by Brian McNeill and Dick Gaughan, appeared on the 2001 album Outlaws & Dreamers. The song has also been covered by Steve Knightley, appearing on his album 2011 Live In Somerset. It was further covered by the British band Show of Hands and appears on their 2016 album The Long Way Home.", "Slow Hands (Niall Horan song). Prior to its release, Horan discussed the song in an interview with Mikey Piff on Sirius XM. The singer said that after listening to some of the material he had recorded for his debut album, he wanted to add \"a bit more grit, funk and heavier bass.\" At the time he was listening to late 1970s and early 1980s music. \"When Don Henley went solo in the early eighties, he just kinda had this funky kind of feel to it – heavy bass, heavy guitar – so I just thought, 'Let's give this a crack,'\" Horan said of making the track. \"I wanted it to be a little bit cheeky with the lyric.\" About the concept, he explained it is set in a bar and the song's theme changes up stereotypical roles. \"The first line is...'we should take this back to my place' – and usually that's what the guy would say, but we flipped it that the girl would say that, and that's what she said right to my face.\"[5][6]", "Music from McLeod's Daughters. Time Turn Over", "Who Can I Turn To?. Australian baritone Anthony Warlow recorded the song on his 1994 album Midnight Dreaming.", "Don't Turn Around. In 1993, Swedish pop group Ace of Base recorded a minor key version of \"Don't Turn Around\" for their US debut album, The Sign. It was also included on the re-release of Happy Nation the same year.", "Brian's Song. The musical theme to Brian's Song, \"The Hands of Time\", was a popular tune during the early 1970s and has become a standard.[1] The music for the film was by Michel Legrand, with lyrics to the song by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. LeGrand's instrumental version of the theme song charted for eight weeks in 1972, peaking at #56.[5] Nashville pianist Floyd Cramer performed a popular version of \"The Hands of Time\".", "If I Could Turn Back Time. If I Could Turn Back Time European CD Single[10]", "If I Could Turn Back Time. If I Could Turn Back Time Remix[10]", "Don't Turn Around. The younger sister of John Rowles, Tania Rowles, recorded a single version for RCA NZ in 1986.[51][52]", "Don't Turn Around. In 1990, a little-known rock band called Eyes, which at one point featured James Christian of House of Lords on lead vocals, covered the song on their self-titled album, which Journey and Talisman frontman Jeff Scott Soto sang on. It was released under the Curb Records label. In 1994, Eyes, this time featuring Jeff Scott Soto on lead vocals, covered the song again on their album \"Windows of the Soul.\"", "Slow Hand. \"Slow Hand\" also afforded the Pointer Sisters international success, including the first appearance by the group in the UK top 10.", "Put Your Hand in the Hand. Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of Hee Haw. Country singers Sandy Posey, Lynn Anderson and Loretta Lynn, and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song.", "If I Could Turn Back Time. If I Could Turn Back Time US Promo CD Single[10]", "Slow Hand. \"Slow Hand\" is a ballad written by John Bettis and Michael Clark and recorded by The Pointer Sisters. It was first released in the spring of 1981 as the advance single for Black & White.", "Don't Turn Around. In 2005, the Utah-based rock with horns band Side Dish recorded and released a version of \"Don't Turn Around\" which was included on their EP Age of Intent.", "Who Can I Turn To?. Jazz pianist Bill Evans recorded the song, both with his trio and with Tony Bennett.", "Who Can I Turn To?. Van Morrison recorded the song on his 1995 album How Long Has This Been Going On.", "Slow Hands (Niall Horan song). \"Slow Hands\" is a song recorded by Irish singer and songwriter Niall Horan, released as a single on 4 May 2017 by Capitol Records.[2] The song was written by Horan, Alexander Izquierdo, John Ryan, Julian Bunetta, Ruth Anne Cunningham and Tobias Jesso Jr., while the production was handled by Bunetta.[3] It was serviced to US contemporary hit radio on 9 May 2017.[4] \"Slow Hands\" is the second single from Horan's forthcoming debut solo album, Flicker (2017).", "Simple Gifts. \"Simple Gifts\" was sung by the cast of Shining Time Station, along with guest actress Rachel Miner in its 1990 Christmas Special 'Tis a Gift.", "The Turn of a Friendly Card. The Turn of a Friendly Card is the fifth studio album by the British progressive rock band The Alan Parsons Project, released in March 1980 by Arista Records. The title piece, which appears on side 2 of the LP, is a 16-minute suite broken up into five tracks, with the five tracks listed as sub-sections. The Turn of a Friendly Card spawned the hits \"Games People Play\" and \"Time\", the latter of which was Eric Woolfson's first lead vocal appearance.", "Slow Hands (Niall Horan song). \"Slow Hands\" is a bass-heavy funk-pop song, with Horan singing in a lower register.[5][7] A Billboard writer described it as an \"R&B-inflected rock tune.\"[8]", "If I Could Turn Back Time. Cher performed the song on the following concert tours:", "Who Can I Turn To?. Wynton Marsalis covered it on his first, eponymous album (1981).", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down. Crooked Fingers, fronted by Eric Bachmann of Archers of Loaf, had been playing the song in concert for years before recording it for their 2002 covers album Reservoir Songs.", "Who Can I Turn To?. Nancy Wilson recorded the song on her 1965 album, Gentle Is My Love." ]

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[ "Rubicon. The Rubicon (Latin: Rubicō, Italian: Rubicone pronounced [rubiˈkone][1]) is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna. The same name was given to a river that was famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BCE. While it has not been proven, historians generally agree that the two rivers are indeed one and the same; this was not always the case.", "Rubicon. The modern-day river flows for around 80 km (50 mi) from the Apennine Mountains to the Adriatic Sea through the south of the Emilia-Romagna region, between the towns of Rimini and Cesena. The Latin word Rubicō comes from the adjective rubeus, meaning \"red\". The river was so named because its waters are colored red by mud deposits.", "Rubicon. During the Roman republic, the river Rubicon marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the northeast and Italy proper, controlled directly by Rome and its socii (allies), to the south. On the north-western side, the border was marked by the river Arno, a much wider and more important waterway, which flows westward from the Apennine Mountains (it and the Rubicon rise not far from each other) into the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "Crossing the Rubicon. During the Roman republic, the river Rubicon marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north-west and Italy proper (controlled directly by Rome and its allies) to the south. On the north-western side, the border was marked by the river Arno, a much wider and more important waterway, which flows westward from the Apennine Mountains (its source is not far from Rubicon's source) into the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "Rubicon. The mile zero of a Roman road, from which distances were counted, was always the crossing between the Cardo and the Decumanus, the two principal streets in every Roman town, running north–south and east–west respectively. In a section of the Tabula Peutingeriana, an ancient document showing the network of Roman roads, a river in northeastern Italy labeled \"fl. Rubicū\" is shown at a position 12 Roman miles (18 km, 11 mi) north of Rimini along the coastline; this is the distance between Rimini and a place called \"Ad Confluentes\", drawn west of the Rubicon, on the Via Aemilia. However, the river-bed shape observed in Pisciatello and the Rubicone river in the present day, well below Roman-age soil layers, is likely to indicate that any possible course modification of rivers could have occurred only very close to the coastline, and therefore only slight.", "Rubicon. With the revival of interest in the topography of ancient Roman Italy during the 15th century, the matter of identifying the Rubicon in the contemporary landscape became a topic of debate among Renaissance humanists.[3] To support the claim of the Pisciatello, a spurious inscription forbidding the passage of an army in the name of the Roman people and Senate, the so-called Sanctio, was placed by a bridge on that river. The Quattrocento humanist Flavio Biondo was deceived by it;[4] the actual inscription is conserved in the Museo Archeologico, Cesena.[5] As the centuries went by, several rivers of the Adriatic coast between Ravenna and Rimini have at times been said to correspond to the ancient Rubicon.", "Rubicon. In 1933, after various efforts that spanned centuries, the Fiumicino, which crossed the town of Savignano di Romagna (now Savignano sul Rubicone), was officially identified as the former Rubicon. Strong evidence supporting this theory came in 1991,[7] when three Italian scholars (Pignotti, Ravagli, and Donati), after a comparison between the Tabula Peutingeriana and other ancient sources (including Cicero), showed that the distance from Rome to the Rubicon River was 200 Roman miles. Key elements of their work are:", "Rubicon. Furthermore, the features of the present-day Rubicon river (north–south course, orthogonal to the Via Aemilia) and the Via Aemilia itself (a straight reach before and after the crossing, and a turn just passing by San Giovanni in Compito, so marking a possible administrative boundary) are common to typical geographical oriented limits of Roman age, being what made this a clue of actual identification of the present-day Rubicon River with the Fiumicino.[6]", "Rubicon. Today there is very little evidence of Caesar’s historical passage. Savignano sul Rubicone is an industrial town and the river has become one of the most polluted in the Emilia-Romagna region. Exploitation of underground waters along the upper course of the Rubicon has reduced its flow—it was a minor river even during Roman times (“parvi Rubiconis ad undas” as Lucan said, roughly translated \"to the waves of [the] tiny Rubicon\")—and has since lost its natural route, except in its upper course between low and woody hills.", "Rubicon. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and during the first centuries of the Middle Ages, the coastal plain between Ravenna and Rimini was flooded many times. The Rubicon, like other small rivers of the region, often changed its course during this period. For this reason, and to supply fields with water after the revival of agriculture in the late Middle Ages, during the 14th and 15th centuries, hydraulic works were built to prevent other floods and to regulate streams. As a result of this work, these rivers started to flow in straight courses, as they do today.", "Rubicon. After Caesar's crossing, the Rubicon was a geographical feature of note until about 42 BCE, when Octavian merged the Province of Cisalpine Gaul into Italia and the river ceased to be the extreme northern border of Italy. The decision robbed the Rubicon of its importance, and the name gradually disappeared from the local toponymy.", "Rubicon. The Via Aemilia (modern SS 9) still follows its original Roman course as it runs between the hills and the plain; it would have been the obvious course to follow as it was the only major Roman road east of the Apennine Mountains leading to and from the Po Valley. Attempts to deduce the original course of the Rubicon can be made only by studying written documents and other archaeological evidence such as Roman milestones, which indicate the distance between the ancient river and the nearest Roman towns.", "Crossing the Rubicon. Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon river was an event in 49 BC that precipitated the Roman Civil War, which ultimately led to Caesar's becoming dictator for life and the rise of the imperial era of Rome. Caesar had been appointed to a governorship over a region that ranged from southern Gaul to Illyricum (but not Italy). As his term of governorship ended, the Roman Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome. He was explicitly ordered not to bring his army across the Rubicon river, which was at that time a northern boundary of Italy. In January of 49 BC, Caesar brought the 13th legion across the river, which the Roman government considered insurrection, treason, and a declaration of war on the Roman Senate. According to some authors, he is said to have uttered the phrase \"alea iacta est\"—the die is cast— as his army marched through the shallow river.", "Rubicon. In 49 BCE, perhaps on January 10, Julius Caesar led a single legion, Legio XIII Gemina, south over the Rubicon from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy to make his way to Rome. In doing so, he (deliberately) broke the law on imperium and made armed conflict inevitable. Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. It was reported that Caesar dined with Sallust, Hirtius, Oppius, Lucius Balbus and Sulpicus Rufus on the night after his crossing.", "Caesar's Civil War. On 10 January 49 BC, commanding the Legio XIII Gemina, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between the province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south. As crossing the Rubicon with an army was prohibited, lest a returning general attempt a coup d'etat, this triggered the ensuing civil war between Caesar and Pompey.", "St. Johns River. Optimally an 8-foot (2.4 m) deep channel about 100 yards (91 m) wide after leaving Lake Monroe, the St. Johns meets its most significant tributary in the middle basin, the spring-fed Wekiva River, discharging approximately 42,000,000 US gallons (160,000,000 L) a day into the St. Johns.[23] Near this confluence are the towns of DeBary and Deltona. Forests surrounding the Wekiva River are home to the largest black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) population in Florida; several troops of Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have adapted to live near the river as well. The monkeys' introduction to Florida is unclear; they were reportedly brought either to serve in backdrop scenes of Tarzan movies filmed around the Silver River in the 1930s, or to lend an air of authenticity to \"jungle cruises\" provided by an enterprising boat operator around the same time.[24][25][26]", "Crossing the Rubicon. In 49 BC, perhaps on January 10, C. Julius Caesar led a single legion, Legio XIII, south over the Rubicon from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy to make his way to Rome. In doing so, he (deliberately) broke the law on imperium and made armed conflict inevitable. Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. It was reported that Caesar dined with Sallust, Hirtius, Oppius, Lucius Balbus and Sulpicus Rufus on the night after his famous crossing into Italy January 10.[1]", "Gothic Line. On the Adriatic front, the British Eighth Army's advance resumed on its left wing through the Apennine foothills toward Forlì on Route 9. On 5 October the 10th Indian Infantry Division—switched from British X Corps to British V Corps—had crossed the Fiumicino river (thought to be the river known in Roman times as the Rubicon) high in the hills and turned the German defensive line on the river forcing the German 10th Army units downstream to pull back towards Bologna. Paradoxically, in one sense, this helped Kesselring because it shortened the front he had to defend and shortened the distance between his two armies, providing him with greater flexibility to switch units between the two fronts. Continuing their push up Route 9, on 21 October British V Corps crossed the Savio river which runs north eastward through Cesena to the Adriatic and by 25 October were closing on the Ronco river, some 10 mi (16 km) beyond the Savio, behind which the Germans had withdrawn. By the end of the month, the advance had reached Forlì, halfway between Rimini and Bologna.", "Brazos River. The Brazos River (/ˈbræzəs/ ( listen) BRAZ-əs), called the Rio de los Brazos de Dios (translated as \"The River of the Arms of God\") by early Spanish explorers, is the 11th-longest river in the United States of America at 1,280 miles (2,060 km) from its headwater source at the head of Blackwater Draw, Curry County, New Mexico[2] to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico with a 45,000-square-mile (116,000 km2) drainage basin.[3] It sometimes is used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas.", "Ob River. The Ob River (Russian: Обь, IPA: [opʲ]), also Obi, is a major river in western Siberia, Russia, and is the world's seventh-longest river. It forms at the confluence of the Biya and Katun Rivers which have their origins in the Altay Mountains. It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Yenisei River and the Lena River).", "Flint River (Georgia). In southwestern Georgia, the river flows through downtown Albany, the largest city on the river. At Bainbridge it joins Lake Seminole, formed at its confluence with the Chattahoochee River upstream from the Jim Woodruff Dam, very near the Florida state line. From this confluence, the Apalachicola River flows south from the reservoir through Florida to the Gulf of Mexico.", "Jeep Wrangler. The Rubicon is the \"off-road ready\" model, offering 32in BF Goodrich Mud-Terrain KM off-road tires with aggressive tread, seventeen-inch alloy wheels, and more. 'RUBICON' decals adorned both sides of the hood.", "Tucson, Arizona. The city is located on the Santa Cruz River, formerly a perennial river, but now a dry river bed for much of the year that floods during significant seasonal rains.", "Christmas flood of 1964. In the Central Valley, the Yosemite Valley was flooded, and residents of Yuba City were evacuated.[1] Many streams reached record flood stages, including the Feather River, Yuba River, American River, Cottonwood Creek, and Butte Creek. The flood caused the uncompleted Hell Hole Dam on the Rubicon River to fail, sending even more water downstream.[7] In total, 375,000 acres (152,000 ha) of the Central Valley was flooded.[7]", "Kurdistan. Zê river in Zebari region, Iraqi Kurdistan.", "Rio Grande. The Rio Grande (/ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/;[5][6][7] Spanish: Río Bravo del Norte, pronounced [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River). The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico.[8] Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its total length was 1,896 miles (3,051 km) in the late 1980s, though course shifts occasionally result in length changes. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is either the fourth- or fifth-longest river system in North America.[1]", "Crossing the Rubicon. According to Suetonius, Caesar uttered the famous phrase", "Red River of the North. The Red River (French: Rivière rouge or Rivière Rouge du Nord, American English: Red River of the North) is a North American river. Originating at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers between the U.S. states of Minnesota and North Dakota, it flows northward through the Red River Valley, forming the border of Minnesota and North Dakota and continuing into Manitoba, Canada. It empties into Lake Winnipeg, whose waters join the Nelson River and ultimately flow into the Hudson Bay.", "River Roch. The River Roch /ˈroʊtʃ/ is a river in Greater Manchester in North West England, a tributary of the River Irwell that gives Rochdale its name.", "St. Johns River. For 37 miles (60 km) the river passes through a 1,200-square-mile (3,100 km2) basin fed primarily by springs and stormwater runoff. This basin, spreading throughout Orange, Lake, Volusia, and Seminole Counties, is home to the greater Orlando metropolitan area, where two million people live and major tourist attractions are located.[20] The topography of the middle basin varies between clearly distinguishable banks along the river and broad, shallow lakes. Two of the largest lakes in the middle basin are created by the river: Lake Harney and Lake Monroe. The shallow 9-square-mile (23 km2) Lake Harney is fed by the long narrow Puzzle Lake; immediately north is the Econlockhatchee River, which joins to increase the volume of the St. Johns to where navigation becomes easier for larger boats. The river veers west, touching on Lake Jesup before it empties into Lake Monroe, passing the city of Sanford. It is at this point that the St. Johns' navigable waterway dredged and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with channel markers maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard begins. Lake Monroe, a large lake at 15 square miles (39 km2) with an average depth of 8 feet (2.4 m), drains a surrounding watershed of 2,420 square miles (6,300 km2).[21] Sanford has adapted to the lake by building some of its downtown area on the waterfront; citizens use boat transportation and Sanford's public dock to commute into town.[22]", "Arkansas River. At 1,469 miles (2,364 km), it is the sixth-longest river in the United States,[5] the second-longest tributary in the Mississippi–Missouri system, and the 45th longest river in the world. Its origin is in the Rocky Mountains in Lake County, Colorado, near Leadville. In 1859, placer gold discovered in the Leadville area brought thousands seeking to strike it rich, but the easily recovered placer gold was quickly exhausted.[6] The Arkansas River's mouth is at Napoleon, Arkansas, and its drainage basin covers nearly 170,000 sq mi (440,300 km²).[3] In terms of volume, the river is much smaller than the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, with a mean discharge of roughly 41,000 cubic feet per second (1,200 m3/s).", "Amazon river dolphin. Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis[4] inhabits most of the Amazon River, including rivers Tocantins, Araguaia , low Xingu and Tapajos, the Madeira to the rapids of Porto Velho, and rivers Purus, Yurua, Ica, Caqueta, Branco, and the Rio Negro through the channel of Casiquiare to San Fernando de Atabapo in the Orinoco river, including its tributary: the Guaviare." ]

[ 4.1328125, 2.970703125, 1.6923828125, 1.7314453125, 1.75, 1.2822265625, -1.0458984375, 1.3251953125, -0.122802734375, -1.3486328125, 1.875, -1.1494140625, -2.34765625, -1.6005859375, -0.9609375, -6.49609375, -2.6015625, -6.4453125, -2.80859375, -6.109375, -6.59375, -7.21484375, -7.33203125, -4.10546875, -6.5625, -2.177734375, -7.546875, -3.73046875, -6.12109375, -5.8984375, -3.447265625, -5.30078125 ]

[ "The Shack (2017 film). Filming began on June 8, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The film was released in the United States on March 3, 2017, and has grossed over $96 million worldwide.", "The Shack (2017 film). Principal photography on the film began on June 8, 2015, in Vancouver, Canada.[12][13]", "The Shack (2017 film). The accompanying soundtrack for the film features contributions from popular artists primarily in the genres of country music and contemporary Christian music.[15][16] It was released February 24, 2017 through Atlantic Records.[17]", "The Shack (2017 film). Owen Glieberman from Variety sums it up: \"'The Shack' has a real chance to connect commercially, because even though its drama is mushy, at heart it's a bit of a theme-park ride: the movie in which you get to know what it’s like to hang out with God and make friends with Jesus. In life, religion isn’t nearly so reassuring. It’s daunting, and our culture is starved for films that portray religious feeling in a way that's both reverent and truthful. 'The Shack' isn’t one of them; it reduces faith to a kind of spiritual comfort food. But thanks, in part, to movies like this one, maybe that's what faith is on its way to becoming.\"[35]", "The Shack (2017 film). The camping scene at the beginning of the movie was filmed at Sayres Lake Campground (Mission) and The waterfall was filmed at Multnomah Falls in the Columbia River Gorge, east of Portland, Oregon according to the website atlasofwonders.com. [14]", "The Shack (2017 film). In North America, The Shack opened on March 3, 2017, alongside Before I Fall and Logan, and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,888 theaters in its opening weekend.[23] It made $850,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.5 million on its first day. It went on to open to $16.1 million, finishing above expectations and third at the box office behind Logan and Get Out.[24]", "The Shack (2017 film). Thinking this may possibly be an opportunity for meeting and capturing or killing the serial killer, Mack drives himself there and, finding the ruined cabin cold and desolate and empty, is overcome with frustration, rage and an almost irresistible impulse to turn his handgun on himself. But he suddenly encounters a mysterious trio of strangers who invite him to stay at their well-furnished, cozy little house that is situated just down the path and, oddly, in the midst of a beautiful, sunshiny, summertime wilderness.", "The Shack (2017 film). The Shack grossed $57.4 million in the United States and Canada and $39 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $96.4 million.[3]", "The Shack (2017 film). The trio of strangers gradually reveal their identities. The purpose of their invitation is to first help him to better understand his life as seen from a much broader context or higher perspective. This realization helps free him from an inclination to pass judgment upon himself as well as upon everyone else who crosses his path. It is from that new starting point that he may then continue his long, slow journey into healing for himself and his family and forgiveness for himself as well as for those who have grievously harmed him and his loved ones.", "The Shack (2017 film). The Shack is a 2017 American Christian drama film directed by Stuart Hazeldine and written by John Fusco, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by William P. Young.[4] The film stars Sam Worthington, Octavia Spencer, Graham Greene, Radha Mitchell, Alice Braga, Sumire Matsubara, Aviv Alush and Tim McGraw.", "The Shack (2017 film). Focus on the Family said: \"What filmgoers do get is that God cares. He loves deeply and unconditionally. He wants to heal our woundedness. And He can do so when we let Him.\"[31] Kathy Schiffer with the National Catholic Register writes: \"I watched The Shack not once, but twice. It was inspiring, beautifully portrayed, and thought-provoking. The love and humor and the sheer joy of the Trinity, bantering over the dinner table in the Shack, was heartwarming, and it made fresh my awareness of God's love for me.\"[32] Julie Roy's response: \"2 Peter 3:9, which says God doesn't wish any 'to perish, but everyone to come to repentance.' That is God's heart towards us. And The Shack masterfully reveals that heart. I think that's why so many have been profoundly impacted by the movie. And I fear that in our zeal for theological correctness, we may be trampling on something beautiful.\"[33] Others[who?] said the film was successful because it resonated with the desires of its modern audience.[34]", "The Shack (2017 film). Forest Whitaker was once attached to direct and star in the film.[11]", "The Shack (2017 film). Peter Sobczynski of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, saying it is \"both too innocuous and too off-putting for its own good\".[28] Adam Graham of The Detroit News said it \"feels like an overly long church sermon\".[29] The AV Club said, \"Most of its running time is taken with mollifying conversations between Mack and the movie's New Age-meets-Bible Belt oversimplifications of the Holy Trinity. It fits right into a long tradition of quasi-mystical pseudo-parables.\"[30]", "The Shack (2017 film). On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 21% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"The Shack's undeniably worthy message is ill-served by a script that confuses spiritual uplift with melodramatic clichés and heavy-handed sermonizing.\"[25] On Metacritic, has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.[27]", "The Shack. The Shack is a novel by Canadian author William P. Young that was published in 2007.[1]", "The Shack (2017 film). A new duet between Tim McGraw and Faith Hill was written and recorded for the film titled \"Keep Your Eyes On Me\" which is featured in the trailer.[16] It was released digitally on January 27, 2017 as the soundtrack's first promotional single.[18] This release was followed by Dan + Shay's promotional track, \"When I Pray for You\", on February 3, 2017.[19] Christian rock band Skillet released an acoustic version of \"Stars\" from their album, Unleashed, in a music video for the film.[20]", "The Shack. A movie adaptation of The Shack, directed by Stuart Hazeldine, was released on March 3, 2017, with Sam Worthington portraying Mack, Octavia Spencer as Papa, and Tim McGraw as Willie.[25] Rotten Tomatoes critics score is 21%; audience score is 85%.[26]", "The Shack (2017 film). The film attracted the same sort of controversy for unorthodox theology that the book did.[36] Theologian Albert Mohler said the film's depiction of God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit is \"profoundly unbiblical\".[36] John Mulderig of Catholic News Service said the film was \"an intriguing endeavor\" but had many problematic elements.[37] Catholic Bishop Robert Barron said about the book \"There's a lot of sweet stuff – but you do have to spit out a few seeds.\"[38] New Testament scholar James B. DeYoung said the film promotes universalism, which he characterized as heresy.[39]", "The Shack. As of May 2010, The Shack had over 10 million copies in print, and had been at No. 1 on The New York Times best seller list for 70 weeks.[10] The Shack was also released in hardcover, and translated into Spanish as La Cabaña.[10] In June 2009 a German translation with the title Die Hütte – ein Wochenende mit Gott (… a Weekend with God) was released.[11] It was also translated into Croatian as \"Koliba\" and it became very popular in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed] The book was also translated into Polish as \"Chata\" and published in 2009. There were re-editions in 2011 and 2017 due to its popularity.", "The Shack. Mack's family leaves to visit relatives and he goes alone to the shack, unsure of what he will see there. He arrives and initially finds nothing, but as he is leaving, the shack and its surroundings are supernaturally transformed into a lush and inviting scene. He enters the shack and encounters manifestations of the three persons of the Trinity. God the Father takes the form of an African American woman who calls herself Elousia and Papa; Jesus Christ is a Middle-Eastern carpenter; and the Holy Spirit physically manifests as an Asian woman named Sarayu.", "The Shack (2017 film). Mack's life is shattered, however, when their youngest child Missy disappears during a camping trip while he is saving Kate and Josh during a canoeing accident. The police determine Missy is the victim of a serial killer after finding her torn dress and blood in a vacant cabin. Kate blames herself for Missy's death because of her own reckless behavior in causing the canoe accident in the first place. The tragedy derails Mack's faith and life until the onset of winter when he receives an unstamped, typewritten note in his mailbox. The surrounding snow is devoid of any incriminating tracks. The message is signed \"Papa\" (which was Nan's nickname for God) and invites him to meet at the cabin.", "The Shack. Young originally wrote The Shack as a Christmas gift for his six children with no apparent intention of publishing it. After letting several friends read the book he was urged to publish it for the general public. In 2006, Young worked with Wayne Jacobsen, Brad Cummings (both former pastors from Los Angeles) and Bobby Downes (filmmaker) to bring the book to publication. They had no success with either religious or secular publishers, so they formed Windblown Media for the purpose of publishing the book. The Shack achieved its No. 1 best selling success via word-of-mouth and with the help of a USD$300.00 website; it is often reported that nothing else had been spent on marketing up to September 2007.[7] Additional startup funds were supplied by Brad Cummings, president of Windblown Media, who spent the maximum credit limit on 12 personal credit cards in order to publish the book.[8][9]", "River's Edge. Shot in Los Angeles in 1986, the film premiered that year at the Toronto International Film Festival before being purchased for distribution by Island Pictures, who gave the film a theatrical release in the United States in May 1987. Several critics praised the film's performances, and its subject matter resulted in it being classified by several critics as a contemporary-day horror film. It was awarded Best Picture at the 1986 Independent Spirit Awards.", "The Shack. The novel was self-published but became a USA Today bestseller, having sold 1 million copies as of June 8, 2008.[2] It was the No. 1 paperback trade fiction seller on The New York Times Best Seller list from June 2008 to early 2010,[3] in a publishing partnership with Hachette Book Group USA's FaithWords imprint (Hodder & Stoughton in the UK). In 2009 it was awarded the \"Diamond Award\" for sales of over 10 million copies by the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association.[4]", "The Shack. The Shack was referred to by Stephen King in his 2010 title, Full Dark, No Stars, which is a compilation of four novellas. In the final novella, A Good Marriage, the protagonist recalls that her husband recommended she read The Shack and he said the novel was \"a life-changer.\"[citation needed]", "Ellis Island. Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include Traffic in Souls (1913), How The Jews Care for Their Poor (educational film, 1914) The Yellow Passport (1916), My Boy (1921), Frank Capra's The Strong Man (1926), We Americans (1928), The Mating Call (1928), This is Heaven (1929), Paddy O'Day (1935), Ellis Island (1936), Gateway (1938), Exile Express (1939), I, Jane Doe (1948), and Gambling House (1951). In The Godfather Part II, Vito Corleone immigrates via Ellis Island as a boy. The opening scene of The Brother From Another Planet is set there. The island is visited by the characters in the 2005 romantic comedy, Hitch, and is the setting for the climactic battle in X-Men.", "The Shack. The Shack went largely unnoticed for over a year after its initial publication, but suddenly became a very popular seller in mid-2008, when it debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times paperback fiction best seller list on June 8.[3] Its success was the result of \"word-of-mouth, church-to-church, blog-to-blog campaign\" by Young, Jacobsen and Cummings in churches and Christian-themed radio, websites, and blogs.[2]", "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii. \"My Little Grass Shack\" has been used frequently in movies, in two waves. In the first decade after the song was written, a time when Hollywood regularly produced shorts for theatrical exhibition, performances of the song were common.", "Alice Braga. She came to international prominence after appearing opposite Will Smith in I Am Legend (2007) and has since become a familiar face in Hollywood, appearing in films such as Repo Men and Predators (both 2010), The Rite (2011) and Elysium (2013). She plays main character Teresa Mendoza in the crime drama-thriller television series Queen of the South (2016–present). She played Wisdom in the 2017 movie The Shack, based on the book of the same name.[2]", "Love Shack. The song received a number of accolades following its release. Named as one of the 365 Songs of the Century in 2001,[10] the video for the song received an award from MTV as the Best Group Video, and was named the Best Single of 1989 by Rolling Stone.[3] Additionally, it was ranked #246 in Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[11]", "The Shack. Theologian Randal Rauser has written a generally sympathetic guide to The Shack in his companion volume Finding God in the Shack (Paternoster, 2009). In the book Rauser responds to many of the objections raised by critics like Colson and Mohler.", "Caddyshack. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:" ]

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[ "Love It or List It. Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV, W Network, and on OWN Canada, and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario, Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina.[1]", "Love It or List It Vancouver. Love It or List It Vancouver is a Canadian home design reality TV series airing on the W Network. The show was the first spin off from Love It or List It and was the second show in the Love it or List It franchise. The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and is based in the Greater Vancouver area and other surrounding areas in British Columbia, Canada. The show premiered as a prime-time program on W Network in January 2013. It stars former The Bachelor and The Bachelorette star Jillian Harris, and real estate agent Todd Talbot.[1][2] In the United States, the show is titled Love It or List It, Too, and airs on the HGTV network.[3] In Canada, new episodes of season three started airing on July 6, 2015 on W Network at 10pm; in the US new episodes of Love It or List It, Too (the US title, season five) started airing on July 24, 2015.", "Love It or List It. In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they \"do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations.\"[25]", "Love It or List It Vancouver. In November 2017, the series was planning to film in the Okanagan valley.[4][5]", "Love It or List It. In September 2017, HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program. The next season is to start airing in June 2018.[2]", "Hilary Farr. Farr returned to Toronto in 2008 after a divorce. She was signed as a co-host of Love It or List It by the W Network, Big Coat Productions and Corus Entertainment, along with David Visentin.[4] The show was broadcast on HGTV and W Network. In Spain, the show was broadcast with dual sound-track (Spanish voices-over / English) on Divinity.", "Love It or List It. Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.", "Jillian Harris. Since 2013, Harris has appeared on the Canadian TV series Love It or List It Vancouver, which airs on W Network in Canada and on HGTV in the United States under the title Love It or List It Too.[8] Harris is the show's designer, and competes against real estate agent Todd Talbot by redesigning a family's existing home in hopes that they will decide to stay in the home rather than choose to sell it. The show ran for four seasons.", "Hilary Farr. Hilary Farr is a Canadian and international home designer, television host and actress. She is known as the co-host of the HGTV and W Network television show Love It or List It with David Visentin.[1] She is president of Hilary Farr's Designs, established in Toronto and in New York City.", "Love It or List It. In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]", "Love It or List It. At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.", "Love It or List It. Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]", "Love It or List It. On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]", "Love It or List It Vancouver. In each episode of Love It or List It Vancouver, a couple or family is faced with the decision of whether or not their current home is the right home for them. With a list of what they would need to change in their current home, and what they would need in a new home, both hosts - a designer and a realtor - come in to try to help make the decision easier. The designer attempts to win over the homeowners by renovating their current home, and the realtor tries to find them the home of their dreams.", "Love It or List It. According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]", "David Visentin. David Visentin (born 1965) is a Canadian actor and realtor. He is best known as one of the hosts of Love It or List It, with co-host Hilary Farr. The show is broadcast on HGTV and W Networks. He is a native citizen of Canada.", "Christina El Moussa. One day in 2011, on a spontaneous whim, her husband asked a friend to help him make an audition tape for HGTV. The friend filmed an entire episode of the process of house flipping from start to finish. The audition tape of the flip was sent to a production company without anyone really believing that it would be of much interest to them, but instead, the production company, Pie Town Productions, loved it. HGTV producers had also noticed the couple’s Instagram profile, which featured before and after profiles of many of the renovation projects they had undertaken.[10]", "Love It or List It. Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.", "Love It or List It Vancouver. Jillian has a design team who works with her on each episode. Francesca Albertazzi heads up the team with Megan Bennett, Sarah Johnson and Farah Malik.", "Love It or List It. After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.", "Sheila Kuehl. Since 2010, Kuehl has hosted \"Get Used To It\", a national cable show on LGBT issues, filmed in West Hollywood.", "Love It or List It. Behind the Scenes", "Reality television. House renovation shows are a mainstay on the American/Canadian cable channel HGTV, whose renovation shows include the successful franchises Flip or Flop, Love It or List It and Property Brothers, as well as shows such as Debbie Travis' Facelift, Designed to Sell and Holmes on Homes. Non-HGTV shows in this category include Extreme Makeover: Home Edition and While You Were Out.", "Love It or List It. After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.", "San Gabriel Valley. The city of San Marino has taken acted as a backdrop for a number of films and television shows. Major studio motion pictures filmed in San Marino include Mr. & Mrs, Smith, Disturbia, Enough, Monster-in-Law, Memoirs of a Geisha, Frailty, Men in Black II, The Hot Chick, One Hour Photo, Anger Management, The Wedding Planner, Starsky & Hutch, Intolerable Cruelty, Mystery Men, Legally Blonde 2, The Nutty Professor, Beverly Hills Ninja, The Sweetest Thing, S1m0ne, Charlie's Angels, Indecent Proposal, and American Wedding. Prime time television programs filmed within city borders include Felicity, The Office, The West Wing, and Alias. In addition, San Marino High School students in the graduating classes of 2004 and 2005 were documented in two separate reality television programs by MTV, which aired on the cable television network in 2005.", "Love It or List It. In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show \"very calming\"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]", "Jillian Harris. Jillian Harris (born December 30, 1979) is a Canadian television personality and interior designer. She is best known for appearing on the television series The Bachelor, The Bachelorette, and Love It or List It Vancouver. She has also appeared on Extreme Makeover: Home Edition,[1] Canada's Handyman Challenge,[1] and The Bachelorette Canada.", "Sun Valley, Idaho. In February 1958, the cast of \"I Love Lucy\" filmed an episode of their follow-up series of hour-long specials, known in syndication as \"The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour\", at Bald Mountain.", "Love It or List It. Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.", "Laurel, Mississippi. Laurel residents Erin and Ben Napier are featured in the HGTV series Home Town, which premiered on March 21, 2017.[17]", "Eight Is Enough. The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St, near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles. The house has since been demolished and replaced. The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio: one for the main floor and one for the upstairs.", "Twin Peaks. The soap opera show-within-the-show Invitation to Love was not shot on a studio set, but in the Ennis House, an architectural landmark designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles.[36]" ]

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[ "The Dark Knight Rises. The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan, and the story with David S. Goyer.[5] Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy, and the sequel to The Dark Knight (2008). Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox. The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway) and Bane (Tom Hardy). Eight years after the events of The Dark Knight, merciless revolutionary Bane forces an older Bruce Wayne to resume his role as Batman and save Gotham City from nuclear destruction.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Cillian Murphy reprises his role as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow from previous films,[36] as does Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul, who appears to Bruce in a hallucination.[37][38] Josh Pence portrays Ra's al Ghul in scenes set thirty years before the events of Batman Begins.[39] Nestor Carbonell also returns as Anthony Garcia, Gotham's mayor.[40] Other cast members include Aidan Gillen as CIA agent Bill Wilson[41][42] (referred to solely as \"CIA\" in the film's dialogue; the character's name is revealed in the film's novelization);[43] Rob Brown and Desmond Harrington as police officers; Josh Stewart as Bane's right-hand man Barsad,[44] Christopher Judge as one of Bane's henchmen,[45] Noel Gugliemi as Bane's exile compeller, and Tom Conti as a prisoner. William Devane portrays the President of the United States. Aaron Eckhart expressed enthusiasm in returning for a sequel if asked, although he later stated Nolan verified that his character, Harvey Dent / Two-Face, is dead,[46] and only archive footage of Eckhart from The Dark Knight appears in the film.[47]", "The Dark Knight Rises. Matthew Modine appears as Peter Foley, Gordon's second-in-command that disdains Batman.[29] Ben Mendelsohn portrays John Daggett, a rival billionaire socialite who employs Bane in his plan to take control of Wayne Enterprises, and Burn Gorman appears as Daggett's assistant and Executive Vice President Philip Stryver.[30] Alon Abutbul portrays Leonid Pavel, a Russian nuclear physicist who is kidnapped from Uzbekistan by Bane and forced to convert the new Wayne Enterprises reactor core into a bomb.[31][32] Juno Temple plays Jen, Kyle's friend and accomplice,[33] and Daniel Sunjata portrays Mark Jones, a U.S. Special Ops officer who leads a task force into Gotham to assist Gordon and the GCPD in freeing the city from Bane's rule.[30][34] Chris Ellis appears as Father Reilly, a priest at the orphanage that Blake grew up in.[35] Brett Cullen portrays Byron Gilley, a U.S. congressman who is kidnapped on Harvey Dent Day by Kyle.[35]", "Batman in film. Nolan wanted the story for the third and final installment to keep him emotionally invested. \"On a more superficial level, I have to ask the question,\" he reasoned, \"how many good third movies in a franchise can people name?\"[92] He returned out of finding a necessary way to continue the story, but feared midway through filming he would find a sequel redundant.[93] The Dark Knight Rises is intended to complete Nolan's Batman trilogy.[94] By December 2008, Nolan completed a rough story outline, before he committed himself to Inception.[95] In February 2010, work on the screenplay was commencing with David S. Goyer and Jonathan Nolan.[96] When Goyer left to work on the Superman reboot, Jonathan was writing the script based on the story by his brother and Goyer.[97] Tom Hardy was cast as Bane and Anne Hathaway plays Selina Kyle.[98] Joseph Gordon-Levitt was cast as John Blake,[99][100] and Marion Cotillard was cast as Miranda Tate. Filming began in May 2011 and concluded in November.[101] Nolan chose not to film in 3-D but, by focusing on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format, hoped to push technological boundaries while nevertheless making the style of the film consistent with the previous two.[102] Nolan had several meetings with IMAX Vice-President David Keighley to work on the logistics of projecting films in digital IMAX venues.[103] The Dark Knight Rises featured more scenes shot in IMAX than The Dark Knight.[103] Cinematographer Wally Pfister expressed interest in shooting the film entirely in IMAX.[104][105] During the film, set eight years after Dark Knight, the arrival of new foe Bane forces Bruce to return to his old role as Batman, only to find himself overpowered and captured by Bane as Gotham is cut off from the rest of the world with a stolen Wayne Enterprises fusion generator prototype set to go off in a few months. With the aid of thief Selina Kyle, Bruce is able to return to Gotham and defeat Bane while redeeming his image as Batman. The film concludes with Bruce having 'retired' as Batman after faking his death to live with Selina Kyle, evidence suggesting that he has passed on the Batcave to new ally Detective John Blake (real first name Robin) while Gotham rebuilds in memory of the Dark Knight's heroism.", "Batman in film. Following the cancellation of two further film proposals, the franchise was rebooted in 2005 with Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale. Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012, with Bale reprising his role in both films. Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide.[3] Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy, the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero, with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all-time.", "Michael Gough. His later roles included Alfred Pennyworth for Tim Burton, including Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). He also reprised his role as Alfred in the 1994 BBC radio adaptation of Batman: Knightfall and in Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997) for Joel Schumacher. Gough was one of two actors to have appeared in the four Batman films in the Burton/Schumacher series; the other actor was Pat Hingle (as Commissioner Gordon). Gough worked for Burton again in 1999's Sleepy Hollow and Corpse Bride. He also briefly reprised his Alfred role in six 2001 television commercials for the OnStar automobile tracking system, informing Batman of the system's installation in the Batmobile. Other commercial appearances famously included Gough as Alfred in a 1989 advertisement for Diet Coke.", "The Dark Knight Rises. —Christopher Nolan, confirming his involvement in The Dark Knight Rises.[55]", "Michael Keaton. According to Les Daniels's reference book Batman: The Complete History, Keaton was not surprised when he was first considered as Batman as he initially believed the film would be similar to the 1960s television series starring Adam West. It was only after he was introduced to Frank Miller's comic book miniseries, The Dark Knight Returns, that Keaton really understood the dark and brooding side of Batman that he portrayed to much fan approval.[22] Keaton later reprised the role for the sequel Batman Returns (1992), which was another critically acclaimed success.[23] He was initially set to reprise the role again for a third Batman film, even going as far as to show up for costume fitting. However, when Burton was dropped as director of the film, Keaton left the franchise as well. He was reportedly dissatisfied with the screenplay approved by the new director, Joel Schumacher. According to the A&E Biography episode on Keaton, after he had refused the first time (after meetings with Schumacher), Warner Bros. offered him $15 million, but Keaton steadfastly refused and was replaced by Val Kilmer in Batman Forever (1995).[24]", "Michael Caine. Caine reprised his role as Alfred Pennyworth in the Batman sequel, The Dark Knight Rises, which was released in July 2012. He appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2014 science-fiction film, Interstellar as Dr. Brand.[45] Caine co-starred in Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015), by director Matthew Vaughn.[46] He also appeared in the lead role of retired composer Fred Ballinger in the comedy-drama film Youth, for which he received widespread acclaim.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Shortly before Christmas of 2011, Christopher Nolan invited several prominent directors, including Edgar Wright, Michael Bay, Bryan Singer, Jon Favreau, Eli Roth, Duncan Jones and Stephen Daldry, to Universal CityWalk's IMAX theatre for a private screening of the first six minutes of The Dark Knight Rises, which had been shot on IMAX film and edited from the original camera negative. Nolan, feeling that the use of film stock in cinema is currently being phased out due to the introduction of digital cinematography and projection, used this screening to make a case for the continued use of film, which he asserts still offers superior image quality to any digital format, and warned the filmmakers that unless they continued to assert their choice to use film in their productions, they may eventually lose it as an option.[110][111] Nolan explained; \"I wanted to give them a chance to see the potential, because I think IMAX is the best film format that was ever invented. It's the gold standard and what any other technology has to match up to, but none have, in my opinion. The message I wanted to put out there was that no one is taking anyone's digital cameras away. But if we want film to continue as an option, and someone is working on a big studio movie with the resources and the power to insist [on] film, they should say so. I felt as if I didn't say anything, and then we started to lose that option, it would be a shame. When I look at a digitally acquired and projected image, it looks inferior against an original negative anamorphic print or an IMAX one.\"[110]", "Joseph Gordon-Levitt. In 2011, Gordon-Levitt began filming Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises, in which he played John Blake, a police officer who emerges as a key ally of Batman.[35] Also released in 2012, he played the starring role of a bicycle messenger in the action film Premium Rush; the younger version of the lead role, shared with Bruce Willis, in the time-travel thriller Looper;[36] and the supporting role of Robert Todd Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's biopic Lincoln.[37]", "Cillian Murphy. A native of Cork, Murphy began his performing career as a rock musician. After turning down a record deal, he made his professional acting debut in the play Disco Pigs in 1996. While continuing with stage work he also began appearing in independent films, first coming to international attention in 2002 as the hero of Danny Boyle's post-apocalyptic film 28 Days Later. Murphy's profile continued to grow in 2005 when he appeared in a series of successful films: firstly as the Scarecrow in Christopher Nolan's 2005 blockbuster Batman Begins—a role he reprised in The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012)—and secondly in the action-thriller Red Eye (2005). For his performance as a transgender woman in Breakfast on Pluto (2005), Murphy received a Golden Globe award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy.", "Robin in other media. In the film The Dark Knight Rises, Batman finds an ally in a young policeman who goes by the name of John Blake (portrayed by Joseph Gordon-Levitt), an original character created exclusively for the film.", "Liam Neeson. It was announced in July 2010 that Neeson would guest-star on the new Showtime series The Big C.[52] In 2011, he played himself, in BBC2's series Life's Too Short. In late 2011, Neeson was cast to play the lead character, a journalist, in a new album recording and arena production of Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds. He replaced Richard Burton, who had posthumously appeared in the arena production through CGI animation. Neeson did not physically appear on the stage, instead playing the role through the use of 3D holography. In 2012, Neeson starred in Joe Carnahan's The Grey. The film received mostly positive reviews and Neeson's performance received critical acclaim. He also starred in Taken 2, a successful sequel to his 2008 blockbuster.[53] That year, he once again played Ra's al Ghul in The Dark Knight Rises, the third and final film in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He narrated the first trailer for the film.", "Batman. In 2005, Batman Begins was released by Warner Bros. as a reboot of the film series; directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale as Batman. Its sequel, The Dark Knight (2008), set the record for the highest grossing opening weekend of all time in the U.S., earning approximately $158 million,[173] and became the fastest film to reach the $400 million mark in the history of American cinema (eighteenth day of release).[174] These record-breaking attendances saw The Dark Knight end its run as the second-highest domestic grossing film (at the time) with $533 million, bested then only by Titanic.[175] The film also won two Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actor for the late Heath Ledger.[176] It was eventually followed by The Dark Knight Rises (2012), which served as a conclusion to Nolan's film series.", "The Dark Knight (film). The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed, produced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the second part of Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005's Batman Begins, starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman. In the film, Bruce Wayne / Batman (Bale), Police Lieutenant James Gordon (Oldman) and District Attorney Harvey Dent (Eckhart) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City, but are menaced by an anarchist mastermind known as the Joker (Ledger), who seeks to undermine Batman's influence and turn the city to chaos.", "Batman (1989 film). Batman is a 1989 superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker, alongside Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough and Jack Palance. The film takes place early in the title character's war on crime, and depicts a battle with his nemesis the Joker.", "Tim Burton. Despite Burton's intention to still lead the Batman franchise, Warner Bros. considered Batman Returns too dark and unsafe for children. To attract the young audience, it was decided that Joel Schumacher, who had directed films like The Client, lead the third film, while Burton would only produce it in conjunction with Peter MacGregor-Scott. Following this change and the changes made by the new director, Michael Keaton resigned from the lead role and was replaced by Val Kilmer. Filming began in late 1994 with new actors: Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey Dent/Two-Face, Nicole Kidman as Dr. Chase Meridian, Chris O'Donnell as Dick Grayson/Robin and Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma/ The Riddler; the only two actors who returned were Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon and Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth. The film, a combination of the darkness that characterized the saga and colors and neon signs proposed by Schumacher, was a huge box office success, earning $336 million, in spite of the controversy over the characters and plot. Warner Bros. demanded that Schumacher delete some scenes so the film did not have the same tone as its predecessor, Batman Returns (later they were added as deleted scenes on the 2005 DVD release).", "Batman Returns. Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the second installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series, with Michael Keaton reprising the role of Bruce Wayne/Batman. The film, produced by Denise Di Novi and Burton, also stars Danny DeVito as the Penguin, Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman, and Christopher Walken as corrupt tycoon Max Shreck.", "Tim Burton. Burton's ability to produce hits with low budgets impressed studio executives, and he received his first big budget film, Batman. The production was plagued with problems. Burton repeatedly clashed with the film's producers, Jon Peters and Peter Guber, but the most notable debacle involved casting. For the title role, Burton chose to cast Michael Keaton as Batman following their previous collaboration in Beetlejuice, despite Keaton's average physique, inexperience with action films, and reputation as a comic actor. Although Burton won in the end, the furor over the casting provoked enormous fan animosity, to the extent that Warner Brothers' share price slumped.[citation needed] Burton had considered it ridiculous to cast a \"bulked-up\" ultra-masculine man as Batman, insisting that the Caped Crusader should be an ordinary (albeit fabulously wealthy) man who dressed up in an elaborate bat costume to frighten criminals. Burton cast Jack Nicholson as The Joker (Tim Curry being his second choice) in a move that helped assuage fans' fears, as well as attracting older audiences not as interested in a superhero film.[citation needed]", "The Dark Knight Rises. Several members of the Pittsburgh Steelers have cameo appearances as members of the fictional Gotham Rogues football team in the film, including Ben Roethlisberger, Hines Ward, Troy Polamalu, Willie Colon, Maurkice Pouncey, Mike Wallace, Heath Miller, Aaron Smith, Ryan Clark, James Farrior, LaMarr Woodley, and Casey Hampton,[48][49] and former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher as the head coach of the Rogues.[50] Pittsburgh mayor Luke Ravenstahl, a kicker in college, appears as the kicker for the Rogues' opponents, the Rapid City Monuments.[51] In 2008, the Rooney family sold a minority stake in the team to Thomas Tull, the CEO and president of Legendary Pictures, which produced The Dark Knight Rises.[52] United States Senator Patrick Leahy, who had made a cameo appearance in The Dark Knight, returned in The Dark Knight Rises,[53] as a Wayne Enterprises board member. Thomas Lennon, who had appeared as a doctor in Memento, once again plays a doctor. India Wadsworth plays the wife of Ra's al Ghul and the mother of Talia.[54]", "The Dark Knight Rises. It was not until February 9, 2010, that it was announced that Nolan had \"cracked\" the story of a sequel to The Dark Knight and was committed to return to the project.[66] Shortly afterward, it was announced David S. Goyer and Jonathan Nolan were working on a screenplay.[67] Goyer would leave the project during pre-production to begin work on Man of Steel; Jonathan continued writing the script based on the story by his brother Chris and Goyer.[13] Chris Nolan said that his brother's original draft was about 400 pages.[68] The film's storyline has been compared with the Batman comic book series' story arc \"Knightfall\" (1993), which showcased Bane; the mini-series The Dark Knight Returns (1986), in which Batman returns to Gotham City after a ten-year absence; and the story arc \"No Man's Land\" (1999), which depicts a Gotham cut off from the rest of the world and overrun by gangs.[69][70] The nickname \"the Dark Knight\" was first applied to Batman in Batman #1 (1940), in a story written by Bill Finger.[71][72] Nolan confirmed the Joker would not return in the third film, and dismissed rumors that he considered using unused footage of Heath Ledger from The Dark Knight.[73] The Dark Knight Rises reunited Nolan with many of his past collaborators, including cinematographer Wally Pfister, production designer Nathan Crowley, editor Lee Smith, costume designer Lindy Hemming, special effects supervisors Paul Franklin and Chris Corbould, and composer Hans Zimmer.[74]", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Snyder cast an older Batman to be a layered juxtaposition against a younger Superman; while \"bear[ing] the scars of a seasoned crime fighter, but retain[ing] the charm that the world sees in billionaire Bruce Wayne.\"[10] Nolan was involved with the casting of Affleck and he was the first actor Snyder approached for the part.[101] The director had also discussed the part with Josh Brolin.[118] Bale admitted he wanted to play Batman again after The Dark Knight Rises,[119] though he stated that his Batman does not belong in any other film and he was never approached by Warner Bros. to play the role again.[120][121]", "Ben Mendelsohn. He was selected as one of the entrants to the Who's Who in Australia 2012 edition.[7] In 2012, Mendelsohn played the supporting roles of John Daggett in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises and Robin Van Der Hook in Derek Cianfrance's The Place Beyond the Pines.", "Batman in film. Christopher Nolan reprised his duties as director, and brought his brother, Jonathan, to co-write the script for the second installment. The Dark Knight featured Christian Bale reprising his role as Batman/Bruce Wayne, Heath Ledger as The Joker, and Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent / Two-Face. Principal photography began in April 2007 in Chicago and concluded in November. Other locations included Pinewood Studios, Ministry of Sound in London and Hong Kong. On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filming The Dark Knight, Ledger died from a bad combination of prescription medication. Warner Bros. had created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight, developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screen shots of Ledger as the Joker, but after Ledger's death, the studio refocused its promotional campaign.[85][86] The film depicts Gotham attempting to rebuild after Batman's actions have caused so much damage to its organised crime families, aided by the prosecution of charismatic District Attorney Harvey Dent, but the involvement of the anarchic Joker threatens everything, as his actions lead to the death of Rachel Dawes and Harvey being scarred and transformed into Two-Face. Although Batman is able to stop the Joker from forcing two ferries- one loaded with civilians and the other with prisoners- to destroy each other, he is forced to take the blame for the murders committed by Dent to ensure that the city retains its hope for the future.", "Batman in film. Actor Bruce Thomas portrayed Batman in these ads, while Michael Gough reprised his role of Alfred Pennyworth in one of the ads. Baywatch actress Brooke Burns played Vicki Vale in an ad as well. Actor Brian Stepanek played the Riddler in an ad and Curtis Armstrong played the Joker in another.", "Batman Begins. Batman Begins is a 2005 superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman, directed by Christopher Nolan and written by Nolan and David S. Goyer. It stars Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Liam Neeson, Katie Holmes, Gary Oldman, Cillian Murphy, Tom Wilkinson, Rutger Hauer, Ken Watanabe, and Morgan Freeman. The film reboots the Batman film series, telling the origin story of Bruce Wayne from the death of his parents to his journey to become Batman and his fight to stop Ra's al Ghul and the Scarecrow from plunging Gotham City into chaos.", "Batman (1989 film). Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997); the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively.", "Batman in film. In February 2007, during pre-production for The Dark Knight, Warner Bros. hired husband and wife screenwriting duo Michelle and Kieran Mulroney to script a Justice League film[107] featuring a younger Batman in a separate franchise.[108] George Miller was hired to direct the following September,[109] with Armie Hammer cast as Batman a month later[110][111] and Teresa Palmer as Talia al Ghul.[112] Filming had nearly commenced at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, but was pushed back over the Writer's Guild of America strike, and once more when the Australian Film Commission denied Warner Bros. a 45 percent tax rebate over lack of Australian actors in the film.[113] Production offices were moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada for an expected July 2008 start and a planned summer 2009 theatrical release date,[114][115] but Warner Bros. ultimately canceled Justice League following the success of The Dark Knight. Hammer's option on his contract lapsed and the studio was more willing to proceed with Christopher Nolan to finish his trilogy separately with The Dark Knight Rises.[116]", "History of cinema in the United States. On July 20, 2012, during a midnight screening of the film The Dark Knight Rises at a Century movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, James Eagan Holmes[23] perpetrated a mass shooting, killing 12[24][25] and injuring 70 others.[26] It was the second deadliest shooting in Colorado, and had the largest number of casualties of any U.S. mass shooting. Christian Bale, who plays Batman in the film, visited several victims in the hospital. The shooting also led to threats of violence across other theaters in the county screening The Dark Knight Rises, as well as an increase in security in theaters. Holmes is currently serving a sentence of life without parole.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Viral marketing campaigns for the film continued as magazine companies Empire and Wired received \"CIA documents\" concerning a \"Dr. Leonid Pavel\", with its mugshot connected to actor Alon Abutbul. According to the first document, Pavel is a missing Russian nuclear physicist, while the second document appears to be an edited transcript of a conversation discussing the handover of Dr. Pavel to the CIA by Georgian separatists, but with most of the conversation redacted.[32] These were later shown to be plot elements of the six-minute prologue.[139] The official Twitter account later linked to another censored document, this time, referencing \"Operation Early Bird\". A website of the same name was discovered, revealing a countdown timer. When the countdown finished, the site presented a map showing all available theaters that would be screening the film's prologue earlier than its release.[144][145] Various websites received a package that included a cylinder map of \"strike zones\", and a \"fire rises\" T-shirt.[146] In April 2012, the film's official website was updated with a \"dossier\" on a suspect named \"John Doe\" also known as \"the Batman\" for an arrest, with a list of several accusations. The premise of the campaign starts when the mayor of Gotham City \"redoubles\" the effort to capture Batman and anyone supporting his return in preparation for the upcoming \"Harvey Dent Day\". The site also includes an extensive list of real-world locations where \"graffiti related to movement in support of the vigilante's return\" is located. For each tweet of a specific location marked on the list, a frame of the second theatrical trailer for the film was released on a separate website.[147]", "The Dark Knight Rises. Director Christopher Nolan released a public statement calling the shooting \"unbearably savage\".[166] Other stars of the film released statements expressing their condolences, with star Christian Bale paying a personal visit to the survivors and the memorial in Aurora.[179]" ]

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[ "LeBron James. James played high school basketball at St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio, where he was highly promoted in the national media as a future NBA superstar. After graduating, he was selected by his home team, the Cleveland Cavaliers, as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. James led Cleveland to the franchise's first Finals appearance in 2007, ultimately losing to the San Antonio Spurs. In 2010, he left the Cavaliers for the Miami Heat in a highly publicized ESPN special titled The Decision. James spent four seasons with the Heat, reaching the Finals all four years and winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, he led Miami on a 27-game winning streak, the third longest in league history. Following his final season with the Heat, James opted out of his contract and returned to the Cavaliers. He led the Cavaliers to three consecutive Finals series between 2015 and 2017, winning his third championship in 2016 to end Cleveland's 52-year professional sports title drought.", "LeBron James. As a youth, James played Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars.[3] The team enjoyed success on a local and national level, led by James and his friends Sian Cotton, Dru Joyce III, and Willie McGee.[2]:24 The players were inseparable and dubbed themselves the \"Fab Four\", promising each other that they would attend high school together.[2]:27 In a move that stirred local controversy, they chose to attend St. Vincent–St. Mary High School, a predominately white private Catholic school.[4][5]", "LeBron James. As a freshman, James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent-St. Mary varsity basketball team.[6] The Fighting Irish finished the year 27–0, winning the Division III state title.[6] As a sophomore, James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game.[7] For some home games during the season, St. Vincent-St. Mary played at the University of Akron's 5,492-seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni, fans, and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play.[2]:51[8] The Fighting Irish finished the season 26–1 and repeated as state champions.[6] For his outstanding play, James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All-USA First Team, becoming the first sophomore to do either.[9]", "LeBron James. Throughout his senior year, James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams, including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2.[2]:142 Time Warner Cable, looking to capitalize on James' popularity, offered St. Vincent-St. Mary's games to subscribers on a pay-per-view basis throughout the season.[2]:143 For the year, James averaged 31.6 points, 9.6 rebounds, 4.6 assists, and 3.4 steals per game,[9] was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All-USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year,[2]:178[6] and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year.[6] He participated in three year-end high school basketball all-star games—the EA Sports Roundball Classic, the Jordan Capital Classic, and the McDonald's All-American Game—losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft.[15] Many basketball analysts, scouts, and writers have noted that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all-time.[2]:142[16][17][18][19]", "LeBron James. James played wide receiver for St. Vincent-St. Mary's football team in high school and was recruited by some Division I programs, including Notre Dame.[2]:51[23] As a sophomore, he was named first team all-state, and as a junior, he led the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals.[7] He decided to stop playing high school football before his senior year, after he broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game.[24] Many sports analysts, football critics, high school coaches, and former and current players have speculated on whether he could have played in the National Football League.[2]:91[25][26][27][28]", "LeBron James. Prior to the start of James' junior year, he appeared in SLAM Magazine and was lauded as possibly \"the best high school basketball player in America right now\" by writer Ryan Jones.[10] During the season, he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so.[2]:104 With averages of 29 points, 8.3 rebounds, 5.7 assists, and 3.3 steals per game,[6] he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All-USA First Team,[6] and became the first junior to be named boys' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year.[2]:117 St. Vincent-St. Mary finished the year with a 23–4 record, ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game.[2]:114 Following the loss, James seriously considered declaring for the 2002 NBA draft, unsuccessfully petitioning for an adjustment to the NBA's draft eligibility rules that required prospective players to have at least graduated from high school.[11] During this time, he used marijuana to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving.[12][13][14]", "The Decision (TV special). James was born and raised in Akron, Ohio, where he received national attention as a high school basketball star at St. Vincent – St. Mary High School.[1] He was drafted out of high school by his hometown Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. He played the first seven seasons of his professional career in Cleveland, where he was a two-time NBA Most Valuable Player and a six-time NBA All-Star. James became an unrestricted free-agent at 12:01 am EDT on July 1, 2010.[2] James was courted by several teams, including the New York Knicks, Chicago Bulls, New Jersey Nets, Miami Heat, Los Angeles Clippers, and the Cavaliers.[3]", "LeBron James. James was born on December 30, 1984 in Akron, Ohio to a 16-year-old mother, Gloria Marie James, who raised James on her own.[1][2]:22 When James was growing up, life was often a struggle for the family, as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work.[3] Realizing that he would be better off in a more stable family environment, Gloria allowed James to move in with the family of Frank Walker, a local youth football coach, who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old.[2]:23", "LeBron James. Also during his senior year, James was the centerpiece of several controversies. For his 18th birthday, he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother, who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron's future earning power as a professional athlete.[20] This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance. James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source.[15] Later in the season, James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures, officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility.[15] James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two-game suspension, allowing him to play the remainder of the year. The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins, their only official loss that season.[21] In his first game back after the suspension, James scored a career-high 52 points.[22]", "The Decision (TV special). The Decision was a television special in which free agent National Basketball Association (NBA) player LeBron James announced that he would be signing with the Miami Heat instead of returning to his hometown Cleveland Cavaliers. It was broadcast live on ESPN on July 8, 2010. James was an unrestricted free agent after playing seven seasons in Cleveland, where he was a two-time NBA Most Valuable Player and a six-time All-Star. He grew up in nearby Akron, Ohio, where he received national attention as a high school basketball star.", "LeBron James. James is an active supporter of the Boys & Girls Club of America, Children's Defense Fund, and ONEXONE.[286] He also has his own charity foundation, the LeBron James Family Foundation, which is based in Akron.[287] Since 2005, the foundation has held an annual bike-a-thon in Akron to raise money for various causes.[288] In 2015, James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021.[289] In 2016, he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit about Muhammad Ali.[290] In 2017, he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his \"outstanding service and dedication to the community\".[291]", "List of career achievements by LeBron James. Notes: 1 Beginning in 2006 the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions. Prospective high school players must now wait at least a year before entering the NBA,[a] making these records more difficult to break.", "LeBron James. Upon entering the NBA as a 19-year-old rookie, James made an immediate offensive impact and led the Cavaliers in scoring.[243][244] He holds numerous \"youngest to\" distinctions, including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points.[e] During his first stint in Cleveland, he was primarily used as an on-ball point forward. His shooting tendencies were perimeter-oriented,[121] and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball; he led the NBA in three-point plays in 2006.[249] His combination of speed, quickness, and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams as he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones.[250] These qualities became more apparent in transition, where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight-quality baskets.[251] Around this time, James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game.[252] Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three-pointers and long two-pointers, a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals, where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games.[253]", "J. R. Smith. Earl Joseph \"J. R.\" Smith III[1] (born September 9, 1985) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played high school basketball at New Jersey basketball powerhouse Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in Newark. He entered the NBA out of high school after being selected in the first round of the 2004 NBA draft with the 18th overall pick by the New Orleans Hornets (now known as the New Orleans Pelicans). Over his NBA career, Smith has also played for the Hornets, Denver Nuggets and New York Knicks. Smith also played overseas for the Zhejiang Golden Bulls of the Chinese Basketball Association due to the 2011 NBA lockout. Smith won an NBA championship with the Cavaliers in 2016.", "Michael Jordan. Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11\" (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level. His taller friend, Harvest Leroy Smith, was the only sophomore to make the team.[10][11]", "LeBron James. LeBron Raymone James (/ləˈbrɒn/; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). James has won three NBA championships, four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards, three NBA Finals MVP Awards, two Olympic gold medals, an NBA scoring title, and the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He has also been selected to 13 NBA All-Star teams, 13 All-NBA teams, and six All-Defensive teams, is the Cavaliers' all-time leading scorer, and is the NBA career playoff scoring leader.", "Jim Caviezel. Caviezel attended Mount Vernon High School for two years before moving to Seattle, Washington, where he lived with family friends in order to play basketball at O'Dea High School, a Catholic all boys high school. The following spring, he transferred from O'Dea to another Catholic school, John F. Kennedy Memorial High School in Burien, Washington, where he played basketball and graduated in 1987. He wanted to attend the United States Naval Academy but was denied three times. He then enrolled at Bellevue College, where he played college basketball. A foot injury in his second year put an end to his dream of becoming an NBA player, and he transferred to the University of Washington, where he turned his focus to acting and became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.[9]", "Coach Carter. Despite the film being based on real events taking place during the 1999–2000 school year, there are several references that would have been impossible to make in 1999, including a reference to a player possibly going into the NBA straight out of high school being similar to LeBron James, who was a freshman during the 1999–2000 school year.", "Nate Robinson. Robinson spent his first two years of high school at Rainier Beach High School in Seattle before moving to Union City, California where he played for James Logan High School in 2000–01. He then returned to Rainier Beach for his senior season in 2001–02. At Rainier Beach, he excelled in basketball, football and track. He led his basketball team to a 28–2 record and won the AAA state championship as a senior with teammates Terrence Williams and twins, Rodrick and Lodrick Stewart. He averaged 17.9 points, seven rebounds, seven assists and three steals per game in 2001–02, and was named the AAA State player of the year in Washington. Rainier Beach also received a No. 7 national ranking from USA Today.[5]", "LeBron James. James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Greece.[189] He spent the Games mostly on the bench,[190][191] averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games.[189] Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal, becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding professionals to their line-up.[189][192] James felt his limited playing time was a \"lowlight\" and believed he was not given \"a fair opportunity to play\".[193] His attitude during the Olympics was described as \"disrespectful\" and \"distasteful\" by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey, respectively.[194][195]", "List of 40-plus point games by LeBron James. LeBron James is a professional basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association. He spent his first seven seasons with the Cavaliers (2003–2010), played with the Miami Heat from 2010 to 2014, and signed a one-year max contract with the Cavaliers for the 2014-15 NBA season.[1] The list does not include any pre-season games.", "AND1. In November 2012, AND1 signed then-Pacer Lance Stephenson to an endorsement deal.[9] Stephenson had won the NYC basketball championships in all four years of high school, and became New York State's all-time leading scorer in high school basketball, named Mr. New York Basketball after his senior year. He would soon sign a multi-year deal with the Indiana Pacers, with AND1 signing him during his rookie season. Born Ready fit the AND1 streetball personality with his aggressive never-back-down attitude, which was put on national display during the 2014 NBA Conference Finals. Stephenson, who had led the league in triple-doubles that year and led the Pacers past the Knicks in the round prior, was paired against the Miami Heat’s Lebron James. From trash-talking to “mind games,” to even blowing in James ear at one point, Stephenson did whatever he could to get into James’ head and under his skin.[10]", "LeBron James. On December 31, 2011, James proposed to Savannah Brinson, his high school sweetheart, at a party celebrating New Year's Eve and his 27th birthday.[279] The two were married on September 14, 2013 in San Diego.[280] Together, they have three children: LeBron James Jr. (b. 2004),[281] Bryce Maximus James (b. 2007),[282] and Zhuri James (b. 2014).[283] During his tenure with the Heat, James resided in Coconut Grove, an affluent Miami neighborhood, where he bought a three-story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay for $9 million.[284] In November 2015, James bought a 9,350 square-foot East Coast–style mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles for about $21 million.[285]", "Long Beach, California. Long Beach's high schools are especially popular with the film industry. Long Beach Polytechnic High School has played host to numerous films, featuring its outdoor grounds in movies such as Coach Carter, among others. Robert A. Millikan High School has also lent its classrooms and hallways to films such as American Pie, among others. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo High School has been a very popular place to shoot movies as well, with 2-4 films shot per year, and is currently being used to shoot 20th Century Fox's musical comedy-drama, Glee. St. Anthony High School's gymnasium has also been featured in a few movies and television shows, including Coach Carter and Joan of Arcadia. Long Beach Woodrow Wilson High School was used to shoot Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel and has been used for commercials for Nike and Adidas, particularly one with Los Angeles Sparks basketball star Candace Parker. The film Freedom Writers, although not shot there, was based on Long Beach Woodrow Wilson High School.", "LeBron James. James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London, England.[203] He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant, who would soon be 34, stepping back.[204][205][206] James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter, called the defensive sets, and provided scoring when needed.[207][208][209][210] During a game against Australia, he recorded the first triple-double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points, 14 rebounds and 12 assists.[a][210] Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal, again defeating Spain in the final game.[212] James contributed 19 points in the win, becoming the all-time leading scorer in U.S. men's basketball history.[189][212] He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award, NBA championship, NBA Finals MVP, and Olympic gold medal in the same year.[213] Afterwards, Krzyzewski said James \"is the best player, he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now.\"[214]", "LeBron James. In Miami, Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James' role to a more unconventional one.[121] James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three-pointers, attempting a career-low 149 in 2012.[39][121] He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots, finishing second in the league in catch-and-shoot field goal percentage in 2013.[254] He also learned how to work as an off-ball cutter in the Heat's \"pass-happy\" offense.[255] Behind these improvements, James' overall scoring efficiency rose to historically-great levels,[256] peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage.[39] During this period, ESPN's Tom Haberstroh called James' free throw shooting his biggest weakness, describing it as \"average\".[257] Upon returning to the Cavaliers, James began to experience subtle age-related declines in productivity,[258] posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016.[39][259] His shooting also temporarily regressed, and he briefly ranked as the worst high-volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA.[260] Despite these changes, he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control, strength, and varying attacking speeds.[250]", "James Gandolfini. Gandolfini grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey and graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979, where he played basketball, acted in school plays,[11] and was awarded the title \"Class Flirt\" in his senior yearbook. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University in 1982, where he worked as a bouncer at an on-campus pub.[12] He also worked as a bartender and club manager in Manhattan prior to his acting career.[12] He was introduced to acting as a young man living in New York City, when he accompanied his friend Roger Bart to a Meisner technique acting class,[13] where he studied for two years under Kathryn Gately at The Gately Poole Conservatory.[14]", "LeBron James. Off the court, James has accumulated considerable wealth and fame from numerous endorsement contracts. His public life has been the subject of much scrutiny, and he has been ranked as one of America's most influential and popular athletes. He has been featured in books, documentaries, and television commercials. He also hosted the ESPY Awards, Saturday Night Live, and appeared in the 2015 film Trainwreck.", "Michael Raymond-James. Raymond-James was born in Detroit, Michigan, and graduated Clarkston High School in 1996, where he was a football and track standout. He started out doing theater and studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in New York, with George Loros, Geoffrey Horne and Robert Castle.[1] Following several stage appearances in New York, including 'The Petrified Forest' at the Pantheon Theater, he relocated to Los Angeles.", "Kinston High School (North Carolina). Former NBA player Jerry Stackhouse attended[citation needed] Kinston High School until his senior year (Oak Hill, Virginia, transfer) and was on its basketball team.", "NBA high school draftees. There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.", "James Harden. Harden attended Artesia High School in Lakewood, California. In his sophomore year, he averaged 13.2 points as Artesia went 28–5. He improved his stats to 18.8 points, 7.7 boards and 3.5 assists in his junior season and led Artesia to the California state title and a 33–1 record. Artesia repeated as state champions in Harden's final year after going 33–2. Harden had similar stats as during the previous season: 18.8 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 3.9 assists. He was named a McDonald's All-American, and also earned second-team Parade All-American honors." ]

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[ "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother). In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she \"became sick\" and his children saying that she has been \"gone\" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was \"an amazing character\"[9] and that \"over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that \"asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request\", that the finale \"advanced too quickly\" and that \"HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue\".[9]", "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother). The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky's wedding; this scene is shown in \"Last Forever\", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans.", "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother). The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her — a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love.[7]", "List of How I Met Your Mother characters. Ted is shown meeting The Mother in the series finale at the Farhampton train station following Barney and Robin's wedding. They date, get engaged, and have two children called Luke and Penny. In the original ending of the show, The Mother is shown to have been deceased in 2024. Many fans of the show had become emotionally attached to The Mother.[2] In many scenes throughout the show, it was shown how incredibly perfect Ted and Tracy were for each other and how nice she was to everyone. Her death in the series finale was met with considerable dissatisfaction by many viewers. [3][4]", "List of How I Met Your Mother characters. Portrayed by Cristin Milioti, the Mother is the title character of the series; Ted's narration of the series is based around how he met her. While several clues about the Mother are revealed throughout the series (including the story of the yellow umbrella), she is not fully seen until the season-eight finale, \"Something New\". Season 9 reveals more about the Mother through several flashforwards throughout the season and the 200th episode, \"How Your Mother Met Me\", which shows the years 2005 through 2013 from her perspective. In that episode, it is revealed that her boyfriend Max died on her 21st birthday and that she refrained from dating in the years following; her first boyfriend after Max, Louis, proposed to her the night before Barney and Robin's wedding, but she rejected, allowing herself to move on. It is the highest rated episode of the series on IMDb.", "Vesuvius (How I Met Your Mother). Bill Kuchman of Popculturology noted that the episode supports the theory that Ted is telling his children this story because The Mother is dead in the year 2030, drawing parallels between \"Vesuvius\" and \"The Time Travelers.\" \"When 'The Time Travelers' aired, there was a lot of discussion over what that soliloquy meant. Was The Mother dead? Was Ted dead? After seeing 'Vesuvius,' one of the theories certainly has a lot more weight now,\" Kuchman wrote. \"Sure, maybe Ted’s speech in 'The Time Travelers' and the ending of 'Vesuvius' have nothing to do with each other, but is that really the most likely case? ... I originally nixed both the 'The Mother is dead' and 'Ted is dead' theories, citing Occam's razor. The simplest explanation is often the correct explanation, and back then that was the case. If I’m sticking to Occam’s Razor still, it's now a lot harder to debunk the 'The Mother is dead' theory.\"[3]", "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother). The Mother was born on September 19, 1984.[note 1]", "Bad News (How I Met Your Mother). The twist ending of Marshall's father's death was the result of show co-creators and producers Carter Bays and Craig Thomas' desire to explore the issue of the characters experiencing such a loss.[2] Bays said that \"these kind of moments happen when you don't expect them. We wanted to shock the audience the way the characters were shocked. So much of what we love about the show is the relatability of it, and we try to create characters and stories that people see themselves in. As we've ticked off every milepost of young adulthood, sadly this is another one of those mileposts\".[3] Segel and Hannigan themselves were kept in the dark about the final scene. Segel said the original script had Lily saying she was pregnant, but on the scene's actual shooting day, the producers revealed that the scene will turn out differently. He and Hannigan worked out a plan wherein Segel would only know that his cue to react would be on Hannigan finishing her line with the word \"it\". The scene was done in only one take.[4]", "Last Forever. Andrew Meola from MStars praised the episode, saying \"I couldn't believe that they actually killed the Mother. But I let it sit for a bit, and then I felt something profoundly beautiful come out of this last hour of How I Met Your Mother.\"[30]", "Vesuvius (How I Met Your Mother). \"Vesuvius\" is the nineteenth episode of the ninth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 203rd episode overall. The episode features Ted in 2024, telling the Mother about the day of Robin and Barney's wedding. The final scene prompted some to think that the Mother was dead;[1] this was proven correct in the series finale, \"Last Forever\".", "Bad News (How I Met Your Mother). Having spent the entire day anticipating bad news, Marshall receives good news about his fertility from Stangel (after a failed impersonation by Barney attempting to trick Marshall into becoming his laser tag partner). While at MacLaren's, he tries to call his father about his good news, but Mr. Eriksen does not pick up the phone. At that moment, Lily pulls up in a taxi and tearfully informs Marshall that his father had been rushed to the hospital after having a heart attack, and that he did not survive. Shocked and grief-stricken, Marshall embraces Lily, and begins to weep, repeating the words, \"I'm not ready for this.\"", "Vesuvius (How I Met Your Mother). Reflecting on the events of the day 11 years later, Ted admits to the Mother that some moments like that one in Robin's room, with the gang all together possibly for the last time, were so intense that things were better left unsaid and to just enjoy the moments while you (still) have them. The Mother expresses worry at Ted living in his past stories, but instead asks him to live life moving forward. Noting the sudden appearance of Robin's mom, she asks, \"What mother is going to miss her daughter’s wedding?\" At this, Ted falls silent, and his eyes visibly fill with tears. She quickly changes the subject.", "Mom (season 6). Marjorie's husband Victor dies after another stroke, yet she does not seem as upset as Christy thinks she should be. Marjorie later admits that her first feeling after Victor died was relief, and scolds herself for it. Wendy tells her that when someone passes who was ill for a long time, the survivors often already mourned for them. Marjorie finally breaks down while holding Victor's favorite cat.", "How I Met Your Mother. In the series finale, it was revealed that after three years of marriage, Barney and Robin decide to divorce. Barney ends up fathering a child during a one-night stand. Marshall eventually becomes a judge, and he and Lily have three children. Ted's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024, six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met. Upon finishing the story, at the urging of his kids, Ted decides to ask Robin out. Alluding to the first season, the finale ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn.", "Sylvia Costas. The character has a dramatic exit from the show. The character returns to her job after time off to raise her on-screen son, but she is killed by James Mayo in a courthouse shooting incident. Her final words to her on-screen husband Andy are \"Take care of the baby.\"", "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother). Tracy McConnell, better known as \"The Mother\", is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\" as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.", "Tick Tick Tick (How I Met Your Mother). Kevin winds up in the hospital after a drink is thrown in his face. Robin tries to use the scene to tell Kevin she wants to break up with him in order to return to Barney, but Kevin first tells Robin that he loves her and accepts anything that she may do wrong. Barney, though at first obstructed by the arrival of Nora's parents, tells Nora the truth and they break up. Barney waits at the bar for Robin, and when Ted, Marshall and Lily walk in, he informs them he broke up with Nora, and says the hard part is over. Robin arrives at the bar with Kevin, having not told him. This leaves Barney heartbroken and he excuses himself, not wanting to stick around. Ted leaves the bar soon after, as he is still high. As Ted gets back to his apartment, he sees Barney picking up rose petals off Robin's bed and blowing out the flames of candles, implying he had a whole special night planned. Ted walks to his room without saying anything.", "Last Forever. Bill Kuchman of Popculturology said that the success of Milioti as the Mother made it hard to write the character away so quickly, saying, \"Thanks to the show’s writing staff and Cristin Milioti, HIMYM had a huge victory on its hands with The Mother. Asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request.\"[24] Kuchman noted that \"[over] the course of this final season, HIMYM made us care about Tracy. It made us believe that she and Ted belonged together. It was earned. That's why it was sad to see HIMYM just brush Tracy away.\"[25]", "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother). An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[1][2] In the video, future Ted is heard saying, \"...When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was...\", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby.[3]", "List of How I Met Your Mother characters. In the finale, it is discovered his wife died six years earlier. His children claim his story was not about their mother but about Robin; they urge him to get back together with her and he does, bringing the iconic blue French horn with him.", "Miss You Already. Jess goes into labour early while Jago is still on the oil rig. While Kit does not want Milly to attend the labour, her mother, Miranda, helped her sneaked out of the hospice so she is able to be there when Jess gives birth. Some days after, Milly dies at the hospice with Jess by her side.", "Anne Jeffreys. In July 1956, Jeffreys' mother, Kate Jeffreys Carmichael, 67, was run down and killed by her own automobile in the driveway of the home of her daughter. Police said Carmichael was taking books from the car's trunk when the emergency brake apparently slipped. The car rolled down the sloping driveway, dragging the actress' mother 26 feet.[12]", "Gail McIntyre. David later escaped the cellar and ended up crashing into Gary Windass (Mikey North) and his own daughter, Lily. They both survived but soon after the explosion, Gary's mother Anna Windass (Debbie Rush) got caught up in flames after she fell into a petrol puddle and ended up receiving serious burns to the legs. Gail understood to not ask further questions to David as he felt terrible about it all.", "How I Met Your Mother. As the week of the wedding approaches, Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted. Guilty, Ted realizes he can't be around Barney and Robin after they're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding. The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin's wedding, including the mother of Ted's children (revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti), who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella.", "VJ Patterson. Upon his return, VJ realises Irene's son, Mick Jennings (Kristian Schmid), is Billie's rapist when she suffers a panic attack upon hearing he has been released from the psychiatric facility. Billie goes into labour and VJ drives her to the hospital, but the car breaks down. After failing to find a phone signal, VJ carries Billie to a roadblock, where she is put in a police car and taken to the hospital There, she gives birth to a daughter, who she and VJ name Lucinda Leah \"Luc\" Patterson. Mick later kidnaps Luc, but Irene returns her to VJ and Billie. After Luc's blessing, Billie collapses after coughing up blood. She is diagnosed with terminal cancer. VJ and Billie decide to marry at the hospital, surrounded by their family and friends. After the wedding, Billie asks VJ to take her and Luc to the beach one last time. VJ and Billie watch the sunrise, and Billie dies in his arms. VJ returns Luc to the hospital. Ash blames VJ for Billie's death, because he took her out of the hospital, and Ash punches him.", "How Your Mother Met Me. Some time later, a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band—however, Darren gradually takes it over and makes The Mother carry band equipment. The Mother meets Louis and he helps her with the equipment, but later at MacLaren's Pub (which Louis thought was named \"Puzzles\"), she tells him she's not yet ready to date because of her loss. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and she leaves just before Ted appears to Lily and Barney in a green dress. They begin dating not long after, but they are not really a perfect match (for example, Louis is not amused when the Mother has her English muffin sing show tunes). The Mother's band is eventually booked for Barney and Robin's wedding; she stays at Louis's summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn.", "The Body in the Library. Adelaide is a devoted mother to Peter, and Mark deeply loved Rosamund. Conway made large settlements for his children, which passed to their spouses, so they would have no strong motive to do away with Ruby. But Mark has gambled away Rosamund's share, and Frank lost his share in bad investments before he died. Thus Conway's adoption of Ruby would leave Mark and Adelaide with nothing.", "Christina Pickles. In the 2000s, Pickles appeared in a few episodes of How I Met Your Mother as Lily Aldrin's grandmother, and guest-starred on The Division, Medium, and Childrens Hospital. In 2016, she was cast in the ABC drama pilot The Death Of Eva Sofia Valdez, starring Gina Torres in a title role.[9]", "Sophia Peletier. Carol's downward spiral ultimately reaches a breaking point, which causes her to attempt suicide once again. She approaches and begins talking to a walker another newcomer named Alice had been using for research, and then steps closer and allows it to bite her. She is put down by Andrea, and later buried in the prison-yard, where Sophia mourns her mother's loss. Sophia remains in a catatonic state for a long time afterwards. As life becomes increasingly dangerous for the group, Andrea and Dale break away from the group, taking Sophia, Ben, Billy, Hershel's daughter Maggie and Glenn along with them. Following this decision, a rival community named Woodbury, which wants to take the prison for themselves, storms an attack on the group and successfully kills everyone except Rick, Carl and Michonne. The three of them return to Hershel's farm to discover the rest of the group living there. While reunited, Sophia refers to Maggie as her \"mother\" to Carl, much to his confusion.[volume & issue needed]", "And in the End.... Marjorie Manning (Beverly Polcyn), a previous elderly multiple sclerosis patient suffering sepsis and pulmonary edema, comes in with her husband (Ernest Borgnine). Mr. Manning is initially unwilling to let Marjorie go, but with guidance from Dr. Gates, he finally accepts the inevitable. Before Marjorie dies, her daughter arrives, and confides in Samantha Taggart (Linda Cardellini) that her mother was an incredibly difficult person who picked fights with and alienated everyone in her life, but she loved her mom anyway and was inspired by how her father was saint-like in putting up with her miserable behavior. Sam looks saddened and ashamed as she clearly sees the parallel between Marjorie and herself, and she ends up calling her own estranged mother after Marjorie has passed away.", "Last Forever. At Ted and the Mother’s house, Ted re-proposes to the Mother because it has been five years since they got engaged, and says they are getting married the following Thursday. Before the wedding, the gang meets up at MacLaren’s, and Marshall announces he is running for the New York State Supreme Court. Barney sees two young women at the bar and approaches them. Lily assumes he will hit on them, but instead sees him scold them for dressing inappropriately, sending them home in a fatherly manner. Lily is genuinely surprised, and even more so when Robin shows up to attend. While reconciling with the gang, Robin admits to Ted that after initially declining to come, the Mother told her to reconsider. Marshall pays Lily on their bet that Ted and Robin don't end up together. Lily gives a toast praising Ted for all he has been through, and Future Ted narrates how he never stopped loving the Mother for a second, even when she became terminally ill and died in 2024.", "Margo Harshman. On May 14, 2014, her mother, Janelle Louise Harshman, died from breast cancer after a 20-year battle with the disease.[2]" ]

[ 5.3671875, 6.33984375, 2.42578125, 2.060546875, 0.257568359375, 1.609375, -2.1640625, -1.1611328125, -2.220703125, 0.51904296875, 0.0531005859375, -1.818359375, -5.828125, 1.8994140625, -1.53125, -0.7734375, -4.0546875, -2.41796875, 1.8935546875, -1.2919921875, -3.755859375, -0.84716796875, -1.3681640625, -0.83203125, -2.958984375, -0.73828125, -5.1484375, -4.83984375, -4.078125, -2.2890625, -3.4609375, -1.6767578125 ]

[ "Rainout (sports). Generally, Major League Baseball (MLB) teams will continue play in light to moderate rain but will suspend play if it is raining heavily or if there is standing water on the field. Games can also be delayed or canceled for other forms of inclement weather, or if the field is found to be unfit for play, and for other unusual causes such as bees. Bee delays and cancellations have occurred in games such as the spring training game in 2005 that was canceled,[2] as well as the 2009 Houston Astros-San Diego Padres game that was delayed in the ninth inning.[3] However, rain is by far the most common cause for cancellations or stoppages of play. In case of rain out after the game has begun but before it is official, a rain check is issued; this dates to the 1870s, but did not become widespread until the 20th century.", "Major League Baseball schedule. Note that rainouts and other cancellations are often rescheduled ad hoc during the season, sometimes as doubleheaders. However, if two teams are scheduled to meet for the final time in the last two weeks of the season, and the game is cancelled, it may not be rescheduled if there is no impact on the divisional or wild card races. For example, in 2016, the September 29 game between the Cleveland Indians and Detroit Tigers was cancelled due to rain because the teams were unable to reschedule a make-up date before the end of the season on October 2, and it did not affect the divisional race. In contrast, a 2008 AL Central division game between Detroit and the Chicago White Sox needed to be made up following the last day of the regular season because it affected a division race involving the White Sox and the Minnesota Twins.", "Rainout (sports). Before a baseball game commences, unless it is the second game of a doubleheader, the manager of the home team is in charge of deciding whether or not the game should be delayed or canceled due to rain or other inclement weather (see Rule 3.10 of baseball's Official Rules). Once the home team manager hands his lineup card to the umpire shortly before the game is to begin, the umpiring crew chief has sole discretion to decide if a game should be delayed or canceled (see Rule 3.10 and Rule 4.01 of the Official Rules). This also applies to the second game of a doubleheader. Umpires are required by rule to wait at least 30 minutes to see if conditions improve; this is referred to as a rain delay and is not counted as part of the length of the game listed in the box score. In practice, umpires are encouraged to see that games are played if at all possible, and will most of the times wait as long as three hours before declaring a rainout.", "Inning. A baseball game can be shorter than scheduled innings if it is interrupted by rain (or other bad weather). Such a game, called a rain out, is often preceded by a rain delay, a pause in the game during which the umpires will try to determine if the weather will allow the game to continue. If so, the game will simply be delayed until the rain stops, and then play will resume. If not, the umpires will announce a rain out and play will be suspended for the day. The game may have to be replayed in its entirety at a later date, but under certain circumstances, a game shortened because of rain can count as an official game, and the team that was ahead at the time the game was called will be awarded the win. See the article on rainout (sports) for further details.[3]", "Rainout (sports). Rainout, washout, rain delay, and rain stopped play are terms regarding an outdoor event, generally a sporting event, delayed or canceled due to rain, or the threat of rain. It is not to be confused with a type of out in baseball, though a baseball game can be rained out. Delays due to other forms of weather are named \"snow delay\", \"lightning delay\", \"thunderstorm delay\", or \"fog delay\" (or generically \"weather delay\"), while there are many other effects of weather on sport. Also, a night game can be delayed if the floodlight system fails. Often spectators will be issued a ticket for a make up event, known as a \"rain check\".", "Rainout (sports). In event of a rain delay, most television broadcasters run alternate programming (also known as \"rain delay filler\"), in place of the scheduled game or event. Depending on event, the alternate programming takes many forms, such as a movie, a rerun of a television program, interviews and analysis, highlights of the last event, or even another game or for networks such as ESPN and Fox Sports 1, \"whiparound\" coverage of other games from other regional sports networks (Fox Sports 1 also maintains a regularly scheduled program, MLB Whiparound). The delay continues until the weather is cleared up enough to resume the game, or if it comes to a point where it is not practical to resume it; in this case, it would become a \"rain out\".", "Baseball rules. In Major League Baseball, games end with tie scores only in rare cases when conditions make it impossible to continue play. A tie game does not count as a game in the standings – a 2008 rule change made all tie games suspended unless and until not needed for the sake of determining playoff teams, and no longer replayed; however, though undecided, and not factored in the championship standings and the playoff reckoning, a tie game goes on the record and player and team statistics from it are counted. Inclement weather may also shorten games, but at least five innings must be played for the game to be considered official; four-and-a-half innings are enough if the home team is ahead. Previously, curfews and the absence of adequate lighting caused more ties and shortened games – now, games interrupted from ending in such circumstances are, at least initially, suspended. Also, with more modern playing surfaces better able to handle light rains, the process for calling or shortening a game due to weather has changed; it is more common than in the past to delay a game as much as two hours before a cancellation; also, a delay usually does not occur anymore until the rain is moderate-to-heavy and/or there is standing water on some part of the playing field.", "Rainout (sports). In North America, the only one of the four major team sports to stop play due to rain is baseball. Individual sports such as golf, tennis and auto racing are also subject to rainouts, in the last case because a wet racetrack poses a risk of hydroplaning for vehicles traveling at high speeds, the combination of which can be fatal. Gridiron-style football almost always plays through even the heaviest of rain or snow, only canceling, relocating or delaying a game in the event that conditions are so severe as to be unsafe for spectators to attend (most commonly in the event of a lightning storm). Ice hockey, when played outdoors, may also be subject to rainouts or rain delays, as the conditions to maintain a playable ice surface depend on a narrow set of favorable weather conditions. Almost all meaningful basketball games are played indoors and are thus not subject to rainouts.", "2011 Major League Baseball season. Only two teams were unable to complete the entire 162-game regular season schedule, as the make-up game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Washington Nationals at Nationals Park on September 8 was cancelled due to rain and not made up, owing to scheduling constraints and the game being inconsequential to the playoffs.[2]", "2008 World Series. Games 3 and 5 of the World Series were delayed by rain storms in Philadelphia, with the start of Game 3 on Saturday, October 25 being delayed an hour and 31 minutes (with that game ending at 1:47 am EDT Sunday, October 26). Game 5, begun on Monday, October 27, was suspended after the top of the 6th inning and resumed Wednesday, October 29.[42] Wet weather which affected Game 5 continued into Tuesday in the Philadelphia area, as Major League Baseball officials studied radar data to determine when Game 5 of the World Series would continue under conditions deemed \"appropriate.\"[42] Up to this point, there had never been a rain-shortened game in Series history, and this was the first suspension.[42] As a result, had it been necessary to play them, Games 6 and 7 in St. Petersburg, originally scheduled for October 29 and 30, were postponed until a later date.[42]", "Rainout (sports). If a game is rained out before play begins, it is rescheduled for a later date. If it has already begun and rain falls, several scenarios are used to determine the need to resume play:", "Home Run Derby (Major League Baseball). Home Run Derby canceled due to rain.", "Rainout (sports). Sports typically stopped due to the onset of rain include baseball, golf, tennis, and cricket, where even slightly damp conditions in the latter three sports seriously affect playing quality and the players' safety. In the case of tennis, several venues (such as those of Wimbledon and the Australian Open) have built retractable roofs atop their existing courts and stadiums in the last decade to avert rain delays that could push a tournament further than the final date.", "Overtime (sports). Major League Baseball games normally end in a tie only if the match is called off due to weather conditions. In the early decades of baseball (up to the 1920s), a game could also be called off due to nightfall, but this ceased to be a problem once stadiums began installing lights in the 1930s. Two Major League Baseball All-Star Games have ended in a tie; the second 1961 game was called due to rain with the teams tied 1-1 after the ninth inning, and the 2002 game was called after the eleventh inning after both teams had exhausted their supply of pitchers.", "Rainout (sports). Although rare, a delay caused by snow has been known to happen in baseball. This is usually the case in the early parts of the season that, although always starts after the spring equinox, is still within the traditional snow season in the Northern half of North America. In fact, the first ever game of the Toronto Blue Jays in 1977, although not delayed, was affected by a minor snowstorm. Although some areas of North America begin to receive snow in October, it is still too warm for snow to start accumulating, and with most teams done playing for the season by that point due to the MLB playoffs, is largely a non-issue anyways, and very rarely does the World Series extend into November—something that has only happened five times (2001 World Series, 2009 World Series, 2010 World Series, 2015 World Series and 2016 World Series).", "2011 Major League Baseball season. †: postponed to October 10 due to rain", "Rainout (sports). In some cases, if the rain delay is in danger of interfering with the network's schedule that would follow after the game, they would often transfer coverage of the game to another station or channel, or show it later on via tape delay, depending on the organizational policy. For instance, with Sunday afternoon NASCAR events, a race on a broadcast network such as Fox or NBC would be moved to an alternate cable network such as Fox Sports 1 or NBCSN if the delay runs several hours, to allow those networks to present their primetime entertainment schedules, or later in NASCAR's season with NBC, allows contingency as NBC Sunday Night Football takes full contractual precedence over NASCAR events.", "2011 Major League Baseball season. †: postponed from October 26, due to rain", "Home Run Derby. Home Run Derby canceled due to rain.", "2008 World Series. Because of the rainfall, Game 5 was suspended after the top of the sixth inning. Rain continued to fall in Philadelphia on Tuesday, October 28, and the game ultimately resumed on Wednesday, October 29, at Citizens Bank Park.[37] Official MLB records will show that even though the game was finished on October 29, the game was officially played two days earlier, and was completed on that date.", "Rainout (sports). Association football generally plays on through rain, although matches can be abandoned if the pitch becomes severely waterlogged or there is lightning in the area, with the latter case being more for the protection of spectators within the metal stands surrounding stadiums. In NCAA play, should lightning be detected by any pitch official, a minimum 30-minute delay and a potential \"rainout\" can be declared if the lightning continues for a considerable amount of time under the NCAA's all-sports policy regarding lightning.", "Major League Baseball All-Star Game. A tie game could also be deemed a \"suspended game\" in which case it would become a tie if no make-up date was scheduled, but it would be extremely difficult to find such a make-up date in any event as Major League Baseball would have to postpone one or more days of the regular season and/or schedule the make-up date on a travel day during the postseason, the latter which would be unfair to teams involved in the upcoming series. Since 2012, there have been off days for all teams on the Wednesday and Thursday after the All-Star Game, and if necessary, the game could be finished in the morning or afternoon on Wednesday/Thursday if the situation warranted it.", "2008 World Series. Under normal conditions, games are considered to be official games after five innings, or four and a half if the home team is leading at that point. However, post-season games are operated by the Commissioner's Office, thus are subject to the Commissioner's discretion of how to handle the scheduling of the games.[33] So, with rain in the forecast for Philadelphia, Commissioner Bud Selig informed both the Rays and the Phillies management before the game began that a team would not be allowed to clinch the Series in a rain-shortened game.[33][36]", "Rainout (sports). If rain does not subside, the sanctioning body has several options. Typically, the race is considered \"official\" if has completed at least one lap beyond the halfway point of the advertised distance (similar to baseball). If such is the case, the race is deemed complete, and a winner can be declared. In some cases, if the race has already gone beyond the halfway point (especially if it is very near the scheduled finish) when rain falls, and the weather forecast is for day-long rain, no attempt to complete the remainder of the race will be attempted. If a downpour occurs very near the end of the race, the officials, in fact, may use their authority to wave the checkered flag at that instant, and end the race immediately. (This occurred during the 1975 Indianapolis 500.) However, if the event is stopped any lap before the halfway point, the remainder of the event can be postponed to the following day. (This happened in the 1997 Indianapolis 500.)", "NASCAR rules and regulations. Rain can and often does affect the weekend schedule. When it does, qualifying is routinely cancelled and the starting lineup is set by owners points (previous year's points for the first 3 races). Whenever a race is postponed due to rain, then the race is usually scheduled for the following day (i.e., a Saturday night race postponed to Sunday afternoon or a Sunday afternoon race postponed to Monday afternoon).", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Rainouts and other cancellations can reduce these numbers, but a team can play more than 81 designated road games in a season only if it has to play in a one-game playoff to determine whether it advances to the postseason. If more than two teams are involved in such a deadlock, a series of one-game playoffs is held. Such games are counted for statistical purposes as part of the regular season. While it is theoretically possible for three or more teams to be involved in such a series, and the possibility has been in play as late as the final day of regularly scheduled games, no more than two teams have been involved in one-game playoffs for the same playoff spot in any season to date. Even in the rare circumstance that a game must be moved to the opposing venue, MLB policy now maintains the legal fiction that the designated home team does not change, regardless of venue, which ensures the designated home team does not lose rules advantages: this was not the case in 1899 when several of the Spiders' games were changed from home games to road games.", "Opening Day. Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November.[23] Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30).[24]", "Major League Baseball schedule. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season. The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off-days for all teams. All teams will play on Opening Day, which for 2018 will be held on March 29. Sunday Night Baseball will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game, in order to ease travel time for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday.[4][5]", "Marlins Park. The Marlins and their fans experienced the first rain delay at Marlins Park on April 6, 2015. Playing the Atlanta Braves in front of a sold-out Opening Day audience, a shower moved over the stadium with the roof open. The bottom of the 2nd inning was interrupted for 16 minutes while the roof was closed; the field, however, was sufficiently wet to cause players to slip several times during the remainder of the game, a 2-1 Braves victory.[108]", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30. The postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31.[2]", "Rainout (sports). NASCAR and the INDYCAR Verizon IndyCar Series do not compete on a wet or moist surface at most oval tracks. They will not start an event unless the surface is dry. If the surface become wet during a race, the event is typically halted, and the cars are pulled off the track. Very light moisture may warrant only a temporary yellow caution period, while heavier rains usually require a red flag, stopped condition.", "Rainout (sports). If there is severe rain during a match, it can become a point of controversy whether a match should be abandoned. A notable example of this was on the final day of the Serie A 1999-00 season, when Juventus had to play out a match against Perugia despite the pitch appearing to be unplayable. Juventus lost the match 1-0 and consequently lost the Scudetto to Lazio.[1]" ]

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[ "San Andreas (film). Hayes discovers that the entire San Andreas Fault is shifting and will soon cause a major earthquake, thereby destroying cities along the fault line. Ray's estranged wife Emma is having lunch at a hotel in Downtown LA with Daniel's sister Susan when the fault shifts triggering a 9.1 magnitude earthquake, with Susan among the casualties during the event. Rather than reporting for emergency rescue duty, Ray saves Emma from the collapsing building, and they escape the city aboard his helicopter, barely managing to swerve around the U.S. Bank Tower as it comes crumbling down.", "San Andreas (film). San Andreas is a 2015 American disaster film directed by Brad Peyton and written by Carlton Cuse, with Andre Fabrizio and Jeremy Passmore receiving story credit. The film stars Dwayne Johnson, Carla Gugino, Alexandra Daddario, Ioan Gruffudd, Archie Panjabi, and Paul Giamatti. Its plot centers on an earthquake caused by the San Andreas Fault devastating Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area.", "San Andreas (film). In San Francisco, Blake, Ben and Ollie are trying to find a place to signal Ray, as the point they agreed to meet at, Coit Tower, is engulfed in flames. On approach, Ray and Emma are forced to parachute in the city when a 9.6 magnitude quake hits the city, becoming the largest earthquake in history. Much of the city is left in ruins and Blake, Ben and Ollie narrowly survive. Ray and Emma, realizing they cannot make their way through the destroyed city, are able to commandeer a boat only to see that the water in the bay is beginning to recede, indicating that a megatsunami is approaching.", "San Andreas (film). Raymond \"Ray\" Gaines is a Los Angeles Fire Department Air Rescue pilot in the midst of a divorce from his wife and planning a trip to San Francisco with his daughter Blake. Meanwhile, Caltech seismologist Dr. Lawrence Hayes and his colleague Dr. Kim Park are at Hoover Dam doing research for a new earthquake predicting model when a nearby and previously unknown fault ruptures. This triggers a 7.1 magnitude earthquake that collapses the dam and kills Park after he rescues a little girl and throws her to Hayes as he falls to the collapsing ground. When Ray is called into work because of this, Blake goes with her mother's new boyfriend Daniel Riddick to San Francisco, instead of Ray.", "San Andreas (film). The American Geosciences Institute's Earth Magazine called the film \"dreadful\" and criticized it for \"perpetuat[ing] geologic absurdities\", also pointing out that \"despite the notoriety of the San Andreas Fault, it is not the greatest seismic threat to the Bay Area\", with the nearby Hayward Fault presenting a much bigger threat.[75]", "San Andreas (film). As it approaches, Blake, Ben, and Ollie run into a building under construction which Daniel helped design. Ray and Emma, accompanied by dozens of other people in boats, manage to make it over the wave before it crests, barely avoiding a huge cargo ship getting caught up in the wave. They then watch in horror as the giant tsunami hits the Golden Gate Bridge with the enormous cargo ship, which snaps the center span cleanly in two; Daniel is among those killed when a loose shipping container crushes him. The wave then proceeds into the ruined city, swamping cruise ships, killing thousands and flooding the building Blake is in. Emma and Ray make their way through the flooded downtown area and are finally able to locate Blake, Ben, and Ollie as the building begins to sink beneath the water. Ray dives into the building to save Blake as she becomes unconscious while trapped underwater, while Emma breaks into the building with the boat and rescues everyone just as the building also collapses; however, it appears too late as Blake has seemingly drowned. Ray, however, manages to resuscitate her, and the family is happily reunited.", "San Andreas (film). In San Francisco, Daniel brings Blake to his office where she meets Ben, an engineer from England seeking employment and his brother, Ollie. Daniel and Blake leave the premises, but they become trapped in their car in the parking garage after a string of earthquakes, with Blake getting her legs pinned in the event. Daniel goes to find help, leaving Blake alone. Soon after, she is found by Ben and Ollie, who help her escape. They then find a working phone in Chinatown and Blake calls Ray and Emma, who fly to San Francisco to save her.", "San Andreas (film). On December 1, 2011, it was announced that New Line Cinema was developing an earthquake disaster film, \"San Andreas: 3D\", from a script by Jeremy Passmore and Andre Fabrizio;[2][15] Allan Loeb polished the script. On June 5, 2012, the studio set Brad Peyton to direct the film.[16] On July 18, 2012, New Line tapped Carlton Cuse to re-write the script for the earthquake disaster film.[17] On July 18, 2013 The Conjuring writers Carey Hayes and Chad Hayes were tapped by the studio to re-write the film again.[18] The film was also produced by New Line and Village Roadshow Pictures, along with Flynn Picture Company and Australian limited Village Roadshow.[19]", "San Andreas Fault. The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault. The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges. The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward. This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California, and to a lesser but still significant extent, the Santa Cruz Mountains (the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989).", "San Andreas (film). En route, Ray's helicopter fails, forcing him to make an emergency landing at a shopping mall in Bakersfield. Amid the chaos of looting, he steals a truck and he and Emma escape. They come across an older couple broken down on the side of the road where the San Andreas Fault has opened up, blocking the road and the couple, who happen to own an airplane, agree to give it up in exchange for Ray's vehicle.", "San Andreas (film). The film's second-unit started shooting on July 8, in San Francisco, while the first unit began shooting on July 21, wrapping up on July 27.[30] On July 15–16, first unit was filming in Fisherman's Wharf, while a second unit was also filming in Embarcadero on July 16.[31] On July 21, the filming was taking place at AT&T Park, where the crew shot a scene during a San Francisco Giants game.[32] On July 22, they filmed an earthquake with fake victims and fake garbage at Hyde and Lombard streets in Russian Hill.[33] On July 23, crews were filming disaster scenes in The Armory.[34] On July 26, they filmed some scenes near the Fairmont Hotel, with the last day of filming spent shooting on the California Street in Financial District,[35] wrapping up filming on July 27, 2014.", "San Andreas (film). Filming began on April 22, 2014 in Australia and was also shot in the Los Angeles area, Bakersfield, and San Francisco.[24][25] On May 12, shooting took place in the Lockyer Valley.[26] On May 10–11, shooting was taking place in Los Angeles and then production went back to Australia to complete the rest of shooting.[27] On May 17, second unit was filming scenes in Bakersfield where a helicopter was spotted, while Johnson was busy in Gold Coast.[28] On June 22, the crew was spotted filming disaster scenes on Elizabeth Street in Brisbane.[29]", "San Andreas (film). Writing in Variety, Andrew Barker wrote, \"Of the many charges that can be levied against Brad Peyton's San Andreas, false advertising is not one of them. The disaster pic promises nothing more than the complete CGI destruction of California as foregrounded by Dwayne Johnson's jackfruit-sized biceps, and it delivers exactly that\".[70] Andrew O'Hehir wrote in Salon, \"Considered as pure spectacle, San Andreas is gripping and effective, as well as a somewhat interesting form of counter-narrative: A vision of near-term apocalypse that has nothing to do with climate change, monsters or alien invaders\".[71] Entertainment Weekly's critic Chris Nashawaty wrote, \"As patently preposterous, scientifically dubious, and unapologetically corny as director Brad Peyton's orgy of CGI devastation is, its popcorn prophecy of the inevitable is a blast of giddy, disposable fun\".[72] Mick LaSalle wrote in The San Francisco Chronicle, \"Some movies are easy to mock, but hard to resist. This is one of them\".[73] Kevin C. Johnson echoed the sentiment in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, \"San Andreas is an action film that hits viewers over the head. Again and again. But isn't that exactly why you'd want to go see it?\".[74]", "San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) through California.[1] It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal). The fault divides into three segments, each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk. The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm (0.79 to 1.38 in)/yr.[1]", "San Andreas Fault. The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister. While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes, the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep, where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes.", "San Andreas Fault. The southern segment, which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea, is capable of an 8.1-magnitude earthquake. At its closest, this fault passes about 35 miles (56 km) to the northeast of Los Angeles. Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, and surrounding areas, and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage.[4]", "San Andreas (film). They head to a relief camp where the reconciled Ray and Emma talk about their future; on the remains of the Golden Gate Bridge, an American flag unfolds, giving hope that the city will recover and rebuild as rescue vehicles descend on the radically altered landscape of the San Francisco Bay Area. Then the camera zooms out to see the whole Bay Area, showing that the bay now extends south from San Jose to Santa Cruz, turning the San Francisco peninsula into an island.", "1906 San Francisco earthquake. The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, where the western (Pacific) plate moves northward relative to the eastern (North American) plate. The 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles (476 km).[7] This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, a distance of about 810 miles (1,300 km). The maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet (6 m); geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet (8.5 m).[8]", "San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times:", "San Andreas Fault. Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years. Following recorded seismic events in 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966, scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993. It eventually occurred in 2004. Due to the frequency of predictable activity, Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research.", "San Andreas Fault. A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur.[12] This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed. Moreover, the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault, i.e. the region around Los Angeles, because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central (1857) and northern (1906) segments of the fault, while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years. According to this study, a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs-Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial counties in California, and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California. It would be strongly felt (and potentially cause significant damage) throughout much of Southern California, including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County, Ventura County, Orange County, San Diego County, Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality, Baja California, San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma, Arizona. Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse, as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high (and thus subject to soil liquefaction). The paper concluded:", "San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya (million years ago).[6] At this time, a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate (which is now mostly subducted, with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate, Rivera Plate, Cocos Plate, and the Nazca Plate) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America. As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates, the spreading ridge began to be \"subducted\", creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries. These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault. It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range, separation of the Baja California Peninsula, and rotation of the Transverse Range.", "San Andreas (film). On October 14, 2013, Dwayne Johnson closed a deal to star in the film, playing the role of a helicopter pilot searching for his daughter after an earthquake.[5] On February 4, 2014, Alexandra Daddario joined the cast.[7] On March 12, 2014, Carla Gugino joined the cast, reuniting with Dwayne Johnson, with whom she starred in Race to Witch Mountain and Faster.[6] On March 14, 2014, Game of Thrones actor Art Parkinson joined the film's cast.[8] On April 1, 2014, Archie Panjabi joined the earthquake film.[10] On April 5, 2014, Todd Williams also joined the film, to play Marcus Crowlings, an old Army friend of Johnson's character.[13] On April 15, 2014, Colton Haynes was added to the cast of the film.[14] On April 29, Ioan Gruffudd joined the cast of the film. Gruffudd played Daniel Reddick, a wealthy real estate developer who is dating Johnson's character's estranged wife.[9] On May 28, Will Yun Lee joined the cast to play Dr. Kim Park, the co-director of the Caltech Seismology Lab in the film.[11] On June 11, Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue joined the film to play Gruffudd's sister.[12]", "San Andreas (film). On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has an approval rating of 48% based on 212 reviews and an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"San Andreas has a great cast and outstanding special effects, but amidst all the senses-shattering destruction, the movie's characters and plot prove less than structurally sound.\"[66] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[67] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A–\" on an A+ to F scale.[68]", "San Andreas (film). San Andreas opened in North America across 3,777 theaters including a total of 3,200 3D locations.[46] Several days prior to the film's release various box office pundits were predicting a $40 million or more opening in North America.[3][47] It made $3.1 million from Thursday night showings[48] and $18.2 million on its opening day.[49][50] It earned $54.5 million in its opening weekend which was well above the tracking and predictions.[51][52] It was Johnson's biggest opening as a lead actor, surpassing the $36 million debut of his The Scorpion King in 2002 even after adjusting for inflation.[53] Warner Bros. distribution chief Dan Fellman commented about the successful opening, saying that audiences never get tired of disaster films, even going back to The Poseidon Adventure (1972). He added, \"What also gets tiring is when you start to do sequels of the same thing. It needs to be fresh, and you have to have the right chemistry in the cast\", pointing out the originality of the film, and the performances of Johnson and the other cast, as some of the factors behind the film's successful opening.[52] In its second weekend, it fell gradually by 52% earning an estimated $26.4 million, falling in second place (behind Spy) as a result of major competition with newly released films.[54] However, the fall was less than that of other disaster movies.[54]", "Saints Peter and Paul Church, San Francisco. In the 2015 disaster film San Andreas, the church and Washington Square was seen being hit by a tsunami as it reaches North Beach.", "San Andreas Fault. The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley, who discovered the northern zone. It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake, a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates. However, according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908, Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley.[2] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California.", "San Andreas Fault. The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the Santa Cruz Mountains, epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, then up the San Francisco Peninsula, where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895, then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock. This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County. It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland, runs just east of the Bodega Heads through Bodega Bay and back underwater, returning onshore at Fort Ross. (In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant \"sister faults\" run more-or-less parallel, and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes.) From Fort Ross, the northern segment continues overland, forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows. It goes back offshore at Point Arena. After that, it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino, where it begins to bend to the west, terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction.", "1906 San Francisco earthquake. The 1908 Lawson Report, a study of the 1906 quake led and edited by Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California, showed that the same San Andreas Fault which had caused the disaster in San Francisco ran close to Los Angeles as well. The earthquake was the first natural disaster of its magnitude to be documented by photography and motion picture footage and occurred at a time when the science of seismology was blossoming.", "San Francisco. The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction.[73] However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage.[74] USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.[75]", "The Great Los Angeles Earthquake. The movie was aired over a two-night period on NBC during November 1990. There had been some public interest in earthquakes following the Loma Prieta earthquake which rocked San Francisco in October 1989, and in addition seismologists at the time were predicting a massive earthquake to strike along the New Madrid Fault line, which runs along the Mississippi River, an event which ultimately did not occur. (A real earthquake would eventually strike Los Angeles a little over three years later.)", "San Andreas Fault. The southern segment (also known as the Mojave segment) begins near Bombay Beach, California. Box Canyon, near the Salton Sea, contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault.[3] The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains. These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range. In Palmdale, a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway. The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake. As it passes the towns of Gorman, Tejon Pass and Frazier Park, the fault begins to bend northward, forming the \"Big Bend\". This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California, with an earthquake-recurrence interval of roughly 140–160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long, treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain." ]

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[ "Canadian Indian residential school system. Although many of these early schools were open for only a short time, efforts persisted. The Mohawk Institute Residential School, the oldest, continuously operated residential school in Canada, opened in 1834 on Six Nations of the Grand River near Brantford, Ontario. Administered by the Anglican Church, the facility opened as the Mechanics' Institute, a day school for boys, in 1828 and became a boarding school four years later when it accepted its first boarders and began admitting female students. It remained in operation until June 30, 1970.[15]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. The system had its origins in laws enacted before Confederation, but was primarily active from the passage of the Indian Act in 1876. An amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 made attendance at day schools, industrial schools, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the remote nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families residential schools were the only way to comply. The schools were intentionally located at substantial distances from Indigenous communities to minimize contact between families and their children. Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed argued for schools at greater distances to reduce family visits, which he thought counteracted efforts to civilize Indigenous children. Parental visits were further restricted by the use of a pass system designed to confine Indigenous peoples to reserves. The last federally operated residential school closed in 1996.", "List of Indian residential schools in Canada. The following is a list of Canadian Indian residential schools[1] The first residential schools were set up in the 1840s with the last residential school closing in 1997.[2][3][4]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In January 1879 Sir John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister of what was now Post-Confederation Canada, commissioned politician Nicholas Flood Davin to write a report regarding the industrial boarding-school system in the United States.[20]:154[27] Now known as the Davin Report, the Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds was submitted to Ottawa in March 14, 1879, and made the case for a cooperative approach between the Canadian government and the church to implement the \"aggressive assimilation\" pursued by President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant.[28][27]:1 Davin's report relied heavily on findings he acquired through consultations with government officials and representatives of the Five Civilized Tribes in Washington, D.C. and church officials in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He visited only one industrial day school, in Minnesota, before submitting his findings.[20]:154–158 In his report Davin concluded that the best way to civilize Indigenous peoples was to start with children in a residential setting, away from their families, so that they could be \"kept constantly within the circle of civilized conditions\".[20]:157[27]:12", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Davin findings were supported by Vital-Justin Grandin, who felt that while the likelihood of civilizing adults was low, there was hope when it came to Indigenous children. He explained in a letter to Public Works Minister Hector-Louis Langevin that the best course of action would be make children \"lead a life different from their parents and cause them to forget the customs, habits & language of their ancestors\".[20]:159 In 1883 Parliament approved $43,000 for three industrial schools and the first, Battleford Industrial School, opened on December 1st of that year. By 1900 there were 61 schools in operation.[20]:161", "Shubenacadie Indian Residential School. The farm of George Gay was purchased for the school and construction began in 1928.[17] The school was the first residential school east of Quebec. It was to be staffed by the Roman Catholic Order Sisters of Charity. The goal at first was to provide education for orphans or neglected children on Maritime reserves. However, just before it opened, Duncan Campbell Scott of Canada's Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, expanded its mandate to be an option to the small day schools which already existed on reserves. The school opened for staff and administrators in May 1929 and in its expanded role was intended to educate 150 students.[18] The first children arrived on February 5, 1930.[19]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. After a failure to assimilate Indigenous children by early missionaries in the 17th century, educational programs were not widely attempted again by religious officials until the 1820s, prior to the introduction of state-sanctioned operations.[13] Included among them was a school established by John West, an Anglican missionary, at the Red River Colony in what is today Manitoba.[4]:50 Protestant missionaries also opened residential schools in the current Ontario region, spreading Christianity and working to encourage Indigenous peoples to adopt subsistence agriculture as a way to ensure they would not return to their original, nomadic ways of life upon graduation.[14]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. On May 26, 1847, Ryerson wrote a letter for George Vardon, Assistant Superintendent of Indian Affairs, asserting that \"the North American Indian cannot be civilized or preserved in a state of civilization (including habits of industry and sobriety) except in connection with, if not by the influence of, not only religious instruction and sentiment but of religious feelings\".[24]:3 He expressly recommended that Indigenous students be educated in a separate, denominational, English-only system with a focus on industrial training.[10][13][23] This letter was published as an appendix to a larger report entitled Statistics Respecting Indian Schools.[24]", "First Nations. Canada's federal residential school system began in the mid-1870s, building upon a patchwork of boarding schools established and operated by various Christian denominations. Member of Parliament for Assiniboia West, Nicholas Flood Davin, produced a report, known generally as the Davin Report, that recommended the establishment of a school system similar to that being created in the United States. One of its chief goals was to remove Aboriginal children from \"the influence of the wigwam\", which he claimed was stronger than that of existing day schools, and keep them instead \"constantly within the circle of civilized conditions\". While the history of the Indian Residential School (IRS) system is a checkered one, much criticism has been levelled at both the system and those who established and supported it. Neglect and poor nutrition were often what Aboriginal children experienced, particularly in the early decades of the system's operation. The stripping away of traditional native culture—sometimes referred to as \"cultural genocide\"—is another charge levelled at the residential schools. In many schools, students were not allowed to speak their Indigenous languages or practice any of their own customs, and thus lost their sense of identity, inevitably driving a cultural wedge between children and their family.[140]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In 1884, amendments to the Indian Act made school attendance compulsory for Indigenous children between 7 and 16 years of age. The changes included a series of exemptions regarding school location, the health of the children and their prior completion of school examinations.[20]:254–255 It was changed to children between 6 and 15 years of age in 1908.[20]:261[37] The introduction of mandatory attendance was the result of pressure from missionary representatives. Reliant on student enrollment quotas to secure funding, they were struggling to attract new students due to increasingly poor school conditions.[12]:128", "First Nations. The last Canadian residential school to close was Gordon Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, founded in 1889, and closed in 1996.[141]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Assimilation efforts began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French colonists in New France.[8] They were resisted by Indigenous communities who were unwilling to leave their children for extended periods and who came to associate missionaries with the diseases devastating Indigenous populations.[9] The establishment of day and boarding schools by groups including the Récollets, Jesuits and Ursulines was largely abandoned by the 1690s. The political instability and realities of colonial life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs.[10] An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited church resources, and colonists benefited from favourable relations with Indigenous peoples in both the fur trade and military pursuits.[11]:3[12]:58–60", "Canadian Indian residential school system. The design of a federally-supported residential school system relied on the expert advice of several prominent Canadian and British statesmen. Sir Peregrine Maitland, a British soldier and colonial administrator, first proposed boarding schools in 1820, believing that civilizing Indigenous children, rather than adults, was the best way to influence cultural change. Residential schools focused on imparting industry and knowledge were proposed again in 1845 in a report that had been commissioned by Governor General Charles Bagot, entitled Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada.[14]:12–17[22] Referred to as the Bagot Report, it is seen as the foundational document for the federal residential school system.[23] It was supported by James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, who had been impressed by industrial schools in the West Indies, and Egerton Ryerson, who was then the Chief Superintendent of Education in Upper Canada.[14]:15", "First Nations. Founded in the 19th century, the Canadian Indian residential school system was intended to force the assimilation of Aboriginal and First Nations people into European-Canadian society.[76] The purpose of the schools, which separated children from their families, has been described by commentators as \"killing the Indian in the child.\"[77][78]", "First Nations. By 1920, attendance at some sort of school was mandatory for Aboriginal children in Canada. The Indian Act made education compulsory, and where there were no federal days schools—or, in later decades, a provincial public school—a residential school was the only choice. Enrolment statistics indicate that between 20% and 30% of Aboriginal children during the history of the IRS system attended a residential school for at least a year, and many were enrolled for ten years or more. In some cases, children could return home on weekends and holidays, but for those in schools established far away from remote communities, this was not possible.", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In the summer of 1970, members of the Saddle Lake community occupied the building and demanded the right to run it themselves. More than 1,000 people are believed to have participated over the course of the 17 day sit-in, which lasted from July 14 to July 31.[29]:89–90 Their efforts resulted in Blue Quills becoming the first Indigenous-administered school in the country.[57] It continues to operate today as University nuhelot’įne thaiyots’į nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills, the first Indigenous-governed university in Canada.[58][59] Following the success of the Blue Quills effort the National Indian Brotherhood (NIB) released the 1972 paper Indian Control of Indian Education that responded, in part, to the Canadian Government's 1969 White Paper calling for the abolishment of the land treaties and the Indian Act. The NIB paper underscored the right of Indigenous communities to locally direct how their children are educated and served as the integral reference for education policy moving forward.", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In 1969, after years of sharing power with churches, the DIA took sole control of the residential school system.[14][29]:79–84 The last residential school operated by the Canadian government, Gordon Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, was closed in 1996.[34] It is estimated that the number of residential schools reached its peak in the early 1930s with 80 schools and more than 17,000 enrolled students. About 150,000 children are believed to have attended a residential school over the course of the system's existence.[4]:2–3[35]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered a public apology on behalf of the Government of Canada and the leaders of the other federal parties in the Canadian House of Commons. Nine days prior, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to uncover the truth about the schools. The commission gathered statements from residential school survivors[nb 3] through public and private meetings at various local, regional and national events across Canada. Seven national events held between 2008 and 2013 commemorated the experience of former students of residential schools. In 2015, the TRC concluded with the establishment of the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, and the publication of a multi-volume report detailing the testimonies of survivors and historical documents from the time.", "Canadian Indian residential school system. The renewed interest in residential schools in the early 1800s has been linked to the decline in military hostility faced by British settlers, particularly after the War of 1812. With the threat of invasion by American forces minimized, Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies but as barriers to permanent settlement.[11]:3[16] This perspective was further underscored by the transfer of affairs with Indigenous communities from military officials, familiar with and sympathetic to their customs and way of life, to civilian representatives concerned only with permanent colonial settlement.[12]:73–75", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Beginning in the late 1800s, the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) officially encouraged the growth of the residential school system as a valuable component in a wider policy of integrating Indigenous people with European-Canadian society.[11] Responsible for separating children from their families and communities, this process was found by the TRC to be cultural genocide because its aim was to \"kill the Indian in the child\".[14]:42[17][18] As the system was designed as an immersion program, children were in many schools prohibited from, and sometimes punished for, speaking their own languages or practicing their own faiths.[19] The primary stated goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity and to civilize them.[12]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In 1909, Bryce reported that, between 1894 and 1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30% to 60% over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30% to 60% of students had died, or 6–12% per annum).[47] These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921. In particular, he alleged that the high mortality rates could have been avoided if healthy children had not been exposed to children with tuberculosis.[4][48][49] At the time, no antibiotic had been identified to treat the disease, and this exacerbated the impact of the illness. Streptomycin, the first effective treatment, was not introduced until 1943.[20]:381", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In June 2001 the government established Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada as an independent government department to manage the residential school file. In 2003, the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process was launched as part of a larger National Resolution Framework which included health supports, a commemoration component and a strategy for litigation.[102] As explained by the TRC, the ADR was designed as a \"voluntary process for resolution of certain claims of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and forcible confinement, without having to go through the civil litigation process\".[29]:564 It was created by the Canadian government without consultation with Indigenous communities or former residential school students. The ADR system also made it the responsibility of the former students to prove that the abuse occurred and was intentional, resulting in former students finding the system difficult to navigate, re-traumatizing, and discriminatory. Many survivor advocacy groups and Indigenous political organizations such as the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) worked to have the ADR system dissolved.[103] In 2004 the Assembly of First Nations released a report critical of the ADR underscoring, among other issues, the failure of survivors to automatically receive the full amount of compensation without subsequent ligation against the church and failure to compensate for lost family, language and culture.[29]:565 The Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development released its own report in April 2005 finding the ADR to be \"an excessively costly and inappropriately applied failure, for which the Minister and her officials are unable to raise a convincing defence\".[29]:566 Within a month of the report's release a Supreme Court of Canada decision granted school attendees the right to pursue class-action suits, which ultimately led to a government review of the compensation process.[29]:566", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Between 1945 and 1955, the number of day schools run by Indian Affairs expanded from 9,532 to 17,947. The growth in day schools was accompanied by an amendment to the Indian Act in 1951 that allowed federal officials to establish agreements with provincial and territorial governments and school boards regarding the education of Indigenous students in the public school system. These changes were indicative of the government's shift in policy from assimilation-driven education at residential schools to the integration of Indigenous students into public schools.[4]:71 It was believed that Indigenous children would receive a better education as a result of their transition into the public school system.[30]", "Shubenacadie Indian Residential School. The Shubenacadie Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system and was located in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. It was the only one in Atlantic Canada and children from across the region were placed in the institution.[1] The schools were funded through Indian Affairs and the Catholic Church. The institution was like an orphanage, which were the forerunners of contemporary child protection and welfare services.[2] The first children arrived on February 5, 1930 and the institution was closed after 37 years on June 22, 1967.[3] Approximately 10% of Mi'kmaq children lived at the institution.[4] (Approximately 30% of native children were placed in residential schools nationally.)[5] Over 1000 children are estimated to have been placed in the institution over 37 years.[6][7]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Although education in Canada was made the jurisdiction of the provincial governments by the British North America Act, Indigenous peoples and their treaties were under the jurisdiction of the federal government.[21] Residential schools were funded under the Indian Act by what was then the federal Department of the Interior. Adopted in 1876 as An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians, it consolidated all previous laws placing Indigenous communities, land and finances under federal control. As explained by the TRC, the Act \"made Indians wards of the state, unable to vote in provincial or federal elections or enter the professions if they did not surrender their status, and severely limited their freedom to participate in spiritual and cultural practices\".[20]:110", "Canadian Indian residential school system. By the 1930s it was recognized by government officials that the residential school system was financially unsustainable and failing to meet the intended goal of training and assimilating Indigenous children into European-Canadian society. Robert Hoey, superintendent of welfare and training at Indian Affairs, opposed the expansion of new schools, noting in 1936 that \"to build educational institutions, particularly residential schools, while the money at our disposal is insufficient to keep the schools already erected in a proper state of repair, is, to me, very unsound and a practice difficult to justify\".[29]:3 He proposed the expansion of day schools, an approach to educating Indigenous children that he would continue to pursue after being promoted to director of the welfare and training branch in 1945. The proposal was resisted by the United Church, the Anglican Church, and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, who believed that the solution to the system's failure was not restructuring but intensification.[29]:3–5", "Canadian Indian residential school system. The Gradual Civilization Act of 1857 and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 formed the foundations for this system prior to Confederation. These acts assumed the inherent superiority of French and British ways, and the need for Indians to become French or English speakers, Christians, and farmers. At the time, many Indigenous leaders argued to have these acts overturned.[25] The Gradual Civilization Act awarded 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land to any Indigenous male deemed \"sufficiently advanced in the elementary branches of education\" and would automatically \"enfranchise\" him, removing any tribal affiliation or treaty rights.[14]:18[26] With this legislation, and through the creation of residential schools, the government believed Indigenous people could eventually become assimilated into the general population. For graduates to receive individual allotments of farmland would require changes in the communal reserve system, something fiercely opposed by First Nations governments.[14]:18–19", "Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. Indian residential schools were a network of \"residential\" (boarding) schools for Native Canadians (First Nations or \"Indians\"; Métis and Inuit). Funded by the Canadian government's Indian Affairs and Northern Development, and administered by Christian churches, predominantly the Roman Catholic Church in Canada (60%), but also the Anglican Church of Canada (30%), and the United Church of Canada (including its pre-1925 constituent church predecessors)(10%).[20] The policy was to remove children from the influence of their families and culture and assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture.[21] Over the course of the system's existence, approximately 30% of native children, roughly some 150,000, were placed in residential schools nationally.[22]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Until the late 1950s, when the federal government shifted to a day school integration model, residential schools were severely underfunded and often relied on the forced labour of their students to maintain their facilities, although it was presented as training for artisan skills. The work was arduous, and severely compromised the academic and social development of the students. School books and textbooks were drawn mainly from the curricula of the provincially funded public schools for non-Indigenous students, and teachers at the residential schools were often poorly trained or prepared.[12] During this same period, Canadian government scientists performed nutritional tests on students and knowingly kept some students undernourished to serve as the control sample.[40]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Few other former residential schools have transitioned into independently-operated community schools for Indigenous children. White Calf Collegiate in Lebret, Saskatchewan, was run by the Star Blanket Cree Nation from 1973 until its closure in 1998, after being run by the Oblates from 1884 to 1969.[60] Old Sun Community College is run by the Siksika Nation in Alberta in a building designed by architect Roland Guerney Orr.[61][62] From 1929 to 1971 the building housed Old Sun residential school, first run by the Anglicans and taken over by the federal government in 1969.[63] It was converted to adult learning and stood as a campus of Mount Royal College from 1971 to 1978, at which point the Siksika Nation took over operations. In 1988, the Old Sun College Act was passed in the Alberta Legislature recognizing Old Sun Community College as a First Nations College.[64]", "Canadian Indian residential school system. Many of the government-operated residential schools were run by churches of various denominations, with the majority administered by Roman Catholics. Between 1867 and 1939, the number of schools operating at one time peaked at 80 schools in 1931. Of those schools, 44 were operated by Roman Catholics; 21 were operated by the Church of England / Anglican Church of Canada; 13 were operated by the United Church of Canada, and 2 were operated by Presbyterians.[20]:682 The approach of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience: the government provided facilities and maintenance, while the churches provided teachers and their own lesson-planning.[21] As a result, the number of schools per denomination was less a reflection of their presence in the general population, but rather their legacy of missionary work.[20]:683", "Canadian Indian residential school system. In the 1960s, a major confrontation took place at the Saddle Lake Reserve in Alberta. After several years of deteriorating conditions and administrative changes, parents protested the lack of transparency at the Blue Quills Indian School in 1969. In response, the government decided to close the school, convert the building into a residence, and enrol students in a public school 5 kilometres (3 mi) away in St. Paul, Alberta.[29] The TRC report pertaining to this period states:" ]

