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[ "Five-star rank. Nine Americans have been promoted to five-star rank, one of them, Henry H. Arnold, in two services (US Army then later in the US Air Force). As part of the bicentennial celebration, George Washington was, 177 years after his death, permanently made senior to all other US generals/admirals, with the title General of the Armies, effective on 4 July 1976. The appointment stated he was to have \"rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present\".[nb 3]", "General of the Armies. On December 14, 1944, the United States Army established a five-star general position and named this new rank \"General of the Army\", which was a title that had not been used since the 1880s after the Civil War. Unlike the Civil War version, this new rank was clearly a five-star position, whereas the old version was considered a four-star rank; the five-star rank was also intended to be held by more than one person rather than a single supreme rank for the head of the U.S. Army.", "John J. Pershing. In 1944, with Congress' creation of the five star rank of General of the Army, Pershing was still considered to be the highest-ranking officer of the United States military as his rank was General of the Armies. \"In [1799] Congress created for George Washington the rank of General of the Armies ... General [Ulysses S.] Grant received the title of General of the Army in 1866 .... Carefully Congress wrote a bill (HR 7594) to revive the rank of General of the Armies for General Pershing alone to hold during his lifetime. The rank would cease to exist upon Pershing's death.\" Later, when asked if this made Pershing a five-star general, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson commented that it did not, since Pershing never wore more than four stars, but that Pershing was still to be considered senior to the present five-star generals of World War II.[89]", "Five-star rank. Five-star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank.[8] US officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life.[9] The five-star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley.[8]", "General of the Armies. Stimson's answer was very carefully worded and nowhere did he ever actually state that Pershing held six-star rank. The situation with Pershing was seemingly solved, but the matter of a six-star general in the United States military would reappear in only a few months during the summer of 1945 at which time Douglas MacArthur was proposed for promotion to General of the Armies. Efforts to promote MacArthur, although never successful, would continue for the next twenty years and lapse only with his death in 1964.", "Five-star rank. Before the five-star ranks were established in 1944, two officers had previously been promoted from their four-star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies: Admiral George Dewey (appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899, died 1917) and General John J. Pershing (appointed 1919, died 1948). In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five-star ranks within their services (but it was not clear if they were senior by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank).", "Five-star rank. Typically, five-star officers hold the rank of general of the army, admiral of the fleet, field marshal, marshal of the air force, general of the air force, and several other similarly named ranks. Five-star ranks are extremely senior—usually the highest ranks. As an active rank, the position exists only in a minority of countries and is usually held by only a very few officers during wartime. In times of peace, it is usually held only as an honorary rank.", "General of the Army (United States). In the 1990s, there were proposals in U.S. Department of Defense academic circles to bestow a five-star rank on the office of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[27][28][29]", "General of the Army (United States). No officers have been appointed to the rank of General of the Army since Omar Bradley.[21] The rank of General of the Army is still maintained as a rank of the U.S. military, and could again be bestowed, most likely during a time of major war, pending approval of the United States Senate. United States military policy since the creation of a fifth star in World War II has been to award it only when a commander of U.S. forces must be equal to or of higher rank than commanders of armies from another nation under his control.[22] However, the President with consent from the Senate may award a fifth star at any time they see fit.[23][24]", "General of the Army (United States). As recently as the late 2000s, some commentators proposed that the military leader in the Global War on Terrorism be promoted to a five-star rank.[34] In January 2011, the founders of the Vets for Freedom political advocacy group published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal calling for David Petraeus to be awarded a fifth star in recognition of his work and the importance of his mission.[35] Earlier, in July 2010, D.B. Grady wrote an article in The Atlantic supporting the same promotion.[36]", "General of the Army (United States). In contrast to the modern four-star rank of general, only one officer at a time could hold the 1866–1888 rank of General of the Army. (For a few months in 1885 as he was dying, Grant was accorded a special honor and his rank was restored by Congressional legislation).", "George Marshall. On December 16, 1944, Marshall became the first American Army general to be promoted to five-star rank, the newly created General of the Army – the American equivalent rank to field marshal. He was the second American to be promoted to a five-star rank, as William Leahy was promoted to fleet admiral the previous day.", "List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals. On November 22, 1985, General George B. Crist was promoted to four-star rank and on November 27, he assumed the position of Commander in Chief of U.S. Central Command at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. His appointment marked the first time a Marine headed a unified command and the first time the Corps had three four-star generals on active duty at the same time. Since 1985, a number of Marines have served in joint positions holding four-star rank, and it is no longer uncommon for the Corps to have four or five four-star generals on active duty at the same time.", "Five-star rank. Despite the rarity and seniority of five-star officers, even more senior ranks have been adopted in the United States, namely, admiral of the navy and general of the armies. Other names for highly senior ranks from the twentieth century include généralissime (France), generalisimo (Spain) and generalissimus (USSR).", "List of United States Air Force four-star generals. The modern rank of general was established by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, which authorized the President to designate certain positions of importance to carry that rank. Officers appointed to such positions bear temporary four-star rank while so serving, and are allowed to retire at that rank if their performance is judged satisfactory.[21] The total number of active-duty four-star generals in the Air Force is limited to a fixed percentage of the number of Air Force general officers serving at all ranks.[22]", "General of the Armies. As this proposal to promote MacArthur was simply \"on the drawing board\", the United States Army firmly stated for the next twenty years that there was never an officially recognized six-star general rank in the United States military hierarchy. John Pershing's status also remained in a very gray area, in particular because of the vague statements made by Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, and the fact that Pershing was never on active duty at the same time as a five-star General of the Army.[6]", "General of the Army (United States). As the logistics and military leadership requirements of World War II escalated after the June 1944 Normandy Landings, the United States government created a new version of General of the Army. The five-star rank and authority of General of the Army and equivalent naval fleet admiral was created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis when Pub.L. 78–482 was passed on 14 December 1944,[6][7] as a temporary rank, subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war. The temporary rank was then declared permanent 23 March 1946 by Pub.L. 79–333, which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list.[8][9] It was created to give the most senior American commanders parity of rank with their British counterparts holding the ranks of field marshal and admiral of the fleet. This second General of the Army rank is not the same as the post-Civil War era version because of its purpose and five stars.", "General of the Armies. After the close of the First World War, the highest active grade in the U.S. Army again became major general, with all lieutenant generals and generals (except for Pershing) reverted to this permanent rank of major general.[3] Pershing then retired from the United States Army on September 13, 1924, and retained his rank on the U.S. Army retirement rolls until his death in 1948.[4] Four-star generals were reauthorized in 1929, starting with Charles Pelot Summerall. Pershing at this time was no longer on active duty, but his rank was regarded as senior to a full general outside the regular promotion tier.", "General of the Armies. Upon the death of Omar Bradley in 1981, Congress considered a special recognition to commemorate the passing of the last of the Second World War five star officers. Six weeks after Bradley's death, the House Armed Services Committee sent a letter to the Institute of Heraldry and the Army requesting to know the feasibility of promoting Bradley to the rank of six star general.[21] A brief was issued which repeated much of the concerns raised in 1964 when Douglas MacArthur had been considered posthumously for the rank.", "General (United States). Four-star grades go hand-in-hand with the positions of office to which they are linked; the active rank of four-star general can only be held for so long- though upon retirement, if satisfactory service requirements are met, the general or admiral is normally allowed to hold that rank in retirement, rather than reverting to a lower position, as was formerly usually the case.[7] Their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute.[7] Generals are nominated for appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above who meet the requirements for the position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, service secretary (Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, or Secretary of the Air Force), and if applicable the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[7] For some positions, statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests.[8] The nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank.[7] Four-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare. The standard tour for most four-star positions is three years, bundled as a two-year term plus a one-year extension, with the following exceptions:", "Dwight D. Eisenhower. On December 20, 1944, Eisenhower was appointed to the rank of General of the Army, placing him in the company of George Marshall, Henry \"Hap\" Arnold, and Douglas MacArthur, the only four men to achieve the rank in World War Two, and along with Omar Bradley, one of only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888 death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank as a Five-star general. The rank was created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis when Public Law 78-482 was passed on December 14, 1944,[262] as a temporary rank, subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war. The temporary rank was then declared permanent March 23, 1946 by Public Law 333 of the 79th Congress, which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list.[263][264] It was created to give the most senior American commanders parity of rank with their British counterparts holding the ranks of field marshal and admiral of the fleet. This second General of the Army rank is not the same as the post-Civil War era version because of its purpose and five stars.", "Military rank. In various countries, particularly the United States, these may be referred to as \"star ranks\" for the number of stars worn on some rank insignia: typically one-star for brigadier general or equivalent with the addition of a star for each subsequent rank. In the United States, five stars has been the highest rank regularly attainable (excluding the Marines and Coast Guard, which have traditionally served as branches of the Navy in times of war and thus under the command of a Fleet Admiral). There also exists the specialty ranks of General of the Armies of the United States and Admiral of the Navy which at their inception were considered senior four star officers but came to be considered six-star rank after the creation of five star officers. To date only one other officer has held a six star rank in their lifetime, John J. Pershing while George Washington was posthumously promoted to the post in 1976. Additionally, Admiral George Dewey was promoted to Admiral of the Navy but died well before statute made it senior to an Admiral of the Fleet upon the latter's inception.", "General of the Armies. At the beginning of August 1945, a member of MacArthur's staff drew a single sketch of a five star general insignia superimposed in its center with a sixth star of rank.[17] This sketch was the first known design for a \"six star general\" insignia, but was never seriously considered since, just a few weeks later, the proposal for MacArthur's promotion was dropped.[18] The United States Army formally closed the file on MacArthur's promotion on August 18, 1945, four days after Japan's surrender announcement which rendered the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands unnecessary. MacArthur's service record was then annotated that the promotion package had been closed due to \"lack of necessity for such a rank\".[19]", "General of the Armies. General of the Armies Pershing was still living during World War II, although he was very elderly. Nevertheless, the question was immediately raised by both the media and the public as to whether Pershing's rank \"fit in\" with the new five-star position. The situation was touchy from a diplomatic viewpoint, since the five-star General of the Army rank had been created largely to give American officers equal rank with British Army field marshals. The United States government was very hesitant to declare that Pershing held a senior rank to General of the Army, since this would elevate him to six-star status, the same as a grand marshal or generalissimo in Europe and possibly offend not only the British but also the French.", "United States Air Force officer rank insignia. The five-star grade General of the Air Force has only been held by General of the Air Force Henry H. Arnold. Federal law currently contains no provisions to promote an officer to five-star grade.", "General of the Armies. In the early 1950s, supporters of Douglas MacArthur began to petition the United States government to authorize a \"promotion\" to the rank of General of the Armies. MacArthur was at this time a retired five-star general and, with the movement to promote him, it was clear that (Army regulations notwithstanding) the general public felt that the rank of General of the Armies was a six-star position.", "Five-star rank. Only one Australian born officer (Sir Thomas Blamey) has held a substantive Australian five-star rank (field marshal).[nb 2] HM King George VI and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh have held all three Australian five-star ranks in an honorary capacity, and have been the only holders of the Australian ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the RAAF.", "Five-star rank. A five-star rank is a very senior military rank, first established in the United States in 1944, with a five-star insignia,[1] and corresponding ranks in other countries. The rank is that of the most senior operational military commanders, and within NATO's \"standard rank scale\" it is designated by the code OF-10.", "General of the Army (United States). The timing of the first four appointments was coordinated with the appointments of the U.S. Navy's first three five-star fleet admirals (William D. Leahy on December 15, 1944, Ernest J. King on December 17, 1944, and Chester W. Nimitz on December 19, 1944) to establish both an order of seniority among the generals and a near-equivalence between the services. The final naval appointment of five-star rank was that of William Halsey Jr. on December 11, 1945.", "General of the Army (United States). When the five-star rank of General of the Army was introduced, it was decided that General Pershing, who was still living, would be superior in rank to all the newly appointed Generals of the Army. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was asked whether Pershing was therefore a five-star general (at that time the highest rank was a four-star general). Stimson stated:", "Curtis LeMay. Curtis LeMay retired from the United States Air Force on February 1, 1965 with the rank of full (four star) general.[64]", "Curtis LeMay. Upon receiving his fourth star in 1951 at age 44, LeMay became the youngest four-star general in American history since Ulysses S. Grant and was the youngest four-star general in modern history as well as the longest serving in that rank.[32] In 1956 and 1957 LeMay implemented tests of 24-hour bomber and tanker alerts, keeping some bomber forces ready at all times. LeMay headed SAC until 1957, overseeing its transformation into a modern, efficient, all-jet force. LeMay's tenure was the longest over an American military command in nearly 100 years.[33]" ]

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[ "World Environment Day. The Slogan of the 2015 edition of the World Environment Day is \"Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care\". The slogan was picked through a voting process on social media.[7][8] In Saudi Arabia, 15 women recycled 2000 plastic bags to crochet a mural in support of the WED 2015.[9] In India, Narendra Modi planted a Kadamb sapling to celebrate the World Environment Day and raise awareness for Environment.[10][11] Italy is the host country of the 43rd edition of the WED. The celebrations took place as part of Milan Expo around the theme: Feeding the Planet - Energy for Life.[12]", "World Environment Day. The theme for the 2005 World Environment Day was \"Green Cities\" and the slogan was \"Plan for the Planet!\".[26]", "World Environment Day. The Theme of the 2014 WED is : International Year of Small Islands Developing States (SIDS). By choosing this Theme the UN General Assembly aimed to highlight the development Challenges and successes of the SIDS. In 2014, the World Environment Day focused on global warming and its impact on ocean levels.[13] The Slogan of the WED 2014 is \"Raise your voice not the sea level\", as Barbados hosted the global celebrations of the 42nd edition of the World Environment Day.[14][15] The UN Environement Programme named actor Ian Somerhalder as the official Goodwill ambassador of the WED 2014.[16]", "World Environment Day. The slogan emphasised the importance of protecting drylands. The main international celebrations of the World Environment Day 2006 were held in Algeria.", "World Environment Day. World Environment Day (WED) occurs on 5 June every year, and is the United Nations' principal vehicle for encouraging worldwide awareness and action for the protection of our environment. First held in 1974, it has been a flagship campaign for raising awareness on emerging environmental issues from marine pollution, human overpopulation, and global warming, to sustainable consumption and wildlife crime. WED has grown to become a global platform for public outreach, with participation from over 143 countries annually. Each year, WED has a new theme that major corporations, NGOs, communities, governments and celebrities worldwide adopt to advocate environmental causes.", "World Environment Day. The topic for WED 2006 was Deserts and Desertification and the slogan was \"Don't desert drylands\".", "World Environment Day. The host for World Environment Day 2008 was New Zealand, with the main international celebrations scheduled for Wellington. The slogan for 2008 was \"CO2, Kick the Habit! Towards a Low Carbon Economy.\" New Zealand was one of the first countries to pledge to achieve carbon neutrality, and will also focus on forest management as a tool for reducing greenhouse gases.[23]", "World Environment Day. The theme for this year is 'Beat Plastic Pollution'.The host nation is India.[2]", "Plastic pollution. Every year, June 5 is observed as World Environment Day to raise awareness and increase government action on the pressing issue. In 2018, India is the host to this year’s World Environment Day and the theme is ‘Beat Plastic Pollution' with focus on single-use or disposable plastic. The Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India invited people to take care of their Green Social Responsibility and urged them to take up Green Good Deeds in everyday life.", "World Environment Day. 'Many Species. One Planet. One Future', was the theme of 2010.", "World Environment Day. For almost five decades, World Environment Day has been raising awareness, supporting action, and driving change. Here is a timeline of key accomplishments in WEDs’ history:", "World Environment Day. World Environment Day [WED] was established by the UN General Assembly in 1972[1] on the first day of Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, resulting from discussions on the integration of human interactions and the environment. Two years later, in 1974 the first WED was held with the theme \"Only One Earth\". Even though WED celebration have been held annually since 1974, in 1987 the idea for rotating the center of these activities through selecting different host countries began.", "World Environment Day. The theme for WED 2009 was 'Your Planet Needs You – UNite to Combat Climate Change', and Michael Jackson's 'Earth Song' was declared 'World Environment Day Song'. It was hosted in Mexico.[22]", "World Environment Day. The 2013 theme for World Environment Day was Think.Eat.Save.[17]", "World Environment Day. The theme aimed to invite people to examine their activities and lifestyle and see how the concept of a \"Green Economy\" fits into it. The host country for the year's celebrations was Brazil.[18]", "World Environment Day. An Earth Anthem penned by poet Abhay K is sung to celebrate World Environment Day.[28]", "Earth Day. The first Earth Day celebrations took place in two thousand colleges and universities, roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools, and hundreds of communities across the United States. More importantly, it \"brought 20 million Americans out into the spring sunshine for peaceful demonstrations in favor of environmental reform.\"[14] It now is observed in 192 countries, and coordinated by the nonprofit Earth Day Network, chaired by the first Earth Day 1970 organizer Denis Hayes, according to whom Earth Day is now \"the largest secular holiday in the world, celebrated by more than a billion people every year.\"[15] Walt Kelly created an anti-pollution poster featuring his comic strip character Pogo with the quotation \"We have met the enemy and he is us\" to promote the 1970 Earth Day. Environmental groups have sought to make Earth Day into a day of action to change human behavior and provoke policy changes.[16]", "Earth Hour. Earth Hour 2015 took place on Saturday, March 28, again between 8:30 and 9:30 pm local time.[58] The tagline for the global campaign was \"Change Climate Change\", returning to the movement's original focus to initiate citizen action on global warming. A day before the event, over 170 countries and territories had confirmed their participation; with more than 1200 landmarks and close to 40 UNESCO world heritage sites set for the switch off.[59]", "World Environment Day. World Environment Day celebrations have been (and will be) hosted in the following cities:[27]", "World Environment Day. The campaign addressed the huge annual wastage and losses in food, which, if conserved, would release a large quantity of food as well as reduce the overall carbon footprint. The campaign aimed to bring about awareness in countries with lifestyles resulting in food wastage. It also aimed to empower people to make informed choices about the food they eat so as to reduce the overall ecological impact due to the worldwide production of food.[17].The host country for the year's celebrations was Mongolia.", "World Environment Day. The theme for the 2012 World Environment Day was Green Economy: Does it include you?[18]", "World Environment Day. It was launched in June 2013 on the occasion of the World Environment Day by Kapil Sibal and Shashi Tharoor, then Union Ministers of India, at a function organized by the Indian Council of Cultural Relations in New Delhi.[30] It is supported by the global organization Habitat For Humanity.[31]", "World Environment Day. The theme for 2017 is 'Connecting People to Nature – in the city and on the land, from the poles to the equator'. The host nation is Canada.[3]", "World Water Day. With the theme ‘Water and Sustainable Development’, the year 2015 provided an important opportunity to consolidate and build upon the previous World Water Days to highlight water's role in the sustainable development agenda.[20] The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were to have been achieved by 2015, so the year lent itself to discussions of the post-MDG period and aspirations for water and sustainable development. With the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), world Water Day gave specific emphasis to SDG 6, which calls for water and sanitation for all, by encouraging discussion of how SDG 6 could be achieved by 2030.[2]", "World Oceans Day. The World Oceans Day 2014 theme was \"Together we have the power to protect the ocean\", and focused on raising awareness and promoting personal and community action in fun and positive ways, leading to a more aware, engaged, and sustainable society, and a healthier ocean.[17][18][19][20] More than 700 events took place.", "World Environment Day. The 2016 WED was organized under the theme \"Go wild for life\". This edition of the WED aims to reduce and prevent the illegal trade in wildlife.[4] Angola was chosen as the host country of the 2016 WED during the COP21 in Paris.[5][6]", "World Environment Day. Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl the most beautiful planet in the universe all the continents and the oceans of the world united we stand as flora and fauna united we stand as species of one earth black, brown, white, different colours . we are humans, the earth is our home.", "World Water Day. Previous themes for the years 2015 to 2017 were \"Water and Sustainable Development\", \"Water and Jobs'\" and \"Why waste water?\" (which included aspects of wastewater and reuse). The focus on universal access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is in line with the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6.", "World Oceans Day. The theme for World Oceans Day 2016 was \"Healthy Oceans, Healthy Planet.\"[9] World Oceans Day 2016 was celebrated in over 100 countries with over 700 registered events. World Oceans Day trended second on Twitter. Instagram posts about World Oceans Day reached over 290 million people, and over 65 million people were reached on Twitter. Celebrities like Richard Branson, Ellie Goulding, Pharrell Williams, Adrian Grenier, Nelson Mandela and more shared photos and tweeted their support for our oceans. Notable organizations such as the United Nations, CNN, National Geographic, LIFE, the White House and more joined in spreading messages of ocean conservation.[10]", "International Women's Day. The UN theme for International Women's Day 2015 was \"Empowering Women, Empowering Humanity: Picture it!\".[35] Governments and activists around the world will commemorate the 20th anniversary year of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, an historic roadmap that sets the agenda for realizing women's rights.[36]", "World Oceans Day. The world celebrated \"Healthy oceans, healthy planet\" in the first year of a two-year theme for World Oceans Day.[14][15][16] Nearly 1,000 events were held at aquariums, zoos, museums, recreational centers, youth clubs, schools, businesses, and countless individuals marked the day by doing something to keep our ocean healthy. Thousands took The Better Bag Challenge for World Oceans Day – promising to use reusable bags rather than disposable plastic bags for a year to help address the problem of marine debris.", "World Environment Day. Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl the most beautiful planet in the universe all the people and the nations of the world all for one and one for all united we unfurl the blue marble flag black, brown, white, different colours we are humans, the earth is our home.[29]" ]

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[ "First Transcontinental Railroad. To finance the project, the act authorized the federal government to issue 30-year U.S. government bonds (at 6% interest). The railroad companies were paid $16,000/mile (approximately $436,000 today) for track laid on a level grade, $32,000/mile (about $872,000 today) for track laid in foothills, and $48,000/mile (or about $1,307,000 today) for track laid in mountains. The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company-backed bonds and stock.[33]", "John A. Macdonald. The transcontinental railroad project was heavily subsidised by the government. The CPR was granted 25,000,000 acres (100,000 km2; 39,000 sq mi) of land along the route of the railroad, and $25,000,000 from the government. In addition, the government was pledged to build $32,000,000 of other railways to support the CPR. The entire project was extremely costly, especially for a nation with only 4.1 million people in 1881.[133] Between 1880 and 1885, as the railway was slowly built, the CPR repeatedly came close to financial ruin. Not only was the terrain in the Rocky Mountains difficult, the route north of Lake Superior proved treacherous, as tracks and engines sank into the muskeg.[134] When Canadian guarantees of the CPR's bonds failed to make them salable in a declining economy, Macdonald obtained a loan to the corporation from the Treasury—the bill authorizing it passed the Senate just before the firm would have become insolvent.[135]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government-guaranteed bonds (granted per mile of completed track) to interested investors. The Federal donation of right-of-way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others. The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad. The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government-granted land, as well as prospective passenger and freight income. Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained. Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans (including two generals) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War. After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team, the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors. Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on-the-job training, knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done. After the key personnel were hired, the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor. The engineering team's main job was to tell the workers where to go, what to do, how to do it, and provide the construction material they would need to get it done.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work. Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000. Under Durant's guidance, Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work (thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad). The process mired down Union Pacific work.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock, the UP had problems selling its stock. One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young, who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah.[34] Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names. This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock. The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant. Durant's railroad was paid by the mile, and to further inflate its profits, the UP built oxbows of unneeded track, and by July 4, 1865, it had only reached 40 miles (64 km) from Omaha after 2½ years of construction.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly-settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation. If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years, they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads: $1.25 per 1 acre (0.40 ha). If they failed to repay the bonds, all remaining railroad property, including trains and tracks, would revert to the U.S. government.[citation needed] To encourage settlement in the west, Congress (1861–1863) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres (65 ha) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land. This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west.[citation needed]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. After 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad, along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco. The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads, but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor. Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture. The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers, many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China.[citation needed] When they proved themselves as workers, the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese, and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton.[43] Despite their small stature[44] and lack of experience, the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor, since only a very limited amount of that work that could be done by animals, simple machines, or black powder. The railroad also hired some black people[45] escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War. Most of the black and white workers were paid $30.00/month and given food and lodging. Most Chinese were initially paid $31.00/month and provided lodging, but they preferred to cook their own meals. In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35.00/month after a strike.[43][46][47]", "Farmers' Alliance. The quest to achieve a First Transcontinental Railroad across the U.S. was delayed somewhat by the American Civil War before being finally completed in May 1869. There followed a rush to complete additional railway lines to open up new frontier areas for economic development, a situation in which the United States government and the great railroad companies of the day maintained a common interest. Rather than directly undertaking railroad construction as a public works project of the federal government, Congress granted cash loans and grants of public land to subsidize construction.[1] Some 129 million acres (52.2 million hectares) of public land was ultimately transferred from public ownership to the privately owned railways as part of this process.[2]", "American frontier. In the 1850s proposals to build a transcontinental failed because of Congressional disputes over slavery. With the secession of the Confederate states in 1861, the modernizers in the Republican party took over Congress and wanted a line to link to California. Private companies were to build and operate the line. Construction would be done by unskilled laborers who would live in temporary camps along the way. Immigrants from China and Ireland did most of the construction work. Theodore Judah, the chief engineer of the Central Pacific surveyed the route from San Francisco east. Judah's tireless lobbying efforts in Washington were largely responsible for the passage of the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act, which authorized construction of both the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific (which built west from Omaha).[141] In 1862 four rich San Francisco merchants (Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins) took charge, with Crocker in charge of construction. The line was completed in May 1869. Coast-to-coast passenger travel in 8 days now replaced wagon trains or sea voyages that took 6 to 10 months and cost much more.", "American frontier. Six transcontinental railroads were built in the Gilded Age (plus two in Canada); they opened up the West to farmers and ranchers. From north to south they were the Northern Pacific, Milwaukee Road, and Great Northern along the Canada–US border; the Union Pacific/Central Pacific in the middle, and to the south the Santa Fe, and the Southern Pacific. All but the Great Northern of James J. Hill relied on land grants. The financial stories were often complex. For example, the Northern Pacific received its major land grant in 1864. Financier Jay Cooke (1821–1905) was in charge until 1873, when he went bankrupt. Federal courts, however, kept bankrupt railroads in operation. In 1881 Henry Villard (1835–1900) took over and finally completed the line to Seattle. But the line went bankrupt in the Panic of 1893 and Hill took it over. He then merged several lines with financing from J.P. Morgan, but President Theodore Roosevelt broke them up in 1904.[147]", "Crédit Mobilier of America scandal. The federal government in 1864–1868 had authorized and chartered the Union Pacific Railroad and provided it with capital of $100 million, to complete a transcontinental line west from the Missouri River to the Pacific coast. The federal government offered to assist the railroad with a loan of $16,000 to $48,000 per mile, according to location, for a total of more than $60 million in all, and a land grant of 20 million acres, worth $50 to $100 million. The offer initially attracted no subscribers for additional financing, as the conditions were financially daunting.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies, as well as many recent immigrants. Brigham Young, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah. Church members built most of the road through Utah.[76] Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon. The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont, Wyoming until he paid them for their work. Representatives of Brigham Young had less success, and failed in court to force him to honor the contract.[77]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel.[30] Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20. Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1. It authorized creation of two companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad. The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa, west to Sacramento, California, and on to San Francisco Bay.[31] A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864.[32]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. Collis Huntington, a Sacramento hardware merchant, heard Judah's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860. He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail. Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others: Mark Hopkins, his business partner; James Bailey, a jeweler; Leland Stanford, a grocer; and Charles Crocker, a dry-goods merchant. They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors. These investors became known as The Big Four, and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad. Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability. The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves. Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government, the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months, possibly years. They determined to make a profit on the construction itself. Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project, and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures. This self-dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies. In the west, the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company, the \"Contract and Finance Company.\" In the east, the Union Pacific selected an foreign name, calling their construction firm \"Crédit Mobilier of America.\"[33] The latter company was later implicated in a far-reaching scandal, described later.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant,[91] who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge. Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land, and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings. He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled, Crédit Mobilier, manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune. Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss.[citation needed]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific. First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works, while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad. Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific, at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices. It's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts.[35]", "Gadsden Purchase. In January 1845 Asa Whitney of New York state presented the United States Congress with the first plan to construct a transcontinental railroad. Although Congress took no action on his proposal, a commercial convention of 1845 in Memphis took up the issue. Prominent attendees included John C. Calhoun, Clement C. Clay, Sr., John Bell, William Gwin, and Edmund P. Gaines, but it was James Gadsden of South Carolina who was influential in the convention's recommending a southern route for the proposed railroad. The route was to begin in Texas and end in San Diego or Mazatlán. Southerners hoped that such a route would ensure southern prosperity while opening the “West to southern influence and settlement\".[5]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad.", "Central Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. These were all eventually repaid with interest.[2] The government and the railroads both shared in the increased value of the land grants, which the railroads developed.[3] The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical \"safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, and public stores.\"[4]", "Rail transportation in the United States. Authorized by the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 and heavily backed by the federal government, the first transcontinental railroad was the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line and was one of the crowning achievements of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, completed four years after his death. The building of the railroad required enormous feats of engineering and labor in the crossing of plains and high mountains by the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and Central Pacific Railroad, the two federally chartered enterprises that built the line westward and eastward respectively.[12] The building of the railroad was motivated in part to bind the Union together during the strife of the American Civil War. It substantially accelerated the populating of the West by white homesteaders, led to rapid cultivation of new farm lands. The Central Pacific and the Southern Pacific Railroad combined operations in 1870 and formally merged in 1885; the Union Pacific originally bought the Southern Pacific in 1901 and was forced to divest it in 1913, but took it over again in 1996.", "Denver. Although by the close of the 1860s, Denver residents could look with pride at their success establishing a vibrant supply and service center, the decision to route the nation's first transcontinental railroad through Cheyenne, rather than Denver, threatened the prosperity of the young town. A daunting 100 miles away, citizens mobilized to build a railroad to connect Denver to the transcontinental railroad. Spearheaded by visionary leaders including Territorial Governor John Evans, David Moffat, and Walter Cheesman, fundraising began. Within three days, $300,000 had been raised, and citizens were optimistic. Fundraising stalled before enough was raised, forcing these visionary leaders to take control of the debt-ridden railroad. Despite challenges, on June 24, 1870, citizens cheered as the Denver Pacific completed the link to the transcontinental railroad, ushering in a new age of prosperity for Denver.[25]", "Gadsden Purchase. The Memphis commercial convention of 1849 recommended that the United States pursue the trans-isthmus route, since it appeared unlikely that a transcontinental railroad would be built anytime soon. Interests in Louisiana were especially adamant about this option, as they believed that any transcontinental railroad would divert commercial traffic away from the Mississippi and New Orleans, and they at least wanted to secure a southern route. Also showing interest was Peter A. Hargous of New York who ran an import-export business between New York and Vera Cruz. Hargous purchased the rights to the route for $25,000 ($700,000 today), but realized that the grant had little value unless it was supported by the Mexican and American governments.[21]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies, the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad. The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election, 1872, which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age. It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it.", "Economic history of the United States. The Pacific Railroad Acts financed several transcontinental railroads by granting land directly to corporations for the first time. In addition to operating revenues, railroads were able to finance networks crossing vast distances by selling granted property adjacent to the tracks; these would become highly desirable plots for new settlers and businesses because of the easy access to long-distance transportation.", "First Transcontinental Railroad. One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility.[27]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the \"Pacific Railroad\" and later as the \"Overland Route\") was a 1,912-mile (3,077 km) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.[1] The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants.[2] Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds.[3][4][5][N 1] The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi (212 km) of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed 690 mi (1,110 km) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi (1,746 km) from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit.[7][8][9]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific.[citation needed]", "Transcontinental railroad. The transcontinental railroad provided fast, safe, and cheap aftravel. The fare for a one-week trip from Omaha to San Francisco on an emigrant sleeping car was about $65 for an adult. It replaced most of the far slower and more hazardous stagecoach lines and wagon trains. The number of emigrants taking the Oregon and California Trails declined dramatically. The sale of the railroad land grant lands and the transport provided for timber and crops led to the rapid settling of the \"Great American Desert\".[4]", "American frontier. In 1861 Congress passed the Land-Grant Telegraph Act which financed the construction of Western Union's transcontinental telegraph lines. Hiram Sibley, Western Union's head, negotiated exclusive agreements with railroads to run telegraph lines along their right-of-way. Eight years before the transcontinental railroad opened, the First Transcontinental Telegraph linked Omaha, Nebraska and San Francisco (and points in-between) on October 24, 1861.[112] The Pony Express ended in just 18 months because it could not compete with the telegraph.[113]", "First Transcontinental Railroad. In 1852, Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad, the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River. Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville, California were depleted, Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East.[29]", "American frontier. The road was built with mortgages from New York, Boston and London, backed by land grants. There were no federal cash subsidies, But there was a loan to the Central Pacific that was eventually repaid at six percent interest. The federal government offered land-grants in a checkerboard pattern. The railroad sold every-other square, with the government opening its half to homesteaders. The government also loaned money—later repaid—at $16,000 per mile on level stretches, and $32,000 to $48,000 in mountainous terrain. Local and state governments also aided the financing." ]