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[ "Dave Chappelle. On November 21, 2016, Netflix announced that they would be releasing three new stand-up comedy specials from Chappelle in 2017, with Chappelle being paid $20 million per special.[61][62][63] The first two specials were released on Netflix on March 21, 2017, which hail directly from Chappelle's personal comedy vault. These two specials were filmed at Austin City Limits Live in April 2015 and at the Hollywood Palladium in March 2016. The specials marked the comedian's first concert specials released in 12 years, and proved to be an immediate success as Netflix announced a month later that they were the most viewed comedy specials in Netflix's history.[64][65]", "Dave Chappelle. In September 2017, Chappelle was awarded an Emmy Award for his guest appearance on Saturday Night Live.[5] His comedy focuses on American racism towards Blacks and Whites, relationship problems, social problems, politics, current breaking news, and pop culture. He signed a \"20 million per release\" comedy special deal with Netflix in 2016. He currently has four Netflix specials.[6]", "Dave Chappelle. September 26, 2017, Chapelle was a co-host for Def Comedy Jam's 25th anniversary, which could be streamed on Netflix. The show was directly responsible for an entire generation of African American comedians reaching the forefront of pop culture, Dave Chapelle being who many consider to be the premier comedian of them all.", "Dave Chappelle. The third special, \"Equanimity,\" was filmed in September 2017 at the Warner Theater in Washington DC, and then on November 20, 2017, Chappelle filmed a fourth special titled \"The Bird Revelation\" at the Comedy Store in Los Angeles.[66] On December 22, 2017, Netflix announced the expansion of the deal to include this fourth special, then both specials were released on December 31.[66]", "Dave Chappelle. The show still plays in syndication on several television networks, despite the relatively small number of episodes compared to most American syndicated television programs.[46]", "Dave Chappelle. David Khari Webber Chappelle (/ʃəˈpɛl/; born August 24, 1973) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. After beginning his film career in 1993 as Ahchoo in Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights, he landed supporting roles in box office hits including The Nutty Professor, Con Air, You've Got Mail, Blue Streak and Undercover Brother.", "Dave Chappelle. In August 2013, Chappelle returned to full-time touring stand-up,[52] as a headliner[53] when he was featured during the Oddball Comedy & Curiosity festival. Sponsored by Funny or Die, Chappelle co-headlined with comedy act Flight of the Conchords.[54]", "Dave Chappelle. Due to the show's popularity, Comedy Central's new parent company Viacom[2] reportedly offered Chappelle a $55 million contract (giving Chappelle a share of DVD sales) to continue production of Chappelle's Show for two more years, while allowing him to do side projects. Chappelle has said that sketches are not his favorite form of comedy,[2] and that the show's format was somewhat like short films.", "Dave Chappelle. In 2003, Chappelle debuted his own weekly sketch comedy show on Comedy Central called Chappelle's Show. The show parodied many aspects of American culture, including racial stereotypes, politics and pop culture. Along with comedy skits, the show also featured musical performances by mostly hip-hop and soul artists. He promoted the work of other black comedians as well, most notably Paul Mooney and Charlie Murphy.[30]", "Dave Chappelle. In 2003, Chappelle became more widely known for his sketch comedy television series, Chappelle's Show, also co-written with Brennan, which ran until his retirement from the show two years later. The show continues to run in late-night syndication and on television networks around the world. After leaving the show, Chappelle returned to performing stand-up comedy across the U.S.[1]", "Dave Chappelle. In June 2014, Chappelle made his first major New York City appearance in eleven years, performing ten nights at Radio City Music Hall.[30] Chappelle promoted the dates by appearing on The Today Show, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and Late Night with David Letterman.", "Dave Chappelle. During these interviews, Chappelle did not rule out returning to Chappelle's Show to \"finish what we started,\" but promised that he would not return without changes to the production, such as a better working environment. He desired to donate half of the DVD sales to charity.[42] Chappelle expressed disdain at the possibility of his material from the unfinished third season being aired, saying that to do so would be \"a bully move,\" and that he would not return to the show if Comedy Central were to air the unfinished material.[44] On July 9, 2006, Comedy Central aired the first episode of Chappelle's Show: The Lost Episodes. After the DVD release, Chappelle was interviewed by Anderson Cooper on CNN and reiterated he would not return to Chappelle's Show. An uncensored DVD release of the episodes was made available on July 25.", "Netflix. Netflix has also invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials from such notable comedians as Dave Chappelle, Louis C.K., Chris Rock, Jim Gaffigan, Bill Burr and Jerry Seinfeld.[171] In January 2017, Netflix announced all Seinfeld's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee episodes and season 10 would be on their service.[172]", "Dave Chappelle. Chappelle's abrupt departure from his show in 2005 continues to be a focus of interviews and profiles of Chappelle and of Chappelle's own comedy.[73][74][75]", "Dave Chappelle. Chappelle has been known to make impromptu and unannounced appearances at comedy venues,[47] and continues to do so following his post–Chappelle's Show return to standup.[48]", "Dave Chappelle. He later appeared as a nightclub comedian in the 1996 comedy The Nutty Professor starring Eddie Murphy, one of his major comedic influences. The movie grossed nearly $129 million on a budget of $54 million.[22] He had a minor role in 1997's Con Air which made $26 million after production costs.[23] At the beginning of 1998, he did a stand-up performance for HBO Comedy Half-Hour. That same year, he appeared in \"Pilots and Pens Lost,\" a 1998 episode of The Larry Sanders Show's sixth season, in which he and the executives of the show's unnamed television network satirized the treatment that scriptwriters and show creators were subjected to, as well as the executives' knee-jerk tendencies toward racial stereotypes.[24]", "Dave Chappelle. By 2006, Chappelle was called the \"comic genius of America\" by Esquire[2] and, in 2013, \"the best\" by a Billboard writer.[3] In 2017, Rolling Stone ranked him No. 9 in their \"50 Best Stand Up Comics of All Time.\"[4]", "Dave Chappelle. In 2015, Chappelle appeared in the Spike Lee film, Chi-Raq, his first film role in 13 years.[59]", "Dave Chappelle. Chappelle moved to New York City to pursue a career as a comedian. He performed at Harlem's famed Apollo Theater in front of the infamous \"Amateur Night\" audience, but he was booed off stage. Chappelle described the experience as the moment that gave him the courage to continue his show business aspirations.[8] He quickly made a name for himself on the New York comedy circuit, even performing in the city's parks.[citation needed] In 1992, he won critical and popular acclaim for his television appearance in Russell Simmons' Def Comedy Jam on HBO. It's his appearance on this show that allowed his popularity to really begin rising, eventually allowing him to become a regular guest on late-night television shows such as Politically Incorrect, The Late Show With David Letterman, The Howard Stern Show, and Late Night With Conan O'Brien. Whoopi Goldberg even nicknamed him \"The Kid\".[2] At 19, he made his film debut as \"Ahchoo\" in Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights. He also appeared on Star Search three times but lost over competing comedian Lester Barrie; Dave later joked about the irony of him ultimately becoming more successful than Barrie. The same year, Chappelle was offered the role of Benjamin Buford \"Bubba\" Blue in Forrest Gump. Concerned the character was demeaning and the movie would bomb, he turned down the part.[14][15] He parodied the film in the 1997 short \"Bowl of Pork,\" where a dim-witted black man is responsible for the Rodney King beating, the LA riots and OJ Simpson being accused of murder.[16] Chappelle played another supporting role in an early Doug Liman film, Getting In in 1994.[17] At age 19, he was the opening act for R&B soul singer Aretha Franklin.[18]", "Dave Chappelle. Season 3 was scheduled to begin airing on May 31, 2005, but earlier in May, Chappelle stunned fans and the entertainment industry when he abruptly left during production and took a trip to South Africa.[2] Chappelle said that he was unhappy with the direction the show had taken, and expressed in an interview with Time his need for reflection in the face of tremendous stress:", "Dave Chappelle. At the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, he received an Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his first two specials The Age of Spin & Deep in the Heart of Texas. [67]", "Dave Chappelle. In 2009, his show was the subject of a book of critical essays, The Comedy of Dave Chappelle, edited by University of Maryland doctoral student K. A. Wisniewski.[46] His work, as well as that of Margaret Cho, was also the subject of a book by a Canadian dramaturg Elizabeth Ludwig, American Stand-Up and Sketch Comedy, that was published at the end of 2010.[71] A monograph published by the University of Gothenburg titled Representations of ethnicity in stand-up comedy: A study of the comedy of Dave Chappelle examined the racial significance of language used in Chappelle's routines.[72]", "Dave Chappelle. Chappelle again appeared on Inside the Actors Studio and, in celebration of the show's 200th episode, he humorously interviewed the show's usual host, James Lipton. The episode aired on November 11, 2008. He appeared again on Inside the Actors Studio in 2013, for its 250th episode.", "Dave Chappelle. His first lead role was in the 1998 comedy film Half Baked, which he co-wrote with Neal Brennan. Chappelle also starred in the ABC TV series Buddies.", "Dave Chappelle. Chappelle has been praised by fellow comedians for his work. Katt Williams believes Chappelle to be the greatest stand-up comedian alive,[68][69] while Kevin Hart considers Chappelle to be the greatest stand-up comedian of all time.[70]", "Dave Chappelle. That same month, Chappelle recorded his second comedy special, this time airing on Showtime, Dave Chappelle: For What It's Worth, at San Francisco's Fillmore Auditorium, where his idols, including Lenny Bruce, George Carlin, Richard Pryor, and Robin Williams, had performed.", "Dave Chappelle. The break from Comedy Central also meant a rift with longtime collaborator Neal Brennan[2] as well as walking away from a $50 million contract.[30]", "Dave Chappelle. In April 2007, Chappelle set a stand-up endurance record at the Laugh Factory Sunset Strip comedy club, beating comedian Dane Cook's record of three hours and 50 minutes. In December of the same year, Chappelle broke his own record with a time of six hours and 12 minutes. Cook reclaimed the record in January 2008, with a time of seven hours.[49] On November 19, 2009 Chappelle performed at the Laugh Factory again, where it was speculated that he would attempt to take back the record. However, he was disqualified according to the club owner after he left the stage five hours into his routine.[50]", "Dave Chappelle. In 2000, Chappelle recorded his first hour-long HBO special, Dave Chappelle: Killin' Them Softly, in Washington, DC. He followed this up with an appearance as \"Conspiracy Brother\" in the 2002 racial satire Undercover Brother.[29]", "Netflix. The science fiction drama Sense8 debuted in June 2015, which was written and produced by The Wachowskis and J. Michael Straczynski[169] Bloodline and Narcos were two other drama series that Netflix released in 2015. On November 6, 2015, Master of None premiered, starring Aziz Ansari. Other comedy shows premiering in 2015 included Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Grace and Frankie, Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp, and W/ Bob & David.", "The Comic Strip. As of 1 May 2012, the entire \"Comic Strip Presents\" series was available on Netflix's streaming service in the U.S., split into eight seasons. It was removed in May 2013.", "Adam Sandler. In 2014, Netflix announced a four-movie deal with Adam Sandler and Happy Madison Productions.[27]" ]

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[ "2018–19 Serie A. The 2018–19 Serie A is the 117th season of top-tier Italian football, the 87th in a round-robin tournament, and the 9th since its organization under a league committee separate from Serie B. Juventus are the seven-time defending champions. The season is scheduled to run from 18 August 2018 to 26 May 2019.[2]", "2017–18 Serie A. The 2017–18 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 116th season of top-tier Italian football, the 86th in a round-robin tournament and the 8th since its organization under a league committee separate from Serie B. Juventus were the six-time defending champions. The season run from 19 August 2017 to 20 May 2018.[12][13]", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. The 2017–18 season was Juventus Football Club's 120th in existence and 11th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football. From 1 July 2017, the Juventus Stadium is known as the Allianz Stadium of Turin for six seasons until 30 June 2023.[2] During the previous season, president Agnelli announced that a new Juventus badge would be introduced, revealing a video showing the introduction of the new badge. The badge shows the word Juventus on top, with two capital Js shown together in different fonts with a small opening between them to almost make a bigger J. Agnelli said that the badge reflects \"the Juventus way of living\".[3] In this season, Juventus introduced their new logo on the kits.[4] On 16 February 2018, the first three episodes of a docu-series called First Team: Juventus, which followed the club throughout the season, by spending time with the players behind the scenes both on and off the field, was released on Netflix; the other three episodes were released on 6 July 2018.[5]", "Serie A. In 2015–16 season, the following quota was announced.", "2017–18 Serie A. Teams that got relegated were Benevento (on 22 April 2018, after one year),[21] Verona (on 5 May 2018, after one year also),[22] and Crotone (on 20 may 2018, after 2 seasons in the top level).[23]", "2017–18 Serie A. After video replays were privately tested in the previous season, on 10 June 2017 it was announced replay assistance will be implemented the following season.[16]", "2018–19 Serie A. Last updated: 27 August 2018", "2018–19 Serie A. Last updated: 27 August 2018", "Serie A. The rule underwent minor changes in August 2004,[39] June 2005,[40] June 2006.[41][42] and June 2007.[43]", "Serie A. Bold indicates clubs which will play in the 2017–18 Serie A.", "2018–19 Serie A. On 28 April, Empoli earned the right to come back to Serie A after one year of relegation.[3] On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved promotion having finished second in the 2017–18 Serie B season, just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D.[4] The last team promoted, after 2 years of absence, was Frosinone, who defeated Palermo in the Serie B play-off finals 3–2 on aggregate.[5]", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. Note: Postponed due to inclement weather; originally scheduled for 25 February 2018.", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. On 9 May 2018, Juventus won their 13th Coppa Italia title, and fourth in a row, in a 4–0 win over Milan, extending the all-time record of successive Coppa Italia titles.[6] Four days later on 13 May, following a 0–0 draw with Roma, Juventus secured their seventh consecutive Serie A title, extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition.[7] Four days later, iconic Juventus goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon announced his farewell to Serie A (and the national football team).[8][9] He left Serie A after 23 career seasons, the last 17 being with Juventus, nine league titles, and 640 caps, the second highest in Serie A.[10]", "2017–18 Serie A. Source: Lega Serie A", "2017–18 Serie A. On 13 May 2018, Juventus won their seventh title in a row and the 34th in their history.[24] Four days later, iconic Juventus goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon announced his farewell to Serie A (and the national football team).[25][26] He left Serie A after 23 career seasons, the last 17 being with Juventus, nine league titles and 640 caps, the second highest in Serie A.[27]", "2017–18 La Liga. The 2017–18 La Liga season, also known as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons,[2] is the 87th since its establishment. The season began on 18 August 2017 and is scheduled to conclude on 20 May 2018.[3] The fixtures of the 2017–18 season were released on 21 July 2017.[4]", "Serie A. There are 67 teams that have taken part in 86 Serie A championships in a single round that was played from the 1929–30 season until the 2017–18 season. The teams in bold compete in Serie A currently. Internazionale is the only team that has played Serie A football in every season.", "2018–19 Serie A. On 14 August, the day of the Ponte Morandi bridge collapse in Genoa, the Italian Football Federation announced a minute's silence would be had for the victims of the collapse before all Serie A matches during the opening weekend that succeeded the incident.[7] On 16 August, the Lega Serie A postponed the opening matches for both Genoese clubs Genoa and Sampdoria that were originally scheduled for 19 August.[8]", "2017–18 Serie A. On 13 May 2017, SPAL was promoted from Serie B after 49 years.[14] Five days later, Hellas Verona was promoted from Serie B after one year of relegation while on 8 June 2017, Benevento won the play-off to earn its first promotion in Serie A; the 67th team to participate in the Italian top level league.[15]", "Serie A. In 2004, due to the presence of 20 teams, it also became possible to play in midweek: on Wednesday evening, with some matches on Tuesday and others on Thursday (at 8:45). In 2010, a \"lunch match\" was introduced: a match played on Sunday at 12:30. Finally, for a few weeks, matches can be played on Friday or on Monday (in the evenings).[54]", "Serie A. During the season, which runs from August to May, each club plays each of the other teams twice; once at home and once away, totalling 38 games for each team by the end of the season. Thus, in Italian football a true round-robin format is used. In the first half of the season, called the andata, each team plays once against each league opponent, for a total of 19 games. In the second half of the season, called the ritorno, the teams play in exactly the same order that they did in the first half of the season, the only difference being that home and away situations are switched. Since the 1994–95 season, teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and no points for a loss.", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. Last updated: 19 May 2018", "2018–19 Serie A. Hellas Verona and Benevento immediately returned to Serie B after finishing 19th and 20th while Crotone, finishing in 18th place, were relegated after two seasons in the top flight.", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. Last updated: 19 May 2018", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. Last updated: 19 May 2018", "2017–18 Serie A. (H) – Home ; (A) – Away", "Serie A. In April 2016, it was announced that Serie A was selected by the International Football Association Board to test video replays, which were initially private for the 2016–17 season, allowing them to become a live pilot phase, with replay assistance implemented in the 2017–18 season.[26] On the decision, FIGC President Carlo Tavecchio said, \"We were among the first supporters of using technology on the pitch and we believe we have everything required to offer our contribution to this important experiment.\"[27]", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season. [25]", "A.C. Milan. For recent transfers see 2017–18 A.C. Milan season.", "2018–19 Premier League. The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019.[2][3] Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018.[4]", "Serie A. Serie A (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈa]), also called Serie A TIM due to sponsorship by TIM, is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the Italian football league system and the winner is awarded the Coppa Campioni d'Italia. It has been operating for over eighty years since the 1929–30 season. It had been organized by Lega Calcio until 2010, when the Lega Serie A was created for the 2010–11 season.", "Serie A. Serie A, as it is structured today, began during the 1929–30 season. From 1898 to 1922, the competition was organised into regional groups. Because of ever growing teams attending regional championships, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) split the CCI (Italian Football Confederation) in 1921. When CCI teams rejoined the FIGC created two interregional divisions renaming Categories into Divisions and splitting FIGC sections into two North-South leagues. In 1926, due to internal crises, the FIGC changed internal settings, adding southern teams to the national division, ultimately leading to the 1929–30 final settlement. No title was awarded in 1927 after Torino were stripped of the championship by the FIGC. Torino were declared champions in the 1948–49 season following a plane crash near the end of the season in which the entire team was killed." ]

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[ "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Agent James Suggs is the main antagonist of Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip. He is an air marshal who personally despises the Chipmunks for being dumped by his girlfriend and plots to hunt them down and have revenge. He first appears on an airplane where Theodore releases a monkey from a cage who releases several other animals. Suggs confronts the Chipmunks and gets attacked by the animals. He next encounters Alvin at a bar and fights him, but Alvin and the Chipmunks escape. He then chases them, but runs into a sign and gets knocked out. When he finds them at a musical parade he tries to catch them, but gets hit by a trumpet and then gets drunk. He wakes up in a room with a man and finds a tattoo on his stomach and another one of the Chipmunks on his back. He goes to a rental car station and urges a man to get him the fastest car he's got to find the Chipmunks, but it is a yellow and sort of slow car. He initially is embarrassed, but accepts the car. He then finds the Chipmunks in a hotel and catches them in an elevator, but the Chipmunks defeat him by hitting the emergency stop button and leaving him trapped inside. During the mid-credits, he is released by a maid and is escorted to a pool. He then gets confronted by a man who tells him to move, but Suggs refuses and is subsequently carried out by two guards. He is presumably fired as air marshal for harassing the Chipmunks. He is similar to Ian Hawke. He is portrayed by Tony Hale.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Ian is played by comedian David Cross, and serves as the main antagonist in the first two films. He is Dave's friend-turned rival and former college roommate, and serves as the CEO of Jett Records in the first film. One day, the Chipmunks sneak off to his home to audition, whereupon he automatically signs them on to the label. He rockets them to the top of music business but after seeing how much they're truly worth, he attempts to lure them away from Dave for his own profit. His plan ultimately fails, as the Chipmunks have learned of it and escaped from his grasp, thus leaving him to be ousted from his job as CEO of Jett Records. In the second film, Ian is now unemployable, in debt, and lives in the basement of Jett Records stating that he lost everything except his dignity. However, he happens upon The Chipettes, who want to be famous like the Chipmunks, and cannot wait to make them famous, so he takes them in, in hopes of getting his sworn revenge on the Chipmunks. He enrolls the Chipettes into the same school as the Chipmunks, and after showing Dr. Rubin (Wendie Malick) their talent, she agrees to let them battle the Chipmunks for the right to represent the school for the district's music competition. However, in the climax, Ian decides to blow off the competition to have the Chipettes to perform at a Britney Spears concert, and takes them by force, threatening to take them to a barbecue restaurant if they will not comply. Alvin saves the Chipettes from Ian, who then tries to imitate them at the Britney Spears concert, only to get thrown into a dumpster by security guards losing everything again including his dignity. Ian makes his third and final appearance in the third film. Here, Ian has mellowed and now works on the Carnival Dream cruise ship, dressed in a pelican suit because record labels are not interested in hiring him for ruining the concert of the Chipmunks, the Chipettes and for passing on Justin Bieber twice. As a well-respected mascot, he takes his job very seriously and threatens to have Dave and the Chipmunks removed from the ship if they continue to act up. However, he becomes Dave's friend again while helping him find the Chipmunks after they were marooned on the island. In the end, he gets his wealth back by starting a career as a screenwriter, having sold a screenplay about Zoe's story to Hollywood.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Alvin is the lead vocalist and the oldest of the Chipmunks. He wears a red baseball cap and sweater sporting a yellow \"A\". His eyes are blue (amber in the live action/animated films) and his build is thin. In personality, Alvin is enthusiastic, mischievous, wacky, hot-tempered, and funny. The term look before you leap does not usually apply to Alvin, as he is impulsive, charming and musically talented. He often makes up harebrained schemes to achieve his goals, whether it be trying to help his brothers, keeping Dave from figuring something out, or getting out of a sticky situation. Alvin seems to refer to his often illogical or crazy plans as \"challenging the ordinary\". He is proud of his fame and often self-centered and vain, but Alvin does have a kind heart and loves his brothers very much, often proving that his heart is stronger than his voice. He's also not ashamed to admit when he's wrong and will help others when the time comes. There are times when Alvin displays true selflessness, such as when he gave his golden harmonica to a sick boy at Christmas and when he helped Theodore get Nathan, a bully, off his back for a while. But he doesn't wear a baseball cap in the film's it is only seen in a newspaper and at the end of Alvin and the chipmunks the squeakquel He is shown to be infatuated with Brittany, although they often quarrel with each other, but they look out for each other when things look bad. He sometimes struggles with her to prove who is the better, such as when he and Brittany each ran for class president at their school in the animated series, but he is often kind to her and is implied to have a crush on her. He sometimes displays affection for Brittany such as hugging her, kissing her hand, and comforting her when she is upset. In one CGI episode, Alvin heard two girls insulting Brittany and he stood up for her, displaying his gentle side once again.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Theodore is the child of innocence and the youngest of the Chipmunks. He is shy, loving, sensitive, chubby, gullible, trusting, and naïve. In short, he is an easy target for Alvin's manipulations. He wears green attire and has green eyes (brown in the CGI animated series). Theodore often holds the swing vote between his two brothers' choices of action. Simon appeals to Theodore's better nature while Alvin goes straight to bribery. He has a big appetite, constantly craving snacks and in one episode, Theodore tried to eat Alvin's hand because of his hunger.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked. Dave and the Chipmunks (Alvin, Simon and Theodore) and Chipettes (Brittany, Jeanette and Eleanor) go on a vacation on a cruise ship. The Chipmunks and the Chipettes, and especially Alvin, end up creating trouble. Later that night, after Dave leaves to eat at the captain's table and apologize for Alvin's behavior, Alvin sneaks out to the ship's casino, followed by Simon who hopes to keep Alvin out of further trouble; meanwhile the Chipettes go to the ship's dance club, leaving Theodore alone in the room watching an unsuitable monster movie. Dave discovers that his old boss, Ian Hawke is working as the ship's safety monitor dressed as a pelican, and is out to inform the captain if the Chipmunks and Chipettes cause more problems. Simon and Alvin are eventually caught in the casino, and are brought back to the room, along with the Chipettes, and all are yelled at by Dave for not being trustworthy. The next day, Alvin goes para-sailing on a kite, but the kite flies away with him and the other Chipmunks. Dave goes on a hang-glider to find them but Ian attempts to stop him, and they both end up in the Pacific Ocean.", "Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures. Villain(s): Awful Alvin (Larry Whitaker)", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Dave appears for a third time in Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked, where he, the Chipmunks and Chipettes board a cruise ship heading to the International Music Awards. He gets mad at Alvin, Simon and the Chipettes for leaving their cabin room for their own reasons. Later, he teams up with his old enemy, Ian, to find the Chipmunks and Chipettes when the six get blown away while hang-gliding a kite. He finds them and leaves the island with them before its volcano erupts. He later watches his family perform at the International Music Awards; he is last seen on an airplane with them heading for home.", "Pete (Disney). Pete appears in one Chip 'n' Dale cartoon, as the main antagonist of The Lone Chipmunks (1954).", "The Chipmunk Adventure. The Chipmunks and Chipettes return to Los Angeles, where they are met at the airport by Claudia and Klaus. The two groups are forced into a car under the false threat of Miss Miller being kidnapped. Dave is arriving home to the airport at the same time, and hears Alvin's cries for help. Inspector Jamal runs up, identifying himself, and he and Dave begin to make a chase. While it at first appears that Claudia and Klaus will escape, they are accidentally run off the road by Miss Miller as she is heading to the airport to pick Dave up, who happens to drive up the wrong way towards them by accident. The diamond smugglers are arrested, and Brittany and Alvin argue over who really won the race, but Dave breaks up the argument and guides them to Miss Miller's car. Dave tells Alvin that he and the Chipmunks and the Chipettes have a lot of explaining to do. Alvin repeatedly attempts to explain the adventure, causing Dave to yell \"ALVIN!\" as the film ends.", "Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures. Villain(s): Awful Alvin (Larry Whitaker) and Greta Von Gruesome (Shari Belgaue)", "Jason Lee (actor). Lee graduated to leading man roles in Heartbreakers, Stealing Harvard, and A Guy Thing.[22][23][24] He has had supporting roles in Vanilla Sky, Almost Famous, Dreamcatcher, Big Trouble, The Ballad of Jack and Rose, and Mumford, as well as a minor role in Enemy of the State. Lee also voiced Syndrome in The Incredibles and Jack-Jack Attack. He reprised the role as a \"robot copy\" of Syndrome in Disney Presents Pixar's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure.[25] Lee is also the voice of Underdog in Underdog and portrays Dave Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise.[26]", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Simon is often implied to have a crush on Jeanette, as she is like him in many details; wearing glasses and blue and purple attire and having a high IQ, possibly rivalling his own. However, he seems braver in standing up to siblings than her because Jeanette doesn't often stand up for herself when Brittany pushes her around, but like Simon to Alvin, Jeanette shares a sisterly bond with Brittany. In one animated episode, a chemistry experiment gone wrong resulted in Simon becoming a handsome, Casanova-like romancer. He called himself \"Mr. Heartthrob\" (an obvious parody of Mr. Hyde), and enchanted every girl he met before being returned to normal.", "The Chipmunk Adventure. Meanwhile, the Chipmunks are camping in a jungle near a native village while taking a shortcut. However, after Theodore goes missing, Alvin and Simon are taken captive by some local natives. They soon learn that Theodore is being worshipped as the natives' \"Prince of Plenty\". Alvin and Simon are quickly forced to wear loincloths and are made into Theodore's obedient slaves. After learning that they would become sacrificed, the Chipmunks are tied to stakes by the natives, hanging precariously above a pit full of crocodiles. In a desperate attempt to delay their own deaths, they sing \"Wooly Bully,\" which pleases the natives and lasts just long enough for the Chipettes to rescue them.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. He plays the drums, the guitar, and other instruments. In vocal harmonies, his voice is typically the highest. He is fragile yet unpredictable and not very brave, but he will put on a brave face when his brothers are in trouble. At times, he is childish and Alvin's follower, but he is also the glue that binds his brothers despite Alvin and Simon's differences and regular disagreements. Although he is sometimes teased by Alvin, Theodore loves his big brother and knows that Alvin loves him too.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Alvin and the Chipmunks, originally David Seville and the Chipmunks or simply The Chipmunks, is an American animated music group created by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. for a novelty record in 1958. The group consists of three singing animated anthropomorphic chipmunks: Alvin, the mischievous troublemaker, who quickly became the star of the group; Simon, the tall, bespectacled intellectual; and Theodore (Jessica), the chubby, impressionable one. The trio is managed by their human adoptive father, David (Dave) Seville. In reality, \"David Seville\" was Bagdasarian's stage name, and the Chipmunks themselves are named after the executives of their original record label. The characters became a success, and the singing Chipmunks and their manager were given life in several animated cartoon productions, using redrawn, anthropomorphic chipmunks, and eventually films.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel. While at school, the Chipmunks are ridiculed by jocks, who threaten to kill them for drawing their girls' attention away from them. They chase the Chipmunks around the school and give Simon a swirlie in a toilet. They visit the principal's office, only to discover that the principal, Dr. Rubin is a huge fan, and enlists their help to raise money for a music program by participating in a contest. Meanwhile, Ian is shocked to find the Chipmunks on the front page of his newspaper. After he reads a story about them, he quickly sends the Chipettes to school.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. The kindly, absent-minded adoptive mother of the Chipettes. She occasionally babysits the Chipmunks and has a crush on Dave, even though she's old enough to be his mother. In her youth, she was part of an all-girl singing group called \"The Thrillers\". She appeared in the 1983 TV series and was voiced by Dody Goodman.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks (film series). In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney), find their tree cut down and sent to Los Angeles. Once there, they meet the frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent. Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs. While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all. However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys. Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. David \"Dave\" Seville is a quick-tempered yet kind and somewhat insecure songwriter for the musical trio and Chipmunks' adoptive father and confidant. While Dave struggles to remain calm and objective, Alvin often irritates him, causing Dave to yell \"Alvin!\", to which Alvin (sometimes) responds with \"Okay!\" Dave plays piano and the guitar. He has short black hair and brown eyes. In the original incarnations of the group (including the original recordings and The Alvin Show) he is portrayed by Alvin and the Chipmunks creator Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the 1983–1990 revival of the show, he is portrayed by Ross Bagdasarian Jr., the son of the original creator. For the series of films produced from 2007 to 2015, he is portrayed by Jason Lee.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks (film). The soundtrack was released November 20, 2007, three weeks before the film's opening and contains new versions of old songs such as \"Witch Doctor\" and \"The Chipmunk Song (Christmas, Don't Be Late)\" (as made famous by David Seville and The Chipmunks), cover versions of songs such as \"Bad Day\" (as made famous by Daniel Powter) and \"Funkytown\" (as made famous by Lipps Inc.) and new songs such as \"Coast 2 Coast\", \"Get You Goin'\" and \"Get Munk'd\". The second track on the album is \"The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)\", a remake version, without Jason Lee as the voice of Dave. However, the seventh track, the rock version of the song, features Lee as the voice of Dave. The soundtrack is the first album to be released in three years by Bagdasarian Productions, and is the group's 43rd album overall. Four songs from the album have charted on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel. When the Chipmunks meet the Chipettes, a rivalry forms after the former group learns that the latter group are with Ian: with both groups wanting to compete in the Battle of the Bands, Dr. Rubin sets up a concert for them to compete in with the winners representing the school. Meanwhile, Alvin becomes popular with the jocks and joins the football team, not realizing that the next game is during the concert. At the concert, Theodore and Simon tell the fans that Alvin failed to show up, and that they cannot perform, leading to a victory for the Chipettes. When Alvin finally shows up after the concert is over, he finds the auditorium empty, and Brittany calls him out for his lack of responsibility. Alvin then returns home and attempts to apologize to his brothers, but is ignored. Theodore runs away the next day, until Alvin and Simon save him from an eagle, leading to the three making up.", "Care Bears. Throughout the movies and series, various villains have tried to stop the Bears and Cousins in the background on their missions. On the first two specials and DiC television series, they battled against Professor Coldheart, his assistant Frostbite, and occasionally Auntie Freeze; in Nelvana's version, they faced Wizard No Heart, his bumbling assistant Beastly and his ill-tempered niece Shreeky, and minor villains such as Dr. Fright and Sour Sam. In the movies, they went up against Nicholas and the Evil Spirit in The Care Bears Movie, Dark Heart in Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation, The Wizard of Wonderland and his assistants Dim & Dumb in The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland, and the Rat King and Evil Vizier in Care Bears Nutcracker Suite. Following the 2002 revival, Sir Funnybone the rat was introduced as a villain in the movie Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot, while The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie broke from tradition in which it did not have a villain. For the 2007 revival, the new film Care Bears: Oopsy Does It! introduced new villains, Grizzle and WingNut, who persists into the new TV series, Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-lot.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. In the 1983–1990 animated series, it is revealed that Dave first found the Chipmunks as infants abandoned on the doorstep of his old cottage. At first, he grows to like them but had trouble keeping them from misbehaving as he had important songs to write or else he'd lose his job. On top of that, Dave's landlord is a nasty man who even tries to kill the Chipmunks. However, Dave eventually hears their amazing singing voices and records them, making their song a hit and with the money they earn they manage to move into a large house, which Dave owns and live happily together as one big family. The mother of the Chipmunks has made a few guest appearances, to see how her children are doing, and Dave had to acquaint her with urban ways.", "Alvin's Harmonica. Finally, David tells Alvin to make a fool of himself by playing the harmonica, resulting in a rhythm change from a slow 2/4 beat to a \"CHA CHA CHA\" beat, in which the Chipmunks repeatedly intone \"CHA CHA CHA\". David angrily scolds Alvin and Chipmunks for changing the innocent rhythm to a CHA CHA CHA beat, getting the people to dance. David screams at Alvin as the song ends. (\"ALVIN!!!). Alvin became identified with his harmonica on a Christmas song called \"Wonderful Day\", from the Chipmunks second Christmas album, in which Alvin received a harmonica to and from himself. (\"From me, to me\".) Alvin plays the wrong song in a wrong key as the song ends, with David Seville scolding Alvin.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Dave's immature and very careless first cousin who appeared in the second film. Toby is a slacker who loves to play video games and still lives with his grandmother and Dave's aunt, Jackie Seville, until he figures out what he wants to do with his life. Toby's immaturity keeps him from acting like an adult (although he seems to take on some responsibility in the middle of the film), and he has a crush on the Chipmunks' homeroom and music teacher, Julie Ortega (Erika Casanova), ever since he went to the same school as the Chipmunks. He is played by Chuck star Zachary Levi.", "Pete (Disney). Although Pete is often typecast as a villain, he has shown great versatility within the role, playing everything from a hardened criminal (The Dognapper, The Lone Chipmunks) to a legitimate authority figure (Moving Day, Donald Gets Drafted, Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip), and from a menacing trouble maker (Building a Building, Trombone Trouble) to a victim of mischief himself (Timber, The Vanishing Private). On some occasions, Pete has even played a sympathetic character, all the while maintaining his underlying menacing nature. (Symphony Hour, How to Be a Detective) He seems to have lost much of his antagonistic demeanor in his Mickey Mouse Clubhouse appearances and is today a largely friendly character, although his antics can occasionally prove an annoyance.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks. Bob Rivers did a parody of this song for his 2000 Christmas album Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire which was titled \"The Twisted Chipmunk Song\". In the song, the Chipmunks are referred to as Thagadore (Theodore), Squeaky (Simon), and Melvin (Alvin).", "Alvin and the Chipmunks (film series). Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them. They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip. Dave has to produce a record for rising pop artist Ashley Grey in Miami, and decides to bring Samantha along with him. The Chipmunks and Miles are staying together, but they agree to head to Miami to sabotage the proposal. The Chipmunks drug three squirrels and dress them up in their clothes to fool their hard-of-seeing neighbor Ms. Price, who was asked to look after them. The Chipmunks travel on a plane, but Theodore lets out a monkey, which then lets out several animals which cause an emergency landing and bring the ire of unscrupulous Air Marshal James Suggs, who resents the Chipmunks because Suggs' girlfriend left him for being so into them at the time. As a result, they are put on the no-fly list.", "Mickey Mouse universe. Chip 'n' Dale are two chipmunks who are often trouble-makers for Pluto and Donald. However, the chipmunks are often provoked, especially by Donald.", "Alvin and the Chipmunks (2015 TV series). As with most previous adaptations of Alvin and the Chipmunks, the series follows Dave Seville, a bachelor who is raising three Chipmunks as his children, as well as their female counterparts and girlfriends The Chipettes. He can lose his patience sometimes, causing him to scream \"ALVINNN!!!\", his catchphrase to Alvin. There is a song in every episode. The series takes place in modern times and discusses modern topics such as Dave's technology issues and school bullying.[7] Others are parents embarrassing kids and parents needing dates.[4]", "Alvin and the Chipmunks (film). In the process of escaping the JETT building, the Chipmunks hop into a basket Dave stole from one of Ian's coworkers, and follow him home. Once there, Dave discovers the Chipmunks and kicks them out, only to hear them sing \"Only You (And You Alone)\". He then makes a deal with them; they sing the songs he writes, and he provides food and shelter for them. Unfortunately, when Dave tries to present the Chipmunks to Ian, they fail to sing to him on account of stage fright. The day worsens as Dave is dismissed as the Chipmunks ruin his job presentation by having drawn on it. When Alvin tries to set the mood for Dave's dinner with Claire, things become peculiar, and she rejects Dave after he tells her about the Chipmunks. To make it up to Dave, the Chipmunks go to Ian in an attempt to obtain a record deal." ]

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[ "Five-pointed star. The five-pointed stars on the Flag of the United States were introduced in the Flag Act of 1777. The Flag Act did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement.[4] Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial.[5] One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so-called Betsy Ross flag. The American flag shown in the painting Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull (c. 1820, depicting an event of 1781) shows twelve stars arranged along the outline of a rectangle with an additional star in the center.[6]", "Flag of the United States. The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes,[2] Old Glory,[3] and the Star-Spangled Banner.", "Betsy Ross flag. Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.[20]", "Flag of the United States. Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. While there are many examples of 13-star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes[20] as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of \"13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation.\"[21] John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges.[22] Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars.[23]", "Portal:United States/Selected article. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states and the 13 stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against the British crown and became the first states in the Union.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory,[2] and the Star-Spangled Banner (also the name of the country's official national anthem).", "Flag of the United States. The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa.[17] The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial.[18] One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so-called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull.[19]", "Star-Spangled Banner (flag). The flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m). Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter. After the battle, the Armistead family occasionally gave away pieces of the flag as souvenirs and gifts;[8] this cutting, along with deterioration from continued use, removed several feet of fabric from the flag's fly end, and it now measures 30 by 34 feet (9.1 by 10.4 m). The flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown.[9]", "Flag of the United States. On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid[44] in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.[45]", "Flag of the United States. In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.[52]", "Flag of the United States. In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", later known as \"The Star Spangled Banner\", which is now the American national anthem. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition, \"The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem\" at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two-story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.[43]", "Flag of the President of the United States. The flag was scarlet, with a large blue star in the middle outlined in white which contained the Great Seal. There were four white stars in each corner, and scattered between the angles of the large central star were 45 small white stars, representing the 45 states.[2] This flag was placed in the cabinet room in the White House during the war, and was first shown in public during peace jubilee celebrations in Chicago and Philadelphia in October, 1898.[20][22][23]", "Flag of the United States. On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: \"Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\"[12] Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.[13]", "Star-Spangled Banner (flag). Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, two nieces, and an African American indentured servant. (Her elderly mother may also have helped.)[7] The flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congress's Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont and Kentucky's entrance into the Union. The stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes (in addition to stars) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued.", "Flag of Chicago. There are four red six-pointed stars on the center white stripe. Six-pointed stars are used because five-pointed stars represent sovereign states, and because the star as designed was not found on any other known flags as of 1917.[7] From left to right:", "Flag of the United States. The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48-star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931, though in a small monochrome depiction. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, Scott catalog number 1094.[94] Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps.", "Betsy Ross flag. Stars carried various meanings in European heraldry, differing with the shape and number of points. Although early American flags featured stars with various numbers of points, the five-pointed star is the defining feature of the Betsy Ross design, and became the norm on Navy Ensigns. This may have been simply because five-pointed stars were more clearly defined from a distance.[26] The arrangement of the stars varied widely throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The circular arrangement of the \"Betsy Ross\" design was seen as early as 1777 at the surrender of General John Burgoyne at Saratoga. Eyewitness Alfred Street wrote:", "History of the flags of the United States. Since 1818, a star for each new state has been added to the flag on the Fourth of July immediately following each state's admission. In years which multiple states were admitted, the number of stars on the flag jumped correspondingly; the most pronounced example of this is 1890, when five states were admitted within the span of a single year (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in November 1889 and Idaho on July 3, 1890). This change has typically been the only change made with each revision of the flag since 1777, with the exception of changes in 1795 and 1818, which increased the number of stripes to 15 and then returned it to 13, respectively.", "Flag of the United States. The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21, 1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the longest-used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years.[4]", "Flag of the United States. Prior to the adoption of the 48-star flag in 1912, there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton, although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs. Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns, rectangular and circular.", "Betsy Ross flag. The Betsy Ross flag is an early design of the flag of the United States, popularly – but very likely incorrectly – attributed to Betsy Ross, using the common motifs of alternating red-and-white striped field with five-pointed stars in a blue canton. Grace Rogers Cooper noted that the first documented usage of this flag was in 1792.[1] The flag features 13 stars to represent the original 13 colonies with the stars arranged in a circle.", "Flag of the United States. On July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag became the version of the flag in longest use, surpassing the 48-star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959.", "The Star-Spangled Banner. Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.", "Flag of the United States. The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag was Robert G. Heft. He was 17 years old at the time and created the flag design in 1958 as a high school class project while living with his grandparents in Ohio.[64] He received a B− on the project.[65] According to Heft, his history teacher honored their agreement to change his grade to an A after his design was selected.[66][67]", "Confederate States of America. 1st National Flag\n[7-, 9, 11-, 13-stars[304]]\n\"Stars and Bars\"", "Betsy Ross flag. The stars were disposed in a circle, symbolizing the perpetuity of the Union; the ring, like the circling serpent of the Egyptians, signifying eternity. The thirteen stripes showed with the stars the number of the United Colonies, and denoted the subordination of the States to the Union, as well as equality among themselves.\"[27]", "Admiral (United States). U.S. law limits the number of four-star admirals that may be on active duty at any time. The total number of active-duty flag officers is capped at 160 for the Navy.[2] For the Army, Navy, and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the service's active-duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars,[3] and statute sets the total number of four-star officers allowed in each service.[3] This is set at 6 four-star Navy admirals.[3]", "Betsy Ross flag. Francis Hopkinson is often given credit for the Betsy Ross design, as well as other 13-star arrangements. The Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution on June 14, 1777, establishing the first congressional standard for official United States ensigns. The shape and arrangement of the stars is not mentioned – there were variations – but the legal description gives the Ross flag legitimacy.", "Flags of the Confederate States of America. The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of Kentucky and Missouri joined in late 1861.[31]", "Flag of the United States. When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag.[78] At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.", "Star (football badge). American club Philadelphia Union has 13 stars that represent the 13 original colonies of the United States.[86] Fellow Major League Soccer franchise Montreal Impact have four stars on their badge, which are symbolic of the nationalities of the peoples who founded the city of Montreal.[15] The four nations are regularly used in Montreal imagery, as the city flag and coat of arms both reference them.", "Flag of Ohio. The flag of the Governor of Ohio consists of the Great Seal of Ohio encircled with 13 white stars on a scarlet field, with a five-point star in each corner. Like the state flag, it has 17 stars in total.", "History of the flags of the United States. With the addition of states, the U.S. flag increases the number of stars. Examples of possible designs for U.S. flags with up to 5 additional states are displayed here." ]

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[ "Supercell. Supercells derive their rotation through tilting of horizontal vorticity (an invisible horizontal vortex) caused by wind shear. Strong updrafts lift the air turning about a horizontal axis and cause this air to turn about a vertical axis. This forms the deep rotating updraft, the mesocyclone.", "Supercell. A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone: a deep, persistently rotating updraft.[1] For this reason, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms.[2] Of the four classifications of thunderstorms (supercell, squall line, multi-cell, and single-cell), supercells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe. Supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can dominate the local weather up to 32 kilometres (20 mi) away.", "Supercell. This type of supercell may be easily identifiable with \"sculpted\" cloud striations in the updraft base or even a \"corkscrewed\" or \"barber pole\" appearance on the updraft, and sometimes an almost \"anorexic\" look compared to classic supercells. This is because they often form within drier moisture profiles (often initiated by dry lines) leaving LPs with little available moisture despite high mid-to-upper level environmental winds. They most often dissipate rather than turning into classic or HP supercells, although it is still not unusual for LPs to do the latter, especially when moving into a much moister air mass. LPs were first formally described by Howard Bluestein in the early 1980s[11] although storm chasing scientists noticed them throughout the 1970s.[12] Classic supercells may wither yet maintain updraft rotation as they decay, becoming more like the LP type in a process known as \"downscale transition\" that also applies to LP storms and this process is thought to be how many LPs dissipate.[13]", "Supercell. Supercells are usually found isolated from other thunderstorms, although they can sometimes be embedded in a squall line. Typically, supercells are found in the warm sector of a low pressure system propagating generally in a north easterly direction in line with the cold front of the low pressure system. Because they can last for hours, they are known as quasi-steady-state storms. Supercells have the capability to deviate from the mean wind. If they track to the right or left of the mean wind (relative to the vertical wind shear), they are said to be \"right-movers\" or \"left-movers,\" respectively. Supercells can sometimes develop two separate updrafts with opposing rotations, which splits the storm into two supercells: one left-mover and one right-mover.", "Tornado. Most tornadoes from supercells follow a recognizable life cycle. That begins when increasing rainfall drags with it an area of quickly descending air known as the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This downdraft accelerates as it approaches the ground, and drags the supercell's rotating mesocyclone towards the ground with it.[17]", "Supercell. The RFD of a supercell is a very complex and not yet fully understood feature. RFD mainly occur within classic and HP supercells although RFDs have been observed within LP supercells. The RFD of a supercell is believed to play a large part in tornadogenesis by further tightening rotation within the surface mesocyclone. RFDs are caused by mid level steering winds of a supercell colliding with the updraft tower and moving around it in all directions; specifically the flow that is redirected downward is referred to as the RFD. This downward surge of relatively cool mid level air, due to interactions between dew points, humidity, and condensation of the converging of air masses, can reach very high speeds and is known to cause widespread wind damage. The radar signature of an RFD is a hook like structure where sinking air has brought with it precipitation.", "Supercell. The current conceptual model of a supercell was described in Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis by Leslie R. Lemon and Charles A. Doswell III. (See Lemon technique).", "Supercell. Severe events associated with a supercell almost always occur in the area of the updraft/downdraft interface. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is most often the rear flank (southwest side) of the precipitation area in LP and classic supercells, but sometimes the leading edge (southeast side) of HP supercells.", "Tornado. Storm spotters are trained to discern whether or not a storm seen from a distance is a supercell. They typically look to its rear, the main region of updraft and inflow. Under that updraft is a rain-free base, and the next step of tornadogenesis is the formation of a rotating wall cloud. The vast majority of intense tornadoes occur with a wall cloud on the backside of a supercell.[65]", "Supercell. A \"V\" shaped notch on the leading edge of the cell, opening away from the main downdraft. This is an indication of divergent flow around a powerful updraft.", "Supercell. The supercell is a global phenomenon, appearing in places all over the world in slightly varying forms.", "Supercell. LP supercells contain a small and relatively light precipitation (rain/hail) core that is well separated from the updraft. The updraft is intense and LPs are inflow dominant storms. The updraft tower is typically more strongly tilted and the deviant rightward motion lesser than for other supercell types. The forward flank downdraft (FFD) is noticeably weaker than for other supercell types and the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) is much weaker—even visually absent in many cases. Like classic supercells, LP supercells tend to form within stronger mid-to-upper level storm-relative wind shear,[8] however, the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood. The moisture profile of the atmosphere, particularly the depth of the elevated dry layer, also appears to be important[9] and the low-to-mid level shear may also be important.[10]", "Supercell. In North America, supercells usually show up on Doppler radar as starting at a point or hook shape on the southwestern side, fanning out to the northeast. The heaviest precipitation is usually on the southwest side, ending abruptly short of the rain-free updraft base or main updraft (not visible to radar). The rear flank downdraft, or RFD, carries precipitation counterclockwise around the north and northwest side of the updraft base, producing a \"hook echo\" that indicates the presence of a mesocyclone.", "Supercell. Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right weather conditions. The first storm to be identified as the supercell type was the Wokingham storm over England, which was studied by Keith Browning and Frank Ludlam in 1962.[4] Browning did the initial work that was followed up by Lemon and Doswell to develop the modern conceptual model of the supercell.[5] To the extent that records are available, supercells are most frequent in the Great Plains of the central United States and southern Canada extending into the southeastern U.S. and northern Mexico; east-central Argentina and adjacent regions of Uruguay; Bangladesh and parts of eastern India; South Africa; and eastern Australia.[6] Supercells occur occasionally in many other mid-latitude regions, including Eastern China and throughout Europe. The areas with highest frequencies of supercells are similar to those with the most occurrences of tornadoes; see tornado climatology and Tornado Alley.", "Tornado. Tornadoes normally rotate cyclonically (when viewed from above, this is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern). While large-scale storms always rotate cyclonically due to the Coriolis effect, thunderstorms and tornadoes are so small that the direct influence of the Coriolis effect is unimportant, as indicated by their large Rossby numbers. Supercells and tornadoes rotate cyclonically in numerical simulations even when the Coriolis effect is neglected.[37][38] Low-level mesocyclones and tornadoes owe their rotation to complex processes within the supercell and ambient environment.[39]", "Tornado. Evidence of a supercell is based on the storm's shape and structure, and cloud tower features such as a hard and vigorous updraft tower, a persistent, large overshooting top, a hard anvil (especially when backsheared against strong upper level winds), and a corkscrew look or striations. Under the storm and closer to where most tornadoes are found, evidence of a supercell and the likelihood of a tornado includes inflow bands (particularly when curved) such as a \"beaver tail\", and other clues such as strength of inflow, warmth and moistness of inflow air, how outflow- or inflow-dominant a storm appears, and how far is the front flank precipitation core from the wall cloud. Tornadogenesis is most likely at the interface of the updraft and rear flank downdraft, and requires a balance between the outflow and inflow.[17]", "Supercell. In Europe, the mini-supercell, or low-topped supercell, is very common, especially when showers and thunderstorms develop in cooler polar air masses with a strong jet stream above, especially in the left exit-region of a jetstreak.", "Supercell. This \"dome\" feature appears above the strongest updraft location on the anvil of the storm. It is a result of a very powerful updraft; enough to break through the upper levels of the troposphere. An observer who is at ground level too close to the storm is unable to see the overshooting top due to the fact that the anvil blocks the sight of this feature. The overshooting is visible from satellite images as a \"bubbling\" amidst the otherwise smooth upper surface of the anvil cloud.", "Supercell. Supercells are often put into three classification types: Classic, Low-precipitation (LP), and High-precipitation (HP). LP supercells are usually found in climates that are more arid, such as the high plains of the United States, and HP supercells are most often found in moist climates. Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right pre-existing weather conditions, but they are most common in the Great Plains of the United States in an area known as Tornado Alley and in the Tornado Corridor of Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil.", "Supercell. In North America, these storms most prominently form in the semi-arid Great Plains during the spring and summer months. Moving east and southeast, they often collide with moist air masses from the Gulf of Mexico, leading to the formation of HP supercells in areas just to the west of Interstate 35 before dissipating (or coalescing into squall lines) at variable distances farther east. LP supercells have been observed as far east as Illinois and Indiana,[16] however. LP supercells can occur as far north as Montana, North Dakota, and even in the Prairie Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba in Canada. They have also been observed by storm chasers in Australia and Argentina (the Pampas).[citation needed]", "Supercell. Supercells can be any size – large or small, low or high topped. They usually produce copious amounts of hail, torrential rainfall, strong winds, and substantial downbursts. Supercells are one of the few types of clouds that typically spawn tornadoes within the mesocyclone, although only 30% or fewer do so.[3]", "Supercell. This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation. For most supercells, the precipitation core is bounded on its leading edge by a shelf cloud that results from rain-cooled air within the precipitation core spreading outward and interacting with warmer, moist air from outside of the cell. Between the precipitation-free base and the FFD, a \"vaulted\" or \"cathedral\" feature can be observed. In high precipitation supercells an area of heavy precipitation may occur beneath the main updraft area where the vault would alternately be observed with classic supercells.", "Supercell. A \"notch\" of weak reflectivity on the inflow side of the cell. This is not a V-Notch.", "Supercell. This is a region of low radar reflectivity bounded above by an area of higher radar reflectivity with an untilted updraft. This is evidence of a strong updraft, and oftentimes the presence of a tornado.", "Supercell. The \"hook echo\" is the area of confluence between the main updraft and the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This indicates the position of the mesocyclone, and probably a tornado.", "Thunderstorm. Supercell storms are large, usually severe, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height (\"wind shear\"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a \"mesocyclone\"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere, and supercell storms can be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause severe weather.[12] These storms can produce destructive tornadoes, sometimes F3 or higher, extremely large hailstones (10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter), straight-line winds in excess of 130 km/h (81 mph), and flash floods. In fact, research has also shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.[28] Supercells are the strongest type of thunderstorm, even stronger than the most severe thunderstorms.[9]", "Supercell. The wall cloud forms near the downdraft/updraft interface. This \"interface\" is the area between the precipitation area and the precipitation-free base. Wall clouds form when rain-cooled air from the downdraft is pulled into the updraft. This wet, cold air quickly saturates as it is lifted by the updraft, forming a cloud that seems to \"descend\" from the precipitation-free base. Wall clouds are common and are not exclusive to supercells; only a small percentage actually produce a tornado, but if a storm does produce a tornado it usually exhibits wall clouds that persist for more than ten minutes. Wall clouds that seem to move violently up or down, and violent movements of cloud fragments (scud or fractus) near the wall cloud are indications that a tornado could form.", "Supercell. The HP supercell has a much heavier precipitation core that can wrap all the way around the mesocyclone. These are especially dangerous storms, since the mesocyclone is wrapped with rain and can hide a tornado (if present) from view. These storms also cause flooding due to heavy rain, damaging downbursts and weak tornadoes, although they are also known to produce strong to violent tornadoes. They have a lower potential for damaging hail than Classic and LP supercells, although damaging hail is possible. It has been observed by some spotters that they tend to produce more cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning than the other types. Also, unlike the LP and Classic types, severe events usually occur at the front (southeast) of the storm. The HP supercell is the most common type of supercell in the United States east of Interstate 35, in the southern parts of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and in the central portions of Argentina and Uruguay.", "Supercell. Whereas classic, HP, and LP refer to different precipitation regimes and mesoscale frontal structures, another variation was identified in the early 1990s by Jon Davies.[17] These smaller storms were initially called mini-supercells[18] but are now commonly referred to as low-topped supercells. These are also subdivided into Classic, HP and LP types.", "Tornado. Approximately 1 percent of tornadoes rotate in an anticyclonic direction in the northern hemisphere. Typically, systems as weak as landspouts and gustnadoes can rotate anticyclonically, and usually only those which form on the anticyclonic shear side of the descending rear flank downdraft (RFD) in a cyclonic supercell.[40] On rare occasions, anticyclonic tornadoes form in association with the mesoanticyclone of an anticyclonic supercell, in the same manner as the typical cyclonic tornado, or as a companion tornado either as a satellite tornado or associated with anticyclonic eddies within a supercell.[41]", "Supercell. This area, typically on the southern side of the storm in North America, is relatively precipitation free. This is located beneath the main updraft, and is the main area of inflow. While no precipitation may be visible to an observer, large hail may be falling from this area. A region of this area is called the Vault. It is more accurately called the main updraft area.", "Supercell. A flanking line is a line of smaller cumulonimbi or cumulus that form in the warm rising air pulled in by the main updraft. Due to convergence and lifting along this line, landspouts sometimes occur on the outflow boundary of this region." ]

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[ "Star Wars sequel trilogy. In March 2015, Oscar Isaac confirmed he would reprise his The Force Awakens role of Poe Dameron in Episode VIII.[68][69][70] In July 2015, it was reported that Benicio del Toro was being considered for a villain;[71][72] del Toro later confirmed that he had been cast.[73] In September 2015, it was reported that Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Tatiana Maslany, Gina Rodriguez, Olivia Cooke, and Bel Powley were on the shortlist for two separate parts.[74][75] Jimmy Vee was cast as R2-D2, succeeding Kenny Baker, who died in August 2016.[76][77]", "Warwick Davis. Davis appeared in the 2015 sequel Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[14] In July 2015, he became the voice of Gordon the Gopher in a pilot developed for BBC Taster, and the pilot progressed well, becoming one of the highest rated on the BBC's Taster section.[15][16]", "Ray (film). The film received mostly positive reviews, with most of the praise going to Jamie Foxx's performance for which he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor. The film did receive some negative reviews, with critics complaining that the film suffered from a mediocre screenplay which was buoyed by powerful performances.[4] As of March 2014, Ray has a certified fresh rating of 81% based on 197 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, with Critics Consensus say it's \"An engrossing and energetic portrait of a great musician's achievements and foibles, Ray is anchored by Jamie Foxx's stunning performance as Ray Charles.\"[4]", "Ray McKinnon (actor). Raymond Wilkes \"Ray\" McKinnon (born November 15, 1957)[1] is an American actor, screenwriter, film director and producer.[2]", "Oscar Isaac. Isaac co-starred in the epic space opera film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.[41] playing Poe Dameron, an X-wing pilot. He reprised the role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released on December 15, 2017.[42] He is set to reprise his role for the last time in Star Wars: Episode IX, the last film in the sequel trilogy.[43]", "Ray Liotta. Raymond Allen Liotta (born December 18, 1954)[1] is an American actor, film producer, and voice actor.", "Ray Park. Raymond \"Ray\" Park (born 23 August 1974) is a Scottish actor, author and martial artist. He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Toad in X-Men, Snake-Eyes in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra[1][2] and G.I. Joe: Retaliation, and Edgar on Heroes.[3]", "Ray (film). According to music critic Robert Christgau, \"Foxx does the impossible—radiates something approaching the charisma of the artist he's portraying... that's the only time an actor has ever brought a pop icon fully to life on-screen.\"[5]", "John Rhys-Davies. John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a Welsh actor and voice actor known for his portrayal of Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the Indiana Jones films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series The Untouchables, Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series Shōgun, Professor Maximillian Arturo in Sliders, King Richard I in Robin of Sherwood, General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film The Living Daylights, and Macro in I, Claudius. Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's Aladdin and the King of Thieves, Macbeth in Gargoyles, Man Ray in SpongeBob SquarePants, Hades in Justice League and Tobias in the computer game Freelancer.", "Ray (film). Ray is a 2004 American musical biographical film focusing on 30 years in the life of rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles.[2] The independently produced film was written, produced and directed by Taylor Hackford, and stars Jamie Foxx in the title role. Foxx received an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as well as the Golden Globe, BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild and Critics' Choice awards, becoming the second actor to win all five major lead actor awards for the same performance, and the only one to win the Golden Globe in the Musical or Comedy (rather than the Drama) category.", "Ray (soundtrack). Ray is the soundtrack of the 2004 film Ray starring Jamie Foxx (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as \"Ray Charles\" in this film), Kerry Washington, Terrence Howard, Clifton Powell and Regina King. The score was composed by Breyon Prescott and Craig Armstrong.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Tim Rose and Mike Quinn reprise their respective roles as Admiral Ackbar and Nien Nunb, both from Return of the Jedi.[32][33] Kipsang Rotich returns as the voice of Nien Nunb[34] and Erik Bauersfeld returns to voice Ackbar. This was Bauersfeld's final film role before his death in April 2016.[35] Kenny Baker, originally announced as part of the cast, was credited as \"consultant\" for R2-D2,[36][37] with Jimmy Vee performing some of the work for R2-D2.[38] Ewan McGregor has an uncredited vocal cameo as Obi-Wan Kenobi in Rey's vision sequence, while archival audio of Frank Oz and Alec Guinness as Yoda and Kenobi, respectively, are also used in the same scene; Oz recorded new dialogue for the film, but it was replaced with pre-existing audio from The Empire Strikes Back.[39]", "Ray (film). Ray debuted at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Rey (Star Wars). Rey is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by English actress Daisy Ridley. First appearing as the main character in Star Wars: The Force Awakens,[1][7][8][9] Rey is a scavenger who was left behind on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and later becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order when her solitary life is interrupted by BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, and a runaway Stormtrooper named Finn.", "Atom (Ray Palmer). Brandon Routh portrays Dr. Raymond \"Ray\" Palmer / The Atom in The CW's Arrowverse.", "Daisy Ridley. In April 2014, Ridley's casting as Rey, one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was announced.[14][15][16] She was chosen for the film in February 2014.[23] At the time of her casting she was, according to Rolling Stone, a \"total unknown.\"[24] Her choice by director J. J. Abrams was seen as a repeat of George Lucas's move of casting relatively unknown actors for the lead roles in the first Star Wars film in 1977.[25] Ridley began filming her scenes in May 2014 at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, and prior to the film's release in December 2015, she appeared at the launch of a set of Star Wars postage stamps issued by the UK postal service Royal Mail, with her character Rey featuring on a stamp along with the droid BB-8.[26][27] With international revenues of over $2 billion,[28] The Force Awakens was a major box-office hit and the highest-grossing film of 2015. After an early screening of the film, Brian Viner of the Daily Mail called Ridley the \"real star of the show\", adding that her performance as Rey should \"send her career into orbit.\"[29] Her performance received critical acclaim, with Richard Roeper describing her portrayal as \"a breakout performance\" and adding \"Ford has a terrific father figure chemistry [shared] with Ridley and [John] Boyega\".[30]", "Rey (Star Wars). Rey stars in the micro-series Star Wars Forces of Destiny, voiced by Daisy Ridley.[3]", "Robert Smigel. He voiced Ray and a parody of the Star Wars character, Emperor Palpatine, in the first episode of Robot Chicken Star Wars, as well as the monster 100 in the episode of the same name of Aqua Unit Patrol Squad on Cartoon Network's [adult swim].", "Ray (film). Raised on a sharecropping plantation in Northern Florida, Ray Charles Robinson went blind at the age of seven, shortly after witnessing his younger brother drown. Inspired by a fiercely independent mother who insisted he make his own way in the world, Charles found his calling and his gift behind a piano keyboard. Touring across the chitlin circuit, the soulful singer gained a reputation before exploding onto the worldwide stage when he pioneered the incorporation of rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, country, jazz and orchestral influences into his inimitable style.", "Star Wars (film). Other actors include Phil Brown and Shelagh Fraser, respectively, as Owen and Beru, Luke's uncle and aunt; Jack Purvis, Kenny Baker's partner in his London comedy act, as the Chief Jawa in the film; Eddie Byrne as Vanden Willard, a Rebel general; Denis Lawson and Garrick Hagon as rebel pilots Wedge Antilles and Biggs Darklighter (Luke's childhood friend), respectively; and Don Henderson and Leslie Schofield as Imperial Generals Cassio Tagge and Moradmin Bast, respectively. Richard LeParmentier plays an admiral, named Conan Antonio Motti, who dares mock Darth Vader's faith in the force and his failure to locate the rebel base and the stolen Death Star plans, and is nearly force choked to death by Vader, only saved by Tarkin intervening and ordering Vader to release him. Michael Leader plays a minor role as a Stormtrooper known for accidentally hitting his helmet against a door.[26][27]", "Brandon Routh. Brandon James Routh (born October 9, 1979) is an American actor. He grew up in Iowa before moving to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career, and subsequently appeared on multiple television series throughout the early 2000s including Gilmore Girls. In 2006, he gained greater recognition for his role as the titular superhero of the 2006 film Superman Returns. He also had a recurring role in the TV series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw. Following this, he had notable supporting roles in the films Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World. In 2014, he began a recurring role on Arrow as Ray Palmer/Atom which spun off into a guest role on The Flash and a starring role on Legends of Tomorrow.", "James Colby. Colby was notable for his film roles in The Peacemaker (1997), Tower Heist (2011), Safe (2012), The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) and in Patriots Day (2016).[1] In television, he was known for his role as Sergeant Ray Dwyer in Chicago P.D. and Burleson in Empire.", "Ray Charles. Ray, a biopic portraying his life and career between the mid-1930s and 1979, was released in October 2004, starring Jamie Foxx as Charles. Foxx won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Actor for the role. On December 7, 2007, the Ray Charles Plaza was opened in his hometown of Albany, Georgia, featuring a revolving, lighted bronze sculpture of Charles seated at a piano. The plaza's dedication was attended by his daughter Sheila Raye Charles.[citation needed]", "Oscar Isaac. He appeared in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), and in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), as X-wing pilot Poe Dameron, and in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016), as the titular mutant supervillain Apocalypse. He also headlined the HBO miniseries Show Me a Hero, as politician Nick Wasicsko in 2015, which earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. In 2016, Time named Isaac one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list.[7] In 2017 Isaac was described as the \"best dang actor of his generation\" by Vanity Fair.[8]", "Poe Dameron. Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he is portrayed by Oscar Isaac. Poe is an X-wing fighter pilot for the Resistance who inadvertently brings renegade stormtrooper Finn (John Boyega) and Jakku scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley) into battle against the sinister First Order. He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising as well as an eponymous comic book series and the December 2017 sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original Star Wars film trilogy.", "Ray McKinnon (actor). In 1981, McKinnon graduated with a degree in theatre from Valdosta State University.[4]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Justin Theroux plays the master codebreaker, while Lily Cole plays his companion.[34] Joseph Gordon-Levitt has a voice cameo as Slowen Lo.[35] Warwick Davis plays Wodibin.[36] Gareth Edwards, director of the Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One,[37] has a cameo appearance as a Resistance Soldier, as does Gary Barlow.[38] Directors Edgar Wright and Joe Cornish also cameo in the film. Hermione Corfield appears as Tallie Lintra, a Resistance A-Wing pilot and squad leader. Noah Segan and Jamie Christopher appear as Resistance pilots Starck and Tubbs.[39] Hamill's children, Griffin, Nathan, and Chelsea, cameo as Resistance soldiers. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry filmed cameo appearances as stormtroopers.[40] Tom Hardy also filmed an appearance as a stormtrooper, but his cameo was ultimately dropped from the final cut.[41] Hugh Skinner cameos as a Resistance Officer.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Daisy Ridley was chosen for the film by February 2014, and by the end of that month a deal had been worked out with Driver, who was able to work around his Girls schedule. By March 2014, talks with Andy Serkis and Oscar Isaac began and continued into April 2014. In April, John Boyega began talks after dropping out of a Jesse Owens biopic.[132] Denis Lawson, who played Wedge Antilles in the original trilogy, declined to reprise his role, stating that it would have \"bored\" him.[140]", "Ray Park. In 1999, Park appeared in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, as the Sith Lord Darth Maul. While the character had few lines, Park's voice was dubbed over with that of actor Peter Serafinowicz. From his work on Star Wars, Park was cast in a cameo role in Fanboys as a Skywalker Ranch security guard who says, \"Time for you to get mauled, boy,\" as he pulls out two nightsticks.", "LisaRaye McCoy. McCoy made her acting debut as the lead in Reasons, an independent film directed by Monty Ross. McCoy is perhaps best known for her role as Diamond in The Players Club, directed and written by Ice Cube.[18] She also appeared in The Wood, opposite Omar Epps, Rhapsody, All About You, and Go for Broke. In 2003, McCoy starred as Neesee James in the UPN/ The CW sitcom All of Us, where she played Duane Martin's ex-wife. The series ended in 2007.[19] McCoy began her career as a model for fashion, but before that she was married to Archie Amerson. She did shows in churches and high schools in her native Chicago. In addition to acting, McCoy has also appeared in dozens of music videos, including \"Know Filter 2\" by Shleah, Tugoa, T.Lee, \"Download\" by Lil' Kim, Changing Faces's \"Same Tempo\", Ginuwine's \"Last Chance\", Ludacris' \"Number 1 Spot\", Calvin Richardson's \"True Love,\" Sisqó's \"Incomplete\", Lil Jon and Ice Cube's \"Roll Call\", \"I Don't Wanna See\" and \" I Really Want to Sex Your Body,\" by Link, Tupac Shakur's \"Toss It Up\", \"Never Be The Same Again\" by Ghostface Killah & Carl Thomas, \"\"Unpredictable\" by Jamie Foxx, Ooohhhwwweee\" by Master P, \"Slip N' Slide by Danny Boy, and \"Are You in the Mood\" by Teddy & Dru Down. She also had a cameo in Seven's music video \"Girls\" & Jaheim's music video \"Back Tight Wit You\"[18][20] McCoy also recorded the single \"Would You?\" with rapper Benzino.[21] In 2005, McCoy launched two fashion lines: Luxe & Romance, a lingerie line that was introduced during New York's Fashion Week, and Xraye, a jeans line for women.[22] In 2011, she launched her jean collection \"The LisaRaye Collection\" in partnership with PZI Jeans, and a hair line, \"LisaRaye Glamour.\" That same year, she was the Ambassador/Grand Marshal for the 70th Magic City Classic parade and football game in Birmingham, Alabama.", "Star Wars: Episode IX. Additionally, Jimmy Vee and Greg Grunberg reprise their roles as R2-D2 and Snap Wexley,[7][8] respectively, from previous films, while Brian Herring returns to puppeteer BB-8.[9] Dominic Monaghan and Matt Smith have been cast in undisclosed roles.[10][11]", "Darth Maul. Darth Maul was physically portrayed by actor and martial artist Ray Park in The Phantom Menace.[5] The character was voiced by comedian/voice actor/director Peter Serafinowicz in The Phantom Menace and Lego videogame adaptation of the prequel trilogy; while Samuel Witwer performed the character's voice in the animated series The Clone Wars, Rebels, and in the live action movie Solo: A Star Wars Story. Actors Gregg Berger, Jess Harnell, Stephen Stanton, Clint Bajakian, and David W. Collins have all voiced him in Legends adaptations and minor appearances." ]

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[ "Detroit Zoo. Simba, a male lion once owned by the royal family of Qatar, found a new palace at the Detroit Zoo. This king of the jungle arrived in the United States from the Middle East in October 2012. Simba enjoys lounging in the grass at the front of the habitat. Erin was rescued from a junkyard in Kansas in 2009. She can sometimes be found playing a game of \"soccer\" by herself with her favorite toy, the boomer ball. The lions can be seen year-round in their 7,500-square-foot African Grasslands habitat, which features a 17-foot-tall glass wall for a closer view of the big cats. Warming rocks built near the glass provide the lions a toasty perch for people-watching in cooler weather.", "The Lion King 1½. The pair arrive at Pride Rock during the presentation of the new prince to the Pridelands' animals (to Timon's annoyance, believing the crowd to be a long line to claim Pride Rock as real estate). Timon then \"looks beyond\" pride rock to find a small cove near a pond. To Pumbaa's reluctance, the pair cut through the crowd, but Pumbaa nervously claims he doesn't \"do so well in crowds\". Pumbaa explosively passes gas, causing nearby animals to faint but prompting animals further away to bow to Simba. The pair make a home at the cove near the pond, but are awakened one morning to the sounds of Simba singing \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King.\" The pair leave due to the \"noisy neighbors\", and find a new home at the Elephant Graveyard. They are scared away from there after witnessing Mufasa fight the Hyenas, and Timon decides to make a home in a glowing green cave. Scar's rendition of \"Be Prepared.\" scares the pair off again, and Timon then chooses to find a home in a hot gorge. The pair are then chased by the Wildebeest Stampede (that results in Mufasa's death in the original film), but miraculously survive albeit being thrown off a waterfall.", "Lion. Some lions are \"nomads\" that range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone.[76] Pairs are more frequent among related males who have been excluded from their birth pride. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa.[82] Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in estrous allow nomadic males to approach them.[83] Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride.[84] A study undertaken in the Serengeti National Park revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age.[85]", "The Lion King. In the Pride Lands of Africa, a lion rules over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa's newborn son, Simba, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki, a mandrill who serves as Mufasa's shaman and advisor. Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the \"circle of life\", which connects all living things. Mufasa's younger brother, Scar, covets the throne, plotting to eliminate Mufasa and Simba, so he may become king. He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala, to whom Simba is betrothed, into exploring a forbidden elephants' graveyard, where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas, who are in cahoots with Scar. Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo, the hornbill Zazu, and rescues the cubs. Though upset with Simba, Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba.", "Lion. The lion prefers grassy plains and savannahs, scrub bordering rivers and open woodlands with bushes. It is absent from rainforest and rarely enters closed forest. On Mount Elgon, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on Mount Kenya.[57] Lions occur in savannah grasslands with scattered Acacia trees, which serve as shade.[169]", "List of The Lion King characters. Janja's clan is a small group of male spotted hyenas that live in the Outlands.", "Lion. Typically, the lion inhabits grasslands and savannas but is absent in dense forests. It is usually more diurnal than other big cats, but when persecuted it adapts to being active at night and at twilight. In the Pleistocene, the lion ranged throughout Eurasia, Africa and the Americas from the Yukon to Peru but today it has been reduced to fragmented populations in Sub-Saharan Africa and one critically endangered population in western India. It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.", "The Lion King 1½. Simba accepts his place as king of the Pride Lands, thanking Timon and Pumbaa for helping him. Timon takes Ma, Uncle Max and the meerkat colony to live in the predator-free jungle to complete his \"Hakuna Matata.\" Pumbaa and Simba celebrate with the meerkats, who praise Timon as their hero. In the final scene of the film, Ma, Uncle Max, Simba, Rafiki and many other silhouetted Disney character cameos join Timon and Pumbaa to re-watch the film in the cinema. As the film fades to black, Pumbaa reminds Timon that he still doesn't do well in crowds.", "Lion. Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa; their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% each 20 years in the late half of the 20th century. The species is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.[2] In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer.[176] Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.[177][171] Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference. Habitat loss and conflicts with humans are considered to be the most significant threats to the species.[2]", "The Lion King 1½. Timon is a social outcast in his meerkat colony on the outskirts of the Pride Lands. While unconditionally supported by his mother, Ma, Timon dreams for more in life than his colony's bleak existence hiding from predators. Uncle Max is nearly eaten by hyenas Shenzi, Banzai and Ed due to Timon's day dreaming. This becomes the last straw for the colony, prompting Timon to leave to find a better life. He meets the mandrill, Rafiki, who advises him to find his place in the world via \"Hakuna Matata\" and to \"look beyond what you see\". Timon takes this saying literally and observes Pride Rock in the distance. Believing Pride Rock to be his paradise home, Timon ventures to the rock and encounters Pumbaa the Warthog on his way. The two quickly form a bond and Pumbaa accompanies Timon.", "List of apex predators. The lion is a large feline of central, southern, and eastern Africa, as well as the Gir Forest in India. It is Africa's apex predator.", "African Lion Safari. Simba Lion Country is home to African lions in their normal tawny colour. The reserve consists of, like the other reserves such as the Nairobi Sanctuary, a large grassy field. This reserve is notable because it has a structure made out of rocks so the lions can rest.", "Lion. In the Republic of the Congo, Odzala-Kokoua National Park was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct.[188] In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are about 150 lions in Garamba National Park, and 90 in Virunga National Park; he latter form a contiguous population with lions in Uganda.[189][172][171] In 2010, the lion population in Uganda was estimated at 408 ± 46 individuals in three protected areas including Queen Elizabeth National Park.[190] Little is known about lion distribution and population sizes in adjacent South Sudan. In Sudan, lions were reported in Southern Darfur and Southern Kordofan provinces in the 1980s.[171][172]", "Big five game. Lion hunting is challenging because of the habitat and temperament of the lion. Lions live in the savanna where tall grasses, shrubs, and bushes obscure them and provide cover and camouflage. This thick undergrowth is commonly referred to as \"jess\". As lions are ambush hunters, they use this natural cover when stalking to creep as close as possible before making a final charge to catch their prey. Lions do not generally avoid confrontation, but will usually face a challenger. They are unpredictable and may charge when sufficiently annoyed or confronted by danger. These factors together make lion hunting a challenge to hunters.", "Barbary lion. Results of morphological and genetic analyses of lions warrant the designation of lion populations in North, West and northern parts of Central Africa to the subspecies P. l. leo, which differ genetically from P. l. melanochaita in Eastern and Southern Africa.[8][9]", "The Lion King. The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi. Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity.[12] The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill.[23] The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries—which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher—which, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such as lens flare—and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell, Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish.[12][24] Because the characters were not anthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters.[9]", "Barbary lion. Historically, lions were offered in lieu of taxes and as gifts to royal families of Morocco and Ethiopia. The rulers of Morocco kept these 'royal lions' through war and insurrection, splitting the collection between zoos when the royal family went briefly into exile. After a respiratory disease nearly wiped out the royal lions in the late 1960s, the current ruler established enclosures in Temara near Rabat, Morocco, to house the lions and improve their quality of life. There are currently a small number of 'royal lions' that have the pedigree and physical characteristics to be considered as mostly pure Barbary descendants. Some were returned to the palace when the exiled ruler returned to the throne.[26]", "White lion. A couple of white lions named Zola and Zuri reside in the Sunway Lagoon's Wildlife Park since April 2015.[15]", "Lion. In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central rainforest zone and the Sahara desert.[170] In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.[171][172][173]", "African Lion Safari. Timbavati Lion Country is home to white lions, also known as Timbavati lions. This reserve also has a rock structure for the lions to rest or play on.", "Asiatic lion. Asiatic lions live in prides. Mean pride size, measured by the number of adult females, tends to be smaller than for those in Africa lions, apart perhaps from those in Western and Central Africa.[30] Most Gir prides contain just two adult females, with the largest having five.[7] Coalitions of males defend home ranges containing one or more groups of females; but, unlike African lions, Gir males generally associate with their pride females only when mating or on a large kill. A lesser degree of sociability in the Gir lions may be a function of the smaller prey available to them: the most commonly taken species (45% of known kills), the chital, weighs only around 50 kg (110 lb).[50]", "Menander I. After their long discussion Nagasaka asked himself \"though king Milinda is pleased, he gives no signs of being pleased\". Menander says in reply: \"As a lion, the king of beasts, when put in a cage, though it were of gold, is still facing outside, even so do I live as master in the house but remain facing outside. But if I were to go forth from home into homelessness I would not live long, so many are my enemies\".", "The Lion King (musical). On his own, Simba meets Rafiki, who explains that his father lives on (\"He Lives in You\"). Mufasa's spirit appears in the sky and tells Simba he is the one true king and must take his place in the Circle of Life. Reawakened, Simba finds his courage and heads for home. Meanwhile, Nala wakes Timon and Pumbaa to ask where Simba is, and Rafiki appears to tell them all the news. The three of them catch up with him in the Pride Lands, where he witnesses the ruin of his home. Timon and Pumbaa distract some hyenas by doing the Charleston, allowing Simba and Nala to reach Pride Rock.", "The Lion King. Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog, who are fellow outcasts. Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends, living a carefree life under the motto \"hakuna matata\" (\"no worries\" in Swahili). Now a young adult, Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness, who turns out to be Nala. She and Simba reunite and fall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him that the Pride Lands have become a chaotic dystopia under Scar's reign. Feeling guilty over his father's death, Simba refuses and storms off. He encounters Rafiki, who tells him that Mufasa' spirit lives on in Simba. Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him that he must take his rightful place as king. Realizing he can no longer run from his past, Simba decides to return home.", "African Lion Safari. Between the Nairobi Sanctuary and the Simba Lion Country is the Cheeta breeding Center, which is home to cheetahs. This preserve features several large enclosures where the cheetahs live either separately or grouped.", "Disney's Animal Kingdom. Africa is one of the original areas of the park. Set in the fictional east African port village of Harambe, this area contains several animal exhibits.[14] The village is the namesake of the Harambe Wildlife Preserve, the fictional home of Africa's main attraction, Kilimanjaro Safaris. Guests climb aboard an open-sided safari vehicle for an expedition to see African species in savanna, rivers and rocky hills. The safari features giraffes, lions, cheetahs, African elephants, zebras, wildebeest, cape buffalo, Nile crocodiles, ostriches, several species of antelope, and flamingos. On the adjacent Pangani Forest Exploration Trail, visitors trek into the forest where animals such as black-and-white colobus monkeys, gerenuks, gorillas, hippos, Kenyan sand boas, kori bustards, meerkats, naked mole-rats, okapis, tarantulas, and yellow-backed duikers, as well as an aviary, are located. On the western side of Africa is the Harambe Theater, which is home to the Festival of the Lion King, a stage attraction based on the 1994 Disney animated film.", "Lion. At the ancient Egyptian cities of Taremu and Per-Bast were temples dedicated to the lion goddesses of Egypt, Sekhmet and Bast, and at Taremu there was a temple dedicated to the son of the deity Maahes the lion prince, where lions were kept and allowed to roam within the temple. The Greeks called the city Leontopolis (\"City of Lions\") and documented that practice.\nLions were kept and bred by Assyrian kings as early as 850 BC,[170] and Alexander the Great was said to have been presented with tame lions by the Malhi of northern India.[206] In Ancient Rome, lions were kept by emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas or were used for executions (see bestiarii, damnatio ad bestias, and venatio). Roman notables including Sulla, Pompey and Julius Caesar often ordered the mass slaughter of hundreds of lions at a time.[207] In India, lions were tamed by Indian princes. Marco Polo reported that Kublai Khan kept lions.[208]", "The Lion King. The Lion King tells the story of Simba, a young lion who is to succeed his father, Mufasa, as King of the Pride Lands; however, after Simba's uncle Scar (Mufasa's jealous younger brother), murders Mufasa, Simba is manipulated into thinking he was responsible and flees into exile. Upon maturation living with two wastrels, Simba is given some valuable perspective from his childhood friend, Nala, and his shaman, Rafiki, before returning to challenge Scar to end his tyranny and take his place in the Circle of Life as the rightful King.", "List of The Lion King characters. During his childhood, Zira trains Kovu to assassinate Simba and take his place as King of Pride Rock. As a young adult, Kovu rescues Kiara during a planned ambush and Simba reluctantly allows him to stay in the Pride Lands. While spending time with Kiara, Rafiki gets the two young lions to fall in love, and Kovu realizes he cannot hurt Simba. However, after Simba is ambushed by the Outsiders and Nuka is killed, Kovu angrily disowns Scar and leaves the Outlands but is quickly exiled from the Pride Lands as a traitor. Kovu returns to Pride Rock and stops the fighting between the Outsiders and Pridelanders with the help of Kiara. Simba later reconciles with Kovu and allows him to become his eventual successor.", "Tsavo lion. Traditionally, ten lion subspecies were recognised in Africa.[4] In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group assigned the lion populations in Asia and West, Central and North Africa to Panthera leo leo, and the lion populations in Southern and East Africa to Panthera leo melanochaita.[5]", "The Lion Guard. Speaking on the show's educational aspect, Parkins stated that research was done on animals and habitats in the Serengeti, and that this information is woven into storylines without being overt.[20]", "African Lion Safari. African Lion Safari is a family-owned safari park in Southern Ontario, Canada, straddling the cities of Hamilton and Cambridge, located 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Toronto. The safari includes more than 1,000 animals, representing over 100 species of mammals and birds from across the globe. Guests may tour seven game reserves (with a total area of about 740 acres (300 hectares)) via tour buses or visitors' own vehicles where animals roam freely in large contained areas. Accompanying the game reserves is a large walking section where hundreds of exotic birds and primates, as well as the park's herd of Asian elephants, are on display." ]

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[ "Mandelbrot (cookie). Its precise origin is unknown, as is its historic relationship with biscotti, a similar Italian cookie. While mandelbrot and biscotti both have a crunchy exterior, mandelbrot is slightly softer than biscotti due to its higher oil and/or butter content.", "Mandelbrot (cookie). Additional ingredients vary between bakers, but common additions include almonds, walnuts, cinnamon, chocolate chips or diced candied fruit. Mandelbrot is called kamishbrot in Ukraine, and the two terms are often used interchangeably in the United States.[5]", "Biscuit. In modern Italian usage, the term biscotto is used to refer to any type of hard twice-baked biscuit, and not only to the cantuccini as in English-speaking countries.", "Mandelbrot (cookie). Mandelbrot (Yiddish: מאַנדעלבראָט‎),[1][2][3] with a number of variant spellings,[A] and called mandel bread in English-speaking countries and kamishbrot in Ukraine, is a Jewish cookie popular amongst Eastern European Jews. The Yiddish word mandelbrot literally means almond bread, a reference to its common ingredient of almonds. It is typically formed by baking a loaf which is then cut into small slabs and twice-baked in order to form a crunchy exterior. The cookies were popular in Eastern Europe among rabbis, merchants and other itinerant Jews as a staple dessert that kept well.[4]", "Coast. There are different kinds of fractals. A coastline with the stated property is in \"a first category of fractals, namely curves whose fractal dimension is greater than 1.\" That last statement represents an extension by Mandelbrot of Richardson's thought. Mandelbrot's statement of the Richardson Effect is:[11]", "Agaricus bisporus. When immature and white, this mushroom may be known as common mushroom, button mushroom, white mushroom, cultivated mushroom, table mushroom, and champignon mushroom. When immature and brown, this mushroom may be known variously as Swiss brown mushroom, Roman brown mushroom, Italian brown, Italian mushroom, cremini or crimini mushroom, baby bella, brown cap mushroom, or chestnut mushroom.[3]", "Asbestos. Crocidolite commonly occurs as soft friable fibers. Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter. All forms of asbestos are fibrillar in that they are composed of fibers with breadths less than 1 micrometer in bundles of very great widths. Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as \"amianthus\".", "Prehistoric Italy. Cardium Pottery is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis, a marine mollusk. The alternative name Impressed Ware is given by some archaeologists to define this culture, because impressions can be with sharp objects other than Cardium shell, such as a nail or comb.[3]", "Pie chart. A doughnut chart (also spelled donut) is a variant of the pie chart, with a blank center allowing for additional information about the data as a whole to be included. [13][14] Doughnut charts are similar to pie charts in that their aim is to illustrate proportions.[citation needed] This type of circular graph can support multiple statistics at once and it provides a better data intensity ratio to standard pie charts.[15] It does not have to contain information in the center.", "Patterns in nature. Fractal spirals: Romanesco broccoli showing self-similar form", "Biscuit. In a number of other European languages, terms derived from the latin bis coctus refer instead to yet another baked product, similar to the sponge cake; e.g. Spanish bizcocho, German Biskuitmasse, Russian бисквит (biskvit), Polish biszkopt.", "Coast. More than a decade after Richardson completed his work, Benoit Mandelbrot developed a new branch of mathematics, fractal geometry, to describe just such non-rectifiable complexes in nature as the infinite coastline.[9] His own definition of the new figure serving as the basis for his study is:[10]", "Vulgar Latin. Reduction of bisyllabic clusters of identical consonants to a single syllable-initial consonant also typifies Romance north and west of La Spezia-Rimini. The results in Italian and Spanish provide clear illustrations: siccus > Italian secco, Spanish seco; cippus > Italian ceppo, Spanish cepo; mittere > Italian mettere, Spanish meter.", "Coast. where Fε−D must be the number of units ε required to obtain L. The fractal dimension is the number of the dimensions of the figure being used to approximate the fractal: 0 for a dot, 1 for a line, 2 for a square. D in the expression is between 1 and 2, for coastlines typically less than 1.5. The broken line measuring the coast does not extend in one direction nor does it represent an area, but is intermediate. It can be interpreted as a thick line or band of width 2ε. More broken coastlines have greater D and therefore L is longer for the same ε. Mandelbrot showed that D is independent of ε.", "Hyperrectangle. A 1-fusil is a line segment. A 2-fusil is a rhombus. Its plane cross selections in all pairs of axes are rhombi.", "Stock trader. In 1963 Benoit Mandelbrot analyzed the variations of cotton prices on a time series starting in 1900. There were two important findings. First, price movements had very little to do with a normal distribution in which the bulk of the observations lies close to the mean (68% of the data are within one standard deviation). Instead, the data showed a great frequency of extreme variations. Second, price variations followed patterns that were indifferent to scale: the curve described by price changes for a single day was similar to a month’s curve. Surprisingly, these patterns of self-similarity were present during the entire period 1900-1960, a violent epoch that had seen a Great Depression and two world wars. Mandelbrot used his fractal theory to explain the presence of extreme events in Wall Street. In 2004 he published his book on the “misbehavior” of financial markets - The (Mis)behavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin, and Reward. The basic idea that relates fractals to financial markets is that the probability of experiencing extreme fluctuations (like the ones triggered by herd behavior) is greater than what conventional wisdom wants us to believe. This of course delivers a more accurate vision of risk in the world of finance. The central objective in financial markets is to maximize income for a given level of risk. Standard models for this are based on the premise that the probability of extreme variations of asset prices is very low.", "Biscuit. The Old French word bescuit is derived from the Latin words bis (twice) and coquere, coctus (to cook, cooked), and, hence, means \"twice-cooked\".[5][n 1] This is because biscuits were originally cooked in a twofold process: first baked, and then dried out in a slow oven.[6] This term was then adapted into English in the 14th century during the Middle Ages, in the Middle English word bisquite, to represent a hard, twice-baked product.[7] The Dutch language from around 1703 had adopted the word koekje (\"little cake\") to have a similar meaning for a similar hard, baked product.[8] The difference between the secondary Dutch word and that of Latin origin is that, whereas the koekje is a cake that rises during baking, the biscuit, which has no raising agent, in general does not (see gingerbread/ginger biscuit), except for the expansion of heated air during baking.[citation needed]", "Chaos theory. In 1963, Benoit Mandelbrot found recurring patterns at every scale in data on cotton prices.[48] Beforehand he had studied information theory and concluded noise was patterned like a Cantor set: on any scale the proportion of noise-containing periods to error-free periods was a constant – thus errors were inevitable and must be planned for by incorporating redundancy.[49] Mandelbrot described both the \"Noah effect\" (in which sudden discontinuous changes can occur) and the \"Joseph effect\" (in which persistence of a value can occur for a while, yet suddenly change afterwards).[50][51] This challenged the idea that changes in price were normally distributed. In 1967, he published \"How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension\", showing that a coastline's length varies with the scale of the measuring instrument, resembles itself at all scales, and is infinite in length for an infinitesimally small measuring device.[52] Arguing that a ball of twine appears as a point when viewed from far away (0-dimensional), a ball when viewed from fairly near (3-dimensional), or a curved strand (1-dimensional), he argued that the dimensions of an object are relative to the observer and may be fractional. An object whose irregularity is constant over different scales (\"self-similarity\") is a fractal (examples include the Menger sponge, the Sierpiński gasket, and the Koch curve or snowflake, which is infinitely long yet encloses a finite space and has a fractal dimension of circa 1.2619). In 1982 Mandelbrot published The Fractal Geometry of Nature, which became a classic of chaos theory.[53] Biological systems such as the branching of the circulatory and bronchial systems proved to fit a fractal model.[54]", "Sicily. The most well-known part of Sicilian cuisine is the rich sweet dishes including ice creams and pastries. Cannoli (singular: cannolo), a tube-shaped shell of fried pastry dough filled with a sweet filling usually containing ricotta cheese, is strongly associated with Sicily worldwide.[153] Biancomangiare, biscotti ennesi (cookies native to Enna), braccilatte (a Sicilian version of doughnuts), buccellato, ciarduna, pignoli, bruccellati, sesame seed cookies (a sweet confection with sesame seeds and almonds [torrone in Italy]) is cubbaita, frutta martorana, cassata, pignolata, granita, cuccidati (a variety of fig cookie; also known as buccellati) and cuccìa are some notable sweet dishes.[153]", "Zucchini. In Italy, zucchini is served in a variety of ways: fried, baked, boiled, or deep fried, alone or in combination with other ingredients. At home and in some restaurants, it is possible to eat the flowers, as well, deep-fried, known as fiori di zucca. (cf. Pumpkin flower fritter)", "Bisection. The envelope of the infinitude of area bisectors is a deltoid (broadly defined as a figure with three vertices connected by curves that are concave to the exterior of the deltoid, making the interior points a non-convex set).[11] The vertices of the deltoid are at the midpoints of the medians; all points inside the deltoid are on three different area bisectors, while all points outside it are on just one. [1] The sides of the deltoid are arcs of hyperbolas that are asymptotic to the extended sides of the triangle.[11] The ratio of the area of the envelope of area bisectors to the area of the triangle is invariant for all triangles, and equals \n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n4\n\n\n\n\nlog\n\ne\n\n\n⁡\n(\n2\n)\n−\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n,\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {3}{4}}\\log _{e}(2)-{\\tfrac {1}{2}},}\n\n i.e. 0.019860... or less than 2%.", "Pine nut. In Italian they are called pinoli (in the US they are often called pignoli, but in Italy pignolo is actually a word far more commonly used to describe a fussy, overly fastidious or extremely meticulous person)[12] and are an essential component of Italian pesto sauce; the upsurge in the popularity of this sauce since the 1990s has increased the visibility of the nut in America, primarily on the West Coast. Torta della nonna (literally \"granny's cake\") is a generic Italian dish name that in most families indicates an old family recipe for any kind of cake but often is used for a tart or a pie filled with custard, topped with pine nuts and optionally dusted with icing sugar. Pignoli cookies, an Italian American specialty confection (in Italy these would be called biscotti ai pinoli), are made of almond flour formed into a dough similar to that of a macaroon and then topped with pine nuts.", "Stock trader. These models rely on the assumption that asset price fluctuations are the result of a well-behaved random or stochastic process. This is why mainstream models (such as the famous Black-Scholes model) use normal probabilistic distributions to describe price movements. For all practical purposes, extreme variations can be ignored. Mandelbrot thought this was an awful way to look at financial markets. For him, the distribution of price movements is not normal and has the property of kurtosis, where fat tails abound. This is a more faithful representation of financial markets: the movements of the Dow index for the past hundred years reveals a troubling frequency of violent movements. Still, conventional models used by the time of the 2008 financial crisis ruled out these extreme variations and considered they can only happen every 10,000 years. An obvious conclusion from Mandelbrot’s work is that greater regulation in financial markets is indispensable. Other contributions of his work for the study of stock market behaviour are the creation of new approaches to evaluate risk and avoid unanticipated financial collapses.[6]", "Cubism. The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka’s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913),[17] writing of a new \"pure\" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.[4]", "Italian cuisine. Other regional specialities include cassoeula (a typical winter dish prepared with cabbage and pork), Cremona's Mostarda (rich condiment made with candied fruit and a mustard flavoured syrup), Valtellina's Bresaola (air-dried salted beef) and Pizzoccheri (a flat ribbon pasta, made with 80% buckwheat flour and 20% wheat flour cooked along with greens, cubed potatoes and layered with pieces of Valtellina Casera cheese) and Mantua's tortelli di zucca (ravioli with pumpkin filling) accompanied by melted butter and followed by turkey stuffed with chicken or other stewed meats.[57]", "Biscuit. Biscuits today can be savoury or sweet, but most are small at around 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter, and flat. The term biscuit also applies to sandwich-type biscuits, wherein a layer of \"creme\" or icing is sandwiched between two biscuits, such as the custard cream, or a layer of jam (as in biscuits which, in the United Kingdom, are known as \"Jammie Dodgers\")", "Italian cuisine. Squid and cuttlefish are common ingredients, as is squid ink, called nero di seppia.[76][77] Regional desserts include tiramisu (made of biscuits dipped in coffee, layered with a whipped mixture of egg yolks and mascarpone, and flavored with liquor and cocoa[78]), baicoli (biscuits made with butter and vanilla) and nougat.", "Italian Renaissance painting. In the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries, one workshop more than any other dominated the production of Madonnas. They were the della Robbia family, and they were not painters but modellers in clay. Luca della Robbia, famous for his cantoria gallery at the cathedral, was the first sculptor to use glazed terracotta for large sculptures. Many of the durable works of this family have survived. The skill of the della Robbias, particularly Andrea della Robbia, was to give great naturalism to the babies that they modelled as Jesus, and expressions of great piety and sweetness to the Madonna. They were to set a standard to be emulated by other artists of Florence.", "Whoopie pie. The whoopie pie (alternatively called a black moon, gob [term indigenous to the Pittsburgh region], black-and-white, bob, or \"BFO\" for Big Fat Oreo [also recorded as \"Devil Dogs\" and \"Twins\" in 1835[1]][dubious – discuss]) is a US baked product that may be considered either a cookie, pie or cake. It is made of two round mound-shaped pieces of chocolate cake, or sometimes pumpkin or gingerbread cake, with a sweet, creamy filling or frosting sandwiched between them.[2]", "Dessert. Biscuits, (from the Old French word bescuit originally meaning twice-baked in Latin,[17][n 1] also known as \"cookies\" in North America, are flattish bite-sized or larger short pastries generally intended to be eaten out of the hand. Biscuits can have a texture that is crispy, chewy, or soft. Examples include layered bars, crispy meringues, and soft chocolate chip cookies.", "Syllable. The syllable is usually considered right-branching, i.e. nucleus and coda are grouped together as a \"rime\" and are only distinguished at the second level.", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. But Hideaki Hirano argues differently, quoting Mandelbrot:[100]" ]

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[ "Oracle. The Delphic Oracle exerted considerable influence throughout Hellenic culture. Distinctively, this female was essentially the highest authority both civilly and religiously in male-dominated ancient Greece. She responded to the questions of citizens, foreigners, kings, and philosophers on issues of political impact, war, duty, crime, laws—even personal issues.[8]", "Pythia. The Pythia was established at the latest in the 8th century BC,[3] and was widely credited for her prophecies inspired by being filled by the spirit of the god (or enthusiasmos), in this case Apollo. The Pythian priestess emerged pre-eminent by the end of 7th century BC and would continue to be consulted until the 4th century AD.[4] During this period the Delphic Oracle was the most prestigious and authoritative oracle among the Greeks, and she was without doubt the most powerful woman of the classical world. The oracle is one of the best-documented religious institutions of the classical Greeks. Authors who mention the oracle include Aeschylus, Aristotle, Clement of Alexandria, Diodorus, Diogenes, Euripides, Herodotus, Julian, Justin, Livy, Lucan, Nepos, Ovid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Plutarch, Sophocles, Strabo, Thucydides and Xenophon.", "Delphi. The Delphic Oracle exerted considerable influence throughout the Greek world, and she was consulted before all major undertakings including wars and the founding of colonies.[34] She also was respected by the Greek-influenced countries around the periphery of the Greek world, such as Lydia, Caria, and even Egypt.", "Oracle. The most important oracles of Greek antiquity were Pythia, priestess to Apollo at Delphi, and the oracle of Dione and Zeus at Dodona in Epirus. Other temples of Apollo were located at Didyma on the coast of Asia Minor, at Corinth and Bassae in the Peloponnese, and at the islands of Delos and Aegina in the Aegean Sea.", "Oracle. It became the second most important oracle in ancient Greece, which later was dedicated to Zeus and to Heracles during the classical period of Greece. At Dodona Zeus was worshipped as Zeus Naios or Naos (god of springs Naiads, from a spring which existed under the oak), and Zeus Bouleos (cancellor). Priestesses and priests interpreted the rustling of the oak leaves to determine the correct actions to be taken. The oracle was shared by Dione and Zeus.", "Apollo. Apollo had a famous oracle in Delphi, and other notable ones in Clarus and Branchidae. His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis, where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus (Ἀπόλλων Ἀβαῖος, Apollon Abaios), was important enough to be consulted by Croesus.[97] His oracular shrines include:", "Oracle. The temple was changed to a centre for the worship of Apollo during the classical period of Greece and priests were added to the temple organization—although the tradition regarding prophecy remained unchanged—and the priestesses continued to provide the services of the oracle exclusively. It is from this institution that the English word, oracle, is derived[citation needed].", "Gaia. Gaia is believed by some sources[31] to be the original deity behind the Oracle at Delphi. It was thus said: \"That word spoken from tree-clad mother Gaia's (Earth's) navel-stone [Delphoi].\"[32]\nDepending on the source, Gaia passed her powers on to Poseidon, Apollo, or Themis. \nPausanias wrote:", "Delphi. Delphi is perhaps best known for its oracle, the Pythia, the sibyl or priestess at the sanctuary dedicated to Apollo. According to Aeschylus in the prologue of the Eumenides, the oracle had origins in prehistoric times and the worship of Gaea, a view echoed by H.W. Parke.[25]", "Delphi. The oracle was also known to the early Romans. Rome's seventh and last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, after witnessing a snake near his palace, sent a delegation including two of his sons to consult the oracle.[35]", "Pythia. The Pythia (/ˈpɪθiə/,[1] Ancient Greek: Πῡθίᾱ [pyːˈtʰi.aː]) was the name of the high priestess of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi who also served as the oracle, commonly known as the Oracle of Delphi.", "Apollo. The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood, and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration-prophecy existed in the temple. This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries, according to the local tradition. In that regard, the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin, with her ecstatic art, looks unrelated to the oracle itself.[82] However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.[83]", "Oracle. In classical antiquity, an oracle was a person or agency considered to provide wise and insightful counsel or prophetic predictions or precognition of the future, inspired by the gods. As such it is a form of divination.", "Trance. The Oracle at Delphi was also famous for trances in the ancient Greek world; priestesses there would make predictions about the future in exchange for gold.", "Oracle. Dodona was another oracle devoted to the Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione. The shrine of Dodona was the oldest Hellenic oracle, according to the fifth-century historian Herodotus and in fact dates to pre-Hellenic times, perhaps as early as the second millennium BC when the tradition probably spread from Egypt. Zeus displaced the Mother goddess and assimilated her as Aphrodite.", "Delphi. Delphi (/ˈdɛlfaɪ, ˈdɛlfi/; Greek: Δελφοί [ðelˈfi])[1], formerly also called Pytho (Πυθώ), is famous as the ancient sanctuary that grew rich as the seat of Pythia, the oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. Moreover, the Greeks considered Delphi the navel (or centre) of the world, as represented by the stone monument known as the Omphalos of Delphi.", "Oracle. In Greece the old oracles were devoted to the Mother Goddess[citation needed]. At the oracle of Dodona she will be called Diōnē (the feminine form of Diós, genitive of PDyaeus; or of dīos, \"godly\", literally \"heavenly\"), who represents the earth-fertile soil, probably the chief female goddess of the PIE pantheon. Python, daughter (or son) of Gaia was the earth dragon of Delphi represented as a serpent and became the chthonic deity, enemy of Apollo, who slew her and possessed the oracle.[5]", "Zeus. The oracle of Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before Alexander's day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: Herodotus mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the Persian War. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at Sparta, where a temple to him existed by the time of the Peloponnesian War.[63]", "Oracle. The Pythia was the mouthpiece of the oracles of the god Apollo.[7]", "Oracle. The word oracle comes from the Latin verb ōrāre \"to speak\" and properly refers to the priest or priestess uttering the prediction. In extended use, oracle may also refer to the site of the oracle, and to the oracular utterances themselves, called khrēsmoi (χρησμοί) in Greek.", "Gaia (mythology). Gaia is believed by some sources[24] to be the original deity behind the Oracle at Delphi. Depending on the source, Gaia passed her powers on to Poseidon, Apollo, or Themis. Apollo is the best-known as the oracle power behind Delphi, long established by the time of Homer, having killed Gaia's child Python there and usurped the chthonic power. Hera punished Apollo for this by sending him to King Admetus as a shepherd for nine years.[citation needed]", "Oracle. Near the Menestheus's port or Menesthei Portus (Greek: Μενεσθέως λιμήν), modern El Puerto de Santa María, Spain, was the Oracle of Menestheus (Greek: Μαντεῖον τοῦ Μενεσθέως), to whom, also, the inhabitants of Gades offered sacrifices.[16][17]", "Zeus. Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to Apollo, the heroes, or various goddesses like Themis, a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In addition, some foreign oracles, such as Baʿal's at Heliopolis, were associated with Zeus in Greek or Jupiter in Latin.", "Pythia. According to earlier myths,[19] the office of the oracle was initially possessed by the goddesses Themis and Phoebe, and the site was initially sacred to Gaia. Subsequently, it was believed to be sacred to Poseidon, the \"Earth-shaker\" god of earthquakes. During the Greek Dark Age, from the 11th to the 9th century BC,[20] a new god of prophecy, Apollo, allegedly seized the temple and expelled the twin guardian serpents of Gaia, whose bodies he wrapped around the caduceus. Later myths stated that Phoebe or Themis had \"given\" the site to Apollo, rationalizing its seizure by priests of the new god, but presumably, having to retain the priestesses of the original oracle because of the long tradition. Apparently Poseidon was mollified by the gift of a new site in Troizen.", "Oracle. Trophonius was an oracle at Lebadea of Boeotia devoted to the chthonian Zeus Trophonius. Trophonius is derived from the Greek word \"trepho\" (nourish) and he was a Greek hero, or demon or god. Demeter-Europa was his nurse.[13] Europa (in Greek: broad-eyes) was a Phoenician princess whom Zeus, having transformed himself into a white bull, abducted and carried to Creta, and is equated with Astarte as a moon goddess by ancient sources.[14] Some scholars connect Astarte with the Minoan snake goddess, whose cult as Aphrodite spread from Creta to Greece.[15]", "Apollo. Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality.[96] Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called \"theological oracles\", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. \"In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359–361) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed.\"[7]", "Ancient Egyptian religion. The Egyptians used oracles to ask the gods for knowledge or guidance. Egyptian oracles are known mainly from the New Kingdom and afterward, though they probably appeared much earlier. People of all classes, including the king, asked questions of oracles, and, especially in the late New Kingdom their answers could be used to settle legal disputes or inform royal decisions.[86] The most common means of consulting an oracle was to pose a question to the divine image while it was being carried in a festival procession, and interpret an answer from the barque's movements. Other methods included interpreting the behavior of cult animals, drawing lots, or consulting statues through which a priest apparently spoke. The means of discerning the god's will gave great influence to the priests who spoke and interpreted the god's message.[87]", "ORACLE (computer). [Oak Ridge National] Laboratory engineers assisted Argonne [National Laboratory] during the early 1950s in design and fabrication of the Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine. Its name was selected with reference to a lyrical acronym from Greek mythology—ORACLE, defined as 'a shrine in which a deity reveals hidden knowledge.'", "Oracle. In ancient India, the oracle was known as Akashwani or Ashareera vani (a person without body or unseen) or Asariri (Tamil), literally meaning \"voice from the sky\" and was related to the message of god. Oracles played key roles in many of the major incidents of the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. An example is that Kamsa (or Kansa), the evil uncle of lord Krishna, was informed by an oracle that the eighth son of his sister Devaki would kill him. However, there are no references in any Indian literature of the oracle being a specific person.", "Pythia. The other officiants associated with the oracle are less well known. These are the hosioi (\"ὅσιοι\", \"holy ones\") and the prophētai (\"προφῆται\", singular prophētēs). Prophētēs is the origin of the English word \"prophet\", but a better translation of the Greek word might be \"one who speaks on behalf of another person.\" The prophetai are referred to in literary sources, but their function is unclear; it has been suggested that they interpreted the Pythia's prophecies, or even reformatted her utterances into verse, but it has also been argued that the term prophētēs is a generic reference to any cult officials of the sanctuary, including the Pythia.[35] There were five hosioi, whose responsibilities are unknown, but may have been involved in some manner with the operation of the oracle.", "Oracle. The Pythia was not conceived to be infallible and in fact, according to Sourvinou-Inwood in What is Polis Religion?, the ancient Greeks were aware of this and concluded the unknowability of the divine. In this way, the ‘revelations’ of the Oracles were not seen as ‘objective’ truth (as they consulted many) [see: Hyp. 4. 14-15]. The Pythia only gave prophecies the seventh day of each month, seven being the number most associated with Apollo, during the nine warmer months of the year; thus, Delphi was the major source of divination for the ancient Greeks. Many wealthy individuals bypassed the hordes of people attempting a consultation by making additional animal sacrifices to please the oracle lest their request go unanswered. As a result, seers were the main source of everyday divination.", "Pythia. There are also many later stories of the origins of the Delphic Oracle. One late explanation, which is first related by the 1st century BC writer, Diodorus Siculus, tells of a goat herder named Coretas, who noticed one day that one of his goats, who fell into a crack in the earth, was behaving strangely. On entering the chasm, he found himself filled with a divine presence and could see outside of the present into the past and the future. Excited by his discovery he shared it with nearby villagers. Many started visiting the site to experience the convulsions and inspirational trances, though some were said to disappear into the cleft due to their frenzied state.[17] A shrine was erected at the site, where people began worshiping in the late Bronze Age, by 1600 BC. After the deaths of a number of men, the villagers chose a single young woman as the liaison for the divine inspirations. Eventually she spoke on behalf of gods.[18]" ]

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[ "Hugh Brannum. Hugh Brannum (January 5, 1910 – April 19, 1987) was an American vocalist, arranger, composer, and actor best known for his role as Mr. Green Jeans on the children's television show Captain Kangaroo. During his days with Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians, he used his childhood nickname \"Lumpy\".[1]", "Hugh Brannum. Aside from Mr. Green Jeans, Brannum played a number of characters on Captain Kangaroo from 1955 to 1984, including the Professor, Greeno the Clown, the New Old Folk Singer, and Mr. Bainter the Painter. His role as Mr. Green Jeans was partly based on stories about a farm kid named \"Little Orley\" that he told with the Fred Waring orchestra, on the radio and on 78-rpm records under the pseudonym \"Uncle Lumpy\". According to Bob Keeshan, Mr. Green Jeans was an extension of Brannum's real personality. The shows were performed before a live audience. During one episode of Captain Kangaroo, a lion cub bit Brannum's finger and drew blood. Brannum stuck his bleeding hand into his pocket and never broke character for the remainder of the episode.[2][5][6]", "Hugh Brannum. Mr. Green Jeans earned his moniker from his distinctive apparel, a pair of farmer's overalls (later, jeans and a denim jacket) in his signature green (although, since the show was broadcast in black-and-white for much of its run, this was lost on viewers). He was a talented and inquisitive handyman who provided assistance at the Treasure House. He frequently visited the Captain with the latest addition to his menagerie of zoo animals.", "Captain Kangaroo. The show was conceived and the title character was played by Bob Keeshan, who based the show on \"the warm relationship between grandparents and children\". Keeshan had portrayed the original Clarabell the Clown on The Howdy Doody Show when it aired on NBC. Captain Kangaroo had a loose structure, built around life in the \"Treasure House\" (later known as \"The Captain's Place\") where the Captain (the name \"kangaroo\" came from the big pockets in his coat) would tell stories, meet guests, and indulge in silly stunts with regular characters, both humans and puppets. Keeshan performed as the Captain more than 9,000 times over the nearly 30-year run of the show.[4]", "Captain Kangaroo. Favorite characters on the show were Grandfather Clock (voiced by Cosmo Allegretti), Rollo the Hippo, and Dancing Bear. Dancing Bear was mute and only appeared in short subject features. He often danced waltzes to background music.", "Mr. Moose. Mr. Moose was a puppet character on the children's television show Captain Kangaroo.", "Captain Kangaroo. In 2011, the trademark for Captain Kangaroo was acquired by the Cashin Comedy Co.[14] In a blog, the Captain is portrayed by Pat Cashin, an entertainer and professional clown.[15] Cashin died unexpectedly at the age of 48, leaving the rights to the character with his estate.", "Tiswas. Semi-regulars were dwarf actor David Rappaport who played characters such as 'Green Nigel' (in a pastiche of BBC programme Blue Peter) and the Fonz-like 'Shades', Emil Wolk and puppeteer Trevor James with a giant parrot, presumably to fill the void left by Bob Carolgees.", "Arthur Brough. One of the first jobs Brough did away from the stage was the film The Green Man with Alastair Sim, in which he played the landlord of the eponymous hotel. He had a minor role opposite Jayne Mansfield in The Challenge (1960), and made guest appearances in TV shows such as Upstairs, Downstairs (Episode 3.2), Dad's Army, Z-Cars, The Persuaders, Adam Adamant Lives!, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) and Jason King. He also continued to appear in theatrical productions, including Half a Sixpence (1967), playing a shopkeeper. The Folkestone Rep continued until 1969 before closing at the time that Brough's wife Elizabeth began to suffer ill-health.", "Kevin Clash. When he was nineteen, Clash became a puppeteer for Captain Kangaroo, initially as a guest performer, in which he also made occasional on-camera appearances. The producers of Captain Kangaroo used some of Clash's puppet creations for the show.[15][16] In 1984, Clash had to turn down Henson's offer to work on his film The Dark Crystal because he was working on two TV shows at the same time, Captain Kangaroo and Love's syndicated program The Great Space Coaster, in which he was producer for the first time.[17][18][19]", "Captain Kangaroo. The Red & Blue shorts from Italy were also shown.", "Dennis Haysbert. Haysbert was the first actor to portray DC Comics character Kilowog, a member of the Green Lantern Corps, in a medium outside of comics. He provided the voice of Kilowog on various episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited. On March 4, 2006, Haysbert guest starred on the Saturday Night Live episode hosted by Natalie Portman as the host of a live action/animated TV Funhouse cartoon called \"Belated Black History Moment\". In his role, Haysbert paid homage to fictional short-lived Saturday morning cartoons featuring black characters, such as Ladysmith Black Mambazo in Outer Space. He also portrayed Nelson Mandela in Goodbye Bafana (also released under the name The Color of Freedom). Haysbert portrayed the lead character Jonas Blane in the CBS action-drama The Unit. He hosted and narrated the Military History Channel presentation of Secrets of Pearl Harbor, which documented his scuba dives with a film team on World War II-era Japanese and American warships in the Pacific Theater. In March 2013, Haysbert narrated the documentary The World According to Dick Cheney on the Showtime television channel. In 2015, Haysbert played Detective John Almond in Backstrom.", "Captain Kangaroo. The cast of Captain Kangaroo also hosted the CBS coverage of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade for several years in the 1960s.", "Matt Robinson (actor). Other post-Sesame Street work included writing episodes for Sanford and Son, The Waltons and Eight Is Enough, and writing and producing for Captain Kangaroo, a children's television series on CBS that aired from 1955 to 1984.", "Captain Kangaroo. In 1997–1998, a rebooted series titled The All New Captain Kangaroo was created by Saban Entertainment and executive produced by Eric S. Rollman, who also served as President of Saban and Fox Family Productions. John McDonough played the Captain on this version, which was shot in Tampa, Florida. Keeshan was invited to appear as a special guest called \"The Admiral\", but declined. It ran for one season in syndication and inspired a spin-off show, Mister Moose's Fun Time; it served as the centerpiece for a programming block on the then newly launched The Family Channel, and Fox Kids Network (1997-1998), and Fox Family Channel, and Fox Kids (1998-2000, half-owned by Saban), dubbed Captain Kangaroo's Treasure House, from 1997 to 2000; the block also featured reruns of Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends and Magic Adventures of Mumfie.", "Captain Kangaroo. For the first three months, Captain Kangaroo was only seen on weekday mornings. From then until 1968, the show was also seen on Saturday mornings, except in the 1964-1965 season, when it was replaced by a Keeshan vehicle called Mr. Mayor. After 1968, the show was again seen only on weekdays. Except for pre-emption by news or special events, notably the four-day continuous coverage which followed the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, and a few shows that were 45 minutes, the show aired a full 60 minutes on weekday mornings until 1981. It was broadcast in color from September 9, 1966 onward. The time slot for the show was 8:00 to 9:00 am EST.", "Michael Dunn (actor). In the pilot episode of the Mel Brooks and Buck Henry television spy spoof Get Smart, Dunn showed his skill with comic farce as the well-heeled gangster Mr. Big, leader of international crime organization K.A.O.S. (September 18, 1965). Dunn featured as Alexander, a courageous court jester, in the Star Trek episode \"Plato's Stepchildren\" (November 22, 1968). (Alexander caps his solo about the Greek god Pan with a guttural, onomatopoeic quotation—\"brekekekex, koax, koax\"—from the Aristophanes comedy, The Frogs, written in about 405 B.C.) He also appeared in an episode of Bonanza, \"It's A Small World\" (January 4, 1970), portraying a recently widowed circus performer trying to start a new life and as a killer clown in the Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea episode 'The Wax Men.\"", "Captain Kangaroo. Beginning in 1974 and continuing throughout the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s, the show opened with different people wishing the Captain \"good morning\". Many of the openings featured noncelebrities, but some featured stars from TV shows, most of which broadcast over CBS, such as The Bob Newhart Show, The Price is Right, Match Game, M*A*S*H, Alice, and One Day at a Time, as well as characters with a connection to another network; including William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, dressed as Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock, characters from the Peanuts cartoons, Big Bird from Sesame Street, and Fred Rogers from Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. The montage of \"good mornings\" always ended with the Captain himself returning the greeting before the opening credits ran.", "Shadow play. Richard Bradshaw is a famous Australian shadow puppeteer. His character Super Kangaroo is just one in his varied repertoire.[54] The skill of Bradshaw has been featured in television programs made by Jim Henson.", "John Mills. Mills starred in The Green Cockatoo (1937) directed by William Cameron Menzies. He appeared as Colley in the hugely popular 1939 film version of Goodbye, Mr Chips, opposite Robert Donat.", "Hugh Brannum. Before his time on Captain Kangaroo, he hosted a local children's TV series called Uncle Lumpy's Cabin, seen weekday mornings on WABC-TV in New York City during the 1951 season.[1]", "List of Blue's Clues characters. Tyrese is Purple Kangaroo's male owner of African American decent. In the \"Blue's Big Holiday\", he along with Purple Kangaroo celebrate Kwanzaa. He wears a bright yellow shirt with his sleeves rolled up and a pair of dark brown pants; just like Sam and Wynonna, he only appears in one episode. Tyrese is portrayed by Tyrese Gibson.", "William Schallert. Schallert also appeared in several movies. One of his early cinematic roles was a brief uncredited performance as a police detective in The Reckless Moment (1949) with Joan Bennett and James Mason. He had roles in The Man from Planet X (1951) with Robert Clarke, The Tarnished Angels (1958) with Robert Stack, Blue Denim (1959) with Brandon deWilde, Pillow Talk (1959) with Doris Day and Rock Hudson, Speedway (1968) with Elvis Presley, The Jerk (1979) with Steve Martin, Teachers (1984) with Nick Nolte, and Innerspace (1987), in which he played Martin Short's doctor. Schallert also played (uncredited) an ambulance attendant in the early minutes of the 1950s sci-fi classic Them! (1954). He was a founding member of the Circle Players at The Circle Theatre, started in 1946, now known as El Centro Theatre.[citation needed]", "Captain Kangaroo. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975 to 1977.[10] Some well-known songs would be interpreted by puppet characters, such songs as \"Minute Waltz\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"On the Good Ship Lollipop\", \"Yellow Submarine\", \"I Love Onions\", et.al. The show also introduced young viewers to actual rock songs, accompanied by proper film or videotaped footage or puppet action, with such songs as \"I'm A Train\" (Albert Hammond), \"Celebrate\" (Kool and the Gang), \"Private Eyes\" (Daryl Hall & John Oates), et.al. On the first show of every month, the Captain had a birthday cake for all of the children with birthdays that month.", "Captain Kangaroo. Keeshan also had a recurring role as the Town Clown, a pantomime piece that took place in and around the exposed wagon home of a tramp-like circus clown. Like the character Clarabelle that he played on Howdy Doody, the Town Clown never spoke.", "Peter Greene. Greene worked with director Jordan Alan twice: once on the film Kiss and Tell, a dark comic turn and then again four years later in The Gentleman Bandit (aka Gentleman B). After Greene's arrests in 1998 for drug related crimes, Alan had to put the actor through rehab to get him through the second film and eventually, after coming upon Greene doing heroin with Mike Starr, he was forced to replace Greene's voice because of the vocal problems caused by drugs. Despite these problems, Mr. Alan vouched for Greene to producer Tobe Jaffe for the movie Blue Streak, in which Greene played Martin Lawrence's nemesis.", "The Red Green Show. The title character of The Red Green Show, Red (Steve Smith) is the leader of Possum Lodge and a self-proclaimed handyman who is constantly extolling the virtues of duct tape (\"the handyman's secret weapon\"). He is married to Bernice Green and does not have any children. He is seldom seen without his trademark red-and-green suspenders and Canadian military field maneuvers cap.[5][6]", "Kangaroo. Kangaroos are well represented in films, television, books, toys and souvenirs around the world. Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was the star of the popular 1960s Australian children’s television series of the same name. Kangaroos are featured in the Rolf Harris song Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport and several Christmas carols.", "Cowboy (M*A*S*H). Guest cast is Billy Green Bush as John Hodges, the Cowboy, Patrick Adiarte as Ho-Jon, Timothy Brown as Spearchucker Jones, Mike Robello as the cook, Jean Powell as a nurse, Joe Corey as Goldstein, and John Orchard Capt. 'Ugly John' Black.", "Peter Greene. Peter Greene (born Peter Green; October 8, 1965) is an American character actor, generally known for playing villains.", "The Comedy Company. Many well-known national and international stars appeared as guests throughout the series including : Julian Lennon, INXS, Kylie Minogue, Jason Donovan and Sigrid Thornton. Con the Fruiterer, played by Mark Mitchell on one episode even met the then Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, on the show.", "David Jason. Jason started his television career in 1964 playing the part of Bert Bradshaw in Crossroads.[1] In 1967, he played spoof super-hero Captain Fantastic, among other roles, in the children's comedy series Do Not Adjust Your Set (Rediffusion London/ITV) with Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Denise Coffey, and Michael Palin. Humphrey Barclay, who recruited Jason to appear in Do Not Adjust Your Set (partly to offset the rather intellectual style of Idle, Jones, and Palin), admired his sense of timing. The programme ended in 1969, and the character then appeared for a time in the Thames Television children's programme Magpie." ]

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[ "Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali. The Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) (Hindi: नानो-विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान) Mohali (Punjab) is an autonomous institution of Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India under the Society Registration Act, 1960.[1] Under the umbrella of National Mission on Nano Science and Technology (NANO MISSION),[2] which aims to promote growth and outreach of nanoscience and technology to benefit the country, INST[3] has been set up to undertake research and generate products/devices and technology in the area of Nanoscience and Technology.[4] INST has started its operations from January 2013, under the directorship of Professor Ashok K Ganguli.[5] The institute aims to carry out research in the diverse and rapidly growing areas of nanoscience and technology with specific emphasis on the following areas: agricultural nanotechnology, sensors, medical nanotechnology, microfluidics based technologies, nanotechnology based solutions for energy and environment, nanobiotechnology.[5]", "PGC Punjab College of Engineering and Technology (PCET). Nano-Research Laboratory: The institute has a Nano-Research Laboratory with Ref. 600 Potentiostat system, Keithley Source Meter, electrodeposition cell, Autoclave, and advanced software’s etc. The lab is funded by DST Govt. of India, New Delhi and co-funded by Punjab College of Engg. & Technology.", "Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali. Land for setting up the state of the art laboratories at permanent campus of INST has been allotted by Punjab Government. In the next 3 to 4 years the new building will be ready. The site is adjacent to Indian Institute of Science and Education (IISER) in Sector 81, Mohali.", "Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali. The Institute of Nano Science and Technology is managed by a Board of Governors, composed of academicians, researchers and administrators and headed (chairman) by Professor CNR Rao of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore.[5] Professor Ashok K Ganguli is the first director of INST and taken his charge from 3 January 2013.[5]", "Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali. Institute of Nano Science and Technology aims to cover basic research addressing the diverse aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology.[6] The major thrust areas which INST intends to explore will be the following: Agricultural nanotechnology, sensors, medical nanotechnology, microfluidics based technologies, nanotechnology based solutions for energy and environment, nanobiotechnology.", "Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali. Presently, INST has the transit campus at the Habitat Centre in Sector – 64, Phase - 10, Mohali, Punjab. Under the Directorship of Prof. Ashok K Ganguli (appointed 3 January 2013) the institute has started its operations (administration and research) in the above campus from January 2013.[5]", "Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur. Entrepreneurship Development Cell of IIEST Shibpur organises Scintillations, the annual E-Summit of IIEST Shibpur.", "Swami Ramananda Tirtha Institute of Science & Technology. Swami Ramananda Tirtha Institute of Science & Technology (SRTIST) is the first engineering college established in the district of Nalgonda. It is located in Ramananda Nagar, Sagar road, Nalgonda, India. It is 13 km from Nalgonda railway station. The college is affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.", "National Institute of Technology Mizoram. National Institute of Technology Mizoram, also known as NIT Mizoram or NITMZ, is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology in India. It is situated in Aizawl, Mizoram. NIT Mizoram was one of the ten new NITS established by the Ministry Of Human Resources Development, Govt. of India vide its order no. F. 23-13-2009-TS-III Dated 30 October 2009 and 3 March 2010.", "Jamia Millia Islamia. The mission of this centre is to promote forefront basic and applied research in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with potential applications towards fulfilling national strategic needs. The main research focus of the centre includes nano-fabrication and nano-device, nano-materials and nano-structures, nano-biotechnology and nano-medicine, nano-structure characterization and measurements.", "Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. JNCASR has a faculty-to-student ratio of about 1:4 and state-of-the-art experimental, computational and infrastructural facilities. It offers Ph.D. programmes, as well as an Integrated Ph.D. (post-bachelor's degree) programme in Materials Science. It is a \"deemed university\", i.e., it awards its own degrees.", "National Institute of Technology Mizoram. In view of the above NIT Mizoram was started in the year 2010 in the state of Mizoram with an objective to impart education, research & training leading to B.Tech, M.Tech, M.Sc. & PhD. degrees. This institute has been declared as an Institute of National Importance by an Act of Parliament. Here the students are admitted through All India Entrance Exam- Joint Entrance Exam (JEE Main).", "National Institute of Science Education and Research. The campus has been built on 298 acres of land and houses both academic and residential complexes. The academic complex consists of a total built up area of 72700 m2 spread in 11 buildings, major amongst which are the Administrative block, Schools of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology and Humanities and Social Sciences, Library, Auditorium and Meditation Centre. The residential township has a built up area of 102000 m2 comprising nine buildings for hostels, adequate numbers of faculty and staff quarters and one Director’s bungalow.", "National Institute of Technology Delhi. The National Institute Of Technology Delhi (abbreviated NIT Delhi or NITD) is a public engineering institution located in Delhi, India. It has been declared as an Institute of National Importance by an act of Parliament of India.[1] It is one of the top most NITs among total 31 National Institutes of Technology in India.[2]", "National Institutes of Technology. The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are autonomous public institutes of higher education, located in India. They are governed by the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007, which declared them as institutions of national importance alongside Indian Institutes of Technology. These institutes of national importance receive special recognition from the Government of India. The NIT Council is the supreme governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system and all 31 NITs are funded by the Government of India. These institutes are among the top ranked engineering colleges in India and have one of the lowest acceptance rates for engineering institutes, of around 2 to 3 percent, second only to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) in India. All NITs are autonomous which enables them to set up their own curriculum. The language of instruction is English at all these institutes.[1][2]", "National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) performs research in nanotechnology, both through internal research efforts and by running a user-accessible cleanroom nanomanufacturing facility. This \"NanoFab\" is equipped with tools for lithographic patterning and imaging (e.g., electron microscopes and atomic force microscopes).", "National Institute of Science Education and Research. The National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER)(Odia: ଜାତୀୟ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଏବଂ ଗବେଷଣା ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନ) is a research institution in Jatani (Khordha) Odisha, India. The Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh (2004-2014) laid the foundation stone on August 28, 2006, establishing the institute along the lines of the IISc in Bangalore, and its seven sister institutions, the IISERs, established at Pune, Mohali, Kolkata, Bhopal, Brahmapur, Tirupati and Thiruvananthapuram in India.[8]", "Indian Science Congress Association. The 101st edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Jammu starting from February 3, 2014 to February 8.[3]", "Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) was established in 2010 by a resolution of the Government of India on June 17, 2010[2] and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act, 2011 notified on April 3, 2012, as an 'Institution of National Importance', with an aim of furtherance of advancement of learning and research in the field of Science & Technology and their interfaces in association with Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India.[3]", "Science and technology in India. Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Dr. Meghnad Saha's blessings,[40] Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the historical aim of the INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned people to exchange ideas and further science.", "Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur. IIEST Shibpur has on-campus residential facilities for students, research scholars, faculty and staff.", "Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering and Technology. Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering and Technology (BHSBIET) is a brain-child of the Government of Punjab. It was established in 2005.", "S B Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research. S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research (SBJITMR), formerly known as S B Jain College of Engineering , is a college in Nagpur, India. It was established in 2008 by the Shantilal Badjate Charitable Trust. The institute is sanctioned by AICTE in New Delhi, DTE in Mumbai, and is partnered to Nagpur University.", "Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. Apart from training its own students through a wide spectrum of courses, JNCASR actively supports a range of education outreach activities. For example, every year the centre's Summer Research Fellowship programme hosts some of the very brightest undergraduates in the country; the Educational Technology Unit produces a range of teaching aids and educational material; the centre also organises and teaches short-term courses at universities across India; and promising young chemists and biologists are trained intensively as part of the programmes of Project-Oriented-Chemical-Education (POCE) and Project-Oriented-Biological-Education (POBE).", "Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur. Notable members of the faculty include:", "Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research. Established in 2011 as an ‘Institution of National Importance’ (interim operations started in June, 2010), the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) will impart instruction and provide research opportunities in areas that are not routinely taught in academic universities in India.", "Science and technology in Pakistan. Scientists who are awarded the highest hierarchy of Pakistan, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Order of Excellence).", "National Institute of Technology Mizoram. The institute has the following departments:[6]", "National Institute of Science Education and Research. The National Entrance Screening Test or NEST[10] is a compulsory test for admission to the 5-year Integrated MSc programme in basic sciences - Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics - at National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar and University of Mumbai - Department of Atomic Energy Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Mumbai. Both NISER and CBS are autonomous institutions established by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, in 2007.", "National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources. The National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), located at New Delhi, India, is an information science institute in India founded in 2002. It operates under the umbrella of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) that comprise 38 other labs and institutes in India. The institute provides the Associateship in Information Science (AIS) Degree.", "National Institute of Science Education and Research. NISER has been included in the list of a selected few institutions where students directly qualify to receive a scholarship under the Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) category of the INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research)[11] programme launched by Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.", "Science and technology in Pakistan. Scientists who are conferred with second highest honored, the Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Order of Crescent)." ]