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[ "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). The track was written by Stefani, Justin Tranter, Shelton, and Michael Busbee while production was handled by Busbee and Eric Valentine.[2][8]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" runs for 2 minutes and 37 seconds.[7] Megan Armstrong from Billboard described the single as a mix of both \"Stefani's pop style\" and \"Shelton's country roots\", although she felt it emphasized the former rather than the latter.[9] A Christmas tune, the duet was described as \"an upbeat, old-timey, country-esque Yuletide song\" by Noisey's Alex Robert Ross.[10] In the chorus, Stefani and Shelton sing: \"Sleigh bells singing 'Hallelujah' / Stars are shining on us too / I want to thank you, baby / You make it feel like Christmas\".[5]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. All songs produced by busbee and Eric Valentine.[55]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" is a song recorded by American singer Gwen Stefani for her 2017 holiday album of the same name. It features guest vocals from Blake Shelton and was released on September 22, 2017 as the album's lead single through Interscope. The track was written by Stefani, Justin Tranter, Shelton and Michael Busbee, while production was handled by Busbee and Eric Valentine. It has been used in Starbucks' \"Togetherness\" commercial to promote its Christmas campaign.", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. You Make It Feel Like Christmas is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani. The album, which is Stefani's first full-length Christmas-themed album, was released on October 6, 2017, by Interscope Records. You Make It Feel Like Christmas consists of twelve tracks, featuring six co-penned original songs and six cover versions of Christmas standards. The album was produced by Eric Valentine and executively produced by Stefani and busbee. Information regarding supposed song titles were leaked in August 2017, leading the public to believe she was recording a holiday album. She confirmed the news the following month and announced the project's release date.", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\", the album's title track, features guest vocals and a songwriting credit from Shelton.[12] Musically, it is a blend of \"Stefani's pop style\" and \"Shelton's country roots\", although it focuses on the former quality.[13] On \"Never Kissed Anyone with Blue Eyes Before You\", Stefani sings about the most romantic moments regarding her relationship with Shelton.[14]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. The album's tracks were produced by busbee and Valentine.[8] Rachel McRady from Entertainment Tonight claimed that Stefani's holiday album contains \"old classics and new romantic odes, packed with plenty of Blake Shelton references\" alluding to her romantic life. Jon Pareles from The New York Times noted that the singer gives a \"luxury retro treatment\" to the album's twelve songs with the addition of \"horns, strings, backup singers\".[9]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani found Stefani's holiday album to lean towards the \"traditional Yuletide fare\" rather than the \"more contemporary sound\" as heard by musicians in recent years. He also found the singer to be \"affectionately loyal to the [Christmas] standards\", but found that her covers of \"Silent Night\" and \"Let It Snow\" were unnecessary. Overall, he also rated the album three out of five stars.[39]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). Ryan Reed of Rolling Stone said the Christmas song recalled \"the chug of The Supremes' 1966 hit 'You Can't Hurry Love'\" while the staff at Entertainment Weekly called the song infectious.[8][11] Mike Nied from Idolator suggested that Stefani and Shelton's track \"may have something that will live up to Mariah Carey’s defining classic 'All I Want For Christmas Is You'\".[12]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" has been used in Starbucks' commercial to promote its Christmas campaign.[16] The song was also featured in the movie A Bad Moms Christmas.", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. All of the songs on You Make It Feel Like Christmas reached the Holiday Digital Songs and Holiday Digital Song Sales charts in the United States, peaking at the same positions on both charts as well. Of the ten previously unreleased songs on the record, \"My Gift Is You\", \"Last Christmas\", and \"Jingle Bells\" all reached the top ten, charting at numbers six, eight, and nine, respectively. For the remaining original compositions, \"Under the Christmas Lights\" peaked at number 16, \"Christmas Eve\" peaked at number 20, \"When I Was a Little Girl\" peaked at number 25, and \"Never Kissed Anyone with Blue Eyes Before You\" peaked at number 46. Her covers of \"Let It Snow\", \"White Christmas\", and \"Silent Night\" charted at positions 22, 27, and 33, respectively.[35][36] In December, the singer's cover of \"Jingle Bells\" was distributed to holiday radio playlists, allowing it to peak at number 5 on Canada's Adult Contemporary chart in December 2017.[53] The song was also included on the official soundtrack to the 2017 film A Bad Moms Christmas.[54]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. According to McRady, the album's third track, \"My Gift Is You\", is the most candid song on You Make It Feel Like Christmas.[10] Lyrically, Stefani sings about \"disregard[ing] material possessions [in favor of] Christmas\" while \"flaunt[ing] her newfound love with [Shelton]\".[11]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. AllMusic's senior editor, Stephen Thomas Erlewine awarded the album three out of five stars. He enjoyed that the record featured a variety of new material, but claimed that the inclusion of \"When I Was a Little Girl\", \"My Gift Is You\", and \"Never Kissed Anyone with Blue Eyes Before You\" was unusual because the tracks \"do [not] feel strictly seasonal\"; however, Erlewine insisted that \"the moments that work have a coquettish charm that is appealing, which is reason enough to warrant a listen\".[15] Providing it the same star rating, Allan Raible from ABC News likened the \"old-school light\" that Stefani sheds on the record and lauded \"Never Kissed Anyone with Blue Eyes Before You\", \"White Christmas\", and \"My Gift Is You\" as the album's three \"focus tracks\". He added: \"Mostly, You Make It Feel Like Christmas sounds like it was a fun record to make. Stefani sounds more animated than has in recent years. Hopefully, this burst of energy will still be present on her next proper solo album.\"[38]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. On September 21, 2017, Stefani stated that the album's title track would be released as the album's lead single to coincide with the chance for her fans to pre-order the parent album.[26] The following day, \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" was distributed to digital outlets.[27] On November 1 of the same year, a lyric video featuring images of the artwork used in the album's liner notes was uploaded to Stefani's official Vevo page.[28] Due to digital download sales, the song peaked on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which serves as an extension to the Billboard Hot 100, at number two.[29] It also entered the charts in Belgium,[30] Scotland,[31] the United Kingdom,[32] and the Adult Contemporary chart in the United States where it became Stefani's second-most successful entry as a solo artist, only behind 2007's \"The Sweet Escape\".[33]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). Stereogum's Tom Breihan called the track \"a knowingly silly love song\" but claimed that \"it’s nowhere near the standards of 'Oi To The World!'\", a holiday song by The Vandals that Stefani in No Doubt had covered in 1997.[13] Noisey's Alex Robert Ross was divided, calling it \"almost quite fun if you live somewhere unnaturally cold during the fall\".[10]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). In July 2017, Stefani shared that she had been active in studio recording sessions and planned to release some of her new material before the end of the year.[1] The title of the track was first shared on August 2, 2017 when it appeared as a published song on GEMA's official website.[2] Because of the registered song title, several music critics suggested that Stefani may be recording a holiday album.[3] On September 18 of the same year, the singer took to her social media accounts and claimed that she \"had something big planned for the holidays\" and would release more information later that week. Following the announcement, she revealed the track listing and album title for You Make It Feel Like Christmas, a collection of classic Christmas songs and newly recorded tracks.[4] Stefani then stated that \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" would be released as the album's lead single to coincide with the chance for her fans to pre-order the parent album.[5] The song was then distributed as a digital download on September 22, 2017 through Stefani's record label, Interscope.[6][7]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" debuted and peaked at number 55 in Germany, becoming Stefani's first entry on chart since 2014's single \"Baby Don't Lie\" and Shelton's first entry.", "My Gift Is You. As a whole, You Make It Feel Like Christmas contains various songs alluding to Stefani's relationship with boyfriend Blake Shelton. Rachel McRady from Entertainment Tonight suggested that even when considering their previously released duet (\"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\"), \"My Gift Is You\" may be the \"most telling tune\" on the parent album.[13] Stefani sings: \"I can't wait to give all my lovin' to my best friend / All I want is you to take my love and give it back again\". While crooning, she says: \"Don't need no money. Don't need a thing / I don't even need a wedding ring / All I need is love and the truth / And I got it, my gift is you\".[13] In these lyrics, Stefani \"disregards material possessions [in favor of] Christmas\" and \"flaunts her newfound love with [Shelton]\".[12]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). In the United States, it missed entering the Billboard Hot 100, and instead peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 extension chart. It also charted in Scotland and on the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada.", "My Gift Is You. Credits adapted from the liner notes of You Make It Feel Like Christmas.[6]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. Following the release of Stefani's third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like,[1] she announced in July 2017 that she had plans to release new music by the end of the year.[2] During the summer months of 2017, Stefani vacationed at Blake Shelton's Oklahoma farm estate where she spent time doing exercise, meditation, and praying. Inspired by the exotic animals surrounding her while on a spiritual walk outside Shelton's property, she remarked, \"If I wrote a Christmas song, what would it be?\". After questioning herself, she began singing random lyrics out loud on the spot which she would later use in \"Christmas Eve\", one of the album's twelve songs. She cited this nature walk as the main source of inspiration for deciding to record a Christmas album and eventually texting her manager about inquiries for studio sessions, which would take place just one week later.[3]", "Feel Like Makin' Love (Bad Company song). \"Feel Like Making Love\" is a 1993 song by British Jamaican singer Pauline Henry. She was the vocalist in the Scottish band the Chimes.", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). In the United States, due to digital sales, it peaked at number four on the Holiday Digital Songs component chart compiled by Billboard.[14] \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" also entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which serves as an extension to the Billboard Hot 100, at number two.[15] The track peaked at number 9 on the Adult Contemporary chart for the week ending January 6, 2018, becoming her sixth entry on the chart and her highest entry since her 2007's single \"The Sweet Escape\".", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. In the United States, the album entered the Billboard 200 at number 51 and atop the Top Holiday Albums chart with 10,000 album-equivalent units for the week ending October 28, 2017.[40] In addition, You Make It Feel Like Christmas was the fourteenth best-selling album of the week on Billboard's Top Album Sales chart, with pure album sales of 9,000 copies (90% of overall units), becoming the list's seventh highest entry.[40][41] Despite this, the record was Stefani's lowest-charting entry as a solo artist, succeeding 2016's This Is What the Truth Feels Like which topped the Billboard 200 and had reported first-week sales of 76,000 copies.[42] During its debut week, You Make It Feel Like Christmas also reached number 11 on the Digital Albums chart,[43] number 14 on the Top Internet Albums component chart,[44] and topped the Holiday Album Sales component chart.[45] Approaching the holiday season, the album reentered several charts. On December 30, 2017, You Make It Feel Like Christmas peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200, becoming the week's \"biggest gainer\" in terms of sales.[46] It also improved its peak position on several component charts, reaching number nine on the Top Album Sales chart and number seven on the Digital Albums chart.[47][48]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). In Switzerland, the song debuted and peaked at number 80. This is the first entry by Stefani since 2008's single \"Early Winter\" and Shelton's first entry.", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. On South Korea's International Albums chart, compiled by Gaon Music Chart, Stefani's album entered at number 15 before departing the following week.[49] You Make It Feel Like Christmas also entered the charts in select European countries. During its release week, it debuted and peaked at number 95 in the Czech Republic.[50] In the United Kingdom and Scotland, the album reached peaks at numbers 55 and 59, respectively, according to the official rankings published by the Official Charts Company.[51][52]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. A cover of Eartha Kitt's \"Santa Baby\" was issued as the album's first promotional single on September 29, 2017.[34] Commercially, it entered the Holiday Digital Songs chart and the Holiday Digital Song Sales chart, both peaking at number seven.[35][36] Additionally, a promotional audio still for \"Christmas Eve\" was uploaded to Stefani's Vevo account on October 5, 2017.[37]", "Midnight Marauders. Songwriters: J. Davis, A. Muhammad, M. Taylor, W. Mitchell\nSample: \"Feel Like Making Love\" by Roy Ayers", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas (song). In Canada, the song peaked in January 2018 at number 2 on the Billboard Canada AC chart, becoming Stefani's most successful entry on the chart. The song experienced a little success on the Billboard Hot AC chart, where it peaked at number 31.", "My Gift Is You. \"My Gift Is You\" was written by Stefani, Justin Tranter, and Michael Busbee while production was handled by busbee and Eric Valentine.[6] Stefani had expressed interest in collaborating with Busbee, who also serves as an executive producer for the parent album, ever since she had heard his work on Pink's \"Try\" in 2012. Tranter was also enlisted as a songwriter for the album due to his ability to \"write a hit\".[7] The song was made available for purchase as a digital download on October 6, 2017, along with the rest of You Make It Feel Like Christmas, through Interscope Records.[8][9]", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. The album's title track and lead single is a duet with Blake Shelton. Commercially, the album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top Holiday Albums chart in the United States. It also reached the lower positions in Canada, the Czech Republic, Scotland, and the United Kingdom. All of the songs on the record entered Billboard's Holiday Digital Songs and Holiday Digital Song Sales component charts. To promote the album, Stefani performed on various television programs, such as Today, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. She also filmed an accompanying television special, Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas, which premiered on NBC on December 12, 2017.", "You Make It Feel Like Christmas. The album was released on October 6, 2017 through Interscope Records.[15] A deluxe edition CD was distributed exclusively to Target stores across the United States; it features a 24-page colored photo album consisting of photos from Stefani's childhood and the studio recording sessions for the album.[16]" ]

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[ "Quebec City. Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on 3 July 1608,[19] and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called \"The Father of New France\", served as its administrator for the rest of his life.", "History of Quebec. On June 24, 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and took possession of the territory in the name of King François I of France.[7]", "History of Quebec. Three quarters of a century after being explored by Jacques Cartier and unsuccessfully colonized by Roberval, Samuel de Champlain laid out the foundation of French Canada.", "Quebec. Samuel de Champlain was part of a 1603 expedition from France that travelled into the St. Lawrence River.[72] In 1608, he returned as head of an exploration party and founded Quebec City with the intention of making the area part of the French colonial empire.[73][74][75] Champlain's Habitation de Québec, built as a permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and ultimately a military alliance, with the Algonquin and Huron nations.[76] First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.", "History of Quebec City. Quebec City was founded by the French explorer and navigator Samuel de Champlain in 1608, commencing a string of French colonies along the St. Lawrence River, creating a region named \"le Canada\". Prior to the arrival of the French, the location that would become Quebec City was the home of a small Iroquois village called \"Stadacona\".[1] Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, was the first European to ascend the St. Lawrence Gulf, claiming \"le Canada\" for France (and the coming addition of a newly founded \"l'Acadi\" – known today as the Province of Nova Scotia) to create a dominion known as \"New France\". Jacques Cartier and his crew spent a harsh winter near Stadacona during his second voyage in 1535.[1] The word \"Kebec\" is an Algonquin word meaning \"where the river narrows.\"[2] By the time Champlain came to this site, the Iroquois population had disappeared and been replaced by Innu and Algonquins. Champlain and his crew built a wooden fort which they called \"l'habitation\" within only a few days of their arrival.[3] This early fort and trading post exists today as a historic site in Old Quebec. Quebec City's maritime position and the presence of cliffs overlooking the St. Lawrence River made it an important location for economic exchanges between the Amerindians and the French[4] In 1620, Champlain built Fort Saint-Louis on the top of Cape Diamond, near the present location of the Chateau Frontenac in the Upper Town.[4] Quebec City's 400th anniversary was celebrated in 2008 and it is the oldest city in North America that has a French-speaking community.[5]", "History of Quebec. Jacques Cartier sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and established an ill-fated colony near present-day Quebec City at the site of Stadacona, a village of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. Linguists and archaeologists have determined these people were distinct from the Iroquoian nations encountered by later French and Europeans, such as the five nations of the Haudenosaunee. Their language was Laurentian, one of the Iroquoian family. By the late 16th century, they had disappeared from the St. Lawrence Valley.", "History of Quebec. In 1541, Jean-François Roberval became lieutenant of New France and had the responsibility to build a new colony in America. It was Cartier who established the first French settlement on American soil, Charlesbourg Royal.", "History of Quebec. In 1508, only 16 years after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, Thomas Auber, who was likely part of a fishing trip near Newfoundland, brought back a few Amerindians to France. This indicates that in the early 16th century, French navigators ventured in the gulf of the St. Lawrence, along with the Basques and the Spaniards who did the same.[6]", "Quebec. Around 1522–1523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano persuaded King Francis I of France to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). In 1534, Breton explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I.[70] It was the first province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure.[70] French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with First Nations that would become important once France began to occupy the land.[71]", "Normandy. Samuel de Champlain left the port of Honfleur in 1604 and founded Acadia. Four years later, he founded Québec City. From then onwards, Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in North America. They continued the exploration of the New World: René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle travelled in the area of the Great Lakes, then on the Mississippi River. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and his brother Lemoyne de Bienville founded Louisiana, Biloxi, Mobile and New Orleans. Territories located between Québec and the Mississippi Delta were opened up to establish Canada and Louisiana. Colonists from Normandy were among the most active in New France, comprising Acadia, Canada, and Louisiana.", "Samuel de Champlain. Born into a family of wealthy mariners, Champlain, while still a young boy, began exploring North America in 1603 under the guidance of François Gravé Du Pont, his uncle.[4][5] From 1604 to 1607, Champlain participated in the exploration and settlement of the first permanent European settlement north of Florida, Port Royal, Acadia (1605) as well as the first European settlement that would become Saint John, New Brunswick (1604). Then, in 1608, he established the French settlement that is now Quebec City, Canada.[Note 3] Champlain was the first European to explore and describe the Great Lakes, and published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives and the French living among the Natives. He formed relationships with local Montagnais and Innu and later with others farther west (Ottawa River, Lake Nipissing, or Georgian Bay), with Algonquin and with Huron Wendat, and agreed to provide assistance in the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois.", "Samuel de Champlain. Samuel de Champlain (French: [samɥɛl də ʃɑ̃plɛ̃] born Samuel Champlain; on or before August 13, 1567[2][Note 1][Note 2] – December 25, 1635), known as \"The Father of New France\", was a French navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He made from 21-29 trips across the Atlantic[3], and founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped found the settlements.", "Coureur des bois. Shortly after founding a permanent settlement at Quebec City in 1608, Samuel de Champlain sought to ally himself with the local native peoples or First Nations. He decided to send French boys to live among them to learn their languages in order to serve as interpreters, in the hope of persuading the natives to trade with the French rather than with the Dutch, who were active along the Hudson River and Atlantic coast.[3]", "Samuel de Champlain. On July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the \"point of Quebec\" and set about fortifying the area by the erection of three main wooden buildings, each two stories tall, that he collectively called the \"Habitation\", with a wooden stockade and a moat 12 feet (4 m) wide surrounding them. This was the very beginning of Quebec City. Gardening, exploring, and fortifying this place became great passions of Champlain for the rest of his life.[citation needed]", "History of Quebec City. After the settlement of Port Royal in Acadia (1605), the next colonization effort by the French occurred in 1608. Samuel de Champlain built \"l'Habitation\" to house 28 people.[6] However, the first winter proved formidable, and 20 of 28 men died.[6] By 1615, the first four missionaries arrived in Quebec. Among the first successful French settlers were Marie Rollet and her husband, Louis Hebert, credited as \"les premier agriculteurs du Canada\"[6] by 1617. The first French child born in Quebec was Helene Desportes, in 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois, whose father was a member of the Hundred Associates.[7]", "Québécois (word). The name \"Quebec\" comes from a Mi'kmaq word k'webeq meaning \"where the waters get narrow\" and originally referred to the area around Quebec City, where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of Canada and New France. The Province of Quebec was first founded as a British colony in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War. Quebec City remained the capital. In 1774, Guy Carleton obtained from the British Government the Quebec Act, which gave Canadiens most of the territory they held before 1763; the right of religion; and their right of language and culture. The British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty, in the face of a growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies.", "Exploration of North America. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded what is now Quebec City, which would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France. He took personal administration over the city and its affairs, and sent out expeditions to explore the interior. Champlain himself discovered Lake Champlain in 1609. By 1615, he had travelled by canoe up the Ottawa River through Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the centre of Huron country near Lake Simcoe. During these voyages, Champlain aided the Wendat (aka 'Hurons') in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy. As a result, the Iroquois would become enemies of the French and be involved in multiple conflicts.", "New France. In 1608, sponsored by Henry IV, Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec with 28 men, the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada.[13][14][15] Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355.[16]", "Quebec City. French explorer Jacques Cartier built a fort at the site in 1535, where he stayed for the winter before going back to France in spring 1536. He came back in 1541 with the goal of building a permanent settlement. This first settlement was abandoned less than one year after its foundation, in the summer 1542, due in large part to the hostility of the natives combined with the harsh living conditions during winter.", "History of Quebec. Quebec City was founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. Some other towns were founded before, most famously Tadoussac in 1604 which still exists today, but Quebec was the first to be meant as a permanent settlement and not a simple trading post. Over time, it became the capital of Canada and all of New France.", "History of Quebec. The French quickly established trading posts throughout their territory, trading for fur with aboriginal hunters. The coureur des bois, who were freelance traders, explored much of the area themselves. They kept trade and communications flowing through a vast network along the rivers of the hinterland. This network was inherited by the English and Scottish traders after the fall of the French Empire in Quebec, and many of the courier des bois became voyageurs for the British.[10]", "French colonization of the Americas. Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers, the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632. Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates. Following the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France took possession of the colony in 1632. The city of Trois-Rivières was founded in 1634. In 1642, the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville-Marie (later Montreal) which was at that time, a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks (the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667).", "Jesuit missions in North America. In 1604, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain initiated the first important French involvement in Northern America. He founded Port Royal as the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605, and the first permanent French establishment at Quebec in 1608.[1]:71", "Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. Louis Antoine Juchereau de St. Denis (September 17, 1676 – June 11, 1744) was a French-Canadian soldier and explorer best known for his exploration and development of the Louisiana (New France) and Spanish Texas regions. He commanded a small garrison at Fort de la Boulaye on the lower Mississippi River, built in 1700, and founded Fort St Jean Baptiste de Natchitoches in northern La Louisiane, as they called the French colony.", "Quebec. On September 13, 1759, the British forces of General James Wolfe defeated those of French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City. With the exception of the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located off the coast of Newfoundland, France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain through the Treaty of Paris (1763) in favour of gaining the island of Guadeloupe for its then-lucrative sugar cane industry.[87] The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 renamed Canada (part of New France) as the Province of Quebec.", "French language in Canada. At the beginning of the 17th century, French settlements and private companies were established in the area which is now eastern Canada. In 1605 Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal (Acadia) and in 1608 he founded Quebec City. In 1642 the foundation of Ville Marie, the settlement which would eventually become Montreal, completed the occupation of the territory.", "Quebec. From New France, Quebec literature was first developed in the travel accounts of explorers such as Jacques Cartier, Jean de Brébeuf, the Baron de La Hontan and Nicolas Perrot, describing their relations with indigenous peoples. The Moulin à paroles traces the great texts that have shaped the history of Quebec since its foundation in 1534 until the era of modernity. The first to write the history of Quebec, since its discovery, was the historian François-Xavier Garneau. This author will be part of the current of patriotic literature (also known as the \"poets of the country\" and literary identity) that will arise after the Patriots Rebellion of 1837–1838.[224]", "Jacques Cartier. Jacques Cartier (French pronunciation: ​[ʒak kaʁtje]; Breton: Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map[1] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named \"The Country of Canadas\", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).[2][3][4][5]", "Quebec. The Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada[19] to Britain after the Seven Years' War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the territory of the province to include the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley and south of Rupert's Land, more or less restoring the borders previously existing under French rule before the Conquest.[20] The Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States.[21] After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) and Upper Canada (present-day Ontario), with each being granted an elected legislative assembly.[22] In 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada.[23] This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867.[24] Each became one of the first four provinces.", "History of Quebec. British rule under Royal Governor James Murray was benign, with the French Canadians guaranteed their traditional rights and customs.[21] The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 united three Quebec districts into the Province of Quebec. It was the British who were the first to use the name \"Quebec\" to refer to a territory beyond Quebec City.[22] The British tolerated the Catholic Church, and protected the traditional social and economic structure of Quebec. The people responded with one of the highest birth rates ever recorded, 65 births per thousand per year [23] Much French law was retained inside a system of British courts, all under the command of the British governor.[24][25] The goal was to satisfy the Francophile settlers, albeit to the annoyance of British merchants.[26]", "French colonization of the Americas. In 1608, Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec, which would become the capital of New France. In Quebec, Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies, the Iroquois. Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America, with canoes made from Birch bark, to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries. In 1634, the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin.[9]", "French colonization of the Americas. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec (1608) and explored the Great Lakes. In 1634, Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants (present-day Green Bay), which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America. In 1634, Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois-Rivières. In 1642, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, founded Fort Ville-Marie which is now known as Montreal. Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie (1668) and Saint Ignace (1671) and explored the Mississippi River. At the end of the 17th century, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685, but was gone by 1688. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (modern-day Detroit) in 1701 and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans (New Orleans) in 1718. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719." ]

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[ "Oliver Hazard Perry. Perry served in the West Indies during the Quasi War of 1798–1800 against France, in the Mediterranean during the Barbary Wars of 1801–1815, and in the Caribbean fighting piracy and the slave trade, but is most noted for his heroic role in the War of 1812 during the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie.[1] During the war against Britain, Perry supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title \"Hero of Lake Erie\" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress.[2][3] His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war.[3] He is remembered for the words on his battle flag, \"Don't Give Up the Ship\", which was a tribute to the dying command of his colleague Captain James Lawrence of the USS Chesapeake. He is also known for his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, \"We have met the enemy and they are ours; ...\"", "Maritime history. James Lawrence was an American naval hero. During the War of 1812, he commanded USS Chesapeake in a single-ship action against HMS Shannon (commanded by Philip Broke). He is probably best known today for his dying command \"Don't give up the ship!\", which is still a popular naval battle cry.", "Maritime history. John Paul Jones was America's first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary War. John Paul adopted the alias John Jones when he fled to his brother's home in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1773 in order to avoid the hangman's noose in Tobago after an incident when he was accused of murdering a sailor under his command. He began using the name John Paul Jones as his brother suggested during the start of the American Revolution. Though his naval career never rose above the rank of Captain in the Continental Navy after his victory over HMS Serapis with the frigate USS Bonhomme Richard, John Paul Jones remains the first genuine American Naval hero, and a highly regarded battle commander.", "Maritime history. Stephen Decatur was an American naval officer notable for his heroism in the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War and in the War of 1812. He was the youngest man to reach the rank of captain in the history of the U.S. Navy, and the first American celebrated as a national military hero who had not played a role in the American Revolution.", "War of 1812. No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy, the U.S. built three new 74-gun ships of the line and two new 44-gun frigates shortly after the end of the war.[306] (Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks.)[307] In 1816, the U.S. Congress passed into law an \"Act for the gradual increase of the Navy\" at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years, authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates.[308] The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur, Hull, Bainbridge, Lawrence, Perry, and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire, England, and found a ready market in the United States. Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office. Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency, while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency.", "Stephen Decatur. Decatur's career came to an early end when he was killed in a duel with a rival officer.[7][8] Decatur emerged as a national hero in his own lifetime, becoming the first post-Revolutionary War hero. His name and legacy, like that of John Paul Jones, became identified with the United States Navy.[9][10]", "John C. Calhoun. Calhoun labored to raise troops, provide funds, speed logistics, rescue the currency, and regulate commerce to aid the war effort. One colleague hailed him as \"the young Hercules who carried the war on his shoulders.\"[12] Disasters on the battlefield made him double his legislative efforts to overcome the obstructionism of John Randolph, Daniel Webster, and other opponents of the war. In December 1814, with the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte apparently defeated, and the British invasions of New York and Baltimore thwarted, British and American diplomats signed the Treaty of Ghent. It called for a return to the borders of 1812 with no gains or losses. Before the treaty reached the Senate for ratification, and even before news of its signing reached New Orleans, a massive British invasion force was utterly defeated in January 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans, making a national hero of General Andrew Jackson. Americans celebrated what they called a \"second war of independence\" against Britain. This led to the beginning of the \"Era of Good Feelings\", an era marked by the formal demise of the Federalist Party and increased nationalism.[31]", "Stephen Decatur. Although he died at a relatively young age, Decatur helped determine the direction of the new nation and played a significant role establishing its identity.[197] For his heroism in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812 Decatur emerged as an icon of American naval history and was roundly admired by most of his contemporaries as well as the citizenry:", "American Revolutionary War. About 55,000 sailors served aboard American privateers during the war.[583] They used 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships.[440] John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero, capturing HMS Drake on April 24, 1778, the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters.[584]", "History of the United States Navy. One particularly notable American naval hero of the Revolution was John Paul Jones, who in his famous voyage around the British Isles defeated the British ship Serapis (1779) in the Battle of Flamborough Head. Partway through the battle, with the rigging of the two ships entangled, and several guns of Jones' ship Bonhomme Richard (1765) out of action, the captain of Serapis asked Jones if he had struck his colors, to which Jones has been quoted as replying, \"I have not yet begun to fight!\"[13]", "Oliver Hazard Perry. At the beginning of the War of 1812, the British Royal Navy controlled the Great Lakes, except for Lake Huron, while the United States Navy controlled Lake Champlain.[17] The American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances in the Great Lakes and northern New York waterways. The roles played by commanders like Oliver Hazard Perry, at Lake Erie and Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario and Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort. Naval historian E. B. Potter noted that \"all naval officers of the day made a special study of Nelson's battles\". Oliver Perry was no exception.\n[18]\nAt his request, he was given command of the American naval forces on Lake Erie during the war. Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton had charged prominent merchant seaman Daniel Dobbins with building the American fleet on Presque Isle Bay at Erie, Pennsylvania, and Perry was named chief naval officer.[2][3][19]", "Stephen Decatur. Decatur supervised the construction of several U.S. naval vessels, one of which he later commanded. He is the youngest man to reach the rank of captain in the history of the United States Navy.[3] He served under three presidents, and played a major role in the early development of the American navy. In almost every theater of operation, Decatur's service was characterized by acts of heroism and exceptional performance. His service in the Navy took him through both Barbary Wars in North Africa, the Quasi-War with France, and the War of 1812 with Britain. He was renowned for his natural ability to lead and for his genuine concern for the seamen under his command.[4] His numerous naval victories against Britain, France and the Barbary states established the United States Navy as a rising power.", "Maritime history. John H. Aulick was an officer in the United States Navy whose service extended from the War of 1812 to the end of the antebellum era. During the War of 1812, he served in USS Enterprise and took part in her battle with HMS Boxer on 4 September 1813. After that engagement ended in an American victory, Aulick served as prize master of the prize.", "War of 1812. Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war. The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy's impressment of sailors. Given that honor was at stake, the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling. Similarly, British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate USS President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere. Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt. Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of.[125][126][127]", "English Canadians. The War of 1812 produced one of the earliest national heroes, Laura Secord,[36] who is credited with having made her way through American lines at night to carry a warning to British troops of impending American plans and contributing to the victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams, where the American advance into Upper Canada was turned back.", "Maritime history. Thomas Macdonough was an early 19th-century American naval officer, most notably as commander of American naval forces on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of \"Preble's Boys\", a small group of naval officers who served during the First Barbary War, Macdonough's actions during the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain are often cited as a model of tactical preparation and execution.", "War of 1812. On reaching Plattsburgh, Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36-gun frigate HMS Confiance. Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack, but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing. Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11, 1814. The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it \"the greatest naval battle of the war\".[112] The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb. To the astonishment of his senior officers, Prévost then turned back, saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy. Prévost was recalled and in London, a naval court-martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces. Prévost died suddenly, just before his own court-martial was to convene. Prévost's reputation sank to a new low, as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed. Recently, however, historians have been more kindly, measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes. They judge Prévost's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic, well-conceived, and comprehensive; and against the odds, he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest.[88]", "James Madison. After the disastrous start to the War of 1812, Madison accepted a Russian invitation to arbitrate the war and sent Gallatin, John Quincy Adams, and James Bayard to Europe in hopes of quickly ending the war.[117] While Madison worked to end the war, the U.S. experienced some military success, particularly at sea. The United States had built up one of the largest merchant fleets in the world, though it had been partially dismantled under Jefferson and Madison. Madison authorized many of these ships to become privateers in the war, and they captured 1,800 British ships.[129] As part of the war effort, an American naval shipyard was built up at Sackets Harbor, New York, where thousands of men produced twelve warships and had another nearly ready by the end of the war.[130] The U.S. naval squadron on Lake Erie successfully defended itself and captured its opponents, crippling the supply and reinforcement of British military forces in the western theater of the war.[131] In the aftermath of the Battle of Lake Erie, General William Henry Harrison defeated the forces of the British and of Tecumseh's Confederacy at the Battle of the Thames. The death of Tecumseh in that battle represented the permanent end of armed Native American resistance in the Old Northwest.[128] In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson broke the resistance of the British-allied Muscogee in the Old Southwest with his victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.[132] Despite those successes, the British continued to repel American attempts to invade Canada, and a British force captured Fort Niagara and burned the American city of Buffalo in late 1813.[133] In early 1814, the British agreed to begin peace negotiations in the town of Ghent, and the British pushed for the establishment of an Indian barrier state in the Old Northwest as part of any peace agreement.[134]", "Results of the War of 1812. According to Historians such as Andrew Lambert and William James, British honor was challenged because deserters from the Royal Navy were granted citizenship in the United States. This led to the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy. In 1811, the Little Belt Affair would anger the Admiraly and embarrass the United States. This would lead to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship USS President. Although the British would effectively disable the vast majority of the United States Navy during the war by having the ships blockaded, the single ship actions that the American's won embarrassed the Admiralty. Specific attention was given to these battles as the American's claimed there were between ships of equal force.[42]", "Spanish–American War. During the stand-off, US Assistant Naval Constructor, Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet. The mission was a failure, and Hobson and his crew were captured. They were exchanged on July 6, and Hobson became a national hero; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933, retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman.", "Results of the War of 1812. The British effectively restored their honor by capturing the sloop of war USS Frolic and more importantly the flagship USS President . Both ships were taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships of the so-called engagements of equal force were much larger than the British ships they had fought in single ship duels. Furthermore, the United States failed at abolishing impressment when the treaty was signed, but the British did not continue the practice as the Napoleonic Wars had ended so they no longer needed as many sailors. In doing so British honor was restored, only for the entire conflict to be overshadowed by the defeat of Napoleon.[43]", "History of Pennsylvania. Several Pennsylvanians fought in the War of 1812, including Jacob Brown, John Barry, and Stephen Decatur. Decatur, who served in both Barbary Wars and the Quasi-War, was one of America's first post-Revolution war heroes. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry earned the title \"Hero of Lake Erie\" after building a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania and defeating the British at the Battle of Lake Erie. Pennsylvanians such as David Conner fought in the Mexican–American War, and Pennsylvania raised two regiments for the war. Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot earned national prominence for the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery in territory acquired from Mexico.[36]", "Results of the War of 1812. The United States had faced near-disaster in 1814, but the victories at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Baltimore and what seemed to be a successful fight against the United Kingdom increased to unite the United States into one nation. Meanwhile, the loss of the American flagship USS President was conveniently overlooked by the public. The best-known patriotic legacy of the war was The Star Spangled Banner. The words are by Francis Scott Key, who after the bombardment of Fort McHenry set them to the music of a British drinking song, \"To Anacreon in Heaven.\" In 1889 the U.S. Navy began using The Star Spangled Banner at flag-raising ceremonies, a practice copied by the Army. In 1931, Congress made it the U.S. National Anthem.[25]", "War of 1812. Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron. He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811. Since, Constitution had taken Guerriere, Broke intended to redeem Dacres' honor by taking the Constitution which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813. Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea. Instead, he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution[153]. Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale (and successfully did) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke's Shannon would be easy.[154][155] Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew.[156][157][158][159] Broke, on the other hand had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship, making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle.[160][161][162][163][164] On June 1, 1813, Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor. Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out, \"Tell the men to fire faster! Don't give up the ship!\"[165][166][167][168] The two frigates were of near-identical armament and length. Chesapeake's crew was larger, had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength (which lead to the British claiming she was overbuilt[169]) but many of her crew had not served or trained together. Shannon had been at sea for a long time and her hull had begun to rot further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength.[170] Nevertheless, this engagement proved to the only single ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812. British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended.[171] Notably, this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close range engagement, the boarding (hand to hand combat) and Broke's philosophy of artillery being \"Kill the men and the ship is yours\", with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar. Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command.[172] The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and ban single ship duels after this engagement.[173][174]", "History of the United States. The British raided and burned Washington, but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 – where the \"Star Spangled Banner\" was written to celebrate the American success. In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back. Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans, making him the most famous war hero.[77]", "Results of the War of 1812. Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war.[30] Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response.[31] This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour.[32] Chesapeake–Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event.[33] Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states, including Massachusetts,[34] Ohio,[35] Pennsylvania,[36][37] and Tennessee,[38] as well as the territory of Michigan.[39] Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful, especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans, while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week. For the next century it was often called \"the Second American War for Independence\" and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House.[40] Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour.", "John C. Calhoun. With a base among the Irish and Scotch Irish, Calhoun won election to the House of Representatives in 1810. He immediately became a leader of the War Hawks, along with Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky and South Carolina congressmen William Lowndes and Langdon Cheves. Brushing aside the vehement objections of both anti-war New Englanders and arch-conservative Jeffersonians led by John Randolph of Roanoke, they demanded war against Britain to preserve American honor and republican values, which had been violated by the British refusal to recognize American shipping rights.[12][27] As a member, and later acting chairman, of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Calhoun played a major role in drafting two key documents in the push for war, the Report on Foreign Relations and the War Report of 1812. Drawing on the linguistic tradition of the Declaration of Independence, Calhoun's committee called for a declaration of war in ringing phrases, denouncing Britain's \"lust for power\", \"unbounded tyranny\", and \"mad ambition\".[28] Historian James Roark says, \"These were fighting words in a war that was in large measure about insult and honor.\"[29] The United States declared war on Britain on June 18, inaugurating the War of 1812. The opening phase involved multiple disasters for American arms, as well as a financial crisis when the Treasury could barely pay the bills. The conflict caused economic hardship for the Americans, as the Royal Navy blockaded the ports and cut off imports, exports and the coastal trade. Several attempted invasions of Canada were fiascos, but the U.S. in 1813 seized control of Lake Erie and broke the power of hostile Indians in battles such as the Battle of the Thames in Canada in 1813 and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814. These Indians had, in many cases, cooperated with the British or Spanish in opposing American interests.[30]", "Oliver Hazard Perry. On January 6, 1814, Perry was honored with a Congressional Gold Medal,[32] the Thanks of Congress, and a promotion to the rank of Captain.[33][34] This was one of 27 Gold Medals authorized by Congress arising from the War of 1812.[35]", "War of 1812. On July 4, 1813, Commodore Joshua Barney, a Revolutionary War naval hero, convinced the U.S. Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla, a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars (sweeps) to defend the Chesapeake Bay. Launched in April 1814, the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River, and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy, they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the \"Burning of Washington\". This expedition, led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross, was carried out between August 19 and 29, 1814, as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 (although British and American commissioners had convened peace negotiations at Ghent in June of that year). As part of this, Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane, with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace.", "Benedict Arnold. Arnold was born in Connecticut and was a merchant operating ships on the Atlantic Ocean when the war broke out in 1775. He joined the growing army outside Boston and distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. His actions included the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775, defensive and delaying tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain in 1776 (allowing American forces time to prepare New York's defenses), the Battle of Ridgefield, Connecticut (after which he was promoted to major general), operations in relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in 1777, in which he suffered leg injuries that halted his combat career for several years.", "Military history of African Americans. During the War of 1812, about one-quarter of the personnel in the American naval squadrons of the Battle of Lake Erie were black, and portrait renderings of the battle on the wall of the nation's Capitol and the rotunda of Ohio's Capitol show that blacks played a significant role in it. Hannibal Collins, a freed slave and Oliver Hazard Perry's personal servant, is thought to be the oarsman in William Henry Powell's Battle of Lake Erie.[9] Collins earned his freedom as a veteran of the Revolutionary War, having fought in the Battle of Rhode Island. He accompanied Perry for the rest of Perry's naval career, and was with him at Perry's death in Trinidad in 1819.[10]", "Oliver Hazard Perry. In his initial post-action report, Perry had praised Captain Elliott's role in the American victory at Lake Erie; and as news of the battle spread, Perry and Elliott were both celebrated as national heroes. Soon after, however, several junior officers publicly criticized Elliott's performance during the battle, charging that Elliott allowed Lawrence to suffer the brunt of the British fire while holding Niagara back from the fight. William Vigneron Taylor, Perry's sailing master, in a letter to Taylor's wife, put it thus:" ]

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[ "It Takes Two (Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock song). The music video \"It Takes Two\" was edited by Peter Lauer and Pam Thomas, who worked in MTV’s promotions department alongside Peter Dougherty, Ted Demme and Mark Pellington.", "It Takes Two (Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock song). \"It Takes Two\" was covered by American record producer Mike Will Made It, Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen and American rapper Lil Yachty. The song was released on February 10, 2017 as part of Target's clothes fall campaign. In this version, Jepsen also performs a rap. \"It Takes Two\" was accompanied by a three-minute promotional commercial directed by Roman Coppola premiering during the 59th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony commercial break.[5]", "It Takes Two (Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song). In 1990 \"It Takes Two\" was covered by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner and featured in a television advertising campaign for Pepsi. It was released as the lead single from Stewart's album Vagabond Heart, produced by Bernard Edwards and released in late 1990. The duet was a European hit, peaking at #5 in the UK, and becoming a Top 10 single in several European countries. It later appeared on both artists' greatest hits albums: Turner's Simply The Best (1991), and Stewart's The Very Best of Rod Stewart (2001).", "It Takes Two (Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock song). \"It Takes Two\" is a song by New York rappers Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock that became a top 40 hit single was later certified platinum by the RIAA. Over the years, the song has been covered and sampled by various recording artists. The music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the All Music Guide said: \"There are many critics and listeners who claim that Rob Base & DJ EZ Rock's 'It Takes Two' is the greatest hip-hop single ever cut. It's hard to disagree with them.\"[1]", "It Takes Two (Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song). \"It Takes Two\" is a hit single recorded in late 1965 by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston for Motown's Tamla label.", "It Takes Two (Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song). Gaye and Weston's duet peaked at #14 on the Billboard Pop charts and #4 on Billboard′s Soul Singles chart in January 1967. \"It Takes Two\" was also Gaye's first major hit in the UK, where it peaked at #16 on the British singles charts in the spring of that same year.[citation needed]", "It Takes Two (Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song). Produced by Weston's then-husband, longtime Gaye collaborator William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, and co-written by Stevenson and Sylvia Moy, \"It Takes Two\" centered on a romantic lyric that depicted many things in life (dreams, love, wishes, etc.) being better with two people instead of one. The single became Gaye's most successful duet single to date, later outperformed by Gaye's duets with Tammi Terrell.[citation needed]", "It Takes Two (1995 film). It Takes Two is a 1995 film starring Kirstie Alley, Steve Guttenberg and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. The film title was taken from the song, \"It Takes Two\", by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston, which was featured in the closing credits.", "Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock. The first Profile release was \"It Takes Two\". It uses multiple samples from the James Brown and Lyn Collins 1972 song \"Think (About It).\" The track first became a regional hit and then slowly climbed the Billboard Hot 100, picking up a multi-platinum single certification. The song also peaked at #3 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.", "Baby (You've Got What It Takes). Originally titled \"You've Got What It Takes\", the song was first recorded by Benton's sister,[1] Dorothy Pay, in 1958, as the B-side of her single \"Strollin' with My Baby\" on Mercury 71277.[2][3] It was then recorded more successfully as a duet by Dinah Washington and Brook Benton, in their first collaboration. The single was very successful on both the pop and R&B charts. \"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)\" reached #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot R&B sides chart for ten weeks,[4] becoming one of the most successful R&B singles of the 1960s. The single, with the song title styled \"BABY (You've Got What It Takes)\", included orchestra arranged and conducted by Belford Hendricks.", "Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock. In 2008, their song \"It Takes Two\" was ranked number 37 on VH1's 100 greatest songs of hip hop.[2]", "You and Me (Lifehouse song). \"You and Me\" is a song by American alternative rock band Lifehouse. It is the first single released from their eponymous third studio album, Lifehouse (2005). The track was written by lead singer Jason Wade and American record producer Jude Cole. It was recorded and produced by John Alagía at his home studio in Easton, Maryland. The song was first released via digital download on January 28, 2005. It was then solicited to mainstream radio on March 15, 2005. An extended wedding version of the song was then released on July 26, 2005. Musically, \"You and Me\" is a melodic song which, by today's standards, has a notably high emphasis on acoustics. It also contains influences of adult alternative.", "It Takes Two (Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock song). The song samples heavily from Lyn Collins' 1972 song \"Think (About It)\",[2] using drum breaks, the well known \"Yeah! Woo!\" sample, as well as the lyric sung by Collins which gives \"It Takes Two\" its title.[3] The famous introduction of the song is spoken over a sample of \"Space Dust\" by The Galactic Force Band (1978).", "Lyn Collins. In October 2004, \"Rock Me Again And Again\" and \"Think (About It)\" featured on the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack, playing on fictional radio station Master Sounds 98.3. \"Rock Me Again And Again\" was covered by synth band The Human League on their 1984 album Hysteria. Bruce Springsteen's song \"Shackled and Drawn\", from his 2012 album Wrecking Ball, and Ludacris' song \"Southern Fried Intro\", from his 2003 album Chicken-n-Beer, both feature an excerpt from Collins' song \"Me And My Baby Got Our Own Thing Going.\"", "Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock. Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock were a hip hop duo from Harlem, New York who were best known for their hit \"It Takes Two\", a single that was a top 40 hit and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. That song was a part of the duo's album of the same name, which also has been certified platinum. They are also known for being pioneers of the crossover success that rap music would have in the popular music mainstream.[1] The duo consisted of Rob Base (Robert Ginyard, born May 18, 1967) and DJ E-Z Rock (Rodney \"Skip\" Bryce, born 1967[citation needed]; died April 27, 2014).", "Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock. An album, also called It Takes Two, was quickly put together and it produced a significant follow-up hit, \"Joy and Pain\", which sampled a song of the same name by Maze featuring Frankie Beverly, as well as \"Put The Music Where Your Mouth Is\" by The Olympic Runners. It also hit the top 10 on the dance chart and climbed to #58 on the Hot 100. \"Get On the Dance Floor,\" produced by David Wynn (DJ Wynn), a track released to clubs in between the two singles, hit #1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989. Boosted by those singles the It Takes Two album went platinum seven times over. However, vicious rumors started to circulate that Rob Base had legal problems for using samples from Maze's Frankie Beverly for the hit \"Joy and Pain\", and he had his own personal problems.[citation needed] DJ E-Z Rock also was forced to leave the group due to his own personal issues, so Rob Base was left to be a solo artist.[citation needed]", "You and Me (Lifehouse song). \"You and Me\" debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of February 12, 2005.[11] It stayed on the chart for 62 non-consecutive weeks, and eventually peaked at number five.[12] On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, the song debuted at number 29 for the week of July 23, 2005.[11] It eventually peaked at number one after it stayed on the chart for 34 non-consecutive weeks.[13] The song debuted at number 29 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart for the week of February 19, 2005.[11] After moving around the chart for 39 consecutive weeks, the song peaked at number one for nine non-consecutive weeks.[14] Because of its success on the chart, \"You and Me\" became the number one song on Billboard's list of the Top 40 Adult Pop Songs from 1996–2011 on March 16, 2011.[15] On the Billboard Digital Songs chart, the song debuted at number 38 for the week of April 23, 2005.[11] After moving around the chart for 31 non-consecutive weeks, the song eventually peaked at number three.[16] \"You and Me\" debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart during the week of May 21, 2005.[11] It eventually peaked at number four after it spent 26 consecutive weeks on the chart.[17] On the Billboard Radio Songs chart, the track debuted at number 74 during the week of May 21, 2005.[11] It proceeded to move around the chart for 26 consecutive weeks, until it eventually peaked at number nine.[18] According to Nielsen SoundScan, \"You and Me\" was the ninth top selling digital song of 2005.[19] On May 19, 2005, \"You and Me\" was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling more than 500,000 units of the song.[20]", "It Takes Two (Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock song). The first scene, where the DJ and little boy are talking, was shot in a record store in Harlem.[4]", "Pretty Ricky. On January 23, 2007, Pretty Ricky released their second album, Late Night Special, which sold over 132,000 copies in the first week, topping the Billboard 200 album charts.[3] That March they released their second single, \"Push It Baby\", featuring reggae artist Sean Paul.", "Taryn Manning. In 2001, Manning auditioned for the musical reality television show popstar on the WB. In 2003, Manning and her brother Kellin formed the band Boomkat. The band first signed a major label deal with American Idol producer Randy Jackson, but the deal fell through. Robbie Robertson then signed them to DreamWorks Records, which was Boomkat's label from 2002 to 2004. In 2002, she sang a rendition of \"I'll Take You There\" with Tweet in several Gap commercials directed by Peter Lindbergh. Their debut album, Boomkatalog.One, was released on March 18, 2003. Boomkat released two singles \"The Wreckoning\" and \"What U Do 2 Me\". The first single, \"The Wreckoning\", hit No. 1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The band closed out 2003 as the No. 5 Hot Dance Club Play Artist for the year in Billboard Magazine.[29] Music from Boomkatalog.One has also appeared in movies, including Mean Girls, Crossroads, The Hot Chick, 8 Mile and The Italian Job.", "You & Me (Disclosure song). \"You & Me\" is a song by British UK garage duo Disclosure, it features the vocals from Eliza Doolittle. It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 28 April 2013. The track is the third single from the duo's debut studio album, Settle (2013). The song was written by Howard Lawrence, Guy Lawrence, James Napier, Eliza Caird and produced by Disclosure. It has gained popularity through the Flume remix.", "You and Me (Lifehouse song). Source: Allmusic[32]", "Take It Easy with the Walker Brothers. Take It Easy with the Walker Brothers is the debut album by the American pop group the Walker Brothers. It is also commonly known as Take It Easy. The group's musical accompaniment was directed by Ivor Raymonde and produced by John Franz and Nick Venet. It was released in 1965 and reached number three on the UK Albums Chart.[3] The album contains the group's first major hit single \"Make It Easy on Yourself\". receiving good to mixed reviews the album was released in both Mono and Stereo LP formats in November 1965. The album was later released on CD having been remastered and expanded in 1998. The sleeve notes were written by Brian Mulligan, the then press officer for Philips Records, with photography by Terence Donovan.", "Milli Vanilli. In 2000, Fab Morvan was featured in a BBC documentary titled It Takes Two: The Story of the Pop Duo about musical duos. The duo were also featured (and interviewed) for the premiere episode of VH1's Behind the Music.", "Take Good Care of My Baby. It has also been covered by, among others, Micky Dolenz[39] and German pop star Sasha (Dick Brave and the Backbeats, 2003), whose version reached No. 21 in Germany and No. 52 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40.[40][41]", "2 Live Crew. In June 2014, the 2 Live Crew released a new single Take It Off, the video clip features cameos by Mannie Fresh, Flavor Flav, Trina, Flo Rida, and Trick Daddy. The single is available on iTunes[15][16]", "Kym Herjavec. Old School Hip Hop/ \"It Takes Two\"", "You and Me (Lifehouse song). The song received positive reviews from critics, who noted that the song was more mellow and stripped-down than their previous singles. It became a commercial success, charting in the top five in the United States and also charting in Australia and New Zealand. On May 19, 2005, the song was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling more than 500,000 units in the United States. In 2005, it became the ninth most downloaded song, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Because of its success, it appeared as the number one song on Billboard's list of Top 40 Adult Pop Songs from 1996–2011 on March 16, 2011. A music video for the song premiered on MTV.com on March 21, 2005, and features a couple as Wade sings in a train station. \"You and Me\" has appeared on many television shows, including Smallville, Grey's Anatomy, The Vampire Diaries, Cold Case and Gavin & Stacey.", "Endless Love (song). Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included it on their duet covers album \"It Takes Two\" in 2009.[71]", "Justin Bieber. On July 22, 2016, Bieber released a new single with Major Lazer and MØ titled \"Cold Water\". It debuted at number two, on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Bieber's third number-two debut on the chart, passing Mariah Carey's record to become the artist with the most number-two debuts; he also leads with the most top-two debuts at five.[111] In August 2016, French DJ DJ Snake and Bieber released their collaborative song \"Let Me Love You\".[112] He appears in the documentary Bodyguards: Secret Lives from the Watchtower.[113]", "Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock. He responded in 1989 with The Incredible Base, his debut solo album. It did not sell as well as It Takes Two. One song from the album hit the dance chart in late 1989: \"Turn It Out (Go Base)\", credited only to Rob Base.", "Me & U. \"Me & U\" is the debut single by American singer Cassie. It was released on April 25, 2006, as the lead single from her eponymous debut album, Cassie (2006). It was written and produced by Ryan Leslie. The song reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 2006. It remained in the top forty for nearly five months." ]