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[ "Toto (Oz). In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Baum did not specifically state Toto's breed, but describes him as \"a little black dog (male although he was played by a female dog in the 1939 MGM movie) with long silky hair and small black eyes that twinkled merrily on either side of his funny, wee nose\". However, from the illustrations in the first book many have concluded that he is a Cairn Terrier while others believe he is a Yorkshire Terrier as this breed was very popular at the time and it fits the illustration quite well. In subsequent books he becomes a Boston Terrier for reasons that are never explained, but then resumes the earlier look in later books.", "Cairn Terrier. Terry, the dog that played Toto in the 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, was a brindle Cairn terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a resident of Wichita has begun a drive to make the Cairn terrier the official dog of Kansas.[10] Terry also had a role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes, and 12 other films.", "Toto (Oz). Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. The name is pronounced with a long \"O\", a homophone of \"toe toe\". The dog was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of the Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939), The Wiz (1978) and Return to Oz (1985).", "List of Oz characters. Toto is Dorothy's pet scruffy dog, and appears in most of the books she does, beginning with The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Due to his appearance in the 1939 film, he has often been ranked near the top of list of on-screen canine characters.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone. Dorothy Gale lives with her dog, Toto, on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farm. Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch, when he bites her. However, Dorothy's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles. Miss Gulch arrives with an order from the sheriff allowing her to take Toto, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who, fearing that Miss Gulch will return, decides to run away from home.", "Terry (dog). Terry (November 17, 1933 – September 1, 1945) was a female Cairn Terrier performer who appeared in 16 different movies, most famously as Toto in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz. It was her only credited role, though she was credited not as Terry but as Toto.[1] She was owned and trained by Carl Spitz.", "Wizard of Oz (character). In The Wizard of Oz, The Wizard's character is similar to that found in the earlier books: a bumbling \"humbug.\" He was played by actor Frank Morgan who also played several other roles in the movie including Professor Marvel (the mysterious traveling fortune-teller who Dorothy meets in Kansas with a horse named Sylvester), the Doorman at the Emerald City, the Guard at the Gates to the Wizard's Castle, and the Coachman whose transport is drawn by \"The Horse of a Different Color\". His face was also presumably used as the projected image of the Wizard. Like Dorothy, the Wizard himself hails from Kansas, proudly stating that he is \"an old Kansas man myself, born and bred in the heart of the Western Wilderness.\" In the film, the Wizard is seen only as a floating head and as a human, not in any of the other shapes that he appears in the book.", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy has several other pets, including her white/pink/purple kitten, Eureka. Popular in crossword puzzles is Dorothy's cow, Imogene, from the 1902 stage version, and is implied, though unnamed, in the 1910 film. Eric Shanower's novel, The Giant Garden of Oz, features a cow named Imogene.", "Lost In Oz (TV series). After being transported from Kansas to Oz on a magical tornado, twelve-year-old Dorothy Gale finds herself lost in a strange new land with her trusty dog Toto. With the help of some new Ozian friends, Dorothy and Toto begin their search for the magic they need to get back home.", "Land of Oz. The treatment of non-native animals was inconsistent. In the first book, the dog Toto never speaks, although brought to Oz; in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, Dorothy specifies that he cannot speak because he is not a fairy dog. However, in Ozma of Oz, the chicken Billina acquires speech merely by being swept to the lands near Oz, and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, the same is true of the kitten Eureka and the cab horse Jim when reaching the land of Mangaboos, a similarly magical land. In Tik-Tok of Oz, Baum restored the continuity: Toto can speak, and always could, but never bothered to, because it was unnecessary.", "Spike (dog). Spike was a lop-eared yellow Mastador (Mastiff/Labrador Retriever mix) and a dog actor best known for his performance as Old Yeller in the 1957 Disney film of the same name co-starring Tommy Kirk, Dorothy McGuire, Fess Parker, and Kevin Corcoran. Spike was rescued as a pup from a shelter in Van Nuys, California and became the pet and pupil of animal trainer Frank Weatherwax.[1]", "Dorothy Gale. Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family doesn't believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.", "Toto (Oz). In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Toto was played by a female brindle Cairn Terrier whose real name was Terry. She was paid a $125 salary each week, which was more than some of the human actors (the Singer Midgets who played the Munchkins reportedly received $50 to $100 a week).", "List of Oz characters. The Woozy is a four-legged fictional creature from the pages of The Patchwork Girl of Oz.[30] It is described as being dark blue in color and made up of all squares, flat surfaces and edges. Its head is an exact cube and its body is in the shape of a box twice as long as it is wide and high. All four of the Woozy's legs are four-sided, as is its stubby tail. The Woozy hears via two openings in the upper corners of its head, has a flat nose and a mouth formed by an opening on lower edge of its head. When the Woozy gets angry, it has the ability to flash fire with its eyes. The Woozy lives in the Munchkin country in Oz and survives primarily on a diet of honey bees. The Munchkin farmers who raise the honey bees nearby drive the Woozy into the forest and confine it with a fence. Since the Woozy cannot climb, he cannot escape his prison (The Woozy does mention in the text that he can jump very high, but also mentions that he has a ferocious roar, which turns out to be completely untrue).", "Land of Oz. There are different kinds of animals living in Oz. According to Baum, all animals in Oz have the ability to speak because it is a \"fairy\" kingdom. When asked by his readers why Dorothy's dog Toto did not speak, Baum insisted that he had the ability to, but did not choose to speak, but he finally does so in Tik-Tok of Oz.", "Lost In Oz (TV series). Dorothy Gale is a precocious child who, with her dog Toto, is swept up to the Land of Oz without a clear way home. To travel back, Dorothy must collect all the different types of magical elements with her new found friends, the streetwise witch West and friendly Munchkin Ojo, while a sinister plot unfolds around them.", "Terry (dog). Terry, born in the midst of the Great Depression, was trained and owned by Carl Spitz.[2] Her first film appearance was in Ready For Love which was released on November 30, 1934 roughly one month before her first major film appearance, with Shirley Temple, in 1934's Bright Eyes as Rags.[3] She, who did her own stunts, almost lost her life during the filming of The Wizard of Oz when one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on her, breaking her foot. She spent two weeks recuperating at Judy Garland's residence, and Garland developed a close attachment to her. Garland wanted to adopt her, but Spitz refused. Her salary, $125 per week, was more than that of many human actors in the film, and also more than many working Americans at the time.[4] She attended the premiere of The Wizard of Oz at Grauman's Chinese Theater; because of the popularity of the film, her name was changed to Toto in 1942. She had 16 total film appearances, three of which were playing in theaters at the same time in the fall of 1939: The Wizard of Oz, The Women and Bad Little Angel. Her last film was Tortilla Flat (1942), in which she was reunited with Oz director Victor Fleming and Frank Morgan, who played the Wizard.", "Dorothy Gale. In the Oz books, Dorothy is an orphan raised by her aunt and uncle in the bleak landscape of a Kansas farm. Whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothy's blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothy's mother in The Emerald City of Oz, possibly an indication that Henry is Dorothy's blood relative. (It is also possible that \"Aunt\" and \"Uncle\" are affectionate terms of a foster family and that Dorothy is not related to either of them, although Zeb in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz claims to be Dorothy's second cousin, related through Aunt Em. Little mention is made of what happened to Dorothy's birth parents, other than a passing reference to her mother being dead.) Along with her small black dog, Toto, Dorothy is swept away by a tornado to the Land of Oz and, much like Alice of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, they enter an alternative world filled with talking creatures. In many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the main heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz, Princess Ozma. Her trademark blue and white gingham dress is admired by the Munchkins because blue is their favorite color and white is worn only by good witches and sorceresses, which indicates to them that Dorothy is a good witch.", "List of Oz characters. The Kalidahs are a fictitious species of animal in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[15] They are mentioned and featured in the first half of the story when Dorothy Gale and her companions are traveling through the dark forest. A Kalidah is characterized as a ferocious monster having the head of a tiger and the body of a bear.", "Dorothy Gale. When Zelena gets banished to Oz once again in a later episode, she steals Dorothy's dog Toto. When Dorothy tries to rescue Toto, Zelena puts her under a sleeping curse and she can only be awoken by true love's kiss. At the end of the episode Ruby/Red Ridding Hood wakes Dorothy up by giving Dorothy true loves kiss, making them the show's first LGBT couple.", "The Wiz (film). While Dorothy cleans up after the meal, Dorothy's dog Toto runs out the open kitchen door into a violent snowstorm. She succeeds in retrieving him, but finds herself trapped in the storm. A magical whirlwind made of snow – the work of Glinda, the Good Witch of the South (Lena Horne) – materializes and transports them to the realm of Oz. Released by the snowstorm, Dorothy smashes through an electric \"Oz\" sky sign as she descends from the atmosphere, and which falls upon and kills Evermean, the Wicked Witch of the East who rules Munchkinland. As a result, Dorothy frees the Munchkins who populate the playground into which she lands; they had been transformed by Evermean into graffiti for \"tagging\" the park walls.", "Griffon Bruxellois. The breed has never been numerous or popular, but had a brief vogue in the late 1950s, and now is generally an uncommon breed. There has been a recent increase in interest in the United States due to the appearance of a Griffon in the movie, As Good as It Gets, and also because of a general increase in interest in toy dogs.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The story chronicles the adventures of a young farm girl named Dorothy in the magical Land of Oz, after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their Kansas home by a cyclone.[nb 1] The novel is one of the best-known stories in American literature and has been widely translated. The Library of Congress has declared it \"America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale\". Its groundbreaking success and the success of the Broadway musical adapted from the novel led Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books that serve as official sequels to the first story.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In 1890, Baum lived in Aberdeen, which was experiencing a drought, and he wrote a witty story in his \"Our Landlady\" column in Aberdeen's The Saturday Pioneer[24] about a farmer who gave green goggles to his horses, causing them to believe that the wood chips that they were eating were pieces of grass. Similarly, the Wizard made the people in the Emerald City wear green goggles so that they would believe that their city was built from emeralds.[25]", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Dorothy is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry and her little dog Toto on a farm in the Kansas prairie. One day, Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that deposits her farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz. The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East, the evil ruler of the Munchkins. The Good Witch of the North arrives with three grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical Silver Shoes that once belonged to the Wicked Witch. The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home is to go to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her. As Dorothy embarks on her journey, the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead, giving her magical protection from harm.", "Wire Fox Terrier. Although it is said Queen Victoria owned one, and her son and heir, King Edward VII, did own a wire fox terrier named Caesar, the breed was not popular as a family pet until the 1930s, when The Thin Man series of feature films was created. Asta, the canine member of the Charles family, was a wire fox terrier, and the popularity of the breed soared. Milou (Snowy) from The Adventures of Tintin comic strip is also a wire fox terrier.", "Harry Dresden. Harry's Foo Dog, Mouse, is a character of his own, possessed of roughly human intelligence, able to detect supernatural evil, battle straight up with supernaturally tough and strong opponents, and voice a bark that can be heard for miles or throughout a burning hotel. His collar has one of the miniature shields from Harry's bracelet attached to it as a way for Harry to find him. Complementing Mouse is Harry's crew of loyal, pizza-bribed pixies, serving as scouts and spies and informers and keeping the mice out of his home, under the leadership of the empowered pixie Major General Toot-toot. As of Changes, Mouse is tasked by Harry with guarding his apprentice after she is injured in the battle at Chichen Itza, and afterward serves as the guardian of his daughter, Maggie. Mouse is called a 'little brother' by Uriel himself, a clear indication of his celestial background.", "List of Oz characters. Chiss is a four-legged fictional creature in The Patchwork Girl of Oz.[4] Chiss resembles a porcupine the size of a ten-bushel basket and has the ability to shoot its quills from its body. It apparently does not have the ability to grow new quills, as it must gather up its quills and put them back in its body after firing them. In the Oz book, Chiss threw its quills at Ojo the Lucky and his party, but Scraps the Patchwork Girl shielded the group from the quills. The group took Chiss's quills with them so that the creature could not attack anyone again.[5]", "Winged monkeys. In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the monkeys are apparently intelligent enough to obey commands, but do not speak, though they do in the book. They abduct Dorothy and dismantle the Scarecrow, but do nothing to the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion, leaving them free to put the Scarecrow back together and rescue Dorothy. There is no mention of any three wishes in the film, suggesting that the monkeys serve the witch unconditionally. Nikko (the head monkey) is shown again after the Witch orders him to throw a basket containing the dog Toto in the river (an order that Dorothy prevents him from carrying out), with the Witch as she angrily throws down the hour glass after the trio rescues Dorothy, and once more after the Witch has been melted.", "Miss Piggy. In the series, Miss Piggy owned a pet; a white bichon frisé dog named Foo-Foo (performed by Steve Whitmire), who is one of the few characters that doesn't speak. Piggy is often seen as very tender towards her, although to the point of sickly saccharin parentese. On The Muppet Show, Foo-Foo was portrayed as both a Muppet and a real dog in different shots. Foo-Foo mostly appears as a sidekick to Miss Piggy in most movies and specials.", "Toto (Oz). During production, Terry's foot was broken when one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on it. A second dog had to be used while she healed. Due to the popularity of the movie, and because that role was the one she was most remembered for, her owner and trainer changed her official name to Toto. She actually appeared in 13 films.[1] She died at age 11. Willard Carroll wrote her \"autobiography,\" I, Toto (2001).", "Elektro. Elektro is the nickname of a robot built by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in its Mansfield, Ohio facility between 1937 and 1938. Seven feet tall (2.1 m), weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), humanoid in appearance, he could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move his head and arms. Elektro's body consisted of a steel gear, cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminum skin. His photoelectric \"eyes\" could distinguish red and green light. He was on exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair and reappeared at that fair in 1940, with \"Sparko\", a robot dog that could bark, sit, and beg to humans." ]

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[ "The Gong Show. NBC allowed Barris to continue the show for the rest of the contract, and Barris made no perceptible change in preparation for the finale. On the finale, staff member Larry Gotterer appeared as \"Fenwick Gotterer\" to host the show, after Barris started the show doing a \"Chuckie's Fables\" sketch. The rest of the show was done in sort of a way to explain the life of the show, and its cancellation. Barris managed to have the last word on the show's demise, appearing as a contestant. Playing in a country music band called \"The Hollywood Cowboys\" with the house band's rhythm section, Barris sang a slightly modified version of Johnny Paycheck's \"Take This Job and Shove It\", giving NBC the finger during the song to accentuate his point. NBC censored the gesture, with the word \"OOPS!\" superimposed over a still shot of the set. Barris was gonged by Jamie Farr, who quipped, \"Because that little fella's been saying that I've been a long a nose, I'm also long a gong, fella.\"", "The Gong Show. While they were able to complete their act without being gonged, two of the judges gave them low marks. Phyllis Diller gave them a zero, while Jamie Farr awarded them a marginally better 2. The third judge, Jaye P. Morgan, awarded them a 10, quipping, \"Do you know that that's the way I started?\" (She was rewarded with a popsicle from one of the girls before they left the stage.)", "Take Your Pick!. The first version was hosted by Michael Miles. After its demise, Miles hosted a similar show for Southern Television called Wheel of Fortune, not to be confused with the later Wheel of Fortune of the same title. Bob Danvers-Walker, who was the voice of Pathé News from 1940 until its demise in 1970, was the show's announcer. Alec Dane was on hand to bang the gong. Harold Smart was at the electronic organ.", "The Gong Show. Among the other true talents that appeared on the show were singer Boxcar Willie; comics and actors Paul Reubens and John Paragon (best known as Pee Wee Herman and Jambi the Genie); Joey D'Auria (\"Professor Flamo\", later WGN's second Bozo the Clown); impressionist/comic Michael Winslow; novelty rock band Green Jelly,[2] and a band called The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo which evolved into Oingo Boingo, led by future film and television score composer Danny Elfman. Crip founder, and executed murderer, Stanley Tookie Williams appeared on the show in 1979 as a bodybuilder. In 1976, future Academy Award nominated actress Mare Winningham sang the Beatles song \"Here, There, and Everywhere\". Future Super Bowl XXXV winning head coach Brian Billick also made an appearance, performing a routine known as the \"spider monkey\". Dancer Danny Lockin, who had played Barnaby in the film Hello Dolly!, was murdered hours after winning the show taped August 21, 1977.[3]", "The Gong Show. Each show presented a contest between amateur performers of often dubious talent, with a panel of three celebrity judges. The program's regular judges included Jaye P. Morgan, Jamie Farr, Arte Johnson, Rip Taylor, Phyllis Diller, Anson Williams, Steve Garvey and Rex Reed. If any judge considered an act to be particularly bad, he or she could force it to stop by striking a large gong, a trope adapted from the durable radio show Major Bowes Amateur Hour. Most of the performers took the gong with sheepish good grace, but there were exceptions. Barris would then ask the judge(s) in question why they gonged the act.", "Take Your Pick!. In this opening game, the host asked the contestant a series of questions in a 60-second span. The contestant could not say \"yes\" or \"no\", nor could they nod or shake their heads. If they did, the co-host would bang the gong and the contestant would be eliminated (unless other contestants did the same).", "The Gong Show. Milton DeLugg, the show's musical director, was a popular musician and bandleader during the 1940s, and got the Gong Show job by default. As musical director for the network, he was responsible for any NBC project that required special music (like the annual telecasts of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade). Barris initially regarded DeLugg as \"an anachronism\", but he soon found that DeLugg was very much attuned to the crazy tone of the show; his band, which Barris introduced as \"Milton DeLugg and the Band With a Thug\", included top jazz players like Bob Findley, Joe Howard and Lanny Morgan, and kept the show's energy level high. The band even led into station breaks, with Barris's enthusiastic \"Take me into the commercial, Milt!\" Barris often joined the band on guitar when a good singer was performing. DeLugg remained associated with Barris for many years after Gong ended.", "The Gong Show. Celebrity guest judges for the 2017 revival included Arnett, Zach Galifianakis, Alison Brie, Andy Samberg, Elizabeth Banks, Tracee Ellis Ross, Joel McHale, Megan Fox, Courteney Cox, Dana Carvey, Will Forte, Jack Black, Jennifer Aniston, Ken Jeong, Fred Armisen, and Anthony Anderson.[16] Among the more notable acts featured on the revival are The Radioactive Chicken Heads, making their second appearance on a Gong Show incarnation since Extreme Gong in 1998. This version also features a regular segment featuring a staff performer leading the audience in a sing-along of the novelty song \"Shaving Cream\", reminiscent of the recurring gag acts on the earlier version.", "The Gong Show. When Barris announced the final score, a midget in formal wear (former Munchkin Jerry Maren) would run onstage, throwing confetti while balloons dropped from overhead. On rare occasions, two acts that tied for highest score would each receive the check and trophy. No prize was awarded if all of the acts on a particular episode were gonged.", "Elephant joke. One time Gong Show act Mike Elephant is remembered for the following joke:", "The Gong Show. The Gong Show was later revived on the Game Show Network as Extreme Gong, in which viewers could call in and vote on whether or not the act was bad. It was hosted by George Gray and ran from October 1, 1998 to October 1999, with reruns continuing for another year. Winners received $317.69. This version was well known for two known incidents: one episode featuring \"Cody the Talking Dog\" for which he tried to say things like \"I love you\" and \"ice cream\" but did not succeed in talking, and another featuring a Village People parody as The Village Little People where they sang a cover of \"YMCA\", taking the \"Young Man\" literally. Orange County comedy punk band The Radioactive Chicken Heads (then called Joe & the Chicken Heads) made their national television debut on Extreme Gong, though they were gonged midway through their performance. Near the end of the show's run, an hour-long \"Tournament of Talent\" special was aired in August 1999, with contestants competing for a payoff of $10,000.", "The Gong Show. Barris was well known for his run-ins with the censors, bringing in risque acts as bait to allow some of the less risque acts to slip by. In 1978, one of these bait acts, two teenage girls referring to themselves as \"Have You Got a Nickel\", made it onto the show. Their act consisted of the girls sitting cross-legged on the stage floor and silently eating popsicles in a manner that suggested they were performing fellatio on the frozen treats. The nature of the act led to the two girls being known as the \"Popsicle twins\".", "The Gong Show. NBC aired a one-hour primetime special on April 26, 1977, featuring in-studio special guests Tony Randall, Alice Cooper, and Harry James and his Orchestra. The winning act on this primetime special was The Bait Brothers. The panelists for the special were Jaye P. Morgan, Jamie Farr and Arte Johnson.[5]", "The Gong Show. A syndicated weekday revival of The Gong Show, hosted by San Francisco disc jockey Don Bleu, ran during the 1988–89 season, but lasted only one year. Each winner was paid $701.", "Shoop (song). This song uses a sample of the a cover version of Ike Turner's \"I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)\" from The Sweet Inspirations.", "The Gong Show. The daily Gong Show also gave out a \"Worst Act of the Week\" Award (later changed to the \"Most Outrageous Act of the Week\" Award), where the producers and that week's judges decided which of the show's bad acts for the week stood out the most. The winner of this award was announced following the trophy presentation on the Friday show, and the performer received a dirty tube sock and a check for $516.32.", "Take This Job and Shove It. A cover version also appears on Bedtime for Democracy by Dead Kennedys. Another cover version, \"Shove This Jay-Oh-Bee\", performed by Canibus with Biz Markie, appears in the film Office Space. Chuck Barris and the Hollywood Cowboys performed a modified version of the piece as Barris's swan song when The Gong Show was kicked off NBC in 1978.", "Turandot. He calls Turandot's name three times, and each time Liù, Timur, and the ministers reply, \"Death!\" and the crowd declares, \"We're already digging your grave!\" Rushing to the gong that hangs in front of the palace, the Prince strikes it three times, declaring himself to be a suitor. From the palace balcony, Turandot accepts his challenge, as Ping, Pang, and Pong laugh at the Prince's foolishness.", "The Gong Show. At the height of the show's popularity, NBC gave Barris a prime-time variety hour, The Chuck Barris Rah Rah Show. This was played somewhat more seriously than the Gong Show, with Jaye P. Morgan singing straight pop songs as in her nightclub and recording days, and bygone headliners like Slim Gaillard reprising their old hits for a studio audience. Spinoffs include The $1.98 Beauty Show hosted by Rip Taylor and The Gong Show Movie.", "The Gong Show. The winner of each show received a gong trophy and an oversized check in the amount of US$2,000.17.[17] The final episode of the first season featured a memorial to Barris, who died prior to the series' premiere in 2017.", "The Gong Show. The broadcast of the 2017 revival premiered on ABC on June 22, 2017,[13] hosted by previously-unknown \"British comedian\" Tommy Maitland. Maitland is, in fact, a character portrayed by Mike Myers, although neither ABC nor Myers has confirmed this and ABC officially credits Maitland as host and executive producer.[14] Maitland's catchphrase is, \"Who's a cheeky monkey?\"[15] He also periodically uses Barris' \"back with more stuff\" catchphrase to lead into commercials.", "Chuck Barris. One Gong Show episode consisted of every act appearing singing the song \"Feelings\", which was popular at the time. One of its most infamous incidents came on the NBC version in 1978, when Barris presented an onstage act consisting of two young women slowly and suggestively sucking Popsicles. Another incident, which most missed originally, was when during a \"Gene Gene, The Dancing Machine\" episode, Jaye P. Morgan slowly undressed, and in a brief sub second shot, opened her blouse to reveal her bare chest.[7]", "The Gong Show. Veteran composer Joey Carbone provided musical arrangements for the late 1980s revival with his own lineup of studio musicians, known as \"The Gong Show Guys\".", "Take Your Pick!. The game was played during the ninth series of Britain's Got More Talent.", "The Gong Show. Comedy Central debuted a new incarnation called The Gong Show with Dave Attell, which lasted for 8 weeks in the summer of 2008.[8] The show's format was similar to the original, but its scoring was based on a scale of 0 to 500, and winning acts received $600. The $600 was shown as paid in cash on the spot, rather than being paid by check as in earlier versions, but in reality (because of contestant eligibility regulations by Sony) was paid as a check from Sony Pictures. In place of a typical trophy, winners were awarded a belt in the style of boxing championship belts.", "The Gong Show. When an act was on the verge of being gonged, the laughter and anticipation built as the judges patiently waited to deliver the strike. They would stand up slowly and heft their mallets deliberately, letting everyone know what was coming. Sometimes, pantomimed disputes would erupt between judges, as one would attempt to physically obstruct another from gonging the act. The camera would cut back and forth between the performers onstage, and the mock struggle over their fate. Some acts were so bad that they were \"Gang-Gonged\", with two or even all three judges striking the gong at once. On rare occasions, judges found an act so terrible that they would go onstage, hand a mallet to the performer, and lead him/her back to the table to gong him/herself out.", "The Gong Show. Johnny Jacobs was the main announcer from 1976 to 1980; due to an extended illness, Jack Clark substituted from October 3, 1977 through December 23, 1977. Charlie O'Donnell served as announcer for the late-1980s revival.", "The Gong Show. Any act that survived without being gonged was given a score by each of the three judges on a scale of 0 to 10, for a maximum possible score of 30. On the NBC series, the contestant who achieved the highest combined score won the grand prize: a check for $516.32 (a \"highly unusual amount\", in Barris's words; reportedly the Screen Actors Guild's minimum pay for a day's work at the time) and a \"Golden Gong\" trophy. The syndicated series' top prize was originally $712.05 (the first episode was $996.83) and later increased to $716.32.[1] In the event of a tie, three different tiebreakers were used at various times during the show's run. Originally the studio audience determined the winner by applause, but this was later changed to a decision by the producers and (later still) the celebrity judges.", "The Gong Show. The group \"Lobster Repair\" (who sang Harry Belafonte's song \"Day-O\") won the last $516.32 and trophy for the NBC era. Gene Gene the Dancing Machine then came out after a few more skits, and said that the moral to the episode-long \"Chuckie's Fable\" was \"Never bet against the Minnesota Vikings, at home, in the wintertime!\" Following that, he did his famous dance. The rest of the cast, including staff members, people who participated, and even Jaye P. Morgan (who had been banned from the NBC series some time earlier over the breast-baring incident) all joined in at the end to dance with him.", "The Gong Show. The girls' act was let through by the censors, who did not see anything wrong with it in rehearsals. However, once the episode aired in Eastern time zone markets NBC pulled the act from the Central, Mountain, and Pacific airings of the day's episode immediately after it ended.[6] The act was not cut from all the tapes, and the Popsicle Twins incident has aired in reruns. Barris said in a 2001 interview with Salon.com that this particular act began making him reconsider his career.[6]", "Chuck Barris. The somewhat shy Barris rarely appeared on camera, though he once dashed onto the set of The New Treasure Hunt to throw a pie at emcee Geoff Edwards. However, Barris became a public figure in 1976 when he produced and served as the host of the talent show spoof The Gong Show, which he packaged in partnership with television producer Chris Bearde. The show's cult following far outstripped the two years it spent on NBC (1976–78) and the four years it ran in syndication (1976–80). As with some of Barris' other projects (including The Newlywed Game), it was at one point possible to see The Gong Show twice daily, a relatively uncommon feat in the years prior to cable TV's expansion into the commercial market.", "Pick Me (song). \"Pick Me\" is a song by contestants of Produce 101. It was released online as a digital single on December 17, 2015 by CJ E&M, along with a music video. It was unveiled for the first time on Episode 453 of M! Countdown that same day. The group was presented by Jang Keun-suk, and 98 out of 101 members showcased their talents through the song.[1][2][3]" ]

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[ "Let It Go (Disney song). \"Let It Go\" is a song from Disney's 2013 animated feature film Frozen, whose music and lyrics were composed by husband-and-wife songwriting team Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song was performed in its original show-tune version in the film by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa. Anderson-Lopez and Lopez also composed a simplified pop version (with shorter lyrics and background chorus) which was performed by actress and singer Demi Lovato over the start of the film's closing credits. A music video was separately released for the pop version.", "Elsa (Frozen). Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing, with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice \"positively soars in these musical ballads\".[114] Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of \"Let It Go\", described by Entertainment Weekly's Marc Snetiker as \"an incredible anthem of liberation\" in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers.[115] Various critics said that Menzel had been a \"powerhouse\" during the scene;[2] Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel \"can shatter icicles with her powerful voice\".[116]", "Let It Go (Disney song). On January 22, 2014, Disney released a multi-language version of the \"Let It Go\" musical sequence, which featured vocal performances of 25 different voice actresses who portrayed Elsa in their respective dubbing versions of the film.[35][36][37] At the annual meeting of the shareholders of the Walt Disney Company on March 18, 2014 in Portland, Oregon, chairman and chief executive officer Bob Iger praised the team who did \"an incredible job casting fantastic international talent so that Frozen truly belongs to the world,\" then showed the entire multi-language video clip of \"Let It Go\" to the assembled shareholders.[38] On March 31, 2014, an in-studio multi-language video of the song was released, showing singers of 25 different languages recording their versions of \"Let It Go\".[34][39] On April 15, 2014 a studio recording of the multi-language version was released via digital download.[40][41]", "Elsa (Disney). Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing, with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice \"positively soars in these musical ballads\".[113] Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of \"Let It Go\", described by Entertainment Weekly's Marc Snetiker as \"an incredible anthem of liberation\" in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers.[114] Various critics said that Menzel had been a \"powerhouse\" during the scene;[2] Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel \"can shatter icicles with her powerful voice\".[115]", "Elsa (Frozen). Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers, who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability. Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa, especially that of her performance of the song \"Let It Go\", with critics frequently calling her a \"powerhouse\".[2]", "Elsa (Frozen). Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote, \"Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role.\"[117] Donald Clark of Irish Times added, \"Elsa's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that, in its defiant paean to self-reliance, could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Don't Rain on My Parade. The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly, spat-out refrain: 'The cold never bothered me anyway!' You go, girl.\"[118] Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued, \"Menzel, especially, steals the show with her performance of 'Let It Go'. Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence—the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation, and results in, arguably, one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character, ever.\"[119]", "Let It Go (Disney song). Besides the original English version, Disney Character Voices International arranged for Frozen to be dubbed into another 47 languages and dialects worldwide.[29][30][31][32][33] A major challenge was to find sopranos capable of matching Menzel's warm vocal tone and vocal range in their native languages.[31][32] Rick Dempsey, senior executive at Disney Character Voices International regarded the process as \"exceptionally challenging\", explaining, \"It's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music. And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync! [It]... requires a lot of patience and precision.\"[34]", "Wicked (musical). The Oscar-winning song \"Let It Go\" from the successful 2013 Disney film Frozen, that also won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, had been compared to \"Defying Gravity\" due to its similar theme and similar singing style,[193] and was sung by the original Elphaba Idina Menzel. Willemijn Verkaik voiced the Dutch and German versions of the role of Elsa in Frozen and sang Let It Go in these two languages. This became another role originally played by Idina Menzel that Willemijn Verkaik played, following her success in the German, Dutch and English language productions of Wicked.", "Let It Go (Disney song). When it came to animating Elsa's scenes for the song, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez insisted on the particular detail that Elsa should slam the palace doors on the audience at the song's end, which they acknowledged was similar to the ending of the Broadway musical Sweeney Todd. Lopez explained that they wanted that feeling of how \"this character doesn't need us anymore,\" because he had always loved that feeling \"when a character just kind of malevolently looks at you and slams a door in your face,\" although in the final version, Elsa's facial expression ended up as more of a \"sly smile\".[25] According to Lopez, it was the last line at the end, \"the cold never bothered me anyway,\" that was \"our little Avril Lavigne line\".[26]", "Let It Go (Disney song). Anggun, Chilla Kiana, Regina Ivanova (id), Nowela and Cindy Bernadette (credits)[43][44]", "Let It Go (Disney song). Many cover versions have been recorded internationally.[206] In February 2014, Alex Boyé recorded a light Africanized tribal cover of the song, featuring the One Voice Children's Choir and Lexi Walker as Elsa.[207][208][209]", "Elsa (Disney). Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote, \"Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role.\"[116] Donald Clark of Irish Times added, \"Elsa's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that, in its defiant paean to self-reliance, could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Don't Rain on My Parade. The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly, spat-out refrain: 'The cold never bothered me anyway!' You go, girl.\"[117] Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued, \"Menzel, especially, steals the show with her performance of 'Let It Go'. Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence—the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation, and results in, arguably, one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character, ever.\"[118]", "Frozen (2013 film). One major breakthrough was the composition of the song \"Let It Go\" by songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, which forced the production team to reconceptualize and rewrite Elsa as a far more complex, vulnerable, and sympathetic character.[59] In The Daily Telegraph's words, instead of the villain envisioned by the producers, the songwriters saw Elsa as \"a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift.\"[65] Lee recalled: \"Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]. Forget villain. Just what it would feel like. And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact [sic] that the last moment is she's alone. It’s not a perfect thing, but it's powerful.\"[63] Del Vecho explained that \"Let It Go\" changed Elsa into a person \"ruled by fear and Anna was ruled by her own love of other people and her own drive,\" which in turn caused Lee to \"rewrite the first act and then that rippled through the entire movie. So that was when we really found the movie and who these characters were.\"[58]", "Let It Go (Disney song). For each song they created, including \"Let It Go\", Anderson-Lopez and Lopez recorded a demo in their studio, then emailed it to the Disney Animation production team in Burbank for discussion at their next videoconference.[15] After the film's release, Anderson-Lopez was shown an \"explicitly honest\" fan version of the song with very colorful lyrics, and in response, she noted that in the videoconferences she herself had used similarly candid language to describe Elsa's mindset at that point in the plot: \"After a while, Chris Montan, the head of music at Disney, would be like, 'Whoa, language!'\"[16] She also disclosed that Disney Animation's Chief Creative Officer John Lasseter (who served as executive producer for Frozen) was so taken with \"Let It Go\" that he played her original demo of the song in his car for months.[17]", "Let It Go (Disney song). The song presents the ostracized Queen Elsa, who abandons her kingdom when her magical ability to create and control ice and snow is discovered by the public. Up in the mountains, away from confused and suspicious onlookers, Elsa realizes that she no longer needs to hide her abilities, and so declares herself free from the restrictions she has had to endure since childhood. She rejoices in being able to use her power without fear or limit, to let her past go, and manipulate snow to create a living snowman and a magnificent ice castle for herself. The song also includes discarding items, most notably her glove which her parents gave her to hold back her powers, and taking her tiara off her head and throwing it over her shoulder, afterwards unraveling her braided hairstyle.", "Elsa (Frozen). During production, Menzel and Jonathan Groff, who portrays Kristoff, went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters.[21] Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing, observed how she breathed as she sang live, and made videorecordings of her recording sessions; they then animated Elsa's breathing to match Menzel's breathing, for further realism.[20][22] Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa's most prominent song, \"Let It Go\". According to composer Robert Lopez, Menzel's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa's \"low, vulnerable, fragile side\" as well as her power and self-realization.[23] Menzel commented that it was \"an honor\" to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it. \"It's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way,\" she explained. \"The character, what she is singing and what she is experiencing; beautiful lyrics, beautiful melody and a little bit of me.\"[20] Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell's voices were. At one point during a table read, they sang a ballad (later revealed as \"Wind Beneath My Wings\"[24]) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes.[25] Subsequently, Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film.[26]", "Let It Go (Disney song). \"Let It Go\" is a power ballad in the key of A-flat major overall, but begins in the relative minor (F minor). The song is in quadruple meter, and has a fast tempo of around 137 beats per minute (allegro). The song's vocal range spans from F3 to Eâ™­5.[13] Anderson-Lopez and Lopez specifically wrote the song for Idina Menzel, referring to her as \"one of the most glorious voices of Broadway and an icon in musical theater.\" Menzel's vocal range was taken under consideration during the music's composition.[14]", "Let Her Go. Passenger admitted in an August 2016 interview on The Project that the song is frequently confused with \"Let It Go,\" Idina Menzel's 2013 hit single from the Disney film Frozen.[6] As a result, he \"always\" receives song requests for the latter, even though it is not his song.[6]", "Elsa (Frozen). In December 2013, Elsa and Anna were both nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists, with only Anna winning the award, a few weeks later.[120] Elsa won all three awards out of three nominations at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards, including Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture, Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her ice palace, and Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her blizzard.[39][121] Her signature song, \"Let It Go\", won Best Original Song at the Academy Awards,[122] the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards[123] and the Critics' Choice Awards,[124] and also received Golden Globe Award,[125] the Satellite Awards,[126] the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award,[127] and the Houston Film Critics Society Award nominations.[128]", "Let It Go (Disney song). In 2015, a Hindi and an Indonesian version[citation needed] of the movie were aired on Disney Channel.[42] The Indonesian version features a translated pop version of \"Let It Go\", sung by the ensemble of Indonesian singers Anggun, Chilla Kiana, Regina Ivanova (id), Nowela and Cindy Bernadette. The pop version was released as leading single of We Love Disney, Indonesia (id).[43][44]", "Frozen (2013 film). Frozen was nominated for various awards and won a number of them, including several for Best Animated Feature. The song \"Let It Go\" was particularly praised. The film was nominated for two Golden Globes at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and won for Best Animated Feature, becoming the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to win in this category.[12] It also won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song (\"Let It Go\"),[11] the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA),[13] five Annie Awards (including Best Animated Feature),[14][311] and two Critics' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song (\"Let It Go\").[16] It received other similar nominations at the Satellite Awards,[312] and various critics' groups and circles. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, the Frozen soundtrack won the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media and was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media (with credits going to Christophe Beck as composer); the song \"Let It Go\" won the award for Best Song Written For Visual Media, with credits going to Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez as songwriters and Idina Menzel as performer.[15][313][314][315]", "Let It Go (Disney song). Although unintentional, the song's composition was pivotal in the film's characterization of Elsa.[21] Although Elsa was originally written as a villain, co-directors Chris Buck and Lee gradually rewrote Elsa into one of the film's protagonists after \"Let It Go\" was composed.[22][23] About that, Lee later explained, \"the minute we heard the song the first time, I knew that I had to rewrite the whole movie.\"[10] Buck further clarified: \"Jen had to go back and rewrite some pages in the first act to build up to that scene..... You have to set it up well enough in advance so that when the song comes, the audience is ready for it and there's an emotional payoff.\"[24]", "Let It Go (Disney song). \"Let It Go\" was the first song written by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez for the film that made it in, since songs composed earlier were eventually cut.[7] The story outline they were given had a place reserved for \"Elsa's Badass Song\", which was what they were trying to write.[8] The duo took inspiration from the songs of the Disney Renaissance such as The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast and various artists including Adele, Aimee Mann, Avril Lavigne (whose 2002 debut album was titled Let Go), Lady Gaga, and Carole King.[9] The song finally began to gel one day as the couple walked together from their home in Park Slope to nearby Prospect Park while they were \"thinking from an emo kind of place.\"[10] Anderson-Lopez explained what happened next: \"We went for a walk in Prospect Park and threw phrases at each other. What does it feel like to be the perfect exalted person, but only because you've held back this secret? Bobby came up with 'kingdom of isolation,' and it worked.\"[11] Lopez was able to improvise the song's first four lines on the spot.[12] Back at their home studio, they composed the rest of the song by alternating between improvising melodies on a piano and brainstorming lyrics on a whiteboard, and finished it within a single day.[7][11]", "Elsa (Disney). Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers, who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability. Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa, especially that of her performance of the song \"Let It Go\", with critics frequently calling her a \"powerhouse\".[2]", "Elsa (Frozen). Producers identified the scene in which Elsa sings \"Let It Go\" as a pivotal point in the character's development. The scene depicts her choice to \"let go\" of her fear of using her powers. Character design supervisor Bill Schwab said, \"Before 'Let It Go', Elsa is really buttoned up, her hair is up—everything is perfect. During the song, she gives herself permission to be who she is and everything changes—her hair is more wild, her gown is magical. She's finally free—even if she is all alone.\"[19] Animators designed Elsa's appearance to reflect her metamorphosis; in the beginning, she is shown primarily in restrictive and confining outfits.[42] Menzel said that, after accepting her abilities, Elsa's appearance becomes \"very vampy\", continuing, \"She's quite sexy for Disney, I have to say—they're pushing the limits there a little bit! But there's a gleam in her eye and a supermodel walk that goes with it and, for me, it was fun to be a blonde because I'm not in real life.\"[2] In a January 2014 interview with John August and Aline Brosh McKenna, Lee disclosed that Lasseter personally helped with conceptualizing Elsa's physical transformation: \"[M]y favorite thing about it ... is the actual model for doing it was John Lasseter .... he was a huge help in talking through how we translate that emotional journey ... with the animation ... [H]e got up and he’s like, .... 'her hair goes, and she transforms, and she struts,' and he’s doing it. He’s acting it out.\"[43]", "Let It Go (Disney song). Some viewers outside the film industry, including one evangelical pastor[100][101][102] and commentators,[103] believe that the film is a promotion for the normalization of homosexuality, while others have argued that the character of Elsa is a representation of positive LGBT youth and the song is a metaphor for coming out.[104][105][106] The LGBT community, however, had a mixed reaction to these claims.[104] When Frozen co-director Jennifer Lee was asked about the purported gay undertones, she stated that the film's meaning was open to interpretation \"I feel like once we hand the film over, it belongs to the world, so I don't like to say anything, and let the fans talk. I think it's up to them.\"[105] Lee added that the film's meaning was also inevitably going to be interpreted within the cultural context of being made in the year 2013.[107]", "Let It Go (Disney song). The Daily Telegraph explained that instead of the villain originally envisioned by the producers, the songwriters saw Elsa as \"a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift.\"[5] When interviewed in January 2014 by John August and Aline Brosh McKenna, Frozen director Jennifer Lee gave her recollection of the song's conception: \"Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]. Forget villain. Just what it would feel like. And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact [sic] that the last moment is she's alone. It's not a perfect thing, but it's powerful.\"[6]", "Let It Go (Disney song). Norwegian YouTube singer Per Fredrik Pellek Asly or \"PelleK\", covered a power metal version of the Lovato version of the song on December 16, 2013, collecting more than 4 million views.[212]", "Robert Lopez. In 2013, Lopez and his wife Kristen wrote songs for Disney Animation's feature film Frozen. The song \"Let It Go\" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, making Lopez the 12th person to achieve the EGOT.[14] On February 8, 2015, they won another Grammy for their work on Frozen for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media for \"Let It Go\".[15]", "Elsa (Disney). During production, Menzel and Jonathan Groff, who portrays Kristoff, went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters.[21] Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing, observed how she breathed as she sang live, and made videorecordings of her recording sessions; they then animated Elsa's breathing to match Menzel's breathing, for further realism.[20][22] Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa's most prominent song, \"Let It Go\". According to composer Robert Lopez, Menzel's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa's \"low, vulnerable, fragile side\" as well as her power and self-realization.[23] Menzel commented that it was \"an honor\" to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it. \"It's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way,\" she explained. \"The character, what she is singing and what she is experiencing; beautiful lyrics, beautiful melody and a little bit of me.\"[20] Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell's voices were. At one point during a table read, they sang a ballad (later revealed as \"Wind Beneath My Wings\"[24]) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes.[25] Subsequently, Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film.[26]", "Wind Beneath My Wings. Midler performed the song following the annual in memoriam montage at the 86th Academy Awards in 2014.[5] By sheer coincidence, Idina Menzel had sung \"Wind Beneath My Wings\" as a duet with Kristen Bell[6] at her successful audition for the 2013 film Frozen, which would go on to win two awards at that same awards ceremony (and where Menzel performed live the popular song \"Let It Go\" from the film).", "Let It Go (Disney song). In March 2014, Brian Hull recorded a cover of the song while impersonating various Disney characters such as Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse and Goofy.[211]" ]

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[ "Quinn James. Quinn James Evans (formerly Fletcher) is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Shantel VanSanten. Introduced in the show's seventh season, Quinn is the elder sister to Haley James Scott. As the series progresses, she also becomes close friends with Brooke Davis and becomes romantically involved with Clay Evans, whom she marries in the series finale.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Quinn was the first one to be shot by Katie Ryan when she was heading to bed. She and Clay are in limbo while fighting for their lives. Clay tells her that she has to wake up because she is needed, especially by Haley. They confess their love for each other (\"Til kingdom come\") before Quinn wakes up and makes a full recovery, but fears for Clay when Haley tells her that his organs are failing. She visits Clay every day and he awakens with her by his side. Once they return home, Quinn is still haunted by the attack from Katie and keeps a gun hidden. When Clay finds it, he tells her that she should go to Africa for a photography gig because that will save her. She does and when she returns, it's revealed that part of her trip had been spent tracking down Katie as she has numerous photographs of her. She then visits Dan for help in killing her, but backs out at the last minute. Katie however, initiates an attack on Quinn when Clay is out of town but this time it is Quinn who shoots Katie. In season eight, she goes to Brooke's bachelorette party and ends up, after a drunken night, with a tongue piercing, raw meat in her purse and a stolen skateboarding dog. In season nine, Quinn helps Clay with his mental problems and supports Haley when Nathan goes missing. She's quite jarred when Clay reveals he had fathered a son named Logan whose existence he had blocked out of his mind after Sara's death.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Played by Shantel VanSanten since season seven, Quinn Alexandra Evans, (née James, previously Fletcher) is a photographer and Haley's older sister who moves back to Tree Hill after her marriage breaks down. She feels that her husband has begun to change and that they no longer have anything in common and later divorces him. She begins a relationship with Nathan's agent Clay. Her older sister, Taylor, returns to Tree Hill with Quinn's former husband, causing a fight between the sisters. They later make things right before their mother dies of cancer.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Scott Holroyd played David Lee Fletcher, Quinn's ex-husband for six episodes during the seventh season. He returned to Tree Hill in a bid to win Quinn back. However, after he believes she slept with Clay, he begins a short-lived relationship with her sister, Taylor. He returns a final time in season 9 with his current girlfriend Miss Lauren.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. In the penultimate episode of season 9, Clay proposes to Quinn in Logan's tent, set up in the living room. Quinn says yes. In the final episode, Quinn and Clay get married and adopt Logan.", "Quinn James. While Haley and Nathan were preparing for Jamie's seventh birthday, Quinn dropped in to see them. She attended Jamie's party, where she caught the attention of Nathan's sports agent Clay Evans, who thought she was hot, to which Quinn responded \"I am hot.\" She continued to play the part of Jamie's fun aunt, playing a game of football with him and his friends, hiding the pain and lack of direction she was really feeling. She at first avoided telling Haley the truth about the breakdown of her marriage saying that David was simply off making a documentary but she later revealed that she left David because he wasn't the same person she fell in love with and she refused to spend her life with a complete stranger. David then started to contact Quinn, ringing her nonstop, forcing Haley to question why she actually left him. That night, Quinn told Haley about the day she decided she didn't want to be with David anymore. Quinn started to settle into life in Tree Hill and returned to working when Brooke Davis recruited her to photograph Alex Dupre in a Clothes Over Bro's photo shoot. During the shoot, Quinn showed her creative talent and befriended both Brooke and Millicent Huxtable but they were disrupted when Haley arrived having learned of the accusations against Nathan. After the shoot and trying to console Haley while at TRIC, Quinn ran into Clay and they talked until Clay left with Alex, prompting Quinn to ask if he is 'that guy'. Quinn continued to avoid her husband's call but was stunned when David arrived at TRIC, saying she had to talk to him eventually.", "One Tree Hill (season 9). In the final chapter of One Tree Hill, the tenth anniversary of Tric brings old faces and new possibilities for the Tree Hill family; Quinn adopts Logan and marries Clay, Haley introduces Jamie to her predictions with Lucas and Julian buys Brooke her childhood home. In the time-jump, the Tree Hill gang are seen at Jamie's high-school basketball game, where his jersey is seen on the wall as the \"all time top scorer\". Bevin makes a guest appearance who is also seen back with Skills and Millie is pregnant.", "One Tree Hill (TV series). To fill the void of Murray and Burton's departures, Robert Buckley and Shantel VanSanten were cast as Nathan's agent Clay and Haley's sister Quinn respectively. Austin Nichols, who plays Julian Baker, was also upgraded to series regular status.[5] Plans for Murray and Burton to return to the series in Season 8 were confirmed. Schwahn said that the actors' busy schedules could possibly prevent a return in time for Brooke's wedding, but he hoped they could return later in the season.[85] On December 7, 2010, Kristin Dos Santos stated that Murray and Burton would definitely not be back for Brooke's wedding, but that they were still expected to return.[86] In January 2011, Burton confirmed that she would not be returning.[87] In August 2011, The CW revealed that Murray would return for a guest appearance in the final season.[12] Burton did not return, as she was not asked back that time around.[88]", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Played by Robert Buckley from season seven onwards, Clayton \"Clay\" Evans became Nathan's agent and close friend during the time jump of fourteen months between season six and seven. He's also close to Nathan's family, his wife Haley James Scott and their son James Lucas Scott. At first Clay is shown as a flirt and fond of one-night stands. Upon meeting Quinn James, Haley's sister, he's immediately drawn to her but backs off once he learns that she's going through a separation with her husband. In his past, Clay was married to a woman named Sara who died suddenly, leaving Clay emotionally scarred and unable to let go of her. Clay is a loyal friend and helps the Scotts through the Renee scandal but is fired once he fails to re-sign Nathan with the Bobcats. Quinn helps him get his job back and make peace with the loss of his wife so he can move on and the two fall in love. In the season seven finale, both he and Quinn are shot by Clay's stalker, Katie Ryan and left for dead. Clay lingers between life and death with a gunshot wound to the chest and comes close to dying when his organs start to fail, but makes a miraculous recovery after a kidney transplant and awakens with Quinn at his side. He later helps Nathan with a career as a sporting agent. We later find out that Clay in fact fathered a baby with Sara named Logan, who he later meets in a hospital while undergoing counseling for his disease. In the penultimate episode of season 9, Clay proposes to Quinn in Logan's tent, which is set up in the living room. Quinn says yes. In the final episode, Clay and Quinn get married and adopt Logan.", "One Tree Hill (season 8). Nathan abandoned basketball after finding out his back was getting worse.[51] Quinn goes after Katie Ryan when she returns to Tree Hill from a photography trip to Africa, where she had detoured to track Katie down.[52]", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Lindsey McKeon portrays Taylor James during seasons two and seven. Taylor is Haley and Quinn's sister. She comes to Tree Hill in season 2, and stays in Nathan and Haley's apartment.It is revealed that Nathan lost his virginity to Taylor. When Haley is constantly absent because of her music career, Taylor is stirring up trouble with Nathan. Taylor takes him to a bar, where she dances with other women on the table. Nothing happens though, and Nathan returns to Tree Hill. She returns in season seven, episode thirteen with Quinn's ex-husband David, who she is dating. She, along with Haley and Quinn are visited by their mother, Lydia, who reveals that she has pancreatic cancer and is dying. When Lydia tells the girls that she does not want to spend the remainder of her life in a hospital, Taylor gets angry and believes her mother is giving up. Haley later finds her packing and despite her attempts to persuade Taylor to stay, Taylor leaves. When Lydia collapses and ends up in the hospital, Quinn comes to try to convince her to come see their mother, but Taylor angrily refuses in tears, but Quinn leaves a picture of her, Taylor and Haley when they were close as kids and Taylor ends up going to the hospital to see Lydia. Taylor is told by Lydia that out of all her children she reminds Lydia the most of a younger version of herself. She, Quinn, Haley, Nathan, Jamie and Clay are present when Lydia dies and she along with her sisters, scatter her ashes.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn returns to Lima for Thanksgiving in the eighth episode of the season, and helps to mentor the new members of New Directions as they prepare for Sectionals competition.[32] Quinn is partnered with Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin). Kitty convinces Quinn, whom she idolizes, that Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), Puck's half brother, is pressuring Marley into having sex with him. Quinn becomes hostile towards Jake, Santana confronts Quinn about having discovered that Kitty has given Marley laxatives in order to further Marley's bulimia. Quinn, who is dating one of her teachers at Yale, accuses Santana of being jealous of her and projecting her hostility in their surrogates, leading to a fight before Quinn storms out of the choir room.[32] Quinn travels to New York to give Rachel helpful advice over whether or not to do a nude scene in a short film in \"Naked\".[33] Quinn returns to Lima for Will and Emma's wedding in \"I Do\", and evidently single again, vents her frustrations about men. She and Santana get drunk at the wedding reception and sleep together, which they agree was a fun one-time, and then two time, experimentation for Quinn.[34]", "Clay Evans (One Tree Hill). Clayton \"Clay\" Evans is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Robert Buckley. Introduced in the seventh season as Nathan Scott's sports agent, he and his primary love interest, Quinn James, were brought in after the departures of Lucas Scott and Peyton Sawyer in the previous season. During the series' progression, Clay struggles between focusing on Nathan's career and his own personal issues in coming to terms with his wife's untimely death and the unexpected repercussions it would hold.", "One Tree Hill (season 6). Season six is the final season for original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton.[2] Their characters, Lucas and Peyton, leave Tree Hill with their newborn baby in the finale.[3]", "One Tree Hill (season 7). Returning are both Austin Nichols who plays Julian Baker a character introduced in the sixth season. This season also saw the return of Danneel Harris who had previously portrayed bad girl Rachel Gatina. Nichols has been promoted to a series regular while Harris will be recurring for at least seven episodes, beginning with the second episode of the seventh season.[29] In an interview with new cast member Shantel VanSanten, she had noted the return of Lindsey McKeon as Taylor James, the sister of Haley and Quinn, midway through the season.[30]", "One Tree Hill (TV series). The seventh season jumps fourteen months ahead. Rachel returns and two new regular characters are introduced: Haley's sister Quinn and Nathan's agent Clay. Lucas and Peyton have moved away, Quinn and Clay's relationship develops after the death of Clay's wife Sarah. Nathan's NBA career is jeopardized by a growing scandal that also affects Haley. Dan becomes a motivational speaker with the support of his new wife, Rachel Gatina. Brooke releases her new clothing line in the midst of conflicts with Julian and Alex, a model she hired for her company. Millicent struggles with a drug addiction which causes Mouth to break it off with her. The second half of the season deals with Haley's depression due to her mother's death. At the end of the season, the characters travel to Utah for the premiere of Julian's completed film, Haley announces she's pregnant, Julian proposes to Brooke, and Clay and Quinn are shot by Katie.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Quentin is briefly mentioned in Season 9 by Xavier while he attacks Brooke a second time, taunting her for having the same look in her eyes that Quentin had right before Xavier killed him.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Katie Ryan was portrayed by Amanda Schull during seasons seven and eight. She is a prospective tennis client of Clay Evans who bears a striking resemblance to his late wife Sara. She stalks Clay and threatens Quinn, crashing Quinn's art gallery opening and buying the picture of Clay that Quinn took. In the season seven finale she shoots Quinn and Clay and leaves them for dead. She apparently flees town, but Quinn managed to track her down and plotted killing her, but backed out of it. Katie is then seen driving back to Tree Hill where she attacks Quinn again and tells Quinn that she had known all along that she was tracking her. After a chase through her house, Quinn shoots Katie, but calls 911 for her after stating that only a psycho would leave a person bleeding out for twelve hours.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Miss Lauren is now dating David, Quinn's ex-husband, and is pregnant with his child.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Played by Bess Armstrong during seasons two and seven. Lydia James, née Brigard, is the matriarch of the James family and the mother of Haley, Quinn, Taylor, Vivian and several other children. She fully supported Haley's decision to marry during her junior year, opposing the views of Nathan's mother Deb but it was a decision she made because her children's happiness is very important to her. In Season seven, Lydia visits her daughters, Haley, Taylor and Quinn and it is revealed that her husband had died several years prior and that she has Pancreatic Cancer and is dying, but wants to spend her remaining time with daughters rather than fight it. This causes Taylor to leave. She also rents a photography studio for Quinn, encouraging her to chase her dreams. Lydia's condition worsened and she was hospitalized. Quinn talked to Taylor, asking her to visit their mother and Taylor eventually did. Taylor eventually apologized for her behavior and Lydia then told her that out of all of her kids, Taylor reminded her the most of a younger version of herself. Haley, Nathan, Quinn, Taylor, Jamie and Clay then stayed with Lydia and she eventually died. She was cremated and her ashes were scattered by Haley, Quinn & Taylor. Haley named her daughter after her in season eight.", "Danneel Harris. In 2005 Harris was announced to have a major recurring role in the third season of The CW Teen Drama television series One Tree Hill. Harris portrayed the role of Rachel Gattina a bad girl who creates havoc for the residents of Tree Hill and returned to her role as a series regular for the shows fourth season. However, in season five, Harris only reprises the role of Rachel in two episodes due to the seasons format change.", "Clay Evans (One Tree Hill). Having been shot by Katie Ryan, Haley finds Clay and Quinn in their apartment. She then rushes the two to a hospital. Whilst in a coma, Clay and Quinn meet in a dream and discover whats happened to them after spending the day on the beach. Once they discover they've been shot they watch their body and loved ones in the hospital until Quinn gets well enough to come out of her coma. First she refuses to leave Clay and the two declare their love for each other. Quinn stays by Clay's bedside. Clay is later on a respirator until in his dream he met Will Bennett, who later dies and donated his organs to helping others and gives Clay his kidney. Clay's best friend Nathan had previously decided to donate his but wasn't a match. Clay then recovers, and leaves the hospital with Quinn. Nathan offers to help Clay with his agency until he is better. Clay and Nathan are both part of Fortitude and try to sign Ian Kellerman. They sign him but find out that he was the one who caused the crash on the bridge that could have killed Brooke and Jamie.", "One Tree Hill (season 7). This season includes three new characters portrayed by Robert Buckley, Shantel VanSanten, and Jana Kramer. Buckley is featured as Clayton, Nathan's agent and friend. VanSanten is featured as Haley's sister Quinn James. Kramer is featured as Alex, a model for Brooke fashion line, \"Clothes Over Bros\".[29]", "Clay Evans (One Tree Hill). At the beginning of season 7 there was a time jump, a little over a year had passed since the end of season 6. Clay became Nathan's agent and close friend during this time jump. He's also close to Nathan's family, his wife Haley James Scott and their son James Lucas Scott. At first Clay is shown as a flirt and fond of one-night stands. Upon meeting Quinn James, Haley's sister, he's immediately drawn to her but backs off once he learns that she's going through a separation with her husband. Clay is a loyal friend and helps the Scotts through the Renee scandal but is fired once he fails to resign Nathan with the Bobcats. Quinn helps him get his job back and make peace with the loss of his wife so he can move on and the two fall in love. Clay meets Katie Ryan, a tennis player without an agent. However she bears a resemblance to his wife, Sara. Katie begins to stalk Clay and even dyes her hair blonde just to mess with Clay's head. In the season finale, when Quinn was entering her bedroom, Katie lurked out from the shadows and shot her, Clay hearing the gunshot, comes in and realizes it is Katie and she shoots him down and leaves.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn along with the New Directions alumni return in the episode \"Homecoming\" to help Rachel and Kurt rebuild the New Directions. Quinn, Santana, and Brittany attempt to recruit new members by performing in Cheerios Alumni outfits, but only recruit twins Mason and Madison when former Glee new member, Kitty, who was the only member not to be transferred as Sue saw her as a star player, announced she wouldn't return because of the way Artie treated her and everyone else when he left. Puck is still her boyfriend. She appears in \"Jagged Little Tapestry\" along with Tina to help Becky convince her new boyfriend that she is in every club of the school. Quinn, Tina, Sue, and Coach Roz get a huge surprise when they find out that Becky's boyfriend, Darrell, does not have Down syndrome like Becky does. They all get a big lesson when they confront him and realize that a person with Down syndrome should be treated like everyone else. Despite being Santana and Brittany's best friend, she is notably absent during their wedding in \"A Wedding\". She is mentioned several times during the Pilot's parallel episode \"2009\", as Finn's cheerleader girlfriend. She is later seen during Don't Stop Believin' watching the performance with Sue and Santana. She returns in the last minutes of the series finale \"Dreams Come True\" performing backing vocals for I Lived with the rest of the Glee Cast for the re-dedication of the Auditorium.", "Quinn James. At the start of season 9, Quinn is struggling with Clay as he has been sleepwalking and waking up in random places. Quinn tries to get Clay to seek help, however this causes Clay to act out even more and starts to argue with Quinn. Clay decides that it would be best if he was to go to a facility that would help him recover. Quinn struggles without Clay, however Clay is making progress and has started a friendship with a young boy, Logan. It is discovered that Clay was sleepwalking because he was blocking out a part of his life with Sara. Clay remembers that Logan is his son. Quinn tries to help Clay to tell Logan that he is his father. Quinn comforts Clay when Logan rejects Clay, however Logan reconsiders and wants Clay and Quinn to be a part of his life. Quinn and Clay prepare for Logan's first sleepover at the beach house. It is at this time that Clay proposes to Quinn. She says yes. In the final episode, Quinn and Clay make their way to the registry office to adopt Logan. Here Logan calls Quinn, 'mom' so this prompts Quinn to suggest that her and Clay get married there and then. They get married and adopt Logan.", "Quinn James. Quinn and Haley put their differences on hold because Haley needed her sister's help. Needing to help Clay, Quinn went to his office and found his assistant - asking her to help Clay. Clay's assistant told Quinn that Joe Turner's mother was sick and, while the meaningfulness of this was lost on Quinn, when she told Clay, he took Quinn to Joe's house to talk to him, in a bid to persuade Joe to let Clay negotiate a deal with the Bobcats to allow Joe to play for them - a plan which could also get Nathan back on the team. With Joe on board after Clay visited him, he then had to persuade the Bobcats to sign a deal in which Joe and Nathan could be signed to the team and Derek McDaniel traded off the team to another. However, Quinn and Clay struggled to gain access to the Bobcats' arena, until Clay came up with a plan for Quinn to pose as a cheerleader. His plan faced an unexpected twist when Quinn's turn to perform came before Clay finished his discussions. Quinn initially copied another cheerleader but when she left the stage, Quinn was forced to improvise and decided to have fun with the routine while Clay watched from the sidelines. Clay got the deal and they broke the good news to an ecstatic Nathan and Haley, but Clay told Nathan that if he was to sign with him again he would have to know that he planned on falling completely in love with Quinn. Quinn and Clay then met at the beach and their relationship was made permanent when Quinn walked into the sea, facing her fear, to be with him", "One Tree Hill (season 7). Nathan and Haley are dealing with the fact that Dan has invited Renee onto his show, where she will undoubtedly air out the young Scott's dirty laundry. Quinn contemplates where her marriage with David went wrong, while Brooke has to admit to Julian what her future plans and dreams are. Clay must deal with his past when Sara comes to town.", "Quinn Fabray. In season three, Quinn sings her first solo number since the first season, \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" by The Jackson 5, which received mostly positive reviews. Jen Chaney of The Washington Post gave the song a \"B−\", and said it \"worked much better than every track that preceded it\" because it adapted the song to the show \"instead of trying to out-Jackson Jackson\".[69] Entertainment Weekly's Joseph Brannigan Lynch called it \"a nice summation of her character's journey, but not vocally impressive enough to justify listening to outside of the episode\" and gave it a \"B\".[70] Crystal Bell of HuffPost TV described it as a \"blah performance\", but Kate Stanhope of TV Guide said it was \"sweet and reflective\".[71][72] Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote that it was \"a tune well-suited for Quinn's sultry voice and the flipped meaning she gives the lyrics\", and TVLine's Michael Slezak had a similar take: he gave it an \"A\" and called it a \"remarkably lovely fit\" for her voice.[73][74]", "Quinn James. David then asked Quinn to come home, but she said she needed more time to think about it. Quinn met with David later and asked him for a divorce, saying that they couldn't save their marriage. At the fashion show, David arrived drunk and tried to persuade Quinn to talk to her, but Clay intervened and punched him. Quinn then talked to David again, and asked him to leave Tree Hill and to let go of her. Leaving David, she saw Clay and got into his car asking to go back to his place.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Following his death, Quentin appears as a ghost to Nathan, urging him to follow his dreams of reaching the NBA. When Nathan is called up to the Charlotte Bobcats, he goes to the cemetery to leave his Bobcats jersey on Quentin's grave. Nathan wrote his initials \"QF\" and jersey number \"44\" on one sneaker, writing the initials of Jamie (JLS) and his favorite number (12) on the other shoe. He is briefly mentioned by Jamie in the season 7 when he mentions the people he misses. Jamie and Nathan are in Lucas' house at the time while Julian, Brooke and Alex are at work on the movie.", "Quinn Fabray. Quinn was developed by Glee creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. The last character to be cast, initial responses to her were positive, though they soured during season one as the pregnancy storyline continued. Songs performed by Agron as Quinn have been released as singles, available for download, and also feature on the show's soundtrack albums. The role saw Agron nominated for the Teen Choice Award for \"Breakout Female Star\" in 2009, and a Screen Actors Guild award that same year. She was initially described by Agron as Rachel's enemy, and \"terrible, the meanest girl\".[2]" ]

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[ "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, her husband has found her lost earring. Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops, she stores his \"extra pair of shoes and angry eyes\" into his back compartment. She also warns the toys by saying \"Don't talk to any toy you don't know!\" She is not seen again until the end of the film. She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck, as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives. She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of \"You've Got a Friend in Me\" with her husband.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story, Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket-shaped claw game at Pizza Planet. Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens. When Buzz asks who is in charge, the Little Green Men say \"the claw\", which belongs in the machine; the Little Green Men say that the claw will \"decide who will go and who will stay\". Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him. Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game's maintenance hatch, but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw. Woody, Buzz, and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid's house. Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog, Scud, who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror. Near the end of the movie, the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact, and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid.", "List of Toy Story characters. The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex.", "List of Toy Story characters. The Squeeze Toy Aliens, also known as Little Green Men (or \"LGMs\") in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series, are a series of green, three-eyed squeaky toy aliens. They appear in all three films, and some were among Andy's toys after the events of Toy Story 2. Similar to Buzz, they think they're real aliens. Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance, they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as \"[his] boys,\" implying that all three are male.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 3, Potato Head is resentful of the aliens, who still worship him for saving their lives. Potato Head is sad that Andy doesn't play with them anymore, and complains all that to Woody. He is frustrated that Andy \"threw them away\", when he was actually going to put them in the attic. Again, Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident. Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside. After a rough playtime with the toddlers, he and Mrs. Potato Head's parts are scattered on the floor, and he gets his parts stuck up a kid's mouth and nose. Later that night, his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy's bedroom, spots that Andy is looking for his toys, making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked. When Lotso's dark attitude is revealed, he tries to defend his friends from Lotso, but Big Baby throws him into \"The Box\" on Lotso's orders. When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy, Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong. The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors, and he is thrown in the box once again. Only his smaller parts are able to escape, through a small hole. He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla, checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal. Pecked at by a pigeon, the tortilla falls apart, and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body. Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him. The toys manage to escape Sunnyside, and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck. Eventually, they end up in a landfill, facing death in the incinerator. However, Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children, who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful, just as the aliens had told him when they met. They eventually return to Andy's home and get washed. Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room. Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film.", "Toy Story 3. In addition to the tracks included in the soundtrack album, the film also uses several other tracks such as \"Dream Weaver\" by Gary Wright,[166] \"Le Freak\" by Chic,[167] and Randy Newman's original version of \"You've Got a Friend in Me.\"[167] Furthermore, tracks \"Cowboy!\" and \"Come to Papa\" included material from Newman's rejected score to Air Force One.[168] The song \"Losing You\" from Newman's own album Harps and Angels was also used in the first trailer for the film.[169] The Judas Priest song \"Electric Eye\" was also used in the film in the temp score for the opening scene of Toy Story 3.[170] The aliens are playing the tune in their sports car. The song was ultimately replaced by another piece of music.[which?]", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck. Buzz groans when he sees them, remembering them from the claw game in the first film. When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move, they tell Mr. Potato Head to \"use the wand of power\" (the truck's gear lever), which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game. They nearly fall out of the window, due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car. Fortunately, Mr. Potato Head saves them. The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear. Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say \"You have saved our lives, we are eternally grateful,\" much to Potato Head's dismay. The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the \"Mystic Portal\". They chase after the luggage with Rex, Hamm, and Potato Head, only to find cameras. Back home, the trio, along with Bullseye and Jessie, end up becoming some of Andy's toys. They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head, and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives, so she suggests that they adopt them, with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head \"daddy\".", "List of Toy Story characters. Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy's room. He is still Woody's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One-Eyed Betty. Bullseye's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans. Bullseye is really sad when Andy wouldn't play with them anymore. After Andy's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash, Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin. The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare. At Sunnyside, he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him. He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody doesn't want him to be alone in the attic. Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy. After the toddler play session, Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout, which is removed by Jessie. When Lotso is revealed to be evil, he locks the toys up and shows them Woody's hat, making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he's gone. Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat. The toys then plan an escape. Bullseye helps by going through the playground, carrying the aliens on his back. He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak. But they hide inside a pail safely. The toys then go to the garbage dump, and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator. They are rescued by the three aliens. At the end, Bullseye is donated to Bonnie, along with the rest of the toys. In Bonnie's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of \"You've got a friend in me.\"", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, after Al McWhiggin steals Woody, he goes with Buzz, Hamm, Rex, and Slinky to rescue Woody. Later, when they are going to leave, Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment. When the toys cross the street to Al's Toy Barn, they cause a semi to jackknife, and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break, freeing the pipe, which rolls down the street, during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him. After the toys break into Al's room using Rex as a battering ram, Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes, but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake. When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody, Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors, letting the toys pass through. Outside, he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby. While the toys chase Al in the truck, Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck's gear lever to get the truck to move. He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window. In the airport, when he sees the luggage area, he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens. He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him, but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier, he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens, much to his dismay. In an outtake, he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys, saying he is \"drawing the line at monkeys\" and wants to call his agent.", "Buzz Lightyear. In Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear is first seen when given as a gift to Andy from his mother at his birthday party. He also believes that he is a real space ranger, rather than a toy. Previously, the distinction of being Andy's favorite toy was held by Woody (a cowboy doll), but Buzz quickly becomes the new favorite; as a result, Woody is left to develop animosity toward Buzz. The effects of Woody's jealousy eventually leads them to be captured by Sid, a child who enjoys torturing toys and lives next door to Andy's house. While imprisoned in Sid's house, Buzz sees his own television ad, thus convincing him that he is a toy and not a space ranger. Upon understanding this, Buzz becomes depressed, but Woody eventually convinces him that it is a good thing. Buzz regains hope, and the two work together to escape, return to Andy, and become friends.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, Etch was seen helping Hamm, Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody's kidnapper, Al. Later on, when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al's Toy Barn, Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz. Near the end of the movie, sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp, Etch, as well as the rest of the toys (then including Jessie, Bullseye, and the Aliens), were aligned to welcome Andy home, with a \"Welcome Home, Andy\" sign written on Etch.", "List of Toy Story characters. Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry, Buzz Lightyear is a modern-day \"space ranger\" action figure, and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet, a laser \"weapon,\" and various sound effects. In the films, he acts as Woody's second-in-command. In Toy Story, he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger (the other toys are aware that they are toys) and develops a rivalry with Woody, who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer. During the film, he comes to realize that he is just a toy, and eventually becomes good friends with Woody. He is extremely loyal to his friends. During his time trapped at Sid's house, Hannah, Sid's sister, called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit. In Toy Story 2, Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head, Hamm, Rex, and Slink (Slinky Dog) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like. In Toy Story 3, a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie. He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to \"Spanish mode.\"", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending. During his appearances, it is clear that he still loves his toys very much. At the end of the film, Andy is pleased to have five new toys – Jessie, Bullseye, and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens – added into his collection. He marks them, as he has all his toys, with his name on the soles of their feet, or in Bullseye's case, one letter of his name on each hoof.", "List of Toy Story characters. When searching for Woody at Al's Toy Barn, Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle, causing him to stare in awe. While looking around, Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled \"New Utility Belt.\" Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt. When Buzz tries to take the belt, the newer Buzz (who thinks he a real Space Ranger, similar to Andy's Buzz in the original film) springs to life and grabs him, believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger. Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded, which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him. Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser actually a light bulb. This doesn't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could've killed him. Buzz then decides that he's had enough and tries to leave, only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him. After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in, he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang. When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg—having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he's been stuck on, Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg. While the gang search Al's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz, they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude (\"I'm Buzz Lightyear! I'm always sure!\") and strange actions (such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he's standing on the elevator, which is helping him fly) until they are finally reunited with Andy's Buzz, who defuses his counterpart's confusion by claiming that the situation is a 'Code 546' (Precisely what this involves is unknown, but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as \"Your Majesty\").", "List of Toy Story characters. Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot. A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys' (mostly Trixie) dismay and joy. She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals. She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and \"vanishes\".", "List of Toy Story characters. Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool. Unlike his best pal Snake, he speaks English. He is shown to be good with building blocks. In Toy Story, he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship. He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window. He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck, but then try to help Woody, Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake.", "List of Toy Story characters. The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid's room. They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah (hence the baby doll's parts). They do not speak, though it is revealed they know Morse Code. Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them, before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate. They fix Buzz's broken arm, Janie and the Pterodactyl, and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid. They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated, and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice. In Toy Story Treats, the Mutant Toys appear in Andy's house.", "List of Toy Story characters. Lotso was intended to be in the first film (originally for a sequel to Tin Toy), but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters, Inc. in 2001, so he was saved for the third film. However, an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says \"Everybody hear me? Up on the shelf, can you hear me? Great!\" and can be seen in the second film during the first Al's Toy Barn Commercial.", "List of Toy Story characters. Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct-to-video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins. Zurg says he is Lightyear's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear, before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim. Whether or not this is actually true, Buzz definitely does not know who his father is. This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up, going from the movie's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent, similar to Skeletor. This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz's speeches, maintaining a troll doll collection, and various other comedic habits. He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series. It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg, but she is never seen at all (although he claims that she's \"plenty evil\"). Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description, also much like Darth Vader. However, it has also been discussed amongst fans that his \"cybernetic\" traits could also very well be because of advanced technology. There is yet to be a clear answer. In the TV series, he is the warlord-like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots, as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods. The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z (standing for Xrghthung). In various media surrounding the film, his planet is said to be called Xrghthung. However, because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply \"Z.\" It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds, but, if he does, they have not been revealed. Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance. Despite being frequently gullible and bungling, Zurg is evidently highly intelligent, able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes. Additionally, he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them, showing how aware he is of his similarity to them. For example, when designing a vast prison on Planet Z, he declines building an execution arena, for it simply \"gives the captives more time to get away.\" When he was designing a schematic for a new base, he expressedly forbade for air vents that allow \"hero-sized objects\" into the control room. \"And, may I remind you, no giant trash compactor! When heroes fall in, they always have enough time to figure a way out. Make it—an incinerator!\"", "Sheriff Woody. In Toy Story, Woody is the favorite toy of his owner Andy Davis and the leader of the toys in Andy's room. However, his position is jeopardized by the arrival of Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure that Andy get as a birthday present. Buzz is convinced that he is an actual space ranger. Jealous, Woody uses Buzz's belief that he is a space ranger against him to try to knock him out of sight, in hopes of retaining his status as Andy's favorite toy; Buzz instead falls out the open window and Mr. Potato Head and the other toys accuse Woody of getting rid of Buzz on purpose, despite his attempt to convince them it was just an accident.", "List of Toy Story characters. In the third film, Sid (now an adult) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten. He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard, recognizable by his characteristic T-shirt. His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs, and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story, Hamm interrupts Woody's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3:00. Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz's features and ridicules of Woody, along with Potato Head. When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window, Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him. However, Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive. At the end, Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas.", "Jessie (Toy Story). Touched and amused by this comment, Jessie, in return, describes Buzz as \"the sweetest space toy she has ever met.\" Then, Andy's dog, Buster, has to go outside...and Jessie finds the toy racetrack, and rides on top of a toy car, yodeling, to the door. Buzz is impressed by this to the point where his wings suddenly pop open. Shortly after, she and Buzz are seen together with Woody and Bo Peep as they watch Wheezy sing \"You've Got a Friend in Me.\"", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, Rocky, along with Sarge's toy soldiers, tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering, but Buster rams the door open, causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying. Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission. At the end of the movie, Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy's rendition of \"You've Got a Friend in Me.\" He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child.", "List of Toy Story characters. Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2. He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al's penthouse. He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage. Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody. He is also upset at Woody's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy, as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave. When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy's room, it is Bullseye's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him. At the airport, after Bullseye escapes from Al's case, Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan. Although Woody gets separated from Buzz, Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody, as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway. The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz, seconds before the plane takes off. After the toys return home, both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy's toys. Bullseye has every letter of Andy's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves.", "Alien (film). The \"chestburster\" effect was parodied in Mel Brooks' comedy Spaceballs. Near the end, in a diner, John Hurt does a cameo appearance as a customer who seems to be suffering indigestion. However, he turns out to have an \"alien\" in his gut, and moans, \"Oh, no...not again!\" The \"alien\" then does a song-and-dance, singing a line of \"Hello, Ma Baby\", from the classic Warner Bros. cartoon One Froggy Evening.", "List of Toy Story characters. At the landfill, the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder. Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag, Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder, only to realize that it leads to an incinerator. As they are about to reach the incinerator, Lotso sees an emergency stop button, and with Woody and Buzz's help, manages to reach it. However, instead of pushing the button, he chooses to leave them behind, as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump. When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens, Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die, but Woody talks them out of it, claiming that \"he's not worth it\" and that the dump is the right place for him. Lotso (who is unaware the Andy's toys are still alive) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear as a child, and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away.", "List of Toy Story characters. Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot, as they are often seen together. He is unable to talk, but he communicates through hissing. When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window, he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody. Later, at the end of the film, he and the other toys try to help Woody, Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story, RC was fascinated with Buzz's features. When Woody becomes really jealous, he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy (a magic 8-ball) trapped underneath the desk. Woody sneaks over to RC, starts him up, and tried to hit Buzz but misses. However, RC hits a board instead, causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll. Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him. RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window. RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz. When Woody went to the moving van, he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 3, Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films. He is the only original character that had to be re-cast (due to Jim Varney's death), and was replaced by Blake Clark (with a professional Jim Varney voice) in this film. Slinky is One-Eyed Bart's \"Attack Dog with a Built-in Force Field\" and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy's western play sequence. At Sunnyside Daycare, Slinky has been tangled up by the young children. Later that night, Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy's intention to store the toys into the attic. Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso's gang. He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return, and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras. When the toys reach the dumpster, Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety, although they are stopped by Lotso. When the toys end up at the dump, Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section (Slinky) of his body. When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator, Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate. After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens, he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso isn't worth it. He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys.", "List of Toy Story characters. In Toy Story 2, Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf. Wheezy was one of Andy's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke. Andy's mom then put him on the shelf, intending to fix his broken squeaker later, but she forgot about him. He is about to be sold at the yard sale, and in saving him, Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al. At the end of the film, he gets a new \"squeaker\" and sings \"You've Got a Friend in Me,\" the ending theme of the movie. During the outtakes, he describes himself as \"not a good catcher\" as he fails to catch Mike's microphone thus hurting himself several times.", "List of Toy Story characters. He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life. At the end of the first film, Woody and Sid's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid, which causes him to become very frightened of toys. The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else. This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming, and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll." ]

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[ "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. The 2017 Australian Open Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2017 Australian Open. It was contested between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, ranked 17th and 9th in the world respectively. It was their record ninth meeting in a Grand Slam final in their rivalry, and their 1st meeting in a Grand Slam final since the 2011 French Open. In a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in 5 sets, Roger Federer won the duel in 5 sets, beating Nadal for the first time in a Grand Slam since the 2007 Wimbledon final. He also trailed Nadal 3–1 in the final set but won 5 games in a row to win the title. This ended a 6-match losing streak against Nadal in Grand Slam events. Having lost all of their previous three encounters, this was the first time Federer defeated Nadal at the Australian Open and also marked Federer's first Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon. Federer extended his record of Grand Slam men's singles titles to 18, marking the third time he broke his own all-time record, after breaking the previous record of 14, held by Pete Sampras.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles. Roger Federer won his fifth Australian Open title, and 18th Major title overall, defeating Rafael Nadal in the final in five sets. With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least five titles at three Grand Slam tournaments (five at the Australian Open, seven at Wimbledon and five at the US Open).", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Federer's winning campaign at the 2017 Australian Open defeated four top 10 players, three of which whose matches went to a full five sets and two of them were back-to-back: 5th seed Kei Nishikori in the 4th round; 4th seed Stan Wawrinka in the semi-final; and 9th seed Rafael Nadal in the final. The previous winning campaign in a men's singles Grand Slam defeating four top 10 players for the title was 35 years ago, accomplished by the unseeded 17 year-old Mats Wilander at the 1982 French Open - Men's Singles. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final also marked Federer's 100th Australian Open match. Winning the 2017 Australian Open catapulted Federer back into the top 10 rankings at No. 10. Nadal's runner-up position advanced his rank from No. 9 to No. 6.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Winning his 5th Australian Open men's singles title, Roger Federer once again broke his own all-time record of Grand Slam titles to set the new mark at 18, pulling four ahead of the second all-time count of 14 held by Rafael Nadal and Pete Sampras. Federer also became the first man ever to win at least 5 singles majors at 3 different Grand Slams each (Australian Open, Wimbledon, and US Open). In addition to being denied his third effort to win the Australian Open title, Nadal was also denied, for the second time after the 2014 Australian Open men's singles final, from becoming the first man to achieve a double career Grand Slam in the Open Era. Furthermore, Federer's victory over Nadal in the Australian Open 2017 final was his first Grand Slam match win over Nadal since the 2007 Wimbledon final nearly a decade ago, and also marked Federer's first ever win over Nadal in a Grand Slam match outside of the grass courts of Wimbledon. Most importantly, Federer's 2017 Australian Open title victory marked the culmination of his years-long quest since his 2012 Wimbledon title win for his 18th Grand Slam singles title, which previously saw three finals appearances and losses all to then-reigning No. 1 Novak Djokovic at the 2014 Wimbledon and 2015's Wimbledon and US Open. At 35 years and 174 days of age, Federer became the second-oldest winner of a Grand Slam after Ken Rosewall since 1972. Considered altogether along with his return from his six-month injury layoff, his 2017 Australian Open run seeing three 5-set match wins over top 10 players, and his Grand Slam match history of losses against Nadal, Federer's victory from being down 1–3 in the final set against Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final is considered by some to be the biggest win in his career.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. En route to the final both Federer and Nadal made exceptional campaigns: Federer scored 3 top-10 wins, including a 5-set win over Kei Nishikori in the 4th round, which became Federer's 200th win over top-10 players in his career and becoming the first man ever to achieve this feat, and culminated by a 5-set win in the semifinals over compatriot Stan Wawrinka after surviving a few breaks points in the 5th; Nadal scored 2 top-10 wins, as well as ending Grigor Dimitrov's unbeaten 2017 win streak of 10 matches in the semifinals in 4 hours and 56 minutes, after being down 3–4, 15–40 in the 5th set. When top seeds Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic were knocked out early in the draw and both Federer and Nadal made quarter-finals on opposite sides of the draw, the men's singles final between Federer and Nadal was anticipated early and, when secured, drew immediate attention for being another confrontation between the two perennial archrivals and, more importantly, the potential tennis history made from either victory and the subsequent implications upon both players' respective legacies. Both men made note of the passage of time of their respective careers since their last Grand Slam final meeting and respective struggles, simultaneously acknowledging and embracing the present significance and the magnitude of their upcoming match.[citation needed]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Joining the social media congratulations and praise from fans, commentators, fellow contemporaries and tennis legends such as Billie Jean King who praised Federer as the greatest of all time,[18] were other sport stars and legends outside of tennis such as Mesut Özil, Ian Thorpe, Alex Morgan, Sachin Tendulkar, Pau Gasol, Luís Figo, Franco Baresi, Karrie Webb, Lin Dan, and Usain Bolt.[19] [20][21][22][23] Golf legend 'Golden Bear' Jack Nicklaus, who holds the all-time record of golf majors at the same number of 18, also offered his congratulations to Federer for winning his 18th major tennis singles win.[24][25]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Federer's 5th Australian Open title win marked a tournament record 7 year-long gap between a player's successive Australian Open titles[13] and also established an Open-era Slam record of a 13+ year-long span of winning men's singles Grand Slam titles since his maiden 2003 Wimbledon title win. Winning another Australian Open title also saw Federer increase his all-time record count of hard court singles majors to 10, two ahead of the second all-time count of 8 held by Novak Djokovic. Federer is now tied with Djokovic with the record of 6 Australian Open finals and is one behind Djokovic's all-time record count of 6 Australian Open titles. In addition, the match was also Federer's career 7th five-set Grand Slam final match, subsequently breaking the all-time career record tie held with Björn Borg of 6 Grand Slam five-set finals.", "2017 Australian Open. Roger Federer won his eighteenth men's singles Grand Slam title by defeating Rafael Nadal in a five-set final. It was his first major title since 2012 Wimbledon and a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in five sets. Serena Williams overcame her sister Venus in the women's singles final, surpassing Steffi Graf to become the player with the most major wins in the women's game in the Open Era.", "2017 Australian Open. 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles", "2017 Australian Open. Men's Singles", "2017 Australian Open. Men's Singles", "2017 Australian Open. Men's Singles", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. The match lasted 3:38 minutes, including a medical time-out for Federer after the 4th set. Federer won the first set 6–4 after breaking Nadal in the 7th game. Nadal won the second set 6–3 where he broke Federer twice and Federer broke back once. The start of the third set saw a crucial momentum swing, where Federer saved 3 break points in his opening service game, all of which were saved by aces. After holding on to his serve, Federer subsequently broke Nadal twice to take the set 6–1. The fourth set was won by Nadal 6–3, and it came down to a fifth set.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles. This was the first Grand Slam tournament in which Andy Murray started as World No. 1 and top seed. Murray retained the top ranking despite losing to Mischa Zverev in the fourth round, because second seeded Djokovic needed to win the tournament to regain the No. 1 ranking, but lost in the second round. This was the first time since the 2004 French Open that the top two men's seeds both failed to make it past the fourth round of a major.[2]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Federer took an off-court medical time-out at the start of the fifth set. Upon resumption of play, Nadal broke Federer in the first game, and was leading the final set 3–1, however Federer broke back to level the set at 3–3. After holding his serve to take the lead 4–3, Federer went on to break Nadal's next service game, which included a 26 shot rally (longest in the match) at deuce. Whilst serving for the championship at 5–3, Federer had to overcome a 15–40 deficit to reach championship point. On his second championship point, Federer hit a forehand winner that landed on the line of the alley on the deuce side. Nadal challenged the call, but, upon Hawk-Eye review, the call was upheld and Federer won the match.[12]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Federer's entry in the 2017 Australian Open already drew substantial and critical media attention due to his 6-month layoff from his knee injury, his continued years-long quest for his 18th singles major, and his consistent form and reflected appearances in two semi-finals and two finals in four previous Grand Slam tournaments despite his advancing age. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final between perennial archrivals Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal further developed from that attention and the match was immediately regarded by fans, fellow tennis contemporaries, pundits and analysts, and the media as a 'dream final' and, more importantly, a match of historical significance for both players, as agreed by many past legends such as Andy Roddick and Pam Shriver as well as renowned tennis analyst Mary Carillo.[9] Due to their respective ages of 35 and 30, the increasing number of years since their last respective Grand Slam title wins, and the perceived declines from their prime sporting years which saw some critics voicing opinions that neither player would ever win a singles major again, it was critically speculated that the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final may mark the last time that Federer and Nadal would meet and contest each other in a Grand Slam final. Furthermore, many other pundits and analysts also agreed that this match could very well prove who between Federer and Nadal would be popularly and critically viewed as the \"greatest tennis player of all time\". Federer held the all-time count of men's singles of Grand Slam titles at 17, while Nadal held the second all-time count of 14 tied with Pete Sampras and a dominant head-to-head 23–11 record against Federer. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final would either see Federer breaking his historic all-time record of 17 men's Grand Slam singles titles, or, Nadal with 15 Grand Slam singles titles that would break the tie between himself and Sampras' Grand Slam title count and subsequently narrow the Grand Slam title count gap between himself and Federer. Furthermore, should Nadal win, he would become the first man in the Open Era to achieve a double career Grand Slam, winning each of the Grand Slams at least twice in men's singles.", "2017 Australian Open. This was a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Rafael Nadal won to become the first (and to date, only) Spaniard to win the Australian Open title; as of 2017 it remains his only title at the tournament. The final saw the two holding service for six games of the first set, whilst during the seventh game was the pivotal break of serve giving Federer the opening set. Nadal quickly broke Federer's serve in the second set racing out to a lead that Federer could not overcome, giving him the second set and levelling the match at one set apiece. The third set was a rather lopsided affair seeing Nadal secure his service game only in the fourth game of the set. The fourth set started off competitively with the two holding serve, until Nadal broke in the fourth game of the set, a lead he would never surrender, evening the match at two sets apiece. The decisive fifth set commenced with a break of Federer's serve by Nadal, giving him a lead in the early going; however, Nadal's serve got broken during the sixth game of the set, levelling the match at two sets and three games apiece. Federer won the next three games breaking Nadal's service in the eighth game of the set to allow him to successfully serve out the match in the final ninth game. This was Roger Federer's 18th Grand Slam singles title, the most ever by a man in the history of tennis, and it was his fifth Australian Open title, just one shy of the record co-held by Novak Djokovic and Roy Emerson. [22]Federer would go on to equal this record by defending his title successfully the next year.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Due to their storied rivalry, the advancing age of both players in their respective careers, critical speculation of this being their last Grand Slam finals contest against one another, the potential tennis history made from either victory and subsequent implications for their respective legacies, and the match's relevance towards popular and critical discussions on either Federer or Nadal being 'the greatest tennis player of all time', the 2017 Australian Open men's singles finals match between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, referred by the moniker 'Fedal XXXV', was a 'dream final' and the most highly anticipated final in not only the tournament's history, but also in tennis history, and was one of the most important sporting events ever played.[1][2][3][4][5][6]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. James Keothavong of the UK was the chair umpire.", "Australian Open. Roger Federer was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2018. It was his 20th Major Singles title and his sixth at the Australian Open.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles. This was also the first Grand Slam tournament since the 2002 US Open in which Federer was ranked outside the top-10. He went on to reach and win the final of the tournament, making him the oldest man to reach a Grand Slam final since Ken Rosewall made the 1974 US Open final at the age of 39, and the oldest Slam champion since Ken Rosewall had won the 1972 Australian Open at 37 years and 63 days old.[3]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. The most striking difference between this match and past Fedal Slam finals is that Federer hit more than double the number of winning shots than Nadal, 73 to 35.", "2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles. Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–2, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. It was Federer's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record-equalling sixth Australian Open men's singles title (tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic).[1] With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments (six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon). Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972.[2] The time span between Federer's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest, almost 15 years, is an Open era record in the men's singles field.[3] This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title, with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open. Čilić became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open.[4]", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Federer and Nadal's participation in the 2017 Australian Open marked their major returns from their 2016 seasons that saw sidelining injuries. Federer in particular had not played a tournament since the 2016 Wimbledon semi-final, having aggravated his surgically repaired knee to the extent that he called off the rest of his 2016 season, including missing out the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio that he was keen to compete in for the men's singles Olympic Gold Medal that eluded him and also playing the highly anticipated mixed doubles pairing with compatriot and fellow tennis great, Martina Hingis.[7][8] Unable to defend his Cincinnati Open and Swiss Basel Indoors titles and his runner up position at the 2016 US Open, Federer fell from No. 3 to No. 16 at the end of the 2016, dropping out of the top 5 for the first time since March 2014 and dropping out of the top 10 rankings for the first time since 2002. Contrasting Federer's consistent semi-finals and finals appearances in Grand Slams from 2015 Wimbledon onwards, Nadal failed to make a Grand Slam quarterfinal since the 2015 French Open. His last Grand Slam title win was the 2014 French Open and his last appearance in the Australian Open men's singles final was against Stan Wawrinka in 2014, which Wawrinka won in four sets. Nadal, however, won the Monte-Carlo Masters title in 2016, while Federer, for the first time since 2000, did not win a tournament title. Prior to the 2017 Australian Open, Nadal had reached the quarterfinals of the 2017 Brisbane International losing to Milos Raonic, while Federer had played in the 2017 Hopman Cup in singles and mixed round robins with Belinda Bencic, winning two and losing one match in both singles and mixed doubles (the Swiss team did not qualify for the final).", "2018 Australian Open. Roger Federer was the defending champion in the men's singles event and successfully retained his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, won his 6th Australian Open title and historic 20th Grand Slam title; reigning champion Serena Williams did not defend her title in the women's singles event[2] having withdrawn a week before the tournament, stating that she was not fully fit after giving birth to her daughter in September 2017. Caroline Wozniacki won the women's title, defeating Simona Halep in the final.", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. In Australia, the free-to-air television broadcast on the Seven Network was the highest-rating Australian Open Men's Singles Final in more than a decade, with a combined 2.668 million viewers in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth. Including regional viewers (965,000), the figure rose to 3.615 million viewers across Australia. A one-minute period peaked at 4.4 million viewers across Australia. Across the final day of the tournament, 6.5 million Australians watched at least 5 consecutive minutes of the broadcast. In addition, the match was streamed online in Australia by nearly 190,000 people. The Seven Network had a free-to-air audience share of 54.5% between 6:00pm and 12:00am.[16]", "2017 Roger Federer tennis season. In his first major tournament of the year, Federer progressed all the way to the final, winning over top 10 players Tomáš Berdych, Kei Nishikori, and fellow countryman Stan Wawrinka, to face his archrival Rafael Nadal in the final. Nadal had won all six matches between the two in major tournaments since the Wimbledon final of 2007, including all three of their encounters at the Australian Open. Federer ultimately triumphed after being a break down in the fifth set, winning a record-extending and historic 18th men's singles Grand Slam title and becoming the first man to win at least five singles titles at three different major tournaments each, while denying Nadal's second opportunity to become the first man in the Open Era to win each major in men's singles twice. His previous record of winning at least four titles at three majors was also unmatched. Federer's campaign in winning the Australian Open 2017 title saw three of his matches going to five sets (fourth round against Nishikori, semi-final against Wawrinka, and final against Nadal) and the five-set major final was the 7th in Federer's career, which broke the record tie with Björn Borg of a career count of 6 five-set major men's singles finals. With the Australian Open 2017 title, Federer's ATP ranking rose from No. 17 to No. 10[2] and marked his first win over Nadal in a Grand Slam match outside the grass courts of Wimbledon.", "2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles. Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6(7–3) in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. [1][2] Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only one to have the distinction without having won the title.", "2017 Australian Open – Women's Singles. Serena Williams won the title, her 7th Australian title overall and first Australian Open where she did not lose a set during the tournament. She also regained the No. 1 ranking, defeating her sister Venus Williams in the final, 6–4, 6–4. This marks the first time the Williams sisters met in a Grand Slam final since the 2009 Wimbledon Championships and the first time they met in the Australian Open final since 2003.[1]", "2018 Australian Open. Men's Singles", "2018 Australian Open. Men's Singles", "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final. Numerous tennis players and legends fielded their opinions on the match and who would win, including Australian Open promotional interviews with Roy Emerson, Fred Stolle, John McEnroe, Lindsay Davenport, and Rod Laver, in addition to other media interviews with John Newcombe, Martina Navratilova, Lleyton Hewitt, Pat Rafter, Michael Chang, Mary Joe Fernández, and Andy Roddick. Federer's age, his last two disappointing four-set losses in Grand Slam tournament finals, and first tournament return from his six-month layoff due to his injured and surgically repaired knee were all collectively cited against Federer's chances for winning the final, all in addition to the popularly cited Nadal's dominant head-to-head record (including 3-0 against Federer in their previous Australian Open matches), and particular game match-up against Federer's game. Players remarked that the court speed would favor Federer's game over Nadal's, and the media noted that Federer's game may be further helped by the courts being comparatively faster than the previous year's Australian Open,[10] but this remains disputed.[11] Further adding to Federer's chances to winning were their last encounter ending in Federer's favor at the 2015 Swiss Basel Indoors, an additional day of rest for Federer, a comparatively improved backhand that might hold up better against Nadal's lefty forehand, and Nadal's intensely contested five-set semi-final match against Grigor Dimitrov which lasted almost five hours." ]

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[ "Batman in film. Tim Burton took over as director of the first Batman film in 1986. Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay.[14][16] Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Michael Keaton was cast. Keaton was a controversial choice for the role since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role.[14] Jack Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated a high salary, a portion of the box office profits and his shooting schedule. Nicholson's final salary is reported to be as high as $50 million.[11][17][18][19] Principal photography took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989.[20] The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million,[17] while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Rewrites were performed by Warren Skaaren, Charles McKeown[11] and Jonathan Gems.[21] Batman received positive reviews, broke numerous box office records, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. The film grossed over $400 million,[14] and left a legacy over the modern perception of the superhero film genre.[22]", "Batman (1989 film). Batman opened on June 23, 1989, grossing $43.6 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. This broke the opening weekend record, set by Ghostbusters II one week earlier, with $29.4 million.[65] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross $251.2 million in North America and $160.15 million internationally, totaling $411.35 million.[66] Batman was the first film to earn $100 million in its first ten days of release,[3] and was the highest grossing film based on a DC comic book until 2008's The Dark Knight.[67] The film's gross is the 66th highest ever in North American ranks.[68] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989,[69] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America,[70] and made a further $150 million in home video sales.[71] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US.[72]", "Batman in film. Batman (also known as Batman: The Movie) is a 1966 film adaptation of the popular Batman television series, and was the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character. The 20th Century Fox release starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin, as well as Cesar Romero as the Joker, Burgess Meredith as the Penguin, Lee Meriwether as Catwoman, and Frank Gorshin as the Riddler.", "Batman in film. Batman was a 15-chapter serial film released in 1943 by Columbia Pictures and was the first appearance of the comic book character on film. The serial starred Lewis Wilson as Batman and Douglas Croft as Robin. Being a World War II era production, the movie serial like many of this period was used as war-time propaganda and had an anti-Japanese bent with J. Carrol Naish playing the Japanese villain, an original character named Dr. Daka. Rounding out the cast were Shirley Patterson as Linda Page (Bruce Wayne's love interest), and William Austin as Alfred. The plot is based on Batman, a US government agent, attempting to defeat the Japanese agent Dr. Daka, at the height of World War II.", "Batman (1989 film). Batman is a 1989 superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker, alongside Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough and Jack Palance. The film takes place early in the title character's war on crime, and depicts a battle with his nemesis the Joker.", "Batman (1966 film). Batman (often promoted as Batman: The Movie) is a 1966 American superhero film based on the Batman television series, and the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character Batman. Released by 20th Century Fox, the film starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin. The film hit theaters two months after the last episode of the first season of the television series. The film includes most members of the original TV cast, with the exception of Lee Meriwether as the Catwoman, the character previously played by Julie Newmar in two episodes of the series' first season.", "Batman (1989 film). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting caused a controversy since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role.[3] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated a high salary, a portion of the box office profits and his shooting schedule.", "Batman in film. Although Batman Returns was a financial success, Warner Bros. felt the film should have made more money. The studio decided to change the direction of the Batman film series to be more mainstream. Joel Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as director, while Burton decided to stay on as producer.[30] However, Michael Keaton did not like the new direction the film series was heading in,[31] and was replaced by Val Kilmer as Batman. Chris O'Donnell was introduced as Robin, Jim Carrey starred as The Riddler, while Tommy Lee Jones starred as Two-Face. Filming started in September 1994,[30] and Schumacher encountered problems communicating with Kilmer and Jones.[32] Batman Forever was released on June 16, 1995 with financial success, earning over $350 million worldwide and three Academy Award nominations, but the film was met with mixed reviews from critics.[33][34]", "Batman in film. The fictional superhero Batman, who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, has appeared in various films since his inception. Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger,[1] the character first starred in two serial films in the 1940s, Batman and Batman and Robin. The character also appeared in the 1966 film Batman, which was a feature film adaptation of the 1960s Batman TV series starring Adam West and Burt Ward, who also starred in the film. Toward the end of the 1980s, the Warner Bros. studio began producing a series of feature films starring Batman, beginning with the 1989 film Batman, directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton. Burton and Keaton returned for the 1992 sequel Batman Returns, and in 1995, Joel Schumacher directed Batman Forever with Val Kilmer as Batman. Schumacher also directed the 1997 sequel Batman & Robin, which starred George Clooney. Batman & Robin was poorly received by both critics and fans, leading to the cancellation of Batman Unchained.[2]", "Batman (1989 film). Batman was a critical and financial success, earning over $400 million in box office totals. It was the fifth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination, and won an Academy Award. It also inspired the equally successful Batman: The Animated Series, paving the way for the DC animated universe, and has influenced Hollywood's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Three sequels, Batman Returns, Batman Forever and Batman & Robin, were released on June 19, 1992, June 16, 1995, and June 20, 1997, respectively.", "Batman. In 1989, Warner Bros. released the live-action feature film Batman; directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton as the title character. The film was a huge success; not only was it the top-grossing film of the year, but at the time was the fifth highest-grossing film in history.[170] The film also won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction.[171] The film's success spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997); the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively. The second Schumacher film failed to outgross any of its predecessors and was critically panned; causing Warner Bros. to cancel the planned fourth sequel, Batman Unchained,[172] and end the initial film series.", "Batman (1989 film). Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Batman co-creator Bob Kane greeted with positive feedback.[3] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States.[12] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988).[3] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in.[18] Hamm explained, \"They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure. They hear Keaton's name and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman, and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us.\"[12] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant.[8]", "Batman (1966 film). ABC, the network which previously aired the Batman television series, first broadcast the film on the July 4, 1971 edition of The ABC Sunday Night Movie; the film was quickly rebroadcast on ABC September 4 of that year. The film debuted on home video via formats VHS and Betamax release in 1985 by Playhouse Video, in 1989 by CBS/Fox Video, and in 1994 by Fox Video. The film was released on DVD in 2001, and re-released July 1, 2008 on DVD and on Blu-ray.[14]", "Batman in film. In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning.[6] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish \"to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows.\"[6] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series. Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film.[7]", "Batman Begins. After a series of unsuccessful projects to resurrect Batman on screen following the critical failure of Batman & Robin (1997), Nolan and Goyer began work on the film in early 2003. Aiming for a darker, more realistic tone compared to the previous films, a primary goal for their vision was to engage the audience's emotional investment in both the Batman and Bruce Wayne identities of the lead character. The film, which was principally shot in the United Kingdom, Iceland and Chicago, relied heavily on traditional stunts and miniature effects, with computer-generated imagery being used in a minimal capacity compared to other action films. Comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls, Batman: Year One and Batman: The Long Halloween served as inspiration.", "Batman (1989 film). Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995) and Batman & Robin (1997); the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively.", "Batman in film. Batman Begins was both critically and commercially successful. The film opened on June 15, 2005, in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters. It grossed $48 million in its opening weekend, eventually grossing over $372 million worldwide. The film received an 85% overall approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes. Critics noted that fear was a common motif throughout the film, and remarked that it had a darker tone compared with previous Batman films. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and for three BAFTA awards.[82] It was also listed at No. 81 on Empire's \"500 Greatest Movies of All Time\"[83] and has maintained a standing on IMDb.com's \"Top 250\".[84]", "Batman. The character of Batman has appeared in various media aside from comic books, such as newspaper syndicated comic strips, books, radio dramas, television, a stage show, and several theatrical feature films. The first adaptation of Batman was as a daily newspaper comic strip which premiered on October 25, 1943.[161] That same year the character was adapted in the 15-part serial Batman, with Lewis Wilson becoming the first actor to portray Batman on screen. While Batman never had a radio series of his own, the character made occasional guest appearances in The Adventures of Superman starting in 1945 on occasions when Superman voice actor Bud Collyer needed time off.[162] A second movie serial, Batman and Robin, followed in 1949, with Robert Lowery taking over the role of Batman. The exposure provided by these adaptations during the 1940s \"helped make [Batman] a household name for millions who never bought a comic book\".[162]", "Batman in film. Following the cancellation of two further film proposals, the franchise was rebooted in 2005 with Batman Begins, directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale. Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012, with Bale reprising his role in both films. Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide.[3] Referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy, the critical acclaim and commercial success of Nolan's films have been credited with restoring widespread popularity to the superhero, with the second installment considered one of the best superhero movies of all-time.", "Batman (TV series). A film based on the television show, Batman, was released in 1966. The film was originally intended to be produced before the series as a way to introduce the series to the public. However, the series' premiere was moved up and the film was forced to wait until the summer hiatus after the first season. The film was produced quickly to get into theatres prior to the start of season two of the television series.", "Batman in film. A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of The Dark Knight Returns, which his script pre-dated by six years.[6] In November 1979, producer Jon Peters and Casablanca FilmWorks, headed by Peter Guber, joined the project.[8] The four producers felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978).[9] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures, but the studio turned it down.[10] The project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Casablanca FilmWorks was absorbed into PolyGram Pictures in 1980. Guber and Peters left PolyGram Pictures in 1982 and took the Batman film rights with them, although PolyGram would retain at least 7.5% of the profits of said rights due to a contractual agreement.[8] Guber and Peters immediately set up shop at Warner Bros., which finally decided to accept Batman.[11]", "Batman (1989 film). In the months pre-dating Batman's release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon rose known as \"Batmania\".[39] Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold.[27] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: \"That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot.\"[62] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman written by Craig Shaw Gardner.[63] It remained on the New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989.[64] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed \"it is less movie than a corporate behemoth\".[61]", "Batman (1989 film). In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning.[5] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish \"to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows.\"[5] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series. Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film.[6]", "Batman (1989 film). A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of The Dark Knight Returns, which his script pre-dated by six years.[5] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project.[7] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978).[8] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures, but the studio turned it down.[9] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros., the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise, decided to also accept and produce Batman.[10]", "Batman (1966 film). Batman premiered at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas on July 30, 1966 (between the first and second seasons of the TV series); it was moderately successful at the box office. The Batboat featured in the film was created by Austin-based company Glastron, whose payment was in having the film premiere in their hometown. In conjunction with the premiere, Jean Boone of Austin CBS affiliate station KTBC interviewed the film's cast, including Lee Meriwether, Cesar Romero, and Adam West.[13]", "Batman. In 2005, Batman Begins was released by Warner Bros. as a reboot of the film series; directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale as Batman. Its sequel, The Dark Knight (2008), set the record for the highest grossing opening weekend of all time in the U.S., earning approximately $158 million,[173] and became the fastest film to reach the $400 million mark in the history of American cinema (eighteenth day of release).[174] These record-breaking attendances saw The Dark Knight end its run as the second-highest domestic grossing film (at the time) with $533 million, bested then only by Titanic.[175] The film also won two Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actor for the late Heath Ledger.[176] It was eventually followed by The Dark Knight Rises (2012), which served as a conclusion to Nolan's film series.", "Batman in film. During the filming of Batman & Robin, Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies, prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to reprise his directing duties for a third film. Writer Akiva Goldsman, who worked on Batman Forever and Batman & Robin, turned down the chance to write the script.[39] In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film. A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.[45] Titled Batman Unchained but often incorrectly referred to as Batman Triumphant,[2] Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain and the Joker would return as a hallucination in Batman's mind caused by the Scarecrow's fear toxin. Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter trying to kill Batman to avenge her father's death.[46] George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl.[47] Schumacher had also approached Nicolas Cage for the role of Scarecrow.[48] However, when Batman & Robin received negative reviews and failed to outgross any of its predecessors, Warner Bros. was unsure of their plans for Batman Unchained. The studio decided it was best to consider a live-action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's Batman: Year One. Warner Bros. would then greenlight whichever idea suited them the most.[49] Schumacher felt he \"owe[d] the Batman culture a real Batman movie. I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight.\"[50] He approached Warner Bros. to do Batman: Year One in mid-1998.[50]", "Batman in film. After the release of Batman Forever, Warner Bros. started development on Batman & Robin, commissioning it on fast track for an adamant June 1997 release.[35] Val Kilmer did not return, because of scheduling conflicts with The Saint,[36] and was replaced by George Clooney. Arnold Schwarzenegger starred as Mr. Freeze, while Uma Thurman starred as Poison Ivy and Alicia Silverstone starred as Batgirl. Chris O'Donnell reprised his role as Robin. Principal photography began in September 1996[37] and finished in January 1997,[38] two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.[39] Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997, and received primarily negative reviews.[40] Observers criticized the film for its toyetic and campy approach, and for homosexual innuendos added by Schumacher.[36] Still, the film was a financial success,[41] but remains to be the least commercially successful live-action Batman film ever. Batman & Robin received numerous nominations at the Razzie Awards[42] and ranks among the worst rated superhero films of all time.[43][44]", "Batman in film. By September 2000 Warner Bros. was developing a live action screen adaptation of Batman Beyond, written by Paul Dini, Neal Stephenson and Boaz Yakin, with the possibility of Yakin directing, as well as an adaptation of Frank Miller's 1987 comic book story arc Batman: Year One.[53] Despite interest from Schumacher, Darren Aronofsky was hired to direct and co-write with Miller,[50][53] whom he previously collaborated with on an unproduced script for Ronin.[54] Yakin developed one draft of the Batman Beyond screenplay with the writers but soon lost interest,[55] and Warner Bros. abandoned Batman Beyond almost instantly in favor of Batman: Year One.[49] Aronofsky and Miller intended to reboot the Batman franchise, \"it's somewhat based on the comic book,\" Aronofsky said. \"Toss out everything you can imagine about Batman! Everything! We're starting completely anew.\"[56] Regular Aronofsky collaborator, Matthew Libatique, was set as cinematographer,[57] and Christian Bale had been approached for the role of Batman. Coincidentally, Bale would be cast in the role for Batman Begins.[58] At the same time, Warner Bros. was moving forward on a Catwoman spin-off.[59] Around 2001, Warner commissioned the rewriting of the film's script to The Matrix directors The Wachowskis, but The Wachowskis' script didn't convince Warner.[60] Joss Whedon was later hired to rewrite the script, but like happened with The Wachowskis' script, Warner didn't like his script-[60][61] In June 2002, the studio decided to move forward on Batman vs. Superman and abandon Year One.[62]", "Batman (1989 film). After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman. Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment, feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy. The success of The Dark Knight Returns and Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke.[3] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986.[14] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions, and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin. Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986.[14]", "Batman Returns. Batman Returns was released on June 19, 1992. The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup, as well as two BAFTA awards. Its budget was $80 million and it grossed $266.8 million worldwide, making the film a financial success. The film received generally positive reviews for its action sequences, acting, Danny Elfman's score, effects, and villains, though the dark and depressing tone was heavily criticized.", "Batman in film. Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains, and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest.[12] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions (ISBN 1-56389-500-5), written by Steve Englehart.[13] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers, who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions, was hired for concept art.[10] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon, David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin who Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature.[11] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante. Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman. For the role of Robin, Eddie Murphy and Michael J. Fox were candidates.[14] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions. However, it was Mankiewicz's script that was still being used to guide the project.[15]" ]

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[ "Live and Let Die (song). \"Live and Let Die\" is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die, written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Paul McCartney's band Wings. It was one of the group's most successful singles, and the most successful Bond theme to that point, charting at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart.[2][3]", "Live and Let Die (song). \"Live and Let Die\" was released as the second single from Use Your Illusion I album and the fourth out of all the Use Your Illusion singles. A music video was made in November 1991 featuring the band playing live on stage and showing old pictures. The video also was made shortly before Izzy Stradlin's departure, and it is the last video where he appears. It charted at No. 20 on the Mainstream Rock chart.[25] The song was nominated for \"Best Hard Rock Performance\" during the 1993 Grammy Awards.[26]", "Live and Let Die (song). Wings recorded \"Live and Let Die\" during the sessions for the Red Rose Speedway album,[1] in October 1972.[7] The song was taped at A.I.R. Studios, with Ray Cooper providing percussion instruments.[8]", "Live and Let Die (film). John Barry, who had worked on the previous five themes and orchestrated the \"James Bond Theme\", was unavailable during production. Broccoli and Saltzman instead asked Paul McCartney to write the theme song. Since McCartney's salary was high and another composer could not be hired with the remainder of the music budget, George Martin, who had been McCartney's producer while with The Beatles, was chosen to write the score for the film.[15] \"Live and Let Die\", written by McCartney along with his wife Linda and performed by their group Wings, was the first true rock and roll song used to open a Bond film, and became a major success in the UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to \"The Way We Were\". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends.[16]", "Live and Let Die (song). Even before Tom Mankiewicz had finished writing the screenplay to Live and Let Die, producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli invited Paul McCartney to write the theme song. McCartney asked to be sent a copy of Ian Fleming's novel. \"I read it and thought it was pretty good. That afternoon I wrote the song and went in the next week and did it ... It was a job of work for me in a way because writing a song around a title like that's not the easiest thing going.\"[5]", "Live and Let Die (song). Commissioned specifically for the movie and credited to Paul and Linda McCartney, it reunited the former Beatle with the band's producer, George Martin, who both produced the song and arranged the orchestral break. It has been covered by several bands, with the Guns N' Roses version being the most popular cover. Both the McCartney and the Guns N' Roses versions were nominated for Grammys. In 2012, McCartney was awarded the Million-Air Award from Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), for more than 4 million performances of the song in the US.[4]", "Live and Let Die (song). \"Live and Let Die\" was the first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first), but lost to the theme song from The Way We Were.", "Live and Let Die (song). The single reached No. 2 in the United States and No. 9 in the United Kingdom.[9][10] The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies.[11][12] Although McCartney's previous single, \"My Love\", had been credited to 'Paul McCartney & Wings', the label of the \"Live and Let Die\" single credited the performing artist simply as 'Wings'. On the soundtrack album, however, the song was credited to 'Paul McCartney & Wings' and was credited as such in the opening titles to the film. \"Live and Let Die\" was the last McCartney single on Apple Records that was credited only to 'Wings'.", "Live and Let Die (song). Guns N' Roses", "Live and Let Die (film). In 2004 the American Film Institute nominated the song \"Live and Let Die\" from the film for AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.[32]", "Live and Let Die (film). Live and Let Die was released during the height of the blaxploitation era, and many blaxploitation archetypes and clichés are depicted in the film, including derogatory racial epithets (\"honky\"), black gangsters, and pimpmobiles.[1] It departs from the former plots of the James Bond films about megalomaniac super-villains, and instead focuses on drug trafficking, a common theme of blaxploitation films of the period. It is set in African American cultural centres such as Harlem and New Orleans, as well as the Caribbean Islands. It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Live and Let Die\", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings.", "Live and Let Die (song). Originally, producer Harry Saltzman was interested in having Shirley Bassey or Thelma Houston perform it instead of Wings.[1] Martin said McCartney would allow the song to be used in the movie only if Wings was able to perform the song in the opening credits. Saltzman, who had previously rejected the chance to produce A Hard Day's Night, decided not to make the same mistake twice and agreed. A second version of the song, performed by B. J. Arnau, also appears in the film. Arnau's performance originally was meant for the group Fifth Dimension.[6] The Arnau version of the song appears on the soundtrack album as a component in a medley that also contains two George Martin-composed instrumental pieces, \"Fillet of Soul – New Orleans\" and \"Fillet of Soul – Harlem\".", "Live and Let Die (song). In 1984, McCartney asked \"Weird Al\" Yankovic when he was going to parody one of his songs.[23] A couple of years later, Yankovic asked for permission to put his parody \"Chicken Pot Pie\" on an album (as a courtesy; legally, he did not need permission). McCartney denied the use because he is a vegetarian and did not want to promote the consumption of meat. Yankovic, a vegetarian himself, said he respected the decision;[24] however, he has performed the song live.[citation needed]", "Live and Let Die (song). Following the attacks on 11 September 2001, the song was placed on Clear Channel's list of inappropriate song titles.[13]", "Paul McCartney and Wings. Near the end of the Red Rose Speedway sessions, in October 1972, Wings recorded the theme song to the James Bond film Live and Let Die, which reunited McCartney with Beatles producer/arranger George Martin. Issued as a non-album single in mid-1973, \"Live and Let Die\" became a worldwide hit and has remained a highlight of McCartney's post-Wings concert performances (often accompanied by pyrotechnics). That same year, McCartney and Wings filmed a TV special, the critically maligned James Paul McCartney, which featured footage of the group performing in outdoor settings and in front of a studio audience.[29]", "Live and Let Die (film). Live and Let Die is a 1973 British spy film, the eighth in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, it was the third of four Bond films to be directed by Guy Hamilton. Although the producers had wanted Sean Connery to return after his role in the previous Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, he declined, sparking a search for a new actor to play James Bond. Moore was signed for the lead role.", "Live and Let Die (song). \"Live and Let Die\" was not featured on a McCartney album until the Wings Greatest compilation in 1978, and was included again on 1987's All the Best! and 2001's Wingspan: Hits and History. The entire soundtrack also was released in quadrophonic.", "Live and Let Die (film). The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in \"Live and Let Die\", where they lead a funeral march for a (soon to be) assassination victim. Trumpeter Alvin Alcorn plays the killer. The piece of music the band plays at the beginning of the funeral march is \"Just a Closer Walk with Thee\". After the agent is stabbed, the band starts playing the more lively \"Joe Avery's Piece\" (aka \"New Second Line\").", "Live and Let Die (film). Leiter puts Bond and Solitaire on a train leaving the country. Tee Hee sneaks aboard and attempts to kill Bond, but Bond cuts the wires of his prosthetic arm and throws him out the window. As the film ends, a laughing Samedi is revealed to be perched on the front of the speeding train.", "Paul McCartney. In March 1973, Wings achieved their first US number-one single, \"My Love\", included on their second LP, Red Rose Speedway, a US number one and UK top five.[94][nb 13] Paul's collaboration with Linda and former Beatles producer Martin resulted in the song \"Live and Let Die\", which was the theme song for the James Bond film of the same name. Nominated for an Academy Award, the song reached number two in the US and number nine in the UK. It also earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement.[95] Music professor and author Vincent Benitez described the track as \"symphonic rock at its best\".[96][nb 14]", "Live and Let Die (song). In Wings' live performances of the song, the instrumental break featured flashpots and a laser light show. McCartney has continued to play the song on his solo tours, often using pyrotechnics when playing outdoor and indoor venues. \"Live and Let Die\" is the only song to appear on all of McCartney's live albums (except for the acoustic-based Unplugged.)", "Live and Let Die (film). To develop a better feel of how Voodoo was practised, Saltzman and Broccoli escorted Hamilton, Mankiewicz and production designer Syd Cain to scout New Orleans further and then the islands of the West Indies. Haiti was an important destination of the tour[4] and not only did Fleming connect it with the religion,[5] there were many practitioners available to witness. Despite viewing actual demonstrations, due to political unrest in the country at the time, it was decided not to film in Haiti.[4]", "To Live and Die in L.A. (soundtrack). All songs written and composed by Wang Chung; all songs produced by Wang Chung, except where noted.", "Red Rose Speedway. \"Live and Let Die\", the title song to the James Bond film of the same name, was recorded during the sessions for Red Rose Speedway, but would instead be released on the Live and Let Die soundtrack album.[17] Laine included \"I Would Only Smile\" on his 1980 solo album Japanese Tears.[18] \"Mama's Little Girl\" was recorded during the sessions and would later turn up as the B-side of McCartney's \"Put It There\" single in 1990.[1] Among the other discarded tracks were \"Night Out\", \"Jazz Street\", \"Best Friend\", \"Thank You Darling\", \"The Mess\" and a cover version of Thomas Wayne's song \"Tragedy\".", "To Live and Die in L.A. (film). An original motion picture soundtrack was released on September 30, 1985, by Geffen Records. The album contained eight tracks. The album’s title song, \"To Live and Die in L.A.\", (with a music video also directed by Friedkin), made it on the Billboard Hot 100 where it peaked at #41 in the United States.", "To Live and Die in L.A. (soundtrack). To Live and Die in L.A. is a soundtrack album by Wang Chung, recorded for the 1985 film of the same name. It is the band's third album and second on Geffen Records. Instead of following up the success that Points on the Curve landed them, the band switched gears to produce an original motion picture soundtrack. The switch allowed for them to experiment with different styles of music from the conventional pop music on their previous album. The album's title song, peaked at #41 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the second single \"Wake Up, Stop Dreaming\" failed to chart.", "Live and Let Die (film). The chase involving the double-decker bus was filmed with a second-hand London bus adapted by having a top section removed, and then placed back in situ running on ball bearings to allow it to slide off on impact. The stunts involving the bus were performed by Maurice Patchett, a London Transport bus driving instructor.[1]", "Use Your Illusion II. The Use Your Illusion albums can be considered a single cohesive work, and certain elements of Use Your Illusion II underscore this intent. For instance, both albums have a version of the song \"Don't Cry\", and both have one cover song; \"Live and Let Die\" by Paul McCartney (Use Your Illusion I) and \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" by Bob Dylan (Use Your Illusion II). Each also has at least one track sung by other members of the band: lead vocals on \"So Fine\" are performed by bassist Duff McKagan – the song, that was dedicated to punk rock musician Johnny Thunders, who died from a drug overdose before the recording of the album.[14]", "Live and Let Die (film). While searching for locations in Jamaica, the crew discovered a crocodile farm owned by Ross Kananga, after passing a sign warning that \"trespassers will be eaten.\" The farm was put into the script and also inspired Mankiewicz to name the film's villain after Kananga.[2]", "Live and Let Die (film). The film is adapted from the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. In the film, a Harlem drug lord known as Mr. Big plans to distribute two tons of heroin free to put rival drug barons out of the business and then become a monopoly supplier. Mr. Big is revealed to be the disguised alter ego of Dr. Kananga, a corrupt Caribbean dictator, who rules San Monique, the fictional island where the heroin poppies are secretly farmed. Bond is investigating the deaths of three British agents, leading him to Kananga, and is soon trapped in a world of gangsters and voodoo as he fights to put a stop to the drug baron's scheme.", "Paul McCartney and Wings. Created following the McCartneys' 1971 album Ram, the band's first two albums, Wild Life and Red Rose Speedway (the latter featuring guitarist Henry McCullough), were viewed as artistic disappointments beside Paul McCartney's work with the Beatles. After the release of the title track of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die, McCullough and Seiwell resigned from the band. The McCartneys and Laine then released 1973's Band on the Run, a commercial and critical success that spawned two top ten singles in \"Jet\" and the title track. Following that album, the band recruited guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton, only for Britton to quit shortly afterwards and be replaced by Joe English. With the new line-up, Wings released Venus and Mars, which included the US number one single \"Listen to What the Man Said\", and undertook a highly successful world tour over 1975–76. Intended as more of a group effort, Wings at the Speed of Sound was issued midway through the tour and featured the hit singles \"Silly Love Songs\" and \"Let 'Em In\".", "Live and Let Die (film). Yaphet Kotto later stated \"There were so many problems with that script…I was too afraid of coming off like Mantan Moreland…I had to dig deep in my soul and brain and come up with a level of reality that would offset the sea of stereotype crap that Tom Mankiewicz wrote that had nothing to do with the Black experience or culture.\" Kotto said he did this by drawing \"on a real life situation I was going through and that saved me…But the way Kananga dies was a joke…The entire experience was not as rewarding as I wanted it to be.\"[13]" ]

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[ "History of time in the United States. Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.", "Daylight saving time. After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on May 21, 1916.[52] U.S. retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The U.S.'s 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.[53]", "History of time in the United States. In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.", "Daylight saving time. The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966.[58][59] In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law.[60] In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to U.S. DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.[61]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27).[4] The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's veto.[5] DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called \"War Time\", on February 9, 1942.[6] It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST.[7]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October.[7] These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time.", "History of time in the United States. Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19, 1918, also known as the Calder Act (15 USC 260).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea.", "History of time in the United States. Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919, but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter. It was re-established nationally early in World War II, and was continuously observed until the end of the war.", "Daylight saving time. Starting on April 30, 1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted it in 1918.", "Daylight saving time in the United States. Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time (DST), the exceptions being Arizona (except for the Navajo, who do observe daylight saving time on tribal lands),[1] Hawaii,[2] and the overseas territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established the system of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US.", "Daylight saving time in the United States. By the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007.[10] As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer.[11] In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8.[12]", "Standard time. Standard time was not enacted into US law until the 1918 Standard Time Act established standard time in time zones; the law also instituted daylight saving time (DST). The daylight saving time portion of the law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but was reestablished nationally during World War II.[11][12] In 2007 the US enacted a federal law formalizing the use of Coordinated Universal Time as the basis of standard time, and the role of the Secretary of Commerce (effectively, the National Institute of Standards and Technology) and the Secretary of the Navy (effectively, the U.S. Naval Observatory) in interpreting standard time.[13]", "History of time in the United States. The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.", "Daylight saving time. George Hudson proposed the idea of daylight saving in 1895.[3] The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30, 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.", "Daylight saving time in the United States. Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. His essay, “An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light”, written to the editor of The Journal of Paris, observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead. Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it.[3]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]", "History of time in the United States. In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says \"State law prohibits the observance of \"Daylight Saving\" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.\")", "Daylight saving time in the United States. While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa cannot legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory.", "Daylight saving time in the United States. During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975.[8] The trial was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark. The act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When the trial ended in 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions).[7]", "Daylight saving time. The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour, Churchill, David Lloyd George, Ramsay MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham or \"Sandringham time\"), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a parliamentary committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail.[50] The U.S. was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the United States House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.[51]", "Time in Indiana. Time zones were first adopted by the United States Congress with the Standard Time Act of 1918. All of Indiana was located in the Central Time Zone. It was at this time the dividing line between Eastern Time and Central Time was moved from the Pennsylvania-Ohio state line to the Indiana–Ohio state line. Daylight saving time (DST) was included in the original Standard Time Act. A year later, Congress repealed daylight saving time from the Standard Time Act of 1918, though some communities continued to follow it.[3] During World War II, daylight saving time was once again mandated by Congress to conserve energy. After the war, the mandate to observe daylight saving time was lifted again.[3]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year of 2007.[13]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \"spring forward, fall back\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.", "Daylight saving time in the United States. Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, \"Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study\" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities.[9] It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with the same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings.[7]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933.[32] During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called \"Hawaiian War Time,\" effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time.[33]", "Time in Germany. Daylight saving time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire in the years 1916 to 1918. After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918, daylight saving time ceased to be observed in peace time. It was then introduced and abolished several times. In 1996, daylight saving time was harmonized throughout the European Union by Directive 2000/84/EC, which moved the end of DST to the last Sunday in October.", "Daylight saving time in the United States. Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy.[19]", "Daylight saving time. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him leisure time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight.[3] In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift,[11] and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper.[29] Many publications credit DST proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett,[30] who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day.[16] An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk.[31] His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later.[32] The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on February 12, 1908.[33] A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.", "Benjamin Franklin. Daylight saving time (DST) is often erroneously attributed to a 1784 satire that Franklin published anonymously.[39] Modern DST was first proposed by George Vernon Hudson in 1895.[40]", "1973 oil crisis. Year-round daylight saving time was implemented from January 6, 1974, to October 27, 1975, with a break between October 27, 1974 and February 23, 1975, when the country observed standard time. The move spawned significant criticism because it forced many children to travel to school before sunrise. The prior rules were restored in 1976.[citation needed]", "Daylight saving time. The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. Now under a European Community directive summer time begins annually on the last Sunday in March, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016).[39] The U.S. was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden.[54] Only a few U.S. cities retained DST locally thereafter,[55] including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York.[56] Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a \"deception\". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.[12]", "Daylight saving time in the United States. Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.[30]" ]