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[ "Dwarka Sector 14 metro station. The Dwarka Sector 14 Metro Station is located on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.[1] It is the nearest metro station to National Law University, Delhi one of the national law schools in India and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, NAAC 'A' accredited university established by Government of NCT of Delhi.", "Netaji Subhash Place metro station. The station is situated in proximity of Pitampura TV Tower and Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce , affiliated to Delhi University.", "New Delhi. Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.[45] \"In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average.\"[46] However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.[citation needed]", "Vikaspuri. Delhi Metro's Blue Line (Dwarka Sector-21-Vaishali/Noida City Center) Janakpuri (West) and Uttam Nagar (East) stations are approximately at equal distance from Vikaspuri. Rickshaws, Gramin Sewa or operated rickshaw go from these Metro stations to Vikaspuri. The Blue Line connects Vikaspuri to Connaught Place, Pragati Maidan, Anand Vihar ISBT and Vaishali. The line is being extended to the airport via Dwarka.", "Delhi Metro. The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[48] Mainly elevated and partly underground,[49] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[48] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 31 December 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on 11 November 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010.[36] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[32] and has India's second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[50]", "Dwarka Sector 14 metro station. Nearest metro station to Kakrola village as well.", "Dwarka Sector 14 metro station. Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number OLA120, RL-75 serves the station from outside metro station stop. [3]", "Dwarka Sector 14 metro station. List of available ATM at Dwarka Sector 14 metro station\n, [2]", "University of Delhi. The University of Delhi (UOD) informally known as Delhi University (DU) is a public central collegiate university, located in New Delhi, India.", "Delhi Airport Metro Express. The Delhi Airport Metro Express (DAME) is a Delhi Metro line from New Delhi Metro Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line, also known as the Orange line was opened on 23 February 2011[3] after missing four previously set deadlines.[4] It was built at a cost of ₹57 billion,[5] of which Reliance Infra paid ₹28.85 billion (U$580m),[6] Reliance Infra will also pay fees on a Revenue-share model[5][7]", "Udyog Vihar. Rapid metro: Rapid Metro Gurgaon is another transport option available. The nearest Rapid Metro Station is DLF Phase III.", "G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. The university campus is located at a distance of 250 km from Delhi in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand. The nearby towns are Rudrapur (16 km), Haldwani (25 km), Kichha (13 km) and Nainital (65 km). Two National Highways- NH 87 and Bareilly- Nainital highway touch the campus. Pantnagar Airport, operated by Airports Authority of India is located in the campus, 2.5 km west of main administrative building. Two railway stations of North Eastern Railways- Pantnagar (IR Code PBW) and Haldi Road (IR Code HLDD) are located in the campus at a distance of 4 km (east) and 3 km (west) respectively from administrative building. University shuttle service, local rickshaws, auto-rickshaws and matador vans connect various parts of the campus. Pantnagar is a purely residential university and comprises an independent township in itself.[25] Population of Pantnagar, prior to establishment of Industrial estate was 35,820 (Census, 2001). Pantnagar is a part of Pantnagar- Kichha assembly constituency.[26] The 'Concentric semicircles' or the 'rising sun' plan of the campus-centre was a brainchild of Department of Architecture of Illinois University.[27][28]", "Blue Line (Delhi Metro). The Dwarka-Barakhamba Road section of the line was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh on 31 December 2005 and opened to the public on 31 December 2005. It is the longest line currently running on the Delhi Metro network.", "Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce. Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce was founded in 1984 as the second Commerce College of the University of Delhi. Strategically located near the Pitampura TV Tower, the college is managed by Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee, a statutory body, constituted under an Act of Parliament. The college is named after the tenth Guru Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji.", "Delhi Metro. The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurugram, Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro.", "Delhi Airport Metro Express. As of now there are no plans to extend the Orange line as the city of Gurgaon is already well connected to Delhi via the Yellow Line. The city is also served by Rapid Metro that caters to the needs of Gurgaon and is in turn connected to Delhi Metro too. The line would be extended till Dwarka Sector 25, where a convention centre would be coming up in a few years.", "New Delhi. The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the Delhi Metro network consists of 213 kilometres (132 miles) of track, with 160 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.", "University of Delhi. The East Campus is being developed with the University College of Medical Sciences as its nucleus, while the West Campus will have as its focus on Engineering and Technology.The west campus currently contains faculty of technology along with its affiliate Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology located in Dwarka suburbs is University's only top tier engineering college[13]", "Delhi. The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's tenth-largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's second modern public transportation system, which has revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 296 kilometres (184 miles) with 214 stations, which are a mix of underground, at-grade and elevated stations. All stations have escalators, lifts, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to further encourage use of the system. In March 2010, DMRC partnered with Google India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps.\nIt has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$3.1 billion).[161] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[162] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[163]", "Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce. The college spread over ~10.7 acres (43,000 m2) possesses infrastructure including class-rooms, grounds, a library and computer labs. The college is linked to Delhi University through Intranet and shares all electronic resources. The college also possesses a fully airconditioned 500-seate auditorium as well as an airconditioned canteen. The college also has a national level lawn tennis ground, a cricket ground, gymnasium as well an under construction girls hostel.", "University of Delhi. University of Delhi has two affiliated facilities:", "Magenta Line (Delhi Metro). Shankar Vihar metro station on the line is unique as it is the only station on the network where free movement of civilians is restricted by the military, as it falls in the Delhi Cantonment area and according to DMRC official \"located right in the heart of the defence zone, it thus will cater primarily to defence personnel\".[3].", "Meerut. The nearest government university which offers degrees in Engineering, Science, Management and Humanities is Gautam Buddha University located in Greater Noida.", "Dhaula Kuan metro station. Under the Phase III network, the Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station was built. The distance between the two stations is approximately 500 metres and they are connected using a travelator.", "Blue Line (Delhi Metro). A branch line from Dwarka station to Najafgarh is planned under Phase III and has received approval. The extension will see 3 new stations being added to the blue line. Construction work on this extension started in September 2013.[9]", "Tilak Nagar (Delhi). Tilak Nagar is situated approximately 20 km from the New Delhi Railway Station and 17 km from Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport. It is connected with Delhi Metro via blue line to the commercial hub of Connaught Place and to adjacent cities Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Noida making it easy and feasible to commute on a day-to-day basis.", "Uttam Nagar East metro station. The Uttam Nagar East (Hindi: उत्तम नगर पूर्व) Metro Station is located on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.[3]", "GTB Nagar metro station. The GTB Nagar (Hindi: जीटीबी नगर) Metro Station is located on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro in Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar (Kingsway Camp).[1]", "Delhi. Metro services are being extended to important hubs in the cities that are close to offices, colleges, and tourist spots. This will facilitate easy conveyance for the citizens, who otherwise have to rely on public buses that are heavily crowded and are often stuck in traffic jams.", "Green Line (Delhi Metro). The line was opened in two stages, with the 15.1 km Inderlok - Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010[1] and the 3.5 km Kirti Nagar - Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011. Though its route is shorter than other lines, the Green Line serves as a lifeline for Delhiites going to and coming from Red Line and Blue Lines, as it covers major commercial and residential areas like Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Nangloi and Mundka. On 6 August 2012, in a step that will improve commuting in National Capital Region, the Union government has approved the extension of Delhi Metro from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana. The 11.18 km metro stretch will have seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area, Ghevra, Tikri Kalan, Tikri Border, Modern Industrial Estate, Bus Stand and City Park between Mundka and Bahadurgarh.", "University of Delhi. There are about 77 colleges affiliated to the University of Delhi, spread out all over Delhi. There are two main campuses of the University: the North Campus & the South Campus.", "Ashok Vihar. Ashok Vihar is well connected through road and public transport. Further, its connectivity has been enhanced by three Delhi Metro stations namely Keshav Puram, Kanhiya Nagar and Shalimar bagh two of them situated on Red Line. Delhi Transport Corporation buses No 166 (Shalimar Bagh to Palika Kendra), 181(A) (Jahangir Puri to Nizzamudin Rly. Station), 142 (Jahangir Puri to I.S.B.T.) and 235 (Wazirpur J.J. Colony to Nand Nagri), in addition Metro feeder bus service between Inderlok Metro Station to Azad Pur Metro Station is also available." ]

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[ "JAR (file format). A JAR file allows Java runtimes to efficiently deploy an entire application, including its classes and their associated resources, in a single request. JAR file elements may be compressed, shortening download times.", "JAR (file format). A JAR (Java ARchive) is a package file format typically used to aggregate many Java class files and associated metadata and resources (text, images, etc.) into one file for distribution.[3]", "JAR (file format). JAR files are archive files that include a Java-specific manifest file. They are built on the ZIP format and typically have a .jar file extension.[4]", "JAR (file format). Most uses of JAR files go beyond simple archiving and compression and require special information in the manifest file.", "JAR (file format). An executable Java program can be packaged in a JAR file, along with any libraries the program uses. Executable JAR files have the manifest specifying the entry point class with Main-Class: myPrograms.MyClass and an explicit Class-Path (and the -cp argument is ignored). Some operating systems can run these directly when clicked. The typical invocation is java -jar foo.jar from a command line.", "JAR (file format). A JAR file may contain a manifest file, that is located at META-INF/MANIFEST.MF. The entries in the manifest file describe how to use the JAR file. For instance, a Classpath entry can be used to specify other JAR files to load with the JAR.", "JAR (file format). If an application is contained in a JAR file, the Java Virtual Machine needs to know the application's entry point. An entry point is any class with a public static void main(String[] args) method. This information is provided in the Main-Class header, which has the general form:", "JAR (file format). Optionally, a package within a JAR file can be sealed, which means that all classes defined in that package are archived in the same JAR file. A package might be sealed to ensure version consistency among the classes in the software or as a security measure.", "JAR (file format). The content of the manifest file in a JAR file created with version 1.0 of the Java Development Kit is the following.", "JAR (file format). A manifest file is a metadata file contained within a JAR.[5][6] It defines extension and package-related data. It contains name-value pairs organized in sections. If a JAR file is intended to be used as an executable file, the manifest file specifies the main class of the application. The manifest file is named MANIFEST.MF. The manifest directory has to be the first entry of the compressed archive.", "JAR (file format). The MANIFEST.MF file can be used to specify all the classes that must be loaded for an application to be able to run.[8]", "Java (software platform). The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform. First, like other standard code libraries, the Java libraries provide the programmer a well-known set of functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing. Second, the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform. The java.net and java.io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature.", "Archive file. Java also introduced a whole family of archive extensions such as jar and war (j is for Java and w is for web). They are used to exchange entire byte-code deployment. Sometimes they are also used to exchange source code and other text, HTML and XML files. By default they are all compressed.", "JAR (file format). JAR files created only for the purpose of archiving do not use the MANIFEST.MF file.", "JAR (file format). Several related file formats build on the JAR format:", "JAR (file format). In this example com.example.MyClassName.main() executes at application launch.", "JAR (file format). The content of JAR files may be obfuscated to make reverse engineering more difficult.", "JAR (file format). The manifest can contain information about the other files that are packaged in the archive. Manifest contents depend on the intended use for the JAR file. The default manifest file makes no assumptions about what information it should record about other files, so its single line contains data only about itself.", "JAR (file format). The contents of a JAR file may be extracted using any standard decompression software, or the jar command line utility: \"jar -xf foo.jar\".", "Java package. A Java package organizes Java classes into namespaces,[1] \nproviding a unique namespace for each type it contains. \nClasses in the same package can access each other's package-private and protected members.\nJava packages can be stored in compressed files called JAR files, allowing classes to be downloaded faster as groups rather than individually.", "Java package. JAR files are created with the jar command-line utility. The command", "Java (software platform). Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation, that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications and can be embedded in HTML pages.", "Java class file. A Java class file is a file (with the .class filename extension) containing Java bytecode that can be executed on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A Java class file is produced by a Java compiler from Java programming language source files (.java files) containing Java classes. If a source file has more than one class, each class is compiled into a separate class file.", "WAR (file format). In software engineering, a WAR file (Web Application Resource[1] or Web application ARchive[2]) is a JAR file used to distribute a collection of JavaServer Pages, Java Servlets, Java classes, XML files, tag libraries, static web pages (HTML and related files) and other resources that together constitute a web application.", "JAR (file format). Native launchers can be created on most platforms. For instance, Microsoft Windows users who prefer having Windows EXE files can use tools such as JSmooth, Launch4J, WinRun4J or Nullsoft Scriptable Install System to wrap single JAR files into executables.", "JAR (file format). Developers can digitally sign JAR files. In that case, the signature information becomes part of the embedded manifest file. The JAR itself is not signed, but instead every file inside the archive is listed along with its checksum; it is these checksums that are signed. Multiple entities may sign the JAR file, changing the JAR file itself with each signing, although the signed files themselves remain valid. When the Java runtime loads signed JAR files, it can validate the signatures and refuse to load classes that do not match the signature. It can also support 'sealed' packages, in which the Classloader will only permit Java classes to be loaded into the same package if they are all signed by the same entities. This prevents malicious code from being inserted into an existing package, and so gaining access to package-scoped classes and data.", "JAR (file format). Note that Class-Path entries are delimited with spaces, not with the system path delimiter:", "Java package. compresses all .class files into the JAR file myPackage.jar. The 'c' option on the command line tells the jar command to \"create new archive.\" The ' f ' option tells it to create a file. The file's name comes next before the contents of the JAR file.", "JAR (file format). The name is separated from its value by a colon. The default manifest shows that it conforms to version 1.0 of the manifest specification.", "Java class file. JVMs are available for many platforms, and a class file compiled on one platform will execute on a JVM of another platform. This makes Java applications platform-independent.", "Entry point. To run this program, one must call java HelloWorld in the directory where the compiled class file (which itself must be named HelloWorld.class) exists. Alternatively, executable JAR files use a manifest file to specify the entry point in a manner that is filesystem-independent from the user's perspective.", "Java applet. To minimize download time, applets can be delivered in the form of a jar file. In the case of this example, if all necessary classes are placed in the compressed archive example.jar, the following embedding code could be used instead:" ]

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[ "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). \"Don't Let Me Down\" is a song by American production duo The Chainsmokers. The song features the vocals of American singer Daya, and was released on February 5, 2016, through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records.[4][5] The song was written by Andrew Taggart, Emily Warren and Scott Harris. It was released on March 22, 2016, as the radio single follow-up to \"Roses\".[6]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). “Don’t Let Me Down” received critical acclaim. Robbie Daw of Idolator stated \"[Don't Let Me Down] kicks off with a haunting guitar loop and 17-year-old Daya lamenting that she's 'crashing, hit a wall, right now I need a miracle.' By the time the chorus sweeps in, the song shifts into full-on trap mode\" and called it a \"trappy collaboration\".[4] Popdust's Jason Scott claimed \"[Don't Let Me Down] is an enormously engaging strip of gritty dance-club euphoria. Percussion vibrates underneath a well-constructed skyscraper of synth and evocative vocals from the 17-year-old Daya.\"[11] Rolling Stone named \"Don't Let Me Down\" one of the 30 best songs of the first half of 2016, writing \"EDM may not dominate the charts the way it used to but the Chainsmokers' swirling, turnt-up love song proves the genre has a little fight left in it. Newcomer Daya goes to battle with the aggro, big room beats and ends up coming out on top.\"[12]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). Usher covered \"Don't Let Me Down\" in BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on September 5, 2016.[16]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). \"Don't Let Me Down\" became both The Chainsmokers' and Daya's first top five single on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number three. It also became The Chainsmokers' second consecutive top 10 entry after \"Roses\", which peaked at number six. It reached the top 10 in several countries, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. A set of remixes for the song, was released on April 15, 2016. A music video for the song was released on April 29, 2016, with appearances from The Chainsmokers and Daya.", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). Singer Joy Williams released a cover of the song on March 12, 2017.", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). \"Don't Let Me Down\" is a song by the Beatles (with Billy Preston), recorded in 1969 during the Let It Be sessions. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney.", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). In an interview, Taggart stated that he first created the drop during a flight. The duo later added a \"big, echoey guitar sound\" to the song, inspired by the bands the xx and Explosions in the Sky, by using a Fender electric guitar and a software plugin. Emily Warren and Scott Harris convened with the duo to create the melody and lyrics. However, the vocalist was not chosen until Taggart heard Daya's \"Hide Away\", after which the duo enlisted her to record the vocals in the studio.[8] The song is originally for Rihanna, but her team rejected it.[9]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). Denver, CO heavy metal band, Immortal Sÿnn, released a cover of the song on November 3, 2016.[17][18][19]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). The key of the song was originally a step lower, but the duo changed it in order to better accommodate Daya's range. The third drop, which includes the saxophone, was created later in the process.[8] The song has a double-time tempo of 80 beats per minute and a key of G♯ minor. \"Don't Let Me Down\" follows a chord progression of E – B – F♯ – G♯m, and Daya's vocals span from G♯3 to C♯5.[10]", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). They performed \"Don't Let Me Down\" twice during their rooftop concert of 30 January 1969, one of which was included in the Let It Be (1970) film, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg.[8] When the \"Get Back\" project was revisited, Phil Spector dropped \"Don't Let Me Down\" from the Let It Be (1970) album.[9]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). Lyca Gairanod, winner of The Voice Kids Philippines first season, covered the song in a local morning show Umagang Kay Ganda (Lit. A Morning So Beautiful) in early 2017.", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). The B-side version of the song was included on the Beatles' compilations Hey Jude, 1967-1970 and Past Masters Volume 2 and Mono Masters. The same recording also appears on the soundtrack to the 1988 documentary, Imagine: John Lennon. In November 2003, an edit of the two rooftop versions was included on Let It Be... Naked.[10]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). In the video, Andrew Taggart and Alex Pall (The Chainsmokers) get into a yellow convertible at sunrise and begin to drive down a wooded mountain road. Intercut with shots of them driving is Daya, dressed in black leather pants and jacket, singing in a misty field full of bushes. Taggart and Pall stop the car when Daya, surrounded by dancers dressed similarly to her, stand in the middle of the road, blocking it. Daya sings as the girls perform dance moves around her while Taggart and Pall watch from the car. Suddenly, the car begins bouncing up and down on its wheels. As the beat progresses, the rocking of the car becomes more violent and aggressive. Towards the end of the song, the rocking lifts Taggart and Pall out of the car and they are suspended in the air as the girls disperse.", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). The song won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.[7]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). In the United Kingdom, \"Don't Let Me Down\" became the Chainsmokers' highest-charting hit (until \"Closer\" which reached the top of the chart in September 2016) when the song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated July 21, 2016, spending 11 weeks in the top 10.", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). Multiple versions of \"Don't Let Me Down\" were recorded by the Beatles during the tumultuous Get Back (Let It Be) recording sessions. The version recorded on 28 January 1969 was released as a B-side to the single \"Get Back\", recorded the same day.[6] \"Get Back\" reached number one and \"Don't Let Me Down\" reached number 35 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[7]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). An instrumental version was used prominently as part of the BBC's 2017 UK General Election coverage.", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). In March 2017, the Joy Williams version of the song was used in a State Farm Insurance commercial.[20]", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). Rod Stewart's 1976 song \"The Killing of Georgie (Part I and II)\" employs a melody almost identical to the Beatles' \"Don't Let Me Down\". In a 1980 interview, a clearly annoyed John Lennon said, \"the lawyers never noticed\".[15]", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). Richie Unterberger of AllMusic called it \"one of the Beatles' most powerful love songs\",[11] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the song as \"heart-wrenching soul\"[12] and Roy Carr and Tony Tyler called it \"a superb sobber from misery-expert J. W. O. Lennon, MBE. And still one of the most highly underrated Beatle underbellies.\"[13] Author Ian MacDonald praised \"Don't Let Me Down\" and declared that \"this track vies with Come Together for consideration as the best of Lennon's late-style Beatles records\".[14]", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). No official producer's credit was included for the single release owing to \"the confused roles of George Martin and Glyn Johns\".[18] However the 1967-1970 compilation liner notes credited Martin as the song's producer.[citation needed]", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). In the United States, the single debuted at number 85 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week of February 27, 2016 but fell off the chart the next week. It made a re-entry at number 81 for the week of March 12, 2016. The song reached a peak of number three for the week of July 16, 2016, and spent 23 weeks in the top 10; it was later named the eighth best-performing single of the year by Billboard (two spots above the duo's number-one hit \"Closer\").[13]", "I Won't Let You Down (Ph.D. song). Other notable artists who have recorded \"I Won't Let You Down\":", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). The song is featured as an exclusive content on Just Dance 2017 's subscription-based content, Just Dance Unlimited.", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). The music video for the song was released to YouTube on April 29, 2016.[14]", "The Chainsmokers. The Chainsmokers released their first EP titled Bouquet on Disruptor Records, featuring \"New York City\", \"Until You Were Gone\", \"Waterbed\", \"Good Intentions\", and \"Roses\".[23] Their follow-up single \"Don't Let Me Down\", was released on February 5, 2016, featuring the singer Daya.[18] Two months later, they released the single, \"Inside Out\", featuring the Swedish singer Charlee.", "Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song). The song was featured in the television series Lucifer, Degrassi: Next Class and Younger.", "I Won't Let You Down (OK Go song). \"I Won't Let You Down\" is a single by American rock band OK Go that was released as a single in December 8, 2014 and is part of their album Hungry Ghosts. The video for the song was released on October 27, 2014. Like many of the band's past videos, the video is a one shot take recorded in double time showing the band members and several hundred dancers on personal transportation devices performing intricate choreographed routines while filmed by a camera on a multirotor aerial drone.", "Don't Let Me Down (Beatles song). Written by Lennon as an anguished love song to Yoko Ono,[1] it was interpreted by Paul McCartney as a \"genuine plea\", with Lennon saying to Ono, \"I'm really stepping out of line on this one. I'm really just letting my vulnerability be seen, so you must not let me down.\"[2]", "Never Let Me Down Again. The Smashing Pumpkins recorded a cover of the song and released it as a b-side on their 1994 CD single \"Rocket\". Frontman Billy Corgan was introduced to the band by bassist D'arcy Wretzky, who is a longtime fan of Depeche Mode and requested the band cover the song. During their 1998 concert in Los Angeles, Depeche Mode invited Corgan, their opening act, onstage to perform the song together. This version of the song is also featured on the soundtrack for Not Another Teen Movie (in the soundtrack of the movie, another cover of a Depeche Mode song appears: \"But Not Tonight\", this one covered by Stone Temple Pilots's Scott Weiland).[citation needed]", "Let Me Down Easy (Billy Currington song). Karlie Justus of Engine 145 gave the song a thumbs-up, saying that it was a \"sultry sleeper hit\" but also saying that she thought it was similar to \"Must Be Doin' Somethin' Right\" and \"Don't\".[2] Gary Graff of Billboard also described the song favorably, saying that it had \"Lionel Richie-style smoothness\".[3]", "Never Let Me Down Again. \"Never Let Me Down Again\" is Depeche Mode's nineteenth UK single, released on 24 August 1987, and the second single for the then upcoming album Music for the Masses. A relatively moderate hit in the UK at number 22, it was a smash in West Germany, where it hit number 2, and a Top 10 success in several other European countries (Sweden, Switzerland, etc.). The cover art features fragments of a Soviet map of Russia and Europe, with different fragments used for the different editions of the single." ]