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[ "History of the Tennessee Titans. The Tennessee Titans are the professional American football team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Previously known as the Houston Oilers, the then-Houston, Texas, team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The Oilers won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger. In 1999, the Titans played their most memorable season since joining the NFL, when they made it all the way to Super Bowl XXXIV, but they fell to the Kurt Warner-led St. Louis Rams.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. The Titans were originally formed as the Houston Oilers, one of the eight charter members of the American Football League (AFL). They became a part of the National Football League in 1970 as part of the AFL–NFL merger and have remained a member of the NFL ever since. They played in Houston through the end of the 1996 season. They were part of the AFL's Eastern Division for their first ten years and became part of the American Football Conference upon their joining the NFL. They were placed in the AFC's Central Division, which they were part of until 2002.", "Tennessee Titans. The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville, Tennessee. The Titans compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) South division. Previously known as the Houston Oilers, the team began play in 1960 in Houston, Texas, as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). The Oilers won the first two AFL Championships, and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. The 2004 season created an unusual number of injuries to key players for the Titans and a 5–11 record. Their 5–11 record turned out to be their third-worst record ever since the Houston/Tennessee Oilers became the Tennessee Titans. Numerous key players were cut or traded by the Titans front office during the off season, including Derrick Mason, Samari Rolle, Kevin Carter, and others. This was done due to the Titans being well over the salary cap.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. On July 29, 1998, Adams announced that in response to fan requests, he was changing the Oilers' name to coincide with the opening of their new stadium and to better connect with Nashville. He also declared that the renamed team would retain the Oilers' heritage (including team records), as had all other relocated teams except the Browns/Ravens, and that there would be a Hall of Fame honoring the greatest players from both eras.[2]", "Tennessee Titans. When the team debuted as the Houston Oilers in 1960, the club's logo was an oil rig derrick. Except for minor color changes throughout the years, this logo remained the same until the team was renamed the Titans in 1999. The logo was originally called \"Ol' Riggy\", but this was dropped before the start of the 1974 season.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. (*) Indicates Player and/or coach began their tenure with the Houston Oilers", "History of the Tennessee Titans. Adams appointed an advisory committee to decide on a new name. He let it be known that the new name should reflect power, strength, leadership and other heroic qualities. On November 14, 1998, Adams announced that the Oilers would be known as the Tennessee Titans starting in 1999. The new name met all of Adams' requirements, and also served as a nod to Nashville's nickname of \"The Athens of the South\" (for its large number of higher-learning institutions, Classical architecture, and its full-scale replica of the Parthenon).[3] The team's new logo and colors would be unveiled on December 22, 1998.[3]", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In 2000, the Titans finished with an NFL-best 13–3 record and won their third AFC Central title—their first division title as the Tennessee Titans. They won Central division titles in '91 and '93 while still in Houston as the Oilers. The Titans would go on to lose their home Divisional playoff game to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In 2002, the Titans were moved to the newly created AFC South division as a part of the league's divisional realignment caused by the addition of the Houston Texans. Despite starting the season 1–4 the Titans finished the season 11-5 and made it to the AFC Championship Game but lost to Oakland 41-24.", "List of Tennessee Titans seasons. This is a list of seasons completed by the Tennessee Titans, an American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Titans' franchise from 1960 to the present, including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Titans were originally known as the Houston Oilers and were a part of the inaugural season of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. In 1997, the franchise moved to Tennessee, playing in Memphis temporarily until settling in Nashville. The team was rebranded as the Titans following the 1998 season. The Titans have yet to win a Super Bowl, falling short in their only appearance in Super Bowl XXXIV, although the team does have two championships from its early years in the AFL. During their tenure in Tennessee they have defeated all 31 other franchises at least once, enjoying a perfect record against the Detroit Lions (5-0).", "History of the Tennessee Titans. The year began with the Titans selecting Chris Johnson out of East Carolina University in the first round of the NFL draft, and subsequently acquired former Titan (most recently Eagle) DE Jevon Kearse and former Falcons TE Alge Crumpler. After a Week 1 injury to Vince Young, Kerry Collins took over the starting quarterback position and led the Titans to a 10-0 record before their first defeat at the hands of the New York Jets on November 23.", "Tennessee Titans. The team has appeared once in the Super Bowl (XXXIV), the same year they changed their name to \"Titans\", and in which they lost to the St. Louis Rams for their first Super Bowl title.", "Tennessee Titans. The team relocated from Houston to Tennessee in 1997, and played at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis for one season. The team then moved to Nashville in 1998 and played in Vanderbilt Stadium. For those two years, they were known as the \"Tennessee Oilers\", but changed their name to \"Tennessee Titans\" for the 1999 season. The team currently plays at Nissan Stadium in Nashville, which opened in 1999 as Adelphia Coliseum. The Titans' training facility is at Saint Thomas Sports Park, a 31-acre (13 ha) site at the MetroCenter complex in Nashville.[5]", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In 1999, Adelphia Coliseum, now known as Nissan Stadium, was completed and the newly christened Titans had a grand season, finishing with a 13–3 record — the best season in franchise history. They won their first game as the \"Titans\", defeating the Bengals before a sold out stadium (Every game since the Titans moved to Nashville has been sold out). They did not lose a game at home and finished one game behind the Jacksonville Jaguars for the AFC Central title. Tennessee then won their first round playoff game over the Buffalo Bills on a designed play, known as \"Home Run Throwback\" in the Titans playbook, that is commonly referred to as the \"Music City Miracle\": Tight-end Frank Wycheck made a lateral pass to Kevin Dyson on a kickoff return with 16 seconds left in the game and the Titans trailing by one point; Dyson returned the pass 75 yards for a touchdown to win the game. After replay review, the call on the field was upheld as a touchdown. The original play did not call for Dyson to be on the field and he was only involved due to an injury of another player.[4] The Titans went on to defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Indianapolis, and then defeated the Jaguars in Jacksonville in the AFC Championship Game. The Titans' magnificent season led to a trip to Super Bowl XXXIV, where they lost to the St. Louis Rams when Kevin Dyson was tackled one yard short of the end zone (preserving a 23-16 Rams' lead) as regulation time expired, in a play known as \"The Tackle\".", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In 2005, the Titans took the field with the youngest team in the NFL. Several rookies made the 2005 team including first round pick, cornerback Adam \"Pacman\" Jones, offensive tackle Michael Roos, and three wide receivers, Brandon Jones, Courtney Roby, and Roydell Williams. After losing their first game of the season on the road to the Pittsburgh Steelers 34–7 and then winning their Week 2 home-opener against the Baltimore Ravens 25–10, the Titans began the season 1–1, but quickly fell out of contention. They lost on the road to the St. Louis Rams 31–27 and lost to their division rival, the Colts 31–10. After getting some redemption on the road against their new division rival, the Houston Texans 34–20, they lost five-straight games to the Cincinnati Bengals (31–23), the Arizona Cardinals (20–10), the Oakland Raiders (34–25), the Cleveland Browns (20–14), and then (coming off of their Week 10 bye), their division rival, the Jacksonville Jaguars 31–28. The Titans would win at home against the San Francisco 49ers 33–22, but then, they went on the road and got swept by the Colts 35–3. The Titans would sweep the luckless Texans 13–10 at home, but that would be their last win of the year, as they lost their remaining three games to the Seattle Seahawks (28–24), the Miami Dolphins (24–10), and the Jacksonville Jaguars (40–13). Their record for the season was 4–12.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In 2001, the Titans collapsed to a 7-9 record and missed the playoffs.", "American Football Conference. The Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997, where they were renamed the Tennessee Oilers. The team would change its name again, two years later, to the Tennessee Titans.", "Super Bowl XXXIV. The Titans advanced to their first Super Bowl in team history, after originating as a charter member of the American Football League.[24] From 1960 to 1996, the team was owned by Houston, Texas businessman Bud Adams and known as the Houston Oilers. By 1995, however, Adams, like Frontiere, was lured to move his team from Houston, in this case to a new stadium in Nashville, Tennessee. Since this new stadium was not ready until the 1999 season, Adams decided to move his team to Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee in 1997 after playing before small Houston crowds in 1996.", "Steve McNair. The team officially changed its name from Oilers to Titans for the 1999 season as they debuted a new stadium, Adelphia Coliseum. Early in the 1999 season, McNair was diagnosed with an inflamed disk following Tennessee's 36–35 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, and needed surgery. In his stead entered Neil O'Donnell, a veteran who had guided the Pittsburgh Steelers to the Super Bowl four years earlier. Over the next five games, O'Donnell led the Titans to a 4–1 record. McNair returned against the St. Louis Rams, and with McNair starting, Tennessee won seven of its last nine games, good for a record of 13–3 and second place in the AFC Central.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. Bud Adams established the Titans/Oilers Hall of Fame after the 40th season of the franchise to honor past players and management[6]", "Houston Texans. The Tennessee Titans, who were formerly the Houston Oilers before their relocation in the 1990s, are viewed by many Houston fans as the Texans' chief rival.", "List of Tennessee Titans first-round draft picks. The Tennessee Titans are a National Football League (NFL) franchise that began play as the Houston Oilers in 1960, a charter member of the American Football League. The Oilers relocated to Nashville, Tennessee in 1997, playing as the Tennessee Oilers before changing their name to the Tennessee Titans in 1999. The Titans' first draft selection was Billy Cannon, a halfback from Louisiana State University. The team's most recent first round selection was Marcus Mariota, a quarterback from the University of Oregon. The Titans have selected the number one overall pick in the draft twice. They have also selected the second overall pick thrice and the third overall pick six times. The team's five selections from the University of Texas are the most chosen by the Titans from one university.", "Tennessee Titans. As the Houston Oilers, the team was first in the same division as the Buffalo Bills in the days of the AFL, but were moved to the AFC Central division following the NFL-AFL merger. There, they developed a strong rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and later had a rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens in the late 1990s and early 2000s after becoming the Titans, especially after former Titans quarterback Steve McNair went to the Ravens. The Steelers were the Oilers' primary divisional rival and to this date, the Titans have played them more than any other NFL team.[15] The Steelers and Oilers were competitive in the 1970s, facing off in back-to-back AFC championship games towards the end of the decade. The teams both underwent hard times in the 1980s before re-emerging in the 1990s. After the Oilers' move to Tennessee and the re-alignment of the NFL's divisions in 2002, the Steelers-Titans rivalry has cooled somewhat as has the rivalry with the Ravens.[citation needed]", "History of the Tennessee Titans. (*) Indicates This Player or Coach Began Their Tenure in Houston", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In 2006, The team finished at 8–8, a definite improvement over the previous year's mark of 4–12. The year saw Vince Young lead the team to an 8–5 record as the starting quarterback. That span also included six straight victories. The team's chances of making the postseason at 9–7 ended at the hands of New England in a 40–23 defeat. Floyd Reese resigned as the franchise's Executive Vice President/General Manager on January 5, 2007 after thirteen seasons at the helm. He was replaced by Mike Reinfeldt on February 12 of the same year.", "Tennessee Titans. When the team was renamed the Titans, the club introduced a new logo: a circle with three stars, similar to that found on the flag of Tennessee, containing a large \"T\" with a trail of flames similar to a comet. The uniforms consisted of white helmets, red trim, and either navy or white jerseys. White pants were normally worn with the navy jerseys, and navy pants were worn with the white jerseys. On both the navy and white jerseys, the outside shoulders and sleeves were light Titans blue. In a game against the Washington Redskins in 2006, the Titans wore their navy jerseys with navy pants for the first time.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. Even though this arrangement was acceptable to the NFL and the Oilers at the time, few people in either Memphis or Nashville were happy about it. After numerous attempts to get an NFL team, Memphians wanted nothing to do with a team that would be lost in only two years—especially to longtime rival Nashville. Conversely, Nashvillians showed little inclination to drive over 200 miles (320 km) to see \"their\" team. At the time, Interstate 40 was in the midst of major reconstruction in the Memphis area, lengthening the normal three-hour drive between Nashville and Memphis to five hours.", "History of the Tennessee Titans. In the week following the Titans' final loss to the Colts, the generally pro-Young Bud Adams agreed that it would be best for the team to release or trade Young. On January 7, 2011 Adams released a statement announcing he would retain Coach Jeff Fisher, as Fisher was under contract for the next season. Adams also stated that he hoped to extend Fisher's contract following the 2011 season, but that an extension would be contingent upon the team's performance. Despite these initial proclamations, it was announced on January 27, 2011 that Fisher and the Titans had mutually agreed to part ways. This ended Fisher's tenure as Head Coach, a tenure which lasted more than 17 seasons, spanned three cities (Houston, Memphis, and Nashville), and saw three different incarnations of the team (Houston Oilers, Tennessee Oilers, Tennessee Titans). Following the departure of former head coach Jeff Fisher, Mike Munchak was named head coach of the Titans on February 7, 2011. During the 2011 NFL Draft the Titans took Washington QB Jake Locker with the 8th pick overall. Meanwhile, 15-year veteran Kerry Collins retired from the NFL in July (unretiring a month later to join the Indianapolis Colts). On July 29, 2011 veteran Seahawks QB Matt Hasselbeck signed a 3-year, $21 million deal to play for the Tennessee Titans. During the summer training camp prior to the 2011 season, Chris Johnson did not show up to camp, pending contract negotiations. Johnson felt he was due a considerably larger sum of money. As the leading rusher since 2008 (4,598 yards) he was set to make $1.065 million in 2011, under current contract terms. On September 1, Johnson became the highest paid running back, agreeing to a four-year, $53.5 million contract extension, including $30 million guaranteed, with the Titans, ending his holdout.", "Tennessee Titans. Bud Adams established the Titans/Oilers Hall of Fame after the 40th season of the franchise to honor past players and management[17]", "Tennessee Titans. National Football League (1970–present)", "History of the Tennessee Titans. The Titans started 2010 with alternating wins and losses. They crushed Oakland at home in Week 1 and then were beaten 19-11 by the Steelers in Week 2. In Week 3, Tennessee beat the Giants 29-10 in the New Meadowlands. In week 4, Tennessee lost 26-20 to Denver, and finally won 34-27 in Dallas to reach a 3-2 record by Week 5. The following game was a MNF rout of Jacksonville (30-3). In Week 7, they beat Philadelphia 37-19 in a come-from- behind win that included scoring 27 points in the fourth quarter. Wide receiver Kenny Britt had a break out performance with 225 reception yards, 3 touchdowns, and 7 receptions. However, after a loss to the Chargers in Week 8, they were the only team to submit in a claim for the recently waived Randy Moss. Even after this widely publicized claim, the team was still unable to beat the Dolphins after their bye week, 29-17. In Week 11, at home against the Washington Redskins, the Titans lost Young to a thumb injury in-game and they snapped their NFL-leading interconference win streak at 14 games, losing to Washington 19-16 in overtime. After the game, Young had a highly publicized meltdown in the locker room and walked out on Fisher, causing him to not only be promptly put on injured reserve, but also essentially guaranteeing his release from the team in the offseason. Losses continued to mount for the Titans, until a week 15 win against the Houston Texans kept their season alive at 6-8. Needing a miracle to get into the playoffs, this nonetheless happened with consequent losses against the Chiefs and Colts. The Titans' season ended at 6-10." ]

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[ "Isosceles triangle. In an isosceles triangle that has exactly two equal sides, the equal sides are called legs and the third side is called the base. The angle included by the legs is called the vertex angle and the angles that have the base as one of their sides are called the base angles.[1] The vertex opposite the base is called the apex.", "Isosceles triangle. Whether the isosceles triangle is acute, right or obtuse depends on the vertex angle. In Euclidean geometry, the base angles cannot be obtuse (greater than 90°) or right (equal to 90°) because their measures would sum to at least 180°, the total of all angles in any Euclidean triangle. Since a triangle is obtuse or right if and only if one of its angles is obtuse or right, respectively, an isosceles triangle is obtuse, right or acute if and only if its vertex angle is respectively obtuse, right or acute.", "Isosceles triangle. A triangle with exactly two equal sides has exactly one axis of symmetry, which goes through the vertex angle and also goes through the midpoint of the base. Thus the axis of symmetry coincides with (1) the angle bisector of the vertex angle, (2) the median drawn to the base, (3) the altitude drawn from the vertex angle, and (4) the perpendicular bisector of the base.[4]", "Isosceles triangle. For an isosceles triangle with equal sides of length a and base of length b, the general triangle formulas for (1) the length of the triangle-interior portion of the angle bisector of the vertex angle, (2) the length of the median drawn to the base, (3) length of the altitude drawn to the base, and (4) the length of the triangle-interior portion of the perpendicular bisector of the base all simplify to \n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\na\n\n2\n\n\n−\n\nb\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n.\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{2}}{\\sqrt {4a^{2}-b^{2}}}.}", "Isosceles triangle. By the isosceles triangle theorem, the two angles opposite the equal sides are themselves equal, while if the third side is different then the third angle is different.", "Isosceles triangle. In geometry, an isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two sides of equal length. Sometimes it is specified as having two and only two sides of equal length, and sometimes as having at least two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including the equilateral triangle as a special case.", "Pentagram. As a result, in an isosceles triangle with one or two angles of 36°, the longer of the two side lengths is φ times that of the shorter of the two, both in the case of the acute as in the case of the obtuse triangle.", "Isosceles triangle. This is derived by drawing a perpendicular line from the base of the triangle, which bisects the vertex angle and creates two right triangles. The bases of these two right triangles are both equal to the hypotenuse times the sine of the bisected angle by definition of the term \"sine\". For the same reason, the heights of these triangles are equal to the hypotenuse times the cosine of the bisected angle. Using the trigonometric identity \n\n\n\nsin\n⁡\nθ\n=\n2\nsin\n⁡\n\n\n(\n\n\nθ\n2\n\n\n)\n\n\ncos\n⁡\n\n\n(\n\n\nθ\n2\n\n\n)\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\sin \\theta =2\\sin {\\left({\\frac {\\theta }{2}}\\right)}\\cos {\\left({\\frac {\\theta }{2}}\\right)}}\n\n, we get", "Altitude (triangle). In an isosceles triangle (a triangle with two congruent sides), the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will have the midpoint of that side as its foot. Also the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will be the angle bisector of the vertex angle.", "Isosceles triangle. If the vertex angle is acute (so the isosceles triangle is an acute triangle), then the orthocenter, the centroid, and the circumcenter all fall inside the triangle. If the vertex angle, and therefore the triangle, is obtuse, then the centroid still falls in the triangle's interior, but the circumcenter falls outside it (beyond the base), and the orthocenter also falls outside the triangle (beyond the apex).", "Isosceles triangle. If the two equal sides have length a and the other side has length c, then the internal angle bisector t from one of the two equal-angled vertices satisfies[11]:p.169,#\n\n\n\nη\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\eta }\n\n44", "Isosceles triangle. If an isosceles triangle ABC with equal legs AB and BC has a segment drawn from A to a point D on ray BC, and if the reflection of AD around AC intersects ray BC at E, then BC2 = BD × BE.[10]", "Golden ratio. If angle BCX = α, then XCA = α because of the bisection, and CAB = α because of the similar triangles; ABC = 2α from the original isosceles symmetry, and BXC = 2α by similarity. The angles in a triangle add up to 180°, so 5α = 180, giving α = 36°. So the angles of the golden triangle are thus 36°-72°-72°. The angles of the remaining obtuse isosceles triangle AXC (sometimes called the golden gnomon) are 36°-36°-108°.", "Acute and obtuse triangles. with the left inequality approaching equality in the limit only as the apex angle of an isosceles triangle approaches 180°, and with the right inequality approaching equality only as the obtuse angle approaches 90°.", "Isosceles triangle. In an isosceles triangle the incenter (the intersection of its angle bisectors, which is the center of the incircle, that is, the circle which is internally tangent to the triangle's three sides) lies on the Euler line.", "Isosceles triangle. By substituting the height, the formula for the area of an isosceles triangle can be derived from the general formula one-half the base times the height:", "Pyramid (geometry). An isosceles triangle right tetrahedron can be written as ( )∨[( )∨{ }] as the join of a point to an isosceles triangle base, as [( )∨( )]∨{ } or { }∨{ } as the join (orthogonal offsets) of two orthogonal segments, a digonal disphenoid, containing 4 isosceles triangle faces. It has C1v symmetry from two different base-apex orientations, and C2v in its full symmetry.", "Isosceles triangle. which is a special case of the general triangle area formula one-half the product of two sides times the sine of the included angle.", "Isosceles triangle. The theorem which states that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal appears as Proposition I.5 in Euclid.[6] This result has been called the pons asinorum (the bridge of asses). Some say that this is probably because of the diagram used by Euclid in his demonstration of the result. Others claim that the name stems from the fact that this is the first difficult result in Euclid, and acts to separate those who can understand Euclid's geometry from those who can't.[7]", "Isosceles triangle. By the Steiner–Lehmus theorem, every triangle with two angle bisectors of equal length is isosceles.", "Isosceles triangle. For any isosceles triangle with area T and perimeter p, we have[5]:Eq.(1)", "Perpendicular. The Euler line of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the triangle's base.", "Isosceles triangle. The golden triangle is isosceles and has a ratio of either leg to the base equal to the golden ratio, and has angles 72°, 72°, and 36° in the ratios 2:2:1. It can be partitioned into another golden triangle and a golden gnomon, also isosceles, with ratio of base to leg equaling the golden ratio and with angles 36°, 36°, and 108° in the ratios 1:1:3.[9]:p.30–31", "Solution of triangles. Then angle γ = 180° − α − β.", "Isosceles trapezoid. Since the lines AD and BC are parallel, angles adjacent to opposite bases are supplementary, that is, angles ∠ABC + ∠BAD = 180°.", "Isosceles triangle. The Euler line of any triangle goes through the triangle's orthocenter (the intersection of its three altitudes), its centroid (the intersection of its three medians), and its circumcenter (the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of its three sides, which is also the center of the circumcircle that passes through the three vertices). In an isosceles triangle with exactly two equal sides, the Euler line coincides with the axis of symmetry. This can be seen as follows. Since as pointed out in the previous section the axis of symmetry coincides with an altitude, the intersection of the altitudes, which must lie on that altitude, must therefore lie on the axis of symmetry; since the axis coincides with a median, the intersection of the medians, which must lie on that median, must therefore lie on the axis of symmetry; and since the axis coincides with a perpendicular bisector, the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors, which must lie on that perpendicular bisector, must therefore lie on the axis of symmetry.", "Isosceles triangle. The area of an isosceles triangle can be derived using the Pythagorean Theorem: The sum of the squares of half the base \n\n\n\nb\n\n\n{\\displaystyle b}\n\n and the height \n\n\n\nh\n\n\n{\\displaystyle h}\n\n is the square of either of the other two sides of length \n\n\n\na\n\n\n{\\displaystyle a}\n\n:", "Triangle inequality. An alternative proof (also based upon the triangle postulate) proceeds by considering three positions for point B:[10] (i) as depicted (which is to be proven), or (ii) B coincident with D (which would mean the isosceles triangle had two right angles as base angles plus the vertex angle γ, which would violate the triangle postulate), or lastly, (iii) B interior to the right triangle between points A and D (in which case angle ABC is an exterior angle of a right triangle BDC and therefore larger than π/2, meaning the other base angle of the isosceles triangle also is greater than π/2 and their sum exceeds π in violation of the triangle postulate).", "Triangle inequality. Likewise, in the isosceles triangle ABC, the angles satisfy:", "Isosceles trapezoid. In Euclidean geometry, an isosceles trapezoid (isosceles trapezium in British English) is a convex quadrilateral with a line of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides. It is a special case of a trapezoid. In any isosceles trapezoid two opposite sides (the bases) are parallel, and the two other sides (the legs) are of equal length (properties shared with the parallelogram). The diagonals are also of equal length. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal in measure (there are in fact two pairs of equal base angles, where one base angle is the supplementary angle of a base angle at the other base).", "Flatland. This rule is not the case when dealing with isosceles triangles (Soldiers and Workmen) with only two congruent sides. The smallest angle of an Isosceles Triangle gains thirty arc minutes (half a degree) each generation. Additionally, the rule does not seem to apply to many-sided Polygons. For example, the sons of several hundred-sided Polygons will often develop fifty or more sides more than their parents. Furthermore, the angle of an Isosceles Triangle or the number of sides of a (regular) Polygon may be altered during life by deeds or surgical adjustments.", "Isosceles triangle. The compound is made from \"isos\"(equal) and skelos (leg)." ]

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[ "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System. The first artificial object sent into space was the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1, launched in 1957, which successfully orbited Earth until 4 January the following year.[16] The American probe Explorer 6, launched in 1959, was the first satellite to image Earth from space.", "Science and technology in the United States. Expendable rockets provided the means for launching artificial satellites, as well as manned spacecraft. In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, and the United States followed with Explorer I in 1958. The first manned space flights were made in early 1961, first by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin and then by American astronaut Alan Shepard.", "Explorer 1. The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal, called Project Orbiter, to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year. The proposal, using a military Redstone missile, was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the Navy's Project Vanguard, using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature.[4][5] Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the initial Project Orbiter program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union.[6]", "Unmanned NASA missions. It began as a U.S. Army proposal to place a scientific satellite into orbit during the International Geophysical Year (1957–58); however, that proposal was rejected in favor of the U.S. Navy's Project Vanguard. The Explorer program was later reestablished to catch up with the Soviet Union after that nation's launch of Sputnik 1 on October, 1957. Explorer 1 was launched January 31, 1958; at this time the project still belonged to ABMA and JPL.[2] Besides being the first U.S. satellite, it is known for discovering the Van Allen radiation belt.", "Satellite. Following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter, two competing programs: the army's which involved using a Jupiter C rocket, and the civilian/Navy Vanguard Rocket, to launch a satellite. At first, they failed: initial preference was given to the Vanguard program, whose first attempt at orbiting a satellite resulted in the explosion of the launch vehicle on national television. But finally, three months after Sputnik 2, the project succeeded; Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958.[14]", "Space Race. On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.", "Sputnik 1. Fearing the U.S. would launch a satellite before the USSR, OKB-1 suggested the creation and launch of a satellite in April–May 1957, before the IGY began in July 1957. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this simple satellite, designated 'Object PS'.[21] This version allowed the satellite to be tracked visually by Earth-based observers, and it could transmit tracking signals to ground-based receiving stations.[21] The launch of two satellites, PS-1 and PS-2, with two R-7 rockets (8K71) was approved, provided that the R-7 completed at least two successful test flights.[21]", "Satellite. While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space,[50] it was launched aboard an American rocket from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, who launched first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom.[51] The first Italian satellite San Marco 1 launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. Scout rocket from Wallops Island (Virginia, United States) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA.[52] By similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites was launched by foreign rockets.", "NASA. From 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1.[17] In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58). An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard. After the Soviet launch of the world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The US Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the \"Sputnik crisis\"), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. On January 12, 1958, NACA organized a \"Special Committee on Space Technology\", headed by Guyford Stever.[12] On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating:[18]", "Alan Shepard. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This shattered American confidence in its technological superiority, creating a wave of anxiety known as the Sputnik crisis. Among his responses, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established on October 1, 1958, as a civilian agency to develop space technology. One of its first initiatives was publicly announced on December 17, 1958. This was Project Mercury,[41] which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space.[42]", "Sputnik crisis. The launch spurred a series of initiatives by the United States,[12] ranging from defense to education. Increased emphasis was placed on the Navy's Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite into orbit. The preceding Explorer program that saw the Army launch the first American satellite into orbit on January 31, 1958 also saw a revival.[13] In February 1958, Eisenhower authorized formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), within the Department of Defense (DoD) to develop emerging technologies for the U.S. military. On July 29, 1958, he signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, the creation of NASA.[12]", "International Geophysical Year. To the surprise of many, the USSR launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial Earth satellite on October 4, 1957. After several failed Vanguard launches, Wernher von Braun and his team convinced President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use one of their US Army missiles for the Explorer program (there then being no inhibition about using military rockets to get into space). On November 8, 1957, the US Secretary of Defense instructed the US Army to use a modified Jupiter-C rocket to launch a satellite. The US achieved this goal only four months later with Explorer 1, on February 1, 1958, but after Sputnik 2 in November 3, 1957, making Explorer 1 the third artificial Earth satellite. Vanguard 1 became the fourth, launched on March 17, 1958. The Soviet victory in the \"Space Race\" would be followed by considerable political consequences,[11] one of which was the creation of the US space agency NASA on July 29, 1958.", "Satellite imagery. The first images from space were taken on sub-orbital flights. The U.S-launched V-2 flight on October 24, 1946 took one image every 1.5 seconds. With an apogee of 65 miles (105 km), these photos were from five times higher than the previous record, the 13.7 miles (22 km) by the Explorer II balloon mission in 1935.[1] The first satellite (orbital) photographs of Earth were made on August 14, 1959 by the U.S. Explorer 6.[2][3] The first satellite photographs of the Moon might have been made on October 6, 1959 by the Soviet satellite Luna 3, on a mission to photograph the far side of the Moon. The Blue Marble photograph was taken from space in 1972, and has become very popular in the media and among the public. Also in 1972 the United States started the Landsat program, the largest program for acquisition of imagery of Earth from space. Landsat Data Continuity Mission, the most recent Landsat satellite, was launched on 11 February 2013. In 1977, the first real time satellite imagery was acquired by the United States's KH-11 satellite system.", "Space Race. On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral.[53] The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.66 pounds (13.91 kg) in mass.[54] The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds (8.32 kg). It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-Müller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized.[55] The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator.[56] Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously.[57] In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments.", "Cold War (1953–1962). In October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the first Earth satellite into space. Sputnik 1's official mission was to send back data from space, however the effects of this launch were monumental for both the USSR and the United States. For both countries, the launch of Sputnik 1 sparked the start of the Timeline of the Space Race. It created a curiosity for space flight and a relatively peaceful competition to the moon. However the initial effects of Sputnik 1 for the United States was not a matter of exploration, but a matter of national security. What the USSR proved to the world, and mainly the United States, was that they were capable of launching a missile into space and potentially an ICBM carrying nuclear cargo at the United States. The fear of the unknown capability of Sputnik sparked fear in the Americans and many government officials went on record giving their thoughts on the matter. Senator Jackson of Seatle said the launch of Sputnik \"was a devastating blow\", and that \"[President] Eisenhower should declare a week of shame and danger\".[23] For the Russians' the launch of Sputnik 1 proved to be a major advantage in the Cold War, because it secured their current leading position in the war, created a retaliation force in the event of a U.S. nuclear strike, and allowed for a competitive advantage in ICBM technology. \nSputnik 2 launched almost a month later on November 3, 1957 with a mission goal of carrying the first dog, Laika, into Earth orbit. This mission, though unsuccessful in the sense that Laika did not survive the mission, further established the USSR's position in the Cold War. Not only were the soviets capable of launching a missile into space, but they could continue to complete successful space launches before the United States could complete one launch.", "Satellite. In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.", "Project Mercury. The Space Race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1. This came as a shock to the American public, and led to the creation of NASA to expedite existing U.S. space exploration efforts, and place most of them under civilian control. After the successful launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958, manned spaceflight became the next goal. The Soviet Union put the first human, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit aboard Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. Shortly after this, on May 5, the U.S. launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, on a suborbital flight. Soviet Gherman Titov followed with a day-long orbital flight in August 1961. The U.S. reached its orbital goal on February 20, 1962, when John Glenn made three orbits around the Earth. When Mercury ended in May 1963, both nations had sent six people into space, but the Soviets led the U.S. in total time spent in space.", "Satellite. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States.", "Explorer 1. Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States, launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year. The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year; the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 and 2, beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations.", "Technological and industrial history of the United States. At the close of World War II, both the American and Russian forces recruited or smuggled top German scientists like Wernher von Braun back to their respective countries to continue defense-related work.\nExpendable rockets provided the means for launching artificial satellites, as well as manned spacecraft. In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, and the United States followed with Explorer I in 1958. The first manned space flights were made in early 1961, first by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin and then by American astronaut Alan Shepard.", "Communications satellite. The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1. Put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies: 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space and rocket development. While incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another. And it was the first artificial satellite in the steps leading to today's satellite communications.", "History of the United States (1964–80). Beginning with the Soviet launch of the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957, the United States competed with the Soviet Union for supremacy in outer space exploration. After the Soviets placed the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, in 1961, President John F. Kennedy pushed for ways in which NASA could catch up,[18] famously urging action for a manned mission to the Moon: \"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.\"[19] The first manned flights produced by this effort came from Project Gemini (1965–1966) and then by the Apollo program, which despite the tragic loss of the Apollo 1 crew, achieved Kennedy's goal by landing the first astronauts on the Moon with the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.", "Satellite. In May, 1946, Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, \"A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century.\"[10] The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy. The United States Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the report, but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon. In 1954, the Secretary of Defense stated, \"I know of no American satellite program.\"[11] In February 1954 Project RAND released \"Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle,\" written by R.R. Carhart.[12] This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with \"The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite,\" by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.[13]", "Satellite. In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the Air Force used resources of the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.[15]", "United States Naval Academy. Freedom 7, America's first space capsule shot into sub-orbit in 1961, was placed on display at the visitor center as the centerpiece of the \"Grads in Space\" exhibit on 23 September 1998. The late Rear Admiral Alan Shepard, Class of 1945, had flown Mercury program capsule \"Freedom 7\" 116.5 miles (187.5 km) into space on 5 May 1961. His historic flight marked America's first step in the space race.[46]", "NASA. The first US unmanned satellite was Explorer 1, which started as an ABMA/JPL project during the early part of the Space Race. It was launched in January 1958, two months after Sputnik. At the creation of NASA the Explorer project was transferred to this agency and still continues to this day. Its missions have been focusing on the Earth and the Sun, measuring magnetic fields and the solar wind, among other aspects.[112] A more recent Earth mission, not related to the Explorer program, was the Hubble Space Telescope, which as mentioned above was brought into orbit in 1990.[113]", "History of the United States (1945–64). A dramatic shock to Americans' self-confidence and its technological superiority came in 1957, when the Soviets beat the United States into outer space by launching Sputnik, the first earth satellite. The space race began, and by the early 1960s the United States had forged ahead, with President Kennedy promising to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s—the landing indeed took place on July 20, 1969.[19]", "Sputnik 1. Sputnik 1 (/ˈspʊtnɪk/ or /ˈspʌtnɪk/; \"Satellite-1\", or \"PS-1\", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, \"Elementary Satellite 1\")[5] was the first artificial Earth satellite.[6] The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957, orbiting for three weeks before its batteries died, then silently for two more months before falling back into the atmosphere. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs,[7] and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.[8][9]", "INSAT-1A. NASA was contracted to launch INSAT-1A using an Delta 3910 rocket with a PAM-D upper stage. The launch occurred at 06:47 UTC on 10 April 1982, from Launch Complex 17A at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.[1] The satellite was successfully inserted into geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which it raised itself into geostationary orbit. It received the International Designator 1982-031A and Satellite Catalog Number 13129.[4]", "Wernher von Braun. As director of the Development Operations Division of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, von Braun, with his team, then developed the Jupiter-C, a modified Redstone rocket.[65] The Jupiter-C successfully launched the West's first satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958. This event signaled the birth of America's space program.", "Satellite Internet access. Following the launch of the first satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union in October 1957, the US successfully launched the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958. The first commercial communications satellite was Telstar 1, built by Bell Labs and launched in July 1962.", "Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower and the CIA had known since at least January 1957, nine months before Sputnik, that Russia had the capability to launch a small payload into orbit and was likely to do so within a year.[159] He may also privately have welcomed the Russian satellite for its legal implications: By launching a satellite, Russia had in effect acknowledged that space was open to anyone who could access it, without needing permission from other nations." ]

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[ "Skye McCole Bartusiak. McCole Bartusiak first starred in Stephen King's Storm of the Century as young Pippa Hatcher. In 2000, she appeared in The Patriot as the youngest child of a militia leader portrayed by Mel Gibson.[3] She played the young Marilyn Monroe in the TV miniseries Blonde, and the psychiatrist's daughter in Don't Say a Word alongside Michael Douglas and Brittany Murphy, both in 2001.[3] She also played young Charlie McGee in Firestarter: Rekindled and Megan Matheson during season two of the television series 24 (2002–2003).[3][4]", "The Patriot (2000 film). The Patriot is a 2000 American epic historical fiction war film directed by Roland Emmerich, written by Robert Rodat, and starring Mel Gibson, Chris Cooper, Heath Ledger, and Jason Isaacs. The film mainly takes place in rural Berkeley County, South Carolina, and depicts the story of an American Colonist, nominally loyal to the British Crown, who is swept into the American Revolutionary War when his family is threatened. Benjamin Martin is a composite figure the scriptwriter claims is based on four factual figures from the American Revolutionary War: Andrew Pickens, Francis Marion, Daniel Morgan, and Thomas Sumter.", "The Patriot (2000 film). Screenwriter Robert Rodat wrote seventeen drafts of the script before there was an acceptable one. In an early version, Anne is pregnant with Gabriel's child when she dies in the burning church. Rodat wrote the script with Gibson in mind for Benjamin Martin, and gave the Martin character six children to signal this preference to studio executives. After the birth of Gibson's seventh child, the script was changed so that Martin had seven children. Like the character William Wallace, which Gibson portrayed in Braveheart five years earlier, Martin is a man seeking to live his life in peace until revenge drives him to lead a cause against a national enemy after the life of an innocent family member is taken.", "Logan Lerman. Lerman had a passion for movies from a young age, though he started acting \"just for fun\" and \"to do something to get out of school\".[24] He began auditioning for roles in the late 1990s, and first appeared in commercials.[28][29] He made his film debut in 2000's The Patriot, playing William Martin, one of the children of Mel Gibson's character. The same year, he appeared in another Mel Gibson film, What Women Want, playing Gibson's character as a child. In 2001's Riding in Cars with Boys, he played the son of Drew Barrymore's character. Lerman has stated that while appearing in his earliest roles as a child, he did not have \"any conscious awareness of what I was doing or what was going on\"[24] and \"didn’t have a good experience\".[7]", "Blair Brown. Brown was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Elizabeth Ann (née Blair), a teacher, and Milton Henry Brown, who worked at the Central Intelligence Agency. She mentioned on Johnny Carson in 1989 that she is a Democrat.[3][4] She graduated from The Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, before going on to pursue acting at the National Theatre School of Canada, graduating in 1969.[5] She gained notice as a participating actor at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival and spent several years honing her work on the stage.[2]", "Thora Birch. She starred in the romantic comedy All I Want for Christmas (1991), as a girl who plans to get her divorced parents back together for Christmas.[18] The film received mediocre reviews and moderate attention from audiences upon its theatrical premiere,[19][20] but developed a following on television and on home video the subsequent years.[21][22] In 1992, she played the daughter of Jack Ryan (Harrison Ford) in the spy thriller Patriot Games, which was a commercial success, grossing US$178 million at the worldwide box office.[23]", "Heath Ledger. From 2000 to 2005, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), in The Patriot (2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), in Monster's Ball (2001); and in leading or title roles in A Knight's Tale (2001), The Four Feathers (2002), The Order (2003), Ned Kelly (2003), Casanova (2005), The Brothers Grimm (2005), and Lords of Dogtown (2005).[19] In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award as \"Male Star of Tomorrow\".[20]", "The Patriot (2000 film). The Patriot received mildly favorable reviews from critics. The film scored a \"Fresh\" rating of 61% rating among all critics on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 134 reviews and with an average rating of 6.1/10, which notes that it \"can be entertaining to watch, but it relies too much on formula and melodrama.\"[10][11] The Patriot is one of two Emmerich films to ever be given a \"fresh\" rating from that website (the other is Independence Day). Rotten Tomatoes also notes that, \"While his hero is conscience-stricken about killing, Emmerich sure enjoys serving it up in generous helpings.[12] \" On Metacritic, the film earned a rating of 63 out of 100, based on reviews from 35 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The New York Times critic Elvis Mitchell gave the film a generally negative review, although he praised its casting and called Mel Gibson \"an astonishing actor\", particularly for his \"on-screen comfort and expansiveness\". He said the film is a \"gruesome hybrid, a mix of sentimentality and brutality\".[13] Jamie Malanowski, also writing in The New York Times, said The Patriot \"will prove to many a satisfying way to spend a summer evening. It's got big battles and wrenching hand-to-hand combat, a courageous but conflicted hero and a dastardly and totally guilt-free villain, thrills, tenderness, sorrow, rage and a little bit of kissing\".[14] The film was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Cinematography, and Best Sound.", "Julianne Moore. When Moore was 16, the family moved from Falls Church, Virginia, where Moore had been attending J.E.B. Stuart High School, to Frankfurt, Germany, where she attended Frankfurt American High School.[5][11] She was clever and studious, a self-proclaimed \"good girl\", and she planned to become a doctor.[4] She had never considered performing, or even attended the theatre,[11] but she was an avid reader and it was this hobby that led her to begin acting at the school.[1][13] She appeared in several plays, including Tartuffe and Medea, and with the encouragement of her English teacher she chose to pursue a theatrical career.[14] Moore's parents supported her decision, but asked that she train at university to provide the added security of a college degree.[4] She was accepted to Boston University and graduated with a BFA in Theatre in 1983.[14]", "Martha Plimpton. This began Plimpton being cast in the role of a rebellious tomboy,[14] beginning with her performance as the Reverend Spellgood (Andre Gregory)'s daughter in the 1986 film The Mosquito Coast, starring Harrison Ford.[14] The critically praised but commercially unsuccessful 1987 film Shy People (co-starred with Barbara Hershey and Jill Clayburgh)[19] was followed by a performance in the 1988 ensemble comedy Stars and Bars.[18][20] This was released shortly before Running on Empty, an Academy Award-nominated film starring River Phoenix,[21] for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award.", "Jason Isaacs. After portraying a priest opposite Julianne Moore and Ralph Fiennes in Neil Jordan's acclaimed adaptation of Graham Greene's The End of the Affair (1999), Isaacs played the charismatic honourable priest opposite Kirstie Alley in the miniseries The Last Don. He then shone as \"memorable\" villain, Colonel William Tavington, in Roland Emmerich's American Revolutionary War fictional film epic The Patriot (2000).[15] Starring opposite Mel Gibson as the film's hero, and Heath Ledger as Gibson's screen son, Isaacs portrays a sadistic British Army officer who kills Ledger's character, among many other soldiers.[15][16] Although his work in the film earned him comparisons to Ralph Fiennes' portrayal of Nazi Amon Göth in Schindler's List (1993) and mention of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination, reaching beyond being typecast as an historical villain, Isaacs chose to play a drag queen in his next project, Sweet November (2001), a romantic comedy-drama starring Charlize Theron and Keanu Reeves.[9]", "Julianne Moore. Moore was born Julie Anne Smith on December 3, 1960,[1] at the Fort Bragg army installation in North Carolina.[2] Her father, Peter Moore Smith,[3] was a paratrooper in the United States Army during the Vietnam War, who later attained the rank of colonel and became a military judge.[4][5] Her Scottish mother, Anne (née Love; 1940–2009),[6] was a psychologist and social worker from Greenock, Scotland, who immigrated to the United States in 1951 with her family.[3][7] Moore has a younger sister, Valerie, and a younger brother, the novelist Peter Moore Smith.[3][8][9] As Moore is half-Scottish, she claimed British citizenship in 2011 to honor her deceased mother.[2][10]", "Martha Plimpton. Plimpton began her career as a model, securing an early 1980s campaign for Calvin Klein, making an impression as a sophisticated but tomboyish little girl.[14] She made her feature film debut in 1981, when at the age of eleven, she had a small role in the film Rollover.[15] In 1984, she appeared in the Deep South drama The River Rat opposite Tommy Lee Jones, as his \"hoydenish daughter\".[16] Her breakthrough performance was as Stef Steinbrenner in the 1985 film The Goonies.[14][17][18] She also appeared that year on the sitcom Family Ties.", "Deborah Sampson. Sampson is portrayed by Whoopi Goldberg in episode 34 of Liberty's Kids entitled \"Deborah Sampson: Soldier of the Revolution.\"", "The Patriot (2000 film). Joshua Jackson, Elijah Wood, Jake Gyllenhaal and Brad Renfro were considered to play Gabriel Martin. The producers and director narrowed their choices for this role to Ryan Phillippe and Heath Ledger, with the latter chosen because the director thought he possessed \"exuberant youth\".", "Suzy Amis Cameron. Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Amis Cameron first worked as a Ford model before she began acting in the 1980s. She made her feature-film debut in the 1985 comedy film Fandango. Amis Cameron next had roles in Rocket Gibraltar (1988), Where the Heart Is (1990), and Rich in Love (1993). In 1993, she appeared as Josephine \"Jo\" Monaghan in The Ballad of Little Jo. She later appeared in Blown Away (1994), The Usual Suspects (1995), and the blockbuster Titanic (1997), in which she played Lizzy Calvert, the granddaughter of Rose Dawson Calvert (Gloria Stuart). That same year, she starred in the Western Last Stand at Saber River and acted in the cult-classic Nadja. Amis Cameron retired from acting after her last screen appearance in the 1999 film Judgment Day.", "Natasha Richardson. Richardson was a member of the Redgrave family: she was the daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave and director/producer Tony Richardson, and the granddaughter of Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson. Early in her career, she portrayed Mary Shelley in Ken Russell's Gothic (1986) and Patty Hearst in the eponymous 1988 film directed by Paul Schrader, and later received critical acclaim and a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the 1993 revival of Anna Christie.", "Sydney Penny. She was born in Nashville, Tennessee, and raised in Chatsworth, California, the daughter of former Western Swing bandleader and comedian Hank Penny and his wife, Shari. An early acting appearance was on the miniseries The Thorn Birds when she was only 11 years old as young Meggie. She also appeared as Dani in The New Gidget and as a pigeon-obsessed youngster in an episode of the police series TJ Hooker. At the age of 13, Penny played Megan Wheeler in the Clint Eastwood western Pale Rider, released on June 26, 1985. For this performance she was awarded a Young Artist Award at the 7th Youth in Film Awards in December 1985.", "Sofia Vassilieva. Vassilieva played Cindy Brady in The Brady Bunch in the White House, opposite Shelley Long and Gary Cole in 2002. That same year, she was cast as a little girl named Gina in Inhabited (2003), starring Malcolm McDowell and former child actress Patty McCormack.", "Martha Plimpton. In 2014, Plimpton returned to Broadway as Julia, the daughter of Glenn Close and John Lithgow in a revival of Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance. The limited engagement ran 18 weeks at the Golden Theatre and co-stars Lindsay Duncan, Bob Balaban and Clare Higgins.[1]", "Missi Pyle. Pyle, the youngest daughter of Linda and Frank Pyle, was born in Houston, Texas, and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. She has two older sisters, Debbie and Julie, two older brothers, Sam and Paul, one younger half-brother, Gordon, and a half-sister, Meredith.[citation needed] Pyle attended the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and graduated in 1995. For her achievements, Pyle was honored by the Poplar Pike Playhouse at her alma mater Germantown High School in Germantown, Tennessee.", "Alyssa Milano. At age 12, Milano co-starred in Commando as Jenny Matrix, the daughter of John Matrix (Arnold Schwarzenegger).[13]", "Regina King. King began her acting career in 1985 playing the role of Brenda Jenkins on the television series 227,[7] a role she played until the show ended in 1990. She went on to appear in the John Singleton films Boyz n the Hood, Poetic Justice and Higher Learning.[8] In 1995, she was featured in the hit comedy film Friday.[8] In 1996, she starred in the Martin Lawrence dark comedy-romance A Thin Line Between Love and Hate as Mia. Later in 1996 she gained fame starring in the blockbuster romantic comedy film Jerry Maguire as Marcee Tidwell, the wife of Cuba Gooding, Jr.'s character.[8] She played Will Smith's character's wife in Enemy of the State, and was also featured in How Stella Got Her Groove Back, Mighty Joe Young, Down to Earth, Daddy Day Care, Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde, A Cinderella Story, Ray and Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous.", "Kate Mara. Mara made her film debut in Random Hearts, with Harrison Ford in 1999, directed by Sydney Pollack. She played Jessica Chandler, the daughter of a congresswoman (Kristin Scott Thomas). She next appeared in the Sundance Film Festival award-winning films Joe the King (1999) and Tadpole (2002), alongside Sigourney Weaver. Mara co-starred in Peoples (2004), a drama and coming of age story filmed in Louisville, Kentucky. She starred in the direct-to-video horror film Urban Legends: Bloody Mary and appeared with Noah Wyle and Illeana Douglas in the 2005 film The Californians. Her supporting role as the daughter of Heath Ledger's character in the Academy Award-winning film Brokeback Mountain that year brought her more widespread critical notice.[11]", "Anna Paquin. Paquin was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, the daughter of Mary Paquin (née Brophy), an English teacher and native of Wellington, New Zealand, and Brian Paquin, a high school Physical Education teacher from Canada. Paquin has two older siblings: Andrew (born 1977), a director, and Katya (born 1980),[9][10] whose partner is the Green Party of New Zealand's former co-leader Russel Norman.[11] Paquin is of Dutch, French and Irish descent.[12] Paquin's family moved to New Zealand when she was four. Her musical childhood hobbies in New Zealand included playing the viola, cello and piano. She also participated in gymnastics, ballet, swimming and downhill skiing, though she did not have any hobbies related to acting.[13][14]", "Brooke Langton. Brooke Langton (born November 27, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for the role of Samantha Reilly in the Fox prime time soap opera, Melrose Place from 1996 to 1998. Langton later had the leading role in the short-lived USA Network drama series, The Net (1998–99), and was the female lead in the 2000 comedy film The Replacements.", "Martha Plimpton. She played the role of the independent teenage daughter of Dianne Wiest in Parenthood. Plimpton appeared with Joaquin Phoenix (then credited as Leaf Phoenix), who portrayed her brother.[26] Parenthood grossed over $126 million[27] and received two Academy Award nominations,[28] one of her most successful movie appearances since The Goonies.", "Juliet Landau. Landau was born in Los Angeles to actor parents Martin Landau and Barbara Bain.[1] Her older sister is film producer Susan Landau Finch,[2] and the sisters spent their early childhood in a Tudor style house in West Los Angeles.[3] Landau is a former professional ballerina,[4] and her mentor was the actress Susan Peretz.", "Holland Taylor. Taylor was born in 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,[1] the daughter of Virginia (née Davis), a painter, and C. Tracy Taylor, an attorney.[2][3] She is the youngest of three girls in the family; her sisters are Patricia and Pamela, and through Pamela, she is the aunt of director Brad Anderson.[4] She attended high school at Westtown School, a Quaker boarding school in West Chester, Pennsylvania. She majored in drama at Bennington College[5] graduating in 1964, before moving to New York City to become an actress.[6]", "Abigail Breslin. Breslin's career began at the age of three when she appeared in a Toys \"R\" Us commercial.[11] Her first acting role was in Signs (2002), directed by M. Night Shyamalan, where she played Bo Hess, the daughter of the main character, Graham Hess (Mel Gibson). Signs garnered mostly positive reviews[12] and was a box office success, grossing $408 million worldwide.[13] Breslin's performance in the film was praised by critics.[14][15] David Ansen of Newsweek wrote that she and co-star Rory Culkin gave \"terrifically natural, nuanced performances\".[16] In 2004, she appeared in Raising Helen, in which she and her brother Spencer played siblings, but the film fared poorly.[17]", "Anna Faris. Her parents encouraged her to pursue acting when she was young,[14] and she gave her first professional acting performance when she was 9 years old in a three-month run of Arthur Miller's play Danger: Memory! at the Seattle Repertory Theater. For her work, Faris was paid US$250, which was \"huge\" for her at the time. \"I felt like I was rolling in the dough\", she recalled.[15] She went on to play Scout in a production of To Kill a Mockingbird at the Issaquah, Washington, Village Theatre, and played the title character in Heidi and Rebecca in Our Town. While attending high school, Faris appeared in a frozen yogurt TV commercial. Around this time, \"my third or fourth job was a training video for Red Robin, which is a burger chain out West. I play, like, the perfect hostess. And I think they still use it\", she said in May 2012.[16] Faris had a small role in the made-for-TV movie Deception: A Mother's Secret, where she played a character named Liz, and later was cast in a supporting role in the small-scale drama Eden, which was screened at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival. Faris' first major film role came shortly after college with her independent slasher film, Lovers Lane (1999), in which she played an ill-fated cheerleader.[17] A B-movie, it received a straight-to-video release, to little attention. Critical reception towards the feature was mixed,[18][19] but for her part, Faris got her early acting reviews by writers; website efilmcritic.com's Greg Muskewitz found her to be \"the one center of interest\" of the movie.[20]", "Julianne Moore. In 1990, Moore began working with stage director Andre Gregory on a workshop theatre production of Chekhov's Uncle Vanya. Described by Moore as \"one of the most fundamentally important acting experiences I ever had\",[11] the group spent four years exploring the text and giving intimate performances to friends.[24] Also in 1990, Moore made her cinematic debut as a mummy's victim in Tales from the Darkside: The Movie, a low-budget horror that she later described as \"terrible\".[25][26] Her next film role, in 1992, introduced her to a wide audience. The thriller The Hand That Rocks the Cradle—in which she played the main character's ill-fated friend—was number one at the US box office, and Moore caught the attention of several critics with her performance.[15][27] She followed it the same year with the crime comedy The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag, appearing as the protagonist's kooky sister. Moore continued to play supporting roles throughout 1993, first featuring in the erotic thriller Body of Evidence as Madonna's love rival. The film was a failure and widely mocked, and she later regretted her involvement.[15][28] She had greater success in a 1993 romantic comedy with Johnny Depp. In Benny & Joon, she played a gentle waitress who falls for Aidan Quinn's character, Benny. Moore also appeared briefly as a doctor in one of the year's biggest hits, the Harrison Ford thriller The Fugitive.[15][29]" ]

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[ "Matthew Nable. On 4 September, Stephen Amell announced on Facebook that Nable would portray the role of Ra's al Ghul on the third season of Arrow. Despite Liam Neeson (Ra's al Ghul in The Dark Knight Trilogy) expressing an interest in reprising his role for the television series' third season and the CW Network reaching out to him, he was unavailable[21] and Nable was cast as Ra's instead. IGN's Jesse Scheeden said he brought \"charisma and danger to the part\".[22] Nable portrayed the character in ten episodes of the third season. He reprised his role in Legends of Tomorrow.[23]", "Matthew Nable. Matthew Nable (born 8 March 1972) is an Australian film and television actor, writer, sports commentator and former professional rugby league footballer.[2] After playing in the Winfield Cup Premiership during the 1990s for the Manly-Warringah and South Sydney clubs, he wrote and starred in the rugby league-centred drama The Final Winter in 2007.[3] Nable went on to act in films such as Killer Elite and Riddick. He appeared on The CW's Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow as Ra's al Ghul.", "Ra's al Ghul. Ra's al Ghul has been featured in various media adaptions. The character was voiced by David Warner in Batman: The Animated Series, which became his first appearance in media other than the comic books. Ra's was subsequently portrayed by Liam Neeson in the Dark Knight Trilogy, Jason Isaacs in Batman: Under the Red Hood, Dee Bradley Baker in the Batman: Arkham video game series, Matt Nable in the Arrowverse television series, and Alexander Siddig in Gotham.", "Ra's al Ghul. Created by Dennis O'Neil and Bob Brown in 1971,[26] Talia al Ghul (Arabic: تاليه الغول‎‎) is Ra's al Ghul's daughter. Talia's mother was a woman of Arab ancestry[27] named Melisande,[28][29] who met Ra's at the Woodstock festival.[27][29] Talia was born not long after. Talia also appears in 2012's The Dark Knight Rises. Talia also appears in Arrow season 5.", "Katrina Law. Since 2013, she has had a recurring role on The CW television series Arrow as Nyssa al Ghul, the daughter of the notorious leader of the League of Assassins, Ra's al Ghul.[9][10]", "Ra's al Ghul. In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Ra's al Ghul is a young boy and member of the H.I.V.E. council. He voted against using nuclear weapons to end the war in Western Europe between Aquaman and Wonder Woman.[39]", "Chris Hardwick. He provided the voice for Green Arrow/Oliver Queen on The Batman and Lego Dimensions, Glowface in The X's, and Sokka in The Legend of Korra,[21] as well as voice work for The Minstrel Show from the rap group Little Brother, and narration for the introduction video for the Flash animation game George Plimpton's Video Falconry. Between May 2013 and July 2016, he voiced \"Craig the Snake\" on Sanjay and Craig. He also voiced the character Vaughn in Telltale Games's Tales from the Borderlands.[12]", "Jason Isaacs. He provided the voice of Ra's al Ghul in the DC animated film, Batman: Under the Red Hood (2010) and also the voice of Sinestro in the DC animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights (2011).", "Stephen Amell. Stephen Adam Amell[1] (born May 8, 1981) is a Canadian actor, known for portraying Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on The CW superhero series Arrow and its spin-offs.", "Ra's al Ghul. Ra's al Ghul has been a staple in the Batman: Arkham franchise where he has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker:", "The Dark Knight Rises. Cillian Murphy reprises his role as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow from previous films,[36] as does Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul, who appears to Bruce in a hallucination.[37][38] Josh Pence portrays Ra's al Ghul in scenes set thirty years before the events of Batman Begins.[39] Nestor Carbonell also returns as Anthony Garcia, Gotham's mayor.[40] Other cast members include Aidan Gillen as CIA agent Bill Wilson[41][42] (referred to solely as \"CIA\" in the film's dialogue; the character's name is revealed in the film's novelization);[43] Rob Brown and Desmond Harrington as police officers; Josh Stewart as Bane's right-hand man Barsad,[44] Christopher Judge as one of Bane's henchmen,[45] Noel Gugliemi as Bane's exile compeller, and Tom Conti as a prisoner. William Devane portrays the President of the United States. Aaron Eckhart expressed enthusiasm in returning for a sequel if asked, although he later stated Nolan verified that his character, Harvey Dent / Two-Face, is dead,[46] and only archive footage of Eckhart from The Dark Knight appears in the film.[47]", "Ra's al Ghul. Created by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson in 2003,[22] Nyssa Raatko (Arabic: نيسا رعتكو‎‎) is Ra's al Ghul's oldest known daughter. She was born to an unnamed woman in 18th century Russia.[23] She would later become a Holocaust survivor.[24] She is murdered by Cassandra Cain during the One Year Later storyline. Nyssa appears in Arrow.[25]", "Arrow (TV series). Despite a strong critical start for the season three premiere,[83] the second half of season three has met with criticism, particularly for its preoccupation with romance, leading to accusations of the show \"devolving into a CW fever dream\" and \"turning Star City into Dawson's Creek\"[84] and becoming a 'soap opera'.[85] After the conclusion of Oliver Queen and Felicity Smoak's longterm romance, the flashback sequences were characterized sporadic and \"superfluous\", with Ra's al Ghul described as a \"shallow\" and \"underutilized\" villain \"absent of clear antagonism\",[86] although Matt Nable was generally praised for his portrayal of the character. Furthermore, while parallels to Batman had always existed in the show, the use of such a major character from Batman's rogues gallery and the essential application of the \"Daughter of the Demon\" and several other Batman and Ra's al Ghul storylines applied to Oliver Queen came under particular fire from viewers, who accused the show of \"ripping off\" Batman.[87] The season finale was described as \"dull\", \"lacking scope\", and \"underwhelming\" by IGN's Jesse Schedeen in light of the \"high standard\" the show had previously established for its finales. He cemented the mixed reception of season three as being \"haphazardly paced\" and \"struggling to develop a clear sense of direction\".[88]", "Liam Neeson. It was announced in July 2010 that Neeson would guest-star on the new Showtime series The Big C.[52] In 2011, he played himself, in BBC2's series Life's Too Short. In late 2011, Neeson was cast to play the lead character, a journalist, in a new album recording and arena production of Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds. He replaced Richard Burton, who had posthumously appeared in the arena production through CGI animation. Neeson did not physically appear on the stage, instead playing the role through the use of 3D holography. In 2012, Neeson starred in Joe Carnahan's The Grey. The film received mostly positive reviews and Neeson's performance received critical acclaim. He also starred in Taken 2, a successful sequel to his 2008 blockbuster.[53] That year, he once again played Ra's al Ghul in The Dark Knight Rises, the third and final film in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He narrated the first trailer for the film.", "Ra's al Ghul. Created by Neal Adams in 1968,[18] the Sensei was originally introduced as high-ranking member of the League of Assassins. He was portrayed as an aged but highly skilled martial artist. During the Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul storyline, he was revealed to be Ra's al Ghul's centuries-old father.[19] He dies during the same storyline.[19]", "Katrina Law. Katrina Law is an American actress. She is known for playing the roles of Mira in the Starz television series, Spartacus: Blood and Sand and Spartacus: Vengeance, and Nyssa al Ghul on The CW television series, Arrow.", "Ra's al Ghul. In The New 52 (a reboot of the DC Comics universe), Ra's al Ghul appears in a hooded robe at the League of Assassins' city of 'Eth Alth'eban. He enters the Well of Sins after an encounter with Jason Todd.[11] When he emerges, Ra's is consumed by the evil that corrupted the Untitled centuries before, and he feels compelled to rid himself of the machinations of his daughter and Ducra by killing Jason. At Ra's' command, the prisoners are brought to him, and he promises to use his newfound power to destroy them.[12] Red Hood engages Ra's, as Essence joins the battle. She insists that he will allow Jason and his friends to leave his realm, or he will be forced to die a mortal death just as he always feared he would. Despite having destroyed the All-Caste, Ra's al Ghul's actions have led to their eventual rebirth. Defeated, he swears that he will visit great agony upon Red Hood if he ever sees him again.[13]", "Stephen Amell. In January 2012, Amell was cast as the title character in The CW series Arrow, a re-imagining of the comic-book character Green Arrow.[9]", "Oliver Queen (Arrow). In season three, Oliver is brought into a confrontation with Ra's al Ghul (Matthew Nable) after Sara's death. In order to protect his sister, who had been drugged and coerced into killing Sara by Malcolm, Oliver claims responsibility for the murder and engages Ra's in a trial by combat.[16] After surviving the sword of Ra's al Ghul, he is pursued by Ra's to become the new leader of the League. After Ra's mortally wounds Thea, Oliver accepts his offer so that he can use the Lazarus Pit to save Thea.[17] In \"Al-Sahim\", Oliver appears in Starling City to kill Nyssa al Ghul, who also claims the title of \"Heir to the Demon\", where it is revealed that he has been brainwashed by Ra's into renouncing all things \"Oliver Queen\".[18] In \"This is Your Sword\", it is shown that Oliver is actually lying to Ra's, and planning to destroy the League from the inside.[19] The season three finale features Oliver killing Ra's, and subsequently giving up being a hero for Starling City and leaving to have a new life with Felicity.[20] Over the course of the season, Laurel and Thea take over Sara and Roy's roles on the team. Season three flashbacks focused on Oliver living in Hong Kong and training under Amanda Waller (Cynthia Addai-Robinson) and her subordinates.", "Brandon Routh. On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer/The Atom on The CW's Arrow. He was a recurring character throughout the show's third season, which premiered October 8, 2014.[21]", "Green Arrow. Green Arrow was not initially a well-known character outside of comic book fandom: he had appeared in a single episode of the animated series Super Friends in 1973. In the 2000s, the character appeared in a number of DC television properties, including the animated series Justice League Unlimited, Young Justice, The Batman and Batman: The Brave and the Bold, and several DC Universe Animated Original Movies. In live action, he appeared in the series Smallville, played by actor Justin Hartley, and became a core cast member. In 2012, the live action series Arrow debuted on The CW, in which the title character is portrayed by Stephen Amell, earning positive reviews[4] and launching several spin-off series, becoming the starting point for a DC Comics shared television universe.", "List of Arrow characters. Oliver Jonas \"Ollie\" Queen (portrayed by Stephen Amell) is the main protagonist of the series. He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name.", "Ra's al Ghul. Ra's has previously been revealed as alive in the 31st century setting of the post-Zero Hour reboot Legion of Super-Heroes, impersonating Leland McCauley.", "Roy Harper (comics). In season 3, Roy gains a full red suit that is a variation of Oliver's costume, with all his equipment, and with red arrows. However, he is plagued by guilt because of the cop he killed. In the sixth episode \"Guilty\", Roy is officially dubbed Arsenal after a villain and former superhero sidekick tells Roy Oliver doesn't really care for him and he is just \"another weapon in [Oliver's] arsenal\".[35] In \"Midnight City\" and \"Uprising\", while Oliver appeared to have been killed by Ra's al Ghul, citizens began to refer to Roy as the Red Arrow. He becomes a core and respected member of Oliver's team, leading their work in the field. After Oliver is found to be alive, Ra's al Ghul exposes his secret identity, but Roy, deciding to redeem himself for killing the cop, takes the fall for his mentor. He allows himself to be publicly captured in Oliver's costume so that the public thinks he, not Oliver Queen, is the Arrow. He sets up a fake assassination of himself in jail after being assaulted by other prison inmates, while in reality Roy is able to escape custody with the aid of a former A.R.G.U.S. agent, convincing the public that Oliver is innocent. He is forced to leave the city to avoid exposing the deception. Thea finds him working as a mechanic named Jason in Monument Point. He encourages Thea to live the life he and Oliver sacrificed so much for, and leaves her his red costume before taking off for another new life in Hub City before she can find out. Deciding to join Team Arrow, she requests to be \"Red Arrow\", but Oliver already told everyone to call her \"Speedy\". In season 4 Thea eventually accepts the code name and refuses to change it when Vibe questions it (\"Legends of Today\"). Roy's fall allows Oliver to rise as the \"Green Arrow\", a new hero different from \"The Arrow\" a few months after defeating Ra's al Ghul.", "Oliver Queen (Arrow). Andy Greenwald of Grantland wrote that Amell deserves a \"great deal of the credit\" for Arrow's success, as he brings a subtle humor hidden beneath his \"Hollister veneer\". Greenwald goes on to state that Amell's performance as Oliver Queen makes that persona a more interesting character than the Arrow.[53] Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker acknowledged Amell's range as an actor for the series premiere: \"Amell is no mere muscle-head as an actor — he let confusion, dismay, disappointment, and resolve play across his face at the right moments, even when the dialogue became stilted or clunky.\"[54] Neil Genzlinger wrote in The New York Times that Amell was \"just inscrutable enough to pull off the transition from the playboy he was before the shipwreck to the avenging, bow-wielding Green Arrow he becomes on his return to civilization\".[55] The San Francisco Chronicle's David Wiegand came to a similar conclusion, stating Amell has the \"acting skill that enables him to be convincing both as rescued rich kid Oliver Queen and as his green-hooded alter ego, Arrow\".[56] In contrast, The Guardian's Stephen Kelly found Amell more \"uncomfortable and awkward\" in the role, which made it difficult to like his character as a \"traumatised badass\".[57]", "List of Gotham characters. Ra's al Ghul is the enigmatic person behind the Court of Owls' activities and leader of the League of Shadows.[39] With a past shrouded in mystery, the powerful supervillain uses cunning and deception to lay waste to his foes. His identity is foreshadowed upon the death of Shaman who works for Ra's al Ghul. When Bruce Wayne meets Ra's al Ghul in the bowels of the Yuyan Building, Ra's al Ghul mentioned that he wanted Bruce to be his heir and does a final test where he wants him to kill Alfred Pennyworth. After Bruce stabs Alfred, he angrily tries to attack Ra's al Ghul who gets away where he advises to Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit's waters to heal Alfred.", "Justice League (Smallville). When judging individual appearances, DVD Verdict's Jennifer Malkowski felt that Alan Ritchson's performance as Arthur Curry in \"Aqua\" was rather \"wooden\",[39] while Filip Vuckevic, of IGN, felt that the introductions for Victor Stone and Arthur Curry were simply wasted, as the characters are not \"given anything to do\" in the episodes.[40] Commenting on the introduction of Oliver Queen's Green Arrow persona in the season six episode \"Arrow\", IGN's Chris Carabott felt that the series took its time developing a character that fit the style of the show. Carabott acknowledged that Green Arrow's costume, though not exactly like in the comics, respects the spirit of the character in its design; the gadgets he uses make it feel like the producers are taking a page out of the Justice League Unlimited book, which makes for \"quality entertainment\".[41]", "Alexander Siddig. He is known by the stage names Siddig El Fadil through the mid-1990s and Alexander Siddig since. He is known for playing Dr. Julian Bashir in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Philip Burton in Primeval, Carthaginian general Hannibal in Hannibal – Rome's Worst Nightmare, King Minos in Atlantis, and Prince Doran Martell in Game of Thrones, and for his performances as Prince Nasir Al-Subaai in Syriana (2005), Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani in Kingdom of Heaven (2005), and Tareq Khalifa in Cairo Time, as well as the sixth season of 24. He is also appearing in Gotham as Ra's al Ghul.", "DC Universe Animated Original Movies. The film features the voice talents of Bruce Greenwood as Batman, Jensen Ackles as Red Hood/Jason Todd, Neil Patrick Harris as Nightwing, John DiMaggio as Joker, Wade Williams as Black Mask, Jason Isaacs as Ra's al Ghul, Kelly Hu as Ms. Li, and Jim Piddock as Alfred Pennyworth.[8][9]", "Green Arrow. In the early 1970s, Green Arrow became a co-feature with Green Lantern (Hal Jordan) in an acclaimed series of stories by O'Neil and Adams that dealt with various social and political issues. The two co-stars served to represent contrasting sociopolitical viewpoints: Green Arrow spoke for radical change while Green Lantern was an establishment liberal figure, wanting to work within existing institutions of government and law.[8] Queen convinces Jordan to see beyond his strict obedience to the Green Lantern Corps, to help those who were neglected or discriminated against. O'Neil explained: \"He would be a hot-tempered anarchist to contrast with the cerebral, sedate model citizen who was Green Lantern.\"[9] The duo embark on a quest in a beat-up pickup truck to \"find America\", along the way witnessing the problems of corruption, racism, pollution, as well as overpopulation confronting the nation. One story (in issues #78-79) was even widely interpreted as an allegory for the Manson Family cult murders, though O'Neil has emphasized that the story was about the authoritarian left and not Manson.[8]", "Arrowverse. In season three, Arrow has become a public hero in Starling City following Slade Wilson's defeat. Queen Consolidated is sold to wealthy businessman, scientist, and aspiring hero Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh). Oliver struggles to bring his family back together, an old enemy returns, and Oliver becomes embroiled into a conflict with Ra's al Ghul (Matthew Nable). After a rocky start, Laurel sets out to follow in Sara's footsteps as the Black Canary. John Diggle struggles with his new role as a family man, as Oliver no longer wants him in the field after the birth of John's daughter, while Felicity Smoak begins a new career as Vice President of Palmer Technologies (formerly Queen Consolidated).", "List of Arrow characters. Roy William Harper Jr. (portrayed by Colton Haynes) is a former street criminal, Thea's boyfriend and a supporter of the Arrow. He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name." ]

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[ "Go Set a Watchman. Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch, now 26, returns from New York to the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, on her annual two-week visit. She is met by her childhood sweetheart and suitor, Henry \"Hank\" Clinton, who works for her father, Atticus, a lawyer and former state legislator. Jack, her father's brother, a retired doctor, is her mentor. Their sister, Aunt Alexandra, runs the house since Calpurnia's retirement. The Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) are introduced as sources of controversy in the community.", "Go Set a Watchman. Lee released a statement through her attorney in regards to the discovery.[18] \"In the mid-1950s, I completed a novel called Go Set a Watchman. It features the character known as Scout as an adult woman and I thought it a pretty decent effort. My editor, who was taken by the flashbacks to Scout's childhood, persuaded me to write a novel from the point of view of the young Scout. I was a first-time writer, so I did as I was told. I hadn't realized it had survived, so was surprised and delighted when my dear friend and lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it. After much thought and hesitation I shared it with a handful of people I trust and was pleased to hear that they considered it worthy of publication. I am humbled and amazed that this will now be published after all these years.\"[18]", "The Scout Association. The association has five age programmes to cater for youth aged between 6 and 25 years of age:", "List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters. She matures from age 6 to age 9 as the novel progresses but remains naive and idealistic, despite an increased understanding of human nature and racism in her town. At the beginning of the book, Scout is confused by some of the words and names she hears people directing towards her father, such as \"nigger-lover\". Being only six, Scout does not know how to handle such situations so she tries to resolve her problems by fighting, or by talking to Atticus about what she has heard. By the end of the book, Scout realizes that racism does exist and comes to terms with its presence in her town. Scout also learns how to deal with others, including the Finch family housekeeper, Calpurnia, and her aunt, Alexandra. Scout is the only one of the novel's primary three children (Dill, Jem, and herself) to see and speak to Boo Radley during the course of the novel and realize that he is harmless, despite her initial fear of him. She also stops a mob that is trying to lynch Tom Robinson by talking to the mob leader, Mr. Cunningham, about inviting his son, Walter, over for dinner. Mr. Cunningham then tells the other mob members to get back in their cars and leave them alone. The members listen, and Scout unintentionally saves Tom Robinson's life. She is portrayed by Mary Badham in the film adaption of To Kill a Mockingbird.", "Atticus Finch. In July 2015, days before Lee's highly anticipated second novel Go Set a Watchman, was officially published, the first chapter was released on The Guardian for public viewing. On that day, a New York Times review of the book (which is set about twenty years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird but is not a chronological sequel)[14] revealed that Atticus, depicted in this version as being in his early seventies, is portrayed as a far less-progressive character. He makes comments that favor segregation and has attended a Citizens’ Council meeting. This has proved controversial to many readers, unaware perhaps that although To Kill a Mockingbird was published first, Watchman is the first draft of the text that later became Mockingbird and the characterizations and key plot details between the two books are not only different but sometimes contradictory.[15]", "Scouting. Scouting was originally developed for adolescents—youths between the ages of 11 and 17. In most member organizations, this age group composes the Scout or Guide section. Programs were developed to meet the needs of young children (generally ages 6 to 10) and young adults (originally 18 and older, and later up to 25). Scouts and Guides were later split into \"junior\" and \"senior\" sections in many member organizations, and some organizations dropped the young adults' section. The exact age ranges for programs vary by country and association.[72][73][74]", "Mary Badham. Mary Badham (born October 7, 1952) is an American actress, known for her portrayal of Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.[1] At the time, Badham (aged 10) was the youngest actress ever nominated in this category.[2]", "Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting. A Girl Guide or Girl Scout is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 10 and 14. Age limits are different in each organisation. The term Girl Scout is used in the United States and several East Asian countries. The two terms are used synonymously within this article.", "Go Set a Watchman. In terms of the initial characterization of Atticus as a segregationist, an element to his character that was dropped in the later draft, there are various theories already offered. Mahler offers that it could have been Hohoff that inspired the change.[13] Raised \"in a multigenerational Quaker home near Prospect Park in Brooklyn, Hohoff attended a Quaker school, Brooklyn Friends. Such an upbringing suggests certain progressive values. But probably the clearest window into her state of mind when she was coaching Ms. Lee through the rewrite of Mockingbird is the book she was writing herself at the time: a biography of John Lovejoy Elliott, a social activist and humanist in early-20th-century New York who had committed his life to helping the city's underclass. The book, A Ministry to Man, was published in 1959, one year before Mockingbird.\"[13]", "History of the Boy Scouts of America. In 1949 the minimum age for a Boy Scout was lowered from 12 to 11 and adults were now proscribed from earning merit badges and youth ranks.", "Scouting. Scouting is taught using the Scout method, which incorporates an informal educational system that emphasizes practical activities in the outdoors. Programs exist for Scouts ranging in age from 6 to 25 (though age limits vary slightly by country), and program specifics target Scouts in a manner appropriate to their age.[54][55]", "Go Set a Watchman. According to the publisher, Go Set a Watchman, \"...tackles the racial tensions brewing in the South in the 1950s and delves into the complex relationship between father and daughter\". It includes versions of many of the characters who appear in To Kill a Mockingbird.[12]", "Scout leader. Both Scoutmasters and committee members are encouraged at specific events to wear their uniforms. Scoutmasters are normally required to be at least twenty-one years of age, although there have been some notable exceptions. E. Urner Goodman (the founder of the Order of the Arrow) was appointed as a Scoutmaster when he was still nineteen.[citation needed] Assistant Scoutmasters are often older Scouts who have turned 18 and can no longer serve in a youth capacity.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015.[161][162][163] This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative.[6][161] This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed.[161][162][163] Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird.[164] According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\"[165] This assertion has been discredited, however,[166] by rare-books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird.[166] Nurnberg's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird.[6] Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.[167]", "To Kill a Mockingbird (film). The film's young protagonists, Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch (Mary Badham) and her brother Jeremy Atticus \"Jem\" Finch (Phillip Alford), live in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the early 1930s. The story covers three years, during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives. They are innocent children, spending their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur \"Boo\" Radley (Robert Duvall) who has not left his home for many years and about whom many rumors circulate. Their widowed father, Atticus (Gregory Peck), is a town lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly, to turn the other cheek, and to stand for what you believe. He also allows his children to call him by his first name. Early in the film, the children see their father accept hickory nuts, and other produce, from Mr. Cunningham (Crahan Denton) for legal work because the client has no money.[3] Through their father's work as a lawyer, Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town, aggravated by poverty; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it.", "Scouting. In the United States, the Cub Scout and Boy Scout programs of the BSA are for boys only; however, for youths age 14 and older, Venturing is co-educational. The Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) is an independent organization for girls and young women only. Adult leadership positions in the BSA and GSUSA are open to both men and women.[91][92]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (nicknamed Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jeremy (nicknamed Jem), and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person.", "Harper Lee. The book was controversially[4] published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird, though it has been confirmed to be the first draft of the latter, with many narrative incongruities, repackaged and released as a completely separate work.[4] The book is set some 20 years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird, when Scout returns as an adult from New York to visit her father in Maycomb, Alabama.[55] It alludes to Scout's view of her father, Atticus Finch, as the moral compass (\"watchman\") of Maycomb,[56] and, according to the publisher, how she finds upon her return to Maycomb, that she \"is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political as she tries to understand her father's attitude toward society and her own feelings about the place where she was born and spent her childhood.\"[57]", "Go Set a Watchman. Go Set a Watchman is a novel by Harper Lee published on July 14, 2015, by HarperCollins in the United States and Willam Heinemann in the United Kingdom. Although written before her first and only other published novel, the Pulitzer Prize-winning To Kill a Mockingbird—and initially promoted by its publisher as a sequel—it is now more widely accepted as being a first draft of the famous novel.[2][3][4] The title comes from Isaiah 21:6: \"For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him declare what he seeth.\"[5] It alludes to Jean Louise Finch's view of her father, Atticus Finch, as the moral compass (\"watchman\") of Maycomb,[6] and has a theme of disillusionment, as she discovers the extent of the bigotry in her home community.", "World Scout Jamboree. The World Scout Jamboree is a Scouting jamboree of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, typically attended by several tens of thousands of Scouts from around the world, aged 14 to 17.", "Go Set a Watchman. Michiko Kakutani made note of the changes between the two versions: \"Some plot points that have become touchstones in Mockingbird are evident in the earlier Watchman. Scout's older brother, Jem, vividly alive as a boy in Mockingbird, is dead in Watchman; the trial of a black man accused of raping a young white woman, while a main story line in Mockingbird, is only a passing aside in Watchman. (Interestingly, the trial results in a guilty verdict for the accused man, Tom Robinson, in Mockingbird, but leads to an acquittal in Watchman.)\" She continues, \"Students of writing will find Watchman fascinating for these reasons: How did a lumpy tale about a young woman's grief over her discovery of her father's bigoted views evolve into a classic coming-of-age story about two children and their devoted widower father? How did a distressing narrative filled with characters spouting hate speech (from the casually patronizing to the disgustingly grotesque—and presumably meant to capture the extreme prejudice that could exist in small towns in the Deep South in the 1950s) mutate into a redemptive novel associated with the civil rights movement, hailed, in the words of the former civil rights activist and congressman Andrew Young, for giving us \"a sense of emerging humanism and decency\"?[14]", "Go Set a Watchman. Although promoted by its publisher and initially described in media reports as a sequel to Lee's best-selling novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, which was published in 1960, Go Set a Watchman is actually that novel's first draft.[2][13] The novel was finished in 1957[13] and purchased by the J.B. Lippincott Company. Lee's editor, Tay Hohoff, although impressed with elements of the story, saying that \"the spark of the true writer flashed in every line\",[13] thought it was by no means ready for publication. It was, as she described it, \"more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel\". As Jonathan Mahler recounts in his Times article on Hohoff, she thought the strongest aspect of Lee's novel was the flashback sequences featuring a young Scout, and thus requested that Lee use those flashbacks as a basis for a new novel. Lee agreed, and \"during the next couple of years, Hohoff led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird\".[13]", "Scouting. Scouting or the Scout Movement is a movement that aims to support young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society, with a strong focus on the outdoors and survival skills. During the first half of the twentieth century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups for boys (Cub Scout, Boy Scout, Rover Scout) and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls (Brownie Guide, Girl Guide and Girl Scout, Ranger Guide). It is one of several worldwide youth organizations.", "Atticus Finch. Atticus Finch is a fictional character in author Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize winning novel of 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird. A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel Go Set a Watchman, written in the mid 1950s but not published until 2015. Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County, Alabama, and the father of Jeremy \"Jem\" Finch and Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch. Lee based the character on her own father, Amasa Coleman Lee, an Alabama lawyer, who, like Atticus, represented black defendants in a highly publicized criminal trial.[1] Book Magazine's list of The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 names Finch as the seventh best fictional character of 20th-century literature.[2][3] In 2003 the American Film Institute voted Atticus Finch, as portrayed in an Academy Award-winning performance by Gregory Peck in the 1962 film adaptation, as the greatest hero of all American cinema.[4]", "Felicia Day. Day was born in Huntsville, Alabama. She began her acting career at the age of 7 when she starred as Scout in a local production of To Kill a Mockingbird.[4] She studied operatic singing and ballet professionally, performing at concerts and competitions nationwide. Home-schooled throughout much of her childhood, she began college at the age of 16.[5]", "The Last Boy Scout. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[25]", "Go Set a Watchman. Historian and Lee's longtime friend Wayne Flynt told Associated Press that the \"narrative of senility, exploitation of this helpless little old lady is just hogwash. It's just complete bunk.\" Flynt said he found Lee capable of giving consent and believes no one will ever know for certain the terms of said consent.[26]", "List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters. Jeremy Atticus \"Jem\" Finch is Atticus' son and Scout's older brother by four years. Jem matures greatly throughout the course of the novel, much more affected by events than Scout seems to be. Being four years Scout's senior, Jem is seen to have a greater understanding of - and therefore greater difficulty in navigating - the obstacles thrown their way. Jem is seen explaining many things to Scout throughout the novel. Bob Ewell breaks Jem's arm, subsequently resulting in it being shorter than it had been, in an attempt to protect his sister. He is portrayed by Phillip Alford in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird.", "Membership levels of the Girl Scouts of the USA. Ambassadors are Girl Scouts who are in eleventh and twelfth grade (around ages 16-18).[13] They wear the same khaki colored vest or sash as Cadettes and Seniors.[2] The Girl Scout Membership Star is worn with navy membership disks.[5]", "Membership levels of the Girl Scouts of the USA. Seniors are Girl Scouts who are in ninth and tenth grade (around ages 14–16).[13] Their wear the same uniform as Cadettes—however, the disks for their membership stars are red and their badges are a rectangular shape.[2][5]", "Go Set a Watchman. Go Set a Watchman received mixed reviews. Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times described Atticus' characterization as \"shocking\", as he \"has been affiliating with raving anti-integration, anti-black crazies, and the reader shares [Scout's] horror and confusion\".[14] Aside from this reveal, Kakutani does make note that Watchman is the first draft of Mockingbird and discusses how students of writing will find Watchman fascinating for those reasons.[14] A reviewer for The Wall Street Journal described the key theme of the book as disillusionment.[29] Despite Atticus' bigotry in the novel, he wins a case similar to the one he loses in To Kill a Mockingbird.[30]", "Membership levels of the Girl Scouts of the USA. Daisy is the initial level of Girl Scouting. Named for Juliette \"Daisy\" Gordon Low, they are in kindergarten and first grade (around ages 5–7).[3][4] They meet in minimally groups of five girls with two adult leaders who help the girls plan activities to introduce them to Girl Scouts." ]

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[ "Competition. Competition is also present between species (\"interspecific\"). When resources are limited, several species may depend on these resources. Thus, each of the species competes with the others to gain access to the resources. As a result, species less suited to compete for the resources may die out unless they adapt by character dislocation, for instance. According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources plays a significant role in natural selection. At shorter time scales, competition is also one of the most important factors controlling diversity in ecological communities, but at larger scales expansion and contraction of ecological space is a much more larger factor than competition.[5] This is illustrated by living plant communities where asymmetric competition and competitive dominance frequently occur [3]. Multiple examples of symmetric and asymmetric competition also exist for animals[7].", "Competition (biology). Exploitation competition occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource which acts as an intermediate. For example, use of resources depletes the amount available to others, or they compete for space.[5]", "Competition. Competition between members of a species (\"intraspecific\") for resources such as food, water, territory, and sunlight may result in an increase in the frequency of a variant of the species best suited for survival and reproduction until its fixation within a population. However, competition among resources also has a strong tendency for diversification between members of the same species, resulting in coexistence of competitive and non-competitive strategies or cycles between low and high competitiveness. Third parties within a species often favour highly competitive strategies leading to species extinction when environmental conditions are harsh (evolutionary suicide).[6]", "Competition (biology). Competition varies from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.[citation needed]", "Competition (biology). Competition can occur between individuals of the same species, called intraspecific competition, or between different species, called interspecific competition. Studies show that intraspecific competition can regulate population dynamics (changes in population size over time). This occurs because individuals become crowded as a population grows. Since individuals within a population require the same resources, crowding causes resources to become more limited. Some individuals (typically small juveniles) eventually do not acquire enough resources and die or do not reproduce. This reduces population size and slows population growth.[citation needed]", "Interspecific competition. The competitive exclusion principle, also called \"Gause's law\"[7] which arose from mathematical analysis and simple competition models states that two species that use the same limiting resource in the same way in the same space and time cannot coexist and must diverge from each other over time in order for the two species to coexist. One species will often exhibit an advantage in resource use. This superior competitor will out-compete the other with more efficient use of the limiting resource. As a result, the inferior competitor will suffer a decline in population over time. It will be excluded from the area and replaced by the superior competitor.", "Competition (biology). Species also interact with other species that require the same resources. Consequently, interspecific competition can alter the sizes of many species' populations at the same time. Experiments demonstrate that when species compete for a limited resource, one species eventually drives the populations of other species extinct. These experiments suggest that competing species cannot coexist (they cannot live together in the same area) because the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.[citation needed]", "Interspecific competition. Exploitative competition, also referred to as resource competition, is a form of competition in which one species consumes and either reduces or more efficiently uses a shared limiting resource and therefore depletes the availability of the resource for the other species.[2] Thus, it is an indirect interaction because the competing species interact via a shared resource.", "Competition (biology). Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area. If the resource cannot support both populations, then lowered fecundity, growth, or survival may result in at least one species. Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations, communities and the evolution of interacting species. An example among animals could be the case of cheetahs and lions; since both species feed on similar prey, they are negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food, however they still persist together, despite the prediction that under competition one will displace the other. In fact, lions sometimes steal prey items killed by cheetahs. Potential competitors can also kill each other, in so-called 'intraguild predation'. For example, in southern California coyotes often kill and eat gray foxes and bobcats, all three carnivores sharing the same stable prey (small mammals).[9]", "Extinction. Diminished resources or introduction of new competitor species also often accompany habitat degradation. Global warming has allowed some species to expand their range, bringing unwelcome[according to whom?] competition to other species that previously occupied that area. Sometimes these new competitors are predators and directly affect prey species, while at other times they may merely outcompete vulnerable species for limited resources. Vital resources including water and food can also be limited during habitat degradation, leading to extinction.", "Competition (biology). According to the competitive exclusion principle, species less suited to compete for resources should either adapt or die out, although competitive exclusion is rarely found in natural ecosystems. According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources is important in natural selection. However, competition may play less of a role than expansion among larger clades;[3] this is termed the 'Room to Roam' hypothesis.[2]", "Interspecific competition. Competition is only one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure. Moreover, competition is not always a straightforward, direct, interaction. Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area. If the resource cannot support both populations, then lowered fecundity, growth, or survival may result in at least one species. Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations, communities and the evolution of interacting species. On an individual organism level, competition can occur as interference or exploitative competition.", "Interspecific competition. Apparent competition is actually an example of predation that alters the relative abundances of prey on the same trophic level. It occurs when two or more species in a habitat affect shared natural enemies in a higher trophic level.[5] If two species share a common predator, for example, apparent competition can exist between the two prey items in which the presence of each prey species increases the abundance of the shared enemy, and thereby suppresses one or both prey species.[6] This mechanism gets its name from experiments in which one prey species is removed and the second prey species increases in abundance. Investigators sometimes mistakenly attribute the increase in abundance in the second species as evidence for resource competition between prey species. It is \"apparently\" competition, but is in fact due to a shared predator, parasitoid, parasite, or pathogen.", "Competition. However, competition may also lead to wasted (duplicated) effort and to increased costs (and prices) in some circumstances. For example, the intense competition for the small number of top jobs in music and movie acting leads many aspiring musicians and actors to make substantial investments in training which are not recouped, because only a fraction become successful. Critics have also argued that competition can be destabilizing, particularly competition between certain financial institutions.[25]", "Resource. In biology and ecology a resource is defined as a substance that is required by a living organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction (see biological resource). The main essential resources for animals are food, water, and territory. For plants key resources include sunlight, nutrients, water, and a place to grow.[2] Resources, can be consumed by an organism and, as a result, become unavailable to other organisms. Competition for resources vary from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities.", "Community (ecology). Species can compete with each other for finite resources. It is considered to be an important limiting factor of population size, biomass and species richness. Many types of competition have been described, but proving the existence of these interactions is a matter of debate. Direct competition has been observed between individuals, populations and species, but there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups.[8]", "Invasive species. An introduced species might become invasive if it can outcompete native species for resources such as nutrients, light, physical space, water, or food. If these species evolved under great competition or predation, then the new environment may host fewer able competitors, allowing the invader to proliferate quickly. Ecosystems in which are being used to their fullest capacity by native species can be modeled as zero-sum systems in which any gain for the invader is a loss for the native. However, such unilateral competitive superiority (and extinction of native species with increased populations of the invader) is not the rule.[17][18] Invasive species often coexist with native species for an extended time, and gradually, the superior competitive ability of an invasive species becomes apparent as its population grows larger and denser and it adapts to its new location.", "Competition. Competition occurs naturally between living organisms which co-exist in the same environment.[3] For example, animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources. Humans usually compete for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and fame.", "World-systems theory. As capital is accumulated, employment and wage also increase, creating a sense of prosperity. This leads to increased production, and sometimes even overproduction, causing price competition to arise. To lower production costs, production processes of the leading industries or products are relocated to semi-peripheral nations. When competition increases and quasi-monopolies cease to exist, their owners, often core nations, move on to other new leading industries or products, and the cycle continues.[23]", "Wildlife. Overkill happens whenever hunting occurs at rates greater than the reproductive capacity of the population is being exploited. The effects of this are often noticed much more dramatically in slow growing populations such as many larger species of fish. Initially when a portion of a wild population is hunted, an increased availability of resources (food, etc.) is experienced increasing growth and reproduction as density dependent inhibition is lowered. Hunting, fishing and so on, has lowered the competition between members of a population. However, if this hunting continues at rate greater than the rate at which new members of the population can reach breeding age and produce more young, the population will begin to decrease in numbers.[10]", "Interspecific competition. Separating the effect of resource use from that of interference is not easy. A good example of exploitative competition is found in aphid species competing over the sap in plant phloem. Each aphid species that feeds on host plant sap uses some of the resource, leaving less for competing species. In one study, Fordinae geoica was observed to out-compete F. formicaria to the extent that the latter species exhibited a reduction in survival by 84%. Another example is driving of bisexual rock lizards of genus Darevskia from their natural habitats by a daughter unisexual form;[4] interference competition can be ruled out in this case, because parthenogenetic forms of the lizards never demonstrate aggressive behavior.", "VRIO. A firm can either exploit an external opportunity or neutralize an external threat by using its rare and valuable resources. In this case, the firm can gain competitive advantage. When the firm’s competitors discover this competitive advantage, they may respond in two ways. First, they can choose to ignore the profit gaining by the competitive advantage and continue to operate in their old ways. Second, they can choose to analyze and duplicate the competitive strategy of its rival. If there is no cost or little cost in obtaining this rare and valuable resource, the fellow firms can imitate the competitive advantage in order to gain competitive parity (firms that create the same economic value as their rivals experience competitive parity). However, sometimes it is hard for other firms to get access to the resources and imitate the innovative company’s strategy. As a result, the innovative companies that implement its strategies based on costly-to-imitate and valuable resources can gain long-term competitive advantage, which ensures a company’s sustained success (Hill & Jones, 1998). Hence, to sustain the competitive advantage, it is not sufficient for a firm's resources and capabilities to be valuable and rare - they should also be inimitable.", "Sockeye salmon. Competition for food or space while the salmon are in their lake residence period can exist. This happens when there is a more populous class of young sockeye or when there are multiple classes present. It can also happen when resources are in short supply. Interspecific competition can also occur and can lead to interactive segregation, which is when species emphasize their differences in diet and habitat to avoid competition. Interspecific competition can affect the growth rates of the salmon if their access to resources is limited.[30]", "Competitive exclusion principle. Competitive exclusion is predicted by mathematical and theoretical models such as the Lotka-Volterra models of competition. However, for poorly understood reasons, competitive exclusion is rarely observed in natural ecosystems, and many biological communities appear to violate Gause's law. The best-known example is the so-called \"paradox of the plankton\".[7] All plankton species live on a very limited number of resources, primarily solar energy and minerals dissolved in the water. According to the competitive exclusion principle, only a small number of plankton species should be able to coexist on these resources. Nevertheless, large numbers of plankton species coexist within small regions of open sea.", "Law of increasing costs. The law also applies to switching production in a maxed out economy. Essentially, the economy is still producing more, so the law still applies. The only difference is that resources are being taken from one area and applied to another, instead of simply producing more of the same (as assumed in the first paragraph)[1]", "Eutrophication. Eutrophication may cause competitive release by making abundant a normally limiting nutrient. This process causes shifts in the species composition of ecosystems. For instance, an increase in nitrogen might allow new, competitive species to invade and out-compete original inhabitant species. This has been shown to occur[27] in New England salt marshes. In Europe and Asia, the common carp frequently lives in naturally Eutrophic or Hypereutrophic areas, and is adapted to living in such conditions. The eutrophication of areas outside its natural range partially explain the fish's success in colonising these areas after being introduced.", "Cancer. Competition for financial resources appears to have suppressed the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries, unduly favoring low-risk research into small incremental advancements over riskier, more innovative research. Other consequences of competition appear to be many studies with dramatic claims whose results cannot be replicated and perverse incentives that encourage grantee institutions to grow without making sufficient investments in their own faculty and facilities.[204][205][206][207]", "Scarcity. The condition of scarcity in the real world necessitates competition for scarce resources, and competition occurs \"when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what.\"[3]:p. 105 The price system, or market prices, are one way to allocate scarce resources. \"If a society coordinates economic plans on the basis of willingness to pay money, members of that society will [strive to compete] to make money\"[3]:p. 105 If other criteria are used, we would expect to see competition in terms of those other criteria.[3]", "Ecological relationship. \"Direct competition between different species almost always produces a winner and a loser- and the losing species dies out,\" or is forced to migrate to another ecosystem which can support them (Levine, 2010). This is the competitive exclusion principle. This principle says that two species that need the same resources cannot survive together in the same habitat. One organism will eventually die off, thus, called.", "Parkinson's law. The demand upon a resource tends to expand to match the supply of the resource (If the price is zero).", "Resource-based view. Firms in possession of a resource, or mix of resources that are rare among competitors, are said to have a comparative advantage. This comparative advantage enables firms to produce marketing offerings that are either (a) perceived as having superior value or (b) can be produced at lower costs. Therefore, a comparative advantage in resources can lead to a competitive advantage in market position.[21]", "Competition. Some social Darwinists claim that competition also serves as a mechanism for determining the best-suited group; politically, economically and ecologically. Positively, competition may serve as a form of recreation or a challenge provided that it is non-hostile. On the negative side, competition can cause injury and loss to the organisms involved, and drain valuable resources and energy. In the human species competition can be expensive on many levels, not only in lives lost to war, physical injuries, and damaged psychological well beings, but also in the health effects from everyday civilian life caused by work stress, long work hours, abusive working relationships, and poor working conditions, that detract from the enjoyment of life, even as such competition results in financial gain for the owners." ]

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[ "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The story was originally named \"Death and the Maiden\".[citation needed] The main character of Oates' story is Connie, a beautiful, self-absorbed 15-year-old girl, who is at odds with her mother—once a beauty herself—and with her dutiful, \"steady\", and homely older sister. Without her parents' knowledge, she spends most of her evenings picking up boys at a Big Boy restaurant, and one evening captures the attention of a stranger in a gold convertible covered with cryptic writing. While her parents are away at her aunt's barbecue, two men pull up in front of Connie's house and call her out. She recognizes the driver, Arnold Friend, as the man from the drive-in restaurant, and is initially charmed by the smooth-talking, charismatic stranger. He tells Connie he is 18 and has come to take her for a ride in his car with his sidekick Ellie. Connie slowly realizes that he is actually much older,[4] and grows afraid. When she refuses to go with them, Friend becomes more forceful and threatening, saying that he will harm her family, while at the same time appealing to her vanity, saying that she is too good for them. Connie is compelled to leave with him and do what he demands of her.", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. Considerable academic analysis has been written about the story, with scholars divided on whether it is intended to be taken literally or as allegory. Several writers focus on the series of numbers written on Friend's car, which he indicates are a code of some sort, but which is never explained:", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. \"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?\" is a frequently anthologized short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The story first appeared in the Fall 1966 edition of Epoch magazine. It was inspired by three Tucson, Arizona murders committed by Charles Schmid, which were profiled in Life magazine in an article written by Don Moser on March 4, 1966.[1] Oates said that she dedicated the story to Bob Dylan because she was inspired to write it after listening to his song \"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue\".[2][3]", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The short story is the inspiration and basis for The Blood Brothers' song \"The Salesman, Denver Max\".", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The narrative has also been viewed as an allegory for initiation into sexual adulthood,[7] an encounter with the devil, a critique of modern youth's obsession with sexual themes in popular music,[8] or as a dream sequence.[9]", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. Literary scholars have interpreted this series of numbers as different Biblical references,[4][5] as an underlining of Friend's sexual deviancy,[6] or as a reference to the ages of Friend and his victims.[4]", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The story was loosely adapted into the 1985 film Smooth Talk, starring Laura Dern and Treat Williams.[10] Oates has written an essay named \"Smooth Talk: Short Story into Film\" about the adaptation.[11]", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. The story's main character is Private First Class Paul Berlin. The story takes place during the Vietnam War. It is Paul's first day and he is having an extremely hard time fighting anxiety and fear. One soldier in his platoon has already died from a heart attack. He was literally scared to death. Other soldiers tell Paul that they will just get used to living in the fearful jungle. Private First Class Paul Berlin is not sure if he will ever get used to the anxiety of war. “They would have their rear guarded by three thousand miles of ocean, and they would swim and dive in to the breakers and hunt crayfish and smell salt, and they would be safe... But even when he smelled salt and heard the sea, he could not stop being afraid.”", "Where've You Been. Co-written by her husband, Jon Vezner, and Don Henry, the song is about two lovers, Edwin and Claire. It uses three interpretations of the phrase \"where've you been\", all spoken by Claire toward Edwin in various situations. In the first verse, she asks him where he has been all her life; in the second, she asks him where he has been after coming home late one night; and in the third, the two are elderly hospital patients: Claire has \"lost her memory\" of family and friends, and close to death, asks Edwin upon seeing him, \"where've you been\". Edwin and Claire are based on Vezner's own grandparents, as Vezner claims to have witnessed his grandparents having an encounter similar to the elderly encounter of Edwin and Claire.[2]", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. The main character, Paul Berlin, is in the Vietnam War. Recently, \"Billy Boy\" Watkins has died of a heart attack after losing a foot due to a mine. Paul is woken up by a comrade and then takes part in conversation while skirting a village, mostly talking about Watkins's death. Then there are a series of events where Paul thinks about his family back home. He constantly wishes for his parents to be proud of his valor and courage. The irony in this story includes Paul viewing the sea as a place of safety, but once he gets there, he is still unable to rid himself of the fear that embodies him.", "Where Are You Going. \"Where Are You Going\" is the first single from Dave Matthews Band's album Busted Stuff. The single reached #39 on the Billboard Hot 100, #20 on the Modern Rock Tracks, and topped the Triple A chart. The song was featured in the 2002 Adam Sandler motion picture, Mr. Deeds. It is also featured in the trailer for the 2008 film Flash of Genius. \"Where Are You Going\" is one of two songs from Busted Stuff that did not originally appear on The Lillywhite Sessions.", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. The conflicts in the story include person vs. self and person vs. society. These are shown by Paul trying to overcome his fears in the war, and by the fact that he went to war because he was drafted by the military.", "Where'd You Go (Fort Minor song). \"Where'd You Go\" is a song by American hip hop ensemble Fort Minor, the side project of rock band Linkin Park's co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda. It is the fourth and final single from Fort Minor's debut album The Rising Tied, released on April 14, 2006. The song features Skylar Grey (who at the time went by the stage name Holly Brook) and Jonah Matranga, lead singer of the rock group Far. \"Where'd You Go\" was written and produced by Shinoda. Lyrically, the song is from the perspective of the person left behind in long-distance relationships, and is about the consequences of putting one's career before one's family.", "Where Do We Go Now?. Where Do We Go Now? tells the story of a remote, isolated unnamed Lebanese village inhabited by both Muslims and Christians. The village is surrounded by land mines and only reachable by a small bridge. As civil strife engulfs the country, the women in the village try, by various means and with varying success, to keep their men in the dark, sabotaging the village radio, then destroying the village TV.", "Where'd You Go, Bernadette. After her mother's disappearance, 15-year-old Bee Branch gathers correspondence relating to her mother in order to ascertain what has happened to her. Bee traces the incident back to her acceptance to Choate Rosemary Hall, which her mother, Bernadette, also attended. As a reward for being accepted to Choate, Bee convinces her parents, stay at home mother, Bernadette, and father Elgin, a genius who works at Microsoft, to take her to Antarctica. Though Bernadette is mostly housebound she delegates the task of making their arrangements to a personal assistant in India, Manjula.", "Where Do We Go Now?. The story begins with a boy named Roukoz, whose job – along with his cousin, Nassim – is to venture outside the village and bring back much-needed merchandise such as soap, utensils, newspapers, light bulbs. Roukoz lives with Nassim's family, and it is made clear that Nassim has lost his father. Roukoz tries to fix the church speakers, and falls off his ladder, crashing into the cross and snapping it in half. Other characters include the village mayor and his wife Yvonne (Christians), the cafe-owner Amal (played by Nadine Labaki), Rabih (the village painter and Amal's love interest) and his sister, Issam (Nassim's brother) and his wife Aida, and the village priest and the village imam. The next day, the congregation is gathered in church to celebrate the Sunday mass; The Priest preaches about the need to fix the church, and blames the broken cross on the wind, telling churchgoers to keep their cool and that their fellow Muslims have nothing to do with it. Some time later the Imam discovers that some goats have found their way into the mosque, and urges the Muslims not to blame the Christians for what had happened. As people start to gather, however, a Muslim man blames the Christians for what has happened and a small fight ensues.", "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue. The song was a source of inspiration for Joyce Carol Oates' short story \"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?\", prompting her to dedicate the story to Dylan.[63] A portion of the first verse of the song was used as the title for Barry Hannah's 1995 novel Yonder Stands Your Orphan.[64] Graham Bonnet's version of the song appears on the soundtrack of the 2009 Peter Jackson film The Lovely Bones.[citation needed]. Philadelphia pop punk band The Wonder Years's 2009 Distances split EP opens with a track entitled \"An Elegy for Baby Blue,\" which references Dylan's song by directly quoting him in its chorus.[citation needed]", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. Fear – the major theme of this story is how scary war is. Paul Berlin experiences his fears throughout the story. \"Though he was afraid, he now knew that fear came in many degrees and types and peculiar categories...\"", "Suddenly Last Summer. 1936, in the Garden District of New Orleans.[4] Mrs. Violet Venable, an elderly widow from a prominent local family, has invited a doctor to her home. She talks nostalgically about her son Sebastian, a poet who died under mysterious circumstances in Spain the previous summer.[5] During the course of their conversation, she offers to make a generous donation to support the doctor's psychiatric research if he will perform a lobotomy on Catharine, her niece, who has been confined to a private mental asylum at her expense since returning to America.[6] Mrs. Venable is eager to \"shut her up\" once and for all, as she continues to \"babble\" about Sebastian's violent death and \"smash\" her son's reputation by hinting at his homosexuality.[7]", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. \"Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?\" is a short story by Tim O'Brien that was written in May 1975.", "Oh, the Places You'll Go!. The story begins with the narrator, relating the decision of the unnamed protagonist (who represents the reader) to leave town. The protagonist travels through several geometrical and polychromatic landscapes and places, eventually encountering a place simply called \"The Waiting Place\", which is ominously addressed as being a place where everyone is always waiting for something to happen. As the protagonist continues to explore, spurred on by the thoughts of places he will visit and things he will discover, the book cheerfully concludes with an open end.", "Joe Turner's Come and Gone. Scene one - Set in the 1910s, the audience is introduced to Seth Holly's boardinghouse, where Seth and his wife Bertha are in the kitchen watching Bynum in the backyard. Seth is complaining to Bertha about Bynum's strange spiritual activities. Bertha tells Seth to let him be as he isn’t bothering anyone. They also talk about Jeremy, a young man staying in the boardinghouse, getting arrested the night before for supposedly being drunk in public. Seth then has a monologue about the poor situation that the freed slaves are in after traveling up North. He worries that the African Americans are too naïve and that all the promises of jobs in the North will be taken by the poor white Americans. Then Rutherford Selig, the People Finder, comes to order dustpans from Seth, a maker of pots and pans. Then Bynum talks about an adventure that he once took up river where he found the \"shiny man\", a man he found on the road that offered to explain to him the Secret of Life. He had a spiritual encounter with the man, and sees the ghost of his father, telling him to find his song in life. His song, he later explains, is the Binding Song, which he uses to bind people to one another. Selig leaves and Jeremy enters, and after getting a scolding from Seth, he tells him that the white cops came and picked him up for no reason and that he was, in fact, not drunk at all. Then Herald Loomis and his daughter Zonia enter, looking for a place to stay for the week. They reveal that he is looking for his wife, Martha. After Seth shows them to their room, Jeremy relates a story about his guitar-playing abilities and how he is wary of playing for white men or money because of a bad experience. Bynum convinces Jeremy to go down to a bar to play for some money. Seth confides in Bynum and Bertha his lack of confidence in Loomis, and thinks that he is a \"mean looking\" man and he doesn’t want to help him find his wife because of it. After this Mattie Campbell enters, looking for Bynum because she has heard that he can \"fix things\". Her man, Jack, has up and left her, but she wants him to come back. Bynum tells her that he can only bind people that wish to be bound; that she is better off just letting him find his own path in life. Jeremy intervenes and suggests that Mattie stays with him as to cure both of their loneliness. The scene ends with Zonia and Reuben, the little boy from next door. Reuben discloses Bynum's odd tendencies to Zonia and tells her a story about his friend Eugene that used to sell pigeons to Bynum so he could use their blood in his rituals.", "On the Road. The first section describes Sal's first trip to San Francisco. Disheartened after a divorce, his life changes when he meets Dean Moriarty, who is \"tremendously excited with life,\" and begins to long for the freedom of the road: \"Somewhere along the line I knew there would be girls, visions, everything; somewhere along the line the pearl would be handed to me.\" He sets off in July 1947 with fifty dollars in his pocket. After taking several buses and hitchhiking, he arrives in Denver, where he hooks up with Carlo Marx, Dean, and their friends. There are parties—among them an excursion to the ghost town of Central City. Eventually Sal leaves by bus and gets to San Francisco, where he meets Remi Boncoeur and his girlfriend Lee Ann. Remi arranges for Sal to take a job as a night watchman at a boarding camp for merchant sailors waiting for their ship. Not holding this job for long, Sal hits the road again. \"Oh, where is the girl I love?\" he wonders. Soon he meets Terry, the \"cutest little Mexican girl,\" on the bus to Los Angeles. They stay together, traveling back to Bakersfield, then to Sabinal, \"her hometown,\" where her family works in the fields. He meets Terry's brother Ricky, who teaches him the true meaning of \"mañana\" (\"tomorrow\"). Working in the cotton fields, Sal realizes that he is not made for this type of work. Leaving Terry behind, he takes the bus back to Times Square in New York City, bums a quarter off a preacher who looks the other way, and arrives at his Aunt's house in Paterson, just missing Dean, who had come to see him, by two days.", "And When Did You Last See Your Father?. The film is a series of flashbacks to various periods in the life of Blake Morrison as he remembers moments he shared with his father Arthur while he, his mother, and younger sister Gillian tend to him on his deathbed in his Yorkshire home. Despite Blake's success as a writer, poet, and critic, his father – a rural general practitioner – never accepted his decision to pursue a literary career nor was he willing to acknowledge his achievements in his field. Bullying, blustery, and boorish, Arthur blunders his way through fatherhood, regularly calling his son a fathead and intruding into the boy's private moments with a sense of entitlement. He has a penchant for exaggeration when he's not telling outright lies, and he publicly humiliates his long-suffering but passively complacent wife Kim with his shameless flirting with various women and an affair with Beaty, a friend of the family. At other times, he seems genuinely interested in bonding with his son, taking him camping so they can test supposedly waterproof sleeping bags he has made or allowing him to drive in the family's Alvis convertible on a wide expanse of deserted beach with reckless abandon. As a result, Blake is left with mixed feelings for the man, ranging from deeply rooted anger to compassionate acceptance. Only after Arthur's death is he able to set aside his resentment and recognise him as a father whose flaws ultimately helped mould his son into the better man he is.", "The Last Five Years. Cathy and Jamie are in Ohio. It is her birthday and he has come to visit her as she works in a show there (\"See I'm Smiling\"). She is anxious to fix any problems in their marriage but she becomes angry when Jamie tells her he has to go back early to New York. During breaks in the music, we see a younger Jamie, talking to a literary agent about his book.", "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: P. Gauguin / 1897.[1] The painting was created in Tahiti, and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, US.", "My Side of the Mountain. The book is about Sam Gribley, a 15-year-old boy who intensely dislikes living in his parents' cramped New York City apartment with his eight brothers and sisters. He decides to run away to his great-grandfather's abandoned farm in the Catskill Mountains to live in the wilderness. The reader meets Frightful, Sam's pet peregrine falcon, and The Baron, a weasel that Sam befriends. Roughly the first 80 percent of the novel is Sam's reminiscences during a snowstorm about how he came to be in a home made out of a hollowed-out tree, while the remainder of the novel is a traditional linear narrative about what happens after the snowstorm.", "The Children's Story. The story takes place in an unnamed school classroom in the United States, in the aftermath of a war between the US and an unnamed country. It is implied that America has been defeated and occupied. The story opens with the previous teacher leaving the classroom, having been removed from her position and replaced with an agent of the foreign power. The new teacher has been trained in propaganda techniques, and is responsible for re-educating the children to be supportive of their occupiers. During the course of the story, the children are persuaded to abandon their religion and national loyalty. Framing the story is the fact that, while the children have ritually recited a 'Pledge of Allegiance' every morning, none know what it actually means. The teacher is relentlessly positive about the change, offering the children candy, songs and praise. When asked if the war was won or lost, she responds only that \"we won,\" implying that everyone would benefit from the conquest.[2]", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. Courage – Paul Berlin learns that he has to have courage if he wants to overcome his fear of the war. Although he does not overcome his fear in the story, he learns how to overcome it, and is closer to overcoming his fear.", "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. Throughout the novel the narrator and time period change, and the reader relies on the chapters' headings to establish the date and the source of the chapter. Some of the narration comes in the form of the fictional newsletter called \"The Weems Weekly\"; other narrations come from the Couches' house in Birmingham, and omniscient narrations reveal still more. The framing story, set in the mid-1980s, depicts Evelyn Couch, who goes weekly with her husband to visit his mother in a nursing home. On one visit, Evelyn befriends Ninny Threadgoode, another resident of the same home, who tells Evelyn stories of her youth in Whistle Stop in the 1920s. Between subsequent visits, Evelyn assumes the protagonists of these stories as role models.", "A Prayer for Owen Meany. The story is narrated in two interwoven time frames. The first time frame is the perspective of John in the present day (1987). The second time frame is John's memories of the past: growing up in New Hampshire in the 1950s and 1960s alongside his best friend, Owen Meany.", "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. The narrator is sent by a friend to interview an old man, Simon Wheeler, who might know the location of an old acquaintance named Leonidas W. Smiley. Finding Simon at an old mining camp, the narrator asks him if he knows anything about Leonidas; Simon appears not to, and instead tells a story about Jim Smiley, a man who had visited the camp years earlier." ]

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[ "Elizabeth Blackwell. Her greatest period of reform activity was after her retirement from the medical profession, from 1880–1895. Blackwell was interested in a great number of reform movements – mainly moral reform, sexual purity, hygiene and medical education, but also preventative medicine, sanitation, eugenics, family planning, women's rights, associationism, Christian socialism, medical ethics and antivivisection – none of which ever came to real fruition.[1] She switched back and forth between many different reform organisations, trying to maintain a position of power in each. Blackwell had a lofty, elusive and ultimately unattainable goal: evangelical moral perfection. All of her reform work was along this thread. She even contributed heavily to the founding of two utopian communities: Starnthwaite and Hadleigh in the 1880s.[1]", "Indian Reform Association. David Kopf says that Sen was enthusiastic about the Unitarian social gospel, which he observed first hand during his trip abroad. He seemed convinced that the reform efforts he witnessed in Britain could be duplicated in India. The Indian Reform Association was formed to promote \"the social and moral reformation of the natives of India.\"[2]", "Moral treatment. A Boston schoolteacher, Dorothea Dix (1802–1887), also helped make humane care a public and a political concern in the US. On a restorative trip to England for a year, she met Samuel Tuke. In 1841 she visited a local prison to teach Sunday school and was shocked at the conditions for the inmates and the treatment of those with mental illnesses. She began to investigate and crusaded on the issue in Massachusetts and all over the country. She supported the moral treatment model of care.[11] She spoke to many state legislatures about the horrible sights she had witnessed at the prisons and called for reform. Dix fought for new laws and greater government funding to improve the treatment of people with mental disorders from 1841 until 1881, and personally helped establish 32 state hospitals that were to offer moral treatment. Many asylums were built on the so-called Kirkbride Plan.", "Philippe Pinel. Pinel's actions took place in the context of the Enlightenment, and a number of others were also reforming asylums along humanitarian lines. For example, Vincenzo Chiarugi, in the 1780s in Italy, removed metal chains from patients but did not enjoy the same renown bestowed on the more explicitly humanitarian Pinel who was so visible from late 18th century revolutionary France.[9] In France, Joseph D'Aquin in Chambéry permitted patients to move about freely and published a book in 1791 urging humanitarian reforms, dedicating the second edition in 1804 to Pinel. The movement as a whole become known as moral treatment or moral management, and influenced asylum development and psychological approaches throughout the Western world.[citation needed]", "British Raj. Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example, Pandita Ramabai, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahamin widows, later converted to Christianity.[172] By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among the untouchable community.[173]", "York, Upper Canada. Reform activity emerged in the 1830s when those suffering the abuses of the Family Compact began to emulate the organizational forms of the British Reform Movement, and organized Political Unions under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie. The British Political Unions had successfully petitioned for the Great Reform Act of 1832 that eliminated much of the political corruption in the English Parliamentary system. Prominent politicians in reform city politics included James Lesslie, a bookseller and founder of the Mechanics Institute, Bank of the People and House of Refuge & Industry; Jesse Ketchum, the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the city; Dr Thomas David Morrison, founder of the Upper Canada Political Union, and mayor of the city in 1836; and William O'Grady, publisher of the reform newspaper, The Correspondent.", "Reform movement. The Radical movement campaigned for\nelectoral reform, against child labour, for a reform of the Poor Laws, free trade, educational reform, prison reform, and public sanitation.[3] Originally this movement sought to replace the exclusive political power of the aristocracy with a more democratic system empowering urban areas and the middle and working classes. The energy of reform emerged the religious fervor of the evangelical element in the established Church of England, and the Evangelical workers in the Nonconformist churches, especially the Methodists.[4] Reformers also use the scientific methodology of the Jeremy Bentham and the utilitarians to design specific reforms, and especially to provide for government inspection to guarantee their successful operation.[5] The greatest success of the Reformers was the Reform Act 1832. [6] It gave the rising urban middle classes more political power, while sharply reducing the power of the low-population districts controlled rich families.[7] Despite determined resistance from the House of Lords to the Bill, this Act gave more parliamentary power to the liberals, while reducing the political force of the working class, leaving them detached from the main body of middle class support on which they had relied. Having achieved the Reform Act of 1832, the Radical alliance was broken until the Liberal-Labour alliance of the Edwardian period.[8]", "Indian Reform Association. The social activities of this group under Vijay Krishna Goswami, won universal admiration. They started off with medical assistance to those suffering from epidemic malaria.", "Ethical movement. Its objective was \"The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all.\" They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Davidson was a major proponent of a structured philosophy about religion, ethics, and social reform.[11]", "Ethical movement. At a meeting on 16 November 1883, a summary of the society’s goals was drawn up by Maurice Adams:", "Moral treatment. The moral treatment movement had a huge influence on asylum construction and practice. Many countries were introducing legislation requiring local authorities to provide asylums for the local population, and they were increasingly designed and run along moral treatment lines. Additional \"non-restraint movements\" also developed. There was great belief in the curability of mental disorders, particularly in the US, and statistics were reported showing high recovery rates. They were later much criticized, particularly for not differentiating between new admissions and re-admissions (i.e. those who hadn't really achieved a sustained recovery). It has been noted, however, that the cure statistics showed a decline from the 1830s onwards, particularly sharply in the second half of the century, which has been linked to the dream of small, curative asylums giving way to large, centralized, overcrowded asylums.[13]", "Victorian era. The long-term effect of the reform movements was to tightly link the nonconformist element with the Liberal party. The dissenters gave significant support to moralistic issues, such as temperance and sabbath enforcement. The nonconformist conscience, as it was called, was repeatedly called upon by Gladstone for support for his moralistic foreign policy.[71] In election after election, Protestant ministers rallied their congregations to the Liberal ticket. In Scotland, the Presbyterians played a similar role to the Nonconformist Methodists, Baptists and other groups in England and Wales [72] The political strength of Dissent faded sharply after 1920 with the secularization of British society in the 20th century.", "Ethical movement. Because he was firmly entrenched in British ethicism, Coit remained in London and formed the West London Ethical Society, which was almost completely under his control. Coit worked quickly to shape the West London society not only around Ethical Culture but also the trappings of religious practice, renaming the society in 1914 to the Ethical Church. He transformed his meetings into services, and their space into something akin to a church. In a series of books Coit also began to argue for the transformation of the Anglican Church into an Ethical Church, while holding up the virtue of ethical ritual. He felt that the Anglican Church was in the unique position to harness the natural moral impulse that stemmed from society itself, as long as the Church replaced theology with science, abandoned supernatural beliefs, expanded its bible to include a cross-cultural selection of ethical literature and reinterpreted its creeds and liturgy in light of modern ethics and psychology. His attempt to reform the Anglican church failed, and ten years after his death in 1944, the Ethical Church building was sold to the Roman Catholic Church.[16]", "Quebec nationalism. The movement of reform gathered the support of the majority of the representatives of the people among Francophones but also among liberal Anglophones. A number of the prominent characters in the reformist movement were of British origin, for example John Neilson, Wolfred Nelson, Robert Nelson and Thomas Storrow Brown or of Irish extraction, Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, Daniel Tracey and Jocquelin Waller.", "Reform Act 1832. Other notable pro-reform organisations included the Hampden Clubs (named after John Hampden, an English politician who opposed the Crown during the English Civil War) and the London Corresponding Society (which consisted of workers and artisans). But the \"Radical\" reforms supported by these organisations (for example, universal suffrage) found even less support in Parliament. For example, when Sir Francis Burdett, chairman of the London Hampden Club, proposed a resolution in favour of universal suffrage, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by secret ballot to the House of Commons, his motion found only one other supporter (Lord Cochrane) in the entire House.[33]", "Ethical movement. During this time he was also exposed to the moral problems caused by the exploitation of women and labor. These experiences laid the intellectual groundwork for the ethical movement. Upon his return from Germany, in 1873, he shared his ethical vision with his father's congregation in the form of a sermon. Due to the negative reaction he elicited it became his first and last sermon as a rabbi in training.[16] Instead he took up a professorship at Cornell University and in 1876 gave a follow up sermon that led to the 1877 founding of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, which was the first of its kind.[15] By 1886, similar societies had sprouted up in Philadelphia, Chicago and St. Louis.[16]", "Moral treatment. The moral treatment movement was initially opposed by those in the mental health profession. By the mid-19th century, however, many psychologists had adopted the strategy. They became advocates of moral treatment, but argued that since the mentally ill often had separate physical/organic problems, medical approaches were also necessary. Making this argument stick has been described as an important step in the profession's eventual success at securing a monopoly on the treatment of \"lunacy\".[12]", "Moral treatment. The moral treatment movement is widely seen as influencing psychiatric practice up to the present day, including specifically therapeutic communities[18] (although they were intended to be less repressive); occupational therapy[19] and Soteria houses. The Recovery model is said to have echoes of the concept of moral treatment.[20]", "Velvet Revolution. Actors and members of the audience in a Prague theatre, together with Václav Havel and other prominent members of Charter 77 and other dissident organisations, established the Civic Forum (Občanské fórum — an equivalent of the Slovak Public Against Violence for the territory of the Czech Republic) as a mass popular movement for reforms, at 22:00. They called for the dismissal of top officials responsible for the violence, and an independent investigation of the incident and the release of all political prisoners.", "Reform movement. Earl Grey, Lord Melbourne and Robert Peel were leaders of Parliament during the earlier years of the British reform movement. Grey and Melbourne were of the Whig party, and their governments saw parliamentary reform, the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire, and Poor Law reform. Peel was a Conservative, whose Ministry took an important step in the direction of tariff reform with the abolition of the Corn Laws.", "Ethical movement. In 1885 the ten-year-old American Ethical Culture movement helped to stimulate similar social activity in Great Britain, when American sociologist John Graham Brooks distributed pamphlets by Chicago ethical society leader William Salter to a group of British philosophers, including Bernard Bosanquet, John Henry Muirhead, and John Stuart MacKenzie.", "Hindu reform movements. In social work, Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave, Baba Amte and Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar have been most important. Sunderlal Bahuguna created the chipko movement for the preservation of forestlands according to the Hindu ecological ideas.", "Social Democrats, USA. The long-time leader and intellectual architect of the civil rights movement, A. Philip Randolph was also a visible member of the Socialist Party of Norman Thomas. He remained with the organization when it changed its name to SDUSA. Along with ILGWU President David Dubinsky, Randolph was honored at the 1976 SDUSA convention.[46]", "Industrial Revolution. In 1832, the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage. That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, George's brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas's son John Standfield were arrested, found guilty, and transported to Australia. They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs. In the 1830s and 1840s, the Chartist movement was the first large-scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.", "Occupational therapy. In 18th-century Europe, revolutionaries such as Philippe Pinel and Johann Christian Reil reformed the hospital system. Instead of the use of metal chains and restraints, their institutions used rigorous work and leisure activities in the late 18th century. This was the Moral Treatment era, developed in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment, where the roots of occupational therapy lie.[5] Although it was thriving in Europe, interest in the reform movement fluctuated in the United States throughout the 19th century. It re-emerged in the early decades of the 20th century as Occupational Therapy.", "American Equal Rights Association. The people who played significant roles in the AERA included some of the more prominent reform activists of that time, many of them already acquainted with one another as veterans of the anti-slavery and women's rights movements:", "Moral treatment. Moral treatment was an approach to mental disorder based on humane psychosocial care or moral discipline that emerged in the 18th century and came to the fore for much of the 19th century, deriving partly from psychiatry or psychology and partly from religious or moral concerns. The movement is particularly associated with reform and development of the asylum system in Western Europe at that time. It fell into decline as a distinct method by the 20th century, however, due to overcrowding and misuse of asylums and the predominance of biomedical methods. The movement is widely seen as influencing certain areas of psychiatric practice up to the present day. The approach has been praised for freeing sufferers from shackles and barbaric physical treatments, instead considering such things as emotions and social interactions, but has also been criticised for blaming or oppressing individuals according to the standards of a particular social class or religion.", "Ethical movement. The Ethical movement is an outgrowth of secular moral traditions in the 19th century, principally in Europe and the United States. While some in this movement went on to organise for a non-congregational secular humanist movement, others attempted to build a secular moral movement that was emphatically \"religious\" in its approach to developing humanist ethical codes, in the sense of encouraging congregational structures and religious rites and practices. While in the United States, these movements formed as separate education organisations (the American Humanist Association and the American Ethical Union), the American Ethical Union's British equivalents, the South Place Ethical Society and the British Ethical Union consciously moved away from a congregational model to become Conway Hall and the British Humanist Association respectively. Subsequent \"godless\" congregational movements include the Sunday Assembly. At the international level, Ethical Culture and secular humanist groups have always organised jointly; the American Ethical Union was a founding organisation of the International Humanist and Ethical Union.", "Social Democrats, USA. Small organizations associated with the Debs–Thomas Socialist Party have served as schools for the leadership of social-movement organizations, including the civil-rights movement and the sixties radicalism. These organizations are now chiefly remembered because of their members' leadership of large organizations that directly influenced USA and international politics.[43][44] After 1960 the party also functioned \"as an educational organization\" and \"a caucus of policy advocates on the left wing of the Democratic Party\".[45] Similarly, SDUSA was known mainly because of the activities of its members, many of whom publicly identified themselves as members of SDUSA. Members of SDUSA have served as officers for governmental, private, and not-for-profit organizations. A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, and Norman Hill were leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Tom Kahn, Sandra Feldman, and Rachelle Horowitz were officers of labor unions. Carl Gershman and Penn Kemble served in governmental and non-governmental organizations, particularly in foreign policy. Philosopher Sidney Hook was a public intellectual.", "Ethical movement. In effect, the movement responded to the religious crisis of the time by replacing theology with unadulterated morality. It aimed to \"disentangle moral ideas from religious doctrines, metaphysical systems, and ethical theories, and to make them an independent force in personal life and social relations.\"[16] Adler was also particularly critical of the religious emphasis on creed, believing it to be the source of sectarian bigotry. He therefore attempted to provide a universal fellowship devoid of ritual and ceremony, for those who would otherwise be divided by creeds. For the same reasons the movement also adopted a neutral position on religious beliefs, advocating neither atheism nor theism, agnosticism nor deism.[16]", "History of the United States (1865–1918). Many self-styled progressives saw their work as a crusade against urban political bosses and corrupt \"robber barons\". There were increased demands for effective regulation of business, a revived commitment to public service, and an expansion of the scope of government to ensure the welfare and interests of the country as the groups pressing these demands saw fit. Almost all the notable figures of the period, whether in politics, philosophy, scholarship, or literature, were connected at least in part with the reform movement.", "Prison reform. Within Britain, prison reform was spearheaded by the Quakers, and in particular, Elizabeth Fry during the Victorian Age. Elizabeth Fry visited prisons and suggested basic human rights for prisoners, such as privacy and teaching prisoners a trade. Fry was particularly concerned with women's rights. Parliament, coming to realize that a significant portion of prisoners had come to commit crimes as a result of mental illness, passed the County Asylums Act (1808). This made it possible for Justice of the Peace in each county to build and run their own pauper asylums." ]

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[ "Great Britain at the Olympics. Under the IOC charter, the Olympic Council of Ireland is responsible for the entire island of Ireland.[9] However, athletes from Northern Ireland can elect to represent either the UK or Ireland at the Olympics, as people from Northern Ireland. A number of Northern Ireland born athletes, particularly in boxing, have won medals for Ireland at the Games.[10]", "Northern Ireland. Prominent artists and sportspeople from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough and George Best. Some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish (e.g., poet Seamus Heaney and actor Liam Neeson) while others prefer to identify as British (e.g. actor Kenneth Branagh). Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, with Northern Ireland sharing both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom. In many sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games.", "Team GB. The team is officially known as the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team,[3] and the use of Team GB as the BOA's branding is seen as inadequate by some, as it suggests the team is drawn from Great Britain alone, which only consists of England, Scotland and Wales, while omitting the rest of the territories where BOA athletes are eligible for selection, most notably Northern Ireland, as well as the Crown dependencies (Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey), and those British Overseas Territories (BOT) that are not represented by their own National Olympic Committee.", "Team GB. In June 2009, Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Sports Minister Gregory Campbell suggested that the name should be changed as the abbreviated form was not inclusive enough as it \"excludes, and indeed alienates, the people of Northern Ireland\".[5] Campbell's successor, Nelson McCausland, also suggested that an alternative name be found.[6] Thirteen of twenty Northern Ireland athletes at the 2012 Olympic Games represented the Olympic Council of Ireland.[7]", "Great Britain at the Olympics. Representatives of the devolved Northern Ireland government from a unionist background, however, have objected to the name \"Team GB\", and have called for it to be renamed as Team UK to make it clearer that Northern Ireland is included on the team.[7][8]", "Terminology of the British Isles. The governing body for football in Northern Ireland is called the Irish Football Association (the IFA), having been in existence since some forty years before Partition. Its counterpart in the Republic (plus Derry City FC) is the Football Association of Ireland (the FAI). The Northern Ireland national team retained the name \"Ireland\" for some fifty years after partition. Since around 1970 the two teams have been consistently referred to as \"Northern Ireland\" and \"Republic of Ireland\" respectively. The UK competes as Great Britain at the Olympic Games. According to the Olympic Charter the Olympic Council of Ireland represents the entire island of Ireland.[23] Olympic athletes from Northern Ireland may choose whether to represent the UK or the Republic of Ireland.", "Great Britain. In the Olympics, Team GB is used by the British Olympic Association to represent the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic team.", "Partition of Ireland. Following partition some social and sporting bodies divided but others did not. Today in Ireland many sports, such as boxing, Gaelic football, hurling, cricket and rugby union, are organised on an all-island basis, with a single team representing Ireland in international competitions. Other sports, such as association football (soccer), have separate organising bodies in Northern Ireland (Irish Football Association) and the Republic of Ireland (Football Association of Ireland). At the Olympics, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either the Republic of Ireland team (which competes as \"Ireland\") or United Kingdom team (which competes as \"Great Britain\"). Selection usually depends on whether his or her sport is organised on an all-Ireland, a Northern Ireland, or a UK basis. Sports organised on an all-Ireland basis are affiliated to the Republic of Ireland’s Olympic association, whereas those organised on a Northern Ireland or UK basis are generally affiliated to the UK’s Olympic association.", "Team GB. The British Olympic Association state that there \"is only one Olympic team from Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Team GB. There is not an Olympic swimming team or Olympic rowing team. The individual sports join to become Team GB, the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team.\"[3]", "United Kingdom. In most international competitions, separate teams represent England, Scotland and Wales. Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland usually field a single team representing all of Ireland, with notable exceptions being association football and the Commonwealth Games. In sporting contexts, the English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish / Northern Irish teams are often referred to collectively as the Home Nations. There are some sports in which a single team represents the whole of United Kingdom, including the Olympics, where the UK is represented by the Great Britain team. The 1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics were held in London, making it the first city to host the games three times. Britain has participated in every modern Olympic Games to date and is third in the medal count.", "Flag of Northern Ireland. The Ulster Banner was carried by the Northern Ireland team in the Commonwealth Games.[33] It is also regularly displayed by supporters of the Northern Ireland national football team and is displayed by FIFA as the flag of Northern Ireland.[34][35]", "Rory McIlroy. On 18 June 2014, McIlroy declared that he would represent Ireland (if he qualified) at the 2016 Olympic Summer Games, where golf became an Olympic event for the first time since 1904.[151] In 2012 he had expressed an interest in representing Great Britain as opposed to Ireland, however in January 2013 he was considering the options of playing for Britain or Ireland or not playing at all, stating; \"I just think being from where we're from, we're placed in a very difficult position. I feel Northern Irish and obviously being from Northern Ireland you have a connection to Ireland and a connection to the UK. If I could and there was a Northern Irish team I'd play for Northern Ireland. Play for one side or the other – or not play at all because I may upset too many people… Those are my three options I'm considering very carefully\", before choosing Ireland in 2014.[151][152]", "Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The team, known by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as Great Britain, selects athletes from all four of the Home Nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales), as well as the three Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey), and all but three of the British overseas territories (Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands and Bermuda having their own NOCs).[18] The team is organised by the British Olympic Association (BOA) who have since 1999 branded it Team GB, explaining that \"Team GB is the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team.\"[19]", "Ireland at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Ireland has qualified one athlete for the men's single event. Sean Greenwood originally competed for Canada but switched to compete for Ireland to pay homage to his heritage.[8]", "Ireland at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Ireland competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia from 7 to 23 February 2014. Five competitors in four sports made up the Ireland team. All five members of the team are members of the Irish diaspora, who were born or live and train elsewhere.[4]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Bodybuilder Reg Park was Mr Britain in 1946 and became Mr Universe in 1951, 1958 and 1965.[354] Gaelic football is very popular in Northern Ireland, with many teams from the north winning the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship since the early 2000s. William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games, and In 1994, then IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch laid a wreath on Brooke's grave, and said, \"I came to pay homage and tribute to Dr Brookes, who really was the founder of the modern Olympic Games\".[355]", "National symbols of Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Gaelic games constitute Ireland's national sports: Gaelic football, ladies' Gaelic football, hurling, camogie, rounders and Gaelic handball.", "Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom national anthem of \"God Save the Queen\" is often played at state events in Northern Ireland. At the Commonwealth Games and some other sporting events, the Northern Ireland team uses the Ulster Banner as its flag—notwithstanding its lack of official status—and the Londonderry Air (usually set to lyrics as Danny Boy), which also has no official status, as its national anthem.[141][142] The national football team also uses the Ulster Banner as its flag but uses \"God Save The Queen\" as its anthem.[143] Major Gaelic Athletic Association matches are opened by the national anthem of the Republic of Ireland, \"Amhrán na bhFiann (The Soldier's Song)\", which is also used by most other all-Ireland sporting organisations.[144] Since 1995, the Ireland rugby union team has used a specially commissioned song, \"Ireland's Call\" as the team's anthem. The Irish national anthem is also played at Dublin home matches, being the anthem of the host country.[145]", "Great Britain at the Olympics. As the National Olympic Committee (NOC) for the United Kingdom, the British Olympic Association (BOA) membership encompasses the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales), plus the three Crown dependencies (Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey), and all but three of the British overseas territories (Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands and Bermuda having their own NOCs).", "Countries of the United Kingdom. Each of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales has separate national governing bodies for sports and competes separately in many international sporting competitions.[36][37][38][39] Each country of the United Kingdom has a national football team, and competes as a separate national team in the various disciplines in the Commonwealth Games.[40] At the Olympic Games, the United Kingdom is represented by the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team, although athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to join the Republic of Ireland's Olympic team.[40][41] In addition to Northern Ireland having its own national governing bodies for some sports such as Association football and Netball, for others, such as rugby union and cricket, Northern Ireland participates with the Republic of Ireland in a joint All-Ireland team. England and Wales field a joint cricket team.", "Rory McIlroy. In January 2017, McIlroy revealed that he is unlikely to compete at the 2020 Olympic Games, explaining that he considers himself a citizen of Northern Ireland, as opposed to having an allegiance with either Ireland or Great Britain.[138]", "FIFA eligibility rules. Players born in Northern Ireland have a right by birth to Irish and British citizenship which entitles them to be selected for the representative teams of the Irish Football Association (IFA - Northern Ireland) as well as of the Football Association of Ireland (FAI - Republic of Ireland). In contrast, players born in the Republic of Ireland do not have such dual nationality from birth and, as a consequence, are confined to playing for the teams of the FAI and cannot play for Northern Ireland unless they have a parent or grandparent who was born there. This has been a long-running cause for concern for the IFA.[citation needed]", "Team GB. Team GB is the brand name used since 1999 by the British Olympic Association (BOA) for their Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic team. The brand was developed after the 1996 Summer Olympics, and is now a trademark of the BOA. It is meant to unify the team as one body, irrespective of each member athlete's particular sport. It forms part of a marketing strategy, where its brevity is seen as beneficial. The brand is seen as controversial by some, for focusing on Great Britain, at the expense of Northern Ireland, with critics suggesting it be changed to Team UK, something the BOA has so far rejected.", "Northern Ireland. In Northern Ireland, sport is popular and important in the lives of many people. Sports tend to be organised on an all-Ireland basis, with a single team for the whole island.[146] The most notable exception is association football, which has separate governing bodies for each jurisdiction.[146]", "Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Great Britain qualified a men's and women's team for a total of 10 athletes (five of each gender). The teams were officially announced on 22 June 2017.[15] Outside of the Olympic Games, Great Britain competes under the flags of its constituent home nations, Scotland, England and Wales (Northern Irish players compete for a combined Ireland); Scotland results are treated as Great Britain for the purposes of Olympic qualification.[16]", "Sport in the United Kingdom. As the Northern Ireland Assembly was reduced in size and a number of departments removed it is not currently (March 2017) clear who holds political responsibility for Sport in Northern Ireland. However virtually every team sport is organised on either an all Ireland or United Kingdom-wide basis, with football and netball being the only exceptions. As such responsibility for most sports lies with either the United Kingdom minister or the Irish minister for Transport, Tourism & Sport.", "Great Britain at the Olympics. It is organised by the British Olympic Association (BOA) as the National Olympic Committee for the UK. While the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and BOA both refer to the team as 'Great Britain' and the team uses the brand name Team GB, the BOA explains that it is a contraction of the full title, the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team.[1] Great Britain was one of 14 teams to compete in the first Games, the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, and is one of only three nations (France and Switzerland being the others) to have competed at every Summer and Winter Olympic Games.", "Northern Ireland. The main political divide in Northern Ireland is between unionists, who wish to see Northern Ireland continue as part of the United Kingdom, and nationalists, who wish to see Northern Ireland unified with the Republic of Ireland, independent from the United Kingdom. These two opposing views are linked to deeper cultural divisions. Unionists are predominantly Ulster Protestant, descendants of mainly Scottish, English, and Huguenot settlers as well as Gaels who converted to one of the Protestant denominations. Nationalists are overwhelmingly Catholic and descend from the population predating the settlement, with a minority from the Scottish Highlands as well as some converts from Protestantism. Discrimination against nationalists under the Stormont government (1921–1972) gave rise to the civil rights movement in the 1960s.[54]", "Ireland at the 2014 Winter Olympics. According to the quota allocation released on January 20, 2014, Ireland had one athlete in qualification position.", "Sport in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom competes in the Olympics as Great Britain during Olympic competition. The British Olympic Association is responsible for the promotion of the Olympic Movement within the United Kingdom and for the selection, leadership and management of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at every Olympic accredited event.", "Northern Ireland. Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly are by single transferable vote with five MLAs (Member of the Legislative Assembly) elected from 18 parliamentary constituencies. Eighteen representatives to the lower house of the UK parliament (Members of Parliament, MPs) are elected from the same constituencies using the first-past-the-post system. However, not all of those elected take their seats. Sinn Féin MPs, currently seven, refuse to take the oath to serve the Queen that is required before MPs are allowed to take their seats. In addition, the upper house of the UK parliament, the House of Lords, currently has some 25 appointed members from Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland itself forms a single constituency for elections to the European Parliament.", "Ireland at the 2014 Winter Olympics. According to the final quota allocation released on January 20, 2014, Ireland had two athletes in qualification position.[5]" ]

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[ "Eye of the Tiger. \"Eye of the Tiger\" is a song by American rock band Survivor. It was released as a single from their third album of the same name Eye of the Tiger and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single. The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik, and was recorded at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use \"Another One Bites the Dust\", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme.[2] Originally, the song was made for the movie The Karate Kid. The director of both Rocky and The Karate Kid planned to use the song for a fighting montage towards the end of the feature. John G. Avildsen opted to using \"You're the Best\" by Joe Esposito. The version of the song that appears in the movie is the demo version of the song. The movie version also contained tiger growls, something that did not appear on the album version. It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals.[3]", "Rocky (film series). At the 55th Academy Awards, the song \"Eye of the Tiger\" from Rocky III was nominated for Best Original Song.", "Rocky III. The film's main theme, \"Eye of the Tiger\", was written by the group Survivor and became a smash hit single, topping the U.S. Billboard charts and receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.", "Rocky III. Rocky III was nominated for both the Award of the Japanese Academy for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Motion Picture at the Image Awards. The film's theme song Eye of the Tiger was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards, the BAFTA Film Awards and the Golden Globes.[11] However, Mr. T was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star.[12]", "Eye of the Tiger. The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song, the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III. It lost to \"Up Where We Belong\" from An Officer and a Gentleman.", "Rocky III. The version of \"Eye of the Tiger\" that appears in the film is actually a demo—the \"finished\" version is what appears on the soundtrack. Also missing from the soundtrack is the instrumental version of the song played when Rocky is training in Apollo's old gym.", "Another One Bites the Dust. The song was used in a preliminary cut of Rocky III, before being replaced by Survivor's \"Eye of the Tiger\". \"When one of my idols, Brian May, attended one of our shows in Los Angeles in 1984, he brought up that subject,\" recalled Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan, to whom Sylvester Stallone had supplied a copy of the movie. \"I offered to send him a copy of the tape, which I still own.\"[15]", "Eye of the Tiger. The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney, also a Republican candidate for president, stop using \"Eye of the Tiger\" at his campaign rallies. Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign's playlists.[16]", "Eye of the Tiger. The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name.[6]", "Eye of the Tiger. Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger.[20]", "Eye of the Tiger. In 2012, Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using \"Eye of the Tiger\" without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009.[15] The suit was later settled out of court.[16]", "Eye of the Tiger. In an interview with Songfacts, co-writer Jim Peterik, who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan, explained the song's title.", "Eye of the Tiger. It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982. In the United States, it held No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks and was the No. 2 single of 1982, behind Olivia Newton-John's \"Physical\". It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten, the second longest run of 1982, behind \"Hurts So Good\" by John Cougar (which was, ironically, prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by \"Eye of the Tiger\"). This top ten run is tied with the aforementioned \"Another One Bites the Dust\" as well as \"Physical\" as the longest run in the top ten for a number one song during the entire 1980's decade. The band won a 1982 Grammy Award for \"Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group With Vocal\" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards.[4] In September 1982, it also peaked at No. 1 in the United Kingdom, remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks.[5]", "John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band. The group's follow-up album Tough All Over (1985) made the top 50, enjoying great sales for \"C-I-T-Y\" and the title track, which became their second number-one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Another song from that album, \"Voice of America's Sons\", was the featured theme song on the official soundtrack of the action movie Cobra (1986), starring Sylvester Stallone, and Cafferty's solo track \"Heart's on Fire\" was featured in another Stallone movie, Rocky IV (1985).", "The Karate Kid. A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Casablanca Records containing many of the contemporary songs featured in the film. Of particular note is Joe Esposito's \"You're the Best\", featured during the tournament montage near the end of the first film. Originally written for Rocky III, \"You're the Best\" was rejected by Sylvester Stallone in favor of Survivor's \"Eye of the Tiger\". Coincidentally, Survivor also performed the main theme (\"The Moment of Truth\" Music & Lyrics: Bill Conti, Dennis Lambert, Peter Beckett) for The Karate Kid.", "Eye of the Tiger. The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, but lost to the Willie Nelson hit \"Always on My Mind\".", "Rocky (song). \"Rocky\" is a 1975 song written by Jay Stevens (aka Woody P. Snow) and performed by Dickey Lee. On the country chart, \"Rocky\" was Lee's most successful single, and his only number one. It spent fourteen weeks on the chart, including one week at number one.[1]", "Eye of the Tiger. It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies. The song had sold over 4.1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015.[7] It was voted VH1's 63rd greatest hard rock song.[8] Combined sales of original vinyl release and digital downloads total over 9 million copies.[7][9][10][11]", "Be-Bop-A-Lula. In the late 1960s and early '70s, George Harrison played a psychedelic Stratocaster called \"Rocky\", which bore on its face the one-word slogan \"Bebopalula\".[27] The song is name-checked in the opening of Dire Straits' 1985 hit \"Walk of Life\" as one of the great \"oldies, goldies\".[28]", "Rocky IV. According to singer Peter Cetera, he originally wrote his best-selling solo single \"Glory of Love\" as the end title for this film, but was passed over by United Artists, and instead used the theme for The Karate Kid Part II.[13]", "Eye of the Tiger. Frankie Sullivan's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago, Illinois, on November 18, 2015, against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee's campaign organization for using \"Eye of the Tiger\" at a political rally without permission. The rally took place on September 8, 2015, when Kim Davis, a Kentucky county clerk, was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kentucky.[17] In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed, in a confidential, out-of-court settlement with Sullivan's Rude Music, to pay $25,000 in compensation.[18][19]", "Az Yet. Later that year, the group recorded, \"Magical Moment[9]\" with Malaysian Idol winner, Jaclyn Victor as a theme song for the animated feature film, \"Ribbit[10]\" (KRU Studios).", "Vinit Singh. Vineet's debut song in Bollywood was Dil Rang Le, a duet with Sunidhi Chauhan for the film Rocky: The Rebel (2006). Singh performed with Himesh Reshammiya in his international concert series \"Aap Kaa Surroor\" in the fall of 2006 with fellow contestant Himani Kapoor.", "Rocky. The main theme song, \"Gonna Fly Now\", made it to number one on the Billboard magazine's Hot 100 list for one week (from July 2 to July 8, 1977) and the American Film Institute placed it 58th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.[28][29] A soundtrack album was released on November 12, 1976 by United Artists Records.[30] The album was re-released in 1988 by EMI on CD and cassette.[31]", "Rocky (song). Other versions were recorded by Austin Roberts (1975) and Orion (1979). Austin Roberts' version reached number 9 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 in Canada in 1975.[2] The track reached #22 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1975; Roberts' only chart appearance in the UK.[3]", "Rocky. In 1988, William T. Naud released a low budget parody entitled Ricky 1.", "Rich Porter. A$AP Rocky", "Rocky (song). A German version had been recorded by Frank Farian, hitting the German (#1 for four weeks) and Dutch Top 10s.", "Ek Tha Tiger. Ek Tha Tiger (English: Once There was a Tiger) is a 2012 Indian romantic spy thriller film directed by Kabir Khan and produced by Aditya Chopra of Yash Raj Films. It stars Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif, and features Ranvir Shorey, Girish Karnad, Roshan Seth and Gavie Chahal in supporting roles.[4] The film was the third collaboration of Kabir Khan with Yash Raj Films after Kabul Express (2006) and New York (2009). The plot centers on an Indian spy (RAW) code-named Tiger who falls in love with a Pakistani spy (ISI) during an investigation and how Tiger's ideology and principles change over time.", "Dickey Lee. After the 1960s, Lee devoted his efforts to country music performing and songwriting. His 1970s country hits as a singer include two remakes of pop songs, Delaney & Bonnie's \"Never Ending Song of Love\" and Austin Roberts's \"Rocky\" (another bitter-sweet song, written by Jay Stevens of Springfield, MO – a.k.a. Woody P. Snow), in addition to original songs such as \"Angels, Roses, and Rain,\" and \"9,999,999 Tears.\" He also co-wrote several songs with Bob McDill, including \"Someone Like You\" (by Emmylou Harris), \"I've Been Around Enough To Know\" (first recorded by Jo-El Sonnier in 1973, but would became a #1 hit in 1984 for John Schneider), and \"The Door is Always Open\" (by several artists, most notably by Dave and Sugar).", "Rocky IV (soundtrack). The 2006 reissue, remastered by BMG, featured the bonus track \"Man Against the World\" by Survivor, a song written for but cut from the movie.[5] This release also used a different mix of the song \"The Sweetest Victory\".", "Alter Bridge. Several songs from One Day Remains established an affiliation with WWE. Most notably, \"Metalingus\" was adopted by wrestler Edge as his entrance theme in 2004, and it was used as such until his retirement in 2011. Alter Bridge would later appear with Edge in a backstage segment on an episode of WWE Raw in 2005.[9] An edited version of the song, \"Open Your Eyes,\" is featured in the videogame Madden NFL 2005. Also in 2005, Alter Bridge released a rare instrumental song called \"Ahavo Rabo Taco Salad\" for Total Guitar magazine. It was solely a Mark Tremonti song originally, but the rest of Alter Bridge soon got involved.[10] A song called \"Save Me\" was included on the soundtrack for the 2005 Marvel film Elektra.[11] The soundtrack for another 2005 Marvel film, Fantastic Four, also featured an Alter Bridge song, \"Shed My Skin.\"[12] That same year, the band released a four-song EP called Fan EP as a promotional CD in Europe." ]

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[ "Republican Party (United States). The term \"Grand Old Party\" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation \"GOP\" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the Congressional Record, referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as \"this gallant old party\"; the following year in an article in the Cincinnati Commercial, the term was modified to \"grand old party\". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.[64]", "Republican Party (United States). The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution. Founded by anti-slavery activists, economic modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers in 1854, the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern states for most of the period between 1860 and 1932.[13]", "Democratic-Republican Party. Political parties were new in the United States, and people were not accustomed to having formal names for them. There was no single, official name for the party. Party members generally called themselves \"Republicans\" and voted for what they called the \"Republican party\", \"republican ticket\" or \"republican interest\".[29] Jefferson and Madison often used the terms \"republican\" and \"Republican party\" in their letters.[30] The 1804 Convention of Republican members of Congress that renominated Jefferson described itself as a \"regular republican caucus\". The name Democratic-Republican was used by contemporaries only occasionally.[31]", "Political parties in the United States. The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America. Since the 1880s it has been nicknamed (by the media) the \"Grand Old Party\" or GOP, although it is younger than the Democratic Party.", "Republican Party (United States). The party's founding members chose the name \"Republican Party\" in the mid-1850s as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Thomas Jefferson's Republican party.[59] The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for, \"some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery\".[60] The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.[61] It is important to note that \"republican\" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the U.S. Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.[62][63]", "Democratic-Republican Party. The term \"Democratic-Republican\" is used especially by modern political scientists for the first \"Republican Party\" (as opposed to the modern Republican Party founded in 1854). It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans. Historians typically use the title \"Republican Party\". An \"Anti-Administration\" faction met secretly in the national capital (Philadelphia) to oppose Hamilton's financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism. Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a leading role in 1794–1795 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain, which was then at war with France. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy. The party denounced many of Hamilton's measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank.", "Republican Party (United States). The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[65] An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle, as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.[66][67] In Kentucky, the log cabin is a symbol of the Republican Party (not related to the gay Log Cabin Republicans organization).[68]", "Democrat Party (epithet). Delegates to the Democratic National Committee once proposed using \"Publican Party\" instead of \"Republican Party\". The committee failed to accept the proposal, \"explaining that Republican is the name by which the our opponents' product is known and mistrusted\".[41] Sherman Yellen suggested \"The Republicants\" as suitably comparable in terms of negative connotation in an April 29, 2007 Huffington Post commentary.[42]", "History of the United States Republican Party. From 1860 to 1912, the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with \"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion\". Rum stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers, in contrast to the GOP, which had a strong dry element. \"Romanism\" meant Roman Catholics, especially Irish Americans, who ran the Democratic Party in every big city and whom the Republicans denounced for political corruption. \"Rebellion\" stood for the Democrats of the Confederacy, who tried to break the Union in 1861; and the Democrats in the North, called \"Copperheads\", who sympathized with them.", "Political parties in the United States. The Third Party System stretched from 1854 to the mid-1890s, and was characterized by the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican Party (nicknamed \"GOP\"), which adopted many of the economic policies of the Whigs, such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads and aid to land grant colleges.", "Factions in the Republican Party (United States). Moderates within the party, historically referred to as \"Rockefeller Republicans\", now often called \"Main Street Republicans\" or \"Business Conservatives\"[1] and by their conservative Republican critics \"Republican In Name Only\", or \"RINO\",[16] tend towards being conservative to moderate on fiscal issues and moderate to liberal on social issues.", "Democrat Party (epithet). In American history, many parties were named by their opponents (Federalists, Loco-Focos, Know Nothings, Populists, Dixiecrats), including the Democrats themselves, as the Federalists in the 1790s used Democratic Party as a term of ridicule.[20] Addressing a gathering of Michigan Republicans in 1889, New Hampshire Republican Congressman Jacob H. Gallinger said:", "History of the United States Republican Party. The Republican Party, also commonly called the GOP (for \"Grand Old Party\"), is one of the world's oldest extant political parties. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival, the Democratic Party. It emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act, an act that dissolved the terms of the Missouri Compromise and allowed slave or free status to be decided in the territories by popular sovereignty. The party had almost no presence in the Southern United States, but by 1858 in the North it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state.", "Republican Party of Arkansas. The United States Republican Party, or GOP, is the second oldest currently existing political party in the United States after its older rival, the Democratic Party.", "Republicanism in the United States. In reaction to the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, antislavery forces in the North formed a new party. The party officially designated itself \"Republican\" because the name resonated with the struggle of 1776. \"In view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of republican government,\" resolved the Michigan state convention, \"and against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed, or man debased, we will co-operate and be known as Republicans.\"[65][66]", "History of the United States Republican Party. The Republicans absorbed the previous traditions of its members, most of whom had been Whigs, while others had been Democrats or members of third parties (especially the Free Soil Party and the American Party, also known as the Know Nothings). Many Democrats who joined were rewarded with governorships,[Note 1] or seats in the U.S. Senate,[Note 2] or House of Representatives.[Note 3] Since its inception, its chief opposition has been the Democratic Party, but the amount of flow back and forth of prominent politicians between the two parties was quite high from 1854 to 1896.", "Republicanism in the United States. Two major parties have used the term in their name[10] – the Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson (founded in 1793, and often called the \"Jeffersonian Republican Party\"), and the current Republican Party, founded in 1854.[11]", "Democrat Party (epithet). The noun-as-adjective has been used by Republican leaders since the 1940s, and in most GOP national platforms since 1948.[citation needed] By the early 1950s the term was in widespread use among Republicans of all factions.[24] When Senator Thruston Ballard Morton became chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1959, he indicated that he had always said Democratic Party and would continue to do so, which contrasted with his predecessor, Meade Alcorn, and with National Republican Senatorial Committee chairman Barry Goldwater, both of whom used Democrat Party.[25] According to Congressional Quarterly, at the 1968 Republican National Convention \"the GOP did revert to the epithet of 'Democrat' party. The phrase had been used in 1952 and 1956 but not in 1960 and 1964\".[5]", "Rockefeller Republican. Thomas E. Dewey, the Governor of New York from 1942 to 1954 and the Republican presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948, was the leader of the moderate wing of the Republican Party in the 1940s and early 1950s, battling conservative Republicans from the Midwest led by Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, known as \"Mr. Republican\". With the help of Dewey, General Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the 1952 presidential nomination and became the leader of the moderates. Eisenhower coined the phrase \"Modern Republicanism\" to describe his moderate vision of Republicanism.", "Democratic-Republican Party. The term \"republican\" was in widespread usage from the 1770s to describe the type of government the break-away colonies wanted to form: a republic of three separate branches of government derived from some principles and structure from ancient republics; especially the emphasis on civic duty and the opposition to corruption, elitism, aristocracy and monarchy.[32] The word is used in the United States Constitution.[33]", "Federalist Party. By the early 1790s newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters \"Federalists\" and their opponents \"Democrats,\" \"Republicans,\" \"Jeffersonians\" or—much later—\"Democratic-Republicans\". Jefferson's supporters usually called themselves \"Republicans\" and their party the \"Republican Party.\"[11] The Federalist party became popular with businessmen and New Englanders; Republicans were mostly farmers who opposed a strong central government. Cities were usually Federalist strongholds; frontier regions were heavily Republican. These are generalizations; there are special cases: the Presbyterians of upland North Carolina, who had immigrated just before the Revolution, and often been Tories, became Federalists.[12] The Congregationalists of New England and the Episcopalians in the larger cities supported the Federalists, while other minority denominations tended toward the Republican camp. Catholics in Maryland were generally Federalists.[13]", "History of the United States Republican Party. The conservatives in 1964 made a comeback under the leadership of Barry Goldwater who defeated moderates and liberals such as Nelson Rockefeller and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., as the Republican candidate for the 1964 election. Goldwater was strongly opposed to the New Deal and the United Nations, but he rejected isolationism and containment, calling for an aggressive anti-communist foreign policy.[59]", "Gilded Age. Gilded Age politics, called the Third Party System, featured intense competition between two major parties, with minor parties coming and going, especially on issues of concern to prohibitionists, to labor unions and to farmers. The Democrats and Republicans (nicknamed the \"Grand Old Party,\" GOP) fought over control of offices, which were the rewards for party activists, as well as over major economic issues. Very high voter turnout often exceeded 80% or even 90% in some states as the parties drilled their loyal members much as an army drills its soldiers.", "Republican Party (United States). Republicans are usually seen as the traditionally pro-business party and it garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are about 50 percent more likely to be self-employed, and are more likely to work in management.[147]", "Democratic-Republican Party. The Democratic-Republican Party was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison between 1791 and 1793 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton, who was secretary of the treasury and chief architect of George Washington's administration.[5] From 1801 to 1825, the new party controlled the presidency and Congress as well as most states during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress and included many politicians who had been opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves \"Republicans\" after their ideology, republicanism. They distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement (which became the Democratic Party in 1828) and the short-lived National Republican Party (later succeeded by the Whig Party).", "History of the United States Republican Party. The term \"Rockefeller Republican\" was used 1960–1980 to designate a faction of the party holding \"moderate\" views similar to those of Nelson Rockefeller, governor of New York from 1959 to 1974 and Vice President under President Gerald Ford in 1974–1977. Before Rockefeller, Thomas E. Dewey, governor of New York (1942–1954) and GOP presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 was the leader. Dwight Eisenhower and his aide Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. reflected many of their views.", "Republican Party (United States). Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general \"anti-Nebraska\" movement where the name \"Republican\" was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin.[21] The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party.[22]", "Rockefeller Republican. The Rockefeller Republicans, also called Liberal Republicans were members of the Republican Party (GOP) in the 1930s–1970s who held moderate to liberal views on domestic issues, similar to those of Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York (1959–1973) and Vice President of the United States (1974–1977). Rockefeller Republicanism has been described as the last phase of the \"Eastern Establishment\" of the GOP, which had been led by New York governor Thomas E. Dewey. The group's powerful role in the GOP came under heavy attack in 1964 and it lost most of its influence. At a discouraging point in the 1964 primary campaign against Barry Goldwater in California, political operative Stuart Spencer called on Rockefeller to \"summon that fabled nexus of money, influence, and condescension known as the Eastern Establishment. 'You are looking at it, buddy,' Rockefeller told Spencer. 'I am all that is left.'\"[1]", "Republican Party (United States). The modern Republican Party includes conservatives, social conservatives, economic liberals, fiscal conservatives, neoconservatives, paleoconservatives, populists, moderates, libertarians, and the religious right.[citation needed]", "Republican Party (United States). The Republican candidate for President in 2012, Mitt Romney, lost to incumbent President Barack Obama, the fifth time in six elections the Republican candidate received fewer votes than his Democratic counterpart. In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party; for example, 1996 Republican Presidential candidate and longtime former Senator Bob Dole said, \"today's GOP members are too conservative and overly partisan. They ought to put a sign on the National Committee doors that says closed for repairs\".[53] Former Senator Olympia Snowe of Maine stated as well that she was in agreement with Dole.[54] Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs (under George H.W. Bush) and former Secretary of State (under George W. Bush) Colin Powell remarked that the GOP has \"a dark vein of intolerance in some parts of the party\", commenting about the birther movement \"[w]hy do senior Republican leaders tolerate this kind of discussion within the party?\" and \"I think the party has to take a look at itself.\"[55] The CRNC released a report in June 2013 that was highly critical of the party, being titled \"Grand Old Party for a Brand New Generation\".[56][needs update]", "Republican Party (United States). Early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan \"free labor, free land, free men\", which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio (and future Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the United States).[25] \"Free labor\" referred to the Republican opposition to slave labor and belief in independent artisans and businessmen. \"Free land\" referred to Republican opposition to the plantation system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land, leaving the yeoman independent farmers the leftovers. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power and the expansion of freedom.[26]", "Republican Party (United States). The Republican National Committee (RNC) is responsible for promoting Republican campaign activities. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. Its current chairwoman is Ronna Romney McDaniel. The chair of the RNC is chosen by the President when the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the Party's state committees." ]

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[ "I Can Only Imagine (film). I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer, Jon Erwin and Brent McCorkle, based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name, the best-selling Christian single of all time.[3] The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard, the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father (Dennis Quaid). Madeline Carroll, Priscilla Shirer, Cloris Leachman, and Trace Adkins also star.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). Coming from a home with an abusive father, 10-year-old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother, where he meets Shannon. Upon his return from camp, Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings, leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur, who takes custody of him.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16, 2018. It has grossed $80 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million, and is the third highest-grossing music biopic of all-time in the United States. Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith-based films, while others called it flat and by-the-numbers.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). Years later, Millard is in high school and dating Shannon. Hoping to impress his father, he begins playing football. However, he is injured, breaking both ankles and ending his career. In order to make up the credits he would miss from football, he signs up for music class, the only available class left. Initially, Millard is assigned to be a sound technician. After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium, she casts him as Curly, the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma. He doesn't tell his father of his role in the play, and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part, Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain, but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis. The following morning, Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father, who smashes a plate over his head. Shannon presses Bart to open up, but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). The Arizona Republic's James Ward gave the film 4/5 stars and wrote, \"Too often faith-based films — say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God's Not Dead series — tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience. The Erwins’ films — I Can Only Imagine definitely among them — are more inclusive, charitable of spirit and hopeful, all qualities that are always appreciated, be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise.\"[16] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a \"C–\" saying: \"There’s a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made; why they all end with links to religious websites; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart-brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window...Art can be affirmation, but affirmation cannot be art.\"[17]", "I Can Only Imagine (film). As of April 22, 2018[update], I Can Only Imagine has grossed $79.4 million in the United States, and Canada and $1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $80.4 million, against a production budget of $7 million.[2] It is the third-highest grossing music biopic of all-time in the United States, behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line.[7]", "I Can Only Imagine (film). Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe, and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell, who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville, leading to meetings with Amy Grant and Michael W. Smith. Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon, who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase. While the band felt their performance was the best of their career, industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records. In despair, Millard quits the band. After talking with Brickell, who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father, Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father, who prepares breakfast for him the next morning. His father claims to have become a Christian, but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father's offer to start over. In anger, Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep, which he had hoped to repair with his son. As Bart prepares to leave, he finds out his father has terminal cancer. Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). After his father's funeral, Millard rejoins the band and writes \"I Can Only Imagine\". Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists, including Grant, who, deeply moved by the song, asks to record it herself as her next single. The band accepts Grant's offer. Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert. However, Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song, and offers it back to him, calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience. Millard's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon, who had also been in attendance at the concert. The band releases the song as their first single, achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio.", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid. The film was released on March 16, 2018.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 23 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"I Can Only Imagine's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences, but overall, its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith-based cinema.\"[14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A+\" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[9]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). A music video was released for \"I Can Only Imagine\".[26][27] Millard recalled the video's inspiration: \"I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames [at MercyMe concerts] that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way. I've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they've lost. These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that\".[27] The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.[27]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins, a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man's syndrome, in which the body's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone, causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place.[46] Dobbins, who died in 2004, sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening, accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips, Craig and Dean. Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary \"Suffer the Children.\"[47] There is also a German version \"Ich kann nur davon träumen\".", "Bart Millard. Millard's song \"I Can Only Imagine\" was inspired by his father's death, and was made into a film also titled I Can Only Imagine. The film was released in March 2018.", "I Can Only Imagine (film). The film was announced in December 2016.[4] Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017.[5] Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard.[1] The same month, it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018.[5] In August 2017, Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States.[1][6]", "I Can Only Imagine (film). The film was released on March 16, 2018, alongside Tomb Raider and Love, Simon, and was originally projected to gross $2–4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend.[8] However, after making $6.2 million on its first day (including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews), weekend estimates were increased to $14 million.[9] It ended up grossing $17.1 million, exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67% of the opening weekend audience was female while 80% was over the age of 35.[10] It was the fourth best-ever opening for a faith-based film, following The Passion of the Christ ($83.8 million), Son of God ($25.6 million) and Heaven Is for Real ($22.5 million).[11] In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19% to $13.8 million, again finishing third.[12] It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend, making $10.4 million (including $3 million on Easter Sunday).[13]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair, shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs. The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy, now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames. The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people, each holding an empty picture frame. As the other instruments join in, the camera comes back to the band, focusing on them before returning to shots of the people, whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives. At the end of the video, the camera returns to the boy, now running down a street with an empty frame, climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame.[26][27]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God.[8] Regarding this theme, Millard explained to Fox News that \"I was always told that if he could choose, he would rather be in Heaven than here with me. As a Christian I believed that, but as an 18-year-old it was a little hard to swallow. So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there.\"[2]", "Dennis Quaid. In 2018, Quaid starred in I Can Only Imagine, where he played Arthur Millard, the father of singer and songwriter Bart Millard and Kin, where he plays Hal, the father of the film's two protagonists.", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). Critical reception for \"I Can Only Imagine\" was positive. Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that \"[the song] is a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling\".[8] Jesus Freak Hideout's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt \"The lyrics for the song are amazing. If you haven't listened to the lyrics, because you're afraid of hearing pop music, get over it and listen to it.\"[28] Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that \"The definite highlight on [Almost There] is the worship/ballad 'I Can Only Imagine'... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar. But what makes the song are the lyrics, penned by Bart Millard himself. The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus... It's a song that can't be listened to with eyes open\".[10]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). \"I Can Only Imagine\" (sometimes shortened to \"Imagine\") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album.", "Nothing but the Beat. \"I Can Only Imagine\" was released as the album's sixth single on 2 May 2012. The track itself is a collaboration with Chris Brown and Lil Wayne. The music video, directed by Colin Tilley, was filmed on 29 May 2012.[20] The video was released on 2 July 2012.[21] The track peaked at number one in Belgium, as well as achieving high success in Poland. The track has also charted in thirteen other territories. It was officially sent to American radio on 7 August 2012, where it peaked at number 44.", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). \"I Can Only Imagine\" is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds.[8] The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B3–G♯5.[9] The song opens up with only a piano, and builds up to include guitar and drums.[10] Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song.[11] The song was produced by Pete Kipley, who had worked with MercyMe previously[2] as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James, Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster.[12]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). \"I Can Only Imagine\" was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe. Bart Millard, the band's vocalist, lost his father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr.[1], in 1991. Millard was 18 at the time.[2][3] Millard began writing the words \"I can only imagine\" on items when he was thinking about his father.[4] During the recording of the band's 1999 independent album The Worship Project, MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album.[5] Millard, alone on a bus in the middle of the night, finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven. Millard attests that \"['I Can Only Imagine'] is one of the only songs I have ever written where there wasn't any mistakes, it was just written the way it is and left at that\",[5] and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics.[4]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). MercyMe did not expect \"I Can Only Imagine\" to gain mainstream success, in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven.[16][17] Millard noted that the band joked around about \"the top five songs never to cross over,[16] and they had included \"I Can Only Imagine\" on that list.[16][17] Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio.[17] The song had a significant effect on the band's musical image; in an interview, Millard commented that \"We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago. But we kind of became the 'adult contemporary poster child' when 'I Can Only Imagine' took off\".[25]", "I Bet My Life. The beginning and end of the video take place at the Salt River in Arizona. A car is shown driving to the river. The occupants turn out to be the members of Imagine Dragons, and their relatives and friends. Somewhere else at the river, a boy in a shirt (DeHaan) and a boy in overalls (Neustaedter) are fighting at the waterbed. While walking away, Neustaedter eventually pushes DeHaan into the river, and it is implied that DeHaan swims away, while the former stares in shock. DeHaan is pulled towards a dam, in which he is sucked in. He lands in a house, and looks out the window and finds everything underwater. He finds a bed and goes to sleep. The next morning, DeHaan finds himself in a sailboat, and takes control of it. He tries unsuccessfully to avoid a waterfall, but ends up flying over the land in the boat when he goes over the waterfall. While looking over the boat, he decides to flip it over. He falls into a city, and a crowd is shown carrying him. They toss and turn him, until he realizes it was a vision and he was knocked unconscious in the dam. He is pulled back up to the surface by Neustaedter, and survives. The last shot of the video zooms out from the point where DeHaan is picked up, and the video ends.", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). \"I Can Only Imagine\" earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002; 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'.[35][36] Millard also won 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony.[35][36] In November 2009, the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake-up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS-129.[37]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). In 2003, a Dallas mainstream radio station, 100.3 Wild-FM, first played the song on its morning show, The Fitz Radio Program.[3][16][17] They had responded to a caller's repeated requests and the urgings of the program's producer, Todd Sheppard.[2][4] The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station.[17][18] After hearing the song played on the station, Millard called-in and spoke with the crew; MercyMe then came in and played the song live.[17]", "Imagine (John Lennon song). Several celebrities appeared in the film, including Andy Warhol, Fred Astaire, Jack Palance, Dick Cavett and George Harrison. Derided by critics as \"the most expensive home movie of all time\", it premiered to an American audience in 1972.[30] In 1986, Zbigniew Rybczyński made a music video for the song, and in 1987, it won both the \"Silver Lion\" award for Best Clip at Cannes and the Festival Award at the Rio International Film Festival.[33]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). In writing the music for the song, however, the band faced more difficulty; Millard noted that \"at first it was a fast song... it was all these random ideas\".[5] Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that, \"we were literally tearing down the stuff... [Millard] and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version, so we just tried out a piano intro... it was literally the first thing I played. It wasn't anything to do with me, I think it was just a God thing. [Millard] said 'here it is, this is what's going to happen', and we laid the song down in about five minutes.\"[5] At that time, the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion, Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar. This line-up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project.[3][6] In 2006, it was included in the 'Platinum Edition' of Almost There.[7]", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). \"I Can Only Imagine\" was released in 2001 as the album's lead single. It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004; to aid in promotion to these markets, a double A-side physical single (combined with \"Word of God Speak\") was released in 2003. It charted on several formats, including the Billboard Adult Contemporary (where it peaked at No. 5) and the Hot 100 (where it peaked at No. 71). In 2002, \"I Can Only Imagine\" earned the Dove Awards for 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'; Millard earned the Dove Award 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony. With 2.5 million copies sold, it is the best-selling Christian single of all time, having been certified 2x platinum by the RIAA. As of 2018, it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone.", "I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song). \"I Can Only Imagine\" was re-recorded for their major-label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001.[13] The album was recorded in various locations: Ivy Park, The Indigo Room, Paradise Sound and IBC Studios.[11] The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats; by November, it peaked at number-one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart.[14][15]" ]

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[ "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (English: What Is This Relationship Called?) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12, 2009 in India and airs every Monday through Friday at 9:30 pm on Star Plus. The show, which focuses on the daily happenings within the household of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family, is produced by Rajan Shahi's Director's Kut Productions. It is the longest running Hindi series on Indian television by episode count, surpassing Balika Vadhu. The show stars Naira, played by Shivangi Joshi; Kartik, played by Mohsin Khan; and Naksh, played by Rishi Dev, as the lead characters. The series initially starred Naira's parents Hina Khan and Karan Mehra and Rohan Mehra as the lead characters.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. The show is one of the most often awarded shows of Indian Television[16] and is India's longest running television series by episode count.[17]Hina Khan participated in the 'Power of 49' campaign in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote.[18]", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai had several crossover episodes with various shows. In 2009, the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai. In 2012, the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum. In 2016, Diya Aur Baati Hum's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav. The show always maintained the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan.[20] The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani [21] but recovered its leading position. The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan.[22]", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. The show focuses on teenage Naira, who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh, nursing hatred for her mother. After finding Naira, the story takes a new twist: a love triangle that forms between Kartik (Naitik's employee), Naira and Gayu (Naitik's niece). Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but don't know that it's love. Meanwhile Gayu loves Kartik, unaware that Kartik doesn't love her back. When Kartik proposes Naira, she initially rejects him, but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him, she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu. When Mishti reveals that Kartik loves only Naira, Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other; Gayatri understands. Kartik doesn't want to talk about his family as he hates them. Meanwhile, on Akshara's birthday, everyone goes for a veneration, but Akshara dies in a car accident. Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site. Kartik's family shows up and supports Kartik. Later, Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit. She proves Kartik's innocence by finding the real culprit. Kartik doesn't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother's death. Seeing Kartik's feelings towards a Singhanias, his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Shoma Munshi said the show has \"simplicity and highly emotional content\" and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family.[19]", "Aamna Sharif. Shariff made her acting debut in the daily Kahiin To Hoga where she played the protagonist.The show was a major success and is one of the most successful shows in Star Plus history, ranking #5 on Star Plus's top 10 shows of all time. Most of the credit for the show's success goes to the sizzling chemistry between Aamna Shariff and her co-star Rajeev Khandelwal.She returned to acting on TV after six years, playing the lead role in SET India's serial \"Hongey Judaa Na Hum\" with co-star Raqesh Vashisth. This show ended on 20 March 2013 due to low TRPs.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Parallel with Akshara and Naitik's stories, the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series. Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik's sisters Nandini and Rashmi. The series has also focused on Naitik's step-siblings. The series also paralleled the story of Akshara-Naitik with that of Varsha-Shaurya. Varsha is Akshara's best friend, and Shaurya is Akshara's older brother. The shows also focus on Naksh, Kartik, Naira, Gayatri \"Gayu\" Deora and Tara. Naksh is Naitik and Akshara's son; Gayu is Nikhil-Rashmi's daughter (Sameer's stepdaughter). Naira, the youngest child and only daughter of Akshara and Naitik, is now the main female lead character of the show. Kartik, Naitik's employee and Naira's love interest, is the new male lead character of the show. Tara was Naksh's fiancée until she leaves him.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is the story of a young couple who live in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur. The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues, as parents of young children, and how they learn to love each other and their respective extended families while becoming mature members of their household.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. 10 years leap", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Indian Telly Awards", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Indian Telly Awards", "Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum. Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum is an Indian Hindi language musical-drama television show that premiered on 26 October 2015 to 24 August 2016 and aired from Monday to Friday at 9:30pm (IST) on &TV.[1] The show is produced by Ekta Kapoor of Balaji Telefilms. The show stars Karan Kundra and Saanvi Talwar as the protagonists.[2]", "Doordarshan. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.[5]", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. 4 years leap", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. 6 months later", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. 7 years leap", "Hina Khan (actress). Hina Khan (born on 2 October 1987)[1] is an Indian television actress.[3] She played the role of Akshara in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai.[4] She is one of the highest-paid actresses in Indian Television Industry.[5][6] Khan was the 1st runner-up in reality shows Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 and Bigg Boss 11 which were telecasted on Colors TV.[7][8]", "Sitcom. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984) and Wagle Ki Duniya (1988) on the state-run Doordarshan channel. Gradually, as private channels were allowed, many more sitcoms followed in the 1990s, such as Dekh Bhai Dekh (1993), Zabaan Sambhalke (1993), Shrimaan Shrimati (1995), Office Office (2001), Khichdi (2002), Sarabhai vs Sarabhai (2005) to F.I.R. (2006–2015), Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah, (2008–present),Uppum Mulakum (2015–Present) , and the present most successful \"Bhabhji Ghar Par Hai\" (2015-present).[40][41]SAB TV is one of the leading channels of India dedicated entirely to Sitcoms.", "DD National. In 1984, DD1 Channel started telecast of sponsored TV serials, which were produced by veteran filmmakers. Hum Log was the first TV serial of Indian television, and started airing on 7 July 1984. After the success of Hum Log, many other TV producers and filmmakers created many popular shows.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Indian Television Academy Awards", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Indian Television Academy Awards", "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain. The show had two integration episodes with Kya Hua Tera Vaada on 4 and 5 December 2012[54] and one with Kehta Hai Dil...Jee Le Zara on 6 December 2013.[55]", "DD National. In this period, DD introduced many popular serials like Air Hostess, Wo Huye Na hamare, Kyunki Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai, Tum Dena Sath Mera, Hari Mirchi lal Mirchi, Soni Mahiwaal, Wheel Smart Shrimati, Krazzy Kiya Re, Chandramukhi, Jo Kahunga Sach Kahunga, Tahreer Munshi Premchand Ki, and Kashmkash Zindagi Ki. These were praised, and with the help of these serials DD National managed itself in the race of TRP.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Garv Indian TV Awards", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Garv Indian TV Awards", "Ye Hai Mohabbatein. The show is produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner of Balaji Telefilms.[3][4] The show was initially called Mera Tera Rishta Purana but was changed to Ye Hai Mohabbatein.[1] Television actress Divyanka Tripathi was selected by Kapoor to play the lead role of Ishita.[2] Cezanne Khan (of Kasautii Zindagii Kay fame) was first approached to play Raman, the male lead opposite Tripathi, but was replaced by Karan Patel.[3] Child artist Ruhanika Dhawan was chosen to play the important character of Ruhi.[2]", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. The two families start making preparations for their wedding. Naira unexpectedly enters the Goenka house during the Tilak ceremony (which is considered to be unlucky before the wedding); Karthik's grandmother demands Naira's name to be changed as a solution. Just before the wedding, Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira, but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her. He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother. Finally, the wedding takes place. Currently the series is about the situations following the wedding. Just one day after the wedding, Kartik finds out about the promise Naira made to Suwarna before the wedding that she would try to convince Kartik to stay in the Goenka house forever. He immediately leaves with Naira to stay in a separate flat; Naira is not happy about it. Naira is injured by robbers, causing them to move back to the Goenka home. Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara's accident was caused by Mansi, Karthik's sister. The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken. The Goenkas come to apologize. Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Karthik, but she understands that it's not his fault. She takes Akshara's accident case back and forgives Mansi. On Karthik's birthday, he comes to know that Aditya tortures Keerthi and, along with Naira, decides to expose him.", "Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega. After a gap of 2.5 years, N.P. Singh, the CEO of Sony Entertainment Television decided to relaunch the show again in May 2014. From 12 May 2014, It aired in the slot of 9-10pm replacing Desh Ki Beti Nandini and Kehta Hai Dil Jee Le Zara. The auditions for this season began on January 26, 2014.Anu Malik and Farah Khan again are the judges and the show is hosted by Krushna Abhishek and Mona Singh.", "Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya. The series is a restructuring of Pehredaar Piya Ki, [4] which received negative social media response for depicting its two central characters, Diya, an 18-year-old princess and Ratan, a 9-year-old prince, as married.[5][6] The Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) asked SET India to move the series to a later 10pm time slot and the network complied. After a drop in viewership resulting from the move,[7] series producers opted to restructure the series for prime time, in part by removing the child marriage theme by advancing Ratan's age to adulthood and recasting the character.[8]", "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series). Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (International Title: Love... Look What You Made Me Do)is an Indian television drama series, which premiered on 23 May 2014 on Zing. The second season of the show was launched in September 2014. The third season was launched on 21 November 2014,[1] fourth on 17 April 2015, fifth on 17 July 2015, And the sixth season was launched on 2 October 2015. Season 1-3 were hosted by Surbhi Jyoti and Meiyang Chang. 4 and 5 were hosted by Parth Samthaan and Smriti Kalra. The title song of the series is sung by Jubin Nautiyal.Season 6 was hosted by Karan Kundra. Season 7 was hosted by Siddharth Gupta and Niti Taylor.Season 8 was hosted by Shaleen Malhotra, aAbhishek Mallik and Arjit Taneja.Season 9 is hosted by Prince Narula.", "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. Star Parivaar Awards" ]

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[ "King Kong. The first King Kong attraction was called King Kong Encounter and was a part of the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood. Based upon the 1976 film King Kong, the tour took the guests in the world of 1976 New York City, where Kong was seen wreaking havoc on the city. It was opened on June 14, 1986 and was destroyed on June 1, 2008 in a major fire. Universal opened a replacement 3D King Kong ride called King Kong: 360 3-D that opened on July 1, 2010, based upon Peter Jackson's 2005 film King Kong.[71][124]", "King Kong. A second more elaborate ride was constructed at Universal Studios Florida on June 7, 1990, called Kongfrontation. The ride featured a stand-alone extended version of King Kong Encounter and pinned guests escaping on the Roosevelt Island Tramway from Kong who was rampaging across New York City. The ride was closed down on September 8, 2002, and was replaced with Revenge of the Mummy on May 21, 2004.", "King Kong Encounter. King Kong Encounter was an attraction formerly part of the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood. The scene, located amongst the New York Street backlot sets in the heart of the studios, was destroyed by a massive fire in 2008, and was replaced by King Kong: 360 3-D, which was opened on 1 July 2010.[1]", "King Kong Encounter. Universal Studios Tour began building its $7-million, computer-controlled, 30-foot animated King Kong in December 1985 to be housed in his own lower-lot studio that duplicated Lower East Side New York.[3] The attraction opened on June 14, 1986 and was completely destroyed by a fire in the early morning of June 1, 2008.[4] As of June 3, 2008 Universal Studios Officials had stated that the experience would not be rebuilt, but would instead be replaced by a new contemporary attraction. This had caused outrage among fans of the giant ape, which prompted Universal's decision to bring Kong back to the tour in the form of an all new 3D film experience. Following the loss of Kong, the Earthquake tour scene is featured more often in Universal Studios Hollywood promotional materials and the Collapsing Bridge tour scene was reopened.", "King Kong (1933 film). On the film's 50th anniversary in 1983, one New York theater held a Fay Wray scream-alike contest in its lobby,[15] and, two days after her death on August 8, 2004, the lights of the Empire State Building were dimmed for 15 minutes in her memory.[21]", "King Kong Encounter. The show began as the tour tram entered the soundstage and stopped in front of an apartment building facade where guests watched a breaking news report about Kong's rampage on television monitors located inside of the building's windows. A news chopper circling overhead was covering the story when Kong suddenly swatted at the chopper, causing it to come crashing down from above and exploding only a few feet away from the tram. As the tram rounded a corner, it drove out onto the Brooklyn Bridge, putting guests at eye-level with the giant animatronic ape. The enraged Kong shook the bridge and ripped the suspension bridge cables apart in an attempt to grab the tram. But guests managed to narrowly escape the clutches of Kong as the tram exited the soundstage just in the nick of time.", "King Kong (1933 film). In August 1932, the island landing party scene and the gas bomb scene were filmed south of Los Angeles on a beach at San Pedro, California. All of the native village scenes were then filmed on the RKO-Pathé lot in Culver City with the native huts recycled from Bird of Paradise (1932). The great wall in the island scenes was a hand-me-down from DeMille's The King of Kings (1927) and dressed up with massive gates, a gong, and primitive carvings. The scene of Ann being led through the gates to the sacrificial altar was filmed at night with hundreds of extras and 350 lights for illumination. A camera was mounted on a crane to follow Ann to the altar. The Culver City Fire Department was on hand due to concerns that the set might go up in flames from the many native torches used in the scene. The wall and gate were destroyed in 1939 for Gone With the Wind's burning of Atlanta sequence. Hundreds of extras were once again used for Kong's rampage through the native village, and filming was completed with individual vignettes of mayhem and native panic.", "King Kong. On May 6, 2015, Universal Orlando announced that a new King Kong attraction titled Skull Island: Reign of Kong will open at Islands of Adventure in the summer of 2016,[125] making it the first King Kong themed ride in Orlando since Kongfrontation closed down 14 years earlier at Universal Studios Florida. It officially opened on July 13, 2016.[126]", "King Kong (1933 film). Shackled in chains of chrome steel, Kong is presented to a Broadway theatre audience as \"Kong, the Eighth Wonder of the World\". Ann and Jack are brought on stage to join him, followed by an invited group of press photographers. Kong, believing that the ensuing flash photography is an attack, breaks loose as the audience flees in horror. Ann is whisked away to a hotel room on a high floor, but Kong, scaling the building, soon finds her. Kong's hand smashes through the hotel room window, knocking Jack unconscious and seizing Ann. Kong rampages through the city. He wrecks a crowded elevated train and then climbs the Empire State Building. At its top, he is attacked by four airplanes. Kong takes on the planes, downing one, but he finally succumbs to their gunfire, and falls to his death. Ann and Jack are reunited. Denham arrives and pushes through a crowd surrounding Kong's corpse in the street. When a policeman remarks that the planes got him, Denham tells him, \"It was Beauty who killed the Beast.\"", "King Kong (1976 film). Kong climbs to the roof of the South Tower of the World Trade Center, where he is attacked by soldiers armed with flamethrowers. Kong manages to evade them with a spectacular leap across to the roof of the North Tower. He rips pieces of equipment from the roof and throws them at the soldiers, killing them when he throws a tank of flammable material. Ignoring Jack's earlier request for safe, live capture, military helicopters are sent in to kill Kong (most likely since Petrox is facing major indictment). After ensuring Dwan's safety, Kong fights the attacking helicopters, downing one of them. Dwan desperately pleads for the military to break off their assault, but the pilots continue attacking. The relentless hail of bullets finally brings down Kong. As Dwan approaches Kong and puts out her hand to touch him, he rolls over the edge of the roof, crashing to the plaza hundreds of feet below. Dwan rushes down to comfort him and tearfully watches him take his last breath. An enormous crowd gathers around Dwan and the giant ape's body. Jack fights his way through the crowd to get to Dwan, but is stopped short by police as she is surrounded by journalists and paparazzi, despite her cries to him.", "Courthouse Square. A three-alarm fire broke out at the Universal back lot in the early morning hours on June 1, 2008. It was reported that Courthouse Square was destroyed, though the Courthouse facade and town facade to the north are still standing.[1] The King Kong attraction and New York Street were destroyed.[2] The set had previously been damaged by fire in 1990.[3]", "King Kong (2005 film). In New York City, Carl presents \"Kong, the Eighth Wonder of the World\" on Broadway, starring Baxter and an imprisoned Kong. Ann is played by an anonymous chorus girl, and Kong becomes enraged after realizing that the girl on stage is not Ann. After breaking free from his chrome-steel chains, he wrecks the theater and chases Jack and attempts to search for Ann as well. Kong knocks Jack out by stopping his car and flipping it, then encounters Ann again. Kong and Ann share a moment on a frozen pond in Central Park until the U.S. Army attacks. Kong climbs with Ann onto the top of the Empire State Building, where he fights off six F8C-5 Helldiver Navy planes, downing three. Kong is mortally wounded by the planes' gunfire, and gazes at Ann for the last time before dying and falling from the building. As Ann is reunited with Jack, civilians, policemen, and soldiers gather around Kong's corpse. Carl makes his way through the crowd, takes one last long look at Kong and says, \"It wasn't the airplanes. It was Beauty killed the Beast.\"", "Amusement park. Fire was a constant threat in those days, as much of the construction within the amusement parks of the era was wooden. In 1911, Dreamland was the first Coney Island amusement park to completely burn down; in 1944, Luna Park also burned to the ground. Most of Ingersoll's Luna Parks were similarly destroyed, usually by arson, before his death in 1927.", "Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom. Rides have come and gone at Dorney Park, such as the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters's Grande Carousel which debuted at Dorney in 1932, but was destroyed in a September 1983 fire. The Bucket O' Blood (once known as Pirates Cove) dark ride burned in the same fire. Luckily, the incident occurred after the park was closed for the season. Another early ride was the Whip, in which riders spun on a small track in a pavilion. The Whip is still in operation today and is the park's oldest ride.", "Kingda Ka. On June 8, 2005, a bolt failed inside a trough that the launch cable travels through. This caused the liner to come loose creating friction on the cable and preventing the train from accelerating to the correct speed. The rubbing of the cable against the inside of the metal trough caused sparks and shards of metal to fly out from the bottom of the train. The ride was closed for almost two months following the incident.[27]", "Flight of Fear. The Kings Dominion location was closed for much of the 2006 season, only reopening on August 18, 2006 after the park was purchased by Cedar Fair. At Kings Island, the ride is located in the X-Base subsection of Coney Mall. For years it was the only ride on the east side of The Racer. With the addition of Firehawk in the 2007, the area took on a theme center on experimental flight and propulsion systems. During the 2007 season, the ride was equipped with on-board video cameras that recorded riders with the option to purchase the video at the ride exit.[9] These cameras were removed at the end of the season.", "Kingda Ka. Kingda Ka was struck by lightning in May 2009 and suffered serious damage.[29] The ride was closed for three months for repairs and reopened on August 21, 2009.[30]", "King Kong. Since the court case, Universal still retains the majority of the character rights. In 1986 they opened a King Kong ride called King Kong Encounter at their Universal Studios Tour theme park in Hollywood (which was destroyed in 2008 by a backlot fire), and followed it up with the Kongfrontation ride at their Orlando park in 1990 (which was closed down in 2002 due to maintenance issues). They also finally made a King Kong film of their own, King Kong (2005). In the summer of 2010, Universal opened a new 3D King Kong ride called King Kong: 360 3-D at their Hollywood park replacing the destroyed King Kong Encounter.[71] On July 13, 2016, Universal opened a new King Kong attraction called Skull Island: Reign of Kong at Islands of Adventure in Orlando.[72] In July 2013, Legendary Pictures reached an agreement with Universal in which it will market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. was set to expire. Later, in July 2014 at the San Diego Comic-Con, Legendary announced (product of its partnership with Universal), a King Kong origin story, initially titled Skull Island, with Universal distributing.[73] On December 12, 2014, the studio announced they had re-titled the film Kong: Skull Island. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that Universal would let Legendary Pictures move Kong: Skull Island to Warner Bros.,[74] so they could do a King Kong and Godzilla crossover film (in the continuity of the Godzilla movie of 2014), since Legendary Pictures still had the rights to do the two Godzilla sequels with Warner Bros.[75][76]", "King Kong (1933 film). The film had its official world premiere on March 23, 1933 at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood. The 'big head bust' was placed in the theater's forecourt and a seventeen-act show preceded the film with The Dance of the Sacred Ape performed by a troupe of African American dancers the highpoint. Kong cast and crew attended and Wray thought her on-screen screams distracting and excessive. The film opened nationwide on April 10, 1933, and worldwide on Easter Day in London, England.[47]", "King Kong (1933 film). In December 1932 – January 1933, the actors were called back to film a number of optical effects shots which were mostly rear-screen projections.[citation needed] Technical problems inherent in the process made filming difficult and time-consuming. Wray spent most of a twenty-two hour period sitting in a fake tree to witness the battle between Kong and a Tyrannosaurus. She was sore for days after. Many of the scenes featuring Wray in the articulated hand were filmed at this time.[citation needed] In December, Cooper re shot the scene of the female New Yorker falling to her death. Stunt doubles were filmed for the water scenes depicting Driscoll and Ann escaping from Kong. A portion of the jungle set was reconstructed to film Denham snagging his sleeve on a branch during the pursuit scene. Originally, Denham ducked behind a bush to escape danger, but this was later considered cowardly and the scene was re shot. The final scene was originally staged on the top of the Empire State Building, but Cooper was dissatisfied and re shot the scene with Kong lying dead in the street with the crowd gathered about him.[citation needed]", "Kings Island. Son of Beast opened in 2000, the second year of the area's two-year expansion. It was the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world and the first of its kind to feature a vertical loop.[38] As a result of a number of structural issues and two accidents, the ride closed permanently in 2009 and was eventually demolished in 2012.[38] Other notable rides include Delirium, which opened in 2003 as the largest Giant Frisbee ride in the world, and Banshee, the world's longest inverted roller coaster which opened in 2014 at the former location of Son of Beast.[39][40]", "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom. On May 21, 2005, Kingda Ka opened to the public and became the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world at that time, overtaking both world records from Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point.[2][3]", "Freedom Riders. On May 14, Mother's Day, in Anniston, a mob of Klansmen, some still in church attire, attacked the first of the two buses (the Greyhound). The driver tried to leave the station, but was blocked until KKK members slashed its tires.[11] The mob forced the crippled bus to stop several miles outside of town and then firebombed it.[12][13] As the bus burned, the mob held the doors shut, intending to burn the riders to death. Sources disagree, but either an exploding fuel tank[12] or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver caused the mob to retreat, and the riders escaped the bus.[14] The mob beat the riders after they got out. Only warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented the riders from being lynched.[12] The roadside site in Anniston and the downtown Greyhound station were preserved as part of the Freedom Riders National Monument in 2017.", "Six Flags AstroWorld. Arrow Huss was prepared to follow up on its suspended-swinging coaster concept after the failure of the prototype, The Bat, at Kings Island theme park. The company did this with XLR-8, considered to be the first successful coaster installation of its kind which was intended to be part of a ride rotation program which Six Flags Corporation had implemented during that time, however the ride was never moved from the time it opened on May 12, 1984, until its track and supporting structure were dismantled and scrapped during AstroWorld's demolition. Evidence of the intent to eventually relocate XLR-8 could be seen in the queue house design, which consisted of a basic wooden platform covered by a canvas canopy. This queue house would remain mostly unchanged during the ride's existence, but the path leading up to it was eventually re-routed to improve traffic in that area of the park.", "Kings Island. Throughout the 1970s, Rivertown saw the addition of several attractions including Kenton's Cove Keelboat Canal in 1973, which was an elevated log flume ride that operated through the 2000 season, and The Beast roller coaster in 1979.[34] Designed internally by Kings Island, The Beast opened as the tallest, fastest, and longest roller coaster in the world, and in addition to retaining its record length,[74] it remains one of the most popular wooden roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today.[75][76][68] Other rides added over the years include a river rafting ride called White Water Canyon, which opened in 1985, and a heavily-themed, indoor flat ride called Tomb Raider: The Ride (later renamed The Crypt), which opened in place of Kenton's Cove Keelboat Canal in 2002.[34] The Crypt closed permanently in 2011.", "King Kong (2005 film). Peter Jackson was nine years old when he first saw the 1933 film, and was in tears in front of the TV when Kong slipped off the Empire State Building. At age 12, he attempted to recreate the film using his parents' Super 8 mm film camera and a model of Kong made of wire and rubber with his mother's fur coat for the hair, but eventually gave up on the project.[12] King Kong eventually became his favorite film and was the primary inspiration for his decision to become a filmmaker as a teenager.[13] He read books about the making of King Kong and collected memorabilia, as well as articles from Famous Monsters of Filmland.[14] Jackson paid tribute to the 1933 film by including Skull Island as the origin of the zombie plague in his 1992 film Braindead.[8]", "Royal Adelaide Show. In 2000, the 'Spin Dragon' collapsed, injuring around 40 people,[2] whilst in 2006, part of the 'Twin Flip' ride collapsed.[3]", "Top Thrill Dragster. On July 14, 2004, four people were struck by flying debris while riding the coaster. Reports indicated that a metal cable frayed during launch, shearing off shards of metal that struck the riders. The injuries were mainly arm abrasions, with one passenger experiencing cuts to the face. They were treated at the park's first aid station, and two later sought further medical attention.[14]", "King Kong (1933 film). In September–October 1932, Schoedsack returned to the sound stage after completing the native village shoots in Culver City. The decks and cabins of the Venture were constructed and all the live-action shipboard scenes were then filmed. The New York scenes were filmed, including the scene of Ann being plucked from the streets by Denham, and the diner scene. Following completion of the interior scenes, Schoedsack returned to San Pedro and spent a day on a tramp steamer to film the scene of Driscoll punching Ann, and various atmospheric harbor scenes. The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles was rented for one day to film the scenes where Kong is displayed in chains and the backstage theater scenes following his escape.[41] Principal photography wrapped at the end of October 1932 with the filming of the climax wherein Driscoll rescues Ann at the top of the Empire State Building. Schoedsack's work was completed and he headed to Syria to film outdoor scenes for Arabia, a project that was never completed.[42]", "Kentucky Kingdom. On June 21, 2007, an accident occurred on the Superman: Tower of Power drop tower which resulted in a 13-year-old girl having her leg amputated after a cable fracture occurred on the ride. The ride was removed in 2008 after the girl's family sued the park over the accident. The park originally was to replace the ride with a new attraction for the 2008 season, but this never occurred. Instead, Mega Wedgie, a new water slide, was added to Splashwater Kingdom in 2008. Due to major debt by owner Six Flags, the entire Northwest section of the park, which included Twisted Twins, Mile High Falls, and the Zeppelin spinning blimp ride, was completely closed for the remainder of Six Flags' operation of the park (which lasted to early 2010).[6][7]", "Revenge of the Mummy. In 2002, Universal Parks & Resorts set about designing a dark ride based on the popular Mummy movie franchise. As part of this process, Universal Studios Florida closed Kongfrontation on September 8, 2002,[7] and Universal Studios Hollywood closed E.T. Adventure on March 14, 2003. On May 21, 2004, Revenge of the Mummy opened at Universal Studios Florida.[3] This was followed by the opening of the ride at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 25, 2004.[4]", "King Kong (1976 film). After learning that the oil cannot be refined, Wilson has instead decided to salvage the expedition by transporting the captive Kong to America as a promotional gimmick for Petrox. When they reach New York City, Kong is put on display, bound in chains with a large cage around his body from the neck down and a large crown on his head. When Kong sees a group of reporters pushing and shoving Dwan for interviews, the ape, believing that Dwan is being harmed, breaks free of his bonds. A stampede ensues as panic engulfs the throng, with people crushed and trampled as Kong strides through the crowd. Wilson, trying to flee, loses his footing and is crushed underfoot by Kong." ]

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[ "Life's Been Good. In the song, Walsh satirically reflects on the antics and excess of the era's rock stars, with nods to Keith Moon and others: \"I live in hotels/Tear out the walls\", and \"My Maserati does one-eighty-five/I lost my licence, now I don't drive\". The Maserati that Walsh himself owned at the time was a 1964 5000 GT model, and while fast, could only manage 170mph with tall gearing.[2]", "Willie Mays. Mays also appears on Calle 13's \"Adentro\" music video, where he gives to lead singer, René Pérez a bag containing a pair of sunglasses, a Roberto Clemente's baseball uniform, and a baseball bat signed by him, who then will be used by René to destroy his own luxury car, a Maserati, in an attempt to widespread a message to youth about how irresponsible promoting of ostentatious luxury excesses in urban music as a status symbol, have them all killing between themselves.[66][67]", "Official state car. Sandro Pertini drove a Maserati Quattroporte III during his tenure.", "Panzerlied. The song is also sung by some motorized and parachute units of the Italian army, most especially by the 185th Paratroopers Division Folgore under the title of \"Sui Monti e Sui Mar\". In France, the lyrics were adapted slightly to become the Marche des Chars used by the 501e régiment de chars de combat,[4] and the tune was borrowed for the French Foreign Legion's song Képi Blanc.[5]", "Tutti Frutti (song). It is the first song on the MC5 album Back in the USA, Atlantic SD 8247 (1970).", "Are You Being Served?. The song was also used in a 2016 Audi advertisement for their Quattro range.", "V8 engine. Maserati have used V8s for many of their models, including the Maserati Bora and the Maserati Khamsin. This engine was initially designed as a racing engine for the Maserati 450S. The company's latest 4.2 L V8, found in the Maserati Quattroporte and Maserati Coupé & Spyder was originally designed by Ferrari, and is related to the 4.3 L V8 in the F430.", "The Family Jewels (Marina and the Diamonds album). In 2008, Diamandis filmed videos for the tracks \"Seventeen\" and \"Obsessions\".[17] The following year, photographer Rankin directed the accompaniment for \"I Am Not a Robot\", which used much body glitter.[18][19] The video for \"Mowgli's Road\" featured Diamandis and two dancers, with puppeteers standing in front of them to give them the impression of having concertina limbs; it was shot over 17 hours.[16]", "You Don't Own Me. At the time the song was originally released, versions were recorded in several other languages, both by Lesley Gore herself, and by other artists. The German version was \"Goodbye Tony\", recorded by Lesley Gore. The Italian version was \"Va... Tu Sei Libero\", recorded by Lesley Gore, Isabella Iannetti, and Dalida. The French version was \"Je Ne Sais Plus\", recorded by Lesley Gore, Dalida, and Jacqueline Boyer. An alternate French version, \"Je Suis Libre\", was performed by the Canadian singer Michèle Richard. It was also recorded in Swedish, as \"Jag Vill Ha Dig\" by Marianne Kock, and in Dutch, as \"Ik Wil Vrij Zijn\", by Liliane Saint-Pierre, as the B-side to her first hit record, \"We Gotta Stop\", as well as having been recorded in Japanese by Mieko Hirota.", "Everything I Own. A cover version of this song was recorded by The Remingtons, a band which comprised former Bread member Jimmy Griffin, on their 1993 album Aim for the Heart.", "L'Trimm. In 2005, DJ Jay-R released \"My Other Car Is a Beatle\", a mashup of L'Trimm's \"Cars with the Boom\", Gary Numan's \"Cars\", and the Beatles' \"Drive My Car\".[4]", "Mah Nà Mah Nà. Giorgio Moroder released a version in 1968, as part of the album Giorgio.[11]", "Alfa Romeo. 164 (1987–1998)", "Jeremy Clarkson. You can't be a true petrolhead until you've owned an Alfa Romeo.", "These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You). The Italian singer Mina covered the song on the album-tribute to Frank Sinatra, L'allieva, in 2005.", "These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You). The film Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom uses the song, arranged by Ennio Morricone.", "YouTube Rewind. The video referenced popular music videos including, Taylor Swift's \"Look What You Made Me Do\", Fifth Harmony's \"Sweetheart In The Old West (AKA Theme To Ten Days In The Valley)\", Dua Lipa's \"New Rules\" and DJ Khaled's \"I'm the One\". Many 2017 hit songs were featured musically, including Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee's \"Despacito\", Ed Sheeran's \"Shape of You\", Kendrick Lamar's \"Humble\", Zedd and Alessia Cara's \"Stay\", and the 1999 song \"All Star\" by Smash Mouth (which rose in popularity as an internet meme in 2017).", "Bruno Tonioli. In November, 2016 he lent his name to an album released by Decca entitled An Italian Romance - a compilation of Italian songs by various artists selected by Tonioli. The cover of the album was shot by John Mac.[7]", "Alfa Romeo. 1982 182\n1983 183\n1984 184\n1985 185", "Be Thankful for What You Got. The song is referenced in the Rihanna song \"Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)\", with the phrase: \"I'm a fine-tuned super-sonic speed machine, with a sunroof top and a gangsta lean.\"", "Abbie Eaton. In 2016, Eaton moved to the British GT Championship in a Maserati Granturismo MC GT4, the first time that Maserati had been in the British GT for over 20 years. She shared driving duties with Marcus Hoggarth,[11][12] and their team placed second in the Pro/Am Championship and fourth overall.", "Aunt Jemima. Frank Zappa includes a song titled \"Electric Aunt Jemima\" on his 1969 album Uncle Meat. Electric Aunt Jemima was the nickname for Zappa's Standel guitar amplifier. Zappa's composition \"Magdalena\" on his 1971 album Just Another Band From L.A. tells the story of a Canadian maple syrup-maker (\"...for the pancakes of our land.\") who lusts after his teenage daughter. His 1974 album Apostrophe (') continues the pancake and syrup theme on the tracks \"St. Alphonzo's Pancake Breakfast\" and \"Father O'Blivion.\"", "Alfa Romeo. 166 (1999–2007)", "Hall & Oates. The lead-off song \"Dance on Your Knees\" (written by Hall and Baker) is basically an homage to Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's song \"White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)\".[citation needed] Released in late 1984, the first single from the LP, \"Out of Touch\", became the group's sixth number 1 hit on December 8, 1984. \"Method of Modern Love\", which debuted on the pop charts while \"Out of Touch\" was at number 1, reached number 5 in February 1985. \"Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid\" reached number 18, and \"Possession Obsession\" (a song in which John Oates sings lead) reached number 30 in 1985 as well. The group's \"Live Thru '85\" tour to promote the album began in November 1984, sponsored by Pontiac's latest sports car, the Fiero. In addition, Pontiac allowed Oates, a skilled amateur racer, to drive in Pontiac's factory IMSA GTU race car in Camel GT pro races. In April 1984, the Recording Industry Association of America named Hall & Oates the most successful duo in rock history.[8]", "Joe Gibbs Racing. In January 2007, former Brewco Motorsports development driver and ARCA standout Brad Coleman signed to drive the No. 18 car for 17 of the 35 races, with Carino's Italian Grill sponsoring his efforts.[91] Kevin Conway was signed for eight races beginning at Bristol in March with Z-Line Designs sponsoring,[92] while Tony Stewart and development driver Aric Almirola filled out the schedule with Goody's Headache Powder and ConAgra Foods sponsorships. Almirola put the car on the pole at the season opener at Daytona, and had a best finish of 4th at Charlotte. Coleman earned his first career Busch Series pole at Talladega, and had three Top 5s and five Top 10s. Without sponsorship for a full-time ride with JGR, Coleman returned to the renamed Baker Curb Racing following the season and signed a development contract with Hall of Fame Racing.[93]", "Sparks (band). Peter Hook of New Order cited Giorgio Moroder's production on \"The Number One Song in Heaven\" as a major influence when his band changed of musical style to produce electro/dance rock songs like \"Temptation\" in 1982. New Order also delivered an extended live version of \"When I'm With You\" that same year in Milano.[54] When they started playing music, singer Dave Gahan.[55] and composer Martin Gore,[56] of Depeche Mode cited them as one of their favorite bands. Gore also later covered \"Never Turn Your Back on Mother Earth\" on his Counterfeit e.p. in 1989. Other early electronic acts like the Human League,[57] and Erasure,[58] also mentioned the group. Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran stated about \"This Town ain't...\": \"There was something about them that was very different. I was immediately fascinated with that song.\"[59]", "Volare (song). Italian vocal group recorded the song for the album L'amore si muove in 2015.[117] A cover of \"Nel blu dipinto di blu\", performed by Malika Ayane, was used for an Alitalia TV commercial in 2016, and later released as a single.[118]", "New York State of Mind. Since Joel first recorded and released the song in 1976, it has become a pop standard that has been covered by numerous artists, including Barbra Streisand, Lea Michele and Melissa Benoist, Joanna Wang, Elton John, Ramin Karimloo, Shirley Bassey, Oleta Adams, Carmen McRae, Mark-Almond, Diane Schuur, Ben Sidran, Mel Tormé, Frank Sinatra Jr., Adam Pascal, and Tony Bennett.", "Volare (song). British Popera vocal group G4 opened 2006's album Act Three with a cover of the song[107] and during the same year, Claudio Baglioni included it in his double studio set Quelli degli altri tutti qui, together with other popular Italian songs.[108] In 2008, a new version was recorded by Gianni Morandi for the album Ancora… grazie a tutti.[109] Italian jazz singer Simona Molinari included a live version of the song in her debut album, Egocentrica, released in 2009.[110] A piano version of the song is also included in 2010's Golden Memories 2 by Iranian composer Fariborz Lachini.[111] Deana Martin recorded \"Volare\" in 2009. The song was released on her album, Volare, in 2009 by Big Fish Records. In February 2010, a cover of the song performed by Italian singer Simona Galeandro won the international competition of the 2010 Viña del Mar International Song Festival.[112]", "I Can't Drive 55. The song has been a signature track for Hagar during and after his tenure with Van Halen, and is commonly used on TV programs and commercials related to automotive racing. Most recently, the song was featured in a NAPA Auto Parts commercial, where NASCAR drivers Michael Waltrip and teammate Dale Jarrett are asking Hagar to keep the noise down during a recording session; in response, Hagar asked Waltrip if he could drive faster. Waltrip's car number at the time of the 2007 commercial was No. 55 and he had failed to qualify for some races.", "Alfa Romeo. 75 (1985–1992)", "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me. The song gave title for albums by Mel Carter (1965), Johnny Mathis (1977), and Gloria Estefan (1994), and was later referenced by U2's 1995 song \"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me\"." ]

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[ "Burette. Burettes can perform titrations precisely for delivering a volumetric measurement of a fluid.[5] The burette tube carries graduated marks from which the dispensed volume of the liquid can be determined.[6] Compared to pipette, greater precision can be attained by using a burette.[7]", "Burette. The amount of solution added in or drained out needed to be read correctly by observing at eye level straight to the bottom of \"Meniscus\" for most solutions. Before reading the data, the bubbles must all been removed from the Burette otherwise the data will be inaccurately measured.[10] Also, reading the data at the eye level means looking straight at the bottom of the meniscus. The initial and final volumes collected will be calculated for the difference in volume which equal to the total volume of solution drained out of the Burette. The difference in volume can be calculated by taking the difference of final volume and initial volume[11] Using the Burette with a colorless solution is sometimes difficult to observe the bottom of the meniscus so Black Strip Technique[12] can help to accurately observe and measure the number on the scale. Moreover, the number should be reported in two decimal places, which can be done more easily by using the Black strip Technique. The black strip can be written with pen on the normal white paper or it can be printed it out. However, it is necessary to use white color paper as the background, in order to make the scale readable.[12]", "Burette. The burette is used to measure a volume of a substance in a specific amount, but different from measuring cylinder as its graduations measure from top to bottom. Therefore, the difference between the starting and the final volume is equal to the amount dispensed.[8] The precision and control of the burette over other means of adding solution is beneficial for using in titration in order to add titrant to the titrated solution.[9]", "Burette. A burette is a volumetric measuring glassware which is used in analytical chemistry for accurate dispensing of variable, and for measuring the volume of a liquid, especially of one of the reagents in a titration.[3] In a titration of an acid and base solution, the burette can be filled with acid. By turning the tap in a perpendicular direction, the tap can be opened, which then allows the acid in the tube to be able to be added in a stream or drop by drop into a flask. The experiment is taken out by gradually filling a liquid samples. Titrant or titrated solution is a good example. Burette support the process by its long narrow tubed with a stopcock at the taper end. The addition will halt when there the correspondence point is set up.[4]", "Burette. A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid. Piston burettes are similar to syringes, but with a precision bore and a plunger. Piston burettes may be manually operated or may be motorized.[1] A weight burette delivers measured weights of liquid.[2]", "Burette. A burette (also buret) is a laboratory equipment used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable amount of a chemical solution and measuring that amount at the same time. It is a long, graduated glass tube, with a stopcock at its lower end and a tapered capillary tube at the stopcock's outlet. The flow of liquid from the tube to the burette tip is controlled by the stopcock valve. There are two main types of burette; the volumetric burette and the Piston burette or Digital burette.", "Burette. Digital burettes are based on a syringe design. The barrel and plunger may be made of glass. With liquids that corrode glass, including solutions of alkali, the barrel and plunger may be made of polyethylene or another resistant plastic material. The barrel is held in a fixed position and the plunger is moved incrementally either by turning a ratcheted wheel by hand, or by means of a step motor. The volume is shown on a digital display. A high-precision syringe may be used to deliver very precise aliquots. Motorized Digital Burettes may be controlled by a computer; for example, a titration may be recorded digitally and then subject to numerical processing to find the titer at an end-point.", "Acid–base titration. The known solution should then be allowed out of the burette, into the conical flask. At this stage we want a rough estimate of the amount of this solution it took to neutralize the unknown solution. The solution should be let out of the burette until the indicator changes colour and the value on the burette should be recorded. This is the first (or rough) titration volume and should be excluded from any calculation.", "Acid–base titration. At least three more titrations should be performed, this time more accurately, taking into account roughly where the end point will occur. The initial and final readings on the burette (prior to starting the titration and at the end point, respectively) should be recorded. Subtracting the initial volume from the final volume will yield the amount of titrant used to reach the end point. The end point is reached when the indicator just changes colour permanently.", "Pipette. Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 10, 25, and 50 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for titration.", "Burette. Specification or product specification is used as an identification of volumetric burette[13] for example nominal volume, volume unit, error limit, accuracy class of the burette and manufacture's related details. Specification is directly association with the usage of each laboratory equipment including burette. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to understand each of specification in details in order to perform the accurate experiment. Nominal volume, error and units are the basic knowledge in order to distinguish the amount of solution delivered from the burette in unit of ml or cm3. Another specification for burette is called calibration marked as TD or Ex stand for \"Calibration to Deliver\". It indicates that this burette is better used to delivery purpose which the amount will be correspond to the volume as specified[14] The accuracy classes of equipment also shown in the specification of burette as well and it includes class A and class B. Class A is more preferred than Class B when volumetric accuracy is important for the accuracy of the experiment with accuracy up to 0.1 percent compared to 0.2 percent in Class B burette.[15]", "Acid–base titration. First, the burette should be rinsed with the standard solution, the pipette with the unknown solution, and the conical flask with distilled water.", "Burette. Volumetric burette can be glass or plastic stright tube with a graduation scale. At the tip of burette, there are a stopcock and valve to control the flow of the chemical solution. The barrel of the stopcock can be made of glass or the plastic PTFE. Stopcocks with glass barrels need to be lubricated with vaseline or a specialized grease. Burettes are manufactured for specific tolerances, designated as class A or B and this also is etched on the glass.", "Volume. Small amounts of liquid are often measured in millilitres, where", "Burette. plastic stopcock used in glass volumetric burette", "Titration. Volumetric analysis originated in late 18th-century France. François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (fr) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791.[8][9][10] Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and coined the terms \"pipette\" and \"burette\" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions.[11] The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist Étienne Ossian Henry (1798–1873).[12][13] A major breakthrough in the methodology and popularization of volumetric analysis was due to Karl Friedrich Mohr, who redesigned the burette into a simple and convenient form, and who wrote the first textbook on the topic, Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode (Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods), published in 1855.[14][15]", "Graduated pipette. A graduated pipette is a pipette with its volume, in increments, marked along the tube. It is used to accurately measure and transfer a volume of liquid from one container to another.[1] It is made from plastic or glass tubes and has a tapered tip. Along the body of the tube are graduation markings indicating volume from the tip to that point. A small pipette allows for more precise measurement of fluids; a larger pipette can be used to measure volumes when the accuracy of the measurement is less critical. Accordingly, pipettes vary in volume, with most measuring between 0 and 25.0 millilitres (0.00 and 0.88 imp fl oz; 0.00 and 0.85 US fl oz).[2]", "Graduated cylinder. To read the volume accurately, the observation must be at an eye level and read at the bottom of a meniscus of the liquid level.[7] For example, in the picture on the bottom of the page, a 100mL graduated cylinder was used to measure the liquid. The cylinder contains 60mL liquid volume. The main reason as to why the reading of the volume is done via meniscus is due to the nature of the liquid in a closed surrounded space. By nature, liquid in the cylinder would be attracted to the wall around it through molecular forces. This forces the liquid surface to develop either a convex or concave shape, depending on the type of the liquid in the cylinder. Reading the liquid at the bottom part of a concave or the top part of the convex liquid is equivalent to reading the liquid at its meniscus.[8] From the picture, the level of the liquid will be read at the bottom of the meniscus, which is the concave. The most accurate of the reading that could be done here is reduced down to 1 mL due to the given means of measurement on the cylinder. From this, the derived error would be one tenth of the least figure. For instance, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36.5 mL. The error, give or take 0.1 mL, must be included too. Therefore, the more precise value equates to 36.5 \n\n\n\n±\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\pm }\n\n 0.1; 36.4 or 36.6 mL. Therefore, there are 3 significant figures can be read from the given graduated cylinder picture.[9] Another example, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40.0 mL. The precise value would be 40.0 \n\n\n\n±\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\pm }\n\n 0.1; 40.1 or 39.9 mL.[10]", "Pipette. Graduated pipettes are a type of macropipette consisting of a long tube with a series of graduations, as on a graduated cylinder or burette, to indicate different calibrated volumes. They also require a source of vacuum; in the early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth was used. The safety regulations included the statement: \"Never pipette by mouth KCN, NH3, strong acids, bases and mercury salts\". Some pipettes were manufactured with two bubbles between the mouth piece and the solution level line, to protect the chemist from accidental swallowing of the solution.", "Beaker (glassware). Beakers are often graduated, that is, marked on the side with lines indicating the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a graduated cylinder or a volumetric flask would be a more appropriate instrument for such a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%.[5]", "Blood volume. Blood Volume may also be measured semi-automatically. The Daxor BVA-100 consists of an automated well counter interfaced with a computer.[4] It is able to report Total Blood Volume (TBV), Plasma Volume (PV) and Red Cell Volume (RCV) using the indicator dilution principle, microhematocrit centrifugation and the Ideal Height and Weight Method.[3] The indicator or tracer, is an I-131 albumin injection. An equal amount of the tracer is injected into a known and unknown volume. Clinically, the unknown volume is the patient’s blood volume, with the tracer having been injected into the patient’s blood stream and tagged to the blood plasma. Once the tracer is injected a technician takes five blood samples which undergo microhematocrit centrifugation to extrapolate true blood volume at time 0. The concentration of the I-131 in the blood is determined from the blood radioactivity against the standard, which has a known I-131 dilution in a known volume. The unknown volume is inversely proportional to the concentration of the indicator in the known volume; the larger the unknown volume, the lower the tracer concentration, thus the unknown volume can be calculated. The microhematocrit data along with the I-131 indicator data provide a normalized hematocrit number, more accurate than hematocrit or peripheral hematocrit measurements.[5] Measurements are taken 5 times in 6 minute intervals so that the BVA-100 can calculate the albumin transudation time to understand the flux of liquid through capillary membranes.", "Graduated pipette. The solution will form a meniscus, whose position is read according to the scale printed on the pipette. For high viscosity liquids, the volume is measured by looking at the upper meniscus. For low viscosity liquids, the volume is measured by looking at the lower meniscus.[12]", "Liquid. Quantities of liquids are measured in units of volume. These include the SI unit cubic metre (m3) and its divisions, in particular the cubic decimeter, more commonly called the litre (1 dm3 = 1 L = 0.001 m3), and the cubic centimetre, also called millilitre (1 cm3 = 1 mL = 0.001 L = 10−6 m3).", "Volume. In the same way, large amounts can be measured in megalitres, where", "Mixed liquor suspended solids. MLSS (g/L) = [(A - B)]รท[Volume of sample in Liters]", "Graduated pipette. Historically, the accuracy of a graduated pipette was not as good as that of a volumetric pipette (accuracy of 3 significant figures); however, with improved manufacturing methods, the accuracy listed by the manufacturer can equal that of a volumetric pipettes. Graduated pipettes are considered to be more precise than the Pasteur pipette. They have tolerances that range from ±0.6% to ±0.4% of the nominal volume when measured at 20 °C (68 °F).", "Baumé scale. The Baumé scale is a pair of hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768 to measure density of various liquids. The unit of the Baumé scale has been notated variously as degrees Baumé, B°, Bé° and simply Baumé (the accent is not always present). One scale measures the density of liquids heavier than water and the other, liquids lighter than water. The Baumé of distilled water is 0. The API gravity scale is based on errors in early implementations of the Baumé scale.", "Graduated cylinder. Graduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers, but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis;[3] volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette, should be used, as it is even more accurate and precise. Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid.", "Drill bit sizes. Below is a chart providing the decimal-fraction equivalents that are most relevant to fractional-inch drill bit sizes (that is, 0 to 1 by 64ths). (Decimal places for .25, .5, and .75 are shown to thousandths [.250, .500, .750], which is how machinists usually think about them [\"two-fifty\", \"five hundred\", \"seven-fifty\"]. Machinists generally truncate the decimals after thousandths; for example, a 27/64\" drill bit may be referred to in shop-floor speech as a \"four-twenty-one drill\".)", "Pipette. Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and burettes. They are calibrated to ISO volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and PTFE seal which slides within the pipette in a positive displacement operation. Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and mixtures) in volumes between 0.5 mL and 25 mL. This arrangement provides improvements in precision, handling safety, reliability, economy, and versatility. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe.", "Significant figures. As an illustration, the decimal quantity 12.345 can be expressed with various numbers of significant digits or decimal places. If insufficient precision is available then the number is rounded in some manner to fit the available precision. The following table shows the results for various total precisions and decimal places.", "Bushel. The Winchester bushel was the volume of a cylinder 18.5 in (46.99 cm) in diameter and 8 in (20.32 cm) high, which gives an irrational number of cubic inches. The modern American or US bushel is a variant of this, rounded to exactly 2150.42 cubic inches, less than one part per ten million less. It is also somewhat in use in Canada." ]

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[ "Sam Champion. In August 2006, Good Morning America announced Champion would join that show and ABC News, effective September 5, 2006.[3] Champion announced his departure from ABC on December 2, 2013, to become an on-air presence at and managing editor of The Weather Channel. His last day on Good Morning America was December 4, 2013[6] He was immediately replaced by Ginger Zee.", "Good Morning America. In 2013, GMA won its first May sweeps ratings period in 18 years.[23] On December 4, 2013, weather anchor Sam Champion departed Good Morning America and ABC News after seven years on the program to join The Weather Channel, where he became primary anchor of the competing morning program America's Morning Headquarters (which debuted in March 2014). He was succeeded the following day by Ginger Zee, who had been serving as meteorologist for the weekend editions of GMA and was also appointed to Champion's former position as weather editor for ABC News.[24][25][26]", "Sam Champion. Samuel James \"Sam\" Champion (born August 13, 1961) is an American weather anchor who is best known for his combined 25-year career on the ABC flagship station WABC-TV and Good Morning America.[1] He formerly co-anchored AMHQ: America's Morning Headquarters and 23.5 Degrees With Sam Champion on The Weather Channel .", "Sam Champion. Immediately following his departure from GMA, it was announced that Champion would join The Weather Channel to host his own morning show, titled America's Morning Headquarters. It debuted on March 17, 2014. In September 2015, it was revealed that Champion would leave AMHQ to serve as a contributor to its primetime programs.[7]", "Sam Champion. Following his December 4, 2013, final day with ABC, he became the managing editor of The Weather Channel on January 1, 2014. Champion also appeared on the Today show on NBC.", "Sam Champion. In December 2016, Champion and The Weather Channel decided not to renew their contract. As a result, Champion left the company. The final episode of 23.5° aired on December 27, 2016.", "Sam Champion. Champion worked at WPSD-TV in Paducah, Kentucky, and WJKS (later WCWJ) in Jacksonville, Florida. He became a weather forecaster for WABC-TV's Eyewitness News in New York City in 1988. He went on Good Morning America at a salary in 2004 of $1.5 million per year.[4] On April 7, 2008 he debuted as host of Sea Rescue, an educational and informational program in Litton's Weekend Adventure that focuses on the rescue, rehabilitation, and in many instances release of animals back into wildlife.[5]", "Ginger Zee. On December 2, 2013, ABC News announced that Zee would become Chief Meteorologist for Good Morning America and weather editor for ABC News, succeeding Sam Champion, who took a job with The Weather Channel.[14]", "Good Morning America. There had been speculation that Sawyer would leave Good Morning America when her contract expired in 2007 to assume the anchor position at ABC World News that was given to Gibson. In August 2006, Chris Cuomo was named news anchor while continuing his anchoring duties on the newsmagazine Primetime and serving as ABC News's senior legal correspondent. Meanwhile, Sam Champion, longtime evening meteorologist at WABC-TV, was named as the new weather anchor for the program and as weather editor for ABC News. Both Cuomo and Champion began their respective duties on the program on September 5, 2006, when Good Morning America instituted a new graphics package and new news area for Cuomo to report headlines. The following week, on September 13, 2006, the program introduced a new logo—this time with gold Avant Garde font on a blue background, which bears a resemblance to the original Good Morning America logo that was used up to early 1987.", "Good Morning America. On December 2, 2005, weather anchor Tony Perkins left the program after six years. The last ten minutes of that day's edition were dedicated to Perkins, during which he gave thanks to one of the show's producers and a heartfelt goodbye to anchors Gibson, Roberts and Sawyer. Perkins left the program to return to his family in Washington, D.C. and join Fox owned-and-operated station WTTG, where he previously served as a weather anchor. He affectionately said to his young son on-air, \"Connor, if you're watching, daddy's comin' home.\" Perkins was replaced by Mike Barz, former weekday morning sports anchor at WGN-TV in Chicago.", "Good Morning America. On June 29, 2007, the program's longtime film critic Joel Siegel died of complications from colon cancer at age 63. The July 9 edition of GMA was dedicated to Siegel, with former hosts Hartman, Hill, Lunden, Newman, Christian, Perkins and Gibson all appearing to share their memories. One month later, on July 31, 2007, Robin Roberts announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer after discovering a lump in her breast during a self-examination while preparing the Siegel tribute episode. Roberts remained as anchor while undergoing chemotherapy and completed radiation treatments on March 28, 2008.", "Wake Up with Al. On September 1, 2015, it was announced that Wake Up with Al would be cancelled. Its final episode aired on October 2, 2015. Network officials cited high production costs as a factor, owing to being the only program on The Weather Channel that was produced outside of Atlanta, as well as plans to focus back towards live weather coverage as its core programming. AMHQ would be extended to fill its former timeslot, while co-host Stephanie Abrams would move to Atlanta to continue her role on the program, displacing Sam Champion who now holds managing editor responsibilities at The Weather Channel, while Al Roker will continue to be involved with The Weather Channel as a contributor during breaking news events.[2][3]", "Rudderless. Later, a memorial wake is being held at Josh's home by his mother, Emily (Felicity Huffman), and due to the media coverage received, Sam has a difficult time being able to grieve in his own way with press being cordoned at the end of the street by police, and a news helicopter hovering above the family home. Sam is consoled by family and attendees while sitting alone to one side as his wife is greeting others. Sam walks into Josh's bedroom to look around, attempting to find some kind of understanding over the loss, and is interrupted by Kate Lucas (Selena Gomez), who tells Sam that she and Josh had been dating the year prior. Sam then makes his way to his own home and finds the media coverage is interfering with his daily life, and he eventually succumbs to alcoholism, as far as showing up intoxicated at his firm; acting erratically and kissing his receptionist in a drunken state, for which his employer is advising him to take time off to better cope with the situation.", "Good Morning America. Gibson left Good Morning America for the second time on June 28, 2006. That day's edition was dedicated to his 19 years as anchor of the program and celebrated his new role as anchor of ABC World News. Gibson ended his tenure at GMA by stating, \"For nineteen years, my mornings have been not just good—they've been great.\"[8]", "Good Morning America. ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode. After very positive reviews for the pilot[citation needed], the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America. The first host of the new program was David Hartman, featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host. Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill.[5] For the first seven years, weather forecasts were presented by John Coleman, former chief meteorologist for ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago, who would leave GMA in 1982 to start The Weather Channel with Landmark Communications CEO Frank Batten. Dave Murray (now chief meteorologist at KTVI in St. Louis) provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABC's early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986. In August 1986, he was replaced by Spencer Christian, who worked at WABC-TV in New York City and served as fill-in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment.[citation needed]", "Good Morning America. In August 2010, Bill Weir left the weekend edition to become co-anchor of Nightline; Marysol Castro left the show the following month. While Dan Harris officially took over as Weir's replacement that October, meteorologists from various ABC affiliates across the country filled in to provide the national weather segments for over a year after Castro's departure; eventually in November 2011, Ginger Zee, who previously served as a meteorologist at NBC O&O WMAQ-TV in Chicago, was appointed as weather anchor for the weekend editions.[36] After Zee was promoted to weather anchor of the weekday edition of Good Morning America in December 2013, the program returned to having ABC affiliate meteorologists to substitute on the Saturday and Sunday editions, until ABC announced the appointment of Rob Marciano (a former CNN meteorologist who had recently departed as co-host of Entertainment Tonight) as full-time weekend weather anchor in July 2014, effective that September.[37]", "Samantha Taggart. At the end of \"The Chicago Way,\" it is implied that either Samantha or Dr. Greg Pratt entered a booby-trapped ambulance. The subsequent explosion resulted in a season-ending cliffhanger. The Season 15 opener, \"Life after Death\", revealed that Dr. Greg Pratt was in the ambulance and later died from injuries sustained in the blast.", "Sam Seaborn. Although Sam is mentioned occasionally following his departure — most notably calling Josh to tell him to \"roll with the punches\" after the latter unwittingly caused the defection of a Democratic Senator — he is not seen in the series until the last episodes of the seventh and final season, following the election of Congressman Matt Santos as President. Resolving the debate over the result of the California 47th's special election, it is implied that Sam was defeated by Congressman Webb and declined the promotion to Senior Counselor to the President that had been suggested by Toby. After summarily quitting politics, Sam remained in his home state of California and joined an unnamed law firm in Los Angeles which pays him a salary that would \"make [Josh] puke\".", "Sam Champion. He had occasionally appeared on Live! with Kelly and Michael, the daily talk show produced by WABC-TV, and CNN's Larry King Live. He often begins his 30-second weathercasts by saying, \"Let's get to the boards.\" His catchphrase when breaking for weather reports from local ABC stations is, \"That's the weather around the nation. Here's what you can expect this morning.\"", "Rob Marciano. Robert Mark \"Rob\" Marciano (born June 25, 1968)[1] is an American journalist and meteorologist who is currently employed by ABC News. Marciano is ABC's, and currently provides forecasts for the weekend editions of Good Morning America, a position Ginger Zee vacated when she was chosen to succeed Sam Champion on the daily editions of GMA.[1]", "Sam McCall. After Sam escapes during the Metro Court Hotel hostage crisis and warns the police, television producer Amelia Joffe (Annie Wersching) hires her as the host of the new talk show, Everyday Heroes. However, Amelia is actually looking for revenge on Sam for killing her father, Bill Monroe. Sam does her best to keep her past from coming out and she begins lying to Jason. Meanwhile, Sam learns that Elizabeth Spencer's (Rebecca Herbst) son, Jake, is actually Jason's son. Sam witnesses Jake get kidnapped, but doesn't say anything. After Jake is rescued, Jason finds out about Sam and Jake, and they break up; she also hires actors to scare Elizabeth and Jake in the park. Sam fakes a rescue, but Jason finds out Sam hired the gunmen; he threatens to kill Sam for her out of control actions.", "Sam Beckett. When Sam corrected the timeline, he leaped forward, but not all the way home; this time, he found himself assuming the identity of a minor-league professional baseball player named Tim Fox. For the rest of his life (an epilogue in the series finale tells us Sam never gets home, but in our terms, it was the next four years/five seasons, the duration of the show) Sam would continue to travel back and forth through time; swapping identities with various people and as a tagline for the show reiterated, \"setting right what once went wrong.\"", "Good Morning America. Ginger Zee\nchief meteorologist; 2013–", "Good Morning America. On September 5, 1997, Lunden decided to step down as host of Good Morning America after 17 years and was replaced by ABC News correspondent Lisa McRee. The pairing of Gibson and McRee fared well in the ratings. However, ratings sharply declined when Gibson also left the show to make way for Kevin Newman on May 1, 1998. With McRee and Newman as anchors, longtime viewers of Good Morning America switched to Today, whose ratings skyrocketed.", "Good Morning America. On March 17, 2011, ABC News President Ben Sherwood announced that former GMA national correspondent Lara Spencer would be rejoining the program in a newly created lifestyle anchor position.[13] On March 29, 2011, ESPN anchor Josh Elliott was named news anchor of the program following the departure of Juju Chang.[14]", "Rob Marciano. On July 19, 2014, ABC News announced that Marciano would become their senior meteorologist. He has since joined Good Morning America Weekend and reports on the latest weather headlines throughout the week as well as partners with Ginger Zee and the Extreme Weather Team for weather coverage across all ABC News broadcasts and platforms.[5] His final co-hosting of Entertainment Tonight came on Wednesday, August 27, 2014. He debuted on GMA on Saturday, September 6, 2014.[5]", "The Weather Channel. On September 9, 2015, the channel announced a phased overhaul of its programming schedule during 2016, in which the channel would gradually shift its focus back towards a forecast-based lineup; the channel cancelled Wake Up with Al (citing high production costs as it was produced in New York city rather than Atlanta) and announced that AMHQ would be reformatted as a weather-focused program (eliminating lifestyle segments), with Stephanie Abrams taking over as host while original host Sam Champion would become a contributor for its prime time schedule starting November 2. The network also announced it would no longer greenlight original long-form programming, and expand live forecast programming on its schedule throughout 2016 once all remaining long-form programs already in development conclude their runs. In a memo sent out to network staff by Weather Company CEO David Kenny, it cited the refocusing towards weather-based programs was done on the basis that \"our most passionate fans come to us for the weather and the science behind the weather, not our original shows.\" Around 50 TWC employees – including production, engineering and financial staff – were laid off, and the television channel's budget was reduced to focus investments on the company's Internet and mobile properties.[15][16][17][18]", "Good Morning America. On May 23, 2005, ABC News announced that Robin Roberts would be promoted from newsreader to co-anchor of Good Morning America, joining Gibson and Sawyer. Roberts had previously served as a regular substitute for Gibson and Sawyer when either of them were on vacation or on assignment. On November 3, 2005, Good Morning America celebrated its 30th anniversary with retrospectives on and clips from the show's history and by decorating Times Square. Former co-hosts Hartman and Lunden, along with former meteorologist Spencer Christian, were among the guests of honor. Hartman signed off the show that day with his trademark close: \"From all of us, make it a good day.\" That same day, Good Morning America became the first network morning news program to begin broadcasting in high definition.[citation needed]", "Good Morning America. At the outset, Good Morning America was a talk program with a main host, Hartman, who was joined by a sidekick co-host; Dussault and Hill were scripted as less-than-equal hosts. In 1980, an exasperated Hill left Good Morning America after run-ins with Hartman, who was said to have \"had a problem with strong women.\" [6] She was replaced by Joan Lunden, then a reporter at ABC's New York City flagship station WABC-TV. Hartman and Lunden led the show through several years of success. Lunden's popularity led to her promotion to co-anchor in 1986, and to more equal footing with Hartman than any woman before her.[6] The partnership ended on February 20, 1987, when Hartman retired after 3,189 broadcasts.", "The Weather Channel. From November 2008 to February 2009, The Weather Channel laid off seven long-time on-camera meteorologists: Kristina Abernathy, Eboni Deon, Kristin Dodd, Rich Johnson, Cheryl Lemke, Mark Mancuso and Dave Schwartz (Schwartz would return to TWC in April 2014,[9][10] but died of cancer on July 30, 2016). With the exception of Deon, all had been on the air for more than ten years, and three of them had been employed by the network for more than twenty years. In July 2010, The Weather Channel terminated Bill Keneely, the last of the original on-camera meteorologists who appeared on the network's first broadcasts in 1982. In December of that year, the network also laid off on-camera meteorologist Nicole Mitchell, who later would file a lawsuit against The Weather Channel in 2012, alleging that she had been terminated because the channel's new owners disapproved of the time required by her simultaneous duties as a Captain in the U.S. Air Force Reserve as one of the \"Hurricane Hunters\" team;[11] such reserve duties are protected by U.S. law (Mitchell later served as the chief meteorologist at Al Jazeera America, which for a time also employed Eboni Deon).", "Ginger Zee. After graduating from college, Zee worked for various media outlets such as WEYI-TV in Flint, Michigan, WYIN-TV in Merrillville, Indiana, WLAV-FM and WOOD-TV both in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and WMAQ in Chicago, Illinois, an NBC owned and operated station.[10] While working at WMAQ from 2006-2011, Zee was once asked to fill in as a guest meteorologist on the weekend edition of The Today Show, and this fulfilled her high school goal.[1][11] In addition, Zee is an AMS Certified Broadcast Meteorologist.[12]", "Bill Bixby. In early 1993, after rumors began circulating about his health, Bixby went public with his illness, and made several appearances on shows such as Entertainment Tonight, The Today Show, and Good Morning America, among others." ]

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[ "I Fought the Law. Dave Courtney recorded a version for the Scottish pop-punks Mute. Mute's frontman Jay Burnett wrote new lyrics based on Courtney's court case. Like the Dead Kennedys' version, the chorus is changed to \"I fought the law and I won\".", "I Fought the Law. The punk band Dead Kennedys put together their own version of \"I Fought The Law\" shortly after San Francisco politician Dan White murdered city Supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone in 1978. Most of the lyrics were re-written so the song was from White's point of view; the chorus was changed to \"I fought the law, and I won\", with the final line in the final chorus changed to \"I am the law, so I won.\" The song portrays White as someone who got away with first-degree premeditated murder and is unrepentant about it and specifically cites his use of the diminished responsibility defense. It also makes use of the reference \"Twinkie defense\", where lead singer Jello Biafra sings \"Twinkies are the best friend I ever had\".[18]", "I Fought the Law. \"I Fought the Law\" is a song written by Sonny Curtis of the Crickets and popularized by a cover by the Bobby Fuller Four, which went on to become a top-ten hit for the band in 1966 and was also recorded by the Clash in 1979. The Bobby Fuller Four version of this song was ranked No. 175 on the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004, and the same year was named one of the 500 \"Songs that Shaped Rock\" by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "I Fought the Law. In 1989 during Operation Just Cause, the US military surrounded the Apostolic Nunciature in Panama while trying to capture Manuel Noriega, the strongman of Panama. US forces blasted loud rock music—including \"I Fought the Law\" by the Clash—to put pressure on Noriega to give himself up.[12]", "I Fought the Law. The song was written in 1958 by Sonny Curtis, and recorded in 1959 when he joined the Crickets, taking the place of the late Buddy Holly on guitar. Joe B. Mauldin and Jerry Allison continued their positions on the standup bass and drums, respectively, while Earl Sinks filled the role for vocals. The song was on their 1960 LP, In Style with the Crickets, and the following year appeared as the b-side of their single, \"A Sweet Love\". The song never received any airplay. Milwaukee's Paul Stefen and the Royal Lancers covered the song in 1962; it provided them with a local hit, but it never made the national charts.[1] In 1964, Sammy Masters recorded his cover of the song. That same year, the song was recorded by Bobby Fuller and his band on his own Exeter label in El Paso, which solidified the band's popularity in the West Texas area with one of his biggest local hits.", "I Fought the Law. Sam Neely's version of the song went to No. 54 on the Billboard pop charts and no. 61 on the country charts in 1975. Hank Williams Jr. had a No. 15 country hit with the song in 1978 and another country version by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band went to No. 66 in 1992.[19]", "I Fought the Law. In 1978 country artist Hank Williams Jr. recorded a version of the song that would appear on his 1979 album Family Tradition. Released as the album's first single, it was a moderate hit and peaked at #15 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, giving Williams his first Top 15 single in four years.", "I Fought the Law. Their version first appeared on the EP The Cost of Living in May 1979 in the UK and then later in 1979 was made part of the American edition of the Clash's eponymous album. This cover version helped gain the Clash their first taste of airplay in the States and is one of the best-known cover versions of the song. The live recording of the song, performed at the Lyceum Theatre, West End, London, on December 28, 1978, features as the last piece of the 1980 film Rude Boy directed by Jack Hazan and David Mingay. The Clash were dressed all in black for that gig, and the song, at that stage, was considered the film's title song.[7][8][9][10] On July 26, 1979, \"I Fought the Law\" was the first single by the band to be released in the United States.", "I Fought the Law. In 1999, Mike Ness of Social Distortion covered the tune on his second solo album, Under the Influences, which peaked at No. 174 on the Billboard 200 (November 27, 1999).", "I Fought the Law. The song appears during the end credits of the 2014 film RoboCop and the 2016 film War on Everyone.", "I Fought the Law. In 2012, the Clash's version of the song was featured in the video game Sleeping Dogs, as part of a karaoke mini-game.", "I Fought the Law. After enjoying regional success in Texas, Bobby Fuller and his band decided to switch to a major label—Del-Fi Records under Mustang Records—and they became known as the Bobby Fuller Four. While producing minor hits, the band broke the national top ten when they re-recorded \"I Fought the Law\" in 1965 with Bobby Fuller (vocals, guitar), Randy Fuller (backing vocals, bass guitar), Jim Reese (backing vocals, guitar), and DeWayne Quirico (drums).", "I Fought the Law. In mid-1978, the Clash were working on their second album, Give 'Em Enough Rope. Singer Joe Strummer and guitarist Mick Jones flew out to San Francisco to record overdubs in September–October at the Automatt studio. The owner of the Automatt kept his collection of classic jukeboxes distributed around the various rooms of the studio complex. Strummer and Jones listened to the Bobby Fuller version of \"I Fought the Law\" for the first time on one of the jukeboxes, and by the time they returned to England, they could perform the song.[6]", "Bonar Law. Parliament was dissolved on 28 November, with the election to take place and polling to end by 19 December.[52] The Conservative and Liberal parties were equal in strength, and with the continued support of the Irish Nationalists the Liberal Party remained in government. Law called his campaign in Manchester North West the hardest of his career; his opponent, George Kemp, was a war hero who had fought in the Second Boer War and a former Conservative who had joined the Liberal party because of his disagreement with tariff reform.[53]", "I Fought the Law. In 1988, CBS Records re-issued the single (catalog number) in CD, 12\" and 7\" vinyl formats, with \"City of the Dead\" (2:24) and \"1977\" (1:40) as its 7\" B-side. The song is featured as a downloadable track in the music video game series Rock Band.[11]", "I Fought the Law. Green Day's version of the song was used in 2004 for a Pepsi/iTunes commercial that premiered during Super Bowl XXXVIII.[20] The single became a live favorite for the band throughout 2005, including television performances.", "Bonar Law. Over the coming months, the Liberal, Labour and Conservative whips worked out a truce suspending confrontational politics until either 1 January 1915 or until the end of the War. On 4 August both Asquith and Law made speeches together at the Middlesex Guildhall, and uncomfortably socialised with each other's parties. On 6 August, the Conservatives learnt that Asquith planned to put the Home Rule Bill on the statute books; Law wrote an angry letter to Asquith, the response of which was that Asquith could either pass the bill immediately, suspending it for the duration of the conflict, or make it law with a six-month delay and with a three-year exclusion for Ulster. Law responded with a speech in the Commons, saying that \"the Government have treated us abominably... but we are in the middle of a great struggle. Until that struggle [is] over, so far as we are concerned, in everything connected with it there would be no parties, there would openly be a nation. In regard to this debate I have made protest as well as I could, but when I have finished we shall take no further part in the discussion\". The entire Party then left the Commons silently, and although a strong protest (Asquith later admitted that \"it was unique in my or I think anybody's experience\") the bill was still passed, although with a suspension for the duration of the War.[117]", "I Fought the Law. Just six months after the song made its first appearance on the Billboard Top 100 chart, Fuller was found dead from asphyxiation in his mother's car in a parking lot near his Los Angeles, California apartment. The Los Angeles Police Department declared the death an apparent suicide, but others believed him to have been murdered.[3] Fuller was 23 years old.", "Folorunso Alakija. She took them to court. For 12 years she fought the government in court. The stakes were high. The government argued if Alakija and family were allowed to keep their bloc they stood to make $10 million a day! Still she persisted and in the end she won. [16]", "Fight the Power (Public Enemy song). The song's third verse contains disparaging lyrics about iconic American entertainers Elvis Presley and John Wayne,[17] as Chuck D raps, \"Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight up racist, the sucker was / Simple and plain\", with Flavor Flav following, \"Muthafuck him and John Wayne!\".[18] Chuck D was inspired to write the lines after hearing proto-rap artist Clarence \"Blowfly\" Reid's \"Blowfly Rapp\" (1980), in which Reid engages in a battle of insults with a fictitious Klansman who makes a similarly phrased, racist insult against him and boxer Muhammad Ali.[18]", "A Raisin in the Sun. \"Twenty-five years ago, [my father] spent a small personal fortune, his considerable talents, and many years of his life fighting, in association with NAACP attorneys, Chicago’s ‘restrictive covenants’ in one of this nation's ugliest ghettos. That fight also required our family to occupy disputed property in a hellishly hostile ‘white neighborhood’ in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house. ... My memories of this ‘correct’ way of fighting white supremacy in America include being spat at, cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school. And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother, patrolling our household all night with a loaded German Luger (pistol), doggedly guarding her four children, while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court.\"", "Fight the Power (Public Enemy song). In 1989, \"Fight the Power\" was played in the streets of Overtown, Miami in celebration of the guilty verdict of police officer William Lozano, whose shooting of a black motorist led to two fatalities and a three-day riot in Miami that heightened tensions between African Americans and Hispanics.[40] That year, the song was also played at the African-American fraternity party Greekfest in Virginia Beach, where tensions had grown between a predominantly White police force and festival-attending African Americans. According to attendees, the Greekfest riots were precipitated by a frenzied crowd that had heard the song as it was played from a black van.[41]", "V. R. Krishna Iyer. \"The law locks up both man and woman, who steals the goose from off the common; But lets the greater felon loose, who steals the common from the goose.\"", "Trial by combat. Civil disputes were handled differently from criminal cases. In civil cases, women, the elderly, the infirm of body, minors, and—after 1176—the clergy could choose a jury trial or could have champions named to fight in their stead. Hired champions were technically illegal but are obvious in the record. A 1276 document among Bishop Swinefield's household records makes the promise to pay Thomas of Brydges an annual retainer fee for acting as champion, with additional stipend and expenses paid for each fight.[10] In criminal cases, an \"approver\" was often chosen from the accomplices of the accused or from a prison to do the fighting for the crown. Approvers sometimes were given their freedom after winning five trials but sometimes were hanged anyway.[11]", "Get Up and Bar the Door. Get Up and Bar the Door is a medieval Scots ballad about a battle of wills between a husband and wife. It is Child ballad 275. According to Child, it was first published by David Herd.[1]", "Rodney King. \"I just want to say - you know - can we all get along? Can we, can we get along? Can we stop making it horrible for the older people and the kids? And... I mean we've got enough smog in Los Angeles let alone to deal with setting these fires and things... it's just not right - it's not right. And it's not going to change anything. We'll get our justice; they've won the battle, but they haven't won the war. We'll get our day in court and that's all we want. And, just, uh, I love - I'm neutral, I love every - I love people of color. I'm not like they're making me out to be. We've got to quit - we've got to quit; I mean after-all, I could understand the first - upset for the first two hours after the verdict, but to go on, to keep going on like this and to see the security guard shot on the ground - it's just not right; it's just not right, because those people will never go home to their families again. And uh, I mean please, we can, we can get along here. We all can get along - we just gotta, we gotta. I mean, we're all stuck here for a while, let's, you know let's try to work it out, let's try to beat it, you know, let's try to work it out.\" [37]", "Omar Little. Omar provides false testimony against Bird in open court as he had promised to do. Unabashed and unapologetic about who he is, he wins over the jury with his wit; when the Barksdales' shady attorney Maurice Levy attempts to discredit him by calling him a parasite who thrives on the drug trade, Omar fires back that Levy is essentially the same thing. In the end, the jury believes Omar's testimony, and Bird is sent to prison for life. Assistant State's Attorney Ilene Nathan promises Omar a favor as a thank you for his testimony. While waiting to be called to the witness stand, Omar helps the bailiff with a crossword puzzle clue, explaining that the Greek god of war is called Ares. He mentions that he was fascinated by Greek mythology in middle school.", "Trial by combat. Either combatant could end the fight and lose his case by crying out the word \"Craven\",[3] from the Old French for \"broken\", which acknowledged \"(I am) vanquished.\" The party who did so, however, whether litigant or champion, was punished with outlawry. Fighting continued until one party was dead or disabled. The last man standing won his case.", "Trial by combat. The practice is regulated in various Germanic legal codes. Being rooted in Germanic tribal law, the various regional laws of the Frankish Empire (and the later Holy Roman Empire) prescribed different particulars, such as equipment and rules of combat. The Lex Alamannorum (recensio Lantfridana 81, dated to 712–30 AD) prescribes a trial by combat in the event of two families disputing the boundary between their lands. A handful of earth taken from the disputed piece of land is put between the contestants and they are required to touch it with their swords, each swearing that their claim is lawful. The losing party besides forfeiting their claim to the land is required to pay a fine.", "Bonar Law. The argument of Law and the Unionists between 1912 and 1914 was based on three complaints. Firstly, Ulster would never accept forced Home Rule, and made up a quarter of Ireland; if the Liberals wanted to force this issue, military force would be the only way. Law thundered that \"Do you plan to hurl the full majesty and power of the law, supported on the bayonets of the British Army, against a million Ulstermen marching under the Union Flag and singing 'God Save The King'? Would the Army hold? Would the British people – would the Crown – stand for such a slaughter?\".[89] A second complaint was that the government had so far refused to submit it to a general election, as Law had been suggesting since 1910. Law warned that \"you will not carry this Bill without submitting it to the people of this country, and, if you make the attempt, you will succeed only in breaking our Parliamentary machine\".[89] The third complaint was that the Liberals had still not honoured the preamble of the Parliament Act 1911, which promised \"to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of a hereditary basis\".[90] The Unionist argument was that the Liberals were trying to make a massive constitutional change while the constitution was suspended.[90]", "Bonar Law. As Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition, Law focused his attentions in favour of tariff reform and against Irish Home Rule. His campaigning helped turn Liberal attempts to pass the Third Home Rule Bill into a three-year struggle eventually halted by the start of the First World War, with much argument over the status of the six predominantly Protestant counties which would later become Northern Ireland.", "European wars of religion. With the help of the Scots, Parliament won at Marston Moor (2 July 1644), gaining York and much of the north of England. Oliver Cromwell's conduct in this battle proved decisive, and demonstrated his leadership potential. In 1645 Parliament passed the Self-denying Ordinance, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, allowing the re-organization of its main forces into the New Model Army. By 1646 Charles had been forced to surrender himself to the Scots, and the parliamentary forces were in control of England. Charles was executed in 1649, and the monarchy was not restored until 1660. Even then, religious strife continued through the Glorious Revolution and even thereafter." ]

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[ "World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. The Living Planet Report is published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. In 1986, the organization changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature, while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.[7]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:", "World Wide Fund for Nature. On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001. However, on May 10, 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from WWF.com to WWE.com, and replaced every \"WWF\" reference on the existing site with \"WWE\", as a prelude to changing the company's name to \"World Wrestling Entertainment.\" Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was initially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper The Observer. This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank.[1][13][14] Nicholson thought up the name of the organization. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of World Wildlife Fund, and its first office was opened on 11 September that same year in Morges, Switzerland. WWF was conceived to act as a funding institution for existing conservation groups such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and The Conservation Foundation.[11] Godfrey A. Rockefeller also played an important role in its creation, assembling the first staff.[2] Its establishment was marked with the signing of the \"Morges Manifesto\", the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:[15]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. It is the world's largest conservation organization with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300[4] conservation and environmental projects. WWF is a foundation,[5] with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.[6]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials \"WWF\" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the sports entertainment company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.[57][58]", "International Union for Conservation of Nature. To establish a stable financial basis for its work, IUCN participated in setting up the World Wildlife Fund (1961) (now the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF). WWF would work on fundraising, public relations, and increasing public support. IUCN would continue to focus on providing sound science and data, and developing ties with international bodies. Funds raised by WWF would be used to cover part of the operational costs of IUCN. Also in 1961, the IUCN headquarters moved from Belgium to Morges in Switzerland.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. Since 2008, through its Global Programme Framework (GPF), WWF has said it is concentrating its efforts on 13 global initiatives:[60]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. The wrestling organization's abandonment of the \"WWF\" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on June 28, 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the \"WWE\" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to \"WWF\" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF in 1985, when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board. The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County.[11][12]", "Habitat conservation. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) was first formed in after a group of passionate conservationists signed what is now referred to as the Morges Manifesto.[35] WWF is currently operating in over 100 countries across 5 continents with a current listing of over 5 million supporters. One of the first projects of WWF was assisting in the creation of the Charles Darwin Research Foundation which aided in the protection of diverse range of unique species existing on the Galápagos’ Islands, Ecuador. It was also a WWF grant that helped with the formation of the College of African Wildlife Management in Tanzania which today focuses on teaching a wide range of protected area management skills in areas such as ecology, range management and law enforcement.[36] The WWF has since gone on to aid in the protection of land in Spain, creating the Coto Doñana National Park in order to conserve migratory birds and The Democratic Republic of Congo, home to the world’s largest protected wetlands. The WWF also initiated a debt-for-nature concept which allows the country to put funds normally allocated to paying off national debt, into conservation programs that protect its natural landscapes. Countries currently participating include Madagascar, the first country to participate which since 1989 has generated over $US50 million towards preservation, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Gabon, the Philippines and Zambia.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.[31][32]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations, based on the best-available scientific knowledge and with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns, and by the 1980s started to take a more strategic approach to its conservation activities.", "Human Rights Campaign. In 1995, the organization dropped the word \"Fund\" from its name, becoming the Human Rights Campaign. That same year, it underwent a complete reorganization. The HRC Foundation added new programs such as the Workplace Project and the Family Project, while HRC itself broadly expanded its research, communications, and marketing/public relations functions. The organization also unveiled a new logo, a yellow equal sign inside of a blue square.[13]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped found the World Wildlife Fund, becoming its first President in 1961, and in 1970 established the WWF's financial endowment \"The 1001: A Nature Trust\". He resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.[9]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. Stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by:", "World Wide Fund for Nature. The Conservation Foundation, a precursor to WWF, was founded in 1948 by Fairfield Osborn as an affiliate of the New York Zoological Society (today known as the Wildlife Conservation Society) with an aim of protecting the world's natural resources. The advisory council included leading scientists such as Charles Sutherland Elton, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Aldo Leopold, Carl Sauer, and Paul Sears.[8] It supported much of the scientific work cited by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, including that of John L. George, Roger Hale, Robert Rudd, and George Woodwell.", "Tiger hunting. Another major contributor is the World Wildlife Fund for nature. This organisation has proposed a major initiative with an objective of doubling wild tiger populations by the year 2020. In response to major organisations putting forth such great efforts, other smaller more numerous efforts have joined forces in this task. The conglomeration of these organisations has been named the international Tiger Coalition.", "Marwell Zoo. Both the park and charity changed their name to \"Marwell Wildlife\" in April 2009,[17] to promote awareness of conservation work beyond the park. The charity had previously been called the Marwell Preservation Trust, and the park had been Marwell Zoological Park.", "World Wide Fund for Nature. WWF's strategy for achieving its mission specifically concentrates on restoring populations of 36 species (species or species groups that are important for their ecosystem or to people, including elephants, tunas, whales, dolphins and porpoises), and ecological footprint in 6 areas (carbon emissions, cropland, grazing land, fishing, forestry and water).[citation needed]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner.It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.[citation needed]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.[26]", "WWE. On May 5, 2002, the World Wrestling Federation announced it was changing both its company name and the name of its wrestling promotion to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Although mainly caused by an unfavorable ruling in its dispute with the World Wildlife Fund regarding the \"WWF\" initialism, the company noted it provided an opportunity to emphasize its focus on entertainment.[40]", "Wildlife. The global wildlife population has decreased by 52 percent between 1970 and 2014, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund.[3]", "World Wide Fund for Nature. They need above all money, to carry out mercy missions and to meet conservation emergencies by buying land where wildlife treasures are threatened, and in many other ways. Money, for example, to pay guardians of wildlife refuges .... Money for education and propaganda among those who would care and help if only they understood. Money to send out experts to danger spots and to train more local wardens and helpers in Africa and elsewhere. Money to maintain a sort of 'war room' at the international headquarters of conservation, showing where the danger spots are and making it possible to ensure that their needs are met before it is too late.", "Friends of the Earth. The member organization in a particular country may name itself Friends of the Earth or an equivalent translated phrase in the national language, e.g., Friends of the Earth (US), Friends of the Earth (EWNI) (England Wales and Northern Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain and Argentina). However, roughly half of the member groups work under their own names, sometimes reflecting an independent origin and subsequent accession to the network, such as Pro Natura (Switzerland), the Korean Federation for Environmental Movement, Environmental Rights Action (FOE Nigeria) and WALHI (FOE Indonesia).", "World Wide Fund for Nature. The group's mission is \"to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.\"[7] Currently, much of its work concentrates on the conservation of four biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: oceans and coasts, forests, and freshwater ecosystems. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, sustainable production of commodities and climate change.", "Sierra Club. In 1971, volunteer lawyers who had worked with the Sierra Club established the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund. This was a separate organization that used the \"Sierra Club\" name under license from the Club; it changed its name to Earthjustice in 1997.[72]", "WWE. In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc. in the United Kingdom, alleging various violations of the 1994 agreement.[105] The Court of Appeal agreed that the promotion company had violated the 1994 agreement, particularly in regards to merchandising. The last televised event to market the WWF logo was the UK-based pay-per-view Insurrextion 2002. On May 5, 2002, the company launched its \"Get The F Out\" marketing campaign and changed all references on its website from \"WWF\" to \"WWE\", while switching the URL from WWF.com to WWE.com.[40] The next day, a press release announced the official name change from World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. to World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., or WWE, and the change was publicized later that day during a telecast of Raw, which was broadcast from the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut.", "International Union for Conservation of Nature. IUCN was established in 1948. It was previously called the International Union for the Protection of Nature (1948–1956) and the World Conservation Union (1990–2008)." ]