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[ "Casting vote. In some legislatures, a casting vote may be exercised however the presiding officer wishes. An example is the Vice President of the United States, who may exercise his casting vote in the Senate according to his party affiliation or according to his own personal beliefs. By virtue of the Vice President's casting vote, when the Senate as elected is equally divided between two parties, the Vice President's party is able to serve as the official majority party in the Senate. The exercise of the Vice President's casting vote has become increasingly rare throughout American history as the size of the Senate has grown from 26 to 100 and ties have become less probable.", "Casting vote. A casting vote is a vote which may be exercised (usually in addition to his or her normal vote as a member of the body, if he or she has one) by the presiding officer of a council or legislative body, or of any committee, to resolve a deadlock and which can be exercised only when such a deadlock exists. Examples of officers who hold casting votes are the Speaker of the British House of Commons and the President of the United States Senate (an ex-officio role of the Vice President of the United States).", "Casting vote. Some legislatures have a dual approach. In the Australian Parliament, the Speaker of the House of Representatives may not vote in general debates but has a casting vote to decide a tie. The President of the Senate usually votes in general debates, commonly based on party lines. The President does not have a casting vote, and a tied vote in the Senate is resolved in the negative. The same arrangements exist with respect to the Speakers of the Canadian House and Senate.", "Division of the assembly. In the Australian Senate, a procedure similar to that of the House of Representatives is followed. The voice vote is taken, and, if two Senators object, a division is held. Senators take seats in the right or left of the Chamber as in the House, and the President of the Senate appoints one teller for each side to record the votes.[5] The President may vote by stating to the Senate the side on which he intends to vote. If the result of the division is an equality of votes, then the motion is in all cases disagreed to.", "United States Senate. When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either \"Yea/Aye\" (in favor of the motion) or \"Nay\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries.[42] If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a tie-breaking vote. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails.[43]", "Procedures of the United States Congress. Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters; members shout out \"aye\" or \"no,\" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution, however, requires a recorded vote on the demand of one-fifth of the members present. If the result of the voice vote is unclear, or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually ensues. The Senate uses roll-call votes; a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating \"aye\" or \"no\" when his or her name is announced. The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll-call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. In the Senate, the Vice President may (if present) cast the tiebreaking vote.", "Australian Senate. Senators are called upon to vote on matters before the Senate. These votes are called divisions in the case of Senate business, or ballots where the vote is to choose a senator to fill an office of the Senate (such as President of the Australian Senate).[26]", "Senate of Canada. When the debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The first voting action by the Senate is by voice vote; the presiding officer reads the question and members respond either \"yea\" (in favour of the motion) or \"nay\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but, two or more senators may challenge this assessment, thereby forcing a recorded vote (known as a division). First, members in favour of the motion rise, so that the clerks may record their names and votes. The same procedure is repeated for members who oppose the motion and once again for those who abstain. In all cases, the Speaker holds a vote (which is not usually exercised) and votes first when a recorded division is called; a tied vote results in the motion's failure. If the number of members voting, including the presiding officer, does not at least total 15, then a quorum is not present, and the vote is invalid.", "United States Congress. Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting.[1] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout \"aye\" or \"no\" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution, however, requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting, in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating \"aye\" or \"no\" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the vice president may cast the tie-breaking vote if present.", "Casting vote. In the Congress of the Philippines, the presiding officers, who are openly partisan, of the two chambers have different rules on casting votes in case of a tie. In the Senate, the President of the Senate votes last; therefore, if the motion is tied, it is lost. Meanwhile, the Speaker of the House of Representatives (or any presiding officer) does not vote unless there is a tie, which is rare; in this casting vote, the presiding officer usually votes based on the party line.", "Standing Rules of the United States Senate. When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the Senate votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either \"Aye!\" (in favor of the motion) or \"No!\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. Any senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; each senator responds when his or her name is called. Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the vote is tied, the Vice President, if present, is entitled to a casting vote. If the Vice President is not present, however, the motion is resolved in the negative.", "Parliament of Australia. Both Houses may determine motions by voice vote: the presiding officer puts the question, and, after listening to shouts of \"Aye\" and \"No\" from the members, announces the result. The announcement of the presiding officer settles the question, unless at least two members demand a \"division\", or a recorded vote. In that case the bells are rung throughout Parliament House summoning Senators or Members to the chamber. During a division, members who favour the motion move to the right side of the chamber, whereas those opposed move to the left. They are then counted by the \"tellers\" (Government and Opposition whips), and the motion is passed or defeated accordingly. In the Senate, in order not to deprive a state of a vote in what is supposed to be a states' house, the President is permitted a vote along with other Senators (however, that right is rarely exercised); in the case of a tie, the President does not have a casting vote and the motion fails.[42] In the House of Representatives, the Speaker does not vote, except in the case of a tie (see casting vote).[41]", "Division of the assembly. A recorded vote must take place upon the demand of one-fifth of members present under Article I, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: \"the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.\" In the Senate, a recorded vote is accomplished by the clerk's call of the roll. In the House, an electronic voting device is typically used to take recorded votes, although occasionally roll calls take place; the House is historically too large to conduct roll calls on a regular basis (435 members versus 100 in the Senate). When voting to override a Presidential veto, the yeas and nays are required under Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution.", "Nuclear option. Proponents of the 60-vote rule have argued that the Senate is a less-than-democratic body that could conceivably allow a simple majority of senators, representing a minority of the national population, to enact legislation or confirm appointees lacking popular support.", "Federal Constitutional Court. Decisions by a senate require a majority. In some cases a two-thirds vote is required (ยง 15 IV 1 BVerfGG). Decisions by a chamber need to be unanimous. A chamber is not authorized to overrule a standing precedent of the senate to which it belongs; such issues need to be submitted to the senate as a whole. Similarly, a senate may not overrule a standing precedent of the other senate, and such issues will be submitted to a plenary meeting of all 16 judges (the Plenum).", "Casting vote. In some other legislatures, by contrast, a casting vote can only be exercised according to strict rules or conventions. For example, the Speaker of the British House of Commons (and analogous positions in most Westminster Parliaments) is expected by constitutional convention to follow Speaker Denison's rule, i.e. to vote to allow further discussion, if this is possible, and otherwise to vote in favour of the status quo.", "Australian Senate. The Senate contains an even number of senators, so a tied vote is a real prospect (which regularly occurs when the party numbers in the chamber are finely balanced). Section 23 of the Constitution requires that in the event of a tied division, the question is resolved in the negative. The system is however different for ballots for offices such as the President. If such a ballot is tied, the Clerk of the Senate decides the outcome by the drawing of lots. In reality, conventions govern most ballots, so this situation does not arise.", "Parliament of Canada. Both houses determine motions by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question and, after listening to shouts of \"yea\" and \"nay\" from the members, announces which side is victorious. This decision by the Speaker is final, unless a recorded vote is demanded by members—at least two in the Senate and five in the House of Commons. Members of both houses vote by rising in their places to be counted; the Speaker of the Senate is permitted to vote on a motion or bill—though does so irregularly, in the interest of impartiality—and, if there is no majority, the motion is defeated. In the Commons, however, the Speaker cannot vote, unless to break a tie, at which time he or she will customarily vote in favour of the status quo. The constitution establishes the quorums to be 15 senators in the upper house and 20 members in the lower house, the Speaker of each body being counted within the tally.", "Advice and consent. Typically, a congressional hearing is held to question an appointee prior to a committee vote. If the nominee is approved by the relevant committee, the nomination is sent to the full Senate for a confirmation vote. The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is \"to advise and consent\".[5][6] For appointments, a majority of Senators present are needed to pass a motion \"to advise and consent\". A filibuster requiring a three-fifths vote to override, and other similar delaying tactics have been used to require higher vote tallies in the past.", "Constitution of the Roman Republic. The presiding consul began each meeting with a speech on an issue,[74] and then referred the issue to the senators, who discussed the matter by order of seniority.[74] Unimportant matters could be voted on by a voice vote or by a show of hands, while important votes resulted in a physical division of the house,[75] with senators voting by taking a place on either side of the chamber. Any vote was always between a proposal and its negative.[76]", "Australian Senate. To vote correctly, electors must either:", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. On November 21, 2013, the Senate used the so-called \"nuclear option,\" voting 52–48 — with all Republicans and three Democrats opposed — to eliminate the use of the filibuster on executive branch nominees and judicial nominees, except to the Supreme Court. At the time of the vote, there were 59 executive branch nominees and 17 judicial nominees awaiting confirmation.[54]", "Nuclear option. A new precedent is thus established allowing for cloture to be invoked by a simple majority on certain types of actions. These and other Senate precedents will then be relied upon by future Parliamentarians in advising the chair, effectively eliminating the 60-vote barrier going forward. (Riddick's Senate Procedure is a compilation by Senate parliamentarians of precedents established throughout the entire history of the Senate by direct rulings of the chair, actions relating to rulings of the chair, or direct Senate action.)", "Electoral system of Australia. The system for counting Senate votes is complicated, and a final result is sometimes not known for several weeks. When the Senate vote is counted, a quota for election is determined. This is the number of valid votes cast, divided by the number of Senators to be elected plus one.", "United States Senate. Each party elects Senate party leaders. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen. The Senate Majority Leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an assistant leader (whip) who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires.", "Casting vote. While having the same right to vote as any member of the House, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, in order to maintain the appearance of impartiality, typically does not vote unless his or her vote will make the difference. This is in effect a casting vote.", "Electoral College (United States). The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837. In that instance, the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud. The rules further stated, \"[I]f a majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger, he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States\"; the Senate chose Johnson.[69]", "Ex officio member. The United States Vice President, who also serves as President of the Senate, may vote in the Senate on matters decided by a majority vote (as opposed to a three-fifths vote or two-thirds vote), if the votes for passage and rejection are equal.", "United States Congress. The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers \"by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.\" It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010.[101] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president.[1]", "Division of the assembly. In the United States Congress, divisions are used, but not in the same manner as in the British Parliament. In Congress, lobbies are not used, and the division is not a final determination of the question. The vote is first taken by voice vote, as is the case in Parliament. Then, any member may demand a division. If a division is demanded, then the Speaker of the House of Representatives (or, more commonly, a Representative of the majority party designated by the Speaker to preside as Speaker pro tempore) or the Presiding Officer of the Senate asks those voting Yea to rise and remain standing until counted, and then asks those voting Nay to do the same. A division is the least common method of voting in the Senate.[23]", "Appointments Clause. The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is \"to advise and consent\", which shows how initial advice on nominations and treaties is not a formal power exercised by the Senate.[5][6] On Nov. 21, 2013, the Senate changed its rules regarding the number of votes needed to end debate on a presidential nomination and bring it to a vote. Before that date, a minority of senators could engage in a filibuster and block a vote on a nomination unless three-fifths of senators voted to end debate. Under the new rules, a simple majority is all that is needed to end debate. The only exception was for nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States, which could still be blocked from going to a vote by a filibuster, until the Senate rules were again changed on April 6th, 2017 during Senate debate on the nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Count.[7]", "Roman Senate. Senators had several other ways in which they could influence (or frustrate) a presiding magistrate. For example, every senator was permitted to speak before a vote could be held, and since all meetings had to end by nightfall,[16] a dedicated group or even a single senator could talk a proposal to death (a filibuster or diem consumere).[22] When it was time to call a vote, the presiding magistrate could bring up whatever proposals he wished, and every vote was between a proposal and its negative.[23]" ]

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[ "Jockey. Jockeys must be light to ride at the weights which are assigned to their mounts. There are horse carrying weight limits, that are set by racing authorities. The Kentucky Derby, for example, has a weight limit of 126 lb (57 kg) including the jockey's equipment. The weight of a jockey usually ranges from 108 to 118 lb (49 to 54 kg).[3] Despite their light weight, they must be able to control a horse that is moving at 40 mph (64 km/h) and weighs 1,200 lb (540 kg).[citation needed] Though there is no height limit for jockeys, they are usually fairly short due to the weight limits. Jockeys typically stand around 4 ft 10 in (147 cm) to 5 ft 6 in (168 cm).[3]", "Height in sports. In horse racing, is it a considerable advantage for a jockey to be both short and light. Having a jockey who is of short stature and light weight makes it easier for the horse to run at top speed without being weighed down. At the Kentucky Derby, for example, a jockey cannot exceed 126 pounds, including his equipment[citation needed]. There is no specific height requirement, but due to the weight restrictions, most jockeys stand between 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) and 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[citation needed]. Examples of successful jockeys are Calvin Borel at 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m), Victor Espinoza at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m), and Mario Gutierrez at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m).", "Kentucky Derby Trophy. The trophy, which is topped by an 18-karat gold horse and rider, includes horseshoe shaped handles, is 22 inches tall and weighs 56 ounces, excluding its jade base. Most of it is 14-karat gold; some components are 14-karat green gold.", "Kentucky Derby. The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1/2 miles (12 furlongs; 2.4 km) the same distance as the Epsom Derby. The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1/4 miles (10 furlongs; 2 km). On May 17, 1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby. Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby. Later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes.", "Kentucky Derby. The Kentucky Derby /ˈdɜːrbi/, is a horse race that is held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles (2 km) at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds (57 kilograms) and fillies 121 pounds (55 kilograms).[1]", "1875 Kentucky Derby. The 1875 Kentucky Derby was the first running of the Kentucky Derby.[1] The race took place on May 17, 1875.[2] The first Kentucky Derby was a 1.5-mile race, and the traditional distance of 1.25 miles was not established until the 1896 Derby.[3] Thirteen of the fifteen jockeys in the race, including winner Oliver Lewis, were African-American.[4] Attendance was estimated at 10,000.[5]", "2016 Kentucky Derby. At the start, Danzing Candy quickly took the lead and held onto it for seven furlongs (4,600 ft; 1,400 m) until fading. The favorite, Nyquist, broke well and stayed close to the leaders, no farther back than third throughout the race.[1] At the top of the stretch, Gun Runner, who had been running second or third throughout, briefly took the lead but was quickly surpassed by Nyquist. Exaggerator, who had started well back in 15th place,[1] closed fast at the end. Nyquist held him off to win the race by  1 1⁄4 lengths. Nyquist was the eighth undefeated winner in Kentucky Derby history, the first since Big Brown in 2008. The last horse to have been undefeated in seven races prior to winning the Derby was Majestic Prince in 1969.[10]", "Secretariat (horse). The 1973 Kentucky Derby on May 5 attracted a crowd of 134,476 to Churchill Downs, then the largest crowd in North American racing history.[60] The bettors made the entry of Secretariat and Angle Light the 3–2 favorite, with Sham the second choice at 5–2. The start was marred when Twice a Prince reared in his stall, hitting Our Native, positioned next to him, and causing Sham to bang his head against the gate, loosening two teeth. Sham then broke poorly and cut himself, also bumping into Navajo. Secretariat avoided problems by breaking last from post position 10, then cut over to the rail. Early leader Shecky Greene set a reasonable pace, then gave way to Sham around the far turn. Secretariat came charging as they entered the stretch and battled with Sham down the stretch, finally pulling away to win by ​2 1⁄2 lengths. Our Native finished eight lengths further back in third.[61][62]", "Secretariat (horse). His weight before the Gotham Stakes in April 1973 was 1,155 pounds (524 kg).[30] After completing the grueling Triple Crown, his weight on June 15 had dropped only 24 pounds, to 1,131 pounds (513 kg).[23] Secretariat was known for his appetite—during his three-year-old campaign, he ate 15 quarts of oats a day—and to keep the muscle from turning to fat, he needed fast workouts that could have won many a stakes race.[31]", "Calvin Borel. Borel is 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) and 116 pounds (53 kg). He lives in Louisville, Kentucky. His riding career began to surge in June 2006 when he won the $750,000 Stephen Foster Handicap at Churchill Downs with 91–1 longshot Seek Gold, getting up in the final stride to win by a nose over Perfect Drift and paying $185.40 to win. That year was his big break when he won his first Breeders' Cup on Street Sense in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile.", "2018 Kentucky Derby. Justify broke well and used his early speed to establish good position near the rail going into the first turn, running a length behind Promises Fulfilled. These two maintained their position for the first three-quarters of a mile, followed closely by Bolt d'Oro, Flameaway and Good Magic. Although the opening fractions (22.24 for the first quarter, 45.77 for the half, 1:11.01 for the three-quarters) were fast, Justify's jockey Mike Smith said the colt felt \"very comfortable\".[23]", "1875 Kentucky Derby. The winner was Aristides, by two lengths. His jockey was Oliver Lewis, his trainer was Ansel Williamson, and his owner was H.P. McGrath. Aristides' half-brother and stablemate Chesapeake also ran in the race. Both Aristides' jockey and trainer were black. Aristides's time of 2 minutes and 37.75 seconds was at the time a world record for the distance.", "2016 Kentucky Derby. The Post Position Draw of the entries for the Kentucky Derby was held Wednesday, May 4, 2016 at the Churchill Downs Racetrack clubhouse.[6] After the draw was made, the undefeated Nyquist was installed as the 3-1 morning line favorite.[7] In spite of having been undefeated in his seven previous races and having already defeated several of the other entries, including second-favorite Exaggerator, Nyquist was viewed as vulnerable, in part because of the statistical improbability of the race favorite winning for four years in a row.[8] Pundits also noted the unusual number of gray horses in the field, four in total and three of them sons of Tapit, a gray stallion who is ranked as the leading sire in America.[9]", "1973 Kentucky Derby. Florida Derby winner Royal and Regal had been suffering some problems with his feet going into the race and was seen as a horse that could potentially be scratched before the race began.[3][6] Shecky Greene, Angle Light, and Royal and Regal were thought to be the only horses in the field that had \"appreciable early speed\" and would challenge to be the leader out of the gates.[3][6] My Gallant was to be ridden by Angel Cordero, but Cordero was suspended for ten days starting the day of the Derby for a rules infraction on a race on May 2.[3] Braulio Baeza was chosen to jockey My Gallant, after being dropped by the owners of Shecky Greene in advance of the race because they were unsure whether that horse would be entered into the Derby.[3][5] Larry Adams was ultimately selected as the jockey for Shecky Greene.[3] With the speed of the horses entered, many thought that course record of 2:00 would be broken.[1][3]", "Kentucky Derby top four finishers. This is a listing of first-place, second-place, third-place and fourth-place finishers, and the number of starters in the Kentucky Derby, a Grade I American Thoroughbred race run at ​1 1⁄4 miles on dirt for three-year-olds. It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown, run at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.[1]", "Horse. The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb).[24] Larger riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb).[25] Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).[26]", "2018 Kentucky Derby. Source: Equibase chart[2]", "Churchill Downs. The twin spires atop the grandstands are the most recognizable architectural feature of Churchill Downs and are used as a symbol of the track and the Derby. They were designed by architect Joseph Dominic Baldez and built in 1895. Today, Churchill Downs covers 147 acres (0.59 km2). The usual number of people seated at the derby is 50,000 people, though crowds can reach over 150,000 on Derby day. The dirt oval main track, on which the Derby is run, is one mile (1.6 km) in circumference and is 79–80 feet (24.1–24.4 m) wide, with a 120-foot-wide (37 m) section for the starting gate. A turf track, inside the main track, is 7⁄8 mile (1.4 km) in circumference and 80-foot (24 m) wide.", "Kentucky Derby Trophy. The Kentucky Derby Trophy is a set of four trophies that are awarded to the winning connections of America's most famous race: the grade one $2,000,000 Kentucky Derby. The owner receives a gold trophy while the trainer, the jockey and the breeder win a silver half size replica of the main gold trophy. The trophy itself has been run for since the 50th running of the Kentucky Derby in 1924. Churchill Downs Race Course of Louisville, Kentucky has annually presented a gold trophy to the winning owner of the famed \"Run for the Roses.\"", "Kentucky Derby. Most wins by a jockey:", "Thoroughbred. Thoroughbred horses are primarily bred for racing under saddle at the gallop. Thoroughbreds are often known for being either distance runners or sprinters, and their conformation usually reflects what they have been bred to do. Sprinters are usually well muscled, while stayers, or distance runners, tend to be smaller and slimmer.[102] The size of the horse is one consideration for buyers and trainers when choosing a potential racehorse. Although there have been champion racehorses of every height, from Zenyatta who stood 17.2 hands,[103] to Man o' War and Secretariat who both stood at 16.2 hands,[104][105] down to Hyperion, who was only 15.1,[106] the best racehorses are generally of average size.[107] Larger horses mature more slowly and have more stress on their legs and feet, predisposing them to lameness.[108] Smaller horses are considered by some to be at a disadvantage due to their shorter stride and a tendency of other horses to bump them, especially in the starting gate.[107] Historically, Thoroughbreds have steadily increased in size: the average height of a Thoroughbred in 1700 was about 13.3 hands high. By 1876 this had increased to 15.3.[109]", "Calvin Borel. Super Derby (1991)\nArkansas Derby (1993)\nCount Fleet (1989, 1995)\nFalls City Handicap\n(1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2008)\nApple Blossom Handicap (1997, 2001)\nFleur de Lis Handicap (1997, 2009, 2010)\nEssex Handicap (1998, 2007)\nClark Handicap (1999)\nKentucky Cup Classic Handicap (1999)\nBashford Manor Stakes (2000, 2008)\nOaklawn Handicap (2000)\nBourbon Stakes (2002)\nSilverbulletday Stakes (2003)\nAck Ack Handicap (1996, 1998, 1999)\nStephen Foster Handicap (2006)\nAmsterdam (2006)\nTampa Bay Derby (2007)\nTravers Stakes (2007)\nSword Dancer (2007)\nAlabama Stakes (2007) Jim Dandy Stakes (2007)\nRazorback Breeders' Cup Handicap (2008)\nGolden Rod Stakes (2002,2008)\nHal's Hope Handicap (2009)\nFair Grounds Oaks (2009)\nFantasy Stakes (2009)\nKentucky Oaks (2009)\nLouisville Stakes (2009)\nHaskell Invitational (2009)\nWoodward Stakes (2009)\nMother Goose Stakes (2009)\nKentucky Jockey Club (2000, 2008, 2009)\nDerby Trial (2010)\nColonel E.R. Bradley Handicap (1992, 1993, 1994)\nChurchill Downs Distaff Handicap (1998, 1999, 2003)\nDelaware Oaks (1998)\nLouisville Distaff (1999, 2004, 2007, 2009) Florida Derby (2012)", "Horse care. Like people, some horses are \"easy keepers\" and prone to obesity, while others are \"hard keepers\" and need a great deal of food just to maintain a slim build. The average riding horse weighs roughly 1,000 pounds (450 kg), but the weight of a horse can be more closely estimated using a weight tape, which can be purchased from a feed store or tack shop.", "Red Pollard. Red Pollard stood 5 feet 7 inches and weighed 115 pounds, which is considered big for a jockey.[2] In 1933, Pollard rode in Ontario at the Woodbine and Fort Erie racetracks. Early in his career, he lost the vision in his right eye due to a traumatic brain injury suffered when he was hit in the head by a rock thrown up by another horse during a training ride. Because he would not have been allowed to ride had the full extent of his injury been known, he kept his vision loss a secret for the rest of his riding career.[3]", "2016 Kentucky Derby. The Kentucky Derby is a race for 3-year-old Thoroughbred horses.[4] The 2016 field was determined by the Road to the Kentucky Derby points system that was first introduced in 2013.[5]", "Jockey. Jockeys usually start out when they are young, riding work in the morning for trainers, and entering the riding profession as apprentice jockeys. It is normally necessary for an apprentice jockey to ride a minimum of about 20 barrier trials successfully before being permitted to ride in races.[clarification needed] An apprentice jockey is known as a \"bug boy\" because the asterisk that follows the name in the program looks like a bug.[4] All jockeys must be licensed and usually are not permitted to bet on a race. An apprentice jockey has a master, who is a horse trainer, and the apprentice is also is allowed to \"claim\" weight off the horse's back: in handicapped races, more experienced riders will have their horses given an extra amount of weight to carry, whereas a jockey in their apprenticeship will have less weight on their horse, giving trainers an incentive to hire these less-experienced jockeys. This weight allowance is adjusted according to the number of winners that the apprentice has ridden. After a four-year indentured apprenticeship, the apprentice becomes a senior jockey[5] and usually develops relationships with trainers and individual horses. Sometimes senior jockeys are paid a retainer by an owner which gives the owner the right to insist the jockey ride their horses in races.", "1973 Kentucky Derby. The win in the Kentucky Derby marked Secretariat's third win in the four races he had run as a three-year old.[26] After the race, jockey Ron Turcotte stated, in response to Secretariat's last place start, he \"just dropped my hand on him and let him run his own race.\"[25][26] With Secretariat's victory, trainer Lucien Laurin had his second consecutive win in the Derby, as Riva Ridge won in 1972.[25][26] Turcotte accomplished a similar feat as he had ridden Riva Ridge,[25][26] marking the third time a jockey had won in the Derby in consecutive years.[13]", "Kentucky Derby Trophy. Each year the Governor and other dignitaries present the winning jockey with a bouquet of 60 long stemmed roses wrapped in ten yards of ribbon.", "Mike E. Smith. Michael Earl Smith (born August 10, 1965) is an American jockey who has been one of the leading riders in U.S. Thoroughbred racing since the early 1990s, was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2003, and has won the most Breeders' Cup races of any jockey with 26 Breeders' Cup wins.[2] Smith is also the second leading jockey of all time in earnings with over $312 million.[3] In 2018, Smith rode Justify to the Triple Crown, becoming the oldest jockey to win the title at age 52.", "Big Brown. On May 3, 2008, in just his fourth race, Big Brown was the 2–1 favorite in the 2008 Kentucky Derby. He started from the far outside post position 20, but neither that, nor his lack of experience seemed to be a problem. At the break, Desormeaux did not push Big Brown, concentrating instead on getting good position on the first turn while settling instead behind the leaders. \"He was just galloping, floppy earned, off the bridle, cruising,\" said Desormeaux. On the far turn, Desormeaux urged the horse and Big Brown responded with a burst of speed that swept him to the lead.[4] He won by ​4 3⁄4 lengths over filly Eight Belles, who was euthanised after breaking both front fetlocks during the post-race cool-down.[11] The last horse to with the Kentucky Derby from post position 20 was Clyde Van Dusen in 1929. Big Brown became the seventh horse to win the race undefeated. The time for the 1¼ mile race was 2:01.92.[12] The official Beyer Speed Figure for the race was 109. He became the first horse since Regret in 1915 to win the race with three or fewer starts.[13]", "Kentucky Derby. Although the first race meeting proved a success, the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities. Despite this, the business floundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility. Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America.", "1973 Kentucky Derby. Chicago Tribune writer David Condon chose Shecky Greene to win the race because he felt the course was suited for him and because his great grandfather was Bull Lea, who sired three Derby winners.[20] Condon picked Warbucks as his second-place finisher because Warbucks' trainer, Don Combs, trained the 1970 Kentucky Derby winner Dust Commander and his jockey, Bill Hartack, was \"long overdue\" for a win and would have Warbucks near the front.[20] Gerald Strine of the Washington Post believed Sham could win the race if he allowed Shecky Greene or Royal and Regal lead the majority of the race and made a move towards the end.[15] Strine picked Sham to win and My Gallant to finish second.[15]" ]

[ 5.484375, 4.54296875, 1.0078125, -1.978515625, 1.509765625, -5.1796875, -1.375, -5.28515625, -4.36328125, -1.71484375, -3.7578125, -3.779296875, -5.33203125, -3.005859375, -6.2734375, -2.62890625, -5.578125, -4.4140625, -5.23046875, -5.87890625, -3.08984375, -6.140625, -4.48046875, -1.08203125, -5.58984375, -6.015625, -4.9921875, -6.01171875, -4.890625, -5.7734375, -5.31640625, -4.6875 ]