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[ "Mandate of Heaven. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), and legitimize their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty (1600–1069 BCE). It was used throughout the history of China to legitimize the successful overthrow and installation of new emperors, including non-Han ethnic monarchs such as the Qing dynasty. This concept was also used by monarchs in neighboring countries like Korea and Vietnam.[2]", "Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, depending instead on the just and able performance of the rulers and their heirs. Dynasties such as the Han and Ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins. The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not confer an unconditional right to rule. Intrinsic to the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate from the ruler. Throughout Chinese history, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the incumbent ruler unjust and thus in need of replacement. The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler.", "Right of revolution. To justify their overthrowing of the earlier Shang Dynasty, the kings of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 – 256 BC) of China promulgated the concept known as the Mandate of Heaven, that Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but would be displeased and withdraw its mandate from a despotic ruler.[1]", "Mandate of Heaven. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven eventually spread to nearby countries as a justification for rule by divine political legitimacy. In Korea, it was first adopted by the Joseon dynasty and became an enduring state ideology.[5]", "Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming (Chinese: 天命; pinyin: Tiānmìng; Wade–Giles: T'ien-ming) is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the Emperor of China. According to this belief, heaven (天, Tian)—which embodies the natural order and will of the universe—bestows the mandate on a just ruler of China, the \"Heavenly Son\" of the \"Celestial Empire\". If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.[1]", "Four occupations. The emperor—embodying a heavenly mandate to judicial and executive authority—was on a social and legal tier above the gentry and the exam-drafted scholar-officials. Under the principle of the Mandate of heaven, the right to rule was based on \"virtue\"; if a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate, and there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.[102]\nThe Mandate of Heaven does not require noble birth, depending instead on just and able performance. The Han and Ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins.[103][104]", "Chinese philosophy. When the Shang were overthrown by the Zhou, a new political, religious and philosophical concept was introduced called the \"Mandate of Heaven\". This mandate was said to be taken when rulers became unworthy of their position and provided a shrewd justification for Zhou rule. During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increase in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi (the Supreme Being in traditional Chinese religion), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.", "Divine right of kings. In China and East Asia, rulers justified their rule with the philosophy of the Mandate of Heaven, which, although similar to the European concept, bore several key differences. While the divine right of kings granted unconditional legitimacy, the Mandate of Heaven was dependent on the behaviour of the ruler, the Son of Heaven. Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but it could be displeased with a despotic ruler and thus withdraw its mandate, transferring it to a more suitable and righteous person. This withdrawal of mandate also afforded the possibility of revolution as a means to remove the errant ruler; revolt was never legitimate under the European framework of divine right.", "Zhou dynasty. The Mandate of Heaven was presented as a religious compact between the Zhou people and their supreme god in heaven (literally the 'sky god'). The Zhou agreed that since worldly affairs were supposed to align with those of the heavens, the heavens conferred legitimate power only only one person, the Zhou ruler. In return, the ruler was duty-bound to uphold heaven's principles of harmony and honor. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. Under this system, it was the prerogative of spiritual authority to withdraw support from any wayward ruler and to find another, more worthy one. [23]", "Society and culture of the Han dynasty. It was accepted during the Qin dynasty that whoever defeated his rivals in battle would have legitimacy to rule the land.[282] Yet by the time of Wang Mang's usurpation it was commonly believed that Heaven, which was now given greater prominence in state worship, designated which individual and hereditary house had the right to rule, a concept known as the Mandate of Heaven.[282] Michael Loewe (retired professor from the University of Cambridge) writes that this is consistent with the gradually higher level of emphasis given to the cosmic elements of Five Phases, which were linked with the future destiny of the dynasty and its protection.[282] Dong Zhongshu stressed that a ruler who behaved immorally and did not adhere to proper conduct created a disruption in the natural cycles governing the three realms, which resulted in natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, epidemics, and swarms of locusts.[283] This idea became fully accepted at court (and in later dynasties), as emperors often implemented reforms to the legal system or granted amnesties to restore nature's balance.[284]", "History of China. The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every succeeding dynasty.[citation needed] Like Shangdi, Heaven (tian) ruled over all the other gods, and it decided who would rule China.[citation needed] It was believed that a ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven when natural disasters occurred in great number, and when, more realistically, the sovereign had apparently lost his concern for the people. In response, the royal house would be overthrown, and a new house would rule, having been granted the Mandate of Heaven.", "Confucianism. This idea may be traced back to the ancient shamanic beliefs of the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the Earth, reflected in the Chinese idea of the Mandate of Heaven.", "Mandate of Heaven. The Japanese government found the concept ideologically problematic, preferring not to have divine political legitimacy that was conditional and that could be withdrawn. The Japanese Taihō Code, formulated in 703, was largely an adaptation of the governmental system of China's then Tang dynasty, but the Mandate of Heaven was specifically omitted. In later times, this need was obviated because the Imperial House of Japan claimed to be descended in an unbroken line from the Japanese sun goddess, Amaterasu. Nevertheless, while maintaining this role, the Japanese emperor became politically marginalized in the Nara and Heian periods by powerful regents of the Fujiwara clan who seized executive control of state. Even though the Japanese imperial line itself remained unbroken after the eighth century, actual political authority passed through successive dynasties of regents and shōguns which cycled in a manner similar to that of Chinese dynasties. Even after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the emperor was placed back in the center of the political bureaucracy, the throne itself had very little power vis-à-vis the Meiji oligarchy. Actual political power has passed through at least four systems since the Meiji restoration: the Taishō democracy, the militarists, the Occupation of Japan, and postwar democracy. The emperor today is a political figurehead and not a ruling sovereign. It could be said the imperial line of Japan survived for so long precisely because it did not have control over the state, and that the turmoil of succession was projected onto a series of proxy rulers.", "Son of Heaven. The title \"Son of Heaven\" stems from the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, created by the Zhou Dynasty monarchs to justify their having deposed the Shang Dynasty. They held that Heaven had revoked its mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retribution for Shang corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate on whomever was most fit to rule. The title held the emperor responsible for the prosperity and security of his people by the threat of taking away his mandate.[2]", "Ancient history. Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Shang were overrun by the Zhou dynasty from the Wei River valley to the west. The death of King Wu of Zhou soon after the conquest triggered a succession crisis and civil war that was suppressed by Wu's brother, the Duke of Zhou, acting as regent. The Zhou rulers at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize their rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. The Zhou initially established their capital in the west near modern Xi'an, near the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley. This would be the first of many population migrations from north to south in Chinese history.", "Zhou dynasty. In the Chinese historical tradition, the Zhou defeated the Shang and oriented the Shang system of ancestor worship towards a universalized worship, away from the worship of Shangdi and to that of Tian or \"heaven\". They legitimized their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the \"Son of Heaven\") governed by divine right and that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the Mandate of Heaven. This mandate overturned the Shang line of succession, as rulers were no longer considered gods. From then on, dynastic legitimacy depended on ruling in accordance with the principles of good governance and upright behavior.[22]", "Emperor of China. Unlike, for example, the Japanese monarchy, Chinese political theory allowed for a change in the ruling house. This was based on the concept of the \"Mandate of Heaven\". The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the \"Son of Heaven\" and held a mandate to rule over everyone else in the world; but only as long as he served the people well. If the quality of rule became questionable because of repeated natural disasters such as flood or famine, or for other reasons, then rebellion was justified. This important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties.", "Confucius. Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven (天命) that could unify the \"world\" (天下, \"all under Heaven\") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social perfection, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.", "Sovereignty. During the brief period of absolute monarchies in Europe, the divine right of kings was an important competing justification for the exercise of sovereignty. The Mandate of Heaven had some similar implications in China.", "Confucianism. Confucianism revolves around the pursuit of the unity of the self and Tiān (Heaven, or the traditional high god of the Zhou), and the relationship of humankind to the Heaven.[22][23] The principle of Heaven (Tiān lǐ 天理 or Dào 道), is the order of the creation and divine authority, monistic in its structure. Individuals can realise their humanity and become one with Heaven through the contemplation of this order. This transformation of the self can be extended to the family and society to create a harmonious fiduciary community.[23]", "Ancient Near East. Ancient civilizations in the Near East were deeply influenced by their spiritual beliefs, which generally did not distinguish between heaven and Earth.[23] They believed that divine action influenced all mundane matters, and also believed in divination (ability to predict the future).[23] Omens were often inscribed in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, as were records of major events.[23]", "Mandate of Heaven. The prosperous Shang dynasty saw its rule filled with many outstanding accomplishments. Notably, the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations. During this period, the dynasty enjoyed a period of peace and tranquility in which citizens could make a good living. The government was originally able to control most of its internal affairs due to the firm support provided by the people. As time went on, however, the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability. The corruption in this dynasty created the conditions necessary for a new ruling house to rise —the Zhou dynasty. Rebellion against the Shang was led by Zhou Wu. They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule. They believed that the Shang ruling house had become morally corrupt, and that the Shang leaders' loss of virtue entitled their own house to take over. The overthrow of the Shang Dynasty, they said, was in accordance with the mandate given by Heaven.[3]", "Right of revolution. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that the Mandate of Heaven had passed on. Throughout Chinese history, rebels who opposed the ruling dynasty made the claim that the Mandate of Heaven had passed, giving them the right to revolt. Ruling dynasties were often uncomfortable with this, and the writings of the Confucian philosopher Mencius (372 – 289 BC) were often suppressed for declaring that the people have the right to overthrow a ruler that did not provide for their needs.", "Alexander the Great. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India.[218] There on the newly formed Silk Road Greek culture apparently hybridized with Indian, and especially Buddhist culture. The resulting syncretism known as Greco-Buddhism heavily influenced the development of Buddhism[citation needed] and created a culture of Greco-Buddhist art. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka, and the Mediterranean (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modeled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style.[218] Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes,[219] and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practiced by the ancient Greeks; however, similar practices were also observed amongst the native Indic culture. One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'.[218] The process of Hellenization also spurred trade between the east and west.[220] For example, Greek astronomical instruments dating to the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai Khanoum in modern-day Afghanistan,[221] while the Greek concept of a spherical earth surrounded by the spheres of planets eventually supplanted the long-standing Indian cosmological belief of a disc consisting of four continents grouped around a central mountain (Mount Meru) like the petals of a flower.[220][222][223] The Yavanajataka (lit. Greek astronomical treatise) and Paulisa Siddhanta texts depict the influence of Greek astronomical ideas on Indian astronomy.", "Mandate of Heaven. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, there was no dominant Chinese dynasty that ruled all of China. This created a problem for the Song dynasty that followed, as they wanted to legitimize their rule by claiming that the Mandate of Heaven had passed on them. The scholar-official Xue Juzheng compiled the Old History of the Five Dynasties (五代史) during the 960s and 970s, after the Song dynasty had taken northern China from the last of the Five Dynasties, the Later Zhou. A major purpose was to establish justification for the transference of the Mandate of Heaven through these five dynasties, and thus to the Song dynasty. He argued that these dynasties met certain vital criteria to be considered as having attained the Mandate of Heaven despite never having ruled all of China. One is that they all ruled the traditional Chinese heartland. They also held considerably more territory than any of the other Chinese states that had existed conterminously in the south.", "Classical antiquity. Conventionally, it is taken to begin with the earliest-recorded Epic Greek poetry of Homer (8th–7th century BC), and continues through the emergence of Christianity and the decline of the Roman Empire (5th century AD). It ends with the dissolution of classical culture at the close of Late Antiquity (300–600), blending into the Early Middle Ages (600–1000). Such a wide sampling of history and territory covers many disparate cultures and periods. \"Classical antiquity\" may refer also to an idealised vision among later people of what was, in Edgar Allan Poe's words, \"the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome.\"[1]", "Role of Christianity in civilization. Christian sexual ideology is inextricable from its concept of freewill. \"In its original form, Christian freewill was a cosmological claim—an argument about the relationship between God's justice and the individual... as Christianity became intermeshed with society, the discussion shifted in revealing ways to the actual psychology of volition and the material constraints on sexual action... The church's acute concern with volition places Christian philosophy in the liveliest currents of imperial Greco-Roman philosophy [where] orthodox Christians offered a radically distinctive version of it.\"[90]:14 The Greeks and Romans said our deepest moralities depend on our social position which is given to us by fate. Christianity \"preached a liberating message of freedom. It was a revolution in the rules of behavior, but also in the very image of the human being as a sexual being, free, frail and awesomely responsible for one's own self to God alone. It was a revolution in the nature of society's claims on the moral agent... There are risks in over-estimating the change in old patterns Christianity was able to begin bringing about; but there are risks, too, in underestimating Christianization as a watershed.\"[90]:14–18", "Mandate of Heaven. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that the Mandate of Heaven had passed. In China, the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler has been a part of political philosophy ever since the Zhou dynasty, and the successful rebellion was interpreted by Chinese historians as evidence that divine approval had passed on to the successive dynasty. The Right of Rebellion is not coded into any official law, rather rebellion is always outlawed and severely punished, but still is a positive right grounded in the Chinese moral system. Often, it is used as a justification for actions to overthrow a previous dynasty after a rebellion has been successful and a new dynastic rule has been established. Since the winner is the one who determines who has obtained the Mandate of Heaven and who has lost it, some Chinese scholars consider it to be a sort of Victor's justice, best characterized in the popular Chinese saying \"The winner becomes king, the loser becomes outlaw\" (Chinese: ”成者為王，敗者為寇“). Due to the above, it is considered that Chinese historical accounts of the fall of a dynasty and the rise of a new one need to be handled with caution. Chinese traditional historical compiling methods produce accounts that tend to fit their account to the theory; emphasize aspects tending to prove that the old dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven and the new one gained it, and de-emphasize other aspects.", "Mandate of Heaven. Finally, when the Zhou dynasty's power decreased, it was wiped out by the State of Qin, which believed that the Zhou had become weak and their rule unjust.[4] This transition emphasizes the customary trend of the Mandate of Heaven, which provided leeway for the rise of a new power. The Qin initially attempted to capitalize on the errors made by the Zhou, either by eliminating the source of error or reforming it. During this reformation, administrative changes were made and a system of legalism was developed which stated that the law is supreme over every individual, including the rulers. Although significant progress was made during the Qin dynasty, the persecution of scholars and ordinary citizens led to an unstable state.", "Humanism. Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE[21] in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings, dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic god or Great Architect of the Universe was combined with a unique eschatology and ethical system which implied that each person is held morally responsible in the afterlife, for their choices they freely made in life.[22] This importance placed upon thought, action and personal responsibility, and the concept of a non-intervening creator, was a source of inspiration to a number of Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.", "Culture of Greece. Alexander's conquests spread classical concepts about the divine, the afterlife, and much else across the eastern Mediterranean area. Jews and early Christians alike adopted the name \"hades\" when writing about \"sheol\" in Greek. Greco-Buddhism was the cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed in the Indo-Greek Kingdoms. By the advent of Christianity, the four original patriarchates beyond Rome used Greek as their church language.", "Role of Christianity in civilization. After the death of Jesus, the new sect grew to be the dominant religion of the Roman Empire and the long tradition of Christian scholarship began. When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, St Augustine was Bishop of Hippo Regius.[138] He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity and he developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name), distinct from the material Earthly City.[139] His book Confessions, which outlines his sinful youth and conversion to Christianity, is widely considered to be the first autobiography of ever written in the canon of Western Literature. Augustine profoundly influenced the coming medieval worldview.[140]" ]

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[ "Musical instrument classification. In West Africa, tribes such as the Dan, Gio, Kpelle, Hausa, Akan, and Dogon, use a human-centered system. It derives from 4 myth-based parameters: the musical instrument's nonhuman owner (spirit, mask, sorcerer, or animal), the mode of transmission to the human realm (by gift, exchange, contract, or removal), the making of the instrument by a human (according to instructions from a nonhuman, for instance), and the first human owner. Most instruments are said to have a nonhuman origin, but some are believed invented by humans, e.g., the xylophone and the lamellophone.[1]", "Music of Africa. Besides vocalisation, which uses various techniques such as complex hard melisma and yodel, a wide array of musical instruments are used. African musical instruments include a wide range of drums, slit gongs, rattles and double bells, different types of harps, and harp-like instruments such as the Kora and the ngoni, as well as fiddles, many kinds of xylophone and lamellophone such as the mbira, and different types of wind instrument like flutes and trumpets. Additionally, string instruments are also used, with the lute-like oud and Ngoni serving as musical accompaniment in some areas.", "Music of Africa. Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down orally (or aurally) and is not written. In Sub-Saharan African music traditions, it frequently relies on percussion instruments of every variety, including xylophones, djembes, drums, and tone-producing instruments such as the mbira or \"thumb piano.\"[1][2]", "Music of Africa. There are five groups of sub-Saharan African musical instruments: membranophones, chordophones, aerophones, idiophones, and percussion. Membranophones are the drums, including kettles, clay pots, and barrels. Chordophones are stringed instruments like harps and fiddles. Aerophones are another name for wind instruments. These can include flutes and trumpets, similar to the instruments you hear in American music. Idiophones are rattles and shakers, while percussion can be sounds like foot-stomping and hand-clapping.[11] Many of the wooden instruments have shapes or pictures carved out into them to represent ancestry. Some are decorated with feathers or beads.[12]", "Musical instrument classification. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of musical instruments, lamellophones are considered plucked idiophones, a category that includes various forms of jaw harp and the European mechanical music box, as well as the huge variety of African and Afro-Latin thumb pianos such as the mbira and marimbula.", "Musical instrument classification. The Kpelle of West Africa also use this system. They distinguish the struck (yàle), including both beaten and plucked, and the blown (fêe).[1][5] The yàle group is subdivided into five categories: instruments possessing lamellas (the sanzas); those possessing strings; those possessing a membrane (various drums); hollow wooden, iron, or bottle containers; and various rattles and bells. The Hausa, also of West Africa, classify drummers into those who beat drums and those who beat (pluck) strings (the other four player classes are blowers, singers, acclaimers, and talkers),[6] Kartomi does not specify if these two classifications pre-date Schaeffner or Pollux. The concept, the way the person produces the sound, is human-centered, which is part of their traditional culture so presumably they at least pre-date Schaeffner.", "Music of Africa. Drums used in African traditional music include talking drums, bougarabou and djembe in West Africa, water drums in Central and West Africa, and the different types of ngoma drums (or engoma) in Central and Southern Africa. Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers, such as the kosika (kashaka), rain stick, bells and wood sticks. Also, Africa has lots of other types of drums, and lots of flutes, and lots of stringed and wind instruments.", "Musical instrument classification. An ancient system of Indian origin, dating from the 4th or 3rd century BC, in the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on music and dramaturgy, by Bharata Muni, divides instruments into four main classification groups: instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings (tata vadya, \"stretched instruments\"); instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air (susira vadya, \"hollow instruments\"); percussion instruments made of wood or metal (Ghana vadya, \"solid instruments\"); and percussion instruments with skin heads, or drums (avanaddha vadya, \"covered instruments\").", "Musical instrument classification. Jean-Benjamin de la Borde (1780) classified instruments according to ethnicity, his categories being black, Abyssinian, Chinese, Arabic, Turkisk, and Greek.[1]", "Musical instrument classification. Instruments can be categorized according to a common use, such as signal instruments, a category that may include instruments in different Hornbostel–Sachs categories such as trumpets, drums, and gongs. An example based on this criterion is Bonanni (e.g., festive, military, and religious).[1] He separately classified them according to geography and era.", "Musical instrument classification. Throughout history, various methods of musical instrument classification have been used. The most commonly used system divides instruments into string instruments, woodwind instruments, brass instruments and percussion instruments; however, other schemes have been devised.", "Culture of Africa. Other African musical traditions also involve strings, horns, and very little poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern Sahel and along the Nile, among the Nilo-Saharan, made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times. Dancing involve swaying body movements and footwork. Among the Khoisans extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork.[18]", "Musical instrument classification. Various names have been assigned to these three traditional Western groupings:[1]:136–138, 157, notes for Chapter 10", "Music of South Africa. The modern sound of traditional Xitsonga music comprises more of the earlier native sounds that had initially been abandoned in favor of the Portuguese electronic guitars, namely the xylophone and bass marimba. Bands such as Thomas Chauke and the Xinyori Sisters and George Maluleke predominantly used guitars; however the modern sound replaces these with the xylophone or bass marimba. The Tsonga people's preference for the xylophone and marimba type of sound is inherited from the timbila music of the Chopi people, which has been entered into the UNESCO heritage archives as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[15].", "Classification of percussion instruments. Having no explicit category for percussion as normally understood, Hornbostel–Sachs places nearly all percussion instruments in the high level categories of membranophones (high-level category 2, drums and similar) and idiophones (high-level category 1, cymbals, bells, xylophone-like instruments and similar). A few instruments that are sometimes considered percussion are classified as chordophones (high-level category 3, such as the hammered dulcimer) and as aerophones (high-level category 4, such as the samba whistle). Conversely, the members of the Hornbostel–Sachs high-level categories 1 and 2 nearly all fall clearly or loosely into the conventional category of percussion.", "Zither. The Hornbostel-Sachs system, an academic instrument classification method, also uses the term zither, to classify all stringed instruments in which the strings do not extend beyond the sounding box. This includes such diverse instruments as the hammered dulcimer, psaltery, Appalachian dulcimer, guqin, guzheng, tromba marina, koto, gusli, kanun, kanklės, kantele, kokles, valiha, gayageum, đàn tranh, autoharp, santoor, yangqin, santur, swarmandal, and others. Pedal steel guitars, lap guitars (where the neck serves no separate function other than to extend the string length), and keyboard instruments like the clavichord, harpsichord and piano also fall within this broad categorical use.", "Classification of percussion instruments. By far the most common way of classifying percussion is by the style or tradition with which it is most closely associated.", "Origins of the blues. Perhaps the most compelling African instrument that is a predecessor to an African-American instrument is the \"Akonting\", a folk lute of the Jola tribe of Senegambia. It is a clear predecessor to the American banjo in its playing style, the construction of the instrument itself and in its social role as a folk instrument. The Kora is played by a professional caste of praise singers for the rich and aristocracy (called griots or jalis) and is not considered folk music. Jola music was actually not influenced much by Islamic and North African/Middle Eastern music, and this may give us an important clue as to how African American music does not, according to many scholars such as Sam Charters, bear hardly any relation to kora music. Rather, African-American music may reflect a hold over from a pre-Islamicized form of African music. The music of the Akonting and that played by on the banjo by elder African-American banjo players, even into the mid 20th century is easily identified as being very similar. The akonting is perhaps the most important and concrete link that exists between African and African-American music.", "Classification of percussion instruments. Hornbostel–Sachs classifies musical instruments by means of a numerically labelled inverted tree structure, originally with four groups at the highest level, two of which are percussion instruments (as the term percussion is normally understood), and the others strings and wind. The system does use the term percussion but at a much lower level in the tree and in an esoteric sense quite unlike its common usage, see below.", "Percussion instrument. Percussion instruments are classified by various criteria sometimes depending on their construction, ethnic origin, function within musical theory and orchestration, or their relative prevalence in common knowledge.", "Classification of percussion instruments. In the 14th century Jean de Muris produced a classification system which divided all musical instruments into three classes: Percussion, String and Wind.[citation needed] Hornbostel–Sachs further develops this scheme, but abandons the percussion high-level grouping, replacing it by the groups idiophones and membranophones.", "Musical instrument classification. Victor-Charles Mahillon later adopted a system very similar to this. He was the curator of the musical instrument collection of the conservatoire in Brussels, and for the 1888 catalogue of the collection divided instruments into four groups: strings, winds, drums, and other percussion. This scheme was later taken up by Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs who published an extensive new scheme for classication in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. Their scheme is widely used today, and is most often known as the Hornbostel–Sachs system (or the Sachs–Hornbostel system).", "Classification of percussion instruments. These schemes are based on four types of criteria:", "Classification of percussion instruments. Ancient Chinese and Indian systems of classification were based on the materials of which the instruments were constructed, and the acoustic properties of the instruments, respectively.[citation needed]", "Wind instrument. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, wind instruments are classed as aerophones.", "Musical instrument classification. The system agrees with Mahillon and Hornbostel–Sachs for chordophones, but groups percussion instruments differently.", "Culture of Africa. Like the musical genres of the Nile Valley and the Horn of Africa,[19] North African music has close ties with Middle Eastern music and utilizes similar melodic modes (maqamat).[20] It has a considerable range, from the music of ancient Egypt to the Berber and the Tuareg music of the desert nomads. The region's art music has for centuries followed the outline of Arabic and Andalusian classical music. Its popular contemporary genres include the Algerian Raï. Somali music is typically pentatonic, using five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale such as the major scale.[19] In Ethiopia, the music of the highlands uses a fundamental modal system called qenet, of which there are four main modes: tezeta, bati, ambassel, and anchihoy.[21] Three additional modes are variations on the above: tezeta minor, bati major, and bati minor.[22] Some songs take the name of their qenet, such as tizita, a song of reminiscence.[21]", "Musical instrument classification. The modern system divides instruments into wind, strings and percussion. It is of Greek origin (in the Hellenistic period, prominent proponents being Nicomachus and Porphyry). The scheme was later expanded by Martin Agricola, who distinguished plucked string instruments, such as guitars, from bowed string instruments, such as violins. Classical musicians today do not always maintain this division (although plucked strings are grouped separately from bowed strings in sheet music), but distinguish between wind instruments with a reed (woodwinds) and those where the air is set in motion directly by the lips (brass instruments).", "Classification of percussion instruments. Percussion instruments vary enormously in nature and usage, and have possibly the longest history of any group of musical instruments.[1] For these and other reasons their classification proves difficult, and different classification systems are used in different contexts.", "Musical instrument classification. The original Sachs–Hornbostel system classified instruments into four main groups; the fifth group, electrophones, was added later by Sachs:", "Musical instrument classification. It might be said that with these extra categories, the classical system of instrument classification focuses less on the fundamental way in which instruments produce sound, and more on the technique required to play them.", "Berbers. Berber music, the traditional music of North Africa, has a wide variety of regional styles. The best known are the Moroccan music, the popular Gasba, Kabyle and Chawi music of Algeria, and the widespread Tuareg music of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. The instruments used are the bendir (large drums) and Gambra (a lute), which accompanying songs and dances." ]

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[ "Trinbago Knight Riders. The Trinbago Knight Riders (formerly the Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel) is a franchise cricket team of the Caribbean Premier League based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The Red Steel was one of the original six teams created for the tournament's inaugural 2013 season. Their home ground is Queen's Park Oval.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago (/ˈtrɪnɪdæd ... təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen), /toʊ-/),[11] officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is a twin island sovereign state that is the southernmost nation of the West Indies in the Caribbean. It is situated 130 kilometres (81 miles) south of Grenada off the northern edge of the South American mainland, 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela. It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast, Grenada to the northwest, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.[12][13]", "Trinidad and Tobago. As the majority of the population live in the island of Trinidad, this is the location of most major towns and cities. There are four major municipalities in Trinidad: Port of Spain, the capital, San Fernando, Arima and Chaguanas. The main town in Tobago is Scarborough. Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the East–West Corridor are the most fertile.[24][citation needed]", "Trinbago Knight Riders. The Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel were one of the six teams created for the Caribbean Premier League's inaugural 2013 season. In 2015, they won the tournament for the first time, defeating the Barbados Tridents 178–158 at Queen's Park Oval.[3]", "Trinidad and Tobago. The Island of Tobago is served by the A.N.R. Robinson International Airport in Crown Point. This airport has regular services to North America and Europe. There are regular flights between the two islands, with fares being heavily subsidised by the Government.", "Trinidad, Colorado. Trindad experiences a semiarid climate, with hot summers and cold winters. Summers days are hot, but due to Trinidad's high elevation, summer nights are cool, and temperatures drop sharply after sunset. Winters are cold, but milder than in many mountain towns in Colorado. In the winter, daytime highs are usually above freezing, but temperatures below 0 °F or −17.8 °C are possible, especially at night.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago are islands situated between 10° 2' and 11° 12' N latitude and 60° 30' and 61° 56' W longitude. At the closest point, Trinidad is just 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Venezuelan territory. Covering an area of 5,128 km2 (1,980 sq mi),[22] the country consists of the two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous smaller landforms, including Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar Grande (or Gasparee), Little Tobago, and St. Giles Island.", "List of companies of Trinidad and Tobago. Tobago Express Dash 8-300 at Robinson International in Tobago.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a two-party system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster System. The head of state of Trinidad and Tobago is the President, currently Paula Mae Weekes. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Keith Rowley. The President is elected by an Electoral college consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament.", "The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago). The Red House is the seat of Parliament in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The architectural design of the Red House is of Beaux-Arts style. The original building was destroyed in the 1903 water riots and was rebuilt in the year 1907. The Red House is located centrally within the capital city Port of Spain. It is currently used as a meeting place for parliament and elections and for political uses.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Modern Trinidad and Tobago maintains close relations with its Caribbean neighbours and major North American and European trading partners. As the most industrialised and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the Summit of the Americas process and supports the establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain.", "List of companies of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is a twin island country situated off the northern edge of the South American mainland, lying just 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and 130 kilometres (81 miles) south of Grenada. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the Caribbean and is listed in the top 40 (2010 information) of the 70 High Income countries in the world. Its GNI per capita of US$20,070[1] (2014 GNI at Atlas Method) is one of the highest in the Caribbean.[2] In November 2011, the OECD removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of Developing Countries.[3] Trinidad's economy is strongly influenced by the petroleum industry. Tourism and manufacturing are also important to the local economy. Tourism is a growing sector, although not as proportionately important as in many other Caribbean islands. Agricultural products include citrus and cocoa.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the 35 states which has ratified the OAS charter and is a member of the Organisation.[56] The Charter of the Organisation of American States was signed in Bogota in 1948 and was amended by several protocols which were agreed to in different countries. The naming convention which is used with respect to the naming of the protocols is to include in the name of the Protocol the name of the city and the year in which the Protocol was signed, such as Cartagena de Indias in 1985, Managua 1993.[57]", "Counties of Trinidad and Tobago. Historically, Trinidad was divided into eight counties, and these counties were subdivided into Wards. Tobago was administered as a Ward of County Saint David.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is the birthplace of calypso music and the steelpan.[83][84][85] Trinidad is also the birthplace of soca music, chutney music, chutney-soca, parang, and chutney parang. The diverse cultural and religious backgrounds of its citizens has led to many festivities and ceremonies throughout the year, such as Carnival, Diwali, and Eid festivities.[86]", "Trinidad and Tobago dollar. The dollar (currency code TTD) is the currency of Trinidad and Tobago. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively TT$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents. Its predecessor currencies are the Trinidadian dollar and the Tobagan dollar.", "Charleston, South Carolina. Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown, St. Peter, Barbados.[140] The original parts of Charlestown were based on the plans of Barbados's capital city Bridgetown.[141] Many indigo, tobacco, and cotton planters relocated their slaves and plantation operations from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados.[142]", "History of Trinidad and Tobago. Central, East, and South Asia", "List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago. List of cities, towns, settlements, and villages in Trinidad and Tobago:", "Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago. The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago is located in the Eric Williams Financial Complex. The complex consists of the central bank auditorium and two sky-scrapers, locally known as the Twin Towers. The first tower houses the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago and the second tower houses the Ministry of Finance. It was only the second Central Bank to be established in the English-speaking Caribbean, the first being the Bank of Jamaica which was established in 1960.", "Trinidad and Tobago. The transport system in Trinidad and Tobago consists of a dense network of highways and roads across both major islands, ferries connecting Port of Spain with Scarborough and San Fernando, and international airports on both islands. The Uriah Butler Highway, Churchill Roosevelt Highway and the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway links the nation together. Public transportation options on land are public buses, private taxis and minibuses. By sea, the options are inter-island ferries and inter-city water taxis.[64]", "History of Trinidad and Tobago. On 20 Oct. 1898, the British Government made Tobago a ward of Trinidad.[2]:149", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is known for its Carnival celebration and as the birthplace of steelpan drums, the limbo, and music styles such as calypso, soca, parang and chutney.", "Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago. The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago is the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago.", "History of Trinidad and Tobago. North Africa and West Asia", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad is split into 14 regional corporations and municipalities, consisting of 9 regions and 5 municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy. The various councils are made up of a mixture of elected and appointed members. Elections are due to be held every three years, but have not been held since 2003, four extensions having been sought by the government. The island of Tobago is governed by the Tobago House of Assembly:", "History of Trinidad and Tobago. North and South America", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. Local government in Tobago is handled by the Tobago House of Assembly.", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. The Cocrico (Ortalis ruficauda), also known as the \"Chachalaca,\" is a rufous-tailed, tropical pheasant indigenous to Tobago. They tend to inhabit the higher areas of the island amidst the forest and sometimes the dry scrubby lands bordering cultivated areas. Cocricos are known for sounding a loud, grating chorus at dawn and dusk. The sound is a raucous cocricó repeated several times, hence the name of the bird. The Scarlet Ibis and the Cocrico are only two of over 400 species of birds recorded in Trinidad and Tobago. [11][12]", "Trinidad and Tobago. Because Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, their biological diversity is unlike that of most other Caribbean islands, and has much in common with that of Venezuela. The main ecosystems are: coastal and marine (coral reefs, mangrove swamps, open ocean and seagrass beds); forest; freshwater (rivers and streams); karst; man-made ecosystems (agricultural land, freshwater dams, secondary forest); and savanna. On 1 August 1996, Trinidad and Tobago ratified the 1992 Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, and it has produced a biodiversity action plan and four reports describing the country's contribution to biodiversity conservation. The reports formally acknowledged the importance of biodiversity to the well-being of the country's people through provision of ecosystem services.[27]", "Trinidad and Tobago Carnival. Carnival as it is celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago is also celebrated in cities worldwide.These including Toronto's Caribana, Miami's Miami Carnival, Houston Carifest, London's Notting Hill Carnival as well as New York City's Labor Day Carnival.", "Politics of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad is divided in five Municipalities Arima, Chaguanas, Port of Spain, Point Fortin, San Fernando and nine Regional Corporations Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo, Diego Martin, Penal-Debe, Princes Town, Rio Claro-Mayaro, San Juan-Laventille, Sangre Grande, Siparia, and Tunapuna-Piarco." ]

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[ "Maggie Lawson. Margaret Cassidy \"Maggie\" Lawson (born August 12, 1980) is an American actress who is best known for her role as Detective Juliet \"Jules\" O'Hara in the TV show Psych. She also has starred in the sitcoms Inside Schwartz, It's All Relative, and Crumbs, as well as the television movie Nancy Drew. In late 2014 and early 2015, she had a supporting role as Miss McMartin in the 12th and final season of Two and a Half Men.", "Maggie Peterson. Maggie Peterson Mancuso (born January 10, 1941)[1] is an American television actress. She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show.[2] She also played the character of Doris in the episode \"A Girl for Goober\" (1968).", "Valerie Harper. Harper appeared in various television movies, including a performance as Maggie in a production of the Michael Cristofer play The Shadow Box, directed by Paul Newman, and in guest roles on such series as Melrose Place (1998) and Sex and the City (1999).[citation needed]", "Suzanne Rogers. She attended acting classes in California with Stella Adler at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. Soon after, she landed the role of Maggie Horton on NBC's Days of Our Lives.[2] Maggie was introduced as a guest character in August 1973, by scriptwriter William J. Bell and executive producer Betty Corday.[3] From the beginning, Bell considered the role ideal for her. He approached Rogers about taking the role of Maggie, and she agreed.[4] She was immediately described by critics who gave reviews of the show as being one of the most energetic girls on daytime television. The news of Rogers being cast as Maggie was a different move, taking an actress who loves to dance, to a character of a crippled farm girl. This was her first television assignment, after being the youngest girl to take the stage at Radio City Music Hall.[4]", "Maggie Greene. Maggie is introduced as Hershel (Scott Wilson)'s confident and athletic eldest daughter and the sister of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney). She has grown up on her father's farm all her life and suffered the loss of her mother at a young age. As the outbreak began, Hershel barricaded the Greene family and friends on the farm. It was during this time that her once-strong sense of faith began to dwindle, and she was left with doubts about what she believed in. She frequently made supply runs for everyone.", "Maggie Horton. In 1984, Suzanne Rogers was diagnosed with a rare muscle disorder called Myasthenia Gravis.[11] This disease affected her facial muscles and the medication she needed made her feel ill, with her face appearing swollen while also suffering hair loss.[12] Rogers was forced to quit the show after 11 years when the effects of the disease became increasingly worse.[13] Her entire appearance changed, and she did not return to the show for a year. Rogers, wanting to educate viewers about the disease, approached executive producer Betty Corday about her character being diagnosed with the disease. Corday agreed, and a storyline played out with Maggie learning she has myasthenia gravis. The actress went into remission in 1995, and has remained in remission since. In 2010, Maggie began to notice some symptoms of the disease returning.[14]", "Maggie Grace. Grace was born Margaret Grace Denig in Ohio to parents Valinn (née Everett) and Fred[1] Denig, who ran a family jewelry business.[2] Her family lived in a 200-year-old house, the first saltbox house in central Ohio.[3] She attended Worthington Christian Schools from kindergarten through ninth grade and briefly attended Thomas Worthington High School,[4] where she began acting in school plays and community theater,[5] including a 2000 Gallery Players production of The Crucible, at a local Jewish Community Center (though she is not Jewish).[6][7] As a kid Grace was a big reader and a self described \"Shakespeare nerd\"[8] telling the LA Times that at age 13, she \"was really into Jane Austen, kind of like how some kids are into Star Trek.[8] Her parents divorced when she was 16 years old.[citation needed]", "Maggie Horton. Suzanne Rogers first auditioned for the role on July 13, 1973, and garnered the attention of future daytime legend, Susan Flannery, who played Dr. Laura Horton.[8] Maggie was introduced as a guest character in August 1973, by scriptwriter William J. Bell and executive producer Betty Corday.[9] From the beginning, Bell considered the role ideal for Suzanne Rogers, a former Rockette from the Radio City Music Hall and Broadway chorus girl in such musicals as \"Coco\" and \"Follies\". Bell approached Rogers about taking the role of Maggie, and she agreed.[10] She was immediately described by critics who gave reviews of the show as being one of the most energetic girls on daytime television. The news of Suzanne Rogers being cast as Maggie was a different move, taking an actress who loves to dance, to a character of a crippled farm girl. This was her first television assignment, after being the youngest girl to take the stage at Radio City Music Hall.[10]", "Maggie Wheeler. She had a star billing in the first season of Ellen. She appeared on the hit comedy Seinfeld in the episode \"The Fix-Up\", as one of Elaine's friends who is set up with George. She has appeared in many other television programs, including Drake & Josh, ER, The X-Files, The War at Home, Will & Grace, Jack and Jill, How I Met Your Mother and Curb Your Enthusiasm.", "Maggie Peterson. In May 2016 Peterson appeared as the guest of honor at the Mayberry In The Midwest Festival in Danville, Indiana.", "Maggie Wheeler. Margaret Emily \"Maggie\" Wheeler (née Jakobson; born August 7, 1961) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Janice on the sitcom Friends. She was also a recurring character on Everybody Loves Raymond as Linda and Anita Warrell on the sitcom Ellen.", "Maggie Horton. After several unsuccessful re-casts of the character of Mickey, the decision was made to kill him off, and in January 2010, Maggie was made a widow. Her storyline moved from supporting to front burner status with the decision to pair her with wealthy Victor Kiriakis and giving her a nasty rival with Vivian Alamain who was married to Victor at the time. After this storyline ended, Victor and Maggie were married, although she maintained her role as Horton matriarch. Maggie's life became further complicated by the revelation that Dr. Daniel Jonas was really the product of the eggs she had given in hopes of having a child years ago. Her airtime, relegated to only sporadic appearances for years (unless storyline had dictated her appearing more), became greater, and for the first time since the mid 1980s, she was considered a front burner character. This continued well past the mid 2010s, even after the leading characters of John and Marlena returned to the show, and exploded into leading character status once again in early 2016 after Daniel was suddenly killed off and other characters were introduced to create drama for both Maggie and Victor.", "Lauren Cohan. Lauren Cohan (born January 7, 1982) is an English-American actress and model.[1][2] She is known for her role as Maggie Greene on the horror drama series The Walking Dead (2011–present).", "Suzanne Rogers. Suzanne Rogers (born Suzanne Cecelia Crumpler; July 9, 1943)[1] is an American actress with film and television credits. Her stage name was inspired by Ginger Rogers, whom she cites as a personal inspiration for joining the entertainment industry. Rogers got her start as a dancer/performer at New York City's Radio City Music Hall, but she is perhaps best known for playing Maggie Horton, a role she originated and has played since 1973 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives.", "Maggie Pierce. On her character TV Fanatic wrote, Overall, we got to know Maggie a little better and it's nice to see that she's made some friends. It was a fair episode that showed Maggie's basically a work in progress. Maybe she'll grow on us eventually.\"[26]", "Maggie Horton. Maggie's storylines often focus on romance and family troubles. She is portrayed as a stoic, opinionated and family-oriented woman who is generally loving and supportive, but occasionally interferes in her friends' and relatives' lives. A prominent storyline in 1984 included Maggie discovering that she had Myasthenia Gravis, which mirrored Rogers' real-life struggles with the disease.[2] In 2003, Maggie was \"killed off\" in a \"whodunnit?\" murder storyline involving a serial killer. Rogers returned to the show in 2004 after producer James E. Reilly decided to have all the murder victims, including Maggie, turn up alive on the island of Melaswen, or \"New Salem\" spelled backwards.", "Judy Geeson. In the 1980s, Geeson appeared in several stage productions, including two for the Royal Shakespeare Company, as well as an Off-Broadway production of The Common Pursuit (1986). After relocating to the United States, she returned to television, playing the recurring character of Maggie Conway on the American series Mad About You from 1992 until 1999, as well as a recurring role on Gilmore Girls in 2002. In 2012 and 2016, she appeared in Rob Zombie's The Lords of Salem, and 31, respectively.", "Maggie Greene. Maggie Greene is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead, portrayed by Lauren Cohan in the television adaptation.", "JoAnna Garcia. In 2009, García had a recurring role on The CW drama Gossip Girl playing the role of Bree Buckley, an irreverent evil Miss America-type who is politically progressive, but hails from a conservative Southern family. She appeared in four episodes in season three.[6] In December 2009, she guest starred as Maggie, Ted Mosby's college buddy on How I Met Your Mother.", "Maggie Pierce. Kelly McCeary expressed her excitement about how special Maggie in an interview with BuddyTV. \"I just feel like it's a rare opportunity to be able to play somebody that is so complex and fully realized and smart and fierce and compassionate and awkward and the whole thing.\"[16] Maggie is very good at her job so she can find a place in a professional capacity, but in her personal life, she \"gets more than she bargained for\" McCreary said.[17] \"I think she's a really good doctor\" McCeary said of Maggie. \"She's obviously super-bright. She's very young to be as high in her field as she is.\" McCeary further described Maggie as a \"really great problem-solver.\" Maggie is \"very compassionate\" and at the same time can \"keep a clear head and do the right thing medically all the time.\"[16] McCeary further described Maggie as \"so dynamic.\"[11] While Maggie initially \"came across as all business,\" Kelly McCeary relishes in playing \"Maggie's neurotic, existential, meltdown side.\"[3] \"Maggie also won't really back down from a fight; she's very decisive.\"[12]", "Maggie O'Neill. Margaret O'Neill (born 15 November 1962)[1] is an English actress. She is known for her television roles in Peak Practice (2000–2002), Shameless (2004–2007) and EastEnders (2008). She also appeared in the 1988 film Gorillas in the Mist.", "Maggie Peterson. A short time later, Peterson joined another group, The Ernie Mariani Trio (later renamed Margaret Ann and the Ernie Mariani Trio). The group traveled for several years and had stints in resort areas such as Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe and Reno, where Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack were often seen in the audience while Maggie performed. It was while she was on tour that Maggie was discovered by The Andy Griffith Show director Bob Sweeny and producer Aaron Ruben.", "Maggie O'Neill. The youngest of six Catholic brothers and sisters,[2] born to head teacher parents,[3] O'Neill grew up in the Midlands,[3] where she was educated at a convent school, and after being inspired by a sixth-form drama teacher, \"fell\" into acting.[4]", "Elisabeth Moss. While a series regular on Mad Men, Moss made her Broadway debut in October 2008, playing the role of Karen in the 20th Anniversary revival of Speed-the-Plow by David Mamet.[19] She then appeared in the comedy film Did You Hear About the Morgans? (2009), playing Sarah Jessica Parker's assistant,[20] followed by a part in the comedy Get Him to the Greek (2010) opposite Jonah Hill.", "Maggie Wheeler. It was rumored that Wheeler auditioned for the role of Monica Geller, however after many interviews she stated that it was a false rumour,[3] she was however invited to play Janice Goralnik, a recurring character who was a frequent love interest of main character Chandler Bing. She appeared at least once in each season; her 19 episodes tie her with Christina Pickles for Friends’ third most frequent guest actor, behind only Elliott Gould's 20 episodes, and James Michael Tyler's 150 episodes.", "Kathleen Turner. In addition to film, Turner has worked in the theatre, and has been nominated for the Tony Award twice for her Broadway roles as Maggie in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and as Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Turner has also taught acting classes at New York University.[2][3]", "Julia Duffy. Julia Duffy (born Julia Margaret Hinds; June 27, 1951) is an American actress, best known for playing Stephanie Vanderkellen on the sitcom Newhart (1983–90). For this role, she received seven Emmy Award nominations and a 1988 Golden Globe Award nomination. The role also won her three Viewers for Quality Television awards as well as five American Comedy Awards nominations. She is also notable for playing the original Maggie Campbell on Baby Talk (1991) and Allison Sugarbaker on Designing Women (1991–92).", "Maggie Smith. In the 1990s, Smith appeared as Wendy Darling in the 1991 hit movie Hook, and also appeared in the hit comedy films Sister Act in 1992 and The First Wives Club in 1996. She also received a third BAFTA TV nomination for the 1992 TV film Memento Mori and her first Emmy nomination for her role in the 1993 TV film Suddenly, Last Summer. She won a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress for the 1999 film Tea with Mussolini, in which she played Lady Hester. She also appeared in the films Hook (1991), The Secret Garden (1993), Richard III (1995) and Washington Square (1997). Her 1990s stage roles included Three Tall Women in 1994, which won her a fifth Evening Standard award, Claire in A Delicate Balance opposite Eileen Atkins in 1997 and The Lady in the Van in 1999.", "Maggie Grace. Maggie Grace (born Margaret Grace Denig; September 21, 1983)[1] is an American actress, best known for her roles as Shannon Rutherford on the ABC television series Lost and Kim Mills in the Taken trilogy. She has also appeared on The Twilight Saga as \"Irina\". Originally from Worthington, Ohio, she went on to earn a Young Artist Award nomination in 2002 with her portrayal of 15-year-old murder victim Martha Moxley in the television movie Murder in Greenwich. In 2004, Grace was cast as Shannon Rutherford in the television series Lost, on which she was a main cast member for the first two seasons, winning a Screen Actors Guild Award shared with the ensemble cast. Leaving the series, Grace was keen to work more prominently in film, she appeared in The Jane Austen Book Club (both 2007), and opposite Liam Neeson as Kim Mills in Taken in 2008. She reprised the role in Taken 2 (2012) and Taken 3 (2015).", "Wendy Makkena. Among her Broadway credits are Pygmalion (1987), Lend Me a Tenor (1989) as \"Maggie\" and Side Man (1998) as \"Terry\".[2] In 2013, Makkena appeared as \"Carmen Berra\" in the Off-Broadway production of Bronx Bombers at (Primary Stages).[3]", "The Lighthouse (How I Met Your Mother). Sherri Shepherd (Daphne)\nFrances Conroy (Loretta Stinson)\nAnna Camp (Cassie)\nHarry Groener (Clint)\nCristine Rose (Virginia Mosby)\nRoger Bart (Curtis)", "Maggie Siff. Maggie Siff (born June 21, 1974) is an American actress. She is best known for her television roles as department store heiress Rachel Menken Katz on the AMC drama Mad Men, Tara Knowles on the FX drama Sons of Anarchy, and psychiatrist Wendy Rhoades on the Showtime series Billions. She has had roles in the films Push (2009) as Teresa Stowe and Leaves of Grass (2010) as Rabbi Renannah Zimmerman. She also stars in an indie film called A Woman, A Part. (2016)" ]

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[ "Flag of Haiti. The flag of Haiti is a bicolour flag featuring two horizontal bands coloured blue and red, defaced by a white panel bearing the coat of arms. The coat of arms depicts a trophy of weapons atop a green hill, ready to defend freedom, and a royal palm symbolizing independence. The palm is topped by the Cap of Liberty. The motto L'Union Fait La Force (\"Unity Is Strength\") appears on a white ribbon below the arrangement.", "Flag of Haiti. The emblem of the Haitian Nation shall be a flag with the following description:", "Flag of Haiti. The first purely Haitian flag was adopted on 18 May 1803, on the last day of the Congress of Arcahaie, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Port-au-Prince. Haitian lore holds that the newly appointed revolutionary leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines created the flag by taking a French tricolor and ripping out the white center, which he discarded. He then asked Catherine Flon, his god-daughter,[5] to sew the remaining bands together. The white pale removed, the blue was taken to represent Haiti's black citizens and the red the gens de couleur. The story is widely known in Haiti: the anniversary of the date is celebrated as the Haitian Flag Day and images of Catherine Flon have appeared on Haitian currency and stamps.[6]", "Flag of Haiti. Following his proclamation as Emperor Jacques I, Dessalines promulgated a new constitution on 20 May 1805. In it, the colors of the flag were altered to black and red.[7] This flag being subsequently adopted by Henri Christophe, the republicans under Alexandre Pétion returned to the colors blue and red, subsequently turning them horizontal and adding the newly adopted Haitian coat of arms.", "Flag of Haiti. L'emblême de la Nation Haïtienne est le Drapeau qui répond à la description suivante:", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of the First Haitian Republic (1859–1964)", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of the Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)", "Haiti. As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society. For example, a rooster often represents Aristide and the red and blue colors of the Haitian flag often represent his Lavalas party. Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.[citation needed]", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of Haiti used by Duvalier (1964–1986)", "Flag of Haiti. The civil flag and ensign omits the coat of arms.[4]", "Flag of Haiti. Contrary to the constitutional mandate, the white field is rarely (if ever) rendered as a square. A rectangle with a 11:9 ratio has been adopted by the Haitian Ministry of Information and Coordination since 1987 or earlier.[3]", "Flag of Haiti. The present design was first used by the Republic of Haiti under President Alexandre Pétion in 1806.[1] It was most recently readopted on 25 February 2012 under Title I, Chapter I, Article 3 of the current Constitution of Haiti:", "Flag of Haiti. Flag before the French Revolution (1625–1803)", "Flag of Haiti. Between 1964 and 1986, the family dictatorships of François \"Papa Doc\" and Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier returned to Dessalines' black and red design. They included the national coat of arms, but altered the flags in its trophy to black as well.", "Flag of Haiti. The English translation adopted by the Embassy of Haiti in Washington, D.C., reads:[2]", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of the State of Haiti (1806–1811)", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of the Kingdom of Haiti (1814–1820)", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of the Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1814)", "Flag of Haiti. Flag of the Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)", "Flag of Haiti. During the period of the Haitian Empire of Faustin I, his coat of arms was used on the flag and for official functions, but it was subsequently abandoned upon his removal from office.", "Flag of the Dominican Republic. The flag of the Dominican Republic represents the Dominican Republic and, together with the coat of arms and the national anthem, has the status of national symbol. The blue on the flag stands for liberty, the white for salvation, and the red for the blood of heroes. The civil ensign follows the same design, but without the charge in the center. The flag was designed by Juan Pablo Duarte.[1]", "Flag of Haiti. Because the coat of arms is only used for national and military flags, whereas the civil flag consists solely of the two unaugmented horizontal bands, it was discovered at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin that Haiti and Liechtenstein were using the same flag. This led to the addition of a crown to the design of the flag of Liechtenstein.[8]", "National coat of arms. Emblem of Haiti", "Dominican Republic. Some of the Dominican Republic's important symbols are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem, titled Himno Nacional. The flag has a large white cross that divides it into four quarters. Two quarters are red and two are blue. Red represents the blood shed by the liberators. Blue expresses God's protection over the nation. The white cross symbolizes the struggle of the liberators to bequeath future generations a free nation. An alternate interpretation is that blue represents the ideals of progress and liberty, whereas white symbolizes peace and unity among Dominicans.[197]", "The Bahamas. The colours embodied in the design of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and the economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of two colours on three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.", "Dominican Republic. In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag. The coat of arms pictures a red, white, and blue flag-draped shield with a Bible, a gold cross, and arrows; the shield is surrounded by an olive branch (on the left) and a palm branch (on the right). The Bible traditionally represents the truth and the light. The gold cross symbolizes the redemption from slavery, and the arrows symbolize the noble soldiers and their proud military. A blue ribbon above the shield reads, \"Dios, Patria, Libertad\" (meaning \"God, Fatherland, Liberty\"). A red ribbon under the shield reads, \"República Dominicana\" (meaning \"Dominican Republic\"). Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a Bible is unique to the Dominican flag.", "Red. Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.[128] The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain,[129] the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.[130] Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.", "Violet (color). The flag of Dominica, an island in the Caribbean, is the only national flag in the world containing violet. The flag features a sisserou parrot, a national symbol.", "Pan-African flag. Red is the color of the blood which men must shed for their redemption and liberty; black is the color of the noble and distinguished race to which we belong; green is the color of the luxuriant vegetation of our Motherland.", "Flag of Puerto Rico. In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This created a belief that her father could have been its designer. In her letter she described the flag as one which consists of five stripes that alternate from red to white. Three of the stripes are red, and the other two are white. To the left of the flag is a light blue triangle that houses one white five-pointed star. Each part of this flag has its own meaning. The three red stripes represent the blood from the brave warriors. The two white stripes represent the victory and peace that they would have after gaining independence. The white star represented the island of Puerto Rico. The blue represents the sky and blue coastal waters. The triangle represents the three branches of government.[19] Finally, it is also believed by some that it was Lola Rodríguez de Tió who suggested that Puerto Ricans use the Cuban flag with its colors reversed as the model for their own standard.[20] The color of the Cuban flag's blue stripes, however, were a darker shade of blue, according to Professor Martí.", "Bogotá. The flag itself is a yellow band above a red one. The yellow denotes the gold from the earth, as well as the virtues of justice, clemency, benevolence, the so-called \"mundane qualities\" (defined as nobility, excellence, richness, generosity, splendour, health, steadfastness, joy and prosperity), long life, eternity, power and constancy. The red denotes the virtue of charity, as well as the qualities of bravery, nobility, values, audacity, victory, honour and furor, Colombians call it the blood of their people.[citation needed]", "Live Free or Die. On January 1, 1804, Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaimed Haiti, then a French slave colony, to be free and independent. Dessalines is said to have torn the white section from the French tricolor flag while shouting, \"Vivre libre ou mourir!\", which means \"live free or die.\"[8][9]" ]

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[ "Between (TV series). The series is a co-production between City and Netflix, which distributes the series outside Canada as a Netflix Original Series.[1][2] The series was renewed for a second season on July 8, 2015, which premiered on June 30, 2016.[3]", "Between (TV series). Episodes air on a week by week basis on City, on Thursdays at 8 pm Eastern Time. During season 1, they were later added on week by week basis on Netflix, for international viewing at 11:30 pm Eastern.[12] Season 1 was added to Netflix's Canadian service one year after its Shomi debut.[11] For season 2, all six episodes were released on Netflix on July 1, 2016, outside Canada.", "Between (TV series). There has been no confirmation of a third season.", "Between (TV series). As an accompaniment to the show, a web series called Between the Lines has been released, featuring eight two-minute webisodes. The web series follows the character Amanda as she interviews students at Pretty Lake High as an assignment for the school's yearbook. The series begins pre-outbreak, and continues throughout the quarantine and ensuing chaos, taking an in-depth look at a different character each week. The first installment of the web series was posted on May 22, 2015, with new webisodes made available every week on CityTV.com, after each TV episode broadcasts.[8] The season 2 edition of the web series, a six-part video diary kept by Wiley and Adam, became available on June 23, 2016.[9]", "Between (TV series). Production of season 1 began on October 20, 2014. City aired an exclusive preview of the series during their broadcast of the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, and the series premiered on May 21, 2015.[4]", "Between (TV series). Jesse Carere was promoted to managing director for season 2.[5] Production of season 2 began in January 2016, with six one-hour episodes like the first season.[6] The series shot though March 11, 2016, with two new characters, Lium (played by Steven Grayhm) and Renee (played by Mercedes Morris).[7]", "Between (TV series). In addition, season 2 includes an after-show web component called Inside Between, hosted by Jim Watson and streaming live (then remaining available) on CityTV.com's Between page, directly following each TV episode's initial broadcast on City.", "Between (TV series). Per the collaboration deal, the series airs terrestrially on City,[10] and streams on Shomi in Canada and Netflix internationally.[11] It is the first series originating from Canada to air on Netflix from its inception.[10]", "Between (TV series). Between is a Canadian science fiction drama television series which debuted May 21, 2015 on City. Created by Michael McGowan, the series stars Jennette McCurdy as Wiley Day, a pregnant teenage daughter of a minister living in the small town of Pretty Lake, which is coping with a mysterious disease that has killed everybody over age 21.", "It's Dangerous Beyond the Blankets. The second season airs every Thursday at 23:10 (KST), starting from April 5, 2018.", "Crossing Lines. In the United Kingdom, the series was released on the LoveFilm platform on October 25, 2013.[31] The second season was released on Amazon Video on August 15, 2014.[32] It is now being shown on Alibi (2015). All 3 seasons are being shown on Netflix. (May 2018)", "Somewhere Between (TV series). On February 16, 2016, ABC announced a 10-episode straight-to-series order for an American remake of the Korean TV series God's Gift: 14 Days, which aired on SBS. The show will start shooting in Vancouver, Canada, in March 2017, for an air date in July 2017. It will be written by Stephen Tolkin.[4][5] Production of the show began on March 7, 2017.", "Between (TV series). Brian Lowry of Variety called Between \"an utterly ho-hum addition to Netflix's original lineup\".[14] Keith Uhlich of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, \"It's the end of the world as they know it, and viewers won't care.\"[15] Mike Hale of The New York Times called it a \"familiar ensemble soap opera with conspiracy-theory embroidery\".[16] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"The town is lovely, the premise solid if overfamiliar, but the script lacks both depth and tension (big problem), and McCurdy is one of the few cast members who can act.\"[17] Kevin P. Sullivan of Entertainment Weekly rated it C− and criticized the show's writing.[18] Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club rated it C+ and wrote that the series lacks a compelling hook.[19]", "Somewhere Between (TV series). Somewhere Between is an American drama television series commissioned by ABC and produced by ITV Studios America and Thunderbird Entertainment. The show is an American adaption of the Korean mystery TV show God's Gift: 14 Days, which aired on SBS. The show follows a mother who tries to change the fate of her daughter's murder. It stars Paula Patton, while Stephen Tolkin serves as writer and executive producer. Production began on March 7, 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The series premiered on July 24, 2017.[2]", "Between (TV series). The series was originally set for a season of six one-hour episodes, co-produced and financed by City and Netflix as part of a collaboration deal. The series represents the first major television solo starring role for McCurdy.", "Somewhere Between (TV series). On January 26, 2017, it was announced that Paula Patton had been cast as the lead.[6][7] On February 21, 2017, Devon Sawa was cast as the male lead.[1] JR Bourne joined the cast two days later.[8]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). The season is set to premiere in January 2019 on CBS All Access in the United States.[2] Bell Media broadcasts the series in Canada on the specialty channels Space (English) and Z (French) before streaming episodes on CraveTV, while Netflix has streaming rights for the series in another 188 countries. Netflix releases each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. [48]", "Between (TV series). Between is the story of a small town called Pretty Lake and surrounding rural area under siege from a mysterious disease that has wiped out everybody aged 22 and older. The series also explores numerous themes: the power vacuum that results when the government quarantines a 10 square mile zone and leaves the inhabitants to fend for themselves; the desire of inhabitants to escape, ignoring that they will spread the deadly disease to the entire planet; and the effect of hormonal teenaged/young adult angst becoming the guiding force for an entire community.", "Between (TV series). Between's season 1 ratings on City pulled a combined 3.2 million viewers, reaching roughly 10% of the Canadian population. The show performed at 31% in the desirable 18–34 age demographic, significantly above the channel average of 19% for the demographic.[13]", "The Good Place. Since the start of season two in September 2017, Netflix distributes the show to various international markets with new episodes being released a few hours after their original American airing.[18]", "Jennette McCurdy. In 2015, she began starring in the Netflix drama series Between.[34][35] It was also announced that she would star in teen comedy Little Bitches alongside Virginia Gardner and Kiersey Clemons.[36]", "3%. Academy Award-nominated cinematographer César Charlone, known for City of God and Blindness, served as director alongside Daina Giannecchini, Dani Libardi, and Jotagá Crema. Charlone also serves as an executive producer, alongside Tiago Mello.[1] The first season became available on Netflix worldwide on November 25, 2016.[7][8] In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which was released on April 27, 2018.[3][4] On June 4, 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, which is scheduled to be released in 2019.[5]", "Degrassi: Next Class. In Canada, the series premiered on January 4, 2016, on Family’s new teen programing block, F2N. In the United States (and internationally), first-run episodes began streaming internationally on Netflix on January 15, 2016 (excluding Canada, Australia and France). Episodes will be available on Netflix in Canada, Australia and France following the conclusion of the first season.[32][33] Season two premiered on the Family Channel on July 19, 2016 and on Netflix on July 22, 2016.", "Degrassi: Next Class (season 2). In Canada, the season premiered on July 19, 2016, on Family Channel's F2N block. Unlike the previous season, it will air for 10-weeks and move to Tuesday's at 9:45 PM ET/PT. Also, due to the season premiering in Australia beforehand, Family released the entire season on July 22, 2016, on its subscription-based Family Channel App alongside Netflix's release.[1][19]", "Someone Knows Something. On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is \"coming soon\".[21] The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016,[5] with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3.[22]", "Grace and Frankie. On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). The second season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 6, 2014, at 12:00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51–60 minutes, with a 90-minute finale. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan.", "The Fall (TV series). The second series was broadcast on Netflix's \"Watch Instantly\" service, starting in January 2015, in the United States. It was also broadcast on Netflix in Canada.[65] In Latin America, Netflix began broadcasting the season on 16 January 2015, at 12:01am.[66]", "The Space Between Us (film). In August 2015, STX Entertainment scheduled the film to be released on July 29, 2016.[13] The release date was later switched with STX's other release, Bad Moms, and was moved its release date later to August 19, 2016.[14] However, Kubo and the Two Strings, Ben-Hur, and War Dogs were all slated for August 19, 2016 and STX Entertainment moved its release date later to December 21, 2016, allowing more time for work on the visual effects.[15] The film's release date was later moved to December 16, 2016,[16] and finally STX Entertainment moved its release date later to February 3, 2017.[17]", "Degrassi: Next Class (season 2). The second season of Degrassi: Next Class premiered on July 19, 2016 on Family Channel under the teen block F2N in Canada and began streaming internationally on July 22, 2016 on Netflix.[1][2] The season made its debut in Australia on May 30, 2016 and concluded on June 10, 2016. This season followed a group of high school sophomores and juniors from Degrassi Community School, a fictional school in Toronto, Ontario, and depicts some of the typical issues and challenges common to a teenager's life. This season picked up where the first left off and depicted the second semester of the school year. It continued to tell the stories of a new generation navigating high school drama with groundbreaking stories such as racism, mental illness, running away, sex, protest, self-harm, sexual identity, life-threatening diseases and self-image.[3] It also continued to target the new post-millennial teen cohort known as Generation Z.", "Trailer Park Boys. A new 8-part series titled, Trailer Park Boys: Out of the Park: Europe, became available for streaming on Netflix on October 28, 2016. A vlog series called State of the Union on Swearnet.com confirmed a second season taking place in the United States. Titled Trailer Park Boys: Out of the Park: USA, it premiered on Netflix on November 24, 2017.", "Andi Mack. Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on May 25, 2017.[7] The second season premiered on Disney Channel on October 27, 2017. One week before the season two premiere, a music video for the full version of the series' theme song was released, starring the entire cast.[8] On October 25, 2017, TVLine revealed that in season two, Cyrus will begin to realize that he has feelings for Jonah, making him Disney Channel's first gay main character.[9]" ]

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[ "Once Upon a Time (season 6). This season also marks the final appearance of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) as a series regular. Morrison announced she would be departing the series after the sixth-season finale, but if the series receives a seventh season renewal she has agreed to appear in at least one episode.[4] After serving as a series regular for two seasons, Rebecca Mader also announced that season six would be her last on the show as a regular.[5] Shortly after, Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that original cast members Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, and Jared Gilmore, as well as Emilie de Ravin who joined the main cast in season two, would also exit the show at the end of the season.[6]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). On May 12, 2017, showrunners Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that five more cast members, in addition to Morrison, would not be returning to the show for a seventh season: Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared Gilmore, Emilie de Ravin, and Rebecca Mader.[6] In their personal goodbyes to fans, both de Ravin and Mader cited the show's decision to move forward in a new creative direction as the reason for their departures.[114][5] Gilmore expressed similar sentiments.[115] Meanwhile, Goodwin and Dallas had informed the showrunners a year prior that they intended to leave the show at the end of the sixth season.[116]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). In January 2017, ABC president Channing Dungey had been the first to suggest that the current narrative of the show would end with season six, regardless of whether or not there is a season seven.[3] Shortly after this news, Jennifer Morrison revealed that the contracts for the original main cast members were expiring in April, expressing uncertainty about the future of the show and her participation in it beyond the current season.[91] Robert Carlyle also expressed that he'd have to make a decision about his future on the show by the end of that month.[92] In March 2017, several sources had reported that four of the current main cast members in particular - Morrison, Carlyle, Lana Parrilla, and Colin O'Donoghue - were in negotiations to renew their contracts for a potential seventh season.[93][94] In April 2017, Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that a group of characters will indeed have their stories wrapped up by the end of the season in acknowledging the potential cast changes, saying: \"We planned this finale from the beginning of the year, so whoever stays and whoever goes... all those questions have already been dealt with. The audience does not have to fear [anything feeling] incomplete.\"[95] On May 8, Morrison confirmed that she had declined an offer to remain on the show and that the sixth season would be her last, signaling the end of Emma's time on the show as the main protagonist.[4] On May 11, Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the show at the end of the season, citing creative decisions beyond her control.[5] On May 12, season six was announced to be the last for four additional main actors: Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared Gilmore, and Emilie de Ravin.[6] Thus, characters seeing their storylines wrapped up in the season six finale include Emma Swan, Snow White, Prince Charming, Belle, and Zelena. The season finale revealed that Henry Mills will remain a series protagonist, with the setting shifting to a later time period in which he is portrayed as an adult by Andrew J. West.[96]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). Before the series was renewed for a seventh season, Jennifer Morrison announced that, if the series were to be renewed, she would not be returning as a series regular for that season but agreed to return for one episode to wrap up Emma Swan's storyline.[77] Later that week, actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped. It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season's finale aired. Along with departures, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season's finale. They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively. In July 2017, actresses Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced to be joining the cast of the seventh season as series regulars, playing new iterations of Cinderella and Lady Tremaine, respectively. In September 2017, Mekia Cox, who portrays Tiana, was promoted to a series regular.[78]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). On May 8, 2017, Jennifer Morrison announced that she had declined an offer to remain on the show through season 7 and would not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular in the event the series was renewed by ABC.[111][112] However, Morrison noted that she had signed a contract to appear in one episode in season 7.[113]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). Executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that they were ending the half-season arc structure that was seen in seasons three through five, with Horowitz saying, \"We’re also planning a 22-episode story as opposed to breaking it up into two halves this year. It has been really exciting and fun.\" Kitsis added: \"We are changing around what we’re doing this year and going back to that season 1 mentality of small town stories and smaller arcs.\"[84][85] This season will focus on Storybrooke as the main setting,[86] but will also show new realms[87] and there will be the exploration of the Savior's mythology.[88] Kitsis and Horowitz hired two directors from their Freeform series Dead of Summer, Norman Buckley, Mairzee Almas, and Michael Schultz helm episodes of the season.[89] Jennifer Lynch directed the eighth episode of the season, \"I'll Be Your Mirror\".[90]", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). This season marked a significant change for the series, as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7. Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining. Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017.[3] Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017.[4] In August 2017, it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring.[5]", "Jennifer Morrison. On May 8, 2017, Morrison announced via social media that she will not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular for season seven, while also noting that she has agreed to return as a guest for one episode.[17][18][19]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). In early July, it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere. The character's last appearance was in the season 4 episode \"Rocky Road.\"[15] On July 20, it was announced that Jessy Schram would be reprising her role as Cinderella in the third episode of the season. The episode explored a connection that her character has to someone from the Land of Untold Stories, as well as the start of her friendship with Snow White.[24] That same episode also introduced Cinderella's stepmother and stepsisters.[106] David Anders returned this season as Victor Frankenstein. The character has a connection with Jekyll and Hyde.[23] On August 15, it was announced that Jonny Coyne would be reprising his role as Dr. Lydgate from Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, in the fourth episode of the season.[46] On August 26, it was announced that Faran Tahir was cast as Captain Nemo, and would have ties to Captain Hook.[48] On September 22, it was announced that Tzi Ma would be reprising his role as the Dragon sometime in the season.[40] Gabrielle Rose would also be returning as David's mother, Ruth, who appeared via flashback in episode 7.[26] On September 27, it was announced that Sean Maguire would be returning as Robin Hood. The former main character, who died on-screen near the end of season 5, will not be brought back from the dead but would appear in a multi-episode arc in a different capacity.[30]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). Emilie de Ravin told fans that she will be returning for the sixth season.[10][better source needed] It was also announced later that Sam Witwer and Hank Harris have signed a contract to play two new recurring characters on the sixth season of the show.[105] On March 29, 2016, Lana Parrilla confirmed she would be returning for the sixth season.[9] Robert Carlyle was confirmed to be returning for the sixth season as Rumplestiltskin[13] along with Rebecca Mader as Zelena[12][better source needed] and Jared Gilmore as Henry Mills.[11][better source needed]", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). On March 16, it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series' last two episodes. This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore (who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode)[98] and Sean Maguire, as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher, Victoria Smurfit, Robbie Kay, Beverley Elliott, Lee Arenberg, Keegan Connor Tracy, and Tony Amendola.[54] On March 21, it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time, along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series.[56] In addition, Raphael Sbarge, David Paul Grove, and Faustino Di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale.[59][58]", "Once Upon a Time (season 1). Emma soon discovers that writer August W. Booth (Eion Bailey), who is the first stranger ever to arrive in town after she did, is from the Enchanted Forest as well and that he is Pinocchio, who was sent to our world through the same wardrobe that brought Emma to watch over her.[4] But he abandoned her out of fear and is slowly turning back into a wooden puppet. Emma then makes an attempt to take Henry out of Storybrooke forever, but is then forced to reconsider when he refuses to go. Emma makes a deal with Regina in which she leaves but still visits Henry on occasion.", "Adelaide Kane. In July 2017, Kane joined the hit ABC series Once Upon A Time in a recurring role for its rebooted season seven. Kane was one of five actresses to join the series for its new season in starring and recurring roles, following the exits of six key cast members at the end of season six.[10] She played one of the antagonists, Drizella, one of Cinderella's wicked stepsisters. Adelaide's final episode in Once Upon a Time was \"Sisterhood\".[11]", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). In May 2017, it was announced that Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7.[3] It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities, similar to the circumstances in season 1. In July, the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers, who is living with an unexplained sense of loss.[84] In August, it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni, who is more dressed down and is \"no longer in charge.\"[85]", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season.[86][87] Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017.[88] On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season.[39]", "Pauley Perrette. On October 4, 2017, TV Guide reported Perrette would be leaving the series at the end of the 15th season; she made her final appearance in the episode \"Two Steps Back.\"[13]", "The Final Battle (Once Upon a Time). \"The Final Battle\" marks the last appearances as regulars of six of the cast: Jennifer Morrison, Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore, Emilie de Ravin, and Rebecca Mader. The episodes' bookends set up new timelines that will continue in the seventh season. However, Gilmore's character, Henry Mills, will be played by Andrew J. West, who along with newcomer Alison Fernandez, became series regulars starting with this episode. Mader would end up with the most season 7 appearances among all departing regulars.", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3, 2016.[1] It debuted on September 25, 2016, and concluded on May 14, 2017.[2] In January 2017, it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline, and for a seventh season, the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline.[3]", "List of Once Upon a Time characters. After transporting, Pinocchio finds Emma, and they live in an orphanage until he leaves Emma to run away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, now known as August Wayne Booth travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny. After Emma is arrested for possession of stolen items, he informs Neal of Emma's sentencing and, later, when the curse is broken.[24] August enters Storybrooke upon Emma's arrival to the town,[17] attempting to convince her of the curse's reality. He informs Mr. Gold and Emma that he is deathly ill and needs magic, though her denial prevents her from seeing his condition. When Emma realizes the curse's reality, she visits August for help, though he completely turns to wood.[22] After the curse is broken, Mary Margaret finds August hiding in the woods, ashamed of the mistakes that he has made. He is later found by Tamara and is fatally wounded by her. However, it is determined that August's actions were selfless, brave, and true and Mother Superior restores him to his original form of a seven-year-old Pinocchio.[25] He was transported back to the Enchanted Forest when Regina undid her curse and later transported back to Storybrooke when the curse was cast again.", "Abby Sciuto. On October 4, 2017, Perrette announced that she would be departing the show at the conclusion of season 15.", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). Existing fictional characters introduced to the series during the season include Aladdin, Princess Jasmine, the Count of Monte Cristo, Captain Nemo, Lady Tremaine, Beowulf, Tiger Lily and the Tin Man. Original new characters include Gideon, the Black Fairy, Mary Lydgate, and Robert. The show also reintroduced Jafar and Dr. Arthur Lydgate, who previously appeared in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). For the fourth season, Michael Socha was brought onto the show as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts from the show's spin-off, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland,[72][73] while Raymond-James was dropped from the regular cast[74] when the writers decided to kill off his character.[74] Bailey returned in a recurring arc towards the end of the season after being absent from the show since the second season.[75]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). On February 16, TVLine released casting call descriptions for two characters who appear in the season 6 finale, with potential to continue into season 7 if the show is to be renewed. One is a man in his late 20s-early 30s who \"was once optimistic and hopeful but now is a friendless, cynical recluse\" but \"still possesses a dormant, deep-seated spark of hope that waits for the right person to reignite it.\" The other is a 10-year-old girl who \"comes from a broken home\" but \"those struggles have only made her stronger — something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear.\"[110] On March 8, it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role, later revealed in \"The Final Battle\" as an adult Henry Mills.[60] On March 9, it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role, also revealed to be Henry's daughter, Lucy.[61]", "Leaving Storybrooke. \"Leaving Storybrooke\" is the twenty-second episode of the seventh season and the 155th and final episode overall of the American fantasy-drama series Once Upon a Time. Written by the show's creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, and directed by Ralph Hemecker, it premiered on ABC in the United States on May 18, 2018.", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). For the second half of the season, Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes, starting in episode 11, as the Sheriff of Nottingham.[43][107] On October 31, it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma.[51] On December 11, Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13.[54] On January 6, 2017, it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel. The story line involves a team-up between Ariel, Jasmine, and Hook.[33] On January 7, Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric.[34] Two days later, it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell.[32] On January 20, it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily. The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17.[42][108] On January 23, Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season.[41] On March 14, it was announced that episode 18 would introduce the Tin Man, played by Alex Désert, and the Cowardly Lion from the Wizard of Oz tale.[109]", "Going Home (Once Upon a Time). Remember how season 2's winter finale brought an entire half-season's storyline to a satisfying end by conclusively returning Snow and Emma to Storybrooke? Well, Sunday's episode went about a hundred times farther, effectively tying a pretty white bow on the entire show's storyline – at least, until that handy \"One Year Later\" tag (Captain Swan lives!) and a preview promising the imminent introduction of the Wicked Witch of the West. (Just what Once needed: Another villain who's more compelling than any of the show's heroes.)", "List of Once Upon a Time characters. Later on, he is visited by Tamara who is on the hunt for magical creatures. When she finds out that the Dragon is magical, she tries to kill him. As he tries to reveal to her his true self, she kills him with a magical taser and his corpse is found by August.[70] A few years later, it is revealed that he survived Tamara's attack and moved to New York City. Mr. Gold and Regina seeks his help to open a portal to the Land of Untold Stories, but due to the limited magic scope, he fails, but he gives them some words of encouragement. Later at night, he is visited by the Evil Queen who hopes to make a deal with him. As he refused, she traps him in the World Behind the Mirror, but is later freed by Regina in Storybrooke.", "List of Once Upon a Time characters. As Emma and Regina tries to get back to Storybrooke through a portal, Robin appears to rob them. Regina, shocked to see Robin alive, approaches him, causing the portal to close. Robin robs them and leaves them as soon as Prince Henry and the knights approach. In the tavern, Regina approaches him and asks him about his life in the Wish Realm, and after figuring out that he is happy, she leaves him, but they are both captured by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin and Regina is then saved by Rumplestiltskin, who then captures them and locks them away in a prison cell. Robin breaks open the lock and escapes with Regina. After Emma and Pinocchio create a portal with an enchanted tree, Robin volunteers himself to follow them for a fresh start.", "List of Once Upon a Time characters. Following a new curse by Snow White, Blue is returned to Storybrooke, assuming back her identity as Mother Superior. She is later placed into Merlin's hat after Mr. Gold controls an unwilling Captain Hook to remove the fairies from Storybrooke in his plan to cleave himself from his dagger. She and the other fairies are later freed by Regina. She later freed the Apprentice from the magic hat to help stop Isaac. She along with the fairies watch baby Neal, Zelena and Robin's baby and Roland when the heroes head down to the Underworld. She later keeps Neal safe when Belle, Baby Hood and Zelena fall through a portal to the Underworld.", "Maxie Jones. In May 2016, it was reported that Storms would again take temporary leave from the role; actress Molly Burnett was cast in the role.[24][25] Burnett assumed the role on July 5, 2016, and departed nearly a month later on July 29, 2016.[26][27][28] Storms returned in the role on August 3, 2016.[29][30]", "A Wondrous Place. \"A Wondrous Place\" is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on April 2, 2017. In this episode, when Gideon sends Hook out of Storybrooke, the pirate must find a way to return to Emma, who is being tempted to join Regina and Snow during a ladies' night out, while the origins behind the disappearance of Agrabah are revealed.", "List of Once Upon a Time characters. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her sometime after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul.[24] It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[48] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child.[36]" ]

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[ "Aloha (film). Military contractor Brian Gilcrest (Bradley Cooper) returns to Hawaii to organize a traditional blessing for a new pedestrian gate on behalf of billionaire Carson Welch (Bill Murray), who intends to develop nearby land into a space center. Following a celebrated military career that ended in shadowy deals in Afghanistan, the now disillusioned Gilcrest is tasked with negotiating a deal with the Hawaiian natives and supporting Carson's launch of a privately-funded satellite. Gilcrest's mission is complicated by his former girlfriend Tracy (Rachel McAdams), now married with two children, and his idealistic Air Force liaison, Captain Allison Ng (Emma Stone), whose wide-eyed fascination with space reminds him of his own childhood sense of wonder.", "Aloha (film). Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy film written, produced and directed by Cameron Crowe. The film, starring Bradley Cooper, Emma Stone, Rachel McAdams, Bill Murray, John Krasinski, Danny McBride and Alec Baldwin, was released on May 29, 2015. The film received negative reviews from critics and has grossed only $26 million against a budget of $37 million, making the film a box office bomb.", "Aloha (film). The next evening, they attend Carson's Christmas party, where General Dixon (Alec Baldwin) tells Gilcrest not to screw up their deal with the Hawaiians. One of the general's men hands Gilcrest a thumb drive containing top secret information for the upcoming satellite launch. During the party, Gilcrest becomes attracted to Ng, who is having fun dancing with Carson. Afterwards, Ng joins Gilcrest in his room while he recounts his experiences in Kabul, where he almost died. He tells her that this was the first night he was truly happy to be living, and the two have sex. The next day, Ng discovers that Carson's satellite will actually carry a nuclear payload. When she tries to resign, her colonel tells her it is a private operation run by Carson and that Gilcrest is aware of the details. Later she confronts Gilcrest in tears for lying to her and the Hawaiians.", "Rachel McAdams. McAdams appeared in three other 2015 films. She starred with her Wedding Crashers co-star Bradley Cooper, Emma Stone and John Krasinski in Cameron Crowe's romantic comedy-drama Aloha. She played the ex-girlfriend of Cooper's character, who is married to Krasinski's character with two children.[183] While the film received a negative reaction and controversy from critics and audiences alike,[184] McAdams was praised. Wesley Morris of Grantland remarked: \"Someone who can speak Crowe’s language really helps. McAdams might be the best he’s ever had ... [She] puts the perfect amount of air in her lines, giving the words a lightness that conflates optimism, amusement, and resignation. She’s never seemed lovelier, more instinctive, or more present.\"[185] Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times felt she \"plays likely the strongest, most rounded female character Crowe has ever written, a woman suddenly face to face with the life she has and the one she might have had, and the actress brings a grounded, unforced earthiness to the role that is a joy to watch.\"[186] She co-starred with Jake Gyllenhaal in the boxing drama Southpaw (2015), where she played the wife of Gyllenhaal's character.[187] The film received mixed reviews but A.O. Scott of The New York Times conceded: \"It features some pretty appealing players. There are worse things to see at the multiplex than Ms. McAdams playing a tough cookie standing by her man.\"[188] She co-starred with James Franco, Charlotte Gainsbourg and Marie-Josée Croze in Wim Wenders's drama Every Thing Will Be Fine. The film received an U.S. limited release in December 2015.[189] Guy Lodge of Variety remarked: \"Poor McAdams, sporting sensible hair and a truly mystifying cod-Continental accent, continues her thankless run of needy, tossed-aside love interests in big-name auteur projects.\"[190]", "Aloha (film). On July 31, 2013, Alec Baldwin joined the cast of the film.[5] There was a casting call for extras on August 29 on Oahu.[6] Cooper went to Hawaii on September 14, twelve days before filming began.[7][8]", "Aloha (film). Gilcrest and Ng travel to meet King Kanahele at his isolated community to negotiate a deal for his participation in the gate blessing ceremony. Along the way, Ng tries to engage Gilcrest in conversation about his life and work but is unable to break through his cynicism. When they meet the king, Ng, who is part Hawaiian, bonds with him and his companions, identifying with their spiritual view of the land and sky. After prolonged negotiations, Gilcrest brokers a deal for the king's participation in exchange for two mountains and free cell phone service. The next night, Gilcrest and Ng have dinner at Tracy's house, where they meet her husband Woody (John Krasinski) and their two children, Grace and Mitch. At one point, Gilcrest and Tracy find themselves alone in the kitchen, where she admits that she loved him and had plans to make a life with him before he abandoned her thirteen years ago.", "Emma Stone. From November 2014 to February 2015, Stone starred in a revival of the Broadway musical Cabaret as Sally Bowles, taking over the role from Michelle Williams.[91] Considering it to be \"the most nerve-racking thing ever\", Stone told the Entertainment Weekly magazine that she listened to a French radio station to mentally prepare herself for the role.[92][93] Variety's Marilyn Stasio was critical of her singing and found her performance \"a bit narrow as an emotional platform, but a smart choice for her acting skills, the perfect fit for her sharp intelligence and kinetic energy.\"[94] Both of Stone's 2015 films‍—‌the romantic comedy-drama Aloha, and the mystery drama Irrational Man‍—‌were critical and commercial failures, and her roles were panned by critics.[83][95] In Cameron Crowe's Aloha, she took on the role of an Asian-American air force pilot alongside Bradley Cooper, and in the Woody Allen-directed Irrational Man, she portrayed the romantic interest of Joaquin Phoenix's character, a philosophy professor. The former was controversial for whitewashing the cast; Stone later regretted the project, acknowledging whitewashing as a widespread problem in Hollywood.[96] Despite the criticism, she was nominated for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards.[97]", "Aloha (film). Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 19% based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's critical consensus read, \"Meandering and insubstantial, Aloha finds writer-director Cameron Crowe at his most sentimental and least compelling.\"[26] On Metacritic the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[27] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Aloha an average grade of \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale.[28]", "Aloha (film). General Dixon soon learns that Gilcrest was telling the truth about the nuclear weapons payload and praises him for what he's done, revealing that authorities will soon be taking Carson into custody. Outside the hotel, Gilcrest finds Ng, who is preparing to leave. He tells her he loves her, is staying in Hawaii and will be waiting for her to return. Later that night, Gilcrest stands outside Grace's hula class and watches her dance. She notices him, he nods at her and she suddenly realizes he is her father. With tears of joy in her eyes, she runs outside and embraces him then returns to her class to continue her hula dancing.", "Aloha (film). Meanwhile, Woody and Tracy confront each other about recent tensions in their marriage, which he believes were caused by Gilcrest's arrival. They agree to separate. The next morning, Tracy shows up at Gilcrest's hotel and reveals that Grace is his daughter. Later that day, after the successful blessing of the new pedestrian gate, Gilcrest learns that the Chinese are attempting to hack the satellite's code to prevent the impending launch. He rushes to the command center and undermines the hackers' efforts. As he watches the satellite enter geosynchronous orbit, he realizes what he's done and its impact on Ng, whom he has come to love. Quickly, he orders a massive sonic upload to be sent to space, and he and Ng hold hands as they watch the satellite explode. Believing Ng's continued association with him will ruin her promising career, he tells her they should not see each other again.", "Daisy of Love. The final three head to Maui to spend some quality time in the world's most romantic island. But there is trouble in paradise when Daisy narrows the field to 2 in a tear-filled elimination on a desolate airstrip. The two remaining guys go on emotional final dates with Daisy. Only one guy can be her Rockstar, while the other finds out that \"aloha\" also means \"goodbye\".", "Aloha (film). On October 7, it was announced that principal photography was still underway in Hawaii.[9] Stone received ground training on how to fly the Piper PA44-180 Seminole airplane from Rob Moore, Chief Instructor Pilot of Galvin Flight Services Hawaii, who later flew the airplane near Ka'a'awa valley for the inflight shots. Moore acted as the aviation technical advisor. Cooper was filming in downtown Honolulu on December 18 and 19. On February 2, 2015, Sony Pictures stated that the film's final title would be Aloha;[10] the previous working titles were Deep Tiki and Volcano Romance.[11]", "The Hangover. The Hangover is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Todd Phillips, co-produced with Daniel Goldberg, and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. It is the first installment in The Hangover trilogy. The film stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Heather Graham, Justin Bartha, and Jeffrey Tambor. It tells the story of Phil Wenneck, Stu Price, Alan Garner, and Doug Billings, who travel to Las Vegas for a bachelor party to celebrate Doug's impending marriage. However, Phil, Stu, and Alan wake up with Doug missing and no memory of the previous night's events, and must find the groom before the wedding can take place.", "Aloha (film). Gilcrest returns to Tracy's house, where she reads him a moving love letter from Woody. Gilcrest tells her she belongs with her husband and she encourages him to go after Ng. Woody comes home and sees Gilcrest in his house. Woody tells Gilcrest he knows Gilcrest is Grace's father. He asks Gilcrest if he slept with Tracy while he was gone. Gilcrest tells Woody he slept with Ng and not with his wife. Woody goes into the living room where Tracy is cleaning up. She sees Woody and they both run into each other's arms, then are joined by Grace and Mitch. Gilcrest leaves the house while the happy family reunion continues.", "Aloha (film). Carson is not pleased with the destruction of his satellite and confronts Gilcrest, who tells him he cannot \"buy the sky\". General Dixon is also incensed by Gilcrest's actions, threatening to prosecute him.", "Anne Hathaway. Also in 2018, Hathaway will appear in Steven Knight's Serenity alongside Matthew McConaughey and Diane Lane.[155] In 2019, Hathaway will be seen opposite Rebel Wilson and Alex Sharp in The Hustle, a remake of the 1988 film Dirty Rotten Scoundrels.[156] and will appear in The Last Thing He Wanted, directed by Dee Rees.[157] She is also attached star as the titular character in a live-action film adaptation of the Barbie film series.[158]", "When We First Met. During Avery Martin's (Alexandra Daddario) engagement party, Noah Ashby (Adam DeVine) recalls his and Avery's first meeting during a Halloween party three years earlier and is sad to see her engaged to perfect Ethan (Robbie Amell) instead of him. Drunk and being driven home by Avery's photographer roommate Carrie Grey (Shelley Hennig), Noah admits he is secretly in love with Avery but, on the night they met, Avery only saw him as a good friend and met Ethan the next day.", "Brad's Status. Brad Sloan (Ben Stiller) owns a non-profit organization, and lives a comfortable life with his loving wife and son, but cannot help imagining how his friends Craig Fisher (Michael Sheen), Billy Wearslter (Jemaine Clement), Jason Hatfield (Luke Wilson), and Nick Pascale (Mike White) are rich and accomplished. Craig works in the White House, published a best-selling book, and constant voice in political issues; Jason owns a hedge fund firm; Billy sold a company he founded, moved to Maui, and retired; and Nick is a Hollywood director. His wife Melanie (Jenna Fischer) tries to comfort Brad, telling him that they do not need to compare themselves to the wealthiest 1%.", "The Hangover. Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, and Bradley Cooper were all casual acquaintances before The Hangover was filmed, which Helms said he believed helped in establishing a rapport and chemistry amongst their characters. Helms credited Phillips for \"bringing together three guys who are really different, but really appreciate each others' humor and sensibilities\". Helms also said the fact that the story of the three characters growing closer and bonding informed the friendship between the three actors: \"As you spend 14 hours a day together for three months, you see a lot of sides of somebody. We went through the wringer together, and that shared experience really made us genuine buddies.\"[9]", "Limitless (film). Eddie Morra (Bradley Cooper) is a struggling author with writer's block. His girlfriend Lindy (Abbie Cornish), frustrated with his lack of progress, breaks up with him. Later, Eddie bumps into Vernon (Johnny Whitworth), the forgotten brother of his ex-wife, Melissa (Anna Friel). Vernon gives Eddie a sample of a new nootropic (smart drug), NZT-48. Returning to his apartment, Eddie takes the drug and discovers he now has perfect recall and the ability to cross-correlate information quickly. He cleans his apartment obsessively in a few hours, and finishes writing his new book.", "List of Hannah Montana characters. Cooper Montgomery portrayed by André Jamal Kinney (season 1), also called \"Coop\", is Jackson's best friend in season one. Cooper has not made an appearance outside of season one, although he is mentioned and it's assumed they still hang out. Cooper often plays the straight man to Jackson's antics. He works at a movie theater called \"Nick's Fat City\". He enjoys Shirley Temple cocktails, calling them \"fruity and refreshing\". He also has a secret love of baking, something he keeps secret because he believes it is a primarily female activity.", "Lagavulin distillery. In the 2015 film, Aloha, General Dixon (Alec Baldwin) and Colonel \"Fingers\" Lacy (Danny McBride) are seen drinking a whisky from the Lagavulin distillery.[7]", "Amelia Heinle. In February 1995, she married her Loving co-star and on-screen love interest, Michael Weatherly, who played the role of \"Cooper Alden\". On January 10, 1996, Heinle gave birth to her first child, a son. She and Weatherly divorced in 1997.", "Lucas Horton. Sami and Lucas become engaged, but Kate does everything in her power to make sure they never walk down the aisle. She brings Sami's ex, Brandon Walker, back to town. Kate has Sami and Brandon drugged and put into bed with each other, where Lucas finds them together on the morning of the wedding, and he is devastated. As much as he loves Sami, he can't forgive her for this. He ripp up the marriage license and swears he never wants anything else to do with her. Sami tries to convince him that Kate is responsible, but his mother smooth-talks him and he only further blames his ex-fiancé.", "The Hangover Part II. The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy. Directed by Todd Phillips, who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong, the film stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Ken Jeong, Jeffrey Tambor, Justin Bartha, and Paul Giamatti. It tells the story of Phil, Stu, Alan, and Doug as they travel to Thailand for Stu's wedding. After the bachelor party in Las Vegas, Stu takes no chances and opts for a safe, subdued pre-wedding brunch. Things do not go as planned, resulting in another bad hangover with no memories of the previous night.", "She's Dating the Gangster. When Athena goes back to school, she finds Kenji absent. Later that day, Lucas comes and tells Athena to come with him because Kenji is at the hospital. Worried, Athena goes with him. She goes in the hospital room Lucas said Kenji was in. In the room, she finds Kenji and Bee, on the hospital bed. Kenji leaves the room after Athena entered. She finds out that Bee has cancer and broke up with Kenji because she did not want to break his heart. And the reason why Bee decided to have a relationship with Lucas was to move on from Kenji because she could not bear to see someone else with him. Bee then tells Athena to take care of Kenji when she is gone.", "Brad's Status. Brad and his son meet Ananya (Shazi Raja), a high school musician friend of his son, and her friend Maya (Luisa Lee). Brad relishes Annaya's idealism and her respect for his work, reminding him of his better days. She also reveals to Brad that she did not like Craig's lectures since she finds him sexist and arrogant. After having dinner with them, Brad and Troy turn down the offer of drinks with them and return to their hotel.", "Aloha (film). Emma Stone later said she regretted letting herself be miscast, and acknowledged whitewashing as a prevalent problem in Hollywood.[37][38][39]", "Over Her Dead Body. A year later, Henry's sister Chloe (Lindsay Sloane) hopes that he will find closure by consulting Ashley (Lake Bell), a psychic who also runs a catering business with her gay best friend Dan (Jason Biggs). After an unsuccessful first meeting, Chloe gives Kate's diary to Ashley so that she can pretend to communicate with Kate and convince Henry to move on with his life. In the process, Henry and Ashley fall for each other... much to the consternation of Kate, who has been watching over Henry. When Kate voices her displeasure, Ashley hears her, unaware of what it means.", "Charlotte King. Charlotte and Cooper enter into a relationship, but break up when he discovers that she is opening a new practice to rival his own, on the fourth floor of the same building.[6] They come close to reconciling when Charlotte believes she may be pregnant, but she is disappointed when her pregnancy test comes back negative and Cooper subsequently rejects her again.[7] They re-unite when Charlotte's father dies from lung cancer, and Cooper helps her to turn off his life support machine.[2] Charlotte is jealous of Cooper's relationship with his best friend Violet Turner (Amy Brenneman), particularly when he opts to move in with her to support her through her pregnancy.[8] In retaliation, Charlotte sleeps with Archer Montgomery (Grant Show); however, Cooper forgives her as he realizes she is afraid of being in a committed relationship and is trying to push him away.[9] Charlotte is later fired from her position as director of Pacific Wellcare as the practice owner, William White (James Morrison), believes her to be heartless.[10] However, she continues private practice work as she is employed to replace Naomi at Oceanside Wellness, electing to practice sexology as her specialty.[11]", "Renée Zellweger. In 2009, she started dating Bradley Cooper, after having met on the set of Case 39 in 2006.[154] They separated in 2011.[155][156]", "Aloha (film). Emma Stone was first to be cast in the film in 2012.[4]" ]

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[ "Merida (Disney). Princess Merida of DunBroch (Scottish Gaelic: Mèrida) is the main character from the 2012 Disney Pixar film Brave. Merida was added to the Disney Princess line-up as the 11th princess and the first Pixar character to receive the honor on May 11, 2013.[1] Merida is also the main character of the games Brave and Temple Run: Brave. Merida also is a playable character in the Disney Infinity series, first appearing in Disney Infinity 2.0.", "Disney Princess. Merida is the eleventh Disney princess, first appearing in the Pixar film Brave (2012).[3] Voiced by Kelly Macdonald, the character's singing voice is provided by Julie Fowlis. She was created by director and screenwriter Brenda Chapman. Merida is the 16-year-old daughter of Queen Elinor, who rules the kingdom alongside King Fergus. Queen Elinor's expectations of her daughter make Merida see her mother as being distant while also causing friction between the two. Despite Elinor's desire to see Merida as a proper royal lady, Merida is an impetuous girl who wants to take control of her own destiny. She has honed her skill in archery and is one of the most skilled archers ever seen. She is also skilled in sword-fighting and cross-country horse riding on her horse, Angus. Merida was \"coronated\" and officially became a part of the Disney Princess franchise on May 11, 2013, at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom.[67]", "Brave (2012 film). Some reviewers saw the Merida character as a novel break from the traditional line of Disney princesses. There were some dissonance and criticism among viewers and organized feminists when her character was scheduled to be \"crowned\" a Disney princess, only for artists to render her thinner, with less frizzy hair, and rounder eyes, more like the other princesses from previous Disney movies. This inspired girl-empowerment website A Mighty Girl to file a petition that Disney not alter their character.[68][69] One of the 262,196 signatories was Brenda Chapman, the director of the film, who felt that Disney had \"betrayed the essence of what we were trying to do with Merida — give young girls and women a better, stronger role model\",[70] and that the makeover was \"a blatantly sexist marketing move based on money\".[71] The online petition was considered a success, as shortly after it appeared Disney removed the redesigned image from their official website, in favor of Merida's original film appearance.[72] Disney later clarified the situation, assuring that Merida would remain in her original form.[73][74]", "Merida (Disney). In Brave, Merida lives in the mystical Scottish kingdom of DunBroch with her mother, Queen Elinor, her father, King Fergus, and her mischievous triplet brothers, Hamish, Hubert, and Harris. Elinor attempts to convince Merida to be a perfect princess. However, Merida enjoys riding through the Highlands on her horse, Angus, and practicing archery and swordplay; she inherited those skills from her father.", "Brave (2012 film). In Medieval Scotland, Princess Merida of the clan Dunbroch is given a bow and arrow by her father, King Fergus, for her sixth birthday to her mother, Queen Elinor's dismay. While venturing into the woods to fetch a stray arrow, Merida encounters a will-o'-the-wisp. Soon afterward, Mor'du, a huge demon bear, attacks the family. Merida flees on horseback with Elinor, while Fergus and his men fend off Mor'du, though the fight costs him one of his legs.", "Brave (2012 film). Brave is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy drama adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman and co-directed by Steve Purcell. The story is by Chapman, with the screenplay by Andrews, Purcell, Chapman and Irene Mecchi. The film was produced by Katherine Sarafian, with John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Pete Docter as executive producers. The film's voice cast features Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Emma Thompson, Julie Walters, Robbie Coltrane, Kevin McKidd, and Craig Ferguson. Set in the Scottish Highlands, the film tells the story of a princess named Merida who defies an age-old custom, causing chaos in the kingdom by expressing the desire not to be betrothed.", "Brave (2012 film). When Merida gives the spell, in the form of a cake, to Elinor, it causes Elinor to transform into a bear, losing her ability to speak but still retaining most of her human personality. Merida returns to the witch's cottage with Elinor, only to find it deserted, and discovers a message from the witch: unless Merida is able to \"mend the bond torn by pride\" before the second sunrise, the spell will become permanent. Merida and Elinor are led by the wisps to ancient ruins, where they encounter Mor'du. Realizing that Mor'du was the prince in the legend, Merida vows that she will not let the same thing happen to her mother, and concludes she needs to repair the family tapestry she damaged during their argument.", "Brave (2012 film). Merida sneaks into the tapestry room with Elinor. Elinor, who is losing her humanity, attacks Fergus, but suddenly regains her composure and flees the castle. Mistaking the queen for Mor'du and unwilling to listen to Merida, Fergus pursues the bear with the other clans, locking Merida in the castle. With the help of her younger triplet brothers, Princes Harris, Hubert and Hammish who also ate the cake and have been transformed into bear cubs, Merida escapes and repairs the tapestry while riding after her father. Fergus and the clans capture Elinor, but Merida intervenes and stops her father before Mor'du arrives. Mor'du batters the clan warriors and targets Merida, but Elinor intercedes, holding off Mor'du and causing him to be crushed by a falling menhir. This releases the spirit of the prince, who silently thanks Merida for freeing him. As the sun rises for the second time, Merida realizes the mistakes she has made and reconciles with Elinor, unknowingly fulfilling the real meaning of the witch's message, causing the queen and the princes to turn back into humans.", "Disney Princess. She is the first Disney princess in the line-up to not have a love interest in her film, and the first to not sing in her film. Further, her stubbornness and independence have generally resonated with feminists, as well as her near entire rejection of \"princess duties\" like marrying a man and looking proper.[68] She is also the first Pixar and the second CGI princess. By her actions throughout the film, Disney makes Merida the spokesperson of bravery.[4]", "Brave (2012 film). Doyle also composed several songs for the film. The lullaby duet between characters Princess Merida and Queen Elinor entitled \"A Mhaighdean Uasal Bhan (Noble Maiden Fair)\" appears on three occasions in different variations within the fabric of the score, and uniquely includes Gaelic vocals by Emma Thompson and Peigi Barker, the first Disney film with music featuring the language.[citation needed] The drinking song \"Song of Mor'du\" (lyrics by Doyle and Steve Purcell) sung by Billy Connolly, Scott Davies, Patrick Doyle, Gordon Neville, Alex Norton and Carey Wilson, features a rich variety of words, sung authentically in Scots, which is distinct from Scottish Gaelic. (Scots being a Germanic language, while Scottish Gaelic is Celtic.)", "Brave (2012 film). Brave is the first Pixar film starring a female protagonist.[4] Merida was originally to be voiced by Reese Witherspoon, who declined due to scheduling issues. According to Andrews, she was on the project for \"quite some time. She was getting her Scottish accent down, she was working very hard and it was sounding great but as we were continuing with the movie she had other movies lining up, so unfortunately we were unable to continue with her and had to get a replacement.\"[27] Instead, the character was voiced by Scottish actress Kelly Macdonald.[28] In 2016, while promoting Sing, Witherspoon mentioned that she had to leave the film due to failure to master a Scottish accent.[29]", "Merida (Disney). Merida appeared as the main character in the \"endless running\" video game, Temple Run: Brave, a spinoff of the game Temple Run. The game was released on June 14, 2012, a week before the movie was released.[13] Merida & her father King Fergus are the only playable characters in the game.[14] The developers of the game, Keith Shepherd and Natalia Luckyanova noted, \"We definitely had some surreal moments while working with them. They're Pixar! They do such a fantastic job of appealing to young audiences as well as adults. Their movies always span the whole range of emotions, from happiness to sadness, to everything in-between. Working with them, I think there was a couple of times where we just had to pinch ourselves and, you know, ask is this really happening?\"[15] The game received positive reviews from critics.[16]", "Brave (2012 film). The allied clan chieftains and their first-born sons arrive to compete in the Highland games for Merida's hand in marriage. Merida breaks the rules, announcing that as her own clan's firstborn she is eligible to compete for her own hand. She easily bests her suitors in an archery contest, shaming the other clans. Later, she and Elinor argue, and Merida runs away. After following the wisps to the hut of an elderly witch, Merida bargains with her for a spell to change her fate.", "Brave (2012 film). Announced in April 2008 as The Bear and the Bow,[17] Brave is Pixar's first fairy tale.[18][19][20] Writer and director Brenda Chapman considers it a fairy tale in the tradition of Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm.[21] She also drew inspiration from her relationship with her daughter.[22] Chapman conceived the project and was announced as the film's director, making her Pixar's first female director,[23] but in October 2010, she was replaced by Mark Andrews after creative disagreements.[24] Chapman found the news of her replacement \"devastating,\" but later stated that her \"vision came through in the film\" and that she remained \"very proud of the movie, and that I ultimately stood up for myself.\"[22][25]", "Brave (2012 film). With Mor'du gone, Merida and Elinor work together on a new tapestry when they are called to the docks to bid farewell to the other clans, and ride their horses.", "Brave (soundtrack). Brave was the first Disney film to feature music lyrics in Scottish Gaelic. The lullaby duet between the characters Merida and Queen Elinor entitled \"A Mhaighdean Bhan Uasal (Noble Maiden Fair)” (music by Patrick Doyle, lyrics by Patrick Neil Doyle) appears on three occasions in different variations within the fabric of the score, and uniquely includes Gaelic vocals by Emma Thompson and Peigi Barker. Doyle also composed for the film, “Song of Mor’du” (lyrics by Patrick Doyle and Steve Purcell) sung by Billy Connolly, Scott Davies, Patrick Doyle, Gordon Neville, Alex Norton and Carey Wilson. In this drinking song, Doyle and Purcell utilise a rich variety of words in the Scots language (which is largely mutually comprehensible with English).", "List of Sofia the First episodes. Disney Princess guest: Merida from Disney/Pixar's Brave", "Brave (2012 film). Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. He wrote, \"The good news is that the kids will probably love it, and the bad news is that parents will be disappointed if they're hoping for another Pixar groundbreaker. Unlike such brightly original films as Toy Story, Finding Nemo, WALL-E, and Up, this one finds Pixar poaching on traditional territory of Disney.\" He said that the film did have an uplifting message about improving communication between mothers and daughters, \"although transforming your mother into a bear is a rather extreme first step\".[64] Peter Debruge of Variety gave a positive review of the film, writing that the film \"offers a tougher, more self-reliant heroine for an era in which princes aren't so charming, set in a sumptuously detailed Scottish environment, where her spirit blazes bright as her fiery red hair\". Debruge said that \"adding a female director, Brenda Chapman, to its creative boys' club, the studio Pixar has fashioned a resonant tribute to mother-daughter relationships that packs a level of poignancy on par with such beloved male-bonding classics as Finding Nemo\".[65]", "Brave (soundtrack). The Canadian French and Vietnamese soloists singing the songs (Marilou Bourdon and Bảo Thy respectively), are also Merida's voice actors.", "Brave (2012 film). They return to the castle to find the clans on the verge of war. Having learned from her experience with her mother, Merida intends to declare herself ready to choose a suitor as tradition demands, but with nonverbal encouragement from Elinor, instead insists that the first-borns should be allowed to marry in their own time to whomever they choose. The clans agree, breaking tradition but renewing and strengthening their alliance.", "Brave (2012 film). Ten years later, Merida discovers that to her dismay, she is to be betrothed to the son of one of her father's allies. Reminding Merida of a legend of a prince whose pride and refusal to follow his father's wishes destroyed his kingdom, Elinor explains that failure to consent to the betrothal could harm Dunbroch.", "Merida (Disney). Brave has been dubbed into 47 languages overall.[5] Four of these dubs (namely Hindi, Indonesian, Malaysian and Marathi) were released later than 2012 directly on Disney Channel.", "Brave (2012 film). Along with introducing Doyle to a number of specialist Celtic musicians who feature in the score, Sutherland was responsible for discovering the young Gaelic singer Peigi Barker; the voice of Young Merida.", "Brave (2012 film). Brave was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, DVD, and digital download on November 13, 2012. It includes La Luna and a new short film, The Legend of Mor'du, which explores the history of Mor'du, from The Witch's perspective.[48][49] The DVD contains commentary by director Mark Andrews, writer Steve Purcell, story supervisor Brian Larsen, and editor Nick Smith.", "Tara Strong. She has also lent her voice to English-language localizations of Japanese anime such as Spirited Away and Princess Mononoke, as well as several video games, including her work as Elisa and Ursula in Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops; Paz Ortega Andrade in Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker; Rikku in Final Fantasy X, its sequel Final Fantasy X-2, and Kingdom Hearts II; Talwyn Apogee in Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction and its sequel, Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty; Harley Quinn in Batman: Arkham City, replacing Arleen Sorkin from the franchise; and Juliet Starling, the main character of Lollipop Chainsaw.", "Once Upon a Time (season 5). Adam Horowitz announced on Twitter that Amy Manson had been cast in the role of the Scottish archer Princess Merida from Brave.[7][17] Addressing rumours surrounding the characters origins Kitsis and Horowitz stated, \"we are sticking to the canon of the movie Brave in terms of who her parents are and where she came from, but post-movie is where our Once Upon a Time spin comes into play\".[78] On September 8, Meghan Ory was confirmed to be returning for multiple episodes of the season as Little Red Riding Hood / Ruby,[20] while on September 15, Horowitz revealed that Jamie Chung would be returning as Mulan.[21] Both Chung and Ory will first appear in the season's two-parter on November 15, 2015.[79]", "Brave (2012 film). Chapman drew inspiration for the film's story from her relationship with her own daughter. Co-directing with Mark Andrews, Chapman became Pixar’s first female director of a feature-length film.[4] To create the most complex visuals possible, Pixar completely rewrote their animation system for the first time in 25 years.[5][6][7] Brave is the first film to use the Dolby Atmos sound format.", "Sarah McLachlan. In 2007, McLachlan's song \"Answer\" featured in The Brave One starring Jodie Foster.", "Julie Walters. In July 2012, Walters appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II.[24] In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. Walters was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.[25]", "Brave (2012 film). A video game based on the film was published by Disney Interactive Studios on June 19, 2012,[86] for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PC, and Nintendo DS.[87] A mobile video game, Temple Run: Brave (a Brave variation of Temple Run), was released on June 14, 2012, for iOS and Android,[88] and on June 7, 2013, for Windows Phone.[89]", "Brave (2012 film). Brave premiered on June 10, 2012, at the Seattle International Film Festival, and was released in North America on June 22, 2012, to both positive reviews and box office success. The film won the Academy Award,[8][9] the Golden Globe,[10] and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Feature Film.[11] Preceding the feature theatrically was a short film entitled La Luna, directed by Enrico Casarosa.[12]", "Disney Princess. Pocahontas is the seventh Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney's 33rd animated feature film Pocahontas (1995). Based on the Native American chief's daughter, Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617), and the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Pocahontas is displayed as a noble, independent and highly spiritual young woman. She expresses wisdom beyond her years and offers kindness and guidance to those around her. An adventurer and nature lover, in the film she appears to have shamanic powers since she was able to communicate with nature, spirits, and animals and understand foreign languages. In the sequel, Pocahontas, after hearing of John Smith's assumed death, is heartbroken. Despite this, she keeps her independent spirit and playfulness and is even much more mature and self-assured than she was in the first film. During her stay in England, she nearly loses herself in the hustle and bustle of the new world, consequently falling victim to western culture assimilation. But in the end, she bravely intends to sacrifice herself for her people's safety and returns to her homeland, finding herself, and love, once again. She was voiced by Irene Bedard and animated by Glen Keane while her singing was provided by Judy Kuhn." ]

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[ "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. Elizabeth's dislike for Darcy intensifies when she learns that he plotted to separate Bingley from her sister, Jane. Elizabeth vows to avenge the separation by killing Darcy, and she is afforded that opportunity when he appears unannounced at a cottage where she is visiting her newlywed friend Charlotte. Darcy surprises her by proposing marriage, and they break into a verbal and physical fight in which Darcy is wounded. He escapes and writes a long letter to Elizabeth explaining his actions: that he separated Jane and Bingley out of fear that Jane had contracted the \"mysterious plague\". In regards to the allegedly wronged soldier Wickham, Darcy explains that Wickham attempted to elope with Darcy's younger sister to take her considerable fortune – the \"inheritance\" that Wickham had claimed. Elizabeth realizes that she had judged Darcy too harshly and is humbled. Darcy realizes that his demeanor encourages people to believe the rumors about him and resolves to act more appropriately.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. As time passes, Mr. Bingley and Jane become more acquainted with one another. However, this companionship leaves the Bennet girls confused when Mr. Bingley and company suddenly abandon Netherfield Park. When the local militia arrives in town to exhume and destroy dead bodies, Elizabeth becomes friendly with one of the soldiers, George Wickham, who claims that Darcy cheated him of an inheritance.", "Pride and Prejudice. When Jane visits Miss Bingley, she is caught in a rain shower on the way and comes down with a serious cold. Elizabeth visits the ill Jane at Netherfield. There Darcy begins to be attracted to Elizabeth, while Miss Bingley becomes jealous, since she has designs on Darcy herself.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. Darcy and Bingley return to the countryside, and Bingley resumes courting Jane. Elizabeth hopes to renew her relationship with Darcy, but his aunt, the Lady Catherine, interferes and insists that her daughter Anne is a better match for her nephew. Lady Catherine challenges Elizabeth to a duel, committed to eliminating the competition, but Elizabeth defeats her. Elizabeth spares Catherine's life. Darcy is touched by this gesture and returns to Elizabeth. They then marry and begin a long and happy future together, insofar as the ever-present threat of zombie apocalypse permits.", "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series). Episode 6 – Part Six: After Lydia carelessly mentions Darcy's involvement in her wedding, Mrs Gardiner enlightens Elizabeth how Darcy found the errant couple and paid for all the expenses. When Bingley and Darcy return to Netherfield in the autumn, Darcy apologises to Bingley for intervening in his relationship with Jane and gives his blessing for the couple to wed. Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who has heard rumours of an engagement between Darcy and Elizabeth but wants him to marry her sickly daughter Anne, pays Elizabeth an unannounced visit. She insists that Elizabeth renounce Darcy, but Elizabeth does not rule out a future engagement. When Elizabeth thanks Darcy for his role in Lydia's marriage, Lady Catherine's story encourages Darcy to reconfirm his feelings for Elizabeth. Elizabeth admits the complete transformation of her feelings and agrees to an engagement, which takes her family by surprise. The series ends with a double wedding in the winter months: Jane with Bingley, and Elizabeth to Fitzwilliam Darcy.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film). Darcy later writes Elizabeth a letter to apologise. He reiterates that he separated Jane and Bingley for fear that Jane only wanted to marry Bingley for his wealth, having overheard Mrs. Bennet drunkenly mention it. He also exposes Wickham's true nature: he and Wickham were childhood friends but Wickham may have murdered Darcy's father, squandered the inheritance he did receive and tried to elicit additional money from Darcy's estate, then tried to elope with Darcy's little sister for her fortune. Elizabeth learns that Wickham has taken Lydia and London has been overrun with zombies. Darcy saves Lydia and learns that Wickham is actually using the 'civilised' zombies to create a zombie army which has overrun London based on Wickham's planning, and will rule the country. He stops him by giving the zombies human brains, which turns them savage.", "Pride and Prejudice. Later, Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter, explaining that Mr. Wickham had refused the living he claimed he was deprived of, and was given money for it instead. Wickham proceeded to waste the money and, then impoverished, demanded the living again. After being refused, he tried to elope with Darcy's 15-year-old sister, Georgiana, for her great dowry. Darcy also writes that he believed Jane, because of her reserved behavior, did not love Mr. Bingley. Darcy apologizes for hurting Jane and Elizabeth begins to change her opinion of Mr. Darcy.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film). In early 19th century England, the Bennet sisters—Elizabeth, Jane, Kitty, Lydia, and Mary—have all been trained in the art of weaponry and martial arts in China at their father's behest so they can defend themselves from the zombies. Mrs. Bennet only wants to see her daughters married off to wealthy suitors. The Bennets attend a country dance also attended by the rich Bingley family, where the young and handsome Bingley falls for Jane. Charles Bingley has inherited £100,000 (£5.9 million today)—attracting Mrs. Bennet's attention as a desirable suitor for her daughter. When zombies attack the ball, the Bennet sisters fight them off, and Colonel Darcy, a friend of Bingley's and skilled zombie-killer, with property that pays him £10,000 annually (£590,000 today), becomes smitten with Elizabeth. On the way to the Bingleys later, Jane is attacked by a zombie and catches a fever. Darcy orders her confined in fear that she may have been bitten, but she successfully recovers.", "Pride and Prejudice. At this point, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield. Shortly thereafter, Bingley proposes to Jane and is accepted. Lady Catherine, having heard rumors that Elizabeth intends to marry Darcy, visits Elizabeth and demands that she promise not to accept his proposal. Elizabeth makes no such promise and Lady Catherine leaves, outraged by Elizabeth's perceived insolence. Darcy, heartened by Elizabeth's refusal to promise that she wouldn't accept such a proposal, again proposes to Elizabeth and is accepted. He visits Longbourn to ask Mr. Bennet for his permission. Elizabeth wants her father to understand that she is not marrying for money, and it is only after she speaks about Mr. Darcy's true worth that he is happy about the wedding.", "Mr. Darcy. Darcy then releases Mr. Bingley to return to Longbourn and woo Jane, accepting his misjudgement of her character. Accompanying his friend to Longbourn, Darcy proposes to Elizabeth again, who accepts his proposal.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film). While fighting, Darcy stabs Wickham's chest, revealing him to have been undead all along, staying civilized by consuming pig brains. Elizabeth saves Darcy from being killed by Wickham. As the two ride across the bridge, the army destroys it to keep the zombies from crossing over from London. Darcy is injured in the explosion, and Elizabeth tearfully admits her love for him. After Darcy recovers, he proposes to Elizabeth again, and this time, she agrees. The two have a joint wedding with Bingley and Jane.", "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film). When Bingley and Darcy suddenly return to Netherfield, Jane accepts Bingley's proposal. The same evening, Lady Catherine unexpectedly visits Elizabeth, insisting that she renounce Darcy, as he is supposedly to marry her own daughter, Anne. Elizabeth refuses and, unable to sleep, walks on the moor at dawn. There, she meets Darcy, also unable to sleep after hearing of his aunt's behaviour. He admits his continued love and Elizabeth accepts his proposal.", "Bennet family. She falls in love with the affable and amiable Mr. Bingley (\"He is just what a young man ought to be\", said [Jane], \"sensible, good humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners! – so much ease, with such perfect good breeding\"), a rich young man who has recently leased Netherfield Park, a neighbouring estate in Hertfordshire, and a close friend of Mr. Darcy. Their love is initially thwarted by Mr. Darcy and Caroline Bingley, who are concerned by Jane's low connections and have other plans for Bingley, respectively, involving Miss Darcy. Mr. Darcy, aided by Elizabeth, eventually sees the error in his ways and is instrumental in bringing Jane and Bingley back together.", "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series). Episode 3 – Part Three: Elizabeth is stunned and appalled when she learns that Charlotte Lucas has accepted a proposal from Mr Collins. When the Netherfield party departs for London in autumn, Jane stays with her modest London relatives, the Gardiners, but she soon notices that the Bingleys ignore her. After befriending Mr Wickham, Elizabeth departs for the Collinses' home in Kent in the spring. They live near Rosings, the estate of the formidable Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and as Lady Catherine is Darcy's aunt, Elizabeth meets Darcy several times. Shortly after Elizabeth learns of Darcy's direct responsibility for Jane and Bingley's separation, Darcy unexpectedly proposes to her, expressing his ardent admiration and love despite Elizabeth's inferior family connections. Elizabeth flatly rejects him, noting his arrogant, disagreeable, and proud character, and his involvement in her sister's failed romance and Mr Wickham's misfortune.", "Pride and Prejudice. At the ball, Mr. Bingley is open and cheerful, popular with all the guests, and appears to be very attracted to the beautiful Miss Jane Bennet. His friend, Mr. Darcy, is reputed to be twice as wealthy; however, he is haughty and aloof. He declines to dance with Elizabeth, suggesting that she is not pretty enough to tempt him.[2] She finds this amusing and jokes about the statement with her friends. Mr. Bingley's sister, Caroline, later invites Jane to visit.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. Elizabeth embarks on a trip around the country with her aunt and uncle, fighting zombies along the way. At Pemberley she encounters Darcy, who repels a horde of zombies. Darcy's changed attitude and manners impress Elizabeth and lead her to consider reconciling their relationship. However, that deliberation is crushed when her younger sister Lydia elopes with Wickham in London. The Bennet family fears the worst when they receive word that Wickham and Lydia have married, following an \"accident\" that has left Wickham as a quadriplegic. After visiting the Bennets, the couple moves to Ireland. Elizabeth eventually discovers that it was Darcy who engineered the union, thus saving the Bennet family from ruin.[clarification needed]", "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series). Episode 1 – Part One: Mr. Charles Bingley, a rich man from the north of England, settles down at Netherfield estate near Meryton village in Hertfordshire for the autumn. Mrs Bennet, unlike her husband, is excited at the prospect of marrying off one of her five daughters (Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia) to the newcomer. Bingley takes an immediate liking to Jane at a local country-dance, while his best friend Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, rumoured to be twice as rich, refuses to dance with anyone including Elizabeth. Elizabeth's poor impression of his character is confirmed at a later gathering at Lucas Lodge, and she and Darcy verbally clash on the two nights she spends at Netherfield caring for the sick Jane.", "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film). Wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley has recently moved into Netherfield, a large, nearby estate. He is introduced to local society at an assembly ball, along with his haughty sister Caroline and reserved friend, Mr. Darcy, who \"owns half of Derbyshire\". Bingley is enchanted with the gentle and beautiful Jane, while Elizabeth takes an instant dislike to Darcy after he coldly rebuffs her attempts at conversation and after she later overhears him insulting her. When Jane becomes sick on a visit to Netherfield, Elizabeth goes to stay with her, verbally sparring with both Caroline and Darcy.", "Pride and Prejudice. In the spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent. Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park, the imposing home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, patroness of Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy's extremely wealthy aunt. She expects Mr. Darcy to marry her daughter. Mr. Darcy and his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, are also visiting at Rosings Park. Colonel Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy managed to save a friend from a bad match. Elizabeth realizes the story must refer to Jane and is horrified that Darcy has interfered and caused her sister so much pain. Mr. Darcy, meanwhile, has fallen in love with Elizabeth and proposes to her. She rejects him angrily, stating that she could not love a man who has caused her sister such unhappiness and further accuses him of treating Mr. Wickham unjustly. The latter accusation seems to anger Mr. Darcy, and he accuses her family of wanting propriety and suggests he has been kinder to Bingley than himself. They part, barely speaking.", "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film). He says that he loves her \"most ardently,\" despite her \"lower rank.\" Elizabeth refuses him, citing his treatment of Jane and Bingley and of Wickham; they argue fiercely, with Darcy explaining that he had been convinced that Jane did not return Bingley's love. Darcy leaves angry and heartbroken. He finds Elizabeth later and presents her with a letter, which explains that Wickham is a gambler who demanded and received £3,000 in cash in-lieu of the clergy position intended for him by Darcy's father; upon being refused more money, after having squandered it all a few years later, Wickham had attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy's 15-year-old sister, Georgiana, in order to obtain her £30,000 inheritance, but abandoned her upon learning that he would never receive the money.", "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film). Later the Bennets are visited by Mr. Collins, a pompous clergyman who talks of little but his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. After learning from Mrs. Bennet that Jane is expected to become engaged soon, Collins decides to pursue Elizabeth, utterly oblivious to her lack of receptivity towards himself. Meanwhile, the easy-going and charming Lieutenant Wickham of the newly-arrived militia captures the girls' attention; he wins Elizabeth's sympathy by telling her that Darcy had cheated him of his inheritance. At a ball at Netherfield, Elizabeth, startled by Darcy's abrupt appearance and request, accepts a dance with him before realizing it, but vows to her best friend Charlotte Lucas that she has \"sworn to loathe him for all eternity\". During the dance, she attacks him with witty sarcasm and Darcy responds in kind. At the same ball, Charlotte expresses concern to Elizabeth that Jane's behaviour towards Mr. Bingley is too reserved, and that Bingley may not realise that she loves him.", "Mr. Darcy. Eventually, Mr. Darcy declares his love for Elizabeth and offers her a proposal of marriage. He reminds her of the large gap in their social status. Elizabeth is offended and vehemently refuses him, expressing her reasons for disliking him, including her knowledge of his interference with Jane and Bingley and the account she received from Mr. Wickham of Darcy's alleged unfair treatment toward him. Insulted by Darcy's arrogant retorts, Elizabeth claims that the way by which he proposed to her prevented her from feeling concerns for him she \"might have felt had you behaved in a more gentlemanlike manner\". Darcy departs in anger and mortification and that night writes a letter to Elizabeth in which he defends his wounded honour, reveals the motives for his interference in Jane and Bingley's relationship, and gives a full account of his lifelong dealings with Wickham, who had attempted to seduce and elope with Darcy's younger sister, Georgiana, the previous summer.", "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film). The Bennets are visited by the overbearing Parson Collins, who proposes to Elizabeth, but states that she must give up her life as a warrior, something she refuses to do. Elizabeth meets a charming soldier named Wickham, and arranges to meet him at another ball. She travels with him to a church that is filled with zombies who feed on pig brains instead of human brains, keeping their behaviour relatively normal. Wickham believes that with these new civilised zombies, humans can coexist peacefully with them. He asks Elizabeth to elope with him, but she backs off. Elizabeth learns that Darcy convinced the Bingleys to leave to keep Bingley away from Jane. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, having fallen in love with her, she expresses outrage at his actions and fights him.", "George Wickham. Only Mr. Bingley and his sisters, Mr. Darcy's friends, consider he is not respectable and he behaved in an undignified way towards the latter, but they ignore the details of the story. They only know that Darcy \"cannot bear to hear George Wickham mentioned.\"[23] In any case, they quickly leave Hertfordshire, leaving the field free to Wickham.", "Pride & Prejudice (2005 film). Months later, Elizabeth visits the newly-wed Mr. and Mrs. Collins at Rosings, Lady Catherine's manor estate; they are invited to dine there, and meet Darcy and Colonel Fitzwilliam, who it transpires are Lady Catherine's nephews. Here Darcy shows greater interest in Elizabeth, especially when she replies to Lady Catherine's jabs with spirited wit. The next day, not realizing that Jane is Elizabeth's sister, Colonel Fitzwilliam lets slip to Elizabeth that Darcy had separated Bingley from Jane. Distraught, she flees outside, but Darcy chooses that moment to track her down and propose marriage.", "Pride and Prejudice (1940 film). Lydia and Wickham return to the house married. A short time later, Lady Catherine arrives and tells Elizabeth that Darcy found Lydia and forced Wickham to marry her by providing Wickham with a substantial sum of money. She also tells her that she can strip Darcy of his wealth if he marries against her wishes. She demands that Elizabeth promise that she will never become engaged to Darcy. Elizabeth refuses. Lady Catherine leaves in a huff and meets with Darcy outside who had sent her to see Elizabeth to find out if he would be welcomed by her. After Lady Catherine's report, Darcy comes in and he and Elizabeth proclaim their love for each other in the garden. Mr. Bingley also meets Jane in the garden. The movie comes to a close with a long kiss between Elizabeth and Darcy and Mr. Bingley taking Jane's hand, while Mrs. Bennet is spying on both couples and seeing how her other daughters have found good suitors.", "Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series). Episode 4 – Part Four: Darcy justifies his previous actions in a long letter to Elizabeth: he misjudged Jane's affection for Bingley and exposes Wickham as a gambler who once attempted to elope with his young sister, Georgiana, to obtain her inheritance. Back at Longbourn, Mr Bennet allows Lydia to accompany the militia to Brighton as a personal friend of the militia colonel's wife. Elizabeth joins the Gardiners on a sightseeing trip to Derbyshire and visits Pemberley, Darcy's estate, during his absence. Greatly impressed by the immense scale and richness of the estate, Elizabeth listens to the housekeeper's earnest tales of her master's lifelong goodness, while Darcy refreshes from his unannounced journey home by taking a swim in a lake. After an unexpected and awkward encounter with Elizabeth, a damp Darcy is able to prevent the party's premature departure with an unusual degree of friendliness and politeness.", "Pride and Prejudice. Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, who rejects him, to the fury of her mother and the relief of her father. Shortly thereafter, they receive news that the Bingleys are suddenly leaving for London, with no intention to return. After his humiliating rejection by Elizabeth, Mr. Collins proposes to Charlotte Lucas, a sensible young woman and Elizabeth's friend. Charlotte is slightly older and is grateful to receive a proposal that will guarantee her a comfortable home. Elizabeth is aghast at such pragmatism in matters of love. Heartbroken, Jane goes to visit her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner at an unfashionable address in London. Miss Bingley clearly does not want to continue the friendship and Jane is upset though very composed.", "Mr. Darcy. In the novel, Mr. Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income exceeding £10,000 a year,[2] and the proprietor of Pemberley, a large estate in Derbyshire, England. Darcy first meets Elizabeth Bennet at a ball, where he slights her by refusing to dance with her, and by making rather demeaning remarks about her while she is within earshot. Gradually he becomes attracted to her and later attempts to court her while simultaneously struggling against his continued feelings of superiority. Ironically, Darcy disapproves when his friend Bingley develops a serious attachment to Elizabeth's elder sister Jane, and subtly persuades Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings (which Darcy honestly believes). He later explains this seeming hypocrisy by asserting \"I was kinder to [Mr. Bingley] than to myself\". Although he doesn't realize it, Elizabeth's discovery of Darcy's interference in Bingley and Jane's budding relationship, and Mr. Wickham's tale of how Darcy mistreated him, has caused her to dislike him intensely.", "Pride and Prejudice (1940 film). Elizabeth visits Charlotte in her new home. There, she is introduced to Lady Catherine de Bourgh (Edna May Oliver), Mr. Collins' \"patroness\", and also encounters Darcy again. At Charlotte's insistence, Elizabeth sees Darcy who asks her to marry him, but she refuses, partly because of the story Wickham had told her about Darcy, partly because he broke up the romance between Mr. Bingley and Jane, and partly because of his \"character\". They get into a heated argument and he leaves.", "Pride and Prejudice. Meanwhile, the Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating social class. Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society, Austen makes a point to explain that the Bingleys acquired their wealth by trade rather than through the gentry's and aristocracy's methods of inheritance and making money off their tenants as landlords. The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall – it is, after all, \"to let\" – distinguishes him significantly from Darcy, whose estate belonged to his father's family, and who, through his mother, is the grandson and nephew of an Earl. Bingley, unlike Darcy, does not own his property, but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentility, like Jane Bennet, ambitious cits (merchant class), etc. Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters, and Jane Austen's radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds.[17]", "Pride and Prejudice (1940 film). Mrs. Bennet (Mary Boland) and her two eldest daughters, Jane (Maureen O'Sullivan) and Elizabeth (Greer Garson), are shopping for new dresses when they see two gentlemen and a lady alight from a very expensive carriage outside. They learn that the men are Mr. Bingley (Bruce Lester), who has just rented the local estate of Netherfield, and Mr. Darcy (Laurence Olivier), both wealthy, eligible bachelors, which excites Mrs. Bennet. Collecting her other daughters, Mrs. Bennet returns home, where she tries to make Mr. Bennet see Mr. Bingley, but he refuses, having already made his acquaintance." ]