[ "Bea Benaderet. Benaderet moved to Los Angeles station KHJ in 1936.[27] She made her network radio debut upon being hired by Orson Welles for his Mercury Theatre repertory company heard on The Campbell Playhouse.[3][28] The following year she received her first big break in the industry on The Jack Benny Program, where she played Gertrude Gearshift, a wisecracking Brooklyn-accented telephone operator who gossiped about Jack Benny with her cohort Mabel Flapsaddle (Sara Berner).[29][30][31] Intended as a one-time appearance, the pair became a recurring role starting in the 1945-46 season, and in early 1947, Benaderet and Berner momentarily took over the actual NBC switchboards in Hollywood for publicity photos.[29] She performed in as many as five shows daily,[32] causing her rehearsal dates to conflict with those of The Jack Benny Program and resulting in her reading live as Gertrude from a marked script she was handed upon entering the studio.[32]", "Mildred Hubble. In the 1986 TV movie, Mildred was played by Return to Oz star Fairuza Balk. It aired on both Central Independent Television and HBO.", "Too Close for Comfort. A few episodes into the series, Sara's addle-headed friend Monroe Ficus, played by actor Jim J. Bullock, made an appearance. Although he was originally intended to be used for only a single episode, producers added the character to the series. Monroe was introduced to Henry by Sara as a depressed, lonely fellow student and street musician. Although Sara (with help from Jackie) tried to help him and send him on his way, Monroe found himself getting woven into the entire family's affairs and he became just a \"friend\" of Sara's and Henry's principal (if unintended) foil. During the first two seasons, Selma Diamond made guest appearances as Mildred Rafkin, sister of the late Myron. Sardonic, deadpan Mildred initially showed up to collect belongings left by Myron/Neville in the downstairs apartment, but continued to hang around thereafter. Seemingly, there were sentimental reasons, but occasionally she would attempt to make time with the much younger Monroe, whom she had an eye for.", "Mildred Hubble. In the 1998 ITV TV series, Mildred was played by Georgina Sherrington.[1] She was also played by Sherrington in Weirdsister College. Mildred made a brief appearance at the beginning of the first episode of The New Worst Witch as a successful witch escorting her equally clumsy cousin Henrietta \"Hettie\" Hubble (played by Alice Connor), to Cackle's Academy.", "Irene Ryan. In 1944, she played a ditzy secretary named Polly in a B-movie titled Hot Rhythm with Dona Drake. In 1946, she married Harold E. Knox, who worked in film production. (They divorced in 1961; the couple had no children.) She continued to work in motion pictures of the late 1940s and early 1950s, generally playing fussy or nervous women. In 1946, she joined the cast of The Jack Carson Show on CBS radio. She played \"a neighborhood storekeeper who operates a combination candy shop and lending library.\"[8] In January 1955, Ryan made her first television sitcom appearance in an episode of the CBS series The Danny Thomas Show. She appeared with Walter Brennan in the 1959 episode \"Grandpa's New Job\" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys. In the 1960-1961 CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy, starring Frank Aletter, she was cast in three episodes as Cynthia Boyle; and she appeared as Rusty Wallace in \"The Romance of Silver Pines\", a 1962 episode of My Three Sons, starring Fred MacMurray.[9]", "Marlo Thomas. Thomas appeared in many early TV shows including Bonanza, McHale's Navy, Ben Casey, Arrest and Trial, The Joey Bishop Show, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, 77 Sunset Strip, and The Donna Reed Show, among others. Her big break came in 1965 when she was cast by Mike Nichols in the London production of Neil Simon’s Barefoot in the Park, co-starring Daniel Massey, Kurt Kasznar, and Mildred Natwick. In 1986, she was once again cast by Nichols on Broadway in Andrew Bergman’s Social Security, co-starring Ron Silver and Olympia Dukakis.", "Warner Bros.. The same year, Jack signed newly released MGM actress Joan Crawford, a former top star who found her career fading.[129] Crawford's first role with the studio was 1944's Hollywood Canteen.[130] Her first starring role at the studio, in the title role as Mildred Pierce (1945), revived her career[130] and earned her an Oscar for Best Actress.[131]", "Jane Morgan (actress). In 1930 she began working on radio plays and series. Jane Morgan became a stock performer on the Lux Radio Theater[13] and was remembered for her work as part of the cast of Point Sublime, and on such radio plays as House Undivided as Mother Adams,[14] The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1941, with Keenan Wynn) and The Horn Blows at Midnight (1949, with Jack Benny). She made regular appearances on the Jack Benny and Bob Hope radio shows, but it was as \"Mrs. Davis\", Eve Arden's scheming landlady on the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks, for which she was best-known.[15]", "Dolores del Río. In 1957, she appeared in the role of a Spanish lady in the American television series Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, opposite Cesar Romero. The next year she appears in an episode of The United States Steel Hour. In 1960 she appeared in an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show with Mexican actors Gilbert Roland, Ricardo Montalbán and Tito Guízar. In 1965 she appeared in the TV movie The Man Who Bought Paradise with Buster Keaton and Paul Lukas.[88] In 1966 she appeared in episodes of the television series I Spy, opposite Bill Cosby and Branded opposite Chuck Connors. In 1968, the actress first performed on Mexican television in an autobiographical documentary narrated by her. Her last appearance on television was in a 1970 episode of Marcus Welby, M.D..[89]", "Irene Tedrow. One of Tedrow's earliest roles as a regular cast member on a television program was that of Mrs. Ruggles on the first season of The Ruggles (1949-1950).[6] She had a recurring role as Mrs. Elkins on the Dennis the Menace television sitcom from 1959-63. As a character actor she appeared in many shows, including Lux Video Theatre,[7] Jefferson Drum, Rawhide, The Twilight Zone and The Andy Griffith Show.[8] In 1955, she appeared on The Jack Benny Program as a contestant with Jack Benny on a mock You Bet Your Life segment with Groucho Marx.[9]", "Milla Jovovich. In 1992, Milla Jovovich co-starred with Christian Slater in the comedy Kuffs. Later that year, she portrayed Mildred Harris in the Charlie Chaplin biographical film Chaplin. In 1993 she acted in Richard Linklater's film Dazed and Confused. She played Michelle Burroughs, on-screen girlfriend to Pickford (played by her then-boyfriend Shawn Andrews). Strongly featured in promotions for the film, Jovovich was upset to find her role much reduced in the released film.[37] Discouraged, she took a hiatus from acting roles,[38] moving to Europe. She started to work at music.", "Eve Arden. Beginning her career on Broadway in the early 1930s, Arden's first major role was in the RKO Radio Pictures drama Stage Door (1937) opposite Katharine Hepburn, followed by roles in the comedies Having Wonderful Time (1938) and the Marx Brothers' At the Circus (1939). Arden would go on to earn an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Mildred Pierce (1945).", "Elvia Allman. In 1957, she reprised her role of Cora Dithers in a short-lived TV adaption of Blondie. She also appeared on seven episodes of the TV series The Jack Benny Program, having worked often with Benny on his radio program in the 1940s and 1950s.", "Jane Morgan. Morgan made her U.S. television debut on Celebrity Time in 1951. Her early television credits include The Victor Borge Show, The Colgate Comedy Hour, Cavalcade of Stars, The Jack Benny Show, \"The Jimmy Dean Show, The Jonathan Winters Show and The Hollywood Palace, as well as more than fifty appearances/performances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[22]", "Mae West. Mae West was a shrewd investor, produced her own stage acts, and invested her money in large tracts of land in Van Nuys, a thriving suburb of Los Angeles. With her considerable fortune, she could afford to do as she liked. In 1976, she appeared on Back Lot U.S.A. on CBS, where she was interviewed by Dick Cavett and sang \"Frankie and Johnny\" along with \"After You've Gone.\"[89] That same year, she began work on her final film, Sextette (1978). Adapted from a 1959 script written by West, the film's daily revisions and production disagreements hampered production from the beginning.[90] Due to the near-endless last-minute script changes and tiring production schedule, West agreed to have her lines signaled to her through a speaker concealed in her hair piece.[91] Despite the daily problems, West was, according to Sextette director Ken Hughes, determined to see the film through. At 86, her now-failing eyesight made navigating around the set difficult, but she made it through the filming, a tribute to her self-confidence, remarkable endurance, and stature as a self-created star 67 years after her Broadway debut in 1911 at the age of 18. Time wrote an article on the indomitable star entitled \"At 84, Mae West Is Still Mae West.\"[91][92] Upon its release, Sextette was not a critical or commercial success, but remains notable for the diverse cast, and because none of West's contemporaries such as Dietrich, Garbo, etc., were still making films. The cast included some of West's first co-stars such George Raft (Night After Night, 1932), silver screen stars such as Walter Pigeon and Tony Curtis, and more contemporary pop stars such as The Beatles' Ringo Starr and Alice Cooper, and television favorites such as Dom DeLuise and gossip queen Rona Barrett. It also included cameos of some of her famed musclemen from her 1950s Las Vegas show, such as the still remarkably fit Reg Lewis. Sextette also reunited Mae West with Edith Head, her costume designer from 1933 in She Done Him Wrong. The film was a last hurrah and a Valentine from Mae West to her fans.[93]", "Mabel King. She did not start acting until her mid thirties, in 1966, when she played the role of Maria in the national touring play of Porgy and Bess. The following year she played the role of Ernestina in the Broadway musical/comedy Hello, Dolly!. Then in 1972, she appeared in the Broadway musical Don't Play Us Cheap. The following year, she appeared in the film version of the play. That same year, she played the Queen of Myrthia in the horror film Ganja & Hess. In January 1975, she played the role of Evilene, the Wicked Witch of the West in the all-African-American cast of the Broadway musical The Wiz. The role earned her a Drama Desk Award nomination for outstanding featured actress in a musical. Her performance in The Wiz brought her much attention and soon after she received roles in the films The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, with Billy Dee Williams and James Earl Jones, and Scott Joplin, with Billy Dee Williams and Clifton Davis. In June 1980, King returned to stage work, starring in the Broadway musical It's So Nice to Be Civilized. However, the show did not do well and was cancelled after eight performances.", "Carrie Ann Inaba. Inaba has acted (usually as a dancer) in the movies Monster Mash: The Movie, Lord of Illusions, Showgirls, Boys and Girls, Flintstones II, Freak and American Virgin and the television series Jack & Jill and Nikki.", "Susan Sullivan. Starting with a role on A World Apart in 1970, she moved to a five-year stint as Lenore Moore Curtin Delaney on the daytime soap opera Another World. Taking over from Judith Barcroft, Sullivan played the role from 1971 to 1976. She played Charlton Heston's girlfriend Ann, a new character written into the television version of the film Midway (1976). She then played Dr. Elaina Marks opposite Bill Bixby in the Incredible Hulk pilot in 1977 and portrayed Poker Alice opposite James Garner as Bret Maverick and Charles Frank as Ben Maverick on The New Maverick the following year.", "Kathy Najimy. From film, Najimy expanded into television roles, including a dramatic recurring role on Chicago Hope. Najimy was part of the cast of Veronica's Closet from 1997 to 2000. She co-created and starred in the hit Off-Broadway show and HBO specials \"Kathy & Mo\", with friend and actress Mo Gaffney. She appeared as Mae West in the Broadway hit Dirty Blonde. She also portrayed Dr. Mildred Finch on Numbers. Najimy also provided the voice of the drama teacher, Miss Thespius, in the 1998 Disney show Hercules: The Animated Series.", "Bea Benaderet. In 1926, Benaderet joined the staff of KFRC, which was under the new ownership of Don Lee and where her duties included acting, singing, writing, and producing.[21][22] Initially seeking work as a dramatic actress, she switched to comedy and performed on multiple shows in nine years with the station, in particular the Blue Monday Jamboree variety program,[21] where her castmates included Meredith Willson, Elvia Allman, and future I Love Lucy producer Jess Oppenheimer.[7][23][24] Benaderet honed a variety of dialects such as French, Spanish, New York English, and Yiddish, the latter from voicing a character named \"Rheba Haufawitz\".[7][21] She additionally hosted the musical variety show Salon Moderne and gained attention for her work as a female announcer,[22][25][note 2] which had become a rarity in radio in the 1930s.[26]", "The Jack Benny Program (season 15). Special guests: Claudine Longet, Neile Adams, and Jack Pepper.", "Bernie Kopell. Before becoming known for his The Love Boat role, Kopell appeared in many television series, often sitcoms. He appeared on Ripcord, That Girl, The Jack Benny Program, Green Acres, Our Man Higgins, The Flying Nun, Ben Casey, McHale's Navy, My Favorite Martian, Petticoat Junction, The Streets of San Francisco, Room 222, The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Kojak.[7]", "Sheila Kuehl. Having landed the role at the age of eight Kuehl (billed as Sheila James) starred with radio and film veterans Penny Singleton, Gale Gordon, Bea Benaderet, and Jim Backus on the family radio program The Penny Williamson Show airing live from Studio B of the NBC studios in Hollywood.[6][7] Airing in the adjacent studios was the popular drama The Cisco Kid and The Bob Hope Show with Doris Day (whom Kuehl admired). Kuehl would later cite her interaction with the other NBC radio talent as influential in forming her professionalism and comedy skills.[7] The show centred around Singleton playing Penny Williamson a widow selling real estate in a small town to support two daughters (played by Kuehl and Mary Lee Robb). The show was \"a light-hearted pitch for women's liberation, portraying Penny and her daughters as highly competent, self-sufficient females\" dealing with bungling suitors competing for Penny's affections.[8]", "The Nolans. Most of the sisters have continued to work in show business, pursuing careers in acting, musical theatre, pantomime and touring.[22] As an actress, Bernie had prominent TV roles in Brookside and The Bill,[22] and toured in several stage shows, including the adaptation of the movie Flashdance in 2008.[41] Coleen has mostly worked as a television presenter, hosting This Morning briefly in 2001[42] and appearing regularly as a panellist on Loose Women since 2000.", "Bea Benaderet. Beatrice “Bea” Benaderet (April 4, 1906 – October 13, 1968) was an American radio and television actress, comedienne, and voice artist. Born in New York City and raised in San Francisco, she began performing in Bay Area theatre and radio before embarking on a Hollywood career that spanned over three decades. Benaderet first specialized in voiceover work in the golden age of radio, appearing on numerous programs while working with noted comedians of the era such as Jack Benny, Burns and Allen, and Lucille Ball, and her expertise in dialect and characterization led to her becoming Warner Bros.' leading voice of female characters in their animated cartoons of the early 1940s through the mid-1950s.", "Jean Hagen. Hagen began her show business career in radio in the 1940s, performing in Light of the World, Hollywood Story, and other programs.[4] Using her maiden name (Jean Verhagen), she played Betty Webster on Those Websters.[5]", "Julie Andrews. Between 1956 and 1962, Andrews guest-starred on The Ed Sullivan Show (15 July 1956), and also appeared on The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, What's My Line?, The Jack Benny Program, The Bell Telephone Hour and The Garry Moore Show. In June 1962, Andrews co-starred in Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall, a CBS special with Carol Burnett.", "Kathleen Nolan. On Broadway, Nolan played Wendy in the original production of the Styne-Comden-Green musical version of Peter Pan (1954–1955),[9] starring Mary Martin and Cyril Ritchard,[10] a role she repeated in both the 1955 and 1956 live NBC-TV broadcasts on Producers' Showcase.[11] She played Amy in Love in E-Flat (1967).[9]", "Stockard Channing. A 13-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee and seven-time Tony Award nominee, she won the 1985 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the Broadway revival of A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, and won Emmy Awards for The West Wing and The Matthew Shepard Story, both in 2002. She won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2004 for her role in Jack. Her film appearances include The Fortune (1975), The Big Bus (1976), The Cheap Detective (1978), Heartburn (1986), Up Close & Personal (1996), Practical Magic (1998), and Woody Allen's Anything Else (2003). She also played the recurring role of Veronica Loy on the CBS drama The Good Wife (2012–16).", "The Naked Truth (How I Met Your Mother). Nazanin Boniadi (Nora)\nMartin Short (Garrison Cootes)\nJimmi Simpson (Pete Durkenson)\nAshley Williams (Victoria)", "Darla Hood. Hood was a guest on such TV shows of the early 1960s as Tell It to Groucho and The Jack Benny Show, where she appeared on October 30, 1962 as \"Darla\" in a spoof of the Our Gang comedies with Jack Benny (who appeared as Alfalfa), and The Charlotte Peters Show in St. Louis. She did singing and voice-over on TV commercials, which included Campbell Soup and Chicken of the Sea tuna. She was also featured in The Little Rascals Christmas Special (1979) as the voice of Spanky and Porky's mother. She appeared in her own nightclub act at the Coconut Grove in Los Angeles, the Copacabana in New York, and the Sahara Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "Constance Zimmer. Zimmer's stage career was highlighted with her award-winning portrayal in a Los Angeles production of Catholic School Girls, where she won a Dramalogue for Best Actress.[2] After starring in several national commercials,[2] most notably for Duracell, she started making guest appearances in such shows as Ellen, Seinfeld, The X-Files, Gideon's Crossing, and The King of Queens,[2] as well as having recurring roles in The Wayans Bros., Hyperion Bay, and The Trouble With Normal. During that same period, she was cast in a few independent movies such as Spin Cycle, Home Room, and Warm Blooded Killers.[2]" ]

[ -2.05078125, 0.95654296875, -0.84912109375, 2.05078125, -7.05859375, -5.27734375, 0.86767578125, -4.46875, -7.01953125, -3.591796875, -3.638671875, -3.130859375, -3.578125, -3.640625, -4.84375, -6.6171875, -4.45703125, -6.87109375, -3.189453125, -4.25390625, -3.583984375, -3.171875, -6.73046875, -6.19140625, -1.43359375, -6.296875, -4.55078125, -6.95703125, -5.62890625, -5.55078125, -5.15625, -3.119140625 ]

[ "NBA playoffs. These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match-ups throughout the series. Once the playoffs start, the bracket is fixed; teams are never \"reseeded\", unlike in the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds. The first round of the NBA playoffs, or conference quarterfinals, consists of four match-ups in each conference based on the seedings (1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5). The four winners advance to the second round, or conference semifinals, with a match-up between the 1–8 and 4–5 winners and a match-up between the 2–7 and 3–6 winners. The two winners advance to the third round, or conference finals. The winner from each conference will advance to the final round, or the NBA Finals.", "National Basketball Association. The NBA Playoffs begin in late April, with the top eight teams in each conference, regardless of divisional alignment, competing for the Championship. Seeds are awarded in strict order of regular-season record (with a tiebreaker system used as needed).", "NBA playoffs. In September 2015, the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The top eight teams in each conference (East and West), ranked in order by win-loss records, qualify for the playoffs. The tie-break criteria for playoff seeding and home-court advantage have also changed; head-to-head results between the tied teams is the first tie-breaker, and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie-breaker.[1]", "National Basketball Association. The playoffs follow a tournament format. Each team plays an opponent in a best-of-seven series, with the first team to win four games advancing into the next round, while the other team is eliminated from the playoffs. In the next round, the successful team plays against another advancing team of the same conference. All but one team in each conference are eliminated from the playoffs. Since the NBA does not re-seed teams, the playoff bracket in each conference uses a traditional design, with the winner of the series matching the 1st and 8th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 4th and 5th seeded teams, and the winner of the series matching the 2nd and 7th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 3rd and 6th seeded teams. In every round, the best-of-7 series follows a 2–2–1–1–1 home-court pattern, meaning that one team will have home court in games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while the other plays at home in games 3, 4, and 6. From 1985 to 2013, the NBA Finals followed a 2–3–2 pattern, meaning that one team had home court in games 1, 2, 6, and 7, while the other played at home in games 3, 4, and 5.[52]", "2016 NBA Playoffs. On September 8, 2015, the NBA announced changes to how playoff teams were seeded. Previously, the division champions were guaranteed no worse than the fourth seed, while the team with the second-best record in the conference was guaranteed no worse than the second seed even if it wasn't a division champion. Starting with the 2016 playoffs, the eight playoff qualifiers in each conference will be seeded solely based on regular-season record. If two teams finish with identical records, the team that wins the regular-season series will get the higher seed. If the regular-season series is tied and one of the teams is a division champion, the division champion will get the higher seed.[1] If three or more teams finish with identical records and one of the teams is a division champion, the division champion will get the higher seed.[2]", "Playoffs. Teams are seeded according to their regular-season record. Through the 2014–15 season, the three division champions and best division runner-up received the top four seeds, with their ranking based on regular-season record. The remaining teams were seeded strictly by regular-season record. However, if the best division runner-up had a better record than other division champs, it could be seeded as high as second. Beginning in 2015–16, the NBA became the first major American league to eliminate automatic playoff berths for division champions; the top eight teams overall in each conference now qualify for the playoffs, regardless of divisional alignment.", "2017 NBA Playoffs. Within each conference, the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs. The seedings are based on each team's record.", "NBA playoffs. Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-four seed, as described below.", "Wild card (sports). Before the 2006–07 NBA season, the NBA seeded its teams in the same manner as the NHL. Until 2015, the NBA seeds the three division winners and the wild-card team with the best record by regular-season record. This means that the wild-card with the best record got a seed as high as #2 (if that team is in the same division as the team with the best record in the conference); however, the next four wild-card teams will still be limited to the #5 through #8 seeds. This change was made to ensure that the two best teams in each conference could not meet until the conference final, and also (allegedly) to try and eliminate incentives for a playoff-bound team to deliberately lose games at the end of the regular season in order to \"choose\" a higher-seeded team that has won fewer games (and, due to the unique home-court rules of the NBA, possibly gain home-court advantage for that series). Since the 2015-16 NBA season, the seeded teams are ranked by percentage unless the team wins a division in a tiebreaker.", "2016 NBA Playoffs. Within each conference, the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs. The seedings are based on each team's record.", "NBA playoffs. Prior to 2005, NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference, regardless of their record. Prior to 2004, when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each, the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds. This meant that top two teams in a conference (by record) would be seeded either first and second (if they were in opposite divisions) or first and third (if they were in the same division). Because of the NBA playoffs' preset matchups in the second round, this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals, assuming they both made it to that round.", "NBA playoffs. The NBA playoffs are a best-of-seven elimination tournament annually held after the National Basketball Association's regular season to determine the league's champion.", "NBA playoffs. With ten league members again for the 1966–67 season, eight teams were again admitted to the tournament, providing a simple three-round knockout (8-team bracket). A year later, the division semifinals were changed to best-of-seven playoff. Then, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division, necessitating an additional first round of best-of-three series.", "2018 NBA Playoffs. Within each conference, the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs. The seedings are based on each team's record.", "NBA playoffs. After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each, the seeding rules remained largely unchanged. The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions. However, this meant that if the top two teams (by record) in a conference were in the same division, they would be seeded first and fourth. Assuming no first-round upsets, this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals, instead of the conference finals.", "Playoffs. Top flight basketball leagues elsewhere also employ a playoff system mimicking the NBA's. However, most leagues are not divided into divisions and conferences, and employ a double round robin format akin to league association football, unlike the NBA where teams are divided into divisions and conferences, which leads to different strengths of schedule per team. Teams are seeded on regular season record. The playoff structure can be single-elimination or a best-of series, with the higher seed, if held the playoffs are not held at a predetermined venue, having the home court advantage.", "NBA draft lottery. Since 2005, with 30 NBA teams, 16 qualify for the playoffs and the remaining 14 teams enter in the draft lottery. These 14 teams are ranked in reverse order of their regular season record and are assigned the following number of chances", "2017 NBA Playoffs. On February 25, 2017, The Golden State Warriors became the first team to clinch a 2017 playoff spot, and the earliest in NBA history, besting their own record from last year by two days.[1] The Cleveland Cavaliers became the first Eastern Conference team to clinch a playoff spot on March 19, 2017.[2]", "2016 NBA Playoffs. On February 27, 2016, The Golden State Warriors became the first team to clinch a playoff spot.[3] This was the earliest a team had clinched a playoff spot in February since the 1987–88 Los Angeles Lakers.[4] The Cleveland Cavaliers became the first Eastern Conference team to clinch a playoff spot on March 18, 2016.", "2018 NBA Playoffs. On March 7, 2018, the Toronto Raptors became the first team to clinch a playoff spot.[1] On March 30, 2018, the Houston Rockets clinched the Western Conference ending a three-year run by the Golden State Warriors as the top seed.[2] The Rockets clinched the best record in the NBA a day later on March 31, 2018.[3] For the first time since the 1996–97 NBA season, two teams played their last game against each other for the 8th and final spot in the playoffs. The Minnesota Timberwolves defeated the Denver Nuggets 112–106 in overtime to clinch the final playoff seed in the West. This also ended Minnesota's 13-year drought without a playoff appearance having last played in 2003–04 season.[4] For the first time since the 2010–11 NBA season, the Los Angeles Clippers would miss the postseason following a loss to the Denver Nuggets on April 7, 2018. This is the first time since 1960 that none of the teams from Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago made the playoffs.[5]", "2016 NBA draft. The NBA conducts an annual lottery to determine the draft order for the teams did not make the playoffs in the preceding season. Every NBA team that missed the NBA playoffs had a chance at winning a top three pick, but teams with worse records had a better chance at winning a top three pick. After the lottery selected the teams that receive a top three pick the other teams receive an NBA draft pick based on their winning percentage from the prior season. As it is commonplace in the event of identical win-loss records, the NBA performed a random drawing to break the ties on April 15, 2016.[53] The table below shows each non-playoff team's chances (based on their record at the end of the NBA season) of receiving picks 1–14.", "NBA playoffs. Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin. They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game.[10] Players are eligible to be on a team's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game, and were not on another NBA team's roster after March 1.[11] Previously[when?], playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began.[10]", "2017 NBA Playoffs. Each conference's bracket is fixed; there is no reseeding. All rounds are best-of-seven series; the team that has four wins advances to the next round. As stated above, all rounds, including the NBA Finals, are in a 2–2–1–1–1 format. Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead to the team with the better regular season record. If two teams with the same record meet in a round, standard tiebreaker rules are used. The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage, then head to head record, followed by record vs. opposite conference.", "2017 NBA Playoffs. Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Teams with home court advantage are shown in Italics.", "Wild card (sports). In the NBA, division champions within each conference were given the #1-3 seeds based on their regular-season records. The two fourth-placed wild-card teams are awarded the #7 and #8 seeds, respectively, also based on their regular-season records. In the NBA playoffs, home court advantage is determined strictly by regular-season record, without regard to seeding.", "2016 NBA Playoffs. Each conference's bracket is fixed; there is no reseeding. All rounds are best-of-seven series; the team that has four wins advances to the next round. As stated above, all rounds, including the NBA Finals, are in a 2–2–1–1–1 format. Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead to the team with the better regular season record. If two teams with the same record meet in a round, standard tiebreaker rules are used. The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage, then head to head record, followed by record vs. opposite conference.", "NBA playoffs. In the second year of this format, the 2005–06 NBA season, the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference, the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division, did just that. The Mavericks had the second-best record in the Western Conference and the third-best record in the entire league, behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio. However, they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs. This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many. Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular-season record or seeding would suggest, critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2-7/3-6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket, who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round.", "2015 NBA draft. The NBA conducted an annual draft lottery to determine the draft order for the teams that did not make the playoffs in the preceding season. Every NBA team that missed the NBA playoffs had a chance at winning a top three pick, but teams with worse records had a better chance at winning a top three pick. After the lottery selected the teams that receive a top three pick, the other teams received a NBA draft pick based on their winning percentage from the prior season. The table below shows each non-playoff team's chances (based on their record at the end of the NBA season) of receiving picks 1–14.", "2016 NBA Playoffs. Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Teams with home court advantage are shown in Italics.", "2018 NBA Playoffs. Each conference's bracket is fixed; there is no reseeding. All rounds are best-of-seven series; the team that has four wins advances to the next round. All rounds, including the NBA Finals, are in a 2–2–1–1–1 format. Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead to the team with the better regular season record. If two teams with the same record meet in a round, standard tiebreaker rules are used. The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage, then head to head record, followed by record vs. opposite conference.", "Playoff format. Both the NBA and NHL once used best-of-three playoffs (often referred to as \"mini-series\"), but today neither league does: Pro basketball first adopted the best-of-three playoff for first-round play starting with its inception as the Basketball Association of America in 1946 (changing its name to the NBA three years later) and retaining it through the 1959–60 season; the league resumed its use of the best-of-three first-round series in 1974–75, but abolished it again in 1983–84 when the number of teams qualifying for its postseason tournament was increased to 16 (ten teams had qualified during the first two years of the aforementioned period, this number being expanded to twelve in 1976–77; in both instances some of the highest-ranking teams did not participate in the best-of-three round, drawing byes and automatically advancing to the second round, which was best-of-seven, as were all subsequent rounds).", "Wild card (sports). Although the National Basketball Association (NBA) include wild-card teams in their playoff structures, the term \"wild card\" is seldom used; instead, each playoff team is most commonly denoted by its seeding position within the conference." ]

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[ "Iranian passport. On the inside of the back-cover, Iranian passports bear the inscription: \"The holder of this passport is not entitled to travel to occupied Palestine\", referring to Israel.[2]", "Iranian passport. As Iran (the Islamic Republic of.) does not recognize nor have diplomatic relations with the state of Israel (like some other Muslim countries), People using Iranian passport are not permitted to enter Israel. On the inside of the back-cover, Iranian passports bear the inscription: \"The holder of this passport is not entitled to travel to occupied Palestine\", referring to Israel.", "Israeli passport. Holders of a travel document are not entitled to the same visa-free entry to certain countries as holders of a standard Israeli passport, as the travel document is not accepted for travel or identification purposes by many countries. The use of a travel document to leave Israel does not, of itself, entitle the holder to enter another country nor to return to Israel.", "Passport stamp. Traveling with passports containing Israeli entry/exit stamps to certain Arab nations may lead to a denial of entry, because of the Arab League boycott of Israel. Since January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a piece of paper instead. Passports are still (as of February 2013) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, the passports are still stamped (as of February 2014) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. By virtue of Chapter 3, Palestinian citizens residing in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem, as well as Arabs and Jews who, not holding Palestinian citizenship, resided in Palestine outside the City of Jerusalem would, upon the recognition of independence, become citizens of the State in which they were resident and enjoy full civil and political rights.", "Israeli passport. The first Israeli passports bore the limitation: \"Valid to any country except Germany\". An Israeli citizen who wished to visit Germany had to ask that the words \"except Germany\" be deleted from their passport. This was done manually by drawing a line through these words.[6] After the signing of the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany in 1952, the limitation was withdrawn and passports became \"valid to all countries\".", "Israeli passport. This passport is the property of the State of Israel and is a valuable document which must be preserved carefully. Do not add or delete any information in the passport, tear out a page or pages from it, or destroy or corrupt the passport. The law states that the perpetrator of such action and who uses an illegal passport that is not his or lets anyone else use his passport illegally, has committed an offense and is liable to be punished.", "Israeli passport. In addition, Iran,[34] Kuwait,[35] Lebanon,[36] Libya,[37] Saudi Arabia,[38] Sudan,[39] Syria[40] and Yemen[41] do not allow entry to people with evidence of travel to Israel, or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa. As a consequence, many countries will allow for a second passport to be issued to citizens wishing to circumvent this restriction although the Israeli immigration services themselves have now mostly ceased to issue entry or exit stamps to foreign nationals.", "United States passport. Special provisions are in place for people born in Israel and Israeli-occupied territories. For birth in places other than Jerusalem (using its 1948 municipal borders) and the Golan Heights, \"Israel\", \"West Bank\" or \"Gaza Strip\" is used. If born before 1948, \"Palestine\" may be used. For birth in the Golan Heights, \"Syria\" is used regardless of date of birth. Due to the legal uncertainty of the status of Jerusalem, for birth in Jerusalem within its 1948 municipal borders, \"Jerusalem\" is used regardless of date of birth.[109] In 2002, Congress passed legislation that said that American citizens born in Jerusalem may list \"Israel\" as their country of birth, although Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama have not allowed it.[110] A federal appeals court declared the 2002 law invalid on July 23, 2013,[111] and the Supreme Court upheld that decision on June 8, 2015.[112] In all cases, the city or town of birth may be used in place of the standard designations.[109]", "Visa requirements for British citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [446] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for German citizens. Israel, subject to the Arab League boycott, does not stamp passports anymore. Instead, it issues ID cards to visitors. Previously, it was possible to get the stamp on a separate piece of paper. Kuwait,[365] Lebanon,[366] Libya,[367] Saudi Arabia,[368] Sudan,[369] Syria[370] and Yemen[371] do not allow entry to people with evidence of travel to Israel, or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa.", "Visa requirements for Portuguese citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [345] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Statelessness. Even though Palestinians living in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were issued Palestinian passports under the Oslo Accords, many countries (such as Germany) do not recognize their citizenship. As a matter of international law, only states can have nationals (meaning citizens), and the citizenship status of Palestinians therefore depends on whether or not Palestine is a state. Some countries recognize Palestinian statehood, but others do not.", "Israeli passport. Israeli citizens are allowed to hold passports of other countries, but are required to use the Israeli passport when entering and leaving Israel. This regulation was introduced officially in 2002, after having been legally contested on several occasions.", "Freedom of movement. Kuwait refuses admission to holders of Israeli passports as part of its boycott against Israel.[38] In 2015 Kuwait Airways cancelled its route between New York and London following a decision by the U.S. Department of Transportation that the airline had engaged in discrimination by refusing to sell tickets to Israeli citizens.[39] Direct flights between the USA and Kuwait are not affected by this decision as Israeli citizens are not allowed to enter Kuwait.[40]", "British passport. People who have valid reasons may be allowed to hold more than one passport booklet. This applies usually to people who travel frequently on business, and may need to have a passport booklet to travel on while the other is awaiting a visa for another country. Some Muslim-majority countries including Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen do not issue visas to visitors if their passports bear a stamp or visa issued by Israel, as a result of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In that case, a person can apply for a second passport[49] to avoid travel issues. Reasons and supporting documentation (such as a letter from an employer) must be provided.[50]", "Israeli passport. Sixteen countries forbid admission to Israeli passport holders:", "Blockade of the Gaza Strip. A Jerusalem Post article mentioned Hamas' complaints that since June 2008 the P.A. no longer granted passports to Gazans, thereby \"preventing tens of thousands of Palestinians from being able to travel abroad\".[54]", "Visa requirements for French citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [355] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [353] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [343] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Beninese citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead that reads: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [296] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [360] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Belgian citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [356] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "State of Palestine. Tourism in the Palestinian territories refers to tourism in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited the Palestinian territories, compared to 2.6 million in 2009. Of that number, 2.2 million were foreign tourists while 2.7 million were domestic.[95] Most tourists come for only a few hours or as part of a day trip itinerary. In the last quarter of 2012 over 150,000 guests stayed in West Bank hotels; 40% were European and 9% were from the United States and Canada.[96] Lonely Planet travel guide writes that \"the West Bank is not the easiest place in which to travel but the effort is richly rewarded.\"[97] In 2013 Palestinian Authority Tourism minister Rula Ma'ay'a stated that her government aims to encourage international visits to Palestine, but the occupation is the main factor preventing the tourism sector from becoming a major income source to Palestinians.[98] There are no visa conditions imposed on foreign nationals other than those imposed by the visa policy of Israel. Access to Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza is completely controlled by the Government of Israel. Entry to the occupied Palestinian territories requires only a valid international passport.[99]", "Visa requirements for Turkish citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [329] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "British passport. 1939 Mandatory Palestine passport", "Visa requirements for European Union citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [294] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Spanish citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [347] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Italian citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead that reads: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [337] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Cypriot citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [326] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.", "Visa requirements for Chinese citizens. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: \"Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.\" [399] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan." ]

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[ "Rigor mortis. Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles, including the internal organs, within the next four to six hours. The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual's age, sex, physical condition, and muscular build. Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass.[6]", "Rigor mortis. Rigor mortis (Latin: rigor \"stiffness\", mortis \"of death\") or postmortem rigidity, the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.[1] In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem.[1]", "Rigor mortis. At the time of death, a condition called \"primary flaccidity\" occurs. Following this, the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis. All muscles in the body are affected. Starting between two and six hours following death, rigor mortis begins with the eyelids, neck, and jaw. The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles, which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers.", "Rigor mortis. Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology. The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat. If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 °C (59 °F), a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs, whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length.", "Rigor mortis. The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology, to determine the approximate time of death. A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in. If the body is moved after death, but before rigor mortis begins, forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied. If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found (for example, if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up), that could mean someone moved it.", "Decomposition. Among those animals that have a heart, the \"fresh\" stage begins immediately after the heart stops beating. From the moment of death, the body begins cooling or warming to match the temperature of the ambient environment, during a stage called algor mortis.[8] Shortly after death, within three to six hours[for whom?], the muscular tissues become rigid and incapable of relaxing, during a stage called rigor mortis. Since blood is no longer being pumped through the body, gravity causes it to drain to the dependent portions of the body, creating an overall bluish-purple discolouration termed livor mortis or, more commonly, lividity.", "Rigor mortis. Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis, and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death. One such factor is the ambient temperature. When conditions are warm, the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay. Low temperatures, however, slow them down. Therefore, for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal, so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death.[8][9]", "Rigor mortis. Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP, which would destabilize the myosin-actin bond and break the cross-bridge.[1] However, as ATP is absent, there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes (endogenous or bacterial) during decomposition. As part of the process of decomposition, the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes, allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax.[4][5] Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis, which occurs approximately 13 hours after death.[1]", "Drowning. Autopsies on drowned persons show no indications of these effects and there appears to be little difference between drownings in salt water and fresh water. After death, rigor mortis will set in and remains for about two days, depending on many factors, including water temperature.[citation needed]", "Livor mortis. Livor mortis starts in 20–30 minutes, but is usually not observable by the human eye until two hours after death. The size of the patches increases in the next three to six hours, with maximum lividity occurring between eight and twelve hours after death. The blood pools into the interstitial tissues of the body. The intensity of the color depends upon the amount of reduced haemoglobin in the blood. The discoloration does not occur in the areas of the body that are in contact with the ground or another object, in which capillaries are compressed.[3]", "Rigor mortis. After death, respiration in an organism ceases, depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is required to cause separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle.[2] When oxygen is no longer present, the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis. When the body's glycogen is depleted, the ATP concentration diminishes, and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges.[3]", "Post-mortem interval. 1. Pallor mortis\n2. Algor mortis\n3. Rigor mortis\n4. Livor mortis\n5. Putrefaction\n6. Decomposition\n7. Skeletonization", "Livor mortis. Among coroners and other investigators, such as homicide and forensic detectives, livor mortis is not considered an exact way to measure time of death, but instead is a way to approximate it. Livor mortis, along with algor mortis, rigor mortis, and practices such as forensic entomology are frequently combined by investigators to more accurately pinpoint the estimated time of death.[4]", "Canine reproduction. Diestrus is the period following mating. Diestrus lasts approximately 56 to 58 days in a pregnant female, and 60 to 100 days in a non-pregnant female. During both of these periods, progesterone levels are high. Because the hormonal profile of a pregnant female and a female in diestrus are the same, sometimes a non-pregnant female will go through a period of pseudo-pregnancy. At that time she may gain weight, have mammary gland development, produce milk, and exhibit nesting behaviours.", "Livor mortis. Coroners can use the presence or absence of livor mortis as a means of determining an approximate time of death. It can also be used by forensic investigators to determine whether or not a body has been moved. For instance, if the body is found lying prone, but the pooling is present on the deceased's back, investigators can conclude that the body was originally positioned supine.[3]", "Cadaveric spasm. Cadaveric spasm, also known as postmortem spasm, instantaneous rigor, cataleptic rigidity, or instantaneous rigidity, is a rare form of muscular stiffening that occurs at the moment of death and persists into the period of rigor mortis.[1] Cadaveric spasm can be distinguished from rigor mortis being stronger stiffening of the muscles that can't be easily undone like rigor mortis.[2] The cause is unknown, but is usually associated with violent deaths happening under extremely physical circumstances with intense emotion.[3]", "History of animal testing. Testing animals for rabies do require the animal to be dead, and it takes two hours to conduct the test.[51]", "Rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep deprivation experiments on non-human animals can be set up differently than those on humans. The “flower pot” method involves placing a laboratory animal above water on a platform so small that it falls off upon losing muscle tone. The naturally rude awakening which results may elicit changes in the organism which necessarily exceed the simple absence of a sleep phase.[89] This method also stops working after about 3 days as the subjects (typically rats) lose their will to avoid the water.[72] Another method involves computer monitoring of brain waves, complete with automatic mechanized shaking of the cage when the test animal drifts into REM sleep.[90]", "Beef cattle. Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages, preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling, how the animal is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause adverse effects on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. However, access to feed is restricted for 12-24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute so movement is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods, penetrating captive bolt non-penetrating captive bolt and gunshot. Most abattoirs use captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering, typically the animal will be hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be broken down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24-48 hours prior to meat cutting.[14]", "Animal euthanasia. Unconsciousness, respiratory then cardiac arrest follow rapidly, usually within 30 seconds.[3] Observers generally describe the method as leading to a quick and peaceful death.", "Pharmacology. Gaining FDA approval usually takes several years. Testing done on animals must be extensive and must include several species to help in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug. The dosage of any drug approved for use is intended to fall within a range in which the drug produces a therapeutic effect or desired outcome.[13]", "Cadaveric spasm. When this process occurs on a larger scale, the stiffening associated with rigor mortis can occur. It mainly occurs during high ATP use. Sometimes, cadaveric spasms can be associated with erotic asphyxiation resulting in death.", "Rigor mortis. Additionally, calcium enters the cytosol after death. Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Also, the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol. The calcium activates the formation of actin-myosin cross-bridging. Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol, it binds to the troponin of thin filaments, which causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins.[1] In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex.[2]", "Foie gras. In modern gavage-based foie gras production, force-feeding takes place for between 17 and 30 days before slaughter.[96]", "Monocular deprivation. In felines and monkeys, the critical period (the period during which deprivation could cause permanent deficits) lasts until about 4 months of age. Depriving an eye, for even a few days, during this period is sufficient to cause major changes in ocular-dominance-column anatomy and physiology.", "Peromyscus maniculatus. Deer mice pups are altricial, i.e. born blind, naked and helpless; development is rapid. Young deer mice have full coats by the end of the second week; their eyes open between 13 and 19 days and they are fully furred and independent in only a few weeks.[12] Females lactate for 27 to 34 days after giving birth; most young are weaned at about 18 to 24 days. The young reach adult size at about 6 weeks and continue to gain weight slowly thereafter.[16]", "Cadaveric spasm. Very minimal to no pathophysiological or scientific basis exists to support the validity of cadaveric spasms. Chemically, this phenomenon cannot be explained as being analogous to “true” rigor mortis. Therefore, a variety of other factors have been examined and explored in an effort to alternatively account for the cases of supposed instantaneous rigor mortis that have been reported. In a study reported in The International Journal of Legal Medicine, there was no consistent evidence of cadaveric spasms even in deaths of the same type. Out of 65 sharp-force suicides, only two victims still held their weapon post mortem. This low incidence rate suggests that genuine cadaveric spasm was not exhibited.[4] Gravity may play a large factor in the trapping of limbs and other objects under the body at the time of death, and the subsequent observed placement of limbs after death.[6] In fatalities related to cranial or neural injury, nerve damage in the brain may inhibit the ability to release a weapon from the hand.[4] The flexion of agonist and antagonist muscles in conjunction may additionally contribute to the observed fixation of an object or weapon.[5]", "Botulism. The clinical signs in horses are similar to cattle. The muscle paralysis is progressive; it usually begins at the hindquarters and gradually moves to the front limbs, neck, and head. Death generally occurs 24 to 72 hours after initial symptoms and results from respiratory paralysis. Some foals are found dead without other clinical signs.", "Animal cognition. Experiments using the peak procedure and other methods have shown that animals can time short intervals quite exactly, can time more than one event at once, and can integrate time with spatial and other cues. Such tests have also been used for quantitative tests of theories of animal timing, such as Gibbon's Scalar Expectancy Theory (\"SET\"),[70] Killeen's Behavioral Theory of Timing,[71] and Machado's Learning to Time model.[72] No one theory has yet gained unanimous agreement.[1]", "Animal Welfare Act of 1966. If any facility does not meet federal standards when they apply for a license or registration, they can receive up to three inspections within a period 90 days to correct any problems. The licenses are not issued until all problems are corrected. The facilities have to wait for a minimum of 6 months before reapplying for a license if they do not pass inspection within the 90-day period. Legal action results if the facility operates a regulated business without a license.[14]", "Livor mortis. Livor mortis (Latin: livor—\"bluish color,\" mortis—\"of death\"), postmortem lividity (Latin: postmortem—\"after death\", lividity—\"black and blue\"), hypostasis (Greek: hypo, meaning \"under, beneath\"; stasis, meaning \"a standing\"[1][2]) or suggillation, is the fourth stage and one of the signs of death. It is a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body post mortem, causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin. When the heart stops functioning and is no longer agitating the blood, heavy red blood cells sink through the serum by action of gravity.", "Classical conditioning. In temporal conditioning, a US is presented at regular intervals, for instance every 10 minutes. Conditioning is said to have occurred when the CR tends to occur shortly before each US. This suggests that animals have a biological clock that can serve as a CS. This method has also been used to study timing ability in animals (see Animal cognition)." ]

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[ "House of Saud. The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State (1744–1818), marked by the expansion of Wahhabism; the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State (1824–1891), marked with continuous infighting; and the Third Saudi State (1902–present), which evolved into Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd, numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia.", "House of Saud. Upon Ibn Saud's death, his son Saud assumed the throne without incident, but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with the new crown prince, Faisal. In 1964, the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal, aided by an edict from the country's grand mufti. During this period, some of Ibn Saud's younger sons, led by Talal ibn Abdul Aziz defected to Egypt, calling themselves the \"Free Princes\" and calling for liberalization and reform, but were later induced to return by Faisal. They were fully pardoned but were also barred from any future positions in government.", "House of Saud. The House of Saud (Arabic: آل سعود‎‎ Āl Saʻūd IPA: [ʔæːl saʕuːd]) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi state (1744–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia.[1]", "House of Saud. By 1932, Ibn Saud had disposed of all his main rivals and consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula. He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that year. Ibn Saud's father, Abdul Rahman retained the honorary title of \"imam.\" In 1937 near Dammam, American surveyors discovered what later proved to be Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves. Before the discovery of oil, many family members were destitute.[22]", "House of Saud. Ibn Saud spent the next three decades trying to re-establish his family's rule over as much of the Arabian Peninsula as possible, starting with his native Najd. His chief rivals were the Al Rashid clan in Ha'il, the Sharifs of Mecca in the Hijaz, and the Ottoman Turks in al-Hasa. Ibn Saud also had to contend, however, with the descendants of his late uncle Saud ibn Faisal (later known as the \"Saud al-Kabir\" branch of the family), who posed as the rightful heirs to the throne. Though for a time acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultans and even taking the title of pasha, Ibn Saud allied himself to the British, in opposition to the Ottoman-backed Al Rashid. From 1915 to 1927, Ibn Saud's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire, pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin.", "House of Saud. Due to its authoritarian and quasi-theocratic rule, the House of Saud has attracted much criticism during its rule of Saudi Arabia. There have been numerous incidents, from the Wahhabi Ikhwan militia uprising during the reign of Ibn Saud to various coup attempts by the different branches of the Kingdom's military.", "House of Saud. The head of the House of Saud is the King of Saudi Arabia who serves as Head of State and monarch of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The King holds almost absolute political power. The King appoints ministers to his cabinet who supervise their respective ministries in his name. The key ministries of Defence, the Interior, and Foreign Affairs are usually held by members of the Saud family, as are most of the thirteen regional governorships. Most portfolios, however, such as Finance, Labor, Information, Planning, Petroleum Affairs and Industry, have traditionally been given to commoners, often with junior Al Saud members serving as their deputies. House of Saud family members also hold many of the Kingdom's critical military and governmental departmental posts. Ultimate power in the Kingdom has always rested upon the Al Saud, though support from the Ulema, the merchant community, and the population at large has been key to the maintenance of the royal family's political status quo.", "House of Saud. Unlike Western royal families, the Saudi Monarchy has not had a clearly defined order of succession. Historically, upon becoming King, the monarch has designated an heir apparent to the throne who serves as Crown Prince of the Kingdom. Upon the King's death the Crown Prince becomes King, and during the King's incapacitation the Crown Prince, likewise, assumes power as regent. Though other members of the Al Saud hold political positions in the Saudi government, technically it is only the King and Crown Prince who legally constitute the political institutions.", "Saudi Arabia. The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab,[71] founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.[72] This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.[73]", "House of Saud. After his defeat at Mulayda, Abdul-Rahman ibn Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin. Soon afterward, however, he found refuge in Kuwait as a guest of the Kuwaiti emir, Mubarak Al Sabah. In 1902, Abdul-Rahman's son, Abdul Aziz, took on the task of restoring Saudi rule in Riyadh. Supported by a few dozen followers and accompanied by some of his brothers and relatives, Abdul Aziz was able to capture Riyadh's Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Ibn Rashid. Abdul Aziz, reported to have been barely 20 at the time, was immediately proclaimed ruler in Riyadh. As the new leader of the House of Saud, Abdul Aziz became commonly known from that time as \"Ibn Saud\".", "House of Saud. Succession has been from brother-to-brother since the death of the Founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud was succeeded by his son Saud. Saud was succeeded by his brother Faisal. Faisal was succeeded by his brother Khalid who, in turn, was succeeded by his brother Fahd. Fahd, as before, was succeeded by his brother Abdullah and Abdullah succeeded by his brother Salman, the current King. Salman appointed his half-brother Muqrin as Crown Prince in January 2015 and removed him in April 2015. Even Abdulaziz's youngest son was to turn 70 in 2015. Abdulaziz, in 1920, had said that the further succession would be from brother-to-brother not from father-to-son.", "House of Saud. A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818, the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd, establishing the Emirate of Nejd, commonly known as the Second Saudi State, with its capital in Riyadh.", "House of Saud. Ibn Saud won final victory over the Rashidis in 1921, making him the ruler of most of central Arabia. He consolidated his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd. He then turned his attention to the Hijaz, finally conquering it in 1926, just months before the British protectorate ended. For the next five and a half years, he administered the two parts of his dual realm, the Kingdom of Hijaz and Nejd, as separate units.", "House of Saud. Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a nephew, Faisal ibn Musaid, who was promptly executed. Another brother, Khalid, assumed the throne. The next prince in line had actually been Prince Muhammad, but he had relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of Khalid, his only full brother.", "House of Saud. King Salman elevated his son Mohammad bin Salman to Crown Prince in June 2017, following his decision to depose Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions, making his son heir apparent to the throne; and making the next succession father-to-son, for the first time since 1953 when Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud succeeded his father, the founder of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud.[2][3][4]", "House of Saud. The attack on Karbala convinced the Ottomans and the Egyptians that the Saudis were a threat to regional peace.[21] Abdulaziz was killed in 1803 by an assassin, believed by some to have been a Shi'ite seeking revenge over the sacking of Karbala the year before. Abdul-Aziz was in turn succeeded by his son, Saud, under whose rule the Saudi state reached its greatest extent. By the time Saud died in 1814, his son and successor Abdullah ibn Saud had to contend with an Ottoman-Egyptian invasion in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War seeking to retake lost Ottoman Empire territory. The mainly Egyptian force succeeded in defeating Abdullah's forces, taking over the Saudi capital of Diriyyah in 1818. Abdullah was taken prisoner and was soon beheaded by the Ottomans in Constantinople, putting an end to the First Saudi State. The Egyptians sent many members of the Al Saud clan and other members of the local nobility as prisoners to Egypt and Constantinople, and razed the Saudi capital Diriyyah.", "Wahhabism. Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud managed to establish his rule over southeastern Syria between 1803 and 1812. However, Egyptian forces acting under the Ottoman Empire and led by Ibrahim Pasha, were eventually successful in counterattacking in a campaign starting from 1811.[105] In 1818 they defeated Al-Saud, leveling the capital Diriyah, executing the Al-Saud emir and exiling the emirate's political and religious leadership,[91][106] and otherwise unsuccessfully attempted to stamp out not just the House of Saud but the Wahhabi mission as well.[107]", "House of Saud. The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. The next in line, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, is the son of King Salman, and thus from the ruling House of Saud.[2][3][4] The king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. The monarchy was hereditary by agnatic seniority until 2006, when a royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi princes.[5] Although current King Salman first choose his nephew and then his son as a crown prince without any consulation with Allegiance Council.", "House of Saud. The family is estimated to comprise 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of only about 2,000.[6][7]", "Ibn Saud. Ibn Saud was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh in the region of Najd in central Arabia.[6][7] He was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, last ruler of the Emirate of Nejd, the \"Second Saudi State\", a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh. His family, the House of Saud, had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabi Islam, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the Arabian peninsula in the form of the Emirate of Diriyah, the \"First Saudi State\", until its destruction by an Ottomon army in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War in the early nineteenth century.[8] Ibn Saud's mother was a member of the Sudairi family,[9] Sarah Al Sudairi.[10] She died in 1910.[11]", "Ibn Saud. Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Najd from the Rashidis.", "Ibn Saud. On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united the Nejd and Hejaz into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king.[21] He transferred his court to Murabba Palace from the Masmak Fort in 1938[22] and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.[23]", "House of Saud. House of Saud is a translation of Al Saud. The latter is an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word Al, meaning \"family of\" or \"House of\",[8] to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of the Al Saud, this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynasty's 18th century founder, Muhammad bin Saud (Muhammad, son of Saud).[9]", "House of Saud. Ibn Saud died in 1953, after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945. He is still celebrated officially as the \"Founder,\" and only his direct descendants may take on the title of \"his or her Royal Highness.\" The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia's centennial in 1999 (according to the Islamic lunar calendar).", "Ibn Saud. In 1925, the forces of Ibn Saud captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of Hashemite rule. On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Madina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz.[19] He raised Najd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927.[20] On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Najd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units.", "House of Saud. The First Saudi State was founded in 1744. This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal. At its height, the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern-day Saudi Arabia, and raids by Al Saud's allies and followers reached into Yemen, Oman, Syria, and Iraq. Islamic Scholars, particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants, are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period. The Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al-Tawhid (\"the monotheists\"). Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis, a group of particularly strict, puritanical Sunni sect, named for its founder.", "Saudi Arabia. In 1953, Saud of Saudi Arabia succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia, on his father's death, until 1964 when he was deposed in favor of his half brother Faisal of Saudi Arabia, after an intense rivalry, fueled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20% control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil.", "House of Saud. Leadership of the Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident. The first imam, Muhammad ibn Saud, was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulaziz in 1765. In 1802, Abdulaziz led ten thousand Wahhabi soldiers into an attack on the Shi'ite holy city of Karbala, in what is now southern Iraq and where Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad is buried.[20] Led by Abdulaziz, the Wahhabi soldiers killed more than two thousand people, including women and children.[20] The soldiers plundered the city, demolishing the massive golden dome above Hussein's tomb and loaded hundreds of camels with weapons, jewelry, coins and other valuable goods.[20]", "Arab world. The Al-Saud had been in exile in Ottoman Iraq since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. In 1902, Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital. He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.", "Arab world. The unification of Saudi Arabia was a 30-year-long military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed. Carried out under the charismatic Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, this process created what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the first and second states that existed under the Al Saud clan.", "House of Saud. The earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani' ibn Rabiah Al-Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446–1447 with his clan, the Mrudah.[13] Although the Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Rabi'ah tribal confederation, it is unclear whether they trace their ancestry to the Banu Hanifa or the 'Anizza branches of the Rabi'ah.[13] Mani was invited by a relative named Ibn Dir. Ibn Dir was the ruler of a set of villages and estates that make up modern-day Riyadh.[14][15][16] Mani's clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia, near al-Qatif, from an unknown point in time. Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates called al-Mulaybeed and Ghusayba. Mani and his family settled and renamed the region \"al-Diriyah\", after their benefactor Ibn Dir.[17][18]", "Ibn Saud. He reconquered his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Najd in 1922, then conquered the Hejaz in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He fathered many children, including 45 sons,[5] and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia." ]

[ 1.4052734375, 2.07421875, 0.08795166015625, 1.6513671875, 1.560546875, -0.1348876953125, 1.8564453125, 0.87841796875, 0.67822265625, 3.232421875, 1.46484375, 0.0784912109375, 1.9765625, -0.576171875, 1.0107421875, 1.7919921875, -3.751953125, 1.6455078125, -2.431640625, -2.337890625, -1.748046875, -0.06085205078125, -0.5546875, -0.56982421875, -0.4794921875, 1.5322265625, -1.8662109375, 1.716796875, -4.6875, -2.580078125, 1.48046875, -0.37939453125 ]

[ "2017 ICC Champions Trophy. England became the first team to qualify for the semi-finals by virtue of two wins in its first two Group A games, and with other teams of the group either losing a game or ending games without a result.[37] Bangladesh qualified for the semi-finals following their win against New Zealand, and Australia failing to beat England in the final match of Group A.[38] From Group B, India and Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals following victories in their final group matches against South Africa and Sri Lanka respectively.[39][40]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final. Ranked eighth in the ICC ODI Championship at the start of the tournament, Pakistan started poorly, before improving progressively in each game. They lost to India in the first game by 124 runs in a sloppy display,[15] but then defeated top-ranked South Africa by 19 runs by virtue of Duckworth–Lewis method in their next game.[16] They gained momentum and beat Sri Lanka by 3 wickets in their final group game, a thrilling must-win encounter, and qualified for the semi-finals placed second in Group B, behind India on net run rate.[17] In the semi-final, England with their undefeated run and home advantage were tipped firm favourites. However, they were outplayed by Pakistan with both bat and ball, the latter winning comprehensively by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare. This paved the road for Pakistan's first qualification to a Champions Trophy final.[18]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final. The final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was played on 18 June 2017 between Pakistan and India at The Oval in London, to determine the winner of the eighth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy.[1] Pakistan qualified for the final by defeating the hosts England convincingly by 8 wickets in the first semi-final at Cardiff in Wales on 14 June, and reached their maiden Champions Trophy final.[2] India, the defending champions and favourites, came into the final by defeating Bangladesh comfortably by 9 wickets in the second semi-final at Birmingham on 15 June, to reach their fourth Champions Trophy final, a record.[3]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final. India came into the tournament as defending champions and favourites along with England, and were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship. They beat arch-rivals Pakistan convincingly in their first group face-off, winning by 124 runs.[15] They lost their second match to Sri Lanka by 7 wickets, despite posting a total of 321, in what turned out to be the highest successful run-chase in Champions Trophy history.[19] India won their final group game, a must-win encounter against South Africa, comfortably by 8 wickets.[20] They finished on top of Group B with two wins and a net run rate ahead of Pakistan. In the semi-final, India faced Bangladesh, and put in yet another dominating display, winning comfortably by 9 wickets and sealing a final with Pakistan.[21]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy. The ICC confirmed the umpires for the semi-final matches on 13 June 2017 and for the final on 16 June 2017.[41][42] Pakistan beat England by 8 wickets to qualify for the final for the first time while India beat Bangladesh by 9 wickets to make their second consecutive appearance and fourth overall in a final.[43]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy. The top eight teams in the ICC ODI Championship rankings as on 30 September 2015 qualified for the tournament, and were divided into two groups of four. Bangladesh returned to the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time since 2006, while the West Indies failed to qualify for the first time.", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final. India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final, while Pakistan brought back their leading pacer Mohammad Amir, who was ruled out of the semi-final against England due to back spasm and replaced Rumman Raees.[24] Indian captain Virat Kohli won the toss and elected his side to field first, sending Pakistan in to bat.[25]", "ICC Champions Trophy. The eight teams were then split into two groups of four in a round robin competition. While Australia and West Indies qualified from Group A, South Africa and New Zealand qualified from Group B for the semifinals. Australia and West Indies reached the final defeating New Zealand and South Africa, respectively. In the final, Australia beat West Indies by 8 wickets to win the trophy for the first time. The venues for the tournament were Mohali, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Mumbai.", "India national cricket team. India defeated Pakistan in their first game of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy, winning by a convincing 124-run margin,[32] but lost their second game of the group against Sri Lanka by 7 wickets despite posting a total of 321.[33] In their final group game against South Africa, a must-win encounter, India won comfortably and sealed a spot in the semi-finals, against Bangladesh.[34] India comfortably won the match by 9 wickets, and faced arch-rivals Pakistan in the final, the first time they had met at this stage of a tournament since 2007.[35] In an anti-climax, considering India were the clear favourites, Pakistan defeated India comfortably by 180 runs in the final, outclassing them across all three departments.[36]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final. In an unexpected performance, Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy, outclassing them across all departments to win by 180 runs, which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament.[4][5][6] Pakistan, who were massive underdogs entering as the lowest-ranked team in the competition,[7] became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy, and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992. Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114.[8] Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament[9] while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan's first ICC tournament title since 2009.[10]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy. As hosts, England qualified for the competition automatically; they were joined by the seven other highest-ranked teams in the ICC ODI Championship as at 30 September 2015.[7]", "2016–17 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The final was played on 3 June 2017 at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales.[39] The \"home\" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy. The 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was the eighth ICC Champions Trophy, a cricket tournament for the eight top-ranked One Day International (ODI) teams in the world. It was held in England and Wales from 1 June to 18 June 2017.[1] Pakistan won the competition for the first time with a 180-run victory over India in the final at The Oval.[2] The margin of victory was the largest by any team in the final of an ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs.[3]", "ICC Champions Trophy. Rain and poor weather affected 5 of the 15 matches played in the tournament.[22] The top two teams in the ICC ODI Rankings at the time (South Africa and Australia) were knocked out in the group stage, with Australia not winning a single game out of their three.[23] 2015 World Cup finalists New Zealand were also knocked out in the group stage, also not winning a single game, along with Sri Lanka. Thus, England and Bangladesh from Group A, and India and Pakistan from Group B qualified for the semi-finals. Pakistan beat England comfortably in the first semi-final, winning by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare to make their first final ever in the Champions Trophy. India beat Bangladesh in the second semi-final, also winning comfortably by 9 wickets, in what was Bangladesh's first semi-final in an ICC tournament.[24]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 13 April 2018, 12:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[28]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. With five English teams in the round of 16, this was the first time five teams from one association qualified for the Champions League knockout phase.[4]", "ICC Champions Trophy. Security around the tournament was increased following the Ariana Grande concert attack in Manchester, just before the start of the competition. The International Cricket Council (ICC) announced that they would review security concerns.[17][18] The 15 games played in the tournament were held across three venues – The Oval in London, Edgbaston Cricket Ground in Birmingham and Sophia Gardens in Cardiff. India did not announce their squad by the 25 April deadline due to what it described as \"operational\" reasons, although this was widely seen as a protest by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in an ongoing disagreement with the ICC over finance and governance.[19] After interference from senior officials, the Indian squad was finally named on 8 May 2017.[20] Pakistan's Shoaib Malik played in his sixth consecutive Champions Trophy.[21]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final. Marais Erasmus of South Africa and Richard Kettleborough of England were named as the on-field umpires for the final. They had both previously officiated in the semi-final matches of the tournament; Erasmus, in the England–Pakistan match, and Kettleborough, in the Bangladesh–India match.[22] Rod Tucker of Australia and Kumar Dharmasena of Sri Lanka, who also officiated in the semi-finals as on-field umpires, were appointed as the TV umpire and reserve umpire respectively. David Boon of Australia was the match referee, completing the five-member match official team.[23]", "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. The following teams qualified for the tournament.", "2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup. The top two teams from each group and the two best third-placed teams qualified for the quarter-finals.", "Bangladesh national cricket team. Bangladesh started the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy campaign with a defeat in the series opener against England. However a washout against Australia and a win help them to reach the semi finals for the first time ever in Bangladesh cricket history.[202] Finally they were knocked out of the tournament after a huge loss to India by 9 wickets in the semi-finals.[203]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round. Víkingur Gøta won 6–2 on aggregate.", "2017 UEFA Champions League Final. Real Madrid qualified as the UEFA representative at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates, and also earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, Manchester United, in the 2017 UEFA Super Cup.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round. A total of ten teams played in the first qualifying round.", "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. The top two teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals. The rankings of teams in each group were determined as follows (regulations Article 19.6):[18]", "2017 ICC Champions Trophy. On 10 May 2017, the ICC confirmed all the squads for the tournament. Pakistan's Shoaib Malik played in his sixth consecutive Champions Trophy.[17]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The 2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine, to decide the champions of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League.[1] A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase.[2]", "2016–17 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The 2016–17 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 14 February and ended on 3 June 2017 with the final at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, to decide the champions of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League. A total of 16 teams competed in the knockout phase.[1]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST.[31]", "2017 UEFA Champions League Final. Real Madrid began the second half strongly and in control,[25] though play was stopped several times for fouls and injuries to both sides.[28] Real Madrid took a 2–1 lead in the 61st minute from a long-range strike from Casemiro, which deflected off Sami Khedira and past Gianluigi Buffon to the left corner of the net.[24][28] Three minutes later, Ronaldo scored Madrid's third goal of the night and his second, finishing in the 6-yard (5.5 m) box from a cut-back from Luka Modrić on the right.[24] Juventus, fending off additional attacks from Madrid, picked up three additional yellow cards, including one to newly substituted Juan Cuadrado.[28] Real Madrid replaced striker Karim Benzema with Gareth Bale, a Cardiff native who had not been fit enough to start but was given a homecoming.[25] Cuadrado picked up a second yellow card and was sent off in the 84th minute for a shove on Sergio Ramos, who went down while holding his foot.[28] Marco Asensio scored Madrid's fourth and final goal in the 90th minute, a tap-in from 12 yards (11 m) after a cut-back from Marcelo from the left.[28]", "2017 UEFA Champions League Final. Juventus entered the final chasing their first treble of domestic league, domestic cup, and Champions League titles, bidding to become the ninth team to win it.[15] They won the 2016–17 Coppa Italia after defeating Lazio in the final on 17 May,[16] and clinched the 2016–17 Serie A title on 21 May.[17] Real Madrid were chasing the double of domestic league and Champions League titles, having won the 2016–17 La Liga on 21 May, the final day of the season.[18]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The final will be played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev on 26 May 2018. The \"home\" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[31]" ]