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[ "Recall election. A recall election (also called a recall referendum or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before that official's term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition, have a history dating back to ancient Athenian democracy[1] and feature in several contemporary constitutions. In indirect or representative democracy people's representatives are elected and these representatives rule for a specific period of time. But if any representative comes to be perceived as not properly discharging their responsibilities, then they can be called back with the written request of specific number or proportion of voters.", "Presidential Succession Act. The Presidential Succession Act establishes who shall exercise the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States in the event that neither a President nor Vice President is able to \"discharge the powers and duties of the office.\" The current Act was adopted in 1947 and is codified at 3 U.S.C. § 19.[1]", "Motion of no confidence. In some U.S. states, a recall election fills a similar role of removing an unpopular executive officer, but in contrast to a motion of no confidence, a recall vote is a no-confidence election by the public and is normally only allowed against elected executive offices, rather than legislative seats. In states that have recall elections, the law usually restricts how often they are held, so that recall attempts do not follow each highly contested election.", "Former Presidents Act. The Former Presidents Act (known also as FPA; 3 U.S.C. ยง 102) is a 1958 U.S. federal law that provides several lifetime benefits to former presidents of the United States who have not been removed from office.[1]", "Presidential Succession Act. If both the President and Vice President were removed, resigned, or died, section 10 required there to be a presidential election in December of the year in which section 9 was invoked (or in December of the next year, if there was less than two months to go until December and the presidential term was not about to expire).[2]", "Tenure of Office Act (1867). The act was amended on April 5, 1869, one month and one day after Republican Ulysses S. Grant assumed the presidency. The revisions grew out of an attempt to completely repeal the 1867 act. The measure to repeal passed the House of Representatives with only 16 negative votes but failed in the Senate. The new provisions were significantly less onerous, allowing the President to suspend office holders \"in his discretion\" and designate replacements while the Senate was in recess, subject only to confirmation of the replacements at the next session. The President no longer had to report his reasons for suspension to the Senate, and the Senate could no longer force reinstatement of suspended office holders.[4]", "United States presidential line of succession. In either case, these officers were to \"act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected.\" The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year, but no such election ever took place.", "United States presidential line of succession. The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The order of succession to the presidency is referred to three times in the U.S. Constitution – in Article II, Section 1, Clause 6; the 20th Amendment; and the 25th Amendment. Since the federal government was established in 1789, Congress has adopted three presidential succession acts. The current presidential line of succession was adopted in 1947 (and last revised in 2006).[1]", "Presidential system. Another alleged problem of presidentialism is that it is often difficult to remove a president from office early. Even if a president is \"proved to be inefficient, even if he becomes unpopular, even if his policy is unacceptable to the majority of his countrymen, he and his methods must be endured until the moment comes for a new election.\"[7] John Tyler was elected vice president and assumed the presidency because William Henry Harrison died after thirty days in office. Tyler blocked the Whig agenda, was loathed by his nominal party, but remained firmly in control of the executive branch. Most presidential systems provide no legal means to remove a president simply for being unpopular or even for behaving in a manner that might be considered unethical or immoral provided it is not illegal. This has been cited[citation needed] as the reason why many presidential countries have experienced military coups to remove a leader who is said to have lost his mandate.", "By-election. In most cases these elections occur after the incumbent dies or resigns, but they also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a recall, ennoblement, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance). Less commonly, these elections have been called when a constituency election is invalidated by voting irregularities.", "Tenure of Office Act (1867). The Tenure of Office Act was a United States federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress. The act was significantly amended on April 5, 1869. Congress repealed the act in its entirety in 1887.[1]", "Indirect election. Indirect election is a process in which voters in an election do not choose between candidates for an office, but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. It is one of the oldest forms of elections and is still used today for many upper houses and presidents.", "Grover Cleveland. Cleveland was the first Democratic President subject to the Tenure of Office Act which originated in 1867; the act purported to require the Senate to approve the dismissal of any presidential appointee who was originally subject to its advice and consent. Cleveland objected to the act in principle and his steadfast refusal to abide by it prompted its fall into disfavor and led to its ultimate repeal in 1887.[110]", "President of the United States. Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation, and removal from office. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred.", "Elections in the United States. However, elections in the United States often do become de facto national races between the political parties. In what is known as \"presidential coattails\", candidates in presidential elections usually bring out supporters who then vote for his or her party's candidates for other offices, usually resulting in the presidential winner's party gaining seats in Congress. On the other hand, midterm elections are sometimes regarded as a referendum on the sitting president's and/or incumbent party's performance.[19][20] There is a historical pattern that the incumbent president's party loses seats in midterm elections. This may be because the President's popularity has slipped since election, or because the President's popularity encouraged supporters to come out to vote for him or her in the presidential election, but these supporters are less likely to vote when the President is not up for election.", "President-elect of the United States. During the period between the presidential election and the inauguration, the outgoing president is said to be a lame duck, while the incoming president heads a presidential transition to ensure a smooth handover of power.", "United States presidential election. The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or Washington, D.C. cast ballots for members of the U.S. Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for President and Vice President. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for President or Vice President (currently, at least 270 out of a total of 538) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if no one receives a majority for Vice President, then the Senate chooses the Vice President.", "Presidency. A president may be removed or impeached from their position in a nation's government for breaking or disregarding various laws or procedures that are written by that nation. The removal or impeachment process varies depending on the nation and their specific form of government. For example, the impeachment process of the president of the United States is quite different from that of France. The president of France is granted what is called the power of immunity throughout their term as the president. This power of immunity states that the president cannot be prosecuted or requested to testify before any jurisdiction. However, they may still be impeached only by the High Court. The High Court is a court conveyed by both houses of Parliament. In the United States, the impeachment process begins in the House of Representatives, where the president is first accused of committing either bribery, treason, or other high crimes including misdemeanors. If the House passes a majority vote to impeach the president, the Senate then conducts the trial to remove them from office. If a president is found guilty, he is removed from office and replaced by the vice president for the remainder of the term. If the president is acquitted in court, he will continue to serve the rest of their term as president.[19]", "United States presidential line of succession. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed, or a President elected.", "Presidential Succession Act. Like its predecessors, the 1947 Act has not been implemented. There have been seven instances where it would have been if the President or Acting President had died, resigned, been removed from office, or been disabled:", "Motion of no confidence. In presidential systems, the legislature may occasionally pass motions of no confidence and may also have the procedure of impeachment by which an executive or judicial officer can be removed.", "Lame duck (politics). Lame duck officials tend to have less political power, as other elected officials are less inclined to cooperate with them. \nHowever, lame ducks are also in the peculiar position of not facing the consequences of their actions in a subsequent election, giving them greater freedom to issue unpopular decisions or appointments. Examples include last-minute midnight regulations issued by executive agencies of outgoing US presidential administrations and executive orders issued by outgoing presidents.[2] Such actions date back to the Judiciary Act of 1801 (\"Midnight Judges Act\"), in which Federalist President John Adams and the outgoing 6th Congress amended the Judiciary Act to create more federal judge seats for Adams to appoint and the Senate to confirm before the Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated and the Democratic-Republican majority 7th Congress convened. In more recent history, US President Bill Clinton was widely criticized for issuing 140 pardons and other acts of executive clemency on his last day in office, including two former close colleagues, donors, fellow Democratic members, and his own half-brother.[3]", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.", "Tenure of Office Act (1867). The Tenure of Office Act restricted the power of the President to suspend an officer while the Senate was not in session. (At that time, Congress sat during a relatively small portion of the year.) If, when the Senate reconvened, it declined to ratify the removal, the President would be required to reinstate the official.[2]", "Instant-runoff voting. Instant-runoff voting is used in national elections in several countries. For example, it is used to elect members of the Australian House of Representatives and most Australian state legislatures;[1] the President of India and members of legislative councils in India; the President of Ireland;[2] adopted but not yet used to elect members of Congress in Maine in the United States;[3] and the parliament in Papua New Guinea. The method is also used in local elections around the world, as well as by some political parties (to elect internal leaders) and private associations, for various voting purposes such as that for choosing the Academy Award for Best Picture. IRV is described in Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised under the name preferential voting;[4] it is also sometimes referred to as the alternative vote or ranked-choice voting (though there are many other preferential voting systems that use ranked-choice ballots).", "United States presidential election. The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all federal offices in general, not just the presidency. Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 states that if the U.S. Congress convicts any officer on impeachment, they may also bar that person from holding any public office in the future. And Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who had held any federal or state office and then engaged in insurrection, rebellion or treason; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.", "President. Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college or some other democratically elected body.", "United States presidential line of succession. Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the \"Acting President of the United States\" sent by his detractors.[12] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title \"President,\"[11] and this precedent was followed thereafter. The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that \"In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.\" The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president.", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the said office shall devolve on the Vice President. In case of the inability of the President to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the said powers and duties shall devolve on the Vice President, until the inability be removed. The Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then be President, or, in case of inability, act as President, and such officer shall be or act as President accordingly, until a President shall be elected or, in case of inability, until the inability shall be earlier removed. The commencement and termination of any inability shall be determined by such method as Congress shall by law provide.", "Impeachment. Because impeachment and conviction of officials involve an overturning of the normal constitutional procedures by which individuals achieve high office (election, ratification, or appointment) and because it generally requires a supermajority, they are usually reserved for those deemed to have committed serious abuses of their office. In the United States, for example, impeachment at the federal level is limited to those who may have committed \"high crimes and misdemeanors\".[1]", "Presidential Succession Act. Like the 1792 Act, the 1886 Act was never implemented during its 61 years, but there were five instances where the Vice Presidency was vacant. Had the President died, resigned, been removed from office, or been disabled, the Secretary of State would have become Acting President:", "By-election. By-elections, also spelled bye-elections (known as special elections in the United States, and bypolls in India), are used to fill elected offices that have become vacant between general elections." ]

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[ "You Keep Me Hangin' On. \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" is a 1966 song written and composed by Holland–Dozier–Holland. It first became a popular Billboard Hot 100 number one hit for the American Motown group the Supremes in late 1966. The rock band Vanilla Fudge covered the song a year later and had a top ten hit with their version. British pop singer Kim Wilde covered \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" in 1986, bumping it back to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1987. The single reached number one by two different musical acts in America. In the first 32 years of the Billboard Hot 100 rock era, “You Keep Me Hangin' On” became one of only six songs to achieve this feat.[1] In 1996, country music singer Reba McEntire's version reached number 2 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. Over the years, \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" has been covered by various artists including a charting version by Wilson Pickett, Rod Stewart, Colourbox, the Index and the Box Tops.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. Country music singer Reba McEntire covered the song in 1995 for her twenty-second studio album, Starting Over. Released as the album's fourth single in 1996 on MCA Nashville Records, it was co-produced by Tony Brown and Michael Omartian. Although not released to country radio, McEntire's rendition was her only dance hit, reaching number two on Hot Dance Club Play.[38]", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" was originally recorded in 1966 by the Supremes for the Motown label. The single is rooted in proto-funk and rhythm and blues, compared to the Supremes' previous single, \"You Can't Hurry Love,\" which uses the call and response elements akin to gospel. The song's signature guitar part is said to have originated from a Morse code-like radio sound effect, typically used before a news announcement, heard by Lamont Dozier. Dozier collaborated with Brian and Eddie Holland to integrate the idea into a single.[2]", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" was covered in an updated version by British singer Kim Wilde in 1986. Wilde's version was a total re-working of the original, completely transforming the Supremes' Motown Sound into a hi-NRG song.[18] She and her brother, producer Ricky Wilde, had not heard \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" for several years when they decided to record it. The song was not a track they knew well, so they treated it as a new song, even slightly changing the original lyrics.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. A similar arrangement was used by Rod Stewart on his 1977 album Foot Loose & Fancy Free. This may have, in part, been the idea of Appice, who had by then joined Stewart's band.", "Hanging on the Telephone. \"Hanging on the Telephone\" is a song written by Jack Lee. It was first performed by his short-lived US West Coast power pop trio The Nerves; later in 1978, it was recorded and released as a single by the American rock band Blondie.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" was the first single taken from the Supremes' 1967 album The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland. The song became the group's eighth number-one single when it topped the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart for two weeks in the United States from November 13, 1966, through November 27, 1966.[3][4] It peaked at number 8 in the UK Singles Chart. The Supremes original version was ranked number 339 on Rolling Stone's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[5] It was voted number 43 on Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs, a Detroit Free Press poll in 2016.[6]", "Hang On for Your Life. Hang On for Your Life is the second album by the group Shooting Star. The song Flesh And Blood featured a violin solo, an unusual sound in an up-tempo rock song. American AOR radio stations embraced the record; the songs Hang On for Your Life, Hollywood, Breakout, and Are You on My Side along with Flesh and Blood, all received airplay. This was the last Shooting Star album to feature the original lineup, as founding keyboardist Bill Guffey departed the band following its release.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. It was released as the second single from Wilde's Another Step studio album (although \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" was the LP's first worldwide single, as the first single had been released only in selected countries). The song became the biggest hit of Wilde's career, reaching number two in her home country,[19] and number one in Australia.[20] It also became Wilde's second and last Top 40 hit in the US following \"Kids in America\" and is also, to date, her most successful song in that country, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week in June 1987.[21] It later ranked as the 34th biggest hit of 1987 on Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart that year. \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry[15] for UK sales exceeding 250,000 copies.[22]", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. In 2006, she performed a new version of the song with the German singer Nena for her Never Say Never album.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. A music video was produced to promote her single.[24] Directed by Greg Masuak, the video shows Wilde in a dark room lying on a large bed. She then rises from the bed as she sings the song and finds herself being \"threatened\" by a strange man who is breaking down the walls around her.[25]", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. Many elements of the recording, including the guitars, the drums, and Diana Ross's vocals were multitracked, a production technique which was established and popularized concurrently by H-D-H and other premier producers of the 1960s such as Phil Spector (see Wall of Sound) and George Martin. H-D-H recorded the song in eight sessions with The Supremes and session band the Funk Brothers before settling on a version deemed suitable for the final release.[2]", "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before. In 2007, the song was re-composed as \"Stop Me\" with additional lyrics from the song \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" by The Supremes by British DJ Mark Ronson featuring Daniel Merriweather on the vocals. Merriweather admitted in an interview with The Guardian that he was not very familiar with the original before he recorded Mark Ronson's revised version. He explained: \"Mark said, 'I want you to sing on this – it's my favourite Smiths song,' so I listened to it. I'd heard it once before, but I was never a Smiths fan. But I thought it was beautiful.\"[3] The song was later released as a single on 2 April 2007 on Columbia Records with the shortened name \"Stop Me\", and featured on the compilation album Version. The music video, released at the same time as the song, features a man who finds a pair of trainers that control him and force him to run along the motorway near the Blackwall Tunnel. This version was released in the United Kingdom. The international version showed people crying animated tears. Live versions by Mark Ronson and/or Stu Zender featuring Merriweather have appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien (on July 2007), BBC Radio 1 and Jimmy Kimmel Live!).", "Mind Playing Tricks on Me. \"Mind Playing Tricks on Me\" is a single by the Geto Boys, featured on their 1991 album We Can't Be Stopped. The lyrics used within describe various mental states such as posttraumatic stress disorder. The sample used in the song is \"Hung Up On My Baby\" by Isaac Hayes from his 1974 film Tough Guys. It was the only number-one single (chart: Hot Rap Singles) ever released by the Geto Boys. It reached #23 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the highest charting single by the Geto Boys. It was also certified Gold by the RIAA.[1] It has been regarded as one of the best hip hop songs to come out of the 90's.", "Stephen Duffy. He participated in a temporary supergroup called Me Me Me, consisting of Duffy, Alex James of Blur, Justin Welch of Elastica and Charlie Bloor. The one-off single, \"Hanging Around\", was released 5 August 1996, and reached Number 19 on the UK chart.", "Keep A-Knockin'. Other notable artists known to have recorded it include Johnny Rivers (1965), Alvin Lee (1974), Doug Sahm (1983), Wet Willie (1972), Alan Price (1980), Shakin' Stevens (1983) and Cliff Richards (2016).[5]", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. Vanilla Fudge's 1967 psychedelic rock remake of \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart a year after the release of the Supremes' recording. While the edited version released on the 45 RPM single was under three minutes long, the album version was 7:20.[11] The recording, done in one take, was Vanilla Fudge's first single.[12]", "Hang On Sloopy. According to Rick Derringer, the original version of Sloopy was written by a \"high school kid in St. Louis\" and sold to Bert Russell, a.k.a. Bert Berns.[3] If true, the answer to the age old question \"Just who is Sloopy?\" lies with him. Dorothy Sloop, a jazz singer from Steubenville and a student at Ohio University, is said to be the inspiration for the song.", "Hang On for Your Life. All tracks written by Van McLain and Gary West.", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. That was Mark and Timmy. We used to slow songs down and listen to the lyrics and try to emulate what the lyrics were dictating. That one was a hurtin’ song; it had a lot of emotion in it. “People Get Ready” was like a Gospel thing. “Eleanor Rigby” was sort of eerie and church-like …like a horror movie kind of thing. If you listen to “Hangin’ On” fast … by the Supremes, it sounds very happy, but the lyrics aren’t happy at all. If you lived through that situation, the lyrics are definitely not happy.", "Hang On in There Baby. \"Hang on in There Baby\" is a song written by Johnny Bristol as the title track from his first album. It was released a single in 1974, reaching No. 8 in the US Pop[2] and No. 2 in the US R&B chart.[3] The song also reached No. 3 in the UK.[4]", "Hang On Sloopy. \"Hang On Sloopy\" is a 1964 song by Wes Farrell and Bert Berns, originally titled \"My Girl Sloopy\". It peaked at number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart.", "Holding On for Life. \"Holding On for Life\" is a song performed by American alternative rock band Broken Bells. Written by band members James Mercer and Brian Burton and produced by the latter, the song was originally recorded for the band's second studio album, After the Disco, on which it appears as the third track. It was released as the album's lead single on November 21, 2013.[1]", "Hung Up. \"Hung Up\" is a song by American singer Madonna from her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). It was written and produced by Madonna in collaboration with Stuart Price, and released as the lead single from the album. Initially used in a number of television advertisements and serials, the song was released as the album's lead single on October 17, 2005. It has also made an appearance on her 2009 greatest hits album, Celebration. It also became Madonna's first track to be released to the iTunes Store for digital download.", "Michael Martin Murphey. Murphey's first big break came through his friend Michael Nesmith, who had become part of the popular television musical group, The Monkees. Nesmith asked Murphey to write them a song for the next Monkees album, and Murphey composed \"What Am I Doing Hangin' Round\". The album Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. sold over five million copies.[2]", "Ben E. King. Benjamin Earl King[1] (born Benjamin Earl Nelson, September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015), known as Ben E. King, was an American soul and R&B singer and record producer. He was perhaps best known as the singer and co-composer of \"Stand by Me\"—a US Top 10 hit, both in 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the film of the same name), a number one hit in the UK in 1987, and no. 25 on the RIAA's list of Songs of the Century—and as one of the principal lead singers of the R&B vocal group the Drifters notably singing the lead vocals of one of their biggest global hit singles (and only U.S. #1 hit) \"Save the Last Dance for Me\".[2]", "H&M. In 2008, H&M used the song \"Hang On\" by British singer-songwriter Lettie as background music to its UK website.", "Sandy Denny. In late 2010, Thea Gilmore was commissioned by Sandy's estate, in conjunction with Island Records, to write melodies to unrecorded lyrics found in Sandy's paperwork. The resulting album Don't Stop Singing[36] was released in November 2011 to generally good notices, including 4-star reviews in The Independent[37] and The Guardian[38] among others. On 21 April 2012, the single \"London\" was released as an exclusive Record Store Day 7″ single.[39]", "Stay with Me (Sam Smith song). \"Stay with Me\" is a song by English singer Sam Smith from his debut studio album In the Lonely Hour (2014). It was released in the United States on 14 April 2014 and in the United Kingdom on 18 May 2014. \"Stay with Me\" is a gospel-inspired ballad that details the protagonist pleading with his one-night stand not to leave him.[1] The song was written by Smith, James Napier, and William Phillips, with Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne later receiving co-writer credits due to the song's melodic similarity to Petty's single \"I Won't Back Down\".", "You Keep Me Hangin' On. It has sold 265,000 copies in France. [23]", "Hold Your Head Up. The song was written by Rod Argent and Chris White.[1]" ]

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[ "Maltose. In humans, maltose is broken down by various maltase enzymes, providing two glucose molecules which can be further processed: either broken down to provide energy, or stored as glycogen. The lack of the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme in humans causes sucrose intolerance, but because there are four different maltase enzymes, complete maltose intolerance is extremely rare.[10]", "Maltose. Maltose (/ˈmɔːltoʊs/[2] or /ˈmɔːltoʊz/[3]), also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the two glucose molecules are joined with an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the two-unit member of the amylose homologous series, the key structural motif of starch. When beta-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. An example of this reaction is found in germinating seeds, which is why it was named after malt.[4] Unlike sucrose, it is a reducing sugar.[5]", "Maltose. Like glucose, maltose is a reducing sugar, because the ring of one of the two glucose units can open to present a free aldehyde group; the other one cannot because of the nature of the glycosidic bond. Maltose can be broken down to glucose by the maltase enzyme, which catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond.", "Maltase. Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20, alpha-glucosidase, glucoinvertase, glucosidosucrase, maltase-glucoamylase, alpha-glucopyranosidase, glucosidoinvertase, alpha-D-glucosidase, alpha-glucoside hydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme located in on the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to the simple sugar glucose. This enzyme is found in plants, bacteria, and yeast. Acid maltase deficiency is categorized into three separate types based on the age of onset of symptoms in the affected individual.", "Maltose. Maltose is a disaccharide: the carbohydrates are generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar subunits. Maltose, with two sugar units, is an oligosaccharide, specifically a disaccharide, because it consists of two glucose molecules. Glucose is a hexose: a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms. The two glucose units are in the pyranose form and are joined by an O-glycosidic bond, with the first carbon (C1) of the first glucose linked to the fourth carbon (C4) of the second glucose, indicated as (1 → 4). The link is characterized as α because the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C1) is in the opposite plane from the CH\n2OH substituent in the same ring (C6 of the first glucose). If the glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C1) were in the same plane as the CH\n2OH substituent, it would be classified as a β(1 → 4) bond, and the resulting molecule would be cellobiose. The anomeric carbon (C1) of the second glucose molecule, which is not involved in a glycosidic bond, could be either an α- or β-anomer depending on the bond direction of the attached hydroxyl group relative to the CH\n2OH substituent of the same ring, resulting in either α-maltose or β-maltose.", "Maltose. An isomer of maltose is isomaltose. This is similar to maltose but instead of a bond in the α(1 → 4) position, it is in the α(1 → 6) position, the same bond that is found at the branch points of glycogen and amylopectin.", "Starch. After the phosphorylation, the first degrading enzyme, beta-amylase (BAM) can attack the glucose chain at its non-reducing end. Maltose is released as the main product of starch degradation. If the glucose chain consists of three or fewer molecules, BAM cannot release maltose. A second enzyme, disproportionating enzyme-1 (DPE1), combines two maltotriose molecules. From this chain, a glucose molecule is released. Now, BAM can release another maltose molecule from the remaining chain. This cycle repeats until starch is degraded completely. If BAM comes close to the phosphorylated branching point of the glucose chain, it can no longer release maltose. In order for the phosphorylated chain to be degraded, the enzyme isoamylase (ISA) is required.[22]", "Disaccharide. The joining of simple sugars into a double sugar happens by a condensation reaction, which involves the elimination of a water molecule from the functional groups only. Breaking apart a double sugar into its two simple sugars is accomplished by hydrolysis with the help of a type of enzyme called a disaccharidase. As building the larger sugar ejects a water molecule, breaking it down consumes a water molecule. These reactions are vital in metabolism. Each disaccharide is broken down with the help of a corresponding disaccharidase (sucrase, lactase, and maltase).", "Amylose. The digestive enzyme α-amylase is responsible for the breakdown of the starch molecule into maltotriose and maltose, which can be used as sources of energy.", "Starch. The products of starch degradation are predominantly maltose[23] and smaller amounts of glucose. These molecules are exported from the plastid to the cytosol, maltose via the maltose transporter, which if mutated (MEX1-mutant) results in maltose accumulation in the plastid.[24] Glucose is exported via the plastidic glucose translocator (pGlcT).[25] These two sugars act as a precursor for sucrose synthesis. Sucrose can then be used in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the mitochondria, to generate ATP at night.[22]", "Sugar. Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula C12H22O11. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water.[44]", "Maltose. Maltose is a component of malt, a substance which is obtained in the process of allowing grain to soften in water and germinate. It is also present in highly variable quantities in partially hydrolysed starch products like maltodextrin, corn syrup and acid-thinned starch.[9]", "Disaccharide. The formation of a disaccharide molecule from two monosaccharide molecules proceeds by displacing a hydroxyl radical from one molecule and a hydrogen nucleus (a proton) from the other, so that the now vacant bonds on the monosaccharides join the two monomers together. The vacant bonds on the hydroxyl radical and the proton unite in their turn, forming a molecule of water, that then goes free. Because of the removal of the water molecule from the product, the term of convenience for such a process is \"dehydration reaction\" (also \"condensation reaction\" or \"dehydration synthesis\"). For example, milk sugar (lactose) is a disaccharide made by condensation of one molecule of each of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, whereas the disaccharide sucrose in sugar cane and sugar beet, is a condensation product of glucose and fructose. Maltose, another common disaccharide, is condensed from two glucose molecules.[6]", "Carbohydrate. Lactose, a disaccharide composed of one D-galactose molecule and one D-glucose molecule, occurs naturally in mammalian milk. The systematic name for lactose is O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose. Other notable disaccharides include maltose (two D-glucoses linked α-1,4) and cellulobiose (two D-glucoses linked β-1,4). Disaccharides can be classified into two types: reducing and non-reducing disaccharides. If the functional group is present in bonding with another sugar unit, it is called a reducing disaccharide or biose.", "Maltase. In most cases, it is equivalent to alpha-glucosidase, but the term \"maltase\" emphasizes the disaccharide nature of the substrate from which glucose is cleaved, and \"alpha-glucosidase\" emphasizes the bond, whether the substrate is a disaccharide or polysaccharide.[citation needed]", "Maltose. Maltose in aqueous solution exhibits mutarotation, because the α and β isomers that are formed by the different conformations of the anomeric carbon have different specific rotations, and in aqueous solutions, these two forms are in equilibrium.", "Starch. Beta-amylase cuts starch into maltose units. This process is important in the digestion of starch and is also used in brewing, where amylase from the skin of seed grains is responsible for converting starch to maltose (Malting, Mashing).[28][29]", "Maltose. Maltose was 'discovered' by Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut, although this discovery was not widely accepted until it was confirmed in 1872 by Irish chemist and brewer Cornelius O'Sullivan.[5][6] Its name comes from malt, combined with the suffix '-ose' which is used in names of sugars and other carbohydrates.[4]", "Malate-aspartate shuttle. Once malate is formed, the first antiporter (malate-alpha-ketoglutarate) imports the malate from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix and also exports alpha-ketoglutarate from the matrix into the cytosol simultaneously. After malate reaches the mitochondrial matrix, it is converted by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase into oxaloacetate, during which NAD+ is reduced with two electrons to form NADH. Oxaloacetate is then transformed into aspartate (since oxaloacetate cannot be transported into the cytosol) by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Since aspartate is an amino acid, an amino radical needs to be added to the oxaloacetate. This is supplied by glutamate, which in the process is transformed into alpha-ketoglutarate by the same enzyme.", "Non-competitive inhibition. During his years working as a physician Michaelis and a friend (Peter Rona) built a compact lab, in the hospital, and over the course of five years – Michaelis successfully became published over 100 times. During his research in the hospital, he was the first to view the different types of inhibition; specifically using fructose and glucose as inhibitors of maltase activity. Maltase breaks maltose into two units of either glucose or fructose. Findings from that experiment allowed for the divergence of non-competitive and competitive inhibition. Non-competitive inhibition effects the kcat value (but not the Km) on any given graph; this inhibitor binds to a site that has specificity for the certain molecule. Michaelis determined that when the inhibitor is bound, the enzyme would become inactivated.[2]", "Carbohydrate metabolism. Lactose, or milk sugar, consists of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose.[6] After separation from glucose, galactose travels to the liver for conversion to glucose.[6] Galactokinase uses one molecule of ATP to phosphorylate galactose.[2] The phosphorylated galactose is then converted to glucose-1-phosphate, and then eventually glucose-6-phosphate, which can be broken down in glycolysis.[2]", "Digestion. In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine.", "Alpha-amylase. Amylase is found in saliva and breaks starch into maltose and dextrin. This form of amylase is also called \"ptyalin\" /ˈtaɪəlɪn/[4] It will break large, insoluble starch molecules into soluble starches (amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin) producing successively smaller starches and ultimately maltose. Ptyalin acts on linear α(1,4) glycosidic linkages, but compound hydrolysis requires an enzyme that acts on branched products. Salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach by gastric acid. In gastric juice adjusted to pH 3.3, ptyalin was totally inactivated in 20 minutes at 37 °C. In contrast, 50% of amylase activity remained after 150 minutes of exposure to gastric juice at pH 4.3.[5] Both starch, the substrate for ptyalin, and the product (short chains of glucose) are able to partially protect it against inactivation by gastric acid. Ptyalin added to buffer at pH 3.0 underwent complete inactivation in 120 minutes; however, addition of starch at a 0.1% level resulted in 10% of the activity remaining, and similar addition of starch to a 1.0% level resulted in about 40% of the activity remaining at 120 minutes.[6]", "B-amylase. This enzyme acts on starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides producing beta-maltose by an inversion. Beta-amylase is found in bacteria, fungi, and plants; bacteria and cereal sources are the most heat stable. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit.", "Glycolysis. Destabilizing the molecule in the previous reaction allows the hexose ring to be split by aldolase into two triose sugars: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (an aldose). There are two classes of aldolases: class I aldolases, present in animals and plants, and class II aldolases, present in fungi and bacteria; the two classes use different mechanisms in cleaving the ketose ring.", "Sucrose. In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by sucrase or isomaltase glycoside hydrolases, which are located in the membrane of the microvilli lining the duodenum.[43][44] The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. In bacteria and some animals, sucrose is digested by the enzyme invertase.", "Biomolecule. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes.[4] Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.", "Malate-aspartate shuttle. First, in the cytosol, malate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction of oxaloacetate and NADH to produce malate and NAD+. In this process, two electrons generated from NADH, and an accompanying H+, are attached to oxaloacetate to form malate.", "Disaccharide. Maltose, cellobiose, and chitobiose are hydrolysis products of the polysaccharides starch, cellulose, and chitin, respectively.", "Maltose. It has a sweet taste, but is only about 30-60% as sweet as sugar, depending on the concentration.[7] A 10% solution of maltose is 35% as sweet as sucrose.[8]", "Galactose. In nature, lactose is found primarily in milk and milk products. Consequently, various food products made with dairy-derived ingredients can contain lactose.[6] Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known as the Leloir pathway. The enzymes are listed in the order of the metabolic pathway: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose-4’-epimerase (GALE).", "Glucose syrup. By using β-amylase or fungal α-amylase, glucose syrups containing over 50% maltose, or even over 70% maltose (extra-high-maltose syrup) can be produced.[7]p. 465 This is possible because these enzymes remove two glucose units (i.e. one maltose molecule) at a time from the end of the starch molecule. High-maltose glucose syrup has a great advantage in the production of hard candy: at a given moisture level and temperature, a maltose solution has a lower viscosity than a glucose solution, but will still set to a hard product. Maltose is also less humectant than glucose, so candy produced with high-maltose syrup will not become sticky as easily as candy produced with a standard glucose syrup.[1]p. 81" ]

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[ "Blue-and-yellow macaw. The blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), also known as the blue-and-gold macaw, is a large South American parrot with blue top parts and yellow under parts. It is a member of the large group of neotropical parrots known as macaws. It inhabits forest (especially varzea, but also in open sections of terra firme or unflooded forest), woodland and savannah of tropical South America. They are popular in aviculture because of their striking color, ability to talk, ready availability in the marketplace, and close bonding to humans.", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. This species occurs in Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. The range extends slightly into Central America, where it is restricted to Panama. The species' range formerly included Trinidad, but it became extinct there by 1970 as a result of human activities. Between 1999 and 2003, wild-caught blue-and-gold macaws were translocated from Guyana to Trinidad, in an attempt to re-establish the species in a protected area around Nariva swamp. A small breeding population descended from introduced birds is found in Puerto Rico,[1] and another has inhabited Miami-Dade County, Florida, since the mid-1980s.[5]", "Scarlet macaw. The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a large red, yellow, and blue South American parrot, a member of a large group of Neotropical parrots called macaws. It is native to humid evergreen forests of tropical South America. Range extends from south-eastern Mexico to the Peruvian Amazon, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil in lowlands up to 500 m (1,640 ft) (at least formerly) up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft). It has suffered from local extinction through habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade, but locally it remains fairly common.[clarification needed] Formerly it ranged north to southern Tamaulipas. It can still be found on the island of Coiba. It is the national bird of Honduras.", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. The blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758)[2] is a member of the genus Ara (Lacepede 1799), one of six genera of Central and South American macaws.[3]", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Little variation in plumage is seen across the range. Some birds have a more orange or \"butterscotch\" underside color, particularly on the breast. This was often seen in Trinidad birds and others of the Caribbean area. The blue-and-yellow macaw uses its powerful beak for breaking nutshells, and for climbing up and hanging from trees[4]", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. These birds can reach a length of 76–86 cm (30–34 in) and weigh 0.900–1.5 kg (2–3 lb), making them some of the larger members of their family. They are vivid in appearance with blue-green wings and tail, dark-blue chin, golden under parts, and a green forehead. Their beaks are black. The naked face is white, turning pink in excited birds, and lined with small, black feathers. Blue-and-yellow macaws live from 30 to 35 years in the wild and reach sexual maturity between the ages of 3 and 6 years.[4]", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. The blue-and-yellow macaw is on the verge of being extirpated in Paraguay, but it still remains widespread and fairly common in a large part of mainland South America. The species is therefore listed as Least Concern by BirdLife International. It is listed on CITES Appendix II, trade restricted.[1]", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. The blue-and-yellow macaw generally mates for life. They nest almost exclusively in dead palms and most nests are in Mauritia flexuosa palms.The female typically lays two or three eggs. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days. One chick is dominant and gets most of the food; the others perish in the nest. Chicks fledge from the nest about 97 days after hatching. The male bird's color signals readiness for breeding. The brighter and bolder the colors, the better the chance of getting a mate.[6]", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Head of blue-and-yellow macaw", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Ara ararauna in Antioquia", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. At World of Birds, Cape Town, South Africa", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Head in high detail, Vogelburg (bird park), Weilrod, Germany", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Sleepy couple at Weltvogelpark Walsrode (Walsrode Bird Park, Germany)", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Extended wings Cougar Mountain Zoo", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Flying at Zoo de Pont-Scorff, Morbihan, France", "Blue-and-yellow macaw. Even well-tended blue-and-yellow macaws are known to \"scream\" for attention, and make other loud noises. Loud vocalizations, especially \"flock calls\", and destructive chewing are natural parts of their behavior and should be expected in captivity. Due to their large size, they also require plentiful space in which to fly around. According to World Parrot Trust, an enclosure for a blue-and-yellow macaw should, if possible, be at least 15 m (50 ft) in length.[7] Captive macaws, kept with good diet, exercise, and veterinary care have been recorded to live 60 or more years.[8] People considering a macaw as a companion parrot must be aware of this and consider that the bird may outlive the owner.", "Scarlet macaw. It is about 81 centimetres (32 in) long, of which more than half is the pointed, graduated tail typical of all macaws, though the scarlet macaw has a larger percentage of tail than the other large macaws. The average weight is about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb). The plumage is mostly scarlet, but the rump and tail-covert feathers are light blue, the greater upper wing coverts are yellow, the upper sides of the flight feathers of the wings are dark blue as are the ends of the tail feathers, and the undersides of the wing and tail flight feathers are dark red with metallic gold iridescence. Some individuals may have green in the wings.", "Scarlet macaw. The scarlet macaw was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Psittacus macao.[2] The scarlet macaw is now placed in the genus Ara (Lacépède, 1799), one of 6 genera of Central and South American macaws.[3]", "Scarlet macaw. The scarlet macaw is an early example of a parrot breeding in captivity. Captive breeding occurred in Northern Mexico at Paquime (also called Casas Grandes) and very likely Southwest New Mexico Mimbres Valley in the 11th century. Breeding pens, perches, bones, and eggshell fragments have been uncovered. The straightforward nature of scarlet macaw breeding and the value of their plumes in trade created a market for trade wherein the animals were used in religious rites north to the Colorado Plateau region.[1]", "Parrot. Parrots are found on all tropical and subtropical continents and regions including Australia and Oceania, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central America, South America, and Africa. Some Caribbean and Pacific islands are home to endemic species.[36] By far the greatest number of parrot species come from Australasia and South America.[37] The lories and lorikeets range from Sulawesi and the Philippines in the north to Australia and across the Pacific as far as French Polynesia, with the greatest diversity being found in and around New Guinea.[36] The subfamily Arinae encompasses all the neotropical parrots, including the amazons, macaws, and conures, and ranges from northern Mexico and the Bahamas to Tierra del Fuego in the southern tip of South America.[38] The pygmy parrots, tribe Micropsittini, form a small genus restricted to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.[39] The superfamily Strigopoidea contains three living species of aberrant parrots from New Zealand.[40] The broad-tailed parrots, subfamily Platycercinae, are restricted to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands as far eastwards as Fiji.[41] The true parrot superfamily, Psittacoidea, includes a range of species from Australia and New Guinea to South Asia and Africa.[36] The centre of cockatoo biodiversity is Australia and New Guinea, although some species reach the Solomon Islands (and one formerly occurred in New Caledonia),[42] Wallacea and the Philippines.[43]", "Scarlet macaw. Today the scarlet macaw is found worldwide in captivity, but is best represented in captivity in the Americas. Captive techniques developed from the pet trade have positively affected wild populations: in areas with low macaws populations, the \"extra\" babies that typically die in the nest may be reared by humans hands and released into the wild to bolster the population, as has been done by the Tambopata Macaw Project. Their captive diet, egg incubation, assisted hatching, hand rearing, co-parenting, parent-rearing, fledgling, maturation, and breeding are well understood within the avicultural community (AFA Watchbird magazine).", "Hyacinth macaw. The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), or hyacinthine macaw, is a parrot native to central and eastern South America. With a length (from the top of its head to the tip of its long pointed tail) of about 100 cm (3.3 ft) it is longer than any other species of parrot. It is the largest macaw and the largest flying parrot species, though the flightless kakapo of New Zealand can outweigh it at up to 3.5 kg. While generally easily recognized, it can be confused with the far rarer and smaller Lear's macaw. Habitat loss and the trapping of wild birds for the pet trade have taken a heavy toll on their population in the wild, so the species is classified as Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List,[1] and it is protected by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).", "Wildlife of Costa Rica. Scarlet macaws are a common species of Costa Rica. Unlike many bird species, macaws form a monogamous breeding pair and mate for life. Both males and females help care for young and raise chicks for up to two years before they fledge. Threats to the macaw include their popularity in the pet trade. One individual can be sold for up to one thousand dollars.[17]", "Scarlet macaw. Scarlet macaws inhabit humid lowland subtropical rain forests, open woodlands, river edges, and savannas.", "Scarlet macaw. In Central American the range extends from extreme eastern and southern Mexico and Panama through Guatemala and Belize, the island of Coiba and infrequently on the mainland of Panama, and in Costa Rica in isolated regions on the Pacific Coast; the Nicoya Peninsula the Carara National Park and Peninsula de Osa.", "Hyacinth macaw. The largest parrot by length in the world, the hyacinth macaw is 100 cm (3.3 ft) long from the tip of its tail to the top of its head and weighs 1.2–1.7 kg (2.6–3.7 lb).[3][4] Each wing is 388–425 mm (15.3–16.7 in) long.[3] The tail is long and pointed.[3] Its feathers are entirely blue, lighter above. However, the neck feathers can sometimes be slightly grey.", "Scarlet macaw. The birds can hybridize with other members of genus Ara in captivity, leading to hybrids. In the United States, hybrids scarlet macaws are created for their appearance and value in the bird trade. Hybrid scarlet macaws are also created because of fear of prosecution, as birds breeders find themselves potentially liable for enormous fines and felonies (i.e., Lacey Act) as their captive-bred pets are added to the U.S. Endangered Species List. As punishments are not given to those who sell or work with hybrid macaws, breeders are encouraged to mix genes to avoid punishment.", "Cayman Islands. Cayman avian fauna includes two endemic subspecies of Amazona parrots: A. l. hesterna Bangs, 1916 or Cuban amazon, now restricted to the island of Cayman Brac, but formerly also on Little Cayman, and Amazona leucocephala caymanensis or Grand Cayman parrot, which is native to the Cayman Islands, forested areas of Cuba, and the Isla de la Juventud. Little Cayman and Cayman Brac are also home to red-footed and brown boobies.[29][30] There are five endemic subspecies of butterflies on the islands.[31]", "Feather. The blues and bright greens of many parrots are produced by constructive interference of light reflecting from different layers of structures in feathers. In the case of green plumage, in addition to yellow, the specific feather structure involved is called by some the Dyck texture.[33][34] Melanin is often involved in the absorption of light; in combination with a yellow pigment, it produces a dull olive-green.", "Scarlet macaw. The two subspecies can be recognized by size and color detail in the feathers on the wings:[3]", "Scarlet macaw. It is frequently confused with the slightly larger green-winged macaw, which has more distinct red lines in the face and no yellow in the wing.", "Scarlet macaw. The habitat of scarlet macaws is also considered to have the greatest latitudinal range for any bird in the genus Ara, as the estimated maximum territorial range covers 6,700,000 km2. Nevertheless, the scarlet macaw's habitat is fragmented, and the bird is mostly confined to tiny populations scattered throughout its original range in Middle America.[11] However, as they still occur in large numbers over most of their original range in South America, the species is classified by IUCN as least concern.[1]" ]

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[ "List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders. Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Albert Pujols (614), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more.", "Home run. In Major League Baseball, the career record is 762, held by Barry Bonds, who broke Hank Aaron's record on August 7, 2007, when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik.[30] Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600: Hank Aaron (755), Babe Ruth (714),[30] Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), [30] Albert Pujols (633), [30] Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609).", "List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders. Ruth set the Major League Baseball single-season home run record four times, first at 29 (1919), then 54 (1920), 59 (1921), and finally 60 (1927).[12] Ruth's 1920 and 1921 seasons are tied for the widest margin of victory for a home run champion as he topped the next highest total by 35 home runs in each season. The single season mark of 60 stood for 34 years until Roger Maris hit 61 home runs in 1961.[12] Maris' mark was broken 37 years later by both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa during the 1998 home run record chase, with McGwire ultimately setting the mark at 70.[12][13] Barry Bonds, who also has the most career home runs,[14] set the current single season record of 73 in 2001.[12][13] The 1998 and 2001 seasons each had 4 players hit 50 or more home runs – Greg Vaughn, Ken Griffey, Jr., Sosa, and McGwire in 1998 and Alex Rodriguez, Luis Gonzalez, Sosa, and Bonds in 2001.[13] A player has hit 50 or more home runs 42 times, 25 times since 1990.[13] The lowest home run total to lead a major league was four, recorded in the NL by Lip Pike in 1877 and Paul Hines in 1878.[15]", "Home run. The all-time, verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player, excluding the U. S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation, is held by Sadaharu Oh. Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, later managing the Giants, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team. Oh holds the all-time home run world record, having hit 868 home runs in his career.", "Barry Bonds. On August 7 at 8:51 PM PDT, at the Giants home AT&T Park in San Francisco,[120] Bonds hit a 435 foot (133 m) home run, his 756th, off a pitch from Mike Bacsik of the Washington Nationals, breaking the all-time career home run record, formerly held by Hank Aaron.[121] Coincidentally, Bacsik's father had faced Aaron (as a pitcher for the Texas Rangers) after Aaron had hit his 755th home run. On August 23, 1976, Michael J. Bacsik held Aaron to a single and a fly out to right field. The younger Bacsik commented later, \"If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run, we both would have given up 756.\"[122] After hitting the home run, Bonds gave Bacsik an autographed bat.[123]", "Frank Robinson. In his career, he held several major league records. In his rookie season, he tied Wally Berger's record for home runs by a rookie (38).[6] (The current record would be set by Aaron Judge in 2017.) Robinson still holds the record for home runs on opening day (8), which includes a home run in his first at bat as a player-manager.[20] Robinson won the American League Triple Crown (.316 BA, 49 HR, 122 RBI) – only two players (Carl Yastrzemski and Miguel Cabrera) have since won the award in either league – and the two MVP awards, which made him the first player in baseball history to earn the title in both leagues.", "1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase. In 2001, only three years after McGwire and Sosa finally toppled Maris's record, the mark fell again, this time to San Francisco Giants left fielder Barry Bonds. Bonds broke the record on October 5 against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers and, two days later, hit his 73rd home run of the season off the Dodgers pitcher Dennis Springer.[12]", "History of baseball in the United States. McGwire's record of 70 would last a mere three years following the meteoric rise of veteran San Francisco Giants left fielder Barry Bonds in 2001. In 2001 Bonds knocked out 73 home runs, breaking the record set by McGwire by hitting his 71st on October 5, 2001. In addition to the home run record, Bonds also set single-season marks for base on balls with 177 (breaking the previous record of 170, set by Babe Ruth in 1923) and slugging percentage with .863 (breaking the mark of .847 set by Ruth in 1920). Bonds continued his torrid home run hitting in the next few seasons, hitting his 660th career home run on April 12, 2004, tying him with his godfather Willie Mays for third place on the all-time career home runs list. He hit his 661st home run the next day, April 13, to take sole possession of third place. Only three years later Bonds surpassed the great Hank Aaron to become baseball's most prolific home run hitter.", "Run (baseball). The career record for most runs scored by a major-league player is 2,295, held by Rickey Henderson (1979–2003). The season record for most runs scored is 198, set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894. The so-called modern-day record (1900 and after) is 177, achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921. The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8, held by Babe Ruth (American League: 1919–21, 1923, 1924, 1926–28).", "Hank Aaron. Aaron hit his 755th and final home run on July 20, 1976, at Milwaukee County Stadium off Dick Drago of the California Angels, which stood as the MLB career home run record until it was broken in 2007 by Barry Bonds. Over the course of his record-breaking 23-year career, Aaron had a batting average of .305 with 163 hits a season, while hitting an average of just over 32 home runs a year and knocking home 99 runs batted in (RBIs) a year. He had 100+ RBIs in a season 15 times, including a record 13 in a row.[38]", "Home run. The single season record is 73, set by Barry Bonds in 2001.[30] Other notable single season records were achieved by Babe Ruth who hit 60 in 1927, Roger Maris, with 61 home runs in 1961, and Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998.[30]", "Home run. Major League Baseball keeps running totals of all-time home runs by team, including teams no longer active (prior to 1900) as well as by individual players. Gary Sheffield hit the 250,000th home run in MLB history with a grand slam on September 8, 2008.[29] Sheffield had hit MLB's 249,999th home run against Gio González in his previous at-bat.", "Hank Aaron. Aaron himself downplayed the \"chase\" to surpass Babe Ruth, while baseball enthusiasts and the national media grew increasingly excited as he closed in on the 714 career home runs record. Aaron received thousands of letters every week during the summer of 1973, including hate mail; the Braves ended up hiring a secretary to help him sort through it.[44]", "Asterisk. The controversy over season length in relation to home run records had somewhat subsided by the time Hank Aaron broke Ruth's career home run record in 1974 (although Aaron received an even larger volume of hate mail and death threats which in his case often focused on race). Maris' single season mark was broken in 1998 by Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa, who both broke it in under 154 games. McGwire's record of 70 home runs was later eclipsed by Barry Bonds, who set the current mark of 73 home runs in the 2001 season. However, these players' accomplishments were soon questioned after evidence surfaced suggesting all three might have been taking advantage of MLB's then-lax policies related to the use of performance-enhancing drugs.", "List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders. The first home run champion in the National League was George Hall. In the league's inaugural 1876 season, Hall hit five home runs for the short-lived National League Philadelphia Athletics.[7] In 1901, the American League was established and Hall of Fame second baseman Nap Lajoie led it with 14 home runs for the American League Philadelphia Athletics.[8] Over the course of his 22-season career, Babe Ruth led the American League in home runs 12 times.[9] Mike Schmidt and Ralph Kiner have the second and third most home run titles respectively, Schmidt with eight and Kiner with seven, all won in the National League.[10][11] Kiner's seven consecutive titles from 1946 to 1952 are also the most consecutive home run titles by any player. The most recent champions (2016) are Mark Trumbo with 47 home runs in the American League, and Nolan Arenado and Chris Carter tied with 41 in the National League.", "List of milestone home runs by Barry Bonds. In baseball, the home run is one of the most popular aspects of the game. Thus, the career record for home runs is among the most important and respected records in baseball. The road to this record has been closely followed and each additional home run Bonds hits extends the current record further. On August 7, 2007, Barry Bonds became the major leagues' career home run champion by hitting his 756th career home run, which surpassed Hank Aaron's total.[6] the ball was caught by Pistolay.", "Roger Maris. Maris set the MLB record for home runs during the 1961 season with 61, breaking Babe Ruth's single-season record of 60 home runs in 1927. This record was challenged by then-baseball commissioner Ford Frick (who had been a friend of Babe Ruth), who said that Maris needed to break the record in 154 games instead of the current schedule of 162 games. His accomplishment of 61 home runs in a season came back to the forefront in 1998, when the home run record was broken by Mark McGwire and later that same year by Sammy Sosa.", "Barry Bonds. On September 22, Bonds tied Henry Aaron's National League career home run record of 733. The home run came in the top of the 6th inning of a high-scoring game against the Milwaukee Brewers, at Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The achievement was notable for its occurrence in the very city where Aaron began (with the Milwaukee Braves) and concluded (with the Brewers, then in the American League) his career. With the Giants trailing 10–8, Bonds hit a blast to deep center field on a 2–0 pitch off the Brewers' Chris Spurling with runners on first and second and one out. Though the Giants were at the time clinging to only a slim chance of making the playoffs, Bonds's home run provided the additional drama of giving the Giants an 11–10 lead late in a critical game in the final days of a pennant race. The Brewers eventually won the game, 13–12, though Bonds went 3 for 5, with 2 doubles, the record-tying home run, and 6 runs batted in.[97]", "Mike Hessman. Hessman holds the all-time record for International League home runs, when he hit his 259th on June 30, 2014, breaking Ollie Carnegie's record set in 1945.[1] In 2015, he broke Buzz Arlett's record for the most career minor league home runs, hitting his 433rd on August 3, 2015.[2]", "List of Atlanta Braves team records. Hank Aaron holds the most franchise records as of the end of the 2010 season, with ten, including most career hits, doubles, and the best career on-base plus slugging percentage. Aaron also held the career home runs record from April 8, 1974[2] until August 8, 2007.[3] He is followed by Hugh Duffy, who holds eight records, including best single-season batting average and the best single-season slugging percentage record.[4]", "Barry Bonds. On September 23, Bonds surpassed Aaron for the NL career home run record. Hit in Milwaukee like the previous one, this was a solo home run off Chris Capuano of the Brewers.[98] This was the last home run Bonds hit in 2006. In 2006, Bonds recorded his lowest slugging percentage (a statistic that he has historically ranked among league leaders season after season) since 1991 with the Pittsburgh Pirates.[20]", "Ryan Zimmerman. On April 29, Zimmerman hit a 470-foot homer, marking the longest ever hit at Nationals Park.[31] On July 17, Zimmerman hit his 235th career home run, setting a new Nationals/Expos franchise record.[32] On July 27, Zimmerman hit the fourth consecutive home run by Nationals hitters off Milwaukee Brewers starter Michael Blazek, the first time the feat had been accomplished in Major League Baseball since the 2011 season.[33]", "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers. As of 3 September 2017[update], Madison Bumgarner, with 17 home runs, holds the lead among all active pitchers. Bumgarner is also the pitcher who has hit the most home runs since the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973. Bumgarner has played his whole career thus far for the San Francisco Giants of the National League.", "Roger Connor. Connor worked as a school inspector in Waterbury until 1920.[15] He lived to see his career home run record bested by Babe Ruth, although if it was celebrated, it might have been on the wrong day. At one time, Connor's record was thought to be 131, per the Sporting News book Daguerreotypes. As late as the 1980s, in the MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia, it was thought to be 136. However, John Tattersall's 1975 Home Run Handbook, a publication of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), credited Connor with 138. Both MLB.com and the independent Baseball-Reference.com now consider Connor's total to be 138.[8][21]", "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers. Wes Ferrell holds the all-time Major League Baseball record for home runs hit while playing the position of pitcher. He hit 37 as a pitcher.[6] Baseball Hall of Famers Bob Lemon and Warren Spahn are tied for second with 35 career home runs apiece.[7][8] Red Ruffing, Earl Wilson, and Don Drysdale are the only other pitchers to hit at least 25 home runs.[9][10][11] Jack Stivetts hit a total of 35 home runs in his playing career, 21 as a pitcher.[12]", "Home run. In 1996, Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead-off home run in four consecutive games.", "List of Major League Baseball home run records. In the tables below, players denoted in boldface are still actively contributing to the record noted, while (r) denotes a player's rookie season.", "Home run. Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit \"the longest home run ever\" at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling[31]), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa[30] (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history.[32][33] The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium.[32][33] Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double-deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.[citation needed]", "Babe Ruth. Two home runs by Ruth on July 5, and one in each of two consecutive games a week later, raised his season total to 11, tying his career best from 1918. The first record to fall was the AL single-season mark of 16, set by Ralph \"Socks\" Seybold in 1902. Ruth matched that on July 29, then pulled ahead toward the major league record of 24, set by Buck Freeman in 1899. Ruth reached this on September 8, by which time, writers had discovered that Ned Williamson of the 1884 Chicago White Stockings had hit 27—though in a ballpark where the distance to right field was only 215 feet (66 m). On September 20, \"Babe Ruth Day\" at Fenway Park, Ruth won the game with a home run in the bottom of the ninth inning, tying Williamson. He broke the record four days later against the Yankees at the Polo Grounds, and hit one more against the Senators to finish with 29. The home run at Washington made Ruth the first major league player to hit a home run at all eight ballparks in his league. In spite of Ruth's hitting heroics, the Red Sox finished sixth, ​20 1⁄2 games behind the league champion White Sox.[b][66][67]", "1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase. The 1998 Major League Baseball home run chase in Major League Baseball was the race between first baseman Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals and right fielder Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs that resulted in both players breaking Roger Maris's long-standing and highly coveted record of 61 home runs. McGwire broke Maris's record on September 8 against the Cubs and finished with 70 home runs. Sosa finished with 66.", "Hank Aaron. I would like to offer my congratulations to Barry Bonds on becoming baseball's career home run leader. It is a great accomplishment which required skill, longevity, and determination. Throughout the past century, the home run has held a special place in baseball and I have been privileged to hold this record for 33 of those years. I move over now and offer my best wishes to Barry and his family on this historical achievement. My hope today, as it was on that April evening in 1974, is that the achievement of this record will inspire others to chase their own dreams.", "Barry Bonds. The commissioner, Bud Selig, was not in attendance in this game but was represented by the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations, Jimmie Lee Solomon. Selig called Bonds later that night to congratulate him on breaking the record.[126][127] President George W. Bush also called Bonds the next day to congratulate him.[128][129] On August 24, San Francisco honored and celebrated Bonds's career accomplishments and breaking the home run record with a large rally in Justin Herman Plaza. The rally included video messages from Lou Brock, Ernie Banks, Ozzie Smith, Joe Montana, Wayne Gretzky and Michael Jordan. Speeches were made by Willie Mays, Giants teammates Omar Vizquel and Rich Aurilia, and Giants owner Peter Magowan. Mayor Gavin Newsom presented Bonds the key to the City and County of San Francisco and Giants vice president Larry Baer gave Bonds the home plate he touched after hitting his 756th career home run.[130]" ]

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[ "Romeo and Juliet. The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524. He had Romeo walk frequently by her house, \"sometimes climbing to her chamber window\" and wrote, \"It happened one night, as love ordained, when the moon shone unusually bright, that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony, the young lady ... opened the window, and looking out saw him\".[102] After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other. A few decades later, Bandello greatly expanded this scene, diverging from the familiar one: Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder, and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant, Julia and the nurse (the servants discreetly withdraw after this).[17]", "Romeo and Juliet. The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one: on 23 March 1730, a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York, promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary.[117] The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company.[118]", "Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet may be the most-filmed play of all time.[190] The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor's multi-Oscar-nominated 1936 production, Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 version, and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 MTV-inspired Romeo + Juliet. The latter two were both, in their time, the highest-grossing Shakespeare film ever.[191] Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era, by Georges Méliès, although his film is now lost.[190] The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929, in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer.[192]", "Romeo. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses, but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio Salernitano's Il Novellino (1476). This story was adapted by Luigi da Porto as Giulietta e Romeo (1530), and Shakespeare's main source was an English verse translation of this text by Arthur Brooke.[1] Although both Salernitano and da Porto claimed that their stories had historical basis, there is little evidence that this is the case.", "Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky). At first Romeo and Juliet was not successful in Russia and Europe. It was received lukewarmly at its world premiere in March 1870.[15] The work was hissed when Hans Richter conducted it in Vienna in November 1876; critic Eduard Hanslick excoriated the piece afterwards.[16] The Paris premiere two weeks later, at the Concerts Populaires under Jules Pasdeloup, went no better.[16] According to Tchaikovsky's colleague and friend Sergei Taneyev, who attended the Paris performance, Romeo's lack of success there may have been due to Pasdeloup's failure to understand the music.[16] Despite this, several Parisian composers and musicians, including Camille Saint-Saëns, appreciated the piece.[16]", "Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky). Tchaikovsky accepted some, but not all, of Balakirev's nagging, and completed the work, dedicating it to Balakirev. The first performance on March 16, 1870 was hindered by a sensational court case surrounding the conductor, Tchaikovsky's friend Nikolai Rubinstein, and a female student. The court had found against the eminent musician the previous day, and this incited a noisy demonstration in his favour when he appeared on the concert platform, which proved much more interesting to the audience than the new overture. The result was not encouraging as a premiere for Romeo and Juliet.[12] Tchaikovsky said of the premiere:", "Romeo and Juliet. The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano, in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476.[10] Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime. His version of the story includes the secret marriage, the colluding friar, the fray where a prominent citizen is killed, Mariotto's exile, Gianozza's forced marriage, the potion plot, and the crucial message that goes astray. In this version, Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief.[11][12]", "Romeo and Juliet. Luigi da Porto (1485–1529) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo[13] and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti, written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice.[14][15] Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe, Boccacio's Decameron, and Salernitano's Mariotto e Ganozza, but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical: present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511, at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine, following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri, Da Porta fell in love with Lucina, the daughter of the house, but relationships of their mentors prevented advances. The next morning, the Savorgnans led an attack on the city, and many members of the Strumieri were murdered. When years later, half-paralyzed from a battle-wound, he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino (from where he could see the \"castles\" of Verona), he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan.[13][16] Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it, in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala (anglicized as Prince Escalus).", "Roméo et Juliette (musical). At the Capulets, a ball is being held so that Juliet can meet Count Paris, who asked Lord Capulet for her hand (La demande en mariage, Tu dois te marier). In Verona, Romeo and his friends, Benvolio and Mercutio, hang about the streets (Les rois du monde, La folie). Romeo is afraid of... he doesn't really know, but he's afraid (J'ai peur). In the hope of distracting him, Benvolio and Mercutio, persuade him to accompany them, in disguise, to a ball being held at the house of the Capulets (Le bal). At his first sight of Juliet, the daughter of the Capulets, Romeo instantly falls in love with her, without knowing who she is (L'amour heureux). Tybalt recognize Romeo and informs Juliet's parents. Romeo and Juliet learn from the Nurse who they are (Le bal 2). Tybalt, broken (he loves Juliet in secret), acknowledges that he is the son of hate and contempt (C'est pas ma faute).", "Romeo and Juliet. Act I scene 5: Romeo's first interview with Juliet", "Pyramus and Thisbe. The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ultimately sprang from Ovid's story. Here the star-crossed lovers cannot be together because Juliet has been engaged by her parents to another man and the two families hold an ancient grudge. As in Pyramus and Thisbe, the mistaken belief in one lover's death leads to consecutive suicides. The earliest version of Romeo and Juliet was published in 1476 by Masuccio Salernitano, while it mostly obtained its present form when written down in 1524 by Luigi da Porto. Salernitano and Da Porto both are thought to have been inspired by Ovid and Boccaccio's writing.[3] Shakespeare's most famous 1590s adaptation is a dramatization of Arthur Brooke's 1562 poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, itself a translation of a French translation of Da Porto's novella.", "Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare's most-illustrated works.[179] The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene,[180] thought to be by Elisha Kirkall, which appeared in Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition of Shakespeare's plays.[181] Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century, one representing each of the five acts of the play.[182] The 19th-century fashion for \"pictorial\" performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration, which, in turn, influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre.[183] In the 20th century, the play's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions.[184]", "Romeo and Juliet. On their first meeting, Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare's day: metaphor. By using metaphors of saints and sins, Romeo was able to test Juliet's feelings for him in a non-threatening way. This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione (whose works had been translated into English by this time). He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation, the woman could pretend she did not understand him, and he could retreat without losing honour. Juliet, however, participates in the metaphor and expands on it. The religious metaphors of \"shrine\", \"pilgrim\", and \"saint\" were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous, as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age.[39] Later in the play, Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work: Brooke's Romeus and Juliet.[40]", "Romeo and Juliet (1968 film). One summer morning in Verona, Italy, a longstanding feud between the Montague and the Capulet clans breaks out in a street brawl. The brawl is broken up by the Prince, who warns both families that any future violence between them will result in harsh consequences. That night, two teenagers of the two families — Romeo and Juliet — meet at a Capulet masked ball and become deeply infatuated. Later, Romeo stumbles into the secluded garden under Juliet's bedroom balcony and the two exchange impassioned pledges. They are secretly married the next day by Romeo's confessor and father figure, Friar Laurence, with the assistance of Juliet's nursemaid.", "Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev). In 1962, John Cranko's choreography of Romeo and Juliet for the Stuttgart Ballet helped the company achieve a worldwide reputation. It had its American premiere in 1969.", "Romeo and Juliet. The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln's company's production, which toured to Yokohama in 1890.[127] Throughout the 19th century, Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare's most popular play, measured by the number of professional performances. In the 20th century it would become the second most popular, behind Hamlet.[128]", "Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare's most performed plays. Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories.[106] Even in Shakespeare's lifetime, it was extremely popular. Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare's plays, in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London's dominant playwright.[107][e] The date of the first performance is unknown. The First Quarto, printed in 1597, says that \"it hath been often (and with great applause) plaid publiquely\", setting the first performance before that date. The Lord Chamberlain's Men were certainly the first to perform it. Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare, the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors, Will Kemp, instead of Peter, in a line in Act Five. Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo, being the company's actor, and Master Robert Goffe (a boy) the first Juliet.[105] The premiere is likely to have been at \"The Theatre\", with other early productions at \"The Curtain\".[108] Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England: a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604.[109]", "Romeo + Juliet. The film premiered on November 1, 1996 in the United States and Canada, in 1,276 theaters, and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office. It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada,[11] with a worldwide total of USD$147,554,998.[2]", "Orlando Bloom. Bloom made his Broadway stage debut as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet in August 2013 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre.[28] The New York Times theatre critic Ben Brantley described Bloom's performance as \"a first-rate Broadway debut\"[29] in the title role: \"For once, we have a Romeo who evolves substantively, from a posturing youth in love with love, to a man who discovers the startling revelation of real love, with a last-act descent into bilious, bitter anger that verges on madness.\"", "Romeo and Juliet. The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3, with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1.[29][32] Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 (F2), 1664 (F3), and 1685 (F4).[33] Modern versions—that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos—first appeared with Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition, followed by Alexander Pope's 1723 version. Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1. This tradition continued late into the Romantic period. Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today, printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play.[34]", "Romeo and Juliet (1968 film). Romeo and Juliet is a 1968 British-Italian romantic drama film based on the play of the same name (1591–1595) by William Shakespeare.", "Rosaline. Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries. Theophilus Cibber's 1748 version of Romeo and Juliet replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet. This, according to critics, took out the \"love at first sight\" moment at the Capulet feast.[18] In the 1750s, actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances, as many saw Romeo's quick replacement of her as immoral.[19][20] However, in Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo sees Rosaline (played by Paola Tedesco)[21] first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet, of whom he becomes immediately enamoured. This scene suggests that love is short and superficial. Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani's 1954 film version. In a brief non-Shakespearean scene, Rosaline (Dagmar Josipovitch) gives Romeo a mask at Capulet's celebration, and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him. Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off-camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare's script.[22] Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet.", "Romeo and Juliet. American actors began to rival their British counterparts. Edwin Booth (brother to John Wilkes Booth) and Mary McVicker (soon to be Edwin's wife) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth's Theatre (with its European-style stage machinery, and an air conditioning system unique in New York) on 3 February 1869. Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America; it was certainly the most popular, running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 (equivalent to $1,103,000 in 2017).[126][f][g] The programme noted that: \"The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety, in every respect, following closely the text of Shakespeare.\"[h]", "Tybalt. Later, at the Capulets' ball, Tybalt is the first to recognise Romeo through his disguise, and would kill him if not forbidden by his uncle, Lord Capulet. His lust for revenge unsated, Tybalt sends a challenge letter to Romeo for a duel to the death. He enters looking for Romeo at the beginning of Act III, only to create tensions with Mercutio, who was mocking Tybalt even before he entered the scene. Tybalt initially ignores Mercutio and confronts Romeo, who refuses to fight because of his marriage to Juliet. Tybalt becomes even angrier; he does not know Romeo cannot fight him because they are now relatives.", "Romeo and Juliet. In 1977, Michael Smuin's production of one of the play's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet. This production was the first full-length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series \"Great Performances: Dance in America\"; it aired in 1978.[151]", "Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare's own lifetime: Henry Porter's Two Angry Women of Abingdon (1598) and Thomas Dekker's Blurt, Master Constable (1607) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay.[177] The play directly influenced later literary works. For example, the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby.[178]", "Romeo and Juliet. The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys, who wrote in 1662: \"it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life.\"[67] Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio: \"Shakespear show'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio, and he said himself, that he was forc'd to kill him in the third Act, to prevent being killed by him.\"[67] Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse but no less divided. Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play, which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families. In mid-century, writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama: the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw, not an accident of fate. Writer and critic Samuel Johnson, however, considered it one of Shakespeare's \"most pleasing\" plays.[68]", "Rosaline. Critics also note the ways in which Romeo's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet. Before meeting Rosaline, Romeo despises all Capulets, but afterwards looks upon them more favourably. He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one relationship. This prepares him for the more mature relationship with Juliet—one fraught by the feud between Montagues and Capulets. Romeo expresses the conflict of love and hate in Act 1, Scene 1, comparing his love for Rosaline with the feud between the two houses:[16]", "Romeo and Juliet. Garrick's altered version of the play was very popular, and ran for nearly a century.[111] Not until 1845 did Shakespeare's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo, respectively,[119] and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler's Wells Theatre.[120] Cushman adhered to Shakespeare's version, beginning a string of eighty-four performances. Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many. The Times wrote: \"For a long time Romeo has been a convention. Miss Cushman's Romeo is a creative, a living, breathing, animated, ardent human being.\"[121][119] Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that \"no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman\".[122] Cushman's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline.[111]", "Romeo and Juliet. Thomas Otway's The History and Fall of Caius Marius, one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare, debuted in 1680. The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome; Romeo is Marius, Juliet is Lavinia, the feud is between patricians and plebeians; Juliet/Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo/Marius dies. Otway's version was a hit, and was acted for the next seventy years.[111] His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring, and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years: Theophilus Cibber's adaptation of 1744, and David Garrick's of 1748 both used variations on it.[113] These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time. For example, Garrick's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet, to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love-at-first-sight theme.[114][115] In 1750, a \"Battle of the Romeos\" began, with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne (Mrs. Theophilus Cibber) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane.[116]", "Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev). In 1971, John Neumeier, partly inspired by John Cranko, created another version of the ballet in Frankfurt. In 1974, Neumeier's Romeo and Juliet premiered in Hamburg as his first full-length ballet with the company.", "Romeo and Juliet. John Gielgud's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio, exchanging roles six weeks into the run, with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet.[130] Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period. His efforts were a huge success at the box office, and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions.[131] Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud's: \"John, all spiritual, all spirituality, all beauty, all abstract things; and myself as all earth, blood, humanity ... I've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was, when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch, I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare.\"[132]" ]

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[ "Catalina Casino. The Catalina Casino is located in Avalon on Santa Catalina Island, off the coast of Los Angeles in California. It is the most visible landmark in Avalon Bay, and when approaching it from the mainland.", "Catalina Casino. The large building contains a movie theatre, ballroom, and formerly an island art and history museum.[1] The Catalina Casino gets its name from the Italian language term casino, meaning a \"gathering place\". There is no gambling at the facility.[2]", "Catalina Casino. The Catalina Casino was built on a site formerly known as Sugarloaf Point. The site was graded for the planned construction of the Hotel St. Catherine. However, it was eventually built in Descanso Canyon instead. When chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr. bought the controlling stake in Catalina Island in 1919, he used this cleared site to build a dance hall he named Sugarloaf Casino. It served as a ballroom and Avalon's first high school, until it became too small for Avalon's growing population. In 1928, the Sugarloaf was razed to make room for a newer casino building. Sugarloaf Rock was further blasted away to enhance the Casino's ocean view.[1][2]", "Catalina Casino. With a height equal to a 12-story building, it was built to serve as a theatre on the main floor and a ballroom and promenade on the upper level.[1][2] Movie studio tycoons such as Cecil B. DeMille, Louis B. Mayer, and Samuel Goldwyn frequently came by yacht to the Casino to preview their newest cinema productions. It also serves as the island's civil defense shelter, large enough to accommodate Catalina's entire year-round population. Within its walls is stored enough food and water for all Avalon's residents for two weeks.[3]", "Casino. Not all casinos were used for gaming. The Catalina Casino,[5] a famous landmark overlooking Avalon Harbor on Santa Catalina Island, California, has never been used for traditional games of chance, which were already outlawed in California by the time it was built. The Copenhagen Casino was a theatre, known for the mass public meetings often held in its hall during the 1848 Revolution, which made Denmark a constitutional monarchy. Until 1937, it was a well-known Danish theatre.[6] The Hanko Casino in Hanko, Finland—one of that town's most conspicuous landmarks—was never used for gambling. Rather, it was a banquet hall for the Russian nobility which frequented this spa resort in the late 19th century and is now used as a restaurant.[7]", "Catalina Casino. Surrounded by sea on three sides, the circular structure of the Catalina Casino is the equivalent of 12 stories tall. It has a movie theatre on the first level, and a ballroom on the top level. The building interiors were decorated in the Art Deco style, including with sterling silver and gold leaf accents.", "Catalina Casino. On May 29, 1929, the new Catalina Casino was completed under the direction of Wrigley and David M. Renton, at a cost of 2 million dollars. Its design, by Sumner Spaulding and Walter Weber, is in the Art Deco and Mediterranean Revival styles. It was the first movie theatre to be designed specifically for films with sound (\"talkies\"). It received the Honor Award from the California Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, as \"one of the outstanding architectural accomplishments\".", "Catalina Casino. The museum continues documenting Catalina Island history, adding from World War II to the present day and a research institute. It is the repository for all archeological digs on the island, and has one of the largest collections of Island Tongva artifacts in the world. There are now over 10,000 photographs and negatives documenting island life from the early 1880s until the present day in the museum's photography collection.[1]", "Catalina Casino. In September 2008, the Catalina Casino had the first live full production of a musical on its stage, when the Santa Catalina Island Company presented Grease!.", "Catalina Casino. The Avalon Theater is a movie theater on the first level, with a seating capacity of 1,154.[4] It has a single massive screen, and still shows first run movies.[5] The theater has its original 4-manual, 16 rank pipe organ built by the Page Organ Company of Lima, Ohio.[4]", "Catalina Casino. On June 18, 2016 the museum relocated to a new building, located approximately one half mile from its original location in the Catalina Casino. The Ada Blanche Wrigley Schreiner Building is located at 217 Metropole Avenue.[1]", "Catalina Casino. In 1953 Philip K. Wrigley established the Catalina Island Museum on the first level, to preserve the history of the island from the Pre-Columbian indigenous Island Tongva (Gabrielino) peoples through the pre-war 20th century development by his father. The museum featured a large and comprehensive collection of original Catalina Pottery ceramics, produced by Catalina Clay Products between 1927 and 1937.[1]", "Catalina Casino. The upper level houses the 20,000 square foot Catalina Casino Ballroom. It is the world's largest circular ballroom with a 180-foot (55 m) diameter dance floor, that can accommodate 3,000 dancers.[1] French doors encircle the room connecting the dance floor with the \"Romance Promenade,\" an open balcony that runs around the building.", "Catalina Casino. The steel structure of the predecessor Sugarloaf Casino can still be found in Avalon's abandoned bird park. The bird park was conceived by Mrs. Wrigley in the 1930s, and at the time it was one of the largest aviaries in the world.", "Catalina Casino. To reach the ballroom on the top level the Casino building has two ramped walkways, both in enclosed towers that extend out from the circular building. Wrigley took the idea to use ramps instead of stairs from Wrigley Field, his Chicago Cubs stadium. The ramps allowed the large numbers of people using the ballroom to quickly move to and from their destinations. They each have a small lobby areas just below the dance floor level.", "Jai alai. By contrast, jai alai's popularity in the northeastern and western United States waned as other gambling options became available. In Connecticut, frontons in Hartford and Milford permanently closed, while the fronton in Bridgeport was converted to a greyhound race track. The fronton at Newport Jai Alai in Newport, Rhode Island has been converted to Newport Grand, a slot machine and video lottery terminal parlor. Jai alai enjoyed a brief and popular stint in Las Vegas with the opening of a fronton at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino; however, by the early 1980s the fronton was losing money and was closed by MGM Grand owner Kirk Kerkorian. The MGM Grand in Reno also showcased jai alai for a very short period (1978–1980).[7][8]", "Treasure Island Hotel and Casino. Treasure Island Hotel & Casino (also known as \"TI\") is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, USA with 2,664 rooms and 220 suites, and is connected by tram to The Mirage as well as pedestrian bridge to the Fashion Show Mall shopping center. It is owned and operated by Phil Ruffin.", "Excalibur Hotel and Casino. Excalibur Hotel and Casino is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, in the United States. It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International.", "Catalina Casino. The theater's interior walls retain the original Art Deco murals by John Gabriel Beckman. The theater's facade had a painted mural of an Art Deco style underwater world scene, which was later replaced with replications of Beckman's design created in Catalina Pottery style tiles. The lobby has walnut wood paneling.", "Catalina Casino. In 1993 the movie theater was photographed by Hiroshi Sugimoto, for his art series \"Theatres\".", "Palms Casino Resort. Palms Casino Resort is a hotel and casino located near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It has 703 rooms and suites and contains 94,840 sq ft (8,811 m2) casino, recording studio, Michelin-starred restaurant and 2,500-seat concert theater.[1]", "Borgata. Borgata has extensive online gambling operations.[11]", "Macau. Casino Resort MGM Macau", "Ocean Resort Casino. In late January, online casino supplier GAN announced it will power an online gambling arm of the Ocean Resort Casino, and anticipates the site launching in 2018.[58]", "Baccarat (card game). The overwhelming majority of casino baccarat games in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Finland, and Macau are \"Punto banco\" baccarat and they may be seen labelled simply as \"Baccarat\". About 91% of total income from Macau casinos in 2014 came from punto banco.[7] In Punto banco, the casino banks the game at all times, and commits to playing out both hands according to fixed drawing rules, known as the \"tableau\" (French: \"board\"), in contrast to more historic baccarat games where each hand is associated with an individual who makes drawing choices. Player (punto) and Banker (banco) are simply designations for the two hands dealt out in each coup, two outcomes which the bettor can back; Player has no particular association with the gambler, nor Banker with the house.", "Pai gow. Pai gow (Chinese: 牌九; pinyin: pái jiǔ; Jyutping: paai4 gau2) is a Chinese gambling game, played with a set of 32 Chinese dominoes. It is played in major casinos in China (including Macau); the United States (including Las Vegas, Nevada; Reno, Nevada; Connecticut; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Pennsylvania; and cardrooms in California); Canada (including Edmonton, Alberta and Calgary, Alberta); Australia; and, New Zealand. It dates back to at least the Song dynasty.", "Gambling in the United States. Nevada and Louisiana are the only two states in which casino-style gambling is legal statewide. Both state and local governments impose licensing and zoning restrictions. All other states that allow casino-style gambling restrict it to small geographic areas (e.g., Atlantic City, New Jersey or Tunica, Mississippi), or to American Indian reservations, some of which are located in or near large cities. As domestic dependent nations, American Indian tribes have used legal protection to open casinos, which has been a contentious political issue in California and other states. In some states, casinos are restricted to \"riverboats\", large multi-story barges that are, more often than not, permanently moored in a body of water.", "Casino. The former Portuguese colony of Macau, a special administrative region of China since 1999, is a popular destination for visitors who wish to gamble. This started in Portuguese times, when Macau was popular with visitors from nearby British Hong Kong, where gambling was more closely regulated. The Venetian Macao is currently the largest casino in the world.[23] Macau also surpassed Las Vegas as the largest gambling market in the world.", "Gambling in India. Only three states allow casinos, Goa , Daman and Sikkim.[6] There are two casinos in Sikkim called Casino Sikkim and Casino Mahjong and 10 in Goa, of which six are land based and four are floating casinos that operate on the Mandovi River. The floating casinos in Goa are Casino Deltin Royale, Casino Deltin Jaqk, Casino Pride and Casino Pride 2. While the first two are controlled by the Deltin Group, the latter two are managed by the Pride Group. According to the Goa, Daman and Diu Public Gambling Act, 1976 casinos can be set up only at five star hotels or offshore vessels with the prior permission of the government. This has led the Deltin Group to open the first land based Casino in Daman which is open now. News reports also suggest that Visakhapatnam is also being looked on as the next casino destination.[7]", "MGM Resorts International. In May 2017, MGM launched playMGM, a Nevada-facing online sportsbook.[183] In August 2017, MGM launched its first full-featured real-money online casino in New Jersey.[184] Also under the brand name playMGM, the online gambling site went live with over 200 slot games and over 20 table games, including 11 new games not found at other online casinos.[185]", "Gambling in the United States. Commercial casinos are founded and run by private companies on non-Native American land. There are 22 states (and two US Territories) that allow commercial casinos in some form: California, Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Dakota, U.S. Virgin Islands, Washington, and West Virginia.", "Treasure Island Hotel and Casino. Treasure Island was opened by Mirage Resorts in 1993[3] under the direction of Steve Wynn and Atlandia Design (a Mirage Resorts subsidiary) at a cost of US$450 million. The initial plans called for a tower addition to The Mirage, but later evolved into a full-fledged separate hotel casino resort. Treasure Island originally intended to attract families with whimsical pirate features and icons such as the skull-and-crossbones strip marquee, a large video arcade, and staged pirate battles nightly in \"Buccaneer Bay\" in front of the casino entrance on the Strip." ]

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[ "Rainy Night in Georgia. The song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Gil Parris, Little Milton, Dolla, Hearts Of Stone, Randy Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Al Hirt, Johnny Rivers, Amos Garrett, Hank Williams, Jr.(#21 Can.), Nat Stuckey, a Conway Twitty/Sam Moore duet (#33 Can.), Arthur Prysock, Aaron Neville, Chris Young, Ana Popovic and Shelby Lynne.[2] Randy Crawford's version from the album Secret Combination reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981.[3]", "Rainy Night in Georgia. \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" is a song written by Tony Joe White in 1967 and popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It was originally released by White on his 1969 album, \"Continued\" on Monument Records, shortly before Benton's hit single was issued.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. In 1969, after several years without a major hit, Benton had signed to a new record label, Cotillion Records (a subsidiary of Atlantic Records) by label A&R chief and producer Jerry Wexler. Benton recorded the song in November 1969 with arranger/producer Arif Mardin. Session personnel on the record included Billy Carter on organ, Dave Crawford on piano, Cornell Dupree and Jimmy O'Rourke on guitar, Harold Cowart on bass, Tubby Ziegler on drums, and Toots Thielemans on harmonica.", "Randy Crawford. Her follow-up solo efforts included \"One Day I'll Fly Away\" (1980) and \"You Might Need Somebody\" (1981), which became soul standards, and a cover of the Tony Joe White penned, first popularised by Brook Benton, \"Rainy Night in Georgia\". The album, Secret Combination (1981) stayed on the UK Albums Chart for sixty weeks, after which her profile dipped, despite a return to the UK Top Ten with \"Almaz\" in 1986.[3] She continued to record for Warner Bros through the 1990s, but was unable to score either a big R&B hit or major crossover success.[6]", "Loretta Lynn. In 1971 Lynn began a professional partnership with Conway Twitty. As a duo, Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975: their first release \"After the Fire Is Gone\" (1971), which won them a Grammy award; \"Lead Me On\" (1971); \"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man\" (1973); \"As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone\" (1974); and \"Feelins'\" (1974). The hit-streak kick-started what became one of the most successful duos of country history. For four consecutive years (1972–1975), Lynn and Twitty were named the \"Vocal Duo of the Year\" by the Country Music Association. The Academy of Country Music named them the \"Best Vocal Duet\" in 1971, 1974, 1975, and 1976. The American Music awards selected them as the \"Favorite Country Duo\" in 1975, 1976 and 1977. The fan-voted Music City News readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981, inclusive. In addition to their five Number 1 singles, they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981.[7] Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty are the most successful and most awarded male/female duet teams in country music history. Conway and Loretta, their duo name, released an album in 1977 titled \"Dynamic Duo\", and they were considered that by their many fans.", "Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Musician Conway Twitty died in June 1993 from an abdominal aortic aneurysm, aged 59, two months before the release of what would be his final studio album, Final Touches.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song the same year as Benton, but Motown did not release the album until the 2000s. B.J. Thomas also recorded the song the same year as Benton for his album Most of All.[4]", "Heartache Tonight. \"Heartache Tonight\" was revived four years later in a cover version by country music artist Conway Twitty. Released as the second single from his Lost in the Feeling album, Twitty's version reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the fall of 1983.[11]", "Crying in the Rain. \"Crying in the Rain\" was covered by many other artists. In 1972, Penny DeHaven in duet with Del Reeves released a Country version on a single only (Billboard country chart #54).[23] Country singer Tammy Wynette covered the song in 1981, bringing it to the top 20 of the US country singles charts and #11 in the Canadian RPM Country 50 Singles.[24] In 1989 it was covered by Blessings in Disguise, a band composed of Dave Hill and Noddy Holder of British hard rock band, Slade. The song was released as a single, backed with the Dave Hill written track, \"Wild Nites\". The song was also covered by Crystal Gayle on her 1981 album Hollywood, Tennessee and by the British duo Peter and Gordon. Singer Art Garfunkel, of Simon and Garfunkel fame, covered the song in his album Up 'til Now (1993) in a duet with James Taylor. Released in 2010 on Micky Dolenz King For a Day album. \nThe song was also covered by the Eurovision Song Contest winner Johnny Logan. German band Gregorian covered the song on their album Masters of Chant Chapter VI. Urban Symphony, an Estonian group, sing this song for a gala. Also covered by Jan and Dean on 1968's Save for a Rainy Day album.\nThe song was covered my Marty Kristian of the New Seekers in 1973 \"Crying In The Rain\"/\"A Woman Grows\" (Polydor 2058 394)", "David Ruffin. Other notable recordings from Ruffin's solo career include \"I Lost Everything I've Ever Loved\" (1969); the gospel-inflected \"I'm So Glad I Fell For You\" (1970); \"Blood Donors Needed (Give All You Can)\" (1973); \"Common Man\" (1973) (which was sampled on the 2001 Jay-Z song \"Never Change\"); \"No Matter Where\" (1974); \"Who I Am\" (1975); \"Statue of a Fool\" (1975); and cover versions of the Jackson Five's \"I Want You Back\", \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" (popularized by Brook Benton) - both recorded for the shelved 1970 album; and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes' \"I Miss You\" (1973), featuring Eddie Kendricks (later Kendrick).", "Rainy Night in Georgia. The song is featured in Haruki Murakami's novel Hear the Wind Sing.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. More recent covers include those by indie folk-rock band Hem from their album No Word from Tom (2006), and by Boz Scaggs from his album Memphis (2013). Australian band Ross Hanniford Trio recorded a cover of the song on their 1994 album. In 2000, guitarist Eric Essix covered the song on his album Southbound.[5] An electronic-influenced downtempo/chillout version was recorded by Boozoo Bajou and Tony Joe White in 2006. Rod Stewart included the song on his 2009 album Soulbook. Singer Frank Shiner released the song as the first single and video from his 2017 album Lonely Town, Lonely Street.", "Kiss an Angel Good Mornin'. Conway Twitty recorded his version in 1972 on his album I Can't See Me Without You.", "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia. Released as a single in June 1972, the song would ultimately become a number-one success for Lawrence, topping the Hot 100 chart in early 1973. Lawrence was, at the time, a regular performer on the ensemble variety comedy television show The Carol Burnett Show; on the final episode of the sixth season (March 24, 1973), Burnett surprised Lawrence by presenting her with an RIAA gold record for over a million copies sold. The song also scored number six on the Easy Listening chart,[4] and it peaked at number 36 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart.[5] It was number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, and was finally topped by Tony Orlando and Dawn's \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\". Billboard ranked it as the No. 11 song for 1973.", "Terri Gibbs. Gibbs was born in Miami, Florida, but raised in the Augusta, Georgia, suburb of Grovetown.[1] Although born with eyesight, she lost it as a newborn due to an incubator accident.[2] Despite her blindness, she learned to play piano at age three.[1] As a child, she sang in the church choir and at talent contests, and at age seventeen, she opened for Bill Anderson.[3] Her parents wanted her to be treated no differently from sighted people and she was sent to public school, graduating from Butler High School in Augusta in 1972.[4] She performed in and around the Augusta area and eventually, she met Chet Atkins, who advised her to move to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a country music career, which she did at age eighteen.[1] After failing to find a record deal, she returned to Miami and joined a band called Sound Dimension.[1] She continued to perform locally, later forming a band called the Terri Gibbs Trio, which performed at a Steak and Ale in Augusta, Georgia.[3] Gibbs then sent a demo tape to record producer Ed Penney of MCA Records, signing to the label in 1980.[1] Penney was a former Boston disc jockey and a long-time songwriter. He liked her voice on her demo, but felt she needed stronger material. He co-wrote \"Somebody's Knockin'\" for her and also produced the song.[5]", "The Rose (song). Country singer Conway Twitty recorded a cover version in January 1983. His version, off his album Dream Maker, was a number one country hit in US and Canada. Conway Twitty's version was his 30th number one single on the US country chart.[12]", "Don't Cry, Joni. On the week of December 20, 1975, the original version by Conway Twitty and his daughter entered the US Billboard Hot 100[4] It spent seven weeks on the chart, reaching its peak position of number 63 on the week of January 31, 1976.[5]", "God Bless America Again (song). Also recording a cover version were Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn, whose duet recording was the B-side to their No. 3 country hit \"The Letter.\" The Twitty-Lynn version, released in 1976, featured Twitty speaking the verses while Lynn sang the refrain. The Lynn version was played during the closing credits in the 2012 HBO made-for-TV movie \"Game Change\" about Sarah Palin's role in the 2008 Presidential Election which she and John McCain lost. It was also featured in the opening sequences of the film Canadian Bacon.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. When I got out of high school I went to Marietta, Georgia, I had a sister living there. I went down there to get a job and I was playing guitar too at the house and stuff. I drove a dump truck for the highway department and when it would rain you didn't have to go to work. You could stay home and play your guitar and hangout all night. So those thoughts came back to me when I moved on to Texas about three months later. I heard \"Ode to Billie Joe\" on the radio and I thought, man, how real, because I am Billie Joe, I know that life. I've been in the cotton fields. So I thought if I ever tried to write, I'm going to write about something I know about. At that time I was doing a lot of Elvis and John Lee Hooker onstage with my drummer. No original songs and I hadn't really thought about it. But after I heard Bobbie Gentry I sat down and thought … well I know about Polk because I had ate a bunch of it and I knew about rainy nights because I spent a lot of rainy nights in Marietta, Georgia. So I was real lucky with my first tries to write something that was not only real and hit pretty close to the bone, but lasted that long. So it was kind of a guide for me then on through life to always try to write what I know about.", "I Love a Rainy Night. \"I Love a Rainy Night\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eddie Rabbitt. It was released in November 1980 as the second single from his album Horizon. It reached number one on the Hot Country Singles,[1] Billboard Hot 100, and Adult Contemporary Singles [2] charts in 1981. The song succeeded Dolly Parton's song \"9 to 5\" at the number 1 position on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart - the last time, to date, that the pop chart featured back-to-back country singles in the number one position. It was written by Rabbitt, Even Stevens and David Malloy.", "I Love a Rainy Night. \"I Love a Rainy Night\" came in the midst of Rabbitt's peak popularity as a crossover artist. The follow-up to \"Drivin' My Life Away\" (No. 1 country, No. 5 Hot 100), the song was Rabbitt's only Hot 100 No. 1. However, he would continue having crossover success with the follow-ups \"Step by Step\" and \"You and I\" (the latter a duet with Crystal Gayle).", "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (film). The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia is a 1981 American musical drama film starring Kristy McNichol, Dennis Quaid, Mark Hamill and Don Stroud, directed by Ronald F. Maxwell.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. The RIAA certified the single gold for sales of one million copies. In 2004, it was ranked #498 on the List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.", "Midnight Train to Georgia. \"Midnight Train to Georgia\" is a 1973 number-one hit single by Gladys Knight & the Pips, their second release after departing Motown Records for Buddah Records. Written by Jim Weatherly, and included on the Pips' 1973 LP Imagination, \"Midnight Train to Georgia\" won the 1974 Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance By A Duo, Group Or Chorus and has become Knight's signature song.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. In a January 17, 2014 interview with music journalist Ray Shasho, Tony Joe White explained the thought process behind the making of \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" and \"Polk Salad Annie\".", "When the Grass Grows Over Me. In 1969, Conway Twitty cut the song for his LP Darlin', You Know I Wouldn't Lie. A year later, Jerry Lee Lewis recorded it for his album She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye. Tammy Wynette would also perform the song live occasionally.", "Rain and Snow. Other performers who have recorded the song include Peter Rowan with Tony Rice (on the Quartet album),[10] Sam Amidon, Pentangle, Rose Laughlin, Betsy Rutherford[11][12] and the Be Good Tanyas.[7]", "Atlanta Rhythm Section. While ARS did not achieve the commercial success of Lynyrd Skynyrd or The Allman Brothers, the group had a strong following in the South and charted a consistent string of hits: \"Doraville\", \"I'm Not Gonna Let It Bother Me Tonight\", \"So in to You\", \"Imaginary Lover\", \"Do It Or Die\", and a cover of the 1968 Classics IV 1968 hit, \"Spooky\". Plus, there were fan favorites such as \"Boogie Smoogie\", \"Champagne Jam\", \"Jukin'\", \"Neon Nites\", and \"Georgia Rhythm\". The band also influenced a number of rock and country artists, notably Travis Tritt, who covered the ARS songs \"Back Up Against the Wall\" and \"Homesick\". The group Shudder to Think covered \"So in to You\".", "Iggy Pop. Pop's follow-up to Blah Blah Blah, Instinct (1988), was a turnaround in musical direction. Its stripped-back, guitar-based sound leaned further towards the sound of the Stooges than any of his solo albums to date. His record label dropped him, but the King Biscuit radio show recorded the Instinct tour (featuring guitarist Andy McCoy and Alvin Gibbs on bass) in Boston on July 19, 1988. Working with rock attorney Stann Findelle, Pop scored more movie soundtrack inclusions in 1989: \"Living on the Edge of the Night\" in the Ridley Scott thriller Black Rain; and \"Love Transfusion\", a song originally written by Alice Cooper (who does backing vocals) and Desmond Child,[22] in Wes Craven's Shocker.", "Rainy Night in Georgia. Included on his \"come-back\" album Brook Benton Today, the melancholy song became an instant hit. In the spring of 1970, the song had topped the Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It also reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100,[1] and number two on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, the song made #2 on the RPM Magazine Hot Singles chart, #2 on the AC Chart, and #58 in the 1970 Year End Chart.", "Hoagy Carmichael. After the October 1929 stock market crash, Carmichael's hard-earned savings declined substantially. Fortunately, Louis Armstrong had recorded \"Rockin' Chair\" at Okeh studios in 1929, giving Carmichael a badly-needed financial and career boost. The song became one of Carmichael's jazz standards.[38][39] Carmichael, who had been working at a brokerage firm and was considering a switch in careers, composed and recorded \"Georgia on My Mind\" (lyrics by Stuart Gorrell) in 1930. The song became another jazz staple, as well as a pop standard, especially after World War II.[40] Carmichael also arranged and recorded \"Up a Lazy River\" in 1930, a tune composed by Sidney Arodin. Although Carmichael and the band he assembled had first recorded \"Stardust\" as an instrumental in 1927, Bing Crosby recorded the tune with Mitchell Parish's lyrics in 1931.[41]", "A Garden in the Rain. The song was first recorded by the composer, Carroll Gibbons with the Savoy Hotel Orpheans and vocals by George Metaxa (later spelled: Georges Metaxa), in July 1928." ]

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[ "Virginia v. West Virginia. After reconvening on August 6, the Second Wheeling Convention again debated secession from Virginia. The delegates adopted a resolution authorizing the secession of 39 counties, with the counties of Berkeley, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Morgan, and Pocahontas to be added if their voters approved, and authorizing any contiguous counties with these to join the new state if they so voted as well.[14][16] On October 24, 1861, voters in the 39 counties plus voters in Hampshire and Hardy counties voted to secede from the commonwealth of Virginia. In eleven counties voter participation was less than 20%, with counties like Raleigh and Braxton showing only 5% and 2% voter turnout.[17][18] The ballot also allowed voters to choose delegates to a constitutional convention, which met from November 26, 1861, to February 18, 1862.[19] The convention chose the name \"West Virginia,\" but then engaged in lengthy and acrimonious debate over whether to extend the state's boundaries to other counties which had not voted to secede.[20] Added to the new state were McDowell, Mercer, and Monroe counties.[21] Berkeley, Frederick, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Morgan, and Pendleton counties were again offered the chance to join, which all but Frederick County did.[21] Eight counties, Greenbrier, Logan, McDowell, Mercer, Monroe, Pocahontas, Webster, and Wyoming, never participated in any of the polls initiated by the Wheeling government, although they were included in the new state.[17] A new constitution for West Virginia was adopted on February 18, 1862, which was approved by voters on April 4.[22]", "Virginia v. West Virginia. Virginia v. West Virginia, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 39 (1871), is a 6-to-3 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that where a governor has discretion in the conduct of the election, the legislature is bound by his action and cannot undo the results based on fraud. The Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties had received the necessary consent of both the State of Virginia and the United States Congress to become a separate state, and explicitly held that the counties of Berkeley and Jefferson were part of the new state of West Virginia.", "West Virginia. West Virginia (/vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen)) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States.[7][8][9][10][11] It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, and Pennsylvania and Maryland to the northeast. West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area, and is ranked 38th in population. The capital and largest city is Charleston.", "West Virginia. West Virginia is located entirely within the Appalachian Region, and the state is almost entirely mountainous, giving reason to the nickname The Mountain State and the motto Montani Semper Liberi (\"Mountaineers are always free\"). The elevations and ruggedness drop near large rivers like the Ohio River or Shenandoah River. About 75% of the state is within the Cumberland Plateau and Allegheny Plateau regions. Though the relief is not high, the plateau region is extremely rugged in most areas. The average elevation of West Virginia is approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level, which is the highest of any U.S. state east of the Mississippi River.", "West Virginia. Located in the Appalachian Mountain range, West Virginia covers an area of 24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2), with 24,077.73 square miles (62,361.0 km2) of land and 152.03 square miles (393.8 km2) of water, making it the 41st-largest state in the United States.[54] West Virginia borders Pennsylvania and Maryland in the northeast, Virginia in the southeast, Ohio in the northwest, and Kentucky in the southwest. Its longest border is with Virginia at 381 miles, followed by Ohio at 243 miles, Maryland at 174 miles, Pennsylvania at 118 miles, and Kentucky at 79 miles.[55]", "History of West Virginia. West Virginia is one of two American states formed during the American Civil War (1861–1865), along with Nevada, and is the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. It was originally part of the British Virginia Colony (1607–1776) and the western part of the state of Virginia (1776–1863), whose population became sharply divided over the issue of secession from the Union and in the separation from Virginia, formalized by admittance to the Union as a new state in 1863. West Virginia was one of the Civil War Border states.", "Virginia v. West Virginia. On March 10, 1866, Congress passed a resolution acknowledging the transfer of the two counties to West Virginia from Virginia.[37]", "Virginia v. West Virginia. States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.[67]", "West Virginia. The Crown considered the area of West Virginia to be part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776. The United States considered this area to be the western part of the state of Virginia (which was commonly referred as Trans-Allegheny Virginia) from 1776 to 1863, before the formation of West Virginia. Its residents were discontented for years with their position in Virginia, as the government was dominated by the planter elite of the Tidewater and Piedmont areas. The legislature had electoral malapportionment, based on the counting of slaves toward regional populations, and the western white residents were underrepresented in the state legislature. More subsistence and yeoman farmers lived in the west and they were generally less supportive of slavery, although many counties were divided on their support. The residents of this area became more sharply divided after the planter elite of eastern Virginia voted to secede from the Union during the Civil War.", "West Virginia. Social conditions in western Virginia were entirely unlike those in the eastern portion of the state. The population was not homogeneous, as a considerable part of the immigration came by way of Pennsylvania and included Germans, Protestant Scotch-Irish, and settlers from the states farther north. Counties in the east and south were settled mostly by east Virginians. During the American Revolution, the movement to create a state beyond the Alleghenies was revived and a petition for the establishment of \"Westsylvania\" was presented to Congress, on the grounds that the mountains presented an almost impassable barrier to the east. The rugged nature of the country made slavery unprofitable, and time only increased the social, political, economic, and cultural differences (see Tuckahoe-Cohee) between the two sections of Virginia.[citation needed]", "West Virginia. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers[7] classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as \"Appalachia\".[13]", "West Virginia. West Virginia's capital and seat of government is the city of Charleston, located in the southwest area of the state.", "History of West Virginia. In 1861, as the United States itself became massively divided over slavery, leading to the American Civil War (1861–1865), the western regions of Virginia split with the eastern portion politically, and the two were never reconciled as a single state again. In 1863, the western region was admitted to the Union as a new separate state, initially planned to be called the State of Kanawha, but ultimately named West Virginia.", "History of West Virginia. Social conditions in western Virginia were entirely unlike those existing in the eastern portion of the state. The population was not homogeneous, as a considerable part of the immigration came by way of Pennsylvania and included Germans, Protestants, Ulster-Scots, and settlers from the states farther north. During the American Revolution, the movement to create a state beyond the Alleghenies was revived and, in 1776, a petition for the establishment of \"Westsylvania\" was presented to Congress, on the grounds that the mountains made an almost impassable barrier on the east. The rugged nature of the country made slavery unprofitable, and time only increased the social, political and economic differences between the two sections of Virginia.", "Government of West Virginia. Like all states except Nebraska, West Virginia has a bicameral state legislature, the West Virginia Legislature. The lower house is the West Virginia House of Delegates and the upper house is the Senate. The West Virginia Legislature is a citizen's legislature or part-time legislature.", "Maryland v. West Virginia. Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U.S. 1 (1910), is a 9-to-0 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the boundary between the American states of Maryland and West Virginia is the south bank of the North Branch Potomac River. The decision also affirmed criteria for adjudicating boundary disputes between states, which said that decisions should be based on the specific facts of the case, applying the principles of law and equity in such a way that least disturbs private rights and title to land.", "Virginia v. West Virginia. However, on December 5, 1865, the Virginia Assembly in Richmond passed legislation repealing all the acts of the Reorganized government regarding secession of the 39 counties and the admission of Berkeley and Jefferson counties to the state of West Virginia.[36]", "Virginia v. West Virginia. Davis concluded that Congress never gave its consent to the transfer of Berkeley and Jefferson counties to West Virginia.[50] By the time Congress did so (on March 10, 1866), the legislature of Virginia had already withdrawn its consent to the transfer of the two counties.[50]", "Virginia v. West Virginia. But Berkeley, Frederick, and Jefferson counties never held votes on secession or the new West Virginia state constitution, as they were under the military control of the Confederacy at the time.[32] On January 31, 1863, the Reorganized legislature of Virginia passed legislation authorizing the Reorganized governor to hold elections in Berkeley County on whether to join West Virginia or not.[33] The Reorganized legislature similarly approved on February 4, 1863, an election for Jefferson County (among others).[34] These elections were held, voters approved secession, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties were admitted to West Virginia.[35]", "History of West Virginia. The constitutionality of the new state was achieved when the Unionist government of Virginia approved the division. The question of the addition of two counties came before the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Virginia v. West Virginia, 78 U.S. 39 (1871).[17] Berkeley and Jefferson counties lying on the Potomac east of the mountains, in 1863, with the consent of the Reorganized government of Virginia voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia. Many men absent in the Confederate army when the vote was taken refused to acknowledge the transfer upon their return. The Virginia General Assembly repealed the act of cession and in 1866 brought suit against West Virginia asking the court to declare the two counties a part of Virginia. Meanwhile, Congress on March 10, 1866, passed a joint resolution recognizing the transfer. The Supreme Court decided in favor of West Virginia, and there has been no further question.", "Virginia v. West Virginia. Although the U.S. Supreme Court never ruled on the constitutionality of the state's creation, decisions such as those in Virginia v. West Virginia led to a de facto recognition of the state which is now considered unassailable.[31][63][64] West Virginia's first constitution explicitly agreed to pay a portion of Virginia's debt in helping build roads, canals, railroads, and other public improvements in the new state. But these debts were never paid, and Virginia sued to recover them. In the case, Virginia v. West Virginia, 220 U.S. 1 (1911), the state of Virginia admitted in its briefings the legality of the secession of West Virginia.[65][66] A second constitutional question arises as to whether the Constitution permits states to be carved out of existing states, whether consent is given or not. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution says:", "Virginia v. West Virginia. Davis disagreed with the majority's view that Congress had consented to the transfer of the two counties when it debated the proposed West Virginia constitution. There was nothing in the debates to ever suggest that, he wrote.[51] What Congress agreed to was that the two counties should be offered the chance to join West Virginia by the time of the new state's admission to union with the United States.[51] These conditions had not been met by the time of admission, and thus no transfer could be constitutionally made.[51] Congress had not agreed to additional legislative acts of transfer, and thus they could not be made without Virginia's assent (which was now withdrawn).[51]", "History of West Virginia. The western area focused its commerce on neighbors to the west, and many citizens felt that the more populous eastern areas were too dominant in the Virginia General Assembly and insensitive to their needs. Major crisis in the Virginia state government over these differences was averted on more than one occasion during the period before the American Civil War, but the underlying problems were fundamental and never well resolved.", "Government of West Virginia. The Government of West Virginia is modeled after the Government of the United States, with three branches: the executive, consisting of the Governor of West Virginia and the other elected constitutional officers; the legislative, consisting of the West Virginia Legislature which includes the Senate and the House of Delegates; and the judicial, consisting of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and lower courts.", "Virginia v. West Virginia. At the beginning of the American Civil War, Virginia seceded from the United States in 1861 over slavery.[1] But many of the northwestern counties of Virginia were decidedly pro-union.[2][3] At a convention called by the governor and authorized by the legislature, delegates voted on April 17, 1861, to approve Virginia's secession from the United States.[4] Although the resolution required approval from voters (at an election scheduled for May 23, 1861), Virginia's governor entered into a treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America on April 24, elected delegates to the Confederate Congress on April 29, and formally entered the Confederacy on May 7.[4] For President Lincoln, these actions proved that rebels had taken over the state and turned the machinery of the state toward insurrection. These individuals had not acted with popular support, and thus Lincoln felt justified later in recognizing the Reorganized Government.[5]", "West Virginia. West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861, after the American Civil War had begun. Delegates from some Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia, although they included many secessionist counties in the new state.[12] West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key border state during the war. West Virginia was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state, the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts, and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War (the other being Nevada). While a portion of its residents held slaves, most of the residents were yeomen farmers, and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution.", "Maryland v. West Virginia. During the American Civil War, Virginia attempted to secede from the United States in 1861 over the issue of slavery. Voters in 41 northwestern counties of Virginia (including Preston County) voted to secede from Virginia the same year, and in 1863 the new state of West Virginia was admitted into the union with the United States.[19] Virginia challenged both actions in the U.S. Supreme Court after the war ended, but the Court ruled in West Virginia's favor in Virginia v. West Virginia, 78 U.S. 39 (1870). The new state of West Virginia also claimed the old Deakins line as its true boundary with Maryland.[14]", "West Virginia. Given these differences, many in the west had long contemplated a separate state. In particular, men such as lawyer Francis H. Pierpont from Fairmont, had long chafed under the political domination of the Tidewater and Piedmont slave-holders. In addition to differences over the abolition of slavery, he and allies felt the Virginia government ignored and refused to spend funds on needed internal improvements in the west, such as turnpikes and railroads.[28]", "Virginia. Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area.[13] Virginia is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina to the south; by Tennessee to the southwest; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River.[14] The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, though surveyor error led to deviations of as much as three arcminutes.[15] The border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U.S. Supreme Court.[16]", "West Virginia. Most of West Virginia lies within the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion, while the higher elevations along the eastern border and in the panhandle lie within the Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests. The native vegetation for most of the state was originally mixed hardwood forest of oak, chestnut, maple, beech, and white pine, with willow and American sycamore along the state's waterways. Many of the areas are rich in biodiversity and scenic beauty, a fact that is appreciated by native West Virginians, who refer to their home as Almost Heaven (from the song, \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" by John Denver). Before the song, it was known as \"The Cog State\" (Coal, Oil, and Gas) or \"The Mountain State\".", "Take Me Home, Country Roads. Similarly, the Blue Ridge Mountains are only peripherally associated with West Virgina, but do form the boundary between West Virginia and the State of Virginia for a few miles at Jefferson County[14]. According to a radio interview with Nivert, the road is close to her native Washington, D.C., in nearby Montgomery County, Maryland, where Denver often visited. That road – Clopper Road – still exists today, but the landscape has changed drastically from the bucolic scenery that once surrounded it.[15]", "West Virginia. One of the major resources in West Virginia's economy is coal. According to the Energy Information Administration, West Virginia is a top coal-producer in the United States, second only to Wyoming. West Virginia is located in the heart of the Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Bed, which stretches from Tennessee north to New York in the middle of Appalachia." ]

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[ "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The story was originally named \"Death and the Maiden\".[citation needed] The main character of Oates' story is Connie, a beautiful, self-absorbed 15-year-old girl, who is at odds with her mother—once a beauty herself—and with her dutiful, \"steady\", and homely older sister. Without her parents' knowledge, she spends most of her evenings picking up boys at a Big Boy restaurant, and one evening captures the attention of a stranger in a gold convertible covered with cryptic writing. While her parents are away at her aunt's barbecue, two men pull up in front of Connie's house and call her out. She recognizes the driver, Arnold Friend, as the man from the drive-in restaurant, and is initially charmed by the smooth-talking, charismatic stranger. He tells Connie he is 18 and has come to take her for a ride in his car with his sidekick Ellie. Connie slowly realizes that he is actually much older,[4] and grows afraid. When she refuses to go with them, Friend becomes more forceful and threatening, saying that he will harm her family, while at the same time appealing to her vanity, saying that she is too good for them. Connie is compelled to leave with him and do what he demands of her.", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. Considerable academic analysis has been written about the story, with scholars divided on whether it is intended to be taken literally or as allegory. Several writers focus on the series of numbers written on Friend's car, which he indicates are a code of some sort, but which is never explained:", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The story was loosely adapted into the 1985 film Smooth Talk, starring Laura Dern and Treat Williams.[10] Oates has written an essay named \"Smooth Talk: Short Story into Film\" about the adaptation.[11]", "Where Are You Going. \"Where Are You Going\" is the first single from Dave Matthews Band's album Busted Stuff. The single reached #39 on the Billboard Hot 100, #20 on the Modern Rock Tracks, and topped the Triple A chart. The song was featured in the 2002 Adam Sandler motion picture, Mr. Deeds. It is also featured in the trailer for the 2008 film Flash of Genius. \"Where Are You Going\" is one of two songs from Busted Stuff that did not originally appear on The Lillywhite Sessions.", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The narrative has also been viewed as an allegory for initiation into sexual adulthood,[7] an encounter with the devil, a critique of modern youth's obsession with sexual themes in popular music,[8] or as a dream sequence.[9]", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. \"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?\" is a frequently anthologized short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The story first appeared in the Fall 1966 edition of Epoch magazine. It was inspired by three Tucson, Arizona murders committed by Charles Schmid, which were profiled in Life magazine in an article written by Don Moser on March 4, 1966.[1] Oates said that she dedicated the story to Bob Dylan because she was inspired to write it after listening to his song \"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue\".[2][3]", "Where'd You Go (Fort Minor song). \"Where'd You Go\" is a song by American hip hop ensemble Fort Minor, the side project of rock band Linkin Park's co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda. It is the fourth and final single from Fort Minor's debut album The Rising Tied, released on April 14, 2006. The song features Skylar Grey (who at the time went by the stage name Holly Brook) and Jonah Matranga, lead singer of the rock group Far. \"Where'd You Go\" was written and produced by Shinoda. Lyrically, the song is from the perspective of the person left behind in long-distance relationships, and is about the consequences of putting one's career before one's family.", "Where've You Been. Co-written by her husband, Jon Vezner, and Don Henry, the song is about two lovers, Edwin and Claire. It uses three interpretations of the phrase \"where've you been\", all spoken by Claire toward Edwin in various situations. In the first verse, she asks him where he has been all her life; in the second, she asks him where he has been after coming home late one night; and in the third, the two are elderly hospital patients: Claire has \"lost her memory\" of family and friends, and close to death, asks Edwin upon seeing him, \"where've you been\". Edwin and Claire are based on Vezner's own grandparents, as Vezner claims to have witnessed his grandparents having an encounter similar to the elderly encounter of Edwin and Claire.[2]", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. Literary scholars have interpreted this series of numbers as different Biblical references,[4][5] as an underlining of Friend's sexual deviancy,[6] or as a reference to the ages of Friend and his victims.[4]", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. The short story is the inspiration and basis for The Blood Brothers' song \"The Salesman, Denver Max\".", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. The story's main character is Private First Class Paul Berlin. The story takes place during the Vietnam War. It is Paul's first day and he is having an extremely hard time fighting anxiety and fear. One soldier in his platoon has already died from a heart attack. He was literally scared to death. Other soldiers tell Paul that they will just get used to living in the fearful jungle. Private First Class Paul Berlin is not sure if he will ever get used to the anxiety of war. “They would have their rear guarded by three thousand miles of ocean, and they would swim and dive in to the breakers and hunt crayfish and smell salt, and they would be safe... But even when he smelled salt and heard the sea, he could not stop being afraid.”", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. The main character, Paul Berlin, is in the Vietnam War. Recently, \"Billy Boy\" Watkins has died of a heart attack after losing a foot due to a mine. Paul is woken up by a comrade and then takes part in conversation while skirting a village, mostly talking about Watkins's death. Then there are a series of events where Paul thinks about his family back home. He constantly wishes for his parents to be proud of his valor and courage. The irony in this story includes Paul viewing the sea as a place of safety, but once he gets there, he is still unable to rid himself of the fear that embodies him.", "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue. The song was a source of inspiration for Joyce Carol Oates' short story \"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?\", prompting her to dedicate the story to Dylan.[63] A portion of the first verse of the song was used as the title for Barry Hannah's 1995 novel Yonder Stands Your Orphan.[64] Graham Bonnet's version of the song appears on the soundtrack of the 2009 Peter Jackson film The Lovely Bones.[citation needed]. Philadelphia pop punk band The Wonder Years's 2009 Distances split EP opens with a track entitled \"An Elegy for Baby Blue,\" which references Dylan's song by directly quoting him in its chorus.[citation needed]", "Where've You Been. \"Where've You Been\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Kathy Mattea. It was released in November 1989 as the third single from the album Willow in the Wind. The song reached #10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1]", "And When Did You Last See Your Father?. The film is a series of flashbacks to various periods in the life of Blake Morrison as he remembers moments he shared with his father Arthur while he, his mother, and younger sister Gillian tend to him on his deathbed in his Yorkshire home. Despite Blake's success as a writer, poet, and critic, his father – a rural general practitioner – never accepted his decision to pursue a literary career nor was he willing to acknowledge his achievements in his field. Bullying, blustery, and boorish, Arthur blunders his way through fatherhood, regularly calling his son a fathead and intruding into the boy's private moments with a sense of entitlement. He has a penchant for exaggeration when he's not telling outright lies, and he publicly humiliates his long-suffering but passively complacent wife Kim with his shameless flirting with various women and an affair with Beaty, a friend of the family. At other times, he seems genuinely interested in bonding with his son, taking him camping so they can test supposedly waterproof sleeping bags he has made or allowing him to drive in the family's Alvis convertible on a wide expanse of deserted beach with reckless abandon. As a result, Blake is left with mixed feelings for the man, ranging from deeply rooted anger to compassionate acceptance. Only after Arthur's death is he able to set aside his resentment and recognise him as a father whose flaws ultimately helped mould his son into the better man he is.", "The Last Five Years. Cathy and Jamie are in Ohio. It is her birthday and he has come to visit her as she works in a show there (\"See I'm Smiling\"). She is anxious to fix any problems in their marriage but she becomes angry when Jamie tells her he has to go back early to New York. During breaks in the music, we see a younger Jamie, talking to a literary agent about his book.", "Where'd You Go, Bernadette. Where'd You Go, Bernadette is a 2012 comedy novel written by Maria Semple. The plot revolves around an agoraphobic architect and mother named Bernadette Fox, who goes missing prior to a family trip to Antarctica. It is narrated by her 15-year-old daughter Bee Branch. It is told in a series of documents (emails, memos, transcripts, etc.) with the occasional interlude by Bee.", "Where'd You Go, Bernadette. After her mother's disappearance, 15-year-old Bee Branch gathers correspondence relating to her mother in order to ascertain what has happened to her. Bee traces the incident back to her acceptance to Choate Rosemary Hall, which her mother, Bernadette, also attended. As a reward for being accepted to Choate, Bee convinces her parents, stay at home mother, Bernadette, and father Elgin, a genius who works at Microsoft, to take her to Antarctica. Though Bernadette is mostly housebound she delegates the task of making their arrangements to a personal assistant in India, Manjula.", "Where Have You Been (All My Life). \"Where Have You Been (All My Life)\" was first released by Arthur Alexander in 1962 as the B-side of \"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)\" on Dot Records (London Records in the UK).[2] Alexander biographer Richard Younger describes the song as \"a classic example of sixties pop songwriting that captures the thrill of first love.\"[3] Billboard Magazine described the song as \"an emotion-packed theme with solid female chorus work,\" and also praised the feeling Alexander imbues his vocal with.[3] Younger praises the \"maturity\" of Alexander's vocal performance, comparing it favorably to that on the earlier \"You Better Move On,\" particularly how Alexander handles the \"intricate melody, which ascends from the opening lines of revelation...to a chorus that is half-plea and half-exclamation.\"[3] Producer Noel Ball claimed to have taken Alexander \"way uptown\" with the recording, creating what Younger describes as \"a thrilling production that builds from a stark bass and drum into a mini-symphony with strings reminiscent of The Drifters' \"There Goes My Baby.\"[3] The song peaked at #58 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] Authors David Hatch and Stephen Millward see a resemblance between \"Where Have You Been (All My Life)\" and early songs written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.[4]", "Where Do We Go Now?. Where Do We Go Now? tells the story of a remote, isolated unnamed Lebanese village inhabited by both Muslims and Christians. The village is surrounded by land mines and only reachable by a small bridge. As civil strife engulfs the country, the women in the village try, by various means and with varying success, to keep their men in the dark, sabotaging the village radio, then destroying the village TV.", "Where'd You Go (Fort Minor song). The music video for \"Where'd You Go\" was directed by Philip Andelman.[23] It features interviews with three different families: a little boy, who has divorced parents and has to undertake numerous chores; the wife of a baseball player Jason Bulger caring for their children; and the parents of a soldier in Iraq. Shinoda is seen rapping in the aforementioned families' homes, Matranga sings the chorus from a car, and Brook sings from a dining room. The scenes where the three vocalists sing also shifts to shots of the families' belongings, homes and neighborhoods. At the end of the video, a brief note by Shinoda states:", "Suddenly Last Summer. 1936, in the Garden District of New Orleans.[4] Mrs. Violet Venable, an elderly widow from a prominent local family, has invited a doctor to her home. She talks nostalgically about her son Sebastian, a poet who died under mysterious circumstances in Spain the previous summer.[5] During the course of their conversation, she offers to make a generous donation to support the doctor's psychiatric research if he will perform a lobotomy on Catharine, her niece, who has been confined to a private mental asylum at her expense since returning to America.[6] Mrs. Venable is eager to \"shut her up\" once and for all, as she continues to \"babble\" about Sebastian's violent death and \"smash\" her son's reputation by hinting at his homosexuality.[7]", "Where Have You Been. \"Where Have You Been\" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna, from her sixth studio album, Talk That Talk (2011) serving as the fifth single. The song was written by Ester Dean, Geoff Mack, Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald, Henry \"Cirkut\" Walter, and Calvin Harris, with production handled by the latter three. \"Where Have You Been\" was released as the third international single from the album on May 8, 2012. The track is a dance-pop and techno house song that draws influence from trance, R&B and hip hop. It is backed by \"hard, chilly synths\" and contains an electro-inspired breakdown sequence. The song's lyrics interpolate Geoff Mack's 1959 song \"I've Been Everywhere\" and speak of a woman who is searching for a partner who will sexually please her.", "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. \"Now, these numbers are a secret code, honey,\" Arnold Friend explained. He read off the numbers 33, 19, 17 and raised his eyebrows at her to see what she thought of that, but she didn't think much of it.", "Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy?. The conflicts in the story include person vs. self and person vs. society. These are shown by Paul trying to overcome his fears in the war, and by the fact that he went to war because he was drafted by the military.", "Dad! Where Are We Going?. Dad! Where Are We Going? (Hangul: 아빠! 어디가?; RR: Appa! Eodiga?) was a South Korean reality show featuring five celebrity fathers and their children as they travel to rural places and go on camping missions. The show debuted on MBC on January 6, 2013, as part of the Sunday Night programming block. The original cast members were announcer Kim Sung-joo, actor Lee Jong-hyuk, former soccer player Song Chong-gug, actor Sung Dong-il, and Vibe singer Yoon Min-soo (and their respective offspring).[1][2]", "Where'd You Go (Fort Minor song). Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Rising Tied.[2]", "Gone Home. Set in the year 1995, the plot focuses on exploration of a house in Portland, Oregon, and examining common household objects within the home to unlock journal entries and discover the recent events that took place there.[1][2]", "Where Do We Go Now?. Where Do We Go Now? (Arabic: وهلّأ لوين؟‎ w halla' la wayn, French: Et maintenant, on va où) is a 2011 film by Lebanese director Nadine Labaki. The film premiered during the 2011 Cannes Film Festival as part of Un Certain Regard .[3] The film was selected to represent Lebanon for the 84th Academy Awards,[4][5] but it did not make the final shortlist.[6] The film won the People's Choice Award at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival.[7]", "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?. The song is about a fictional girl named Marie-Claire who grows up on the poverty-stricken backstreets of Naples, becomes a member of the jet set, and goes on to live in Paris. The lyrics describe her from the perspective of a childhood friend; it is left unclear whether they have remained close. The rhetorical question of the title suggests that her glamorous lifestyle might not have brought Marie-Claire happiness or contentment.", "Where'd You Go (Fort Minor song). Shinoda stated that \"Where'd You Go\" was a possible single candidate at the time of the album's release.[4] The song was released to radio airplay[5] as the fourth and final single from The Rising Tied on April 14, 2006.", "A Waltz Through the Hills. In Wyanilling, Western Australia in 1954, 11-year-old Andy Dean and his 5-year-old sister, Sammy, live at a hotel run by Burt and Molly Thompson. The children are good friends with Tom, the caretaker at the hotel. One day word comes that their mother, who had gone to hospital for an operation, has died, leaving Andy and Sammy orphans. Molly Thompson wants to adopt them, but her husband does not. Andy overhears a conversation in which he learns if he and Sammy are sent to an orphanage, they'll be split up. Andy decides they should run away to Perth and take a ship to their grandparents in England. Carrying out his plan the two children get a ride to the next town, Williams, and walk even further towards Quindanning. The police and Tom start looking for them." ]

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[ "Semiconductor. Alexander Graham Bell used the light-sensitive property of selenium to transmit sound over a beam of light in 1880. A working solar cell, of low efficiency, was constructed by Charles Fritts in 1883 using a metal plate coated with selenium and a thin layer of gold; the device became commercially useful in photographic light meters in the 1930s.[20] Point-contact microwave detector rectifiers made of lead sulfide were used by Jagadish Chandra Bose in 1904; the cat's-whisker detector using natural galena or other materials became a common device in the development of radio. However, it was somewhat unpredictable in operation and required manual adjustment for best performance. In 1906 H.J. Round observed light emission when electric current passed through silicon carbide crystals, the principle behind the light-emitting diode. Oleg Losev observed similar light emission in 1922 but at the time the effect had no practical use. Power rectifiers, using copper oxide and selenium, were developed in the 1920s and became commercially important as an alternative to vacuum tube rectifiers.[17][20]", "Thomas Edison. Lewis Latimer joined the Edison Electric Light Company in 1884. Latimer had received a patent in January 1881 for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of carbon filaments for light bulbs. Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.[69]", "Thomas Edison. William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, started working for Edison and began his duties as a laboratory assistant in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device (see Hammer Historical Collection of Incandescent Electric Lamps). In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under General Manager Francis Robbins Upton turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was \"a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting\".[42] Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics.[43]", "Lightning rod. In what later became the United States, the pointed lightning rod conductor, also called a lightning attractor or Franklin rod, was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 as part of his groundbreaking exploration of electricity. Although not the first to suggest a correlation between electricity and lightning, Franklin was the first to propose a workable system for testing his hypothesis.[7] Franklin speculated that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point,", "Philo Farnsworth. Farnsworth called his device an image dissector because it converted individual elements of the image into electricity one at a time. He replaced the spinning disks with caesium, an element that emits electrons when exposed to light.", "Edward Bernays. In October 1929, Bernays was involved in promoting Light's Golden Jubilee. The event, which spanned across several major cities in the U.S., was designed to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Thomas Edison's invention of the light-bulb (though the light-bulb had been previously invented by Joseph Swan). The publicity elements of the Jubilee – including the special issuance of a U.S. postage stamp and Edison's \"re-creating\" the invention of the light bulb for a nationwide radio audience – provided evidence of Bernays' love for big ideas and \"ballyhoo\". A follow-up event for the 75th anniversary, produced for television by David O. Selznick, was titled Light's Diamond Jubilee and broadcast on all four American TV networks on October 24, 1954.", "Limelight. The limelight effect was discovered in the 1820s by Goldsworthy Gurney,[3][4] based on his work with the \"oxy-hydrogen blowpipe\", credit for which is normally given to Robert Hare. In 1825, a Scottish engineer, Thomas Drummond (1797–1840), saw a demonstration of the effect by Michael Faraday[5] and realized that the light would be useful for surveying. Drummond built a working version in 1826, and the device is sometimes called the Drummond light after him.", "Lampshade. In 1879, Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison independently developed—combining and perfecting existing elements deriving from the research of Humphry Davy, De Moleyn and Göbel—the incandescent filament electric light bulb.", "History of electromagnetic theory. The Serbian American engineer Nikola Tesla learned of Hertz' experiments at the Exposition Universelle in 1889 and launched into his own experiments in high frequency and high potential current developing \"high-frequency\" alternators (which operated around 15,000 hertz).[132][non-primary source needed]. He concluded from his observations that Maxwell and Hertz were wrong about the existence of airborne electromagnetic waves (which he attributed it to what he called \"electrostatic thrusts\")[133] but saw great potential in Maxwell's idea that electricity and light were part of the same phenomena, seeing it as a way to create a new type of wireless electric lighting.[134] By 1893 he was giving lectures on \"On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena\", including a demonstration where he would light a Geissler tubes wirelessly. Tesla worked for many years after that trying to develop a wireless power distribution system.[135]", "History of electromagnetic theory. In 1900, William Du Bois Duddell develops the Singing Arc and produced melodic sounds, from a low to a high-tone, from this arc lamp.", "Thomas Edison. In 1878, Edison began working on a system of electrical illumination, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil based lighting.[52] He began by tackling the problem of creating a long-lasting incandescent lamp, something that would be needed for indoor use. Many earlier inventors had previously devised incandescent lamps, including Alessandro Volta's demonstration of a glowing wire in 1800 and inventions by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans. Others who developed early and commercially impractical incandescent electric lamps included Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay, Moses G. Farmer,[53] William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan, and Heinrich Göbel. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as an extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially.[54]:217–218 Edison realized that to connect a series of electric lights to an economically manageable size and using the necessary thickness of copper wire, he would have to develop a lamp that used a low amount of current. This lamp must have high resistance and use relatively low voltage (around 110 volts).[55]", "Heinrich Hertz. Hertz helped establish the photoelectric effect (which was later explained by Albert Einstein) when he noticed that a charged object loses its charge more readily when illuminated by ultraviolet radiation (UV). In 1887, he made observations of the photoelectric effect and of the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves, published in the journal Annalen der Physik. His receiver consisted of a coil with a spark gap, whereby a spark would be seen upon detection of EM waves. He placed the apparatus in a darkened box to see the spark better. He observed that the maximum spark length was reduced when in the box. A glass panel placed between the source of EM waves and the receiver absorbed UV that assisted the electrons in jumping across the gap. When removed, the spark length would increase. He observed no decrease in spark length when he substituted quartz for glass, as quartz does not absorb UV radiation. Hertz concluded his months of investigation and reported the results obtained. He did not further pursue investigation of this effect, nor did he make any attempt at explaining how the observed phenomenon was brought about.", "Joseph Swan. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist, chemist, and inventor. He is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb, and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the electric lights used in the world's first homes and public buildings (including the Savoy Theatre, London in 1881) to be lit with electric light bulbs.[1][2]", "Joseph Swan. Swan's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp, while functional, were still relatively impractical due to low resistance (needing very expensive thick copper wiring) and short running life.[10][22] While searching for a better filament for his light bulb, Swan inadvertently made another advance. In 1881, he developed and patented a process for squeezing nitro-cellulose through holes to form conducting fibres. His newly established company (which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United Company) used Swan's cellulose filaments in their bulbs. The textile industry has also used this process.[6][23]", "Incandescent light bulb. Historian Thomas Hughes has attributed Edison's success to his development of an entire, integrated system of electric lighting.", "History of television. Willoughby Smith, an English electrical engineer, discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873.", "Incandescent light bulb. In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed.[25] Later he lived in the US, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments,[26] and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.[27]", "Incandescent light bulb. Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic \"M\" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company.[51] Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.[52]", "Thomas Edison. Henry Villard, president of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, attended Edison's 1879 demonstration. Villard was impressed and requested Edison install his electric lighting system aboard Villard's company's new steamer, the Columbia. Although hesitant at first, Edison agreed to Villard's request. Most of the work was completed in May 1880, and the Columbia went to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed Columbia's new lighting system. The \nColumbia was Edison's first commercial application for his incandescent light bulb. The Edison equipment was removed from Columbia in 1895.[65][66][67][68]", "Alessandro Volta. Luigi Galvani, an Italian physicist, discovered something he named, \"animal electricity\" when two different metals were connected in series with a frog's leg and to one another. Volta realised that the frog's leg served as both a conductor of electricity (what we would now call an electrolyte) and as a detector of electricity. He replaced the frog's leg with brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies.", "History of electromagnetic theory. Henry Cavendish independently conceived a theory of electricity nearly akin to that of Aepinus.[51] In 1784, he was perhaps the first to utilize an electric spark to produce an explosion of hydrogen and oxygen in the proper proportions that would create pure water. Cavendish also discovered the inductive capacity of dielectrics (insulators), and, as early as 1778, measured the specific inductive capacity for beeswax and other substances by comparison with an air condenser.", "Alternating current. In 1876, Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented a lighting system where sets of induction coils were installed along a high voltage AC line. Instead of changing voltage, the primary windings transferred power to the secondary windings which were connected to one or several 'electric candles' (arc lamps) of his own design,[6][7] used to keep the failure of one lamp from disabling the entire circuit.[6] In 1878, the Ganz factory, Budapest, Hungary, began manufacturing equipment for electric lighting and, by 1883, had installed over fifty systems in Austria-Hungary. Their AC systems used arc and incandescent lamps, generators, and other equipment.[8]", "North East England. Sir Humphry Davy, after contemplating a communication he had received from Reverend Dr Robert Gray Rector of Bishopwearmouth (later Bishop of Bristol) the problem of gas in mines, took up the challenge of solving the problem of providing light in \"fire-damp\" ridden collieries in August 1815. He started the work with several days of discussions with John Buddle, then overseer at Wallsend Colliery, other colliery owners and the Reverend John Hodgson, Vicar of Jarrow, both these men had experience of mining tragedies. Davy also collected samples of \"fire-damp\" before returning with them to his laboratory in London. Two designs of his lamps emerged and were tested at the most hazardous pits in the land then at Newcastle-upon- Tyne and Whitehaven in Cumberland and they were a resounding success. He later published his paper on \"The safety lamp for coal mines and some researches on flame\" in 1818 and the world learned forever how to work underground coal mines much more safely. George Stephenson the colliery engineer at \"Killingworth Main\" Colliery, later famous for his steam engines, also invented a safety lamp which was successfully tested on 21 October 1815. This became known as the \"Geordie\" lamp. As a result, some in the Northeast of England then tried to challenge the delivery of some Ceremonial Plate to Davy but the Davy Lamper's won the day and on 25 September 1817 a gold plated dinner service as presented to Davy from the coal owners at the Queen's Head in Newcastle. Davy declined to take out a patent on his lamp design effectively giving it to the nation and of course the world's coal miners.[45]", "History of electromagnetic theory. Benjamin Franklin promoted his investigations of electricity and theories through the famous, though extremely dangerous, experiment of having his son fly a kite through a storm-threatened sky. A key attached to the kite string sparked and charged a Leyden jar, thus establishing the link between lightning and electricity.[42] Following these experiments, he invented a lightning rod. It is either Franklin (more frequently) or Ebenezer Kinnersley of Philadelphia (less frequently) who is considered to have established the convention of positive and negative electricity.", "Second voyage of HMS Beagle. The ship was one of the first to test the lightning conductor invented by William Snow Harris. FitzRoy obtained five examples of the Sympiesometer, a kind of mercury-free barometer patented by Alexander Adie and favoured by FitzRoy as giving the accurate readings required by the Admiralty.[7]", "Joseph Swan. Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878. However, after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory, the lamp broke down due to excessive current. On 17 January 1879, this lecture was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp. On 3 February 1879, he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sir William Armstrong of Cragside presiding. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament, and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread', and obtained British Patent 4933 on 27 November 1880.[11] From that time he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England.", "Thomas Edison. After many experiments, first with carbon filaments and then with platinum and other metals, Edison returned to a carbon filament.[56] The first successful test was on October 22, 1879;[54]:186[57][58][28] it lasted 13.5 hours.[59] Edison continued to improve this design and on November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using \"a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires\".[60] This was the first commercially practical incandescent light.[61]", "Fluorescent lamp. While Becquerel was interested primarily in conducting scientific research into fluorescence, Thomas Edison briefly pursued fluorescent lighting for its commercial potential. He invented a fluorescent lamp in 1896 that used a coating of calcium tungstate as the fluorescing substance, excited by X-rays, but although it received a patent in 1907,[6] it was not put into production. As with a few other attempts to use Geissler tubes for illumination, it had a short operating life, and given the success of the incandescent light, Edison had little reason to pursue an alternative means of electrical illumination. Nikola Tesla made similar experiments in the 1890s, devising high-frequency powered fluorescent bulbs that gave a bright greenish light, but as with Edison's devices, no commercial success was achieved.", "War of Currents. In North America the inventor and entrepreneur George Westinghouse entered the electric lighting business in 1884 when he started to develop a DC system and hired William Stanley, Jr. to work on it. Westinghouse became aware of the new European transformer based AC systems in 1885 when he read about them in the UK technical journal Engineering.[29] He grasped that AC combined with transformers meant greater economies of scale could be achieved with large centralized power plants transmitting stepped up voltage very long distances to be used in arc lighting as well lower voltage home and commercial incandescent lighting supplied via a \"step down\" transformer at the other end. Westinghouse saw a way to build a truly competitive system instead of simply building another barely competitive DC lighting system using patents just different enough to get around the Edison patents.[30] The Edison DC system of centralized DC plants with their short transmission range also meant there was a patchwork of un-supplied customers between Edison's plants that Westinghouse could easily supply with AC power.", "Nikola Tesla. After 1890, Tesla experimented with transmitting power by inductive and capacitive coupling using high AC voltages generated with his Tesla coil.[99] He attempted to develop a wireless lighting system based on near-field inductive and capacitive coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit Geissler tubes and even incandescent light bulbs from across a stage.[100] He would spend most of the decade working on variations of this new form of lighting with the help of various investors but none of the ventures succeeded in making a commercial product out of his findings.[101]", "Thomas Edison. In 1923, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers created the Edison Medal and he was its first recipient.[123]", "Incandescent light bulb. In 1859, Moses G. Farmer built an electric incandescent light bulb using a platinum filament.[24] He later patented a light bulb which was purchased by Thomas Edison.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Gossip Girl. The second season premiered at the Hamptons and began filming in mid-June. The season premiere opening montage showed a scene at Cooper's Beach that was instead filmed in Rockaway Beach followed by an elaborate white party.[42][43] For the sixth episode of the season, Columbia University was used to film the Yale campus, an episode that followed disappointment from Yale fans due to its erroneous portrayal of the admissions process and reliance on Ivy League university stereotypes.[44] During the season's seventh episode, the Brooklyn Inn was integrated into the show.[45] Remaining true to its New York locations, the show filmed at the Russian Tea Room.[46][47]", "Gossip Girl. Primarily filming in New York, Gossip Girl has been declared by New York Magazine as the \"Most Restauranty Show Since Sex and the City\", citing the pilot episode filming locales such as the Japanese restaurant, Geisha, the Campbell Apartment where Nate and Serena were filmed having sex and the New York Palace Hotel bar Gilt.[39] Other New York City landmarks and well-known establishments were filmed throughout the first season. Victor/Victrola filmed the fictional infamous Chuck Bass burlesque club, Victrola, at The Box Manhattan, a sister club to The Box Soho in London.[40] The fictional Constance Billard-St.Judes School, based on novel writer Cecil Von Ziegesar's alma mater, Nightingale-Bamford used external shots of the Museum of the City of New York.[41]", "Gossip Girl. Because of its location in New York, executive producer Stephanie Savage said, \"We were quickly told it would be too expensive, too complicated\" at the beginning of the series. She said that it had been proposed to shoot in a Los Angeles studio that would recreate Central Park, but they eventually filmed the series in New York.[55] Savage explained their choice to film there, \"There's no New York City on TV, or there wasn't when we started making the pilot, except what you could see in the background behind the dead bodies on cop shows. We've never seen the city from the point of view of teenagers. It felt like a world with high stakes for young people.\" Schwartz added, \"What's funny about these teenagers is they grew up watching Sex and the City, even though it wasn't about them. And I think they've probably incorporated that into how they mythologize New York. I fought really hard to shoot the show in New York because we want New York to be a character in the show.\"[56] Many scenes were filmed in the Empire Hotel on the Upper West Side.[57]", "East Hampton (town), New York. In 1998 and 1999 as talk surfaced that Hillary Clinton was considering a Senate run from New York, they began summering in East Hampton, where they stayed at the Georgica Pond home of Steven Spielberg. Clinton gave a Saturday radio chat from the Amagansett fire station.", "Belles de Jour. Various news medias announced the fourth season premiere of Gossip Girl would be filmed in Paris. EW's Tim Stack revealed that the show would be filming two episodes in the French capital, anticipated whether it could rival the same Parisian trip that Sex and the City had done years prior and jokingly requested that show stylist Eric Daman dress Leighton Meester in a gown to equal Sarah Jessica Parker's multi-lyered Versace outfit.[17] Archana Ram revealed the new clothes that the show's character would be wearing for the Paris story arc.[18] French magazine Grazia revealed that the show would be shooting at the French University, La Sorbonne in the Latin District (or Quartier Latin) of Paris on July 5, with Clémence Poésy joining the cast in the same filming location.[19][20] Joe Adalian and Diane Gordon of New York Magazine revealed more filming locations from Musee D'Orsay, the Eiffel Tower, Gare du Nord to Avenue Montaigne. Stephanie Savage stated that Vogue's Fashion's Night Out would be incorporated into the story arc.[10] Leighton Meester and Blake Lively filmed the double date scene at the French restaurant Bacarat.[7]", "Valley Girls. \"Valley Girls\" is the twenty-fourth episode of the second season of The CW television series Gossip Girl. The episode served as a backdoor pilot for a potential Gossip Girl spin-off series set in the 1980s, entitled Valley Girls. The episode was directed by Mark Piznarski and written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage (this was the first episode of the series since \"Much 'I Do' About Nothing\" to be co-written by Schwartz). It was filmed on location in New York City, New York and in Los Angeles, California. References to elements of 1980s popular culture were heavily accentuated in the episode, which the producers hoped would bridge the generation gap between the characters and audience. \"Valley Girls\" aired on the CW in the United States on May 11, 2009 and was viewed live by an audience of 2.31 million Americans. Although the episode received generally positive reviews, the spin-off series was not picked up.", "Summer, Kind of Wonderful. The second season premiere primarily filmed in the Hamptons and began filming in mid-June. The majority of the episode was filmed during an elaborate white party.[2][3] Jeremiah Harris' reading and the scene where Dan is revealed to be dating two girls was filmed at a Housing Works bookstore in SoHo while the Cooper's Beach scenes with Chuck and Serena were filmed at Rockaway Beach.[4]", "Gossip Girl. The fifth season premiered on September 26, 2011, with the first two episodes filmed in Los Angeles, California.[54]", "Gossip Girl (season 4). Blake Lively, Leighton Meester, Ed Westwick, and Clémence Poésy began filming this season in Paris on July 5, 2010.[29] It was announced that Jessica Szohr would be absent for an unspecified number of episodes.[30] However, Szohr began filming on July 9, 2010, the first day of production in New York City along with Penn Badgley, which indicated she would be back sooner than anticipated.[31] Szohr appeared in the season premiere. Taylor Momsen began filming her scenes on August 30, 2010.[32] Taylor Momsen appears in one episode titled \"Easy J\" which aired October 25, 2010, and will return in full series regular status for the second half of the season. It had also been confirmed that Tate Donovan, who previously worked with show's developers Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage in The O.C., would be directing an episode scheduled to air in November 2010.[33]", "Gossip Girl. The series begins with the return of Upper East Side teenage \"it\" girl Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) from a \"mysterious absence\". Gossip Girl reveals that Serena has been away at boarding school in Cornwall, Connecticut,[1] but not everyone welcomes Serena back to Manhattan with open arms. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), whom creators describe as being \"the queen at the center of their chess game,\"[2] is the queen bee of Constance Saint Jude prep school's social scene;[3] she also happens to be the childhood \"best friend\" and occasional rival of Serena van der Woodsen. The story also follows scholarship student and aspiring writer Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley), who lives in Brooklyn and is a self-described \"outsider\", Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford), the so-called \"golden boy\", who was Blair's childhood sweetheart and first love, and Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick), the womanizing, \"bad boy\" heir who is part of \"Manhattan's elite\" and \"the king of their chess game.\" Other characters of the turbulent Manhattan scene include Dan's childhood best friend Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr); Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen), Dan's rebellious adolescent sister who the 'Queen B' dubs as 'Little J'; Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford), Serena's mother and heiress, Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle), former 90's band 'Lincoln Hawk' frontman and Lily's former lover and Dorota, Blair's maid. Rufus is Dan and Jenny's father and primary guardian.", "Easy A. Gluck credits Stone with improvising the line about being a \"Gossip Girl in the Sweet Valley of Traveling Pants\".[7] The entire film was shot in Ojai, California, using Panavision's Genesis and later filmized. Not a single film set was used; even the houses in the film belong to Ojai residents. The school used as \"Ojai North High School\" in the film is Nordhoff High School, and the end credits are filmed on Fordyce Road, both located in Ojai, California.", "Gossip Girl. The fourth season premiered on September 13, 2010, with the first two episodes filmed in Paris.[48][49] New York Magazine revealed several locations shot at the French University, La Sorbonne in the Latin District (or Quartier Latin) of Paris on July 5.[50][51] Other locations include the Musée d'Orsay, the Eiffel Tower, the Gare du Nord, Avenue Montaigne.[52] and Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Columbia University became the primary filming location for the first few episodes of the season following the Paris story arc.[53]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). Filming for the season began on July 7, 2011.[27] On August 3, 2011, The CW ordered two additional episodes for the fifth season, which will now total at 24.[28] Executive producer Joshua Safran announced that he would be \"pulling out all the stops\" to make the 100th episode of the show special, which is expected to air in January.[29] On the date of the season premiere, the show used footage of the New York cityscape that showed the World Trade Center before the September 11 attacks. Footage containing the World Trade Center have been omitted by films and TV shows such as Sex and the City and The Sopranos to honor individuals who died in the attacks. The network has not responded to criticism regarding the usage of the footage.[30]", "G.G. (Gossip Girl). \"G.G.\" was written by Joshua Safran and directed by Mark Piznarski.[3] The wedding scene was filmed at the St. James' Episcopal Church in New York on November 9, 2011.[4][5] The reception that followed it was shot at The St. Regis Hotel.[6] On November 19, 2011, news from the episode, including the title, were reported.[7] Later on, the episode was also reported to feature a dream musical number with Serena as Marilyn Monroe, Blair as Audrey Hepburn, and the men in both their lives.[8] Blair's wedding dress as well as Serena's maid of honor dress were designed by Vera Wang.[9] Blair's dress appeared in InStyle's top 20 TV fashion moments of the season.[10]", "Gossip Girl (season 5). Season five opens in Los Angeles, where a vacationing Chuck and Nate decide to visit Serena, who is working on a film set. Back in New York, Blair learns that planning a royal wedding can be stressful, especially with a baby on the way, and Dan discovers the consequences of writing candidly about his closest friends. Also, the surprise return of cousin Charlie will threaten to destroy the van der Woodsen family.[52]", "East Hampton (town), New York. Barefoot Contessa, a Food Network original show, is filmed in East Hampton.", "Gossip Girl (season 1). Author Cecily von Ziegesar has expressed support for the show, noting that all of her major plot points were present in the pilot.[24] The second episode in which the characters are shown to be attending a brunch gained some approval from New York magazine, stating that \"there's no such thing as 'lunch' on the weekends\", \"that kids actually do venture outside of their neighborhoods\" (since The New York Palace Hotel is in Midtown Manhattan), and \"saying you live in Williamsburg makes much more sense... for real-estate emotional conflict\", as well as the fact Rihanna is played \"in every situation.\"[25] Gossip Girl was designated the \"Best. Show. Ever.\" in April 2008 by New York magazine.[26] Other positive reviews came from publications Variety and the Boston Globe.[27][28] John Maynard of The Washington Post felt that creator Josh Schwartz \"turns it up a notch\" from his former series The O.C., and cited Dan (Penn Badgley) as a standout character.[20] Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle praised the show for its use of \"Gossip Girl\"'s blog as a new media element noting \"there's a chance to tell a story where the Greek chorus essentially has a blog.\"[29]", "East Hampton (town), New York. Her connection to East Hampton received national attention in the 1970s following news reports and the 1975 documentary Grey Gardens. Her aunt, Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, and cousin, Edith Bouvier Beale, were living in poverty in a mansion after which the film was named. Jacqueline and her husband Aristotle Onassis donated money to improve the plight of her relatives. Grey Gardens was also made into a Broadway musical. A documentary on the estate was released in 2006.", "Gossip Girl (novel series). Gossip Girl is an American young adult novel series written by Cecily von Ziegesar and published by Little, Brown and Company, a subsidiary of the Hachette Group. The series revolves around the lives and romances of the privileged teenagers at the Constance Billard School for Girls, an elite private school in New York City's Upper East Side. The books primarily focus on best friends Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen, whose experiences are among those chronicled by the eponymous gossip blogger. The novel series is based on von Ziegesar's experiences at Nightingale-Bamford School and on what she heard from friends.[1]", "East Hampton (town), New York. Andy Warhol and his longtime collaborator, Paul Morrissey, had a large, waterfront estate in Montauk called Eothen. Among their guests were Jacqueline Onassis, Lee Radziwill, the Rolling Stones, Bianca Jagger, Jerry Hall, Liza Minnelli, Elizabeth Taylor, John Lennon, John Phillips, and Halston.[27]", "Royal Pains. In one episode, a Long Beach drive-through convenience store, Dairy Barn, was used as a fictional hot dog stand;[citation needed] a sign can be seen in the opening of that scene. Also, several scenes were shot on the bay side of Point Lookout. Other places used as fictional Hamptons locations include Northport Village in the Town of Huntington, Old Westbury Gardens, Freeport's Nautical Mile, which served as the exterior and parking lot of Hampton Heritage Hospital (in one scene, Freeport's charter coat can be seen across the bay) Caumsett State Historic Park[citation needed] and Oyster Bay Town Hall, which was transformed into the entrance of the Hamptons Heritage Hospital emergency room. Catalina Beach Club in Atlantic Beach, New York was transformed for the pilot episode into the fictional Hampt Inn, the hotel Hank and Evan stayed in upon their arrival in the Hamptons. Downtown Locust Valley, another haunt of the wealthy on Long Island's Gold Coast, plays downtown East Hampton in at least one episode (where Evan and Paige go shopping), with interior shots in a store as well as street scenes. Other areas of filming include Roslyn, New York and Manhasset, New York, where the North Hempstead, New York Town Hall was used as a police station.", "Gossip Girl (season 1). The return of \"it girl\" Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) to the Upper East Side serves as the first season's focal point. Shrouded in mystery and scandal, Serena's disappearance and sudden return are announced by the omniscient blogger Gossip Girl. The news reaches Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) whose life is torn apart when the secret behind Serena's leaving is revealed: Serena was seduced by Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford), the Golden Boy of the Upper East Side and Blair's boyfriend, the night she left town. Nate announces his feelings for Serena a number of times and a series of battles ensue between the former Queen Bee Serena and her heir, Blair. However, the rift resolves in reconciliation between the two and temporary peace follows. Meanwhile, siblings Dan (Penn Badgley) and Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen), Brooklyn residents, are attracted by the opulent wealth of their classmates. Young Jenny becomes a cunning protégée to Blair while Dan enters a relationship with Serena. It is revealed that their relationship resembles the one between Dan's father Rufus (Matthew Settle) and Serena's mother Lily (Kelly Rutherford) in their youth.", "The Debarted (Gossip Girl). In Long Island, Serena stays with Tripp (Aaron Tveit) in a cottage after leaving New York City when her mother found out about their affair. Tripp leaves Serena to speak with his grandfather regarding his divorce from Maureen (Holley Fain). Nate then tells Serena that his grandfather is in Bermuda. Tripp contacted Maureen in order to protect his political career. Maureen arrives at the cottage and gives Serena an ultimatum: Maureen would stay married to Tripp to protect their social statuses, and Serena could be Tripp's private mistress. Maureen then shows Serena the letter from her father that reveals an affair between him and Lily. Upon his return, Serena refuses to speak to Tripp, and she makes him take her home. While arguing, Tripp swerves to avoid hitting an animal, and he crashes his car. In order to avoid being seen with Serena, Tripp calls 911 and leaves the scene. When Nate arrives, Serena tells him that Tripp was driving. He hunts his cousin down, who begs for news on Serena's condition. Nate punches Tripp, and Maureen makes him leave with her. Serena survives the crash, and Nate sleeps in her hospital room all night.", "Blair Waldorf. Gossip Girl is a series of novels about socially prominent young adults in New York City. The story primarily follows Blair Waldorf and her best friend Serena van der Woodsen during their years in high school and college. Due to her fame on the Upper East Side, Blair is featured on the website of \"Gossip Girl,\" an anonymous gossip blogger whose posts appear occasionally throughout the story.", "East Hampton (town), New York. East Hampton from its earliest days with the settlement of Gardiners Island has had a reputation as being a home for the wealthy especially after the Gardiners married into almost all the wealthy New York City families.", "Gossip Girl (season 2). The series revolves around the lives of privileged teenagers Serena van der Woodsen, Blair Waldorf, Dan Humphrey, Nate Archibald, Jenny Humphrey, and Chuck Bass attending an elite private school on Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City. It also features Serena's mother, Lily van der Woodsen, and Jenny and Dan's father, Rufus Humphrey, along with Dan's childhood friend Vanessa Abrams, who recently moved back from Vermont.", "East Hampton (town), New York. During the War of 1812 British frigates once again controlled the northern bays of East Hampton with frigates headquartered in Gardiners Bay particularly harassing ships going into Sag Harbor.[36]", "Gossip Girl (season 4). The first two episodes of the season take place in Paris.[34]", "Gossip Girl (season 1). In the midst of all these events, Dan greets Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr) back to his life. Vanessa is a childhood friend of his and an outsider herself. She threatens his feelings for Serena, until he realizes the real love he has for her. At the end of the season, the Upper East Siders team up to banish Georgina from New York. Serena then leaves with Nate to the Hamptons, while Chuck abandons a heartbroken Blair. Dan reconciles with Vanessa and returns to his old life in Brooklyn. A disgraced Jenny departs Blair's clique and earns an internship as a fashion designer in a company owned by Blair's mother.", "East Hampton (town), New York. East Hampton film director Steven Spielberg popularized the event in the 1997 film Amistad.", "Gossip Girl (season 2). As the summer draws to a close in the Hamptons, Serena and Nate have everyone fooled into thinking they are a couple to cover up the fact that Nate has been hooking up with an older woman. Blair returns from abroad with a hot guy on her arm, Marcus (guest star Patrick Heusinger), making a very jealous Chuck question his decision to leave Blair stranded at the heliport. Dan has spent the summer assisting a famous author (guest star Jay McInerney), and clearly still has one certain girl on his mind, which results in him going after her. While interning for Eleanor Waldorf's company, Jenny sneaks a coveted invite to the Hamptons' white Party at which Eric introduces her to socialite Tinsley Mortimer.", "Gossip Girl. Gossip Girl is known for its product placement. The show had a contract with Verizon Wireless for its first five seasons; all the characters were seen with phones chosen by the brand until the deal ended by the sixth season.[60] During their contract, Verizon Wireless offered exclusive Gossip Girl content and created a website where ringtones of the songs featured on the show could be downloaded.[61] In the summer of 2008, executives of VitaminWater approached The CW for a placement deal. During the second season, the drinks were mentioned several times in dialogues. The partnership helped pay the costs of shooting on location in the Hamptons.[62] An HP TouchPad was prominently displayed in an episode of the sixth season.[63] According to OneNewsNow.com, other sponsors have included Procter & Gamble, L'Oreal, Target and Johnson & Johnson, which allowed the series to earn $28.2 million in ad dollars in 2007.[64]" ]

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[ "Polio vaccine. The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner, Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, which required years of subsequent testing. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later, the results were published in JAMA.[60] Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[61]", "History of poliomyelitis. Two vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. The first was developed by Jonas Salk, first tested in 1952, and announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955.[54] The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), consists of an injected dose of killed poliovirus. In 1954, the vaccine was tested for its ability to prevent polio; the field trials involving the Salk vaccine would grow to be the largest medical experiment in history. Immediately following licensing, vaccination campaigns were launched, by 1957, following mass immunizations promoted by the March of Dimes the annual number of polio cases in the United States would be dramatically reduced, from a peak of nearly 58,000 cases, to just 5,600 cases.[12]", "Polio vaccine. An enhanced-potency IPV was licensed in the United States in November 1987, and is currently the vaccine of choice there.[14] The first dose of polio vaccine is given shortly after birth, usually between 1 and 2 months of age, and a second dose is given at 4 months of age.[14] The timing of the third dose depends on the vaccine formulation, but should be given between 6 and 18 months of age.[42] A booster vaccination is given at 4 to 6 years of age, for a total of four doses at or before school entry.[15] In some countries, a fifth vaccination is given during adolescence.[42] Routine vaccination of adults (18 years of age and older) in developed countries is neither necessary nor recommended because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in their home countries.[14] In 2002, a pentavalent (five-component) combination vaccine (called Pediarix) containing IPV was approved for use in the United States.", "Polio vaccine. The development of two polio vaccines led to the first modern mass inoculations. The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of wild virus in the United States occurred in 1979, with an outbreak among the Amish in several Midwest states.[14]", "Polio vaccine. Two separate teams developed polio vaccines and reported their results at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in November 1935. Both projects were cancelled as a result of the angry reaction from other researchers there, and no researchers dared attempt a polio vaccine for another 20 years.[51]", "Polio vaccine. During the early 1950s, polio rates in the U.S. were above 25,000 annually; in 1952 and 1953, the U.S. experienced an outbreak of 58,000 and 35,000 polio cases, respectively, up from a typical number of some 20,000 a year, with deaths in those years numbering 3,200 and 1,400.[56] Amid this U.S. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including Lederle Laboratories in New York under the direction of H. R. Cox. Also working at Lederle was Polish-born virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, who tested the first successful polio vaccine, in 1950.[35][57] His vaccine, however, being a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after Jonas Salk's polio vaccine (a dead-virus injectable vaccine) had reached the market. Koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of Swiss albino mice. By the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. After one to three further passages on rats, the vaccine was deemed safe for human use.[33][58] On 27 February 1950, Koprowski's live, attenuated vaccine was tested for the first time on an 8-year-old boy living at Letchworth Village, an institution for the physically and mentally disabled located in New York. After the child suffered no side effects, Koprowski enlarged his experiment to include 19 other children.[33][59]", "Jonas Salk. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. In 1948, he undertook a project funded by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis to determine the number of different types of polio virus. Salk saw an opportunity to extend this project towards developing a vaccine against polio, and, together with the skilled research team he assembled, devoted himself to this work for the next seven years. The field trial set up to test the Salk vaccine was, according to O'Neill, \"the most elaborate program of its kind in history, involving 20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000 volunteers.\" Over 1,800,000 school children took part in the trial.[6] When news of the vaccine's success was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a \"miracle worker\" and the day almost became a national holiday. Around the world, an immediate rush to vaccinate began, with countries including Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, West Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium planning to begin polio immunization campaigns using Salk's vaccine.", "Polio vaccine. A week earlier in April 1955, Pierre Lépine at the Pasteur Institute in Paris also announced an effective polio vaccine.[68][69]", "Polio vaccine. The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine.[1] It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955.[1][6] The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961.[1][7] They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[8] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.25 per dose for the oral form as of 2014.[9] In the United States, it costs between $25 and $50 for the inactivated form.[10]", "History of poliomyelitis. Eight years after Salk's success, Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine (OPV) using live but weakened (attenuated) virus.[58] Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962. Following the development of oral polio vaccine, a second wave of mass immunizations would lead to a further decline in the number of cases: by 1961, only 161 cases were recorded in the United States.[59] The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of poliovirus in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish in several Midwestern states.[60]", "Polio vaccine. A breakthrough came in 1948 when a research group headed by John Enders at the Children's Hospital Boston successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue in the laboratory.[53] This group had recently successfully grown mumps in cell culture. In March 1948, Thomas H. Weller was attempting to grow varicella virus in embryonic lung tissue. He had inoculated the planned number of tubes when he noticed that there were a few unused tubes. He retrieved a sample of mouse brain infected with polio virus and added it to the remaining test tubes, on the off chance that the virus might grow. The varicella cultures failed to grow, but the polio cultures were successful.\nThis development greatly facilitated vaccine research and ultimately allowed for the development of vaccines against polio. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins, were recognized in 1954 for their labors with a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[54] Other important advances that led to the development of polio vaccines were: the identification of three poliovirus serotypes (Poliovirus type 1 — PV1, or Mahoney; PV2, Lansing; and PV3, Leon); the finding that prior to paralysis, the virus must be present in the blood; and the demonstration that administration of antibodies in the form of gamma globulin protects against paralytic polio.[41][55]", "Polio vaccine. At the same time that Salk was testing his vaccine, both Albert Sabin and Hilary Koprowski continued working on developing a vaccine using live virus. During a meeting in Stockholm to discuss polio vaccines in November 1955, Sabin presented results obtained on a group of 80 volunteers, while Koprowski read a paper detailing the findings of a trial enrolling 150 people.[33] Sabin and Koprowski both eventually succeeded in developing vaccines. Because of the commitment to the Salk vaccine in America, Sabin and Koprowski both did their testing outside the United States, Sabin in Mexico[70] and then in the Soviet Union,[71] and Koprowski in the Congo and Poland.[35] In 1957, Sabin developed a trivalent vaccine, containing attenuated strains of all three types of poliovirus.[71] In 1959, ten million children in the Soviet Union received the Sabin oral vaccine. For this work, Sabin was given the medal of the Order of Friendship Among Peoples, described as the Soviets' highest civilian honor,[72] despite having become an American during the height of the cold war. Sabin's oral vaccine using live virus came into commercial use in 1961.[1]", "Polio vaccine. A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF,[74] and The Rotary Foundation, began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine).[75]", "Jonas Salk. \"This was the situation when young Jonas Salk, a medical doctor in charge of a virology laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh, decided to use the safer 'killed' virus,\" writes O'Neill. Despite a general lack of enthusiasm for this approach, O'Connor backed Salk handsomely. After successful tests on laboratory animals, it next had to be tested on human beings. On July 2, 1952, assisted by the staff at the D.T. Watson Home for Crippled Children, Jonas Salk injected 43 children with his killed-virus vaccine. A few weeks after the Watson tests, Salk injected children at the Polk State School for the retarded and feeble-minded.[31] In November 1953, at a conference in New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, he said, \"I will be personally responsible for the vaccine.\" He announced that his wife and three sons had been among the first volunteers to be inoculated with his vaccine.[32] Jonas Salk tested the vaccine on about one million children, who were known as the polio pioneers. This testing started in 1954, and the vaccine was announced as safe on April 12, 1955.", "Polio vaccine. During the race to develop an oral polio vaccine, several large-scale human trials were undertaken. By 1958, the National Institutes of Health had determined that OPV produced using the Sabin strains were the safest.[33] Between 1957 and 1960, however, Hilary Koprowski continued to administer his vaccine around the world. In Africa, the vaccines were administered to roughly one million people in the Belgian territories (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi).[34][35] The results of these human trials have been controversial,[36] and unfounded accusations in the 1990s arose that the vaccine had created the conditions necessary for transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees to humans, causing HIV/AIDS. These hypotheses, however, have been conclusively refuted.[34] By 2004, cases of poliomyelitis in Africa had been reduced to just a small number of isolated regions in the western portion of the continent, with sporadic cases elsewhere. Recent local opposition to vaccination campaigns have evolved due to lack of adequate information,[37][38] often relating to fears that the vaccine might induce sterility.[39] The disease has since resurged in Nigeria and in several other African nations without necessary information, which epidemiologists believe is due to refusals by certain local populations to allow their children to receive the polio vaccine.[40]", "Jonas Salk. However, a year and a half after the Salk vaccine was introduced, a Sabin vaccine had still not yet been tested on humans. Sabin himself said, in October 1956, that \"the Salk vaccine is still the only protection against polio available to the public.\" He was hoping to be able to start tests on humans by the end of the year or by 1957.[57]", "History of poliomyelitis. In 1935 Maurice Brodie, a research assistant at New York University, attempted to produce a polio vaccine, procured from virus in ground up monkey spinal cords, and killed by formaldehyde. Brodie first tested the vaccine on himself and several of his assistants. He then gave the vaccine to three thousand children. Many developed allergic reactions, but none of the children developed an immunity to polio.[56] During the late 1940s and early 1950s, a research group, headed by John Enders at the Boston Children's Hospital, successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue. This significant breakthrough ultimately allowed for the development of the polio vaccines. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins, were recognized for their labors with the Nobel Prize in 1954.[57]", "Polio vaccine. Maurice Brodie, MD (1903–1939), a young researcher at New York University and the New York City Health Department, presented his results afterwards, but the feelings of the researchers were already unfavorable before he started because of Kolmer's report.[51] Brodie and his team had prepared a formaldehyde-killed poliovirus vaccine, testing it first on himself and five co-workers, and eventually on 7,500 children and adults, with another 4,500 people serving as a control group.[51] In the control group, Brodie reported that one out of 900 developed polio; in the group receiving the vaccine, only one out of 7,500 developed polio, making the vaccine 88% effective during the first year. However, other researchers believed that the one case was likely caused by the vaccine, and two more possible cases were reported later.[51]", "Polio vaccine. The results of the field trial were announced 12 April 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose paralytic illness was generally believed to have been caused by polio). The Salk vaccine had been 60–70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio.[65] Soon after Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes, the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957.[66] By 1961 only 161 cases were recorded in the United States.[67]", "Poliomyelitis eradication. Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined rapidly in many industrialized countries.[22] Czechoslovakia became the first country in the world to scientifically demonstrate nationwide eradication of poliomyelitis in 1960.[67] In 1962—just one year after Sabin's oral polio vaccine (OPV) was licensed in most industrialized countries—Cuba began using the oral vaccine in a series of nationwide polio campaigns. The early success of these mass vaccination campaigns suggested that polioviruses could be globally eradicated.[68] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), under the leadership of Ciro de Quadros, launched an initiative to eradicate polio from the Americas in 1985.[69]", "Polio vaccine. SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the polio vaccine (IPV) in use between 1955 and 1963.[25] It is not found in the OPV form.[25] Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; an estimated 10–30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40.[25] Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR, China, Japan, and several African countries, may have been contaminated, meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40.[30]", "University of Pittsburgh. In the early 20th century, epidemics of polio began to hit the United States and other industrialized countries. As hospitals filled with patients in iron lungs, and tens of thousands were left disabled, the fear of polio grew, leading to the closing of many public facilities. Meanwhile, Dr. Jonas Salk had set up the University of Pittsburgh's Virus Research Lab in the basement of what is now Salk Hall. By 1951, Salk and his team had begun immunization experiments in monkeys using dead polio virus. Soon, however, Salk began to test inoculations in paralyzed polio patients and by 1953 human trials among the general population were initiated. By the spring of the following year, the largest controlled field trials in medical history were underway, and by 1955 the vaccine developed by Salk and his researchers was declared effective. By 1962, Salk's vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio in the United States by 95 percent. The breakthroughs in immunology and vaccine development at Pitt by Salk and his team are considered one of the most significant scientific and medical achievements in history.[33][34]", "History of animal testing. In the 1940s, Jonas Salk used rhesus monkey cross-contamination studies to isolate the three forms of the polio virus that affected hundreds of thousands yearly.[24] Salk's team created a vaccine against the strains of polio in cell cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells. The vaccine was made publicly available in 1955 and reduced the incidence of polio 15-fold in the USA over the following five years.[25] Albert Sabin made a superior \"live\" vaccine by passing the polio virus through animal hosts, including monkeys. The vaccine was produced for mass consumption in 1963 and is still in use today. It had virtually eradicated polio in the USA by 1965.[26] It has been estimated that 100,000 rhesus monkeys were killed in the course of developing the polio vaccines, and 65 doses of vaccine were produced from each monkey. Writing in the Winston-Salem Journal in 1992, Sabin said, \"Without the use of animals and human beings, it would have been impossible to acquire the important knowledge needed to prevent much suffering and premature death not only among humans but animals as well.\"[27]", "Social history of viruses. Following the development of vaccines in the mid-1950s, mass vaccination campaigns took place in many countries.[163] In the US, after a campaign promoted by the March of Dimes, the annual number of polio cases fell dramatically; the last outbreak was in 1979.[164] In 1988 the World Health Organisation along with others launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, and by 1994 the Americas were declared to be free of disease, followed by the Pacific region in 2000 and Europe in 2003.[165] At the end of 2012, only 223 cases were reported by the World Health Organisation. Mainly poliovirus type 1 infections, 122 occurred in Nigeria, one in Chad, 58 in Pakistan and 37 in Afghanistan. Vaccination teams often face danger; seven vaccinators were murdered in Pakistan and nine in Nigeria at the beginning of 2013.[166] In Pakistan, the campaign was further hampered by the murder on 26 February 2013 of a police officer who was providing security.[167]", "Jonas Salk. Until 1955, when the Salk vaccine was introduced, polio was considered one of the most frightening public health problems in the world. In the postwar United States, annual epidemics were increasingly devastating. The 1952 U.S. epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis,[3] with most of its victims being children. The \"public reaction was to a plague\", said historian William L. O'Neill.[4] \"Citizens of urban areas were to be terrified every summer when this frightful visitor returned.\" According to a 2009 PBS documentary, \"Apart from the atomic bomb, America's greatest fear was polio.\"[5] As a result, scientists were in a frantic race to find a way to prevent or cure the disease. In 1938, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the world's most recognized victim of the disease, had founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (known as March of Dimes Foundation since 2007), an organization that would fund the development of a vaccine.", "HeLa. HeLa cells were used by Jonas Salk to test the first polio vaccine in the 1950s. They were observed to be easily infected by poliomyelitis, causing infected cells to die.[18] This made HeLa cells highly desirable for polio vaccine testing since results could be easily obtained. A large volume of HeLa cells were needed for the testing of Salk's polio vaccine, prompting the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) to find a facility capable of mass-producing HeLa cells.[19] In the spring of 1953, a cell culture factory was established at Tuskegee University to supply Salk and other labs with HeLa cells.[20] Less than a year later, Salk's vaccine was ready for human trials.[21]", "Polio vaccine. Professor John Kolmer, MD (1886–1962), of Temple University in Philadelphia, presented his findings first. He had developed an attenuated poliovirus vaccine, which he tested in about 10,000 children across much of the United States and Canada.[51] Five of these children died of polio and 10 more were paralyzed, usually in the arm where the vaccine was injected, and frequently affecting children in towns where no polio outbreak had occurred.[51] He had no control group, but asserted that many more children would have gotten sick.[51] The response from other researchers was uncharacteristically blunt; one of them directly called Kolmer a murderer.[51]", "Polio vaccine. OPV is an attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at a subphysiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome.[43] Oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by Albert Sabin. Other groups, led by Hilary Koprowski and H.R. Cox, developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine.[44][45] Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution.[33] Fifty-seven nucleotide substitutions distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions attenuate the Sabin 2 strain, and 10 substitutions are involved in attenuating the Sabin 3 strain.[41] The primary attenuating factor common to all three Sabin vaccines is a mutation located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site,[46] which alters stem-loop structures, and reduces the ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell.[47] The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of infection and replication, but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (MOPV) was licensed, and in 1962, type 3 MOPV was licensed. In 1963, trivalent OPV (TOPV) was licensed, and became the vaccine of choice in the United States and most other countries of the world, largely replacing the inactivated polio vaccine.[48] A second wave of mass immunizations led to a further dramatic decline in the number of polio cases. Between 1962 and 1965, about 100 million Americans (roughly 56% of the population at that time) received the Sabin vaccine. The result was a substantial reduction in the number of poliomyelitis cases, even from the much-reduced levels following the introduction of the Salk vaccine.[49]", "Poliomyelitis eradication. In the United States on 29 September 2005, the Minnesota Department of Health identified the first occurrence of vaccine derived polio virus (VDPV) transmission in the United States since OPV was discontinued in 2000. The poliovirus type 1 infection occurred in an unvaccinated, immunocompromised infant girl aged 7 months (the index patient) in an Amish community whose members predominantly were not vaccinated for polio.[87]", "History of poliomyelitis. The large-scale use of antibody serum to prevent and treat polio had a number of drawbacks, however, including the observation that the immunity provided by the serum did not last long, and the protection offered by the antibody was incomplete, that re-injection was required during each epidemic outbreak, and that the optimal time frame for administration was unknown.[51] The antibody serum was widely administered, but obtaining the serum was an expensive and time-consuming process, and the focus of the medical community soon shifted to the development of a polio vaccine.[54]", "Jonas Salk. Due to the American Medical Association's (AMA) \"obstructive tactics, however, which caused numerous delays\", writes O'Neill, the AMA had called for mass vaccinations in early 1962 employing Sabin's vaccine rather than Salk's. However, writes O'Neill, \"as 'live'-virus was more dangerous, it caused an unknown number of polio cases... [but] the medical establishment seemed not to mind, having gotten its own way at last.\" But, concludes O'Neill, \"polio was conquered all the same, even if not so quickly and safely as it might have been.\"[4]:139", "Jonas Salk. On October 20, 1998, after 18 years of using the Sabin vaccine, however, the federal government recommended that children use the Salk vaccine exclusively. Sabin's polio vaccine is no longer available in the United States.[34]:127" ]

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[ "Nimbus. Nimbus, from the Latin for \"dark cloud\", is an anachronistic term for the type of cloud now classified as the nimbostratus cloud. Nimbus also may refer to:", "Nimbostratus cloud. Nimbostratus has a diffuse cloud base generally found anywhere from near surface in the low levels to about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in the middle level of the troposphere. Although usually dark at its base, it often appears illuminated from within to a surface observer.[6] Nimbostratus usually has a thickness of about 2000 to 4000 m. Though found worldwide, nimbostratus occurs more commonly in the middle latitudes.[7] It is coded CM2 on the SYNOP report.", "Cirrus cloud. Cirrus Spissatus clouds are the highest clouds of the main cloud genera. They may form in the higher tropopause or even at the lower stratosphere. They are dense and opaque, not allowing the light of the sun or moon to pass through. They are more common on the anvils of cumulonimbus clouds.", "Nimbostratus cloud. Later, in the 20th Century, an IMC commission for the study of clouds put forward a refined and more restricted definition of the genus nimbus, effectively reclassifying it as a stratiform cloud type. It was then renamed nimbostratus, and published with the new name in the 1932 edition of the International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky. This left cumulonimbus as the only nimbiform type as indicated by its root-name.", "Stratus cloud. Stratus nebulosus clouds appear as a featureless or nebulous veil or layer of stratus clouds with no distinctive features or structure.[4] They are found at low altitudes, and is a good sign of atmospheric stability, which indicates continuous stable weather. Stratus nebulosus may produce light drizzle or flakes of snow. Stratus fractus clouds on the other hand, appear with an irregular shape, and forms with a clearly fragmented or ragged appearance.[4] They mostly appear under the precipitation of major rain-bearing clouds. These are the nimbostratus clouds, and the cumulonimbus clouds, and are classified as pannus clouds. Stratus fractus can also form beside mountain slopes, without the presence of nimbus clouds (clouds that precipitate), and their color can be from dark grey to almost white.", "Nimbostratus cloud. Multi-level nimbostratus is physically related to other stratiform genus-types by way of being non-convective in nature. However, the other sheet-like clouds usually each occupy only one or two levels at the same time. Stratus clouds are low-level and form from near ground level to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) at all latitudes. In the middle level are the altostratus clouds that form from 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) to 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in polar areas, 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in temperate areas, and 7,600 metres (24,900 ft) in tropical areas. Although altostratus forms mostly in the middle level of the troposphere, strong frontal lift can push it into the lower part of the high-level. The main hight-level stratiform cloud is cirrostratus which is composed of ice crystals that often produce halo effects around the sun. Cirrostratus forms at altitudes of 3,000 to 7,600 metres (9,800 to 24,900 ft) in high latitudes, 5,000 to 12,000 metres (16,000 to 39,000 ft) in temperate latitudes, and 6,100 to 18,000 metres (20,000 to 59,100 ft) in low, tropical latitudes.[14] Of the non-stratiform clouds, cumulonimbus and cumulus congestus are the most closely related to nimbostratus because of their vertical extent and ability to produce moderate to heavy precipitation. The remaining cumuliform (cumulus) and stratocumuliform (stratocumulus, altocumulus, and cirrocumulus) clouds have the least in common with nimbostratus.", "Nimbostratus cloud. Under Luke Howard's first systematized study of clouds, carried out in France in 1802, three general cloud forms were established based on appearance and characteristics of formation: cirriform, cumiliform and stratiform. These were further divided into upper and lower types depending on altitude. In addition to these three main types, Howard added two names to designate multiple cloud types joined together: cumulostratus, a blending of cumulus clouds and stratus layers, and nimbus, a complex blending of cirriform, cumuliform, and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation.", "Halo (religious iconography). Nimbus means a cloud in Latin, and is found as a divine cloud in 1616, whereas as \"a bright or golden disk surrounding the head\" it does not appear until 1727. The plural \"nimbi\" is correct but \"rare\"; \"nimbuses\" is not in the OED but sometimes used. \"Nimb\" is an obsolete form of the noun, but not a verb, except that the obsolete \"nimbated\", like the commoner \"nimbate\", means \"furnished with a nimbus\". It is sometimes preferred by art-historians, as sounding more technical than halo.[40]", "Cirrus cloud. In the intermediate range, from 2,000 m (6,500 ft) to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) in temperate regions, are the mid-étage clouds. They comprise two or three genera depending on the system of height classification being used: altostratus, altocumulus, and, according to WMO classification, nimbostratus. These clouds are formed from ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, or liquid water droplets.[38]", "List of cloud types. Clouds of the genus nimbostratus tend to bring constant precipitation and low visibility. This cloud type normally forms above 2 kilometres (6,600 ft)[5] from altostratus cloud but tends to thicken into the lower levels during the occurrence of precipitation. The top of a nimbostratus deck is usually in the middle level of the troposphere.", "Cirrus cloud. On Jupiter, cirrus clouds are composed of ammonia. When Jupiter's South Equatorial Belt disappeared, one hypothesis put forward by Glenn Orten was that a large quantity of ammonia cirrus clouds had formed above it, hiding it from view.[55] NASA's Cassini probe detected these clouds on Saturn[56] and thin water-ice cirrus on Saturn's moon Titan.[57] Cirrus clouds composed of methane ice exist on Uranus.[58] On Neptune, thin wispy clouds which could possibly be cirrus have been detected over the Great Dark Spot. As on Uranus, these are probably methane crystals.[59]", "Cumulonimbus cloud. Cumulonimbus, from the Latin cumulus (\"heap\") and nimbus (\"rainstorm\", \"storm cloud\"), is a dense towering vertical cloud[1] associated with thunderstorms and atmospheric instability, forming from water vapor carried by powerful upward air currents. If observed during a storm, these clouds may be referred to as thunderheads. Cumulonimbus can form alone, in clusters, or along cold front squall lines. These clouds are capable of producing lightning and other dangerous severe weather, such as tornadoes. Cumulonimbus progress from overdeveloped cumulus congestus clouds and may further develop as part of a supercell. Cumulonimbus is abbreviated Cb.", "Nimbostratus cloud. Nimbostratus, unlike cumulonimbus, is not associated with thunderstorms, however at an unusually unstable warm front caused as a result of the advancing warm air being hot, humid and unstable, cumulonimbus clouds may be embedded within the usual nimbostratus. Lightning from an embedded cumulonimbus cloud may interact with the nimbostratus but only in the immediate area around it. In this situation with lightning and rain occurring it would be hard to tell which type of cloud was producing the rain from the ground, however cumulonimbus tend to produce larger droplets and more intense downpours. The occurrence of cumulonimbus and nimbostratus together is uncommon, and usually only nimbostratus is found at a warm front.", "Cloud physics. Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform heaps and deep stratiform layers often occupy at least two tropospheric levels, and the largest or deepest of these can occupy all three levels. They may be classified as low or mid-level, but are also commonly classified or characterized as vertical or multi-level. Nimbostratus clouds are stratiform layers with sufficient vertical extent to produce significant precipitation. Towering cumulus (species congestus), and cumulonimbus may form anywhere from near the surface to intermediate heights of around 3 kilometres. Of the vertically developed clouds, the cumulonimbus type is the tallest and can virtually span the entire troposphere from a few hundred metres above the ground up to the tropopause.[32] It is the cloud responsible for thunderstorms.", "Cirrus cloud. Low-étage clouds form at less than 2,000 m (6,500 ft). The two genera that are strictly low-étage are stratus, and stratocumulus. These clouds are composed of water droplets, except during winter when they are formed of supercooled waterdroplets or ice crystals if the temperature at cloud level is below freezing. Two additional genera usually form in the low altitude range, but may be based at higher levels under conditions of very low humidity. They comprise the genera cumulus, and cumulonimbus, which along with nimbostratus, are often classified separately as clouds of vertical development, especially when their tops are high enough to be composed of super-cooled water droplets or ice crystals.[39]", "Nimbostratus cloud. Nimbostratus occurs along a warm front or occluded front where the slowly rising warm air mass creates nimbostratus along with shallower stratus clouds producing less rain, these clouds being preceded by higher-level clouds such as cirrostratus and altostratus.[8][9] Often, when an altostratus cloud thickens and descends into lower altitudes, it will become nimbostratus.[10]", "Cloud. The largest free-convective clouds comprise the genus cumulonimbus which are multi-level because of their towering vertical extent. They occur in highly unstable air[9] and often have fuzzy outlines at the upper parts of the clouds that sometimes include anvil tops.[31]", "Stratus cloud. Stratus fractus are not divided into varieties, but stratus nebulosus on the other hand, are divided into two. The Stratus opacus variety appears as a nebulous or milky sheet of the nebulosus species, but are opaque enough to block the sun from view.[4] Stratus Translucidus is another variety of the nebulosus species. These clouds are considered more thin than the opacus variety because this cloud is rather translucent, allowing the position of the sun or moon to be observed from earth's surface.", "Cirrus cloud. Cirrus clouds are one of three different genera of high-étage (high-level) clouds. High-étage clouds form at 5,000 m (16,500 ft) and above in temperate regions. The other two genera, cirrocumulus and cirrostratus, are also high clouds.", "Cloud. These clouds have low to middle level bases that form anywhere from near surface to about 2,400 m (8,000 ft) and tops that can extend into the high altitude range. Nimbostratus and some cumulus in this group usually achieve moderate or deep vertical extent, but without towering structure. However, with sufficient airmass instability, upward-growing cumuliform clouds can grow to high towering proportions. Although genus types with vertical extent are often informally considered a single group,[58] the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) distinguishes towering vertical clouds more formally as a separate group or sub-group. It is specified that these very large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform types must be identified by their standard names or abbreviations in all aviation observations (METARS) and forecasts (TAFS) to warn pilots of possible severe weather and turbulence.[59] Multi-level clouds are of even larger structure than low clouds, and are therefore identifiable by their forms and genera, (and even species in the case of cumulus congestus) using satellite photography.[40]", "Stratus cloud. Stratus cumulogenitus clouds occur when the base of cumulus clouds spreads, creating a nebulous sheet of stratiform clouds. This can also occur on nimbostratus clouds (stratus nimbostratogenitus) and on cumulonimbus clouds (stratus cumulonimbogenitus). Stratus fractus clouds can also form under the base of precipitation-bearing clouds and are classified as pannus clouds.", "Cirrus cloud. Thunderstorms can form dense cirrus at their tops. As the cumulonimbus cloud in a thunderstorm grows vertically, the liquid water droplets freeze when the air temperature reaches the freezing point.[16] The anvil cloud takes its shape because the temperature inversion at the tropopause prevents the warm, moist air forming the thunderstorm from rising any higher, thus creating the flat top.[17] In the tropics, these thunderstorms occasionally produce copious amounts of cirrus from their anvils.[18] High-altitude winds commonly push this dense mat out into an anvil shape that stretches downwind as much as several kilometers.[17]", "Cloud. Non-convective stratiform clouds appear in stable airmass conditions and, in general, have flat sheet-like structures that can form at any altitude in the troposphere.[29] The stratiform group is divided by altitude range into the genera cirrostratus (high-level), altostratus (mid-level), stratus (low-level), and nimbostratus (multi-level).[26] Fog is commonly considered a surface-based cloud layer.[16] The fog may form at surface level in clear air or it may be the result of a very low stratus cloud subsiding to ground or sea level. Conversely, low stratiform cloud results when advection fog is lifted above surface level during breezy conditions.", "Cirrus cloud. Cirrus clouds form on other planets, including Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and possibly Neptune. They have even been seen on Titan, one of Saturn's moons. Some of these extraterrestrial cirrus clouds are composed of ammonia or methane ice rather than water ice. The term cirrus is also used for certain interstellar clouds composed of sub-micrometer-sized dust grains.", "List of cloud types. Bands of cloud resembling cirrus located mainly in the highest of three main layers that cover Jupiter.[23]", "Cloud. This is a diffuse dark-grey non-convective stratiform layer with great horizontal extent and moderate to deep vertical development. It lacks towering structure and looks feebly illuminated from the inside.[60] Nimbostratus normally forms from mid-level altostratus, and develops at least moderate vertical extent[58][61] when the base subsides into the low level during precipitation that can reach moderate to heavy intensity. It commonly achieves deep vertical development when it simultaneously grows upward into the high level due to large scale frontal or cyclonic lift.[62] The nimbo- prefix refers to its ability to produce continuous rain or snow over a wide area, especially ahead of a warm front.[63] This thick cloud layer may be accompanied by embedded towering cumuliform or cumulonimbiform types.[61][64] Meteorologists affiliated with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) officially classify nimbostratus as mid-level for synoptic purposes while informally characterizing it as multi-level.[26] Independent meteorologists and educators appear split between those who largely follow the WMO model[58][61] and those who classify nimbostratus as low-level, despite its considerable vertical extent and its usual initial formation in the middle altitude range.[65][66]", "Cirrus cloud. More rarely, cirrus clouds are capable of producing glories, more commonly associated with liquid water-based clouds such as stratus. A glory is a set of concentric, faintly-colored glowing rings that appear around the shadow of the observer, and are best observed from a high viewpoint or from a plane.[36] Cirrus clouds only form glories when the constituent ice crystals are aspherical, and researchers suggest that the ice crystals must be between 0.009 millimeters and 0.015 millimeters in length.[37]", "Cumulonimbus cloud. Picture of a Cumulonimbus capillatus cloud over Africa displaying an overshooting top, taken from the International Space Station", "Cirrus cloud. Cirrostratus clouds can appear as a milky sheen in the sky[44] or as a striated sheet.[40] They are sometimes similar to altostratus and are distinguishable from the latter because the sun or moon is always clearly visible through transparent cirrostratus, in contrast to altostratus which tends to be opaque or translucent.[48] Cirrostratus come in two species, fibratus and nebulosus.[44] The ice crystals in these clouds vary depending upon the height in the cloud. Towards the bottom, at temperatures of around −35 °C (−31 °F) to −45 °C (−49 °F), the crystals tend to be long, solid, hexagonal columns. Towards the top of the cloud, at temperatures of around −47 °C (−53 °F) to −52 °C (−62 °F), the predominant crystal types are thick, hexagonal plates and short, solid, hexagonal columns.[47][49] These clouds commonly produce halos, and sometimes the halo is the only indication that such clouds are present.[50] They are formed by warm, moist air being lifted slowly to a very high altitude.[51] When a warm front approaches, cirrostratus clouds become thicker and descend forming altostratus clouds,[1] and rain usually begins 12 to 24 hours later.[50]", "Cumulus cloud. Cumulonimbus clouds are the final form of growing cumulus clouds. They form when cumulus congestus clouds develop a strong updraft that propels their tops higher and higher into the atmosphere until they reach the tropopause at 18,000 metres (59,000 ft) in altitude. Cumulonimbus clouds, commonly called thunderheads, can produce high winds, torrential rain, lightning, gust fronts, waterspouts, funnel clouds, and tornadoes. They commonly have anvil clouds.[23][34][48]", "Cirrus cloud. Cirrus clouds are formed when water vapor undergoes deposition at high altitudes where the atmospheric pressure ranges from 600 mbar at 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level to 200 mbar at 12,000 m (39,000 ft) above sea level.[13] These conditions commonly occur at the leading edge of a warm front.[14] Because humidity is low at such high altitudes, this genus-type tends to be very thin.[2] Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of super cooled water droplets in regions where air temperature is lower than -20 °C or -30 °C.Cirrus usually occur in fair weather.They are formed when it is high enough to be cold and freeze the water drops into ice. They sometimes may be caused by turbulence and wind shear, or by upper-tropospheric convection. Sometimes they are like blown out ice-crystals spreading from the top of a dying cumulonimbus.", "Cumulonimbus cloud. Towering cumulonimbus clouds are typically accompanied by smaller cumulus clouds. The cumulonimbus base may extend several miles across and occupy low to middle altitudes- formed at altitude from approximately 200 to 4,000 m (700 to 10,000 ft). Peaks typically reach to as much as 40,000 ft (12,000 m), with extreme instances as high as 70,000 ft (21,000 m) or more.[2] Well-developed cumulonimbus clouds are characterized by a flat, anvil-like top (anvil dome), caused by wind shear or inversion near the tropopause. The shelf of the anvil may precede the main cloud's vertical component for many miles, and be accompanied by lightning. Occasionally, rising air parcels surpass the equilibrium level (due to momentum) and form an overshooting top culminating at the maximum parcel level. When vertically developed, this largest of all clouds usually extends through all three cloud regions. Even the smallest cumulonimbus cloud dwarfs its neighbors in comparison." ]

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[ "The Ranch (TV series). The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Debra Winger and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix.[2] The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch, Colorado; detailing the life of the Bennetts, a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers, their rancher father, and his separated wife and local bar owner.[3] While the opening sequence shows scenes from Ouray, Colorado and surrounding Ouray County, The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California.[4] Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts, each containing 10 episodes.", "The Ranch (TV series). Writing for Slate in a positive review, television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show, \"The Ranch is a red-state sitcom, though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado, and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation\" and \"The goodness sneaks up on you.\"[15] Los Angeles Times wrote: \"[Elliott and Winger's] scenes together, as restrained as they are, are the show's most emotionally resonant. You will want to check them out.\"[16]", "Ouray, Colorado. The Netflix original series The Ranch, starring Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Sam Elliott and Debra Winger is set in the fictional town of Garrison, Colorado, but the opening shot of the town during the credit sequence is of Ouray, and the San Juan Valley just north of Ouray.", "The Ranch (TV series). The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 56% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"A formulaic set-up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch's surprising sensitivity and strong performances.\"[13] Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[14]", "The Ranch (TV series). All episodes are named after American country music songs, predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one, George Strait in part two, and Tim McGraw in part three:[5] the first ten episodes premiered on April 1, 2016,[6][7] the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7, 2016. In April 2016, Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes,[8][9] the first half of which premiered on June 16, 2017.[10] On October 17, 2017 Netflix announced that the second half would be released on December 15, 2017.[11] On July 4, 2017, Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018.[12]", "Southfork Ranch. Southfork Ranch is a conference and event center in Parker, Texas, in the United States, about 25 mi (40 km) north of Dallas. The ranch includes the Ewing Mansion, which was the setting for both Dallas television series: the original, which first aired on CBS from 1978 to 1991 (except for the first five episodes which were at Cloyce Box Ranch), and its continuation, first transmitted on TNT from 2012 to 2014.", "The Big Valley. The TV series was based loosely on the Hill Ranch, which was located at the western edge of Calaveras County, not far from Stockton.[1] The Hill Ranch existed from 1855 until 1931, included almost 30,000 acres; and the Mokelumne River ran through it.[1] The source is from an episode in which Heath is on trial in a ghost town with another man (played by Leslie Nielsen) and tells the judge how much land they have. Lawson Hill[2][3] ran the ranch until he was murdered in 1861. His wife Euphemia (aka \"Auntie Hill\")[4][5] then became the matriarch. During their marriage, they had four children, one daughter and three sons.[1] Today, the location of the ranch is covered by the waters of Camanche Reservoir. A California state historical marker standing at Camanche South Shore Park mentions the historic ranch.", "Southfork Ranch. The ranch appears in the television series Dallas. Exterior shots were filmed on location from 1978 until 1989, though Lorimar Productions also made a studio mock-up of the ranch's exterior (complete with swimming pool) in California in 1978 for use when the weather made it impractical to film on location in Texas. From 1989, the series's production shifted entirely to the studio set in California. The reunion movies J.R. Returns (1996) and War of the Ewings (1998) returned to the ranch, as did the non-fiction special The Return to Southfork (2004). War of the Ewings, in 1998, was the only time filming was done inside the real ranch for dramatic purposes (Return to Southfork in 2004 was a non-fiction retrospective, not an episode of the series). From 2012, Southfork was once again used as a filming location, for the new Dallas series.", "Danny Masterson. In March 2017, four women alleged that they were raped by Masterson in the early 2000s, prompting a Los Angeles Police Department investigation.[2] Masterson, through his agent, has denied the allegations, and Masterson has not been charged or arrested. In response to the accusations, Netflix fired Masterson from its comedy series The Ranch on December 5, 2017, saying in a statement, \"Yesterday was his last day on the show, and production will resume in early 2018 without him.\" Masterson stated that he is \"obviously very disappointed in Netflix's decision to write my character off of The Ranch.\"[26] A fifth woman who dated Masterson made similar accusations in December 2017.[27] He was dropped as a client by United Talent Agency.[28]", "Ponderosa Ranch. The Ponderosa was the fictional setting for Bonanza. According to the 9th episode (\"Mr. Henry Comstock\") in the first season, it was a thousand-square mile (640,000 acre or 2,600 km2) ranch on the shores of Lake Tahoe, nestled high in the Sierra Nevada, with a large ranch house in the center of it.[1] Ben Cartwright was said to have built the original, smaller homestead after moving from New Orleans with his pregnant third wife Marie and his two sons, Adam and Hoss. The grown Adam, an architect/engineer, designed the later sprawling ranch house as depicted on TV (\"Bonanza, The Philip Diedesheimer Story\", Oct. 31, 1959, NBC-TV; Bonanza: The Return, April 1993, NBC-TV). The fictional ranch was roughly a two-hour horse ride from Virginia City, Nevada. (Note: There are slight variations as to the origin of the Ponderosa Ranch, from the original Bonanza series, Lorne Greene's 1964 song \"Saga of the Ponderosa\", the 1988-95 TV movies, and the 2001 PAX prequel series Ponderosa). The ranch house was a single level structure that had a facade second storey. Inside a staircase seemingly led to the first-floor corridor, but it was a dead end. The bedroom scenes were filmed at Burbank Studios. The inspiration for the name may have been the large number of Ponderosa pines in the area or the original Latin meaning of large (root of the English word ponderous). The exteriors for the television show were occasionally shot in Nevada, usually out of sequence. Crews were sometimes able to complete an entire season's work in just a few days.", "Dude Ranch (Modern Family). The three families travel to a dude ranch in Wyoming. In the Pritchett family storyline, Gloria (Sofía Vergara) experiences hearing difficulty following the plane ride while a cowboy, Hank (Tim Blake Nelson), flirts with her. Gloria's husband, Jay (Ed O'Neill), takes notice, but Gloria is oblivious to his behavior. Later, Hank grabs Gloria's butt causing Jay to tell him to back off, which he does. He said if it were not for him being the bad guy Jay would not have been a hero, but Gloria fights back and says Jay is always a hero.", "Gene Autry. In 1952, Autry bought the old Monogram Ranch in Placerita Canyon (Newhall-Santa Clarita, California,) and renamed it Melody Ranch. Numerous \"B\" Westerns and TV shows were shot there during Autry's ownership, including the initial years of Gunsmoke with James Arness. Melody Ranch burned down in 1962, dashing Autry's plans to turn it into a museum. According to a published story by Autry, the fire caused him to turn his attention to Griffith Park, where he would build his Museum of Western Heritage (now known as the Autry National Center). Melody Ranch came back to life after 1991, when it was purchased by the Veluzat family and rebuilt. It survives as a movie location today, as well as the home of the City of Santa Clarita's annual Cowboy Festival, where Autry's legacy takes center stage.", "Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series). The fictional \"Blondie Street\" located at Columbia Ranch in Burbank, California (now the Warner Ranch) was the backdrop for the series.", "Thousand Oaks, California. More recently, Greenfield Ranch appeared as a zoo in We Bought a Zoo (2011).[201] The ranch has previously been featured in films such as Down Argentine Way (1940), Heart and Souls (1993) and Bitter Harvest (1993). It has also been seen in TV-series such as True Blood (2008–2014), Monk (2002–2009), Bones (2005–2017) and Criminal Minds (2005–).[202] A Hidden Valley home was also used in the filming of It’s Complicated (2009) starring Meryl Streep.[203]", "Elisha Cuthbert. In September 2015, Netflix announced Cuthbert would join the cast of The Ranch, a comedy series.[56]", "Dude Ranch (Modern Family). \"Dude Ranch\" was written by Paul Corrigan, Brad Walsh & Dan O'Shannon. The episode was directed by Jason Winer, his first director's credit since the first season.[1] It aired on September 21, 2011, back-to-back with the \"When Good Kids Go Bad\".[1] \"Dude Ranch\" was filmed between August 17 and August 19, 2011[5][6] on location in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.[7] Other cities that were under consideration were Tucson, Arizona and Bozeman, Montana.[8] Tim Blake Nelson guest starred in the episode as a cowboy who \"intimidates the guys and sends the girls' hearts a-twitter\".[9] Reid Ewing returned as Dylan, in his final appearance for the series until he reappeared in the episode entitled \"Disneyland.\" [1]", "Have Gun – Will Travel. Unlike many westerns, entire episodes were filmed outdoors and away from the Old West street set on Irving Street just below Melrose Avenue, the home of Filmaster television production company. Filmaster was located across the street from, later becoming part of, Paramount Studios' backlot. The area is now enclosed in the independent Kingsley Productions studio lot encompassing a city block. Beginning in season four, filming locations were often given in the closing credits. Locations included Bishop and Lone Pine, California; an area now known as Paladin Estates between Bend and Sisters, Oregon; and the Abbott Ranch near Prineville, Oregon.", "Bonanza. The family lived on a thousand square-mile (2,600 sq. km) ranch called the Ponderosa on the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe in Nevada.[10] The vast size of the Cartwrights' land was quietly revised to \"half a million acres\" (2,000 sq. km) on Lorne Greene's 1964 song, \"Saga of the Ponderosa.\" The ranch name refers to the Ponderosa Pine, common in the West. The nearest town to the Ponderosa was Virginia City, where the Cartwrights would go to converse with Sheriff Roy Coffee (played by veteran actor Ray Teal), or his deputy Clem Foster (Bing Russell).", "Ponderosa Ranch. Only the front of the ranch house was ever shown on television because a highway ran directly to the right of the house. In episodes shot in-studio, the home exterior has a backdrop of sky and trees. The ranch house was a single-storey structure, although from the outside it appeared to have a second story. Little Joe's green corduroy jacket and Hoss' brown suede vest were displayed hanging on a rack.", "The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. American telenovela and drama Jane the Virgin, aired on The CW, uses the Ritz-Carlton Marina Del Rey's property as the setting for the show, while the storyline is based in Miami (whereas that Ritz-Carlton Marina Del Ray is in Los Angeles, California).", "Ponderosa Ranch. The Ponderosa Ranch was a theme park based on the popular 1960s television western Bonanza, which housed the affluent land, timber and livestock-rich Cartwright family. The amusement park operated in Incline Village, Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, from 1967 until 2004. Portions of the last five seasons of the TV series and three TV movies were also filmed at that location.", "Lake Tahoe. The Ponderosa Ranch of the TV series Bonanza was formerly located on the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe.[74] The opening sequence of the TV series was filmed at the McFaul Creek Meadow, with Mount Tallac in the background. In September 2004 the Ponderosa Ranch closed its doors, after being sold to developer David Duffield for an undisclosed price.[75][76]", "Bonanza. The opening scene for the first season was shot at Lake Hemet, a reservoir in the San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, California, and later moved to Lake Tahoe. During the first season extra horses were rented from the Idyllwild Stables in Idyllwild, also in the San Jacinto Mountains. The first Virginia City set was used on the show until 1970 and was located on a backlot at Paramount and featured in episodes of Have Gun – Will Travel, Mannix, and The Brady Bunch. In the 1970 premiere episode of the 12th season entitled \"The Night Virginia City Died\", Deputy Clem Foster's pyromaniac fiancée levels the town in a series of fires (reflecting a real 1875 fire that destroyed three-quarters of Virginia City). This allowed for a switch to the less expensive Warner studios from September 1970 through January 1973. The script was initially written for the departing David Canary's Candy, but was rewritten for actors Ray Teal (Sheriff Roy Coffee) and Bing Russell (Deputy Clem Foster), who rarely appeared together on the show.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. In 1867, John O'Hanlan and Harley Sullivan are aging cowboys working on open cattle ranges in Texas. O'Hanlan gets a letter from an attorney in Cheyenne, Wyoming, that his disreputable and now deceased brother, DJ, left him something called The Cheyenne Social Club in his will.", "Danny Masterson. Masterson starred alongside Sam Elliott, Ashton Kutcher, and Elisha Cuthbert in the Netflix comedy series The Ranch.", "General Lee (car). The money generated by building General Lees financed the Veluzat family project of restoring Gene Autry's Melody Ranch; it had burned in the 1960s. This ranch is where many classic Western films were shot, as well as the television series Gunsmoke. Today, it is a fully functional movie ranch where shows such as HBO's Deadwood are filmed.", "The High Chaparral. The show revolves around \"Big John\" Cannon (Leif Erickson), a rancher living in the Arizona Territory in the 1870s. He runs the ranch, called The High Chaparral, with his brother Buck (Cameron Mitchell) and son Billy Blue (known as Blue Boy) (Mark Slade). Blue Boy's mother, Annalee (Joan Caulfield), is killed in the first episode by an Indian arrow, and John Cannon then marries Victoria (Linda Cristal), the daughter of powerful neighboring rancher Don Sebastián Montoya (Frank Silvera), in what is initially a marriage of convenience. His marriage to Victoria also brings her brother Manolito (Henry Darrow) to live with the family.", "Show Low, Arizona. The two men were equal partners in a 100,000-acre (400 km2) ranch; however, the partners determined that there was not enough room for both of them in their settlement, and agreed to settle the issue over a game of \"Seven Up\" (with the winner taking the ranch and the loser leaving).", "Big Sky Ranch. Big Sky Ranch is a movie ranch located in Simi Valley, California, that has a long history of being used for the filming of Western television and film productions. This historic movie ranch is within the Los Angeles Studio Zone and has diverse, natural features such as hills, valleys, and isolated meadows. The area is also used for photography, weddings, and special occasions.[1] The site is part of the 12,500 acres (5,058.57 ha) purchased by the Patterson Ranch Co. in 1903 to raise grain, cattle, hogs and sheep. The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated several of these buildings County Landmark #71 in July 1981.[2] Many of the sets were destroyed by a wildfire in 2003.[3]", "RKO Pictures. RKO Radio Pictures' Encino, California movie ranch consisted of 89 acres (360,000 m2) located near the Los Angeles River and west of Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area on Burbank Boulevard, in the outskirts of the Los Angeles suburb Encino, which is in the San Fernando Valley section of the city of Los Angeles. RKO Radio Pictures purchased this property as a location to film its epic motion picture Cimarron (1931), (winner of three Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Writing, and Best Art Direction). Art Director Max Ree won an Oscar for his creative design of the very first theme sets constructed on the movie ranch, which consisted of a complete Western town and a three-block modern main street built as the fictional Oklahoma town of Osage.", "Bonanza. The program's Nevada set, the Ponderosa Ranch house, was recreated in Incline Village, Nevada, in 1967, and remained a tourist attraction until its sale thirty-seven years later in September 2004.", "Keeping up with the Joneses (TV series). Keeping up with the Joneses is an Australian reality television series that follows the life of a family on a Cattle Station -- Coolibah Station[1] -- 600 km south-west of Darwin, Northern Territory. The show follows the daily lives of the Jones family as they muster cattle, fight fires, battle floods and even wrestle crocodiles. This raw and humorous snapshot of family life shows just what it takes to live in the outback. They own over 1,000,000 acres." ]

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[ "John Winchester (Supernatural). In the second season premiere, \"In My Time of Dying,\" Sam and John awake in the hospital with only minor injuries, but a dying Dean is comatose. John secretly summons Azazel, and seems to know what the demon's plans are. He then makes a deal to save Dean, giving up his life, soul, and the Colt.[17] Before dying, John instructs Dean to kill Sam should he become evil.[18][19] The fourth season episode \"On the Head of a Pin\" reveals that the demon Alastair tortured John in Hell for over a century, with John refusing the demon's offer to stop if he himself would torture someone else.[20] His soul escapes from Hell in the second season finale \"All Hell Breaks Loose, Part 2\" when a gateway to Hell is opened. He saves Dean from Azazel, and distracts the demon by temporarily forcing him out of his host, long enough for Dean to kill Azazel with the Colt when he returns to his usual body. John then gives Sam and Dean a loving smile before becoming engulfed in a white light.[19] However, the fifth season episode \"Dark Side of the Moon\" suggests that he might not be in Heaven.[21]", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). The episode begins with Dean Winchester (Ackles) being chased through a forest by a hellhound; as it mauls him, he awakens from his dream. His brother, Sam (Padalecki), tells him that Bobby has devised a way to locate Lilith, but unconvinced that it will succeed, Dean suggests he live up the rest of his time. Sam insists that he will be saved, but Dean feigns reassurance as he hallucinates a demonic-looking Sam.", "Dean Winchester. Surviving in Purgatory with the aid of the vampire Benny and Castiel, Dean and Benny eventually escape. Full of guilt at being unable to rescue Cas, Dean is angered to learn that Sam did not even search for him. Reuniting with Kevin, they find another Word of God that details trials able to close the gates of Hell. Coming to terms with what he did in Purgatory, Dean aids Sam in completing the trials, and along the way they encounter the rogue angel Metatron and the Knight of Hell Abaddon. During this time the brothers are also given the Men of Letters bunker as a headquarters. Joyed that Castiel was able to escape Purgatory as well, Dean is horrified to learn his best friend to have been programmed by the angel Naomi to try to kill him. Capturing Crowley, Dean stops Sam from completing the trials when he learns it will kill his brother. When they begin to head to the hospital, Sam lapses into a coma just as the angels begin to fall down to Earth. Praying for help, Dean learns Metatron to have turned Castiel human and caused the fall. Aided by an angel named Ezekiel, Dean allows him to possess Sam if it means saving his brother. With Ezekiel in Sam, however, Dean is unable to get any help from Castiel and begins to try to find a way to handle Abaddon. Joining up with Metatron, Ezekiel reveals himself to actually be the angel Gadreel and overpowers Dean, preventing him from saving Kevin. Turning to Crowley for help, Dean manages to purge Gadreel from Sam at the cost of their relationship. Growing desperate to defeat Abaddon, Crowley manipulates Dean into accepting the Mark of Cain and aids him in locating the First Blade. Mending his bond with Sam, Dean kills Abaddon and nearly slaughters Gadreel. When finally confronting Metatron, Dean is fatally stabbed and once again dies. His body brought back to the bunker, Dean's reawakens a demon and leaves with Crowley.[10]", "Lazarus Rising (Supernatural). The episode is set four months after Dean goes to hell in No Rest for the Wicked at the end of season 3. The narrative follows the brothers Dean (Jensen Ackles) and Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki) as Dean returns from hell and tries to discover how he came back to life. The episode is perhaps most significant for introducing the angel Castiel (Misha Collins), who would become the longest surviving regular character.", "Castiel (Supernatural). At the end of the third season of Supernatural, main character Dean Winchester is in Hell after being killed by the hellhounds of the demonic antagonist Lilith. In the season four premiere \"Lazarus Rising\", the angel Castiel is introduced as the one who brought Dean back from Hell and resurrected him. Because merely perceiving his actual form typically results in blindness,[2] he takes a human host – James \"Jimmy\" Novak,[3] a \"devout man\" who prayed for it – to communicate with Dean, and tells him that he has been brought back because God has work for him.[2] Lilith is breaking the 66 seals in order to free Lucifer, and Dean must stop her.[4]", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). The writers initially intended that Sam would save Dean from Hell, possibly even before \"No Rest for the Wicked\", by giving in to his demonic powers and becoming \"this fully operational dark force\" who would then want to go after Lilith.[1] The battle would have been \"much more climactic\", with the Winchesters \"going to war to save Dean's life\".[14] By the middle of the season, however, the writers realized the costs associated with depicting such an engagement and scaled it down.[14] To make matters worse, the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prevented them from fleshing out Sam's evolving abilities throughout the season, and his entire story arc was pushed back into the fourth season.[1] With Sam's storyline no longer dovetailing with Dean's, the writers \"[never had] any doubt in [their] minds\" to send Dean to Hell.[17] Kripke disliked that the second-season finale \"just ended\", and he felt that this episode provided a cliffhanger ending that had people \"biting their nails\".[14] Although the viewers' expectations that Dean would be saved was \"reason enough\", his imprisonment in Hell also served as a \"turning point\" for both the character and the series. Kripke commented, \"You need huge moves to happen that can cause radical shifts in the characters, that set them off in a new direction. So what happens to Dean in Hell and how Dean gets out become primary concerns of season four.\"[18]", "Alastair (Supernatural). When Dean Winchester is sent to Hell at the end of the third season, it is the demon Alastair who tortures him, stopping only when he eventually convinces Dean to torture other souls himself.[1][2] Alastair begins training Dean as one of his apprentices until fourth season premiere \"Lazarus Rising,\" in which Dean is rescued from Hell by the angel Castiel, who requires his assistance in stopping Lilith from breaking the mystical seals on Lucifer's prison.[3][4][5][6] Its subsequently revealed that while the man Alastair was possessing did get vaporized, the demon himself survived.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). Dean is rescued from Hell and brought back by an angel of the Lord named Castiel, one of several angels who appears throughout the season. The rest of the season follows the brothers as they work with Castiel to stop Lilith's plan of breaking the 66 seals, which would allow the fallen archangel Lucifer, AKA \"the Devil\" or \"Satan himself\", to walk the Earth free once again. The relationship between Sam and Dean is strained. Sam starts siding with Ruby over Dean. He begins to give into his demonic side by drinking demon blood to become strong enough to defeat Lilith. He and Dean eventually have a falling-out. Sam sides fully with Ruby in his obsessive quest to kill Lilith. Dean makes a deal with the angels to save Sam, and learns that the angels want the Apocalypse to occur in order to rebuild Paradise on Earth. With aid from Castiel, Dean escapes and tries to stop Sam after learning that Lilith is, in fact, the last seal, but Sam kills her anyway, breaking open Lucifer's prison. Ruby reveals her true colors as a demon loyal to Lucifer and Dean kills her. As the season ends, Lucifer's cage opens and he escapes from Hell.", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). \"No Rest for the Wicked\" is the third-season finale of The CW television series Supernatural. It is the sixteenth episode of the third season, and is the show's sixtieth episode overall. Written by series creator Eric Kripke and directed by Kim Manners, the episode was first broadcast on May 15, 2008. The narrative follows the series' protagonists Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles)—brothers who travel the continental United States hunting supernatural creatures—as they attempt to save the latter's soul from damnation. Having made a year-long demonic pact in the previous season finale, Dean has just one day left to live. The brothers must track down the demonic overlord Lilith, who holds Dean's contract. Lilith, meanwhile, is entertaining herself by possessing a young girl (Sierra McCormick) and terrorizing her family, a homage to the Twilight Zone episode \"It's a Good Life\".", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). To face the most dangerous creature they've crossed paths with so far, the brothers, alongside Crowley, Castiel and Rowena, go to hell in order to ask for Lucifer's help. Lucifer claims he's the only one that can beat Amara, but in order to do so, he needs to possess Sam's body. Also he tells Sam that the release of The Darkness weakened The Cage and he's been the one sending Sam's visions and that God was never helping them. When Sam refuses, Lucifer tries to kill Dean, Sam, and Castiel, but Rowena's spell seems to have sent him away. Later, it's revealed that Castiel said \"yes\" at the last second, and that Lucifer is now possessing his body. Then, Lucifer takes control of Hell and kills Rowena.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). In the second half, Dean begins searching for both Gadreel for revenge and the First Blade to kill Abaddon with the help of Crowley with whom he forms a reluctant alliance as Abaddon has begun attempting to take over Hell and is \"much worse\" than Crowley. Despite being warned of terrible repercussions, Dean takes on the Mark of Cain in order to be able to wield the First Blade. After healing Sam completely, Castiel begins a search of his own for Metatron, believing him to be the key to reversing the expulsion of the angels. Metatron begins trying to unite all the angels under his rule while Castiel leads other angels against him to retake Heaven. Eventually Dean kills Abaddon and Castiel defeats Metatron with the help of a repentant Gadreel, but Metatron kills Dean, causing Dean to become a demon due to the influence of the Mark of Cain.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). The season follows Sam and Dean as they deal with their father's death, who, after the car crash, traded Azazel his life for Dean's. Sam and Dean continue to hunt Azazel, who caused the fires that led to the deaths of their mother, and later, Sam's girlfriend, Jessica. They receive assistance from new allies Bobby, Ellen, Jo, and Ash. Part of Azazel's master plan is eventually revealed as he gathers Sam and others with similar psychic abilities to fight each other, leading to the death of Sam. Dean makes a deal with a crossroads demon to bring Sam back in exchange for his soul, which will be collected in one year and taken to Hell. Azazel opens a portal to Hell, and as hundreds of demons and souls escape, has a final confrontation with the Winchesters. With the help of the spirit of John Winchester, who escaped Hell through the portal, Dean finally kills Azazel and the portal is closed. The Winchester brothers and their allies are left to deal with the demon army that has been unleashed and the one-year contract Dean has before he goes to Hell.", "Sam Winchester. Four months after the season three finale, Dean has returned from Hell. He and Bobby meet up with Sam at a motel, where an overwhelmed Sam joyously reunites with Dean. While trying to figure out how Dean returned from Hell, Dean and Bobby confront the being who revived him, Castiel, an angel who was ordered by the Archangel Michael to resurrect Dean.[27] They discover that this came to be because the angels need Dean and Sam's help to stop Lilith, who is breaking the 66 Seals, and once they are all broken, Lucifer the first fallen angel will be freed from Hell, bringing the Apocalypse upon the Earth.[28]", "Dean Winchester. While trying to cope with his impending death and make the best of his final year, Dean begins to start hunting the freed Demons. Meeting a seemingly helpful demon Ruby, Dean learns that he too may become a demon himself if he burns in Hell too long. Learning Lilith to have taken the throne of Hell from Azazel and to hold Dean's life contract in her hands, the brothers eventually confront her. Unable to kill her, Dean is mauled to death by Hellhounds and his soul is dragged to Hell. There Lilith orders a demon called Alastair, the same demon whom Azazel had torture John, brutalize Dean. After spending three months dead, equating to thirty years in Hell, Dean finally joins Alastair in torturing souls. On the road to becoming a demon, Dean awakens from his grave after spending four months in hell, reunites with family and meets the angel Castiel who is revealed to have resurrected Dean. Struggling with almost having had become a demon and trying to get Sam to try to quit drinking demon blood, Dean meets the Demon again when sent back in time by Castiel. Eventually learning that if one of the Demon's Special Children, of whom Sam is the only one left, kill Lilith the Apocalypse will start, Dean arrives moments too late to stop Lucifer from breaking free. Later learning of his role as the vessel for the Archangel Michael and Sam's role as Lucifer's vessel, the brothers meet the King of Crossroads Crowley and fight against the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse to defeat Lucifer. Learning from Death how to trap Lucifer, Sam eventually becomes the devil's vessel, but his strong bond with Dean helps him fall into Lucifer's Cage with Michael.", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). The episode's final moments linger on Dean \"meat-hooked in the center of what looks like a thousand mile spiderweb of rusty chains\", a scene Kripke described as \"M. C. Escher meets Hellraiser\".[18] The original vision for the final scene would have placed Dean in a \"really nasty, bloody slaughterhouse, hanging from meat hooks\". Here, Dean would start screaming as shadows fall over him.[19] Discussions between Kripke, Manners, and Hayden led to the decision to present \"one epic glimpse\" of Hell,[19] though they avoided aspects such as fire and brimstone to focus on more affordable visuals.[20] Much debate went into the appearance of Hell because of its many variations. Though the scene matched with the many versions of \"chains and people being ripped apart\", art director John Marcynuk felt they should have made it \"a little more mysterious and dark\". He commented, \"My opinion is, the vaguer the better, because you let the imagination take over. People have different fears, and Hell's such a personal torment.\"[19] In series writer Sera Gamble's opinion, Dean's location is more of the \"waiting room\"—the place \"they stick you before they hand you the sign-in sheet\"—a far cry from what he will experience \"once he gets into the first chamber of Hell\".[17]", "Sam Winchester. In the season premiere \"We Need to Talk About Kevin\", Sam runs into Dean and learns that Dean had just escaped from Purgatory; upon learning about what Sam had been doing the past year, Dean is upset that Sam had not even tried to save him or continued hunting. They find out that Kevin had managed to escape from Crowley six months ago and left Sam a string of desperate voice messages, begging for help. Sam feels guilty and joins Dean in tracking down Kevin, who reveals that he has discovered a passage in the Word of God that would banish all demons from Earth forever.[54] The spell requires three trials be performed by one person. Although Dean tries to do it himself in order to protect Sam from any possible consequence of the trials, Sam ends up completing the first trial (killing a hellhound and bathing in its blood) in \"Trial and Error\" to protect Dean; he persuades his brother to let him finish the rest by reasoning that Dean would be all-too-willing to sacrifice himself for the trials whereas Sam would fight so that both of them could live. However, taking on the trials quickly begins \"damaging\" Sam, which worries Dean.[58][59]", "Dean Winchester. Quitting hunting and moving in with an ex-girlfriend Lisa, Dean begins to move onto a normal life but is thrust back into hunting when attacked by a Djinn and mysteriously saved by Sam. Shocked to learn of his brother and maternal grandfather's resurrections, Dean is placed even more on edge when Sam acts cold, ruthlessly and lets Dean temporarily turn into a vampire. Later learning from Castiel that Sam is lacking a soul, Dean sets out to fix his brother. Getting Sam's soul back through Death, the brothers begin to unravel a conspiracy involving Crowley and Castiel. Defeating Eve, the mother of all monsters, Dean cuts ties with Lisa and learns Castiel to have taken Purgatory's souls to become the most powerful angel alive. Requesting Death's help, Dean is unable to get Castiel to return the souls of Purgatory in time and the Leviathans break free and begin an effort to take over the Earth. After their father figure Bobby is killed by Dick Roman, the Leviathan leader, they gain an ally through Kevin Tran, a new prophet. With the Word of God, Dean and Castiel kill Roman but are themselves killed in the subsequent explosion and dragged to Purgatory.", "All Hell Breaks Loose (Supernatural). \"All Hell Breaks Loose\" is the joint title for the two-part second-season finale of The CW television series Supernatural. It consists of the twenty-first and twenty-second episodes of the second season. \"Part One\" was first broadcast on May 10, 2007, and the second part aired the following week on May 17, 2007. The narrative follows series protagonist Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki)—a young man who travels the continental United States with his brother Dean (Jensen Ackles) hunting supernatural creatures—as he is abducted by series villain Azazel (Fredric Lehne) and sent to an abandoned town. Azazel intends to find a leader for his demon army by having Sam and other psychic children like him fight to the death. Sam is eventually killed, but is resurrected after Dean sells his soul. The sole survivor, Jake (Aldis Hodge), is sent by Azazel to a cemetery protected against demons, where he opens a gateway to Hell. At the end of the episode, Azazel is finally killed by Dean with the mystical Colt revolver, but not before hundreds of demons are released into the world.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). One year after being dragged to Purgatory, Dean returns to Earth without Castiel, carrying inside his body the soul of a vampire named Benny. The two brothers begin a fight against Crowley to find the Demon Tablet and lock the Gates of Hell, thereby trapping all demons in Hell. The brothers use Kevin Tran to help them read the tablet and accomplish their goal. Castiel is brought back by an angel named Naomi, and takes possession of the Angel Tablet to break her control of him when she tries to use him to kill Dean. While Kevin works on the tablet, Sam and Dean have an unexpected encounter with their paternal grandfather, Henry Winchester, who was a member of the Men of Letters, an organization dedicated to gathering supernatural knowledge; his disappearance in 1958 was actually him using a time-travel spell to go to the future and escape an attack by the demon Abaddon. Henry is killed protecting his grandsons, but he provides them with access to the Men of Letters bunker, a storehouse for several supernatural artefacts and books, which the Winchesters subsequently adopt as a new 'home'. Kevin eventually translates three trials that must be completed in order to lock the Gates of Hell for good, but although Sam completed the first two, Dean ends the trials before the third can be finished as completing the trials would kill Sam. Unfortunately, Castiel is tricked by the Angel Metatron into completing a series of trials that would have allegedly locked all angels in Heaven, but actually banished every angel apart from Metatron to Earth, the season ending with millions of angels falling from the sky and Castiel stripped of his Grace.", "Sam Winchester. Upon Dean's request, Death retrieves Sam's soul from the Cage and returns it to him at the end of the sixth season's mid-season finale \"Appointment in Samarra\". He gives Sam's mind a \"protective wall\" to prevent any negative effects it might have on him otherwise, but Death also warns him not to scratch at the wall he has built, or his memories from Hell will destroy him.[53] However, Castiel, in an attempt to distract Dean and Bobby while he attempts to enter Purgatory, brings down the wall, ultimately causing Sam to remember his time in Hell. In the season finale, Sam spends much of the episode attempting to recoup his shattered soul, including the memories of his soulless self and tortured self. Once complete, he reawakens, though still struggling with the visions of the Cage that his soul endured.", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). Marking the final appearance of Katie Cassidy as the demon Ruby, the episode was originally intended to feature the return of Samantha Ferris as recurring character Ellen Harvelle. The writers initially intended that Sam would save Dean by giving into his demonic abilities, but the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prevented the development of that storyline throughout the season. Dean is instead killed; the final scene of him in Hell was the \"most complicated shot [the] visual effects department has ever done\".[1]", "Lazarus Rising (Supernatural). The episode begins with Dean's (Ackles) painful memory in hell. He wakes up in a coffin and starts digging himself out. Dean then notices some paranormal traces around his grave. When he walks into a gas station and grabs supplies, he finds out that he has fully recovered from the hellhound attack save from a hand-shaped burn on his left bicep. Before he leaves the store, Dean notices some unusual activities implying supernatural power. Dean tries to call Sam (Padalecki), but his number is no longer connected. He then calls Bobby Singer (Jim Beaver), but Bobby hangs up because he does not believe Dean is still alive. Dean then steals a car and drives to Bobby's. Bobby and Dean take time to make sure that Dean is alive and is still him, and they go to find Sam in a hotel.", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). Sam begs Ruby to teach him how to use his abilities, but she tells him that it is too late. Dean accepts his fate as the clock strikes midnight, but runs from the approaching hellhound. The three barricade themselves inside a room, but Dean quickly realizes that Lilith has taken over Ruby's host. Claiming to have sent Ruby \"far, far away\", Lilith telekinetically pins the brothers down and lets in the hellhound. As Dean is mauled to death, Lilith blasts Sam with white energy from her hand. Horrified to see that it has no effect, she flees her host before Sam can retaliate. A devastated Sam cradles Dean, whose soul is then shown in Hell hanging from a vast landscape of chains and meathooks while fruitlessly screaming for Sam.", "Sam Winchester. Sam completes the second trial – saving an innocent soul (in this case, Bobby) from Hell and sending it to Heaven – in \"Taxi Driver\" with the help of Benny, who sacrifices himself in the process of guiding Sam and Bobby out of Hell and thus finally causes Sam to admit that he had been wrong about Benny.[63] Unfortunately, Sam's illness from the trials worsens to the point that Dean temporarily restricts him from hunting out of worry for his condition.[64] Nevertheless, Sam remains determined to finish the trials and seal Hell because, viewing all the times he has failed Dean in the past (such as not looking for him when he was in Purgatory) as his worst sins, he has become obsessed with not letting Dean down anymore.[65] He and Dean attempt to use Abaddon for the third trial, that of restoring a demon's humanity, but she escapes while they are distracted by a call from Crowley, who has begun murdering everyone they've ever saved to force them to call off the trials.[66] After Crowley kills Sam's love interest Sarah Blake from Season 1's \"Provenance\",[66] Sam is devastated and briefly contemplates giving in to Crowley's demands, but he and Dean ultimately feign surrender to lure Crowley to them and take him prisoner in the season finale \"Sacrifice\" so that they can use him for the third trial instead. Sam is on the verge of fully restoring Crowley's humanity when Dean finds out that completing the trials will kill Sam. Although Sam, having fallen into deep guilt and despair due to constant reminders from Dean of how he'd failed him, wants to finish the trials anyway, Dean convinces him to let it go. The effects of the trials remain, however, leaving Sam in dire condition in the final moments of the finale.[65]", "Sam Winchester. In the aftermath, a desperate and depressed Dean sells his soul to the Crossroads Demon for Sam's resurrection. With the help of fellow hunters Bobby Singer and Ellen Harvelle, Sam and Dean track down Jake, but are unable to stop him from opening a gateway to Hell on Azazel's orders. However, Sam subdues Jake and kills him in cold blood. Eventually Bobby and Ellen manage to close the gateway while Sam and Dean battle Azazel. With the help of John's spirit, Dean finally kills Azazel and John shares an emotional moment with his sons before finally moving on. Afterwards, Sam learns that he was dead and Dean sold his soul to bring him back. He then promises Dean that he will save him no matter what it takes.[18]", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). Twenty-two years earlier than the series' main storyline, the demonic tyrant Azazel fed his blood to Sam and other infants, to imbue them with demonic abilities. He gathers them together in the second-season finale \"All Hell Breaks Loose\" and coerces the young adults into a fight to the death to determine a leader for his demonic army. Sam is killed by the super-strong Jake Talley,[4] but Dean sells his own soul to a crossroads demon in exchange for Sam's resurrection, a contract that leaves Dean with only a year to live. The Winchesters, Bobby, and fellow hunter Ellen Harvelle kill Jake and Azazel, but are too late to prevent the release of hundreds of demons from Hell.[3]", "Sam Winchester. After Castiel's actions result in the release of the Leviathans – God's first creations – Sam is left struggling with the restoration of his memories of his time in Hell, even if he remains dedicated to helping Dean and others stop the Leviathans. During this time, he has a reunion with his old Kitsune friend, Amy Pond, who has become a mortician feeding on the dead to sustain her, although Dean nevertheless kills her when he discovers that she has been killing to help her sick son. As Sam experiences hallucinations of Lucifer taunting him with the idea that he is still in Hell, he initially tries to control them by focusing on wounds he sustains in the real world, but matters become worse when he is forced to rely on information from the hallucination to save Dean. As his mental state becomes worse, Sam foregoes sleep to stop his visions, but is sent to an asylum when he is hit by a car while running away from Lucifer. While trying to find a healer who may be able to repair Sam, Dean encounters an amnesiac Castiel, who, when restored to his full powers, sacrifices himself by taking Sam's mental damage. Sam is shown to possess great guilt about this and rejects hope that Bobby's ghost may be helping them out after an attempt to communicate with him fails. Sam is initially happy when it is shown that Bobby's ghost is there helping them, but changes his mind after Bobby shows more and more signs of becoming a vengeful spirit. During the final battle at Sucrocorp, Sam rescues Kevin Tran – a Prophet who can read the Word of God – and is horrified to hear of Dick Roman's plan to kill all the skinny people in the world through poison in their coffee creamers. He and Kevin head to the lab where they find Dick Roman being killed by Dean and Castiel. After Dick explodes, Dean and Castiel disappear and Crowley appears and takes Kevin, leaving Sam completely on his own, not knowing Dean and Castiel are now trapped in Purgatory.", "Sam Winchester. Sam is alerted to Gadreel's possession of him by Crowley in the later episode \"Road Trip\", at which point he revokes his permission and forcibly expels Gadreel from his body by ordering the angel out. To his horror, he also finds out that Gadreel has killed Kevin using his body to prove his loyalty to Metatron. Sam is appalled and angry at how far Dean will go to keep him alive, feeling betrayed that Dean not only helped Gadreel possess him and hid the truth from him but also for persuaded him not to finish the trials and thus kept the gates of Hell open and allowed demons to continue wreaking havoc, all to keep Sam alive. Sam lets a guilt-ridden Dean leave at the end of the episode. In the following episode \"First Born\", Sam works with Castiel to extract a lingering piece of Gadreel's grace (angelic energy) so that they can track him. Feeling guilty over the deaths he could have stopped, especially Kevin's, Sam urges Castiel to extract all of the grace still inside him, even though it may kill Sam because the grace is keeping him from reverting to his deathly state prior his possession. However, Castiel refuses to risk Sam's life. As a result, the amount of grace they gather is insufficient to track Gadreel.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). The season mainly focuses on trying to save Dean from his deal and tracking down the demons that were released from the gate. Along the way, the brothers meet Ruby, a \"good\" demon, who has an interest in Sam and claims to be able to help save Dean. Also, they meet Bela Talbot, an acquirer and seller of occult objects, who is constantly a thorn in their side. The brothers eventually learn from Bela which demon holds Dean's contract: a powerful demon named Lilith. Lilith is the very first demon ever made, with her soul being twisted by Lucifer himself in a spite against God for kicking him out. Lilith takes Bela's soul after her contract expires, but not before she warns Sam and Dean. The brothers, along with Ruby, track Lilith down and attempt to kill her. Lilith is unable to stop Sam on account of his mysterious abilities; however, Dean's contract expires and his soul is taken to Hell.", "Bobby Singer. When Dean mysteriously returns to life four months later in the fourth season premiere \"Lazarus Rising\", Bobby at first believes him to be a demon or some other type of supernatural creature. After first attempting to kill Dean and then putting him through numerous tests, Bobby helps him to reunite with his brother. While Sam later sneaks away to secretly hone his new-found demonic abilities, Bobby and Dean perform a ritual to summon whatever creature resurrected him. The being, revealed to be the angel Castiel, incapacitates Bobby before informing Dean that he was saved from Hell because Heaven has work for him to do.[9] The subsequent episode, \"Are You There, God? It's Me, Dean Winchester\", reveals that Dean must stop Lilith from breaking the 66 mystical seals keeping Lucifer imprisoned.[10]", "No Rest for the Wicked (Supernatural). Bobby tracks Lilith to New Harmony, Indiana. Dean does not want to attack unprepared, but he refuses to seek help from Ruby. Sam secretly summons her and asks for her knife, and Ruby tells him that his dormant psychic abilities could easily kill Lilith, whose guard is down as she is on \"shore leave\". Sam considers the alternative, but Dean shows up and tricks Ruby into a devil's trap—mystical symbols capable of rendering a demon powerless—and the brothers take her knife and leave. Despite Dean's objections, Bobby insists that he accompany them, and draws attention to Dean's hallucinations. With his demise rapidly approaching, Dean has begun \"piercing the veil\", allowing him to glimpse the demons' true forms.", "Bobby Singer. Bobby next appears in eighth season episode \"Taxi Driver,\" in which Sam and Dean learn from rogue Reaper Ajay that instead of going to Heaven when his flask was burned, Bobby was taken to Hell on Crowley's orders. Needing to rescue an innocent soul and release it into Heaven to complete the second trial to close the Gates of Hell, Sam travels into Hell and finds Bobby who initially believes he is a demon as he is being tormented by demons pretending to be Sam and Dean all the time, but Sam convinces him with personal information only he and Dean know. The two escape into Purgatory, but find the Reaper that Ajay is missing (having been questioned and killed by Crowley). With the help of Dean's vampiric friend Benny, Sam returns to Earth with Bobby's soul, but when Bobby goes to ascend to Heaven, he is trapped by Crowley, who wants to take him back to Hell to punish him for the \"damage\" he has done to demons in his hunting career. However, the angel Naomi intervenes, drives Crowley off, and allows Bobby to ascend to his rightful place in Heaven, thus completing the second trial." ]

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[ "Psychology. The International Union recognizes 66 national psychology associations and at least 15 others exist.[56] The American Psychological Association is the oldest and largest.[56] Its membership has increased from 5,000 in 1945 to 100,000 in the present day.[26] The APA includes 54 divisions, which since 1960 have steadily proliferated to include more specialties. Some of these divisions, such as the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the American Psychology–Law Society, began as autonomous groups.[56]", "American Psychological Association. Due to the dominance of clinical psychology in APA, several research-focused groups have broken away from the organization. These include the Psychonomic Society in 1959 (with a primarily cognitive orientation), and the Association for Psychological Science (which changed its name from the American Psychological Society in early 2006) in 1988 (with a broad focus on the science and research of psychology). Theodore H. Blau was the first clinician in independent practice to be elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1977.[34]", "American Psychological Association. The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States,[2] with around 117,500 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.[2] The APA has an annual budget of around $115m.[3] There are 54 divisions of the APA—interest groups covering different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas.[4]", "Sport psychology. It would be misleading to conflate the status of AASP and the status of the profession of sport psychology. However, considering that AASP has the largest membership of any professional organization devoted entirely to sport psychology, it is worthwhile to mention the contentious nature of the organization's future.", "Psychology. Mental health care today involves psychologists and social workers in increasing numbers. In 1977, National Institute of Mental Health director Bertram Brown described this shift as a source of \"intense competition and role confusion\".[34] Graduate programs issuing doctorates in psychology (PsyD) emerged in the 1950s and underwent rapid increase through the 1980s. This degree is intended to train practitioners who might conduct scientific research.[59]", "Subfields of psychology. Psychology encompasses a vast domain, and includes many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that taken together constitute psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychology topics and list of psychology disciplines.", "Mind. Psychology differs from the other social sciences (e.g. anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology) due to its focus on experimentation at the scale of the individual, or individuals in small groups as opposed to large groups, institutions or societies. Historically, psychology differed from biology and neuroscience in that it was primarily concerned with mind rather than brain. Modern psychological science incorporates physiological and neurological processes into its conceptions of perception, cognition, behaviour, and mental disorders.", "Psychology. Psychologists generally consider the organism the basis of the mind, and therefore a vitally related area of study. Psychiatrists and neuropsychologists work at the interface of mind and body.[66] Biological psychology, also known as physiological psychology,[67] or neuropsychology is the study of the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes. Key research topics in this field include comparative psychology, which studies humans in relation to other animals, and perception which involves the physical mechanics of sensation as well as neural and mental processing.[68] For centuries, a leading question in biological psychology has been whether and how mental functions might be localized in the brain. From Phineas Gage to H. M. and Clive Wearing, individual people with mental issues traceable to physical damage have inspired new discoveries in this area.[67] Modern neuropsychology could be said to originate in the 1870s, when in France Paul Broca traced production of speech to the left frontal gyrus, thereby also demonstrating hemispheric lateralization of brain function. Soon after, Carl Wernicke identified a related area necessary for the understanding of speech.[69]", "History of psychology. Today, psychology is defined as \"the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.\" Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Persia, Greece, China, and India. For a condensed overview, see the Timeline of Psychology article The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to the Ancient Greeks. There is also evidence of psychological thought in ancient Egypt. Psychology was a branch of philosophy until the 1870s, when it developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany and the United States. Psychology borders on various other fields including physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, as well as philosophy and other components of the humanities.", "American Psychological Association. The American Psychologist is the Association's official journal. APA also publishes over 70 other journals encompassing most specialty areas in the field; APA's Educational Publishing Foundation is an imprint for publishing on behalf of other organizations.[16] Its journals include:[17]", "Social science. Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behaviour of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behaviour. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behaviour, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate psychology with clinical psychology, which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, psychology has myriad specialties including social psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, educational psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, mathematical psychology, neuropsychology, and quantitative analysis of behaviour.", "History of psychology. As a result of the conjunction of a number of events in the early 20th century, behaviorism gradually emerged as the dominant school in American psychology. First among these was the increasing skepticism with which many viewed the concept of consciousness: although still considered to be the essential element separating psychology from physiology, its subjective nature and the unreliable introspective method it seemed to require, troubled many. William James' 1904 Journal of Philosophy... article \"Does Consciousness Exist?\", laid out the worries explicitly.", "Clinical psychology. Since the 1970s, clinical psychology has continued growing into a robust profession and academic field of study. Although the exact number of practicing clinical psychologists is unknown, it is estimated that between 1974 and 1990, the number in the U.S. grew from 20,000 to 63,000.[21] Clinical psychologists continue to be experts in assessment and psychotherapy while expanding their focus to address issues of gerontology, sports, and the criminal justice system to name a few. One important field is health psychology, the fastest-growing employment setting for clinical psychologists in the past decade.[9] Other major changes include the impact of managed care on mental health care; an increasing realization of the importance of knowledge relating to multicultural and diverse populations; and emerging privileges to prescribe psychotropic medication.", "Psi Chi. Psi Chi (ΨΧ) is the International Honor Society in Psychology, which was founded in 1929 for the purposes of \"encouraging, stimulating, and maintaining excellence in scholarship, and advancing the science of psychology\".[1] Psi Chi is one of the largest honor societies in the United States, having more than 1,100 chapters. Psi Chi has inducted more than 700,000 lifetime members from chapters in the United States, Canada, and multiple other countries. Notable past and present members of the organization include B.F. Skinner, Philip Zimbardo, Jon Stewart, and Dr. Phil.[2]", "History of psychotherapy. Since the 1970s, other major perspectives have been developed and adopted within the field. Perhaps the two biggest have been Systems Therapy—which focuses on family and group dynamics—and Transpersonal psychology, which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other important orientations developed in the last three decades include Feminist therapy, Somatic Psychology, Expressive therapy, and applied Positive psychology. Clinical psychology in Japan developed towards a more integrative socially-orientated counseling methodology. Practice in India developed from both traditional metaphysical and ayurvedic systems and Western methodologies.[9]", "Psychology. Divisions still exist within the field, with some psychologists more oriented towards the unique experiences of individual humans, which cannot be understood only as data points within a larger population. Critics inside and outside the field have argued that mainstream psychology has become increasingly dominated by a \"cult of empiricism\" which limits the scope of its study by using only methods derived from the physical sciences.[64] Feminist critiques along these lines have argued that claims to scientific objectivity obscure the values and agenda of (historically mostly male)[34] researchers. Jean Grimshaw, for example, argues that mainstream psychological research has advanced a patriarchal agenda through its efforts to control behavior.[65]", "Psychology. The provision of psychological health services is generally called clinical psychology in the U.S. The definitions of this term are various and may include school psychology and counseling psychology. Practitioners typically includes people who have graduated from doctoral programs in clinical psychology but may also include others. In Canada, the above groups usually fall within the larger category of professional psychology. In Canada and the US, practitioners get bachelor's degrees and doctorates, then spend one year in an internship and one year in postdoctoral education. In Mexico and most other Latin American and European countries, psychologists do not get bachelor's and doctorate degrees; instead, they take a three-year professional course following high school.[59] Clinical psychology is at present the largest specialization within psychology.[150] It includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress, dysfunction or mental illness and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment and psychotherapy although clinical psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.[151]", "Cognition. The phenomenal success of the cognitive approach can be seen by its current dominance as the core model in contemporary psychology (usurping behaviorism in the late 1950s).", "Ulric Neisser. The modern growth of cognitive psychology received a major boost from the publication in 1967 of the first, and most influential, of Neisser's books: Cognitive Psychology.", "List of psychological schools. The list below includes all these, and other, influential schools of thought in psychology:", "Psychology. The name industrial and organizational psychology (I–O) arose in the 1960s and became enshrined as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Division 14 of the American Psychological Association, in 1973.[164] The goal is to optimize human potential in the workplace. Personnel psychology, a subfield of I–O psychology, applies the methods and principles of psychology in selecting and evaluating workers. I–O psychology's other subfield, organizational psychology, examines the effects of work environments and management styles on worker motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity.[166] The majority of I–O psychologists work outside of academia, for private and public organizations and as consultants.[164] A psychology consultant working in business today might expect to provide executives with information and ideas about their industry, their target markets, and the organization of their company.[167]", "Subfields of psychology. The work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be influenced by various therapeutic approaches, all of which involve a formal relationship between professional and client (usually an individual, couple, family, or small group). The various therapeutic approaches and practices are associated with different theoretical perspectives and employ different procedures intended to form a therapeutic alliance, explore the nature of psychological problems, and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving. Four major theoretical perspectives are psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, existential-humanistic, and systems or family therapy. There has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of issues regarding culture, gender, spirituality, and sexual-orientation. With the advent of more robust research findings regarding psychotherapy, there is evidence that most of the major therapies are about of equal effectiveness, with the key common element being a strong therapeutic alliance.[8][9] Because of this, more training programs and psychologists are now adopting an eclectic therapeutic orientation.[10][11][12][13][14]", "Psi Chi. Psi Chi also publishes a quarterly magazine, which features career and graduate school advice, updates in popular areas of psychology, and special announcements to keep readers connected with the organization. Notable authors and distinguished interviews include Robert Sternberg,[13] Susan Fiske,[14] Anthony Greenwald,[15] Florence Denmark,[16] and Phillip Zimbardo.[17] All Eye articles are available free online.[18]", "Psychologist. Within the two main categories are many further types of psychologists as reflected by the 56 professional classifications recognized by the APA,[4] including clinical, counseling, and educational psychologists, such professionals working with persons in a variety of therapeutic contexts. People often think of the discipline as involving only such clinical or counseling psychologists. While counseling and psychotherapy are common activities for psychologists, these applied fields are just one branch in the larger domain of psychology.[5] There are other classifications such as industrial, organizational and community psychologists, whose professionals mainly apply psychological research, theories, and techniques to \"real-world\" problems of business, industry, social benefit organizations, government,[6][7][8] and academia.", "History of psychology. In 1890, William James' The Principles of Psychology finally appeared, and rapidly became the most influential textbook in the history of American psychology. It laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that American psychologists would focus on for years to come. The book's chapters on consciousness, emotion, and habit were particularly agenda-setting.", "Psychology. The world federation of national psychological societies is the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS), founded in 1951 under the auspices of UNESCO, the United Nations cultural and scientific authority.[23][57] Psychology departments have since proliferated around the world, based primarily on the Euro-American model.[18][57] Since 1966, the Union has published the International Journal of Psychology.[23] IAAP and IUPsyS agreed in 1976 each to hold a congress every four years, on a staggered basis.[56]", "Primal therapy. In 1977, Arthur Janov filed a $US7.1 million suit against Psychology Today, because the magazine called primal therapy \"Jabberwocky\".[77]", "American Psychological Association. The American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association (both known by the acronym APA) are sometimes distinguished as \"the bigger APA\" (American Psychological Association) and \"the little APA\" (American Psychiatric Association) because of their relative membership sizes.[citation needed]", "Abraham Maslow. Maslow called his work positive psychology.[63][64] His work has influenced since 1968 the development of Positive Psychotherapy, a transcultural, humanistic based psychodynamic psychotherapy method used in mental health and psychosomatic treatment founded by Nossrat Peseschkian [65]. Since 1999 Maslows work enjoyed a revival of interest and influence among leaders of the positive psychology movement such as Martin Seligman. This movement focuses only on a higher human nature.[66][67] Positive psychology spends its research looking at the positive side of things and how they go right rather than the pessimistic side.[68]", "Personality psychology. Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation among individuals. It is a scientific study which aims to show how people are individually different due to psychological forces. [1]Its areas of focus include:", "Psychology. Psychology encompasses many subfields and includes different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior:", "Somatotype and constitutional psychology. Though the psychological bindings have largely been neglected, Sheldon's physical taxonomy has persisted, particularly the Heath-Carter variant of the methodology.[10] This formulaic approach utilises an individual's: weight (kg), height (cm), upper arm circumference (cm), maximal calf circumference (cm), femur breadth (cm), humerus breadth (cm), triceps skinfold (mm), subscapular skinfold (mm), supraspinal skinfold (mm), and medial calf skinfold (mm), and remains popular in anthropomorphic research, as to quote Rob Rempel \"With modifications by Parnell in the late 1950's, and by Heath and Carter in the mid 1960's somatotype has continued to be the best single qualifier of total body shape\".[11]" ]

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[ "Private Eyes (TV series). Angie and Shade are called by Zoe Chow, a resident of a small building who thinks someone is moving her things around to spook her. They are skeptical upon realising she has no money to pay them, but when other residents report similar issues, they begin to suspect the building manager is trying to force them out as part of a Blockbusting scheme. Don meanwhile is being offered a retirement package, and must try to work out if he wants it.", "Private Eyes (TV series). Angie returns from vacation to find Shade being thrown out of the window, and that he has a new case. A friend of his has had her racing team's property vandalized, and the driver has been receiving death threats. While investigating the world of racing, they learn that the case ties to a hit-and-run from months earlier, and that there are more secrets than anyone realised. Matt meanwhile comes to terms with the new custody arrangement Becca has forced on him, but realises Becca may not have Jules' well being at heart.", "Private Eyes (TV series). A second season of 18 episodes was confirmed,[4][5] and production started in the Fall of 2016 in Toronto. On March 27, 2017, Ion Television picked up the exclusive rights to broadcast the series in the United States,[6] where it is presented as an original series for the network.[7]", "Private Eyes (TV series). Angie's cousin's wedding is disrupted when the grooms heirloom tiara is stolen. Angie's mother Nora is the police's prime suspect. Angie doesn't want to get involved but Shade sets out to prove her innocence. Meanwhile, Becca starts manipulating Matt into a new custody agreement over Jules where he has far less time, and he must decide whether to show her as an uncaring, manipulative, career-driven mother or let Jules keep her mother.", "Private Eyes (TV series). Private Eyes (formerly known as The Code[2]) is a Canadian comedy-drama television series created by Tim Kilby and Shelley Eriksen that stars Jason Priestley and Cindy Sampson, which began airing on Global on May 26, 2016.[1] The first season consisted of 10 episodes. The series is inspired by the novel The Code by G.B. Joyce.[1]", "Private Eyes (TV series). The first half of the second season premiered in Canada on May 25 and concluded on July 20, 2017.[8] The second half is expected to air in the summer of 2018.[9]", "Jack Taylor (TV series). I've always fancied playing a private eye, ever since I saw Jack Nicholson play Jake Gittes in Chinatown. It is familiar territory but I think there are various aspects that individualize it. One is Ireland's west coast, which has a stunning coastline, and the town of Galway itself [...] The big advantage of taking stuff from books as well written as Ken Bruen's, is that he offers you fantastic dialogue. It's kind of Philip Marlowe with American, quick, dry one-liners all the way. It's lovely to play.[10]", "Private Eyes (TV series). On September 21, 2017, Global ordered a 12 episode third season set to start production in spring 2018.[10]", "Private Eyes (song). In 2016, Dear Rouge covered the song for the TV series Private Eyes as its theme song. Also in 2016, Lenachka covered the song.", "All Fun and Games until Somebody Loses an Eye. Jane Fleming, a 46-year-old housewife and grandmother, lives a quiet life in suburban East Kilbride. All that changes when her son, Ross, who works in the arms industry, is forced into hiding when his latest research attracts unwanted attention. Aided by the mysterious Bett, Jane must confront drug dealers, assassins and ruthless arms dealers in order to save her son.", "GoldenEye. Nine years later, in Monte Carlo, Bond follows Xenia Onatopp, a member of the Janus crime syndicate, who has formed a suspicious relationship with Charles Farrel, a Canadian Navy admiral. As Onatopp crushes the admiral to death with her thighs during sex, his credentials are stolen by Ourumov, who uses them to board a French Navy destroyer with Onatopp to steal a Eurocopter Tiger helicopter. Ourumov and Onatopp later fly the helicopter to a bunker in Severnaya, Siberia, where they massacre the staff and steal the control disk for the GoldenEye satellites, two Soviet electromagnetic weapon satellites from the Cold War. They program the first GoldenEye (Petya) to destroy the complex, and escape with programmer Boris Grishenko. Natalya Simonova, the lone survivor, contacts Boris and arranges to meet him in Saint Petersburg, where he betrays her to Janus.", "Jack Taylor (TV series). Set in Galway, the series is based on Ken Bruen's crime novels and features Iain Glen as the leading character, Jack Taylor, an old-school detective, and a maverick who often drinks much more than is good for him. After he is sacked from the Gardaí (the Irish police force) for assaulting a politician he had stopped for a traffic violation, Jack begins to work as a private investigator, reluctantly taking on cases the police will not investigate. According to the series' voiceover, there are no private eyes in Ireland–\"It's too close to being an informant – a dodgy concept\". Jack soon realises his experience suits him in his new role. He is aided in his investigations by his contacts, including some of his former Gardaí colleagues, notably Officer Kate Noonan.[1][2]", "Private Eyes (song). The song is performed by Ken Marino, portraying private investigator Vinnie Van Lowe, in the Veronica Mars episode \"Kanes and Abel's.\"[3]", "Private Practice (TV series). The first season deals with Addison's move from Seattle to Los Angeles and her attempts to adjust to a very different type of working environment at Oceanside Wellness Group, a co-op private practice. The first season also deals with her budding relationships with her new co-workers. Among them include her best friend Naomi Bennett, a fertility specialist, and Naomi's ex-husband Sam Bennett, who specializes in internal medicine. Also working within the practice is psychiatrist Violet Turner, pediatrician Cooper Freedman, alternative medicine specialist Pete Wilder, and receptionist Dell Parker. It is revealed early on that the Bennetts established the practice with the rest of the doctors owning a share of it as well. Charlotte King, who serves as chief of staff at St. Ambrose Hospital, works with Oceanside Wellness through her dealings with Sam and her sexual relationship with Cooper.", "Santa Monica, California. A number of television series have been set in Santa Monica, including Baywatch, Three's Company, Pacific Blue, and Private Practice. The Santa Monica pier is shown in the main theme of CBS series NCIS: Los Angeles. In Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the main exterior set of the town of Sunnydale, including the infamous \"sun sign\", was in Santa Monica in a lot on Olympic Boulevard.[97]", "Private Eyes (song). The music video featured the band dressed as detectives and was the first to feature the backup band of guitarist G. E. Smith, bassist Tom \"T-Bone\" Wolk, drummer Mickey Curry, and saxophone/keyboardist Charles DeChant.", "Magnum, P.I.. Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV is a private investigator played by Tom Selleck. He resides in the guest house of a 200-acre (81 ha) beachfront estate called Robin's Nest, in Hawaii, at the invitation of its owner, Robin Masters, the celebrated, but never-seen, author of several dozen lurid novels. Ostensibly this is quid pro quo for Magnum's services based upon his expertise in security; the pilot and several early episodes suggest Magnum had done Masters a favor of some kind, possibly when Masters hired him for a case. The voice of Robin Masters, heard only a few times per season, was provided by Orson Welles (one last \"appearance\" was provided by a different actor, Reid Crandell).[citation needed]", "Sherlock Holmes (1984 TV series). Set in the Victorian era, Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant consultant detective, as well as a private detective. He is consulted by the police and by other private detectives to aid them in solving crimes. He also takes private cases himself, and his clients range from paupers to kings. His deductive abilities and encyclopedic knowledge help him solve the most complex cases. He is assisted in his work by military veteran, Dr. John Watson, whom he shares a flat with at 221b Baker Street.", "London Docklands. In the 1991 film Close my Eyes, Richard (Clive Owen) works in the then-developing Docklands area, and during a ride on the DLR, remarks to his boss Colin (Karl Johnson) as to how much everything is rapidly changing.", "Sleepy Eye, Minnesota. On the television series Little House on the Prairie, Charles Ingalls sometimes made deliveries to Sleepy Eye, which was portrayed as the nearest larger town to Walnut Grove, Minnesota, where the Ingalls resided. It was also the (fictional) home of the blind school that Mary Ingalls and her TV-husband, Adam Kendall, ran later in the series.", "Private Practice (TV series). Private Practice films a lot of their exterior shots (as well as some of their outdoor storylines) in Santa Monica, California. The Oceanside Group building can be found at the corner of 4th and Wilshire in Santa Monica, California. Addison Montgomery and Sam Bennett live in rare Malibu beachfront houses right on the sand, which in reality would cost upwards of $4 million each.[citation needed]", "Private Eyes (song). In the television series Chuck, the titular character included the song in his stakeout mix.", "Jack Taylor (TV series). Jack Taylor is an Irish mystery television drama based on the novels by Ken Bruen. Set in Galway, the program features Iain Glen in the eponymous role of Jack Taylor, a former officer with the Garda Síochána (national police) who becomes a \"finder\" (private investigator) after leaving the service; Taylor looks for clues others have overlooked, and knows the streets of his hometown like the back of his hand.", "Northern Exposure. A recently graduated New York City physician, Dr. Joel Fleischman, is sent to practice in the fictional town of Cicely, Alaska to fulfill his obligation after Alaska paid for his medical education. Early episodes deal with Fleischman's culture shock in the small town. While the show was nominally premised on the fish out of water conflict between Fleischman's big city ways and the small-town mores of the Cicely residents, its focus shifted to dive more deeply into the quirky personalities of the eccentric townfolk.", "Love on a Branch Line (TV series). Jasper Pye is a polite, honest civil servant who lives with his mother. One night when he hears his girlfriend Deirdre describe him as 'a bore' at a party, he decides he needs an urgent, radical change in his life. The following morning he heads into the ministry, determined to resign his job and move to Paris to become a painter. Instead he is dissuaded by his superior, who instead wants him to go to Arcady Hall in Suffolk where the Office of Output Statistics, a small government department has been working since 1940 when it was commandeered during the Battle of Britain and overlooked for closure for a number of years, despite its apparent lack of usefulness.", "Ray Donovan. The drama is set in Los Angeles, California, where Irish-American Ray Donovan (Liev Schreiber), originally from South Boston, works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous. Donovan is a \"fixer\": a person who arranges bribes, payoffs, threats, and other shady activities, to ensure the outcome desired by the client. Good at his job, and no common hood, Ray is normally a devoted family man as well. He experiences his own problems when his menacing father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison, and the FBI attempts to bring down Ray and his associates.", "Private Eyes (song). The tune for Private Eyes was written by Warren Pash[1] and Janna Allen, with arrangement and chords by Daryl Hall. In an interview with American Songwriter, Daryl Hall states: \"That's a real Janna Allen [co-writer and sister of Sara Allen] song. Janna, and I, and Warren Pash wrote that. Warren and Janna wrote most of the song, and I took it and changed it around – changed the chords. Sandy [Sara Allen] and I wrote the lyrics. It's a real family song, the Allen sisters and me.\"[2]", "Detective fiction. In the late 1930s, Raymond Chandler updated the form with his private detective Philip Marlowe, who brought a more intimate voice to the detective than the more distanced \"operatives report\" style of Hammett's Continental Op stories.[41] Despite struggling through the task of plotting a story, his cadenced dialogue and cryptic narrations were musical, evoking the dark alleys and tough thugs, rich women and powerful men about whom he wrote. Several feature and television movies have been made about the Philip Marlowe character. James Hadley Chase wrote a few novels with private eyes as the main hero, including Blonde's Requiem (1945), Lay Her Among the Lilies (1950), and Figure It Out for Yourself (1950). Heroes of these novels are typical private eyes very similar or plagiarized from Raymond Chandler's work.[42]", "Port Charles (fictional city). McCall and Jackal Private Investigators", "For Your Eyes Only (film). The British information gathering vessel St Georges, which holds the Automatic Targeting Attack Communicator (ATAC), the system used by the Ministry of Defence to communicate with and co-ordinate the Royal Navy's fleet of Polaris submarines, is sunk after accidentally trawling an old naval mine in the Ionian Sea. MI6 agent James Bond is ordered by the Minister of Defence, Sir Frederick Gray and MI6 Chief of Staff, Bill Tanner, to retrieve the ATAC before the Soviets, as the transmitter could order attacks by the submarines' Polaris ballistic missiles.", "Native Son. Mr. Dalton has called a private detective, Mr. Britten. Britten interrogates Bigger accusingly, but Dalton vouches for Bigger. Bigger relates the events of the previous evening in a way calculated to throw suspicion on Jan, knowing Mr. Dalton dislikes Jan because Jan is a Communist. When Britten finds Jan, he puts the boy and Bigger in the same room and confronts them with their conflicting stories. Jan is surprised by Bigger's story but offers him help.", "Private Eyes (song). In episode 3.16 of Psych, An Evening with Mr. Yang, Detective Lassiter is shown singing along to the song playing on his iPod. USA Network later parodied the original music video to \"Private Eyes\" in a promo for the television series." ]

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[ "National debt of the United States. As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47 percent of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 percent of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[44] As of 2018[update], the largest holders were China, Japan, Ireland, and Brazil.[46]", "Debt-to-GDP ratio. Two thirds of US public debt is owned by US citizens, banks, corporations, and the Federal Reserve Bank;[5] approximately one third of US public debt is held by foreign countries - particularly China and Japan. Conversely, less than 5% of Japanese public debt is held by foreign countries.", "National debt of the United States. As of July 31, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total or \"National Debt\" of $21.4 trillion.[5] Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries.[6] The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date.[7] As of December 2017, $6.3 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest being China (about $1.18 trillion) then Japan (about $1.06 trillion).[8]", "Economy of the United States. The overall financial position of the United States as of 2014 includes $269.6 trillion of assets owned by households, businesses, and governments within its borders, representing more than 15.7 times the annual gross domestic product of the United States. Debts owed during this same period amounted to $145.8 trillion, about 8.5 times the annual gross domestic product.[299][300]", "Foreign trade of the United States. In both a 1987 guest editorial to the Omaha-World Herald and a more detailed 2003 Fortune article, Buffett proposed a tool called Import Certificates as a solution to the United States' problem and ensure balanced trade. \"The rest of the world owns a staggering $2.5 trillion more of the U.S. than we own of other countries. Some of this $2.5 trillion is invested in claim checks—U.S. bonds, both governmental and private—and some in such assets as property and equity securities.\"[27]", "United States. There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas.[244] Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area.[245] Most of this is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; about .86% is used for military purposes.[246][247]", "National debt of the United States. The share held by foreign governments has grown over time, rising from 13 percent of the public debt in 1988[47] to 25 percent in 2007.[48]", "Financial position of the United States. Foreign holdings of US assets are concentrated in debt. Americans own more foreign equity and foreign direct investment than foreigners own in the United States, but foreigners hold nearly four times as much US debt as Americans hold in foreign debt.", "Wyoming. More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the United States in total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.[9] This amounts to about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1 km2) owned and managed by the United States government. The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another 3,864,800 acres (15,640 km2).[9]", "Financial position of the United States. 15.2% of all US debt is owed to foreigners.[13] Of the $7.9 trillion Americans owe to foreigners, $3.9 trillion is owed by the federal government. 48% of US treasury securities are held by foreigners.[39] Foreigners hold $1.28 trillion in agency- and government sponsored enterprise-backed securities, and another $2.33 trillion in US corporate bonds.[38]", "Article Four of the United States Constitution. The federal government owns about twenty-eight percent of the land in the United States.[14] These holdings include national parks, national forests, recreation areas, wildlife refuges, vast tracts of range and public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management, reservations held in trust for Native American tribes, military bases, and ordinary federal buildings and installations. Although federal property can be found in every state, the largest concentrations are in the west, where, for example, the federal government owns over eighty percent of the land within Nevada.[15]", "United States. Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2%.[523] According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016.[524] Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.[525] Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels.[526][527] At the end of 2014, household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion,[528] down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008.[529]", "National debt of the United States. As of September 2014, the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China, with 21 percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities (10 percent of total U.S. public debt).[49] China's holdings of government debt as a percentage of all foreign-held government debt are up significantly since 2000, when China held just six percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities.[50]", "National debt of the United States. According to Paul Krugman, \"America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors.\"[54] Nonetheless, the country's net international investment position represents a debt of more than $7 trillion.[citation needed]", "Economy of the United States. The U.S. Treasury statistics indicate that, at the end of 2006, non-US citizens and institutions held 44% of federal debt held by the public.[297] As of 2014[update], China, holding $1.26 trillion in treasury bonds, is the largest foreign financier of the U.S. public debt.[298]", "Foreign trade of the United States. Gross U.S. assets held by foreigners were $16.3 trillion as of the end of 2006 (over 100% of GDP). The U.S. net international investment position (NIIP)[32] became a negative $2.5 trillion at the end of 2006, or about minus 19% of GDP.[2][33]", "National debt of the United States. As of July 31, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total of $21 trillion.[5] Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries.[6] The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date.[7]", "National debt of the United States. According to the CIA World Factbook, during 2015, the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6% was the 39th highest in the world. This was measured using \"debt held by the public.\"[25] However, $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2% as of April 2016 [See Appendix#National debt for selected years]. Also, this number excludes state and local debt. According to the OECD, general government gross debt (federal, state, and local) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion (125% of GDP); subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal \"debt held by the public\" gives 96% of GDP.[26]", "United States federal budget. As of January 2012, public debt owned by foreigners has increased to approximately 50% of the total or approximately $5.0 trillion.[47] As a result, nearly 50% of the interest payments are now leaving the country, which is different from past years when interest was paid to U.S. citizens holding the public debt. Interest expenses are projected to grow dramatically as the U.S. debt increases and interest rates rise from very low levels to more typical historical levels.[1]", "United States non-interventionism. In December 2013, the Pew Research Center reported that their newest poll, \"American's Place in the World 2013,\" had revealed that 52 percent of respondents in the national poll said that the United States \"should mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their own.\"[39] This was the most people to answer that question this way in the history of the question, one which pollsters began asking in 1964.[40] Only about a third of respondents felt this way a decade ago.[40]", "United States. The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP.[31] The U.S. economy is the fastest-growing in the Americas[32][33] and is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world.[34] Though its population is only 4.3% of the world total,[35] Americans hold 33.2% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country.[36] The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage,[37] human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person.[38] The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending.[39] It is also a global leader in science and technology.", "Alaska. Various private interests own the remaining land, totaling about one percent of the state. Alaska is, by a large margin, the state with the smallest percentage of private land ownership when Native corporation holdings are excluded.", "United States territorial acquisitions. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $588 million in present-day terms), were ceded by Spain after the Spanish–American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it to the United States, so it became a protectorate. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government (USMG) for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902, and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.", "Economy of the United States. About 30% of the entire world's millionaire population resides in the United States (as of 2009[update]).[152] The Economist Intelligence Unit estimated in 2008 that there were 16,600,000 millionaires in the U.S.[153] Furthermore, 34% of the world's billionaires are American (in 2011).[154][155]", "Financial position of the United States. Foreigners hold 24% of domestic corporate debt[40] and 17% of domestic corporate equity.[41]", "Fortune Global 500. As can be seen from the table above, 425 (85.0%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, France, Germany and United Kingdom) are some of the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Fortune Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries. According to the Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report 2016, the adult citizens of these six countries own approximately 67% of the world's total household wealth.[8]", "Americas. There are 35 sovereign states in the Americas, as well as an autonomous country of Denmark, three overseas departments of France, three overseas collectivities of France,[77] and one uninhabited territory of France, eight overseas territories of the United Kingdom, three constituent countries of the Netherlands, three public bodies of the Netherlands, two unincorporated territories of the United States, and one uninhabited territory of the United States.[78]", "Economy of the United States. The federal government's debt rose by $680 billion in 2013, and was at $17.091 trillion in 2014.[339] While the U.S. public debt is the world's largest in absolute size, another measure is its size relative to the nation's GDP. As of October 2013 the debt was 107% of GDP.[340] This debt, as a percent of GDP, is still less than the debt of Japan (192%) and roughly equivalent to those of a few western European nations.[341]", "Political divisions of the United States. On numerous occasions the United States Supreme Court has affirmed that the 50 individual states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions under the Constitution.[1] Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside.[11] States, however, are not sovereign in the Westphalian sense in international law which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.[12] Additionally, the 50 U.S. states do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom.[12]", "Warren Buffett. Buffett viewed the United States' expanding trade deficit as a trend that will devalue the US dollar and US assets. He predicted that the US dollar will lose value in the long run, as a result of putting a larger portion of ownership of US assets in the hands of foreigners. In his letter to shareholders in March 2005, he predicted that in another ten years' time the net ownership of the U.S. by outsiders would amount to $11 trillion.", "North America. Canada, Mexico, and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems. The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world.[109] In 2014, the US had an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $54,980, and is the most technologically developed economy of the three.[109] The United States' services sector comprises 76.7% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 22.2% and agriculture comprises 1.2%.[109]", "United States. The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion (106% of the GDP) in 2014.[414][fn 14]" ]

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