[ 7.32421875, 5.6875, 5.7421875, 5.50390625, 5.0234375, 2.958984375, 3.390625, 5.3984375, 1.3017578125, 2.201171875, 1.2041015625, -1.4638671875, 2.33203125, 4.90625, -2.87109375, -0.03411865234375, 0.042633056640625, 0.48193359375, -0.9609375, -2.71484375, 0.91796875, -1.10546875, 0.425537109375, -1.779296875, -0.841796875, -0.82421875, -1.3369140625, -1.3447265625, -2.75, 2.19921875, 1.1875, -1.6875 ]

[ "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Since his debut, the character has been featured in various media adaptations, such as feature films, television series and video games. The Scarecrow has been voiced by Henry Polic II, Jeffrey Combs and Jeff Bennett in the DC Animated Universe, Robert Englund in Injustice 2, Dino Andrade and John Noble in the Batman: Arkham series, among others, while his live-action portrayals include Cillian Murphy in The Dark Knight Trilogy and Charlie Tahan in the television series Gotham. In 2009, The Scarecrow was ranked as IGN's 58th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.[5]", "Cillian Murphy. A native of Cork, Murphy began his performing career as a rock musician. After turning down a record deal, he made his professional acting debut in the play Disco Pigs in 1996. While continuing with stage work he also began appearing in independent films, first coming to international attention in 2002 as the hero of Danny Boyle's post-apocalyptic film 28 Days Later. Murphy's profile continued to grow in 2005 when he appeared in a series of successful films: firstly as the Scarecrow in Christopher Nolan's 2005 blockbuster Batman Begins—a role he reprised in The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012)—and secondly in the action-thriller Red Eye (2005). For his performance as a transgender woman in Breakfast on Pluto (2005), Murphy received a Golden Globe award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy.", "The Dark Knight Rises. Cillian Murphy reprises his role as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow from previous films,[36] as does Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul, who appears to Bruce in a hallucination.[37][38] Josh Pence portrays Ra's al Ghul in scenes set thirty years before the events of Batman Begins.[39] Nestor Carbonell also returns as Anthony Garcia, Gotham's mayor.[40] Other cast members include Aidan Gillen as CIA agent Bill Wilson[41][42] (referred to solely as \"CIA\" in the film's dialogue; the character's name is revealed in the film's novelization);[43] Rob Brown and Desmond Harrington as police officers; Josh Stewart as Bane's right-hand man Barsad,[44] Christopher Judge as one of Bane's henchmen,[45] Noel Gugliemi as Bane's exile compeller, and Tom Conti as a prisoner. William Devane portrays the President of the United States. Aaron Eckhart expressed enthusiasm in returning for a sequel if asked, although he later stated Nolan verified that his character, Harvey Dent / Two-Face, is dead,[46] and only archive footage of Eckhart from The Dark Knight appears in the film.[47]", "Cillian Murphy. The following year, Murphy starred in Red Lights with Robert De Niro and Sigourney Weaver. He played Tom Buckley, the assistant to Weaver's character who is a paranormal investigator. Murphy considered working with De Niro to have been one of the most intimidating moments in his career. He remarked: \"My first scene when I come to visit him my character is supposed to be terrified and intimidated. There was no acting involved. The man has presence. You can't act presence. I'll never have that. Watching him use it...when you put a camera on it, it just becomes something else.\"[68] The film was panned by critics and did not make its budget back at the box office.[69][70] Murphy then went on to reprise his role as the Scarecrow for the third time in The Dark Knight Rises,[71] and had a supporting role as Mike, the favourite teacher of the main character Skunk, in the British independent film Broken. His performance earned him a British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination.[72]", "John Noble. John Noble (born 20 August 1948) is an Australian actor and theatre director of more than 80 plays.[citation needed] He is best known for his roles as Dr. Walter Bishop in the American Fox science fiction television series Fringe, and Henry Parrish in the Fox action-horror series Sleepy Hollow. His most high-profile film role was as Denethor in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy. He also provided the voice of the DC Comics supervillain Scarecrow in the 2015 video game Batman: Arkham Knight, where his character served as the main antagonist. In 2015, he joined the main cast of the television series Elementary as Sherlock Holmes's father. He was also cast as a doctor in the Australian TV series All Saints. In 2012, Noble was diagnosed with osteoporosis. His charity, Noble Bones, helps to raise awareness for the disease.[2]", "Cillian Murphy. Murphy made a brief re-appearance as the Scarecrow in Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008), the sequel to Batman Begins,[56] before starring in The Edge of Love—about a love quadrangle involving the poet Dylan Thomas—with Keira Knightley, Sienna Miller and Matthew Rhys.[57] Murphy also made a debut appearance in another medium—on a postage stamp: in July 2008, the Irish Post Office, An Post, released a series of four stamps paying homage to the creativity of films recently produced in Ireland, including one featuring Murphy in a still from The Wind That Shakes the Barley.[58] In 2009, Murphy starred opposite rock singer Feist and actor David Fox in The Water, directed by Kevin Drew of Broken Social Scene. The 15-minute Canadian short film, released online in April 2009, is nearly silent until the Feist song of the same title plays close to the end. Murphy was attracted to the role as a fan of Broken Social Scene and the prospect of making a silent movie, which he considered to be the \"hardest test for any actor\".[59] Murphy also starred in Perrier's Bounty, a crime dramedy from the makers of Intermission, in which he portrayed a petty criminal on the run from a gangster played by Brendan Gleeson.[60]", "Brad Dourif. Dourif was initially cast as the Scarecrow in Batman Forever (1995) while Tim Burton was attached to the project. However, Joel Schumacher eventually took over the project and instead cast Tommy Lee Jones as Two-Face and Jim Carrey as the Riddler.", "Cillian Murphy. Cillian Murphy (/ˈkɪliən/; born 25 May 1976) is an Irish actor of stage and screen. Since making his debut in his home country in the late 1990s, Murphy has also become a presence in British and American cinemas noted by critics for his performances in many independent and mainstream films. He is best known as Damien in The Wind That Shakes the Barley, Jim in 28 Days Later (2002), the Scarecrow in The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005–12), Jackson Rippner in Red Eye (2005), Robert Capa in Sunshine (2007), Robert Fischer in Inception (2010) and Thomas Shelby in the BBC series Peaky Blinders.", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). The Scarecrow appears in the Batman: Arkham video game series. The version of the character as he first appeared sports a mechanical gauntlet strapped with four fluorescent hypodermic needles on his right hand, which he uses to inject fear toxin into his victims. His voiceover work was provided by vocal artist Dino Andrade in Arkham Asylum and the mobile game Arkham Underworld, and by actor John Noble in Arkham Knight.", "The Dark Knight (film). The film's supporting cast includes Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Janet Surrillo, and Tom \"Tiny\" Lister Jr. as a prison inmate on one of the bomb-rigged ferries. William Fichtner played the Gotham National Bank manager, and Cillian Murphy returns in a cameo as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, who is apprehended early on in the film by Batman.[54]", "Scarecrow (Oz). The Scarecrow appeared in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz) voiced by Dan Aykroyd.", "Scarecrow (Oz). Justin Case, an English bicycle acrobat, appeared briefly as the Scarecrow in the 1985 film Return to Oz.", "Joseph Gordon-Levitt. Gordon-Levitt joined a musical theater group at the age of four and played the Scarecrow in a production of The Wizard of Oz. Subsequently, he was approached by an agent and began appearing on television and in commercials for Sunny Jim peanut butter, Cocoa Puffs, Pop-Tarts, and Kinney Shoes.[13]", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). A stand-in for Jonathan Crane named Jenna Clarke/Scarecrone appears in the Elseworlds original graphic novel Batman: Dark Knight Dynasty as a henchwoman/consort under the employ of Vandal Savage. Scarecrone also acts as a stand-in for Two-Face. She has the power to invade a person's psyche and make their deepest fears appear as illusions simply by touching them. \"Scarecrone\" is actually a separate personality from Jenna Clarke, Vandal Savage requires Clarke to switch to her Scarecrone persona through a special formula that he has made Clarke dependent on. The two personalities are actually extremely antagonistic towards each other. It's revealed that when the formula brings out Scarecrone the right side of her face becomes heavily scarred. This scarring is healed once the formula wears off and the Jenna Clarke personality becomes dominant again.[59]", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). As the self-proclaimed \"Master of Fear\", the Scarecrow is an obsessive and deranged ex-professor of psychology in Gotham City, who uses a variety of experimental drugs and psychological tactics to exploit the fears and phobias of his victims. He is one of Batman's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery.[4]", "Scarecrow (Oz). In the animated film Journey Back to Oz (produced in 1964 but not released until the 1970s), the Scarecrow was voiced by Mickey Rooney.", "Cillian Murphy. Wider recognition came to Murphy in 2005 when he starred as Dr. Jonathan Crane in Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins. Originally asked to audition for the role of Bruce Wayne/Batman in Batman Begins, Murphy never saw himself as having the right physique for the superhero, but leapt at the chance to connect with director Christopher Nolan.[15] Though the lead went to Christian Bale, Nolan was so impressed with Murphy that he gave him the supporting role of Dr. Jonathan Crane, whose alter ego is supervillain Scarecrow.[11] Nolan told Spin, \"He has the most extraordinary eyes, and I kept trying to invent excuses for him to take his glasses off in close-ups.\"[31] Murphy achieved further mainstream success that year by portraying operative Jackson Rippner who terrorises Rachel McAdams on an overnight flight in Wes Craven's thriller, Red Eye. New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis asserted that Murphy made \"a picture-perfect villain\" and that his \"baby blues look cold enough to freeze water and his wolfish leer suggests its own terrors\".[32] The film was favourably reviewed and earned almost $100 million worldwide.[33][34]", "Scarecrow (Oz). The blackface minstrel star, Fred Stone, was the first to play the Scarecrow on stage, and he brought his minstrel style of performance to the role of the Scarecrow. Baum was delighted with Stone's performance, and he wrote subsequent Oz books with Stone's minstrel-style in mind.[2]", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Scarecrow appears in Batman: Arkham Knight. Seeking revenge on Batman, Scarecrow re-emerges in Gotham City two years after being attacked by Killer Croc in Arkham Asylum. Scarecrow's appearance has been changed drastically, with knee braces on his legs and scars all over his body. His face has also been raggedly reconstructed after his encounter with Killer Croc, with elements of his former gas mask now apparently affixed to his cheeks as part of his body.", "Scarecrow (Oz). The Scarecrow has appeared in nearly every early Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time.", "Scarecrow (Oz). American voice actor Michael Gough voices the Scarecrow in 2011's direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz.", "Rachel Dawes. The League starts a riot in the Narrows, one of Gotham City's slums, and Rachel is trapped. Crane, who has now assumed the criminal alter ego of \"The Scarecrow\", attacks her again. She defends herself and a boy caught in the riot by firing a taser at Crane's face, driving him away. Soon, the city is overrun by Arkham's inmates, whom the League has released, and Rachel and the boy are surrounded by lunatics led by Falcone's henchman, Victor Zsasz (Tim Booth). Batman saves them at the last minute and gives Rachel a hint as to his secret identity.", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). In the prequel game taking place roughly five years before the events of Arkham Asylum during the second year of Batman's crimefighting career, Scarecrow makes no physical appearance either as his costumed persona or as Dr. Jonathan Crane. Though not confirmed, it seems likely that by this point in the timeline he had yet to make his debut as Scarecrow.", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Scarecrow plays a prominent role in Doug Moench's \"Terror\" storyline, set in Batman's early years, where Scarecrow is broken out of prison by the mysteriously returned Professor Hugo Strange, who selects Scarecrow as an ally to help him capture Batman. Scarecrow turns on Strange when Strange's therapy proves effective enough to turn the Scarecrow against his 'benefactor', impaling him on a weather vane and throwing him in the cellar of his own mansion. The Scarecrow then uses Strange's mansion as a trap for Batman, but it is less effective than Strange's plan of attack due to Scarecrow lacking knowledge of Batman's identity; Scarecrow uses Strange's plan to lure Batman to Crime Alley, but his 'trap' consists of simply decapitating one of his former classmates in the alley in front of Batman. With the help of Catwoman—whom Scarecrow had attempted to blackmail into helping him by capturing her and photographing her unmasked face—Batman catches Scarecrow, but loses sight of Strange, with it being unclear whether Strange had actually survived the fall onto the weather vane—he claimed that he lured rats to himself by using his sweat so that he could eat them—or if Scarecrow and Batman were hallucinating from exposure to Scarecrow's fear toxin, although Batman concludes that the subsequent explosion of the house has definitely killed Strange.[15]", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Scarecrow makes non-voice appearances in the web series Batman Unlimited. He appears in the episodes \"Bank Heist\", \"Fight Night at the Museum\", and \"Breakout or Bust\".", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). The Scarecrow (Dr. Jonathan Crane) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in World's Finest Comics #3 (Fall 1941).[3]", "Jason Carter (actor). Born in Ealing, London and brought up in Gainsborough, a small market-town in Lincolnshire, Carter appeared on stage since he was a child. Advised to pursue a career in rubber technology, Carter opted instead for three years at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. In 1982, he landed his first television role on BBC2’s long-running Jackanory (1965–1996) as Hawkwing.[citation needed] He has appeared in numerous television series including Viper, Beverly Hills, 90210, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Charmed, Angel and Babylon 5. He also played the hedgehog, Hans, in an episode of the television series The Storyteller. Carter also loaned his voice briefly to the James Bond video game GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, in the role of Bond. He also appeared in the film The Duel.", "DC Universe Animated Original Movies. Veteran Batman voice actor Kevin Conroy returned once again to play Batman with the voice talents of Jim Meskimen as Lieutenant Gordon and Deadshot, Gary Dourdan as Crispus Allen, Ana Ortiz as Anna Ramirez, David McCallum as Alfred Pennyworth, Parminder Nagra as Cassandra, Rob Paulsen as Sal Maroni, Corey Burton as Scarecrow, Kevin Michael Richardson as Lucius Fox, Jason Marsden as Thomas Wayne, Andrea Romano as Martha Wayne, and George Newbern as the Man in Black.", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Jonathan Crane is a brilliant psychologist who specializes in fear and phobias. With this knowledge, he knows how to use words to affect a person's actions.", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Scarecrow appears in Batman: Hush, working for the Riddler and Hush. He composes profiles on the various villains of Gotham so Riddler and Hush can manipulate them to their own ends. He later gases Huntress with his fear gas, making her attack Catwoman. He attacks Batman in a graveyard, only to learn his fear gas is ineffective (due to Hush's bug), but before he can reveal this he is knocked out by Jason Todd.[28] Scarecrow also appears in Batman: Heart of Hush, kidnapping a child to distract Batman so Hush can attack Catwoman. When Batman goes to rescue the child, Scarecrow activates a Venom implant, causing the boy to attack Batman. He is defeated when Batman ties the boy's teddy bear to Scarecrow, causing the child to attack Scarecrow. After he is captured, Batman attacks him in prison to get Hush's location.[12]", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). The Scarecrow appears in Gotham, portrayed by Charlie Tahan.[81][82] He is introduced in the first season episodes \"The Fearsome Dr. Crane\" and \"The Scarecrow\". His father, Gerald Crane (portrayed by Julian Sands), creates the \"fear toxin\", a serum designed to eliminate fear, and then injects Jonathan with it. Detectives Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock save Jonathan's life, but are too late to save his sanity; the toxin has left him in a state of perpetual terror, plagued by hallucinations of his greatest fear: scarecrows. He is next seen in the season four episode \"The Fear Reaper\", in which he is institutionalized in Gotham Asylum, where the corrupt administrator uses his fears to keep him under control. A gang of criminals led by Grady Harris and Merton kidnaps him and forces him to re-create his father's fear toxin so they can use it to control Gotham City. Jonathan eventually embraces his fear, however, and uses the toxin against his captors. He then wreaks havoc on Gotham with the toxin as \"The Scarecrow\".", "Scarecrow (DC Comics). Bill Finger and Bob Kane introduced Scarecrow in the fall of 1941 for World's Finest Comics #3,[3] during the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which he only made two appearances.[6] The character was revived during the Silver Age of Comic Books by writer Gardner Fox and artist Sheldon Moldoff in the pages of Batman #189 (February 1967), still maintaining his origin story from the Golden Age.[7] It was also in Batman #189 that the Scarecrow's fear gas debutted.[8]" ]

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[ "Amazon River. The Amazon proper runs mostly through Brazil and Peru, and is part of the border between Colombia and Perú. It has a series of major tributaries in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, some of which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali, and others directly into the Amazon proper. These include rivers Putumayo, Caquetá, Vaupés, Guainía, Morona, Pastaza, Nucuray, Urituyacu, Chambira, Tigre, Nanay, Napo, and Huallaga.", "Amazon River. Although the Ucayali–Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper, in Brazil the river is known at this point as the Solimões das Águas. The river systems and flood plains in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries, are called the \"Upper Amazon\".", "Ecuador. The Andes is the watershed divisor between the Amazon watershed, which runs to the east, and the Pacific, including the north–south rivers Mataje, Santiago, Esmeraldas, Chone, Guayas, Jubones, and Puyango-Tumbes.", "Amazon basin. The Amazon River rises in the Andes Mountains at the west of the basin with its main tributary the Marañón River in Peru. It is usually considered to be the second longest river in the world.[2] However, a team of Brazilian scientists has claimed that the Amazon is the longest river in the world.[3] It covers about 6,400 km before draining into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon and its tributaries form the largest volume of water. The Amazon accounts for about 20% of the total water carried to the oceans by rivers. Some of the Amazon rainforests are deforested because of the increasing of cattle ranches and soy beans field.", "Amazon River. In March 1500, Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first documented European to sail up the Amazon River.[19] Pinzón called the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce, later shortened to Mar Dulce, literally, sweet sea, because of its fresh water pushing out into the ocean. Another Spanish explorer, Francisco de Orellana, was the first European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins, situated in the Andes, to the mouth of the river. In this journey, Orellana baptised some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro, Napo and Jurua. The name Amazonas is taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition, mostly women, that reminded De Orellana of the mythical female Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece.", "Amazon River. The Lower Amazon begins where the darkly coloured waters of the Rio Negro meet the sandy coloured Rio Solimões, and for over 6 km (4 mi) these waters run side by side without mixing. At Óbidos, a bluff 17 m (56 ft) above the river is backed by low hills. The lower Amazon seems to have once been a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos.", "Amazon River. The Amazon River, usually abbreviated to The Amazon (US: /ˈæməzɒn/ or UK: /ˈæməzən/; Spanish and Portuguese: Amazonas), in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and either the longest or second longest.[2][4][n 1]", "Amazon basin. The Amazon basin formerly flowed west to Pacific Ocean until the Andes formed, causing the basin to flow eastward towards the Atlantic Ocean.[4]", "Amazon River. The proto-Amazon during the Cretaceous flowed west, as part of a proto-Amazon-Congo river system, from the interior of present-day Africa when the continents were connected, forming western Gondwana. Fifteen million years ago, the main tectonic uplift phase of the Andean chain started. This tectonic movement is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields,[clarification needed] blocked the river and caused the Amazon Basin to become a vast inland sea. Gradually, this inland sea became a massive swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. For example, over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon.[citation needed]", "Peru. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.[60] Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.[61]", "Amazon River. The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century. Such studies continued to be published even recently, such as in 1996,[36] 2001,[37] 2007,[7] and 2008,[9] where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m (18,363 ft) Nevado Mismi peak, located roughly 160 km (99 mi) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km (430 mi) southeast of Lima, as the most distant source of the river. From that point, Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi, joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the Río Apurímac.", "Amazon River. The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon’s most distant source, until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru.[10] The Mantaro and Apurímac join, and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River, which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos, Peru, to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon. Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro[11] to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters (Portuguese: Encontro das Águas) at Manaus, the river's largest city.", "Amazon River. The Amazon basin, the largest in the world, covers about 40% of South America, an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,722,020 sq mi). It drains from west to east, from Iquitos in Peru, across Brazil to the Atlantic. It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude. Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau, just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean.[43] The locals often refer to it as \"El Jefe Negro\", referring to an ancient god of fertility.[citation needed]", "Geography of Venezuela. For most of the river's course, the gradient is slight. Downstream from its headwaters, it splits into two; one-third of its flow passes through the Brazo Casiquiare (Casiquiare Channel) into a tributary of the Amazon, and the remainder passes into the main Orinoco channel. This passageway allows vessels with shallow drafts to navigate from the lower Orinoco to the Amazon River system after unloading and reloading on either side of two falls on the Orinoco along the Colombian border.", "Amazon River. The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene.", "Ecuador. Peru began occupying the defenseless missionary villages in the Mainas or Maynas region which it began calling Loreto with its capital in Iquitos. During its negotiations with Brazil, Peru stated that based on the royal cedula of 1802, it claimed Amazonian Basin territories up to Caqueta River in the north and toward the Andes Mountain range, depriving Ecuador and Colombia of all their claims to the Amazon Basin. Colombia protested stating that its claims extended south toward the Napo and Amazon Rivers. Ecuador protested that it claimed the Amazon Basin between the Caqueta river and the Marañon-Amazon river. Peru ignored these protests and created the Department of Loreto in 1853 with its capital in Iquitos which it had recently invaded and systematically began to occupy using the river systems in all the territories claimed by both Colombia and Ecuador. Peru briefly occupied Guayaquil again in 1860, since Peru thought that Ecuador was selling some of the disputed land for development to British bond holders, but returned Guayaquil after a few months. The border dispute was then submitted to Spain for arbitration from 1880 to 1910, but to no avail.", "Amazon basin. The Amazon River basin has a low-water season, and a wet season during which, the rivers flood the adjacent, low-lying forests. The climate of the basin is generally hot and humid. In some areas, however, the winter months (June–September) can bring cold snaps, fueled by Antarctic winds travelling along the adjacent Andes mountain range. Such cold conditions can be devastating for some of the region's tropical plant and animal species.[37]", "Amazon River. In 1560 another Spanish conquistador, Lope de Aguirre, may have made the second descent of the Amazon. Historians are uncertain whether the river he descended was the Amazon or the Orinoco River, which runs more or less parallel to the Amazon further north.", "Amazon River. Gonzalo Pizarro set off in 1541 to explore east of Quito into the South American interior in search of El Dorado, the \"city of gold\" and La Canela, the \"valley of cinnamon\".[20] He was accompanied by his second-in-command Francisco de Orellana. After 170 kilometres (110 mi), the Coca River joined the Napo River (at a point now known as Puerto Francisco de Orellana); the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence. They continued downriver through an uninhabited area, where they could not find food. Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River, then known as Río de la Canela (\"Cinnamon River\") and return with food for the party. Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola, they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north.", "Amazon River. In what is currently Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, a number of colonial and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for the purpose of trade, slaving and evangelisation among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest, such as the Urarina. In the late 1600s Spanish Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz, apostle of the Omaguas, established some forty mission villages.", "Amazon River. There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins, the so-called Casiquiare canal. The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the upper Orinoco, which flows southward into the Rio Negro, which in turn flows into the Amazon. The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems, a so-called bifurcation.", "Amazon River. The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus, 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) upriver from the mouth. Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes (3,000 or 8,900 long tons; 3,300 or 9,900 short tons) and 5.5 metres (18 ft) draft can reach as far as Iquitos, Peru, 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi) from the sea. Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres (480 mi) higher, as far as Achual Point. Beyond that, small boats frequently ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche, just above Achual Point in Peru.[39]", "Peruvian Amazon. The jungle contains long and powerful rivers such as the Apurimac, Mantaro, Amazon, Urubamba, Ucayali, Huallaga, Marañón, Putumayo, Yavarí, Napo, Pastaza, Madre de Dios, Manu, Purus, and Tigre. The Apurimac River is the source of the Amazon River. The Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve and the Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area are within the forest.", "Amazon rainforest. During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solimões Basin. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.[8][9]", "Amazon basin. The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 7,500,000 km2 (2,900,000 sq mi), or roughly 40 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.[1]", "Geography of Brazil. Below their descent from the highlands, many of the tributaries of the Amazon are navigable. Upstream, they generally have rapids or waterfalls, and boats and barges also must face sandbars, trees, and other obstacles. Nevertheless, the Amazon is navigable by oceangoing vessels as far as 3,885 kilometers (2,414 mi) upstream, reaching Iquitos in Peru. The Amazon river system was the principal means of access until new roads became more important. Hydroelectric projects are Itaipu, in Paraná, with 12,600 MW; Tucuruí, in Pará, with 7,746 MW; and Paulo Afonso, in Bahia, with 3,986 MW.", "Peruvian Amazon. The Peruvian Amazon (Spanish: Amazonía del Perú) is the area of the Amazon rainforest included within the country of Peru, from east of the Andes to the borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. This region comprises 60% of the country and is marked by a large degree of biodiversity. Peru has the second-largest portion of the Amazon rainforest after the Brazilian Amazon.", "Ecuador. Almost all of the rivers in Ecuador form in the La Sierra region and flow east toward the Amazon River or west toward the Pacific Ocean. The rivers rise from snowmelt at the edges of the snowcapped peaks or from the abundant precipitation that falls at higher elevations. In the La Sierra region, the streams and rivers are narrow and flow rapidly over precipitous slopes. Rivers may slow and widen as they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from the heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions. The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente.", "Amazon River. A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area, a peer-reviewed journal of the Royal Geographic Society, however, identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the Río Mantaro drainage.[10] A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence, showing the longer length of the Mantaro. Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured, which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin (and therefore in the entire Amazon basin). The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence (performed by Contos). Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the class IV–V nature of each of these rivers, especially in their lower \"Abyss\" sections. Ultimately, they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt. Mismi in the Apurímac drainage, and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about 80 km longer than previously thought. Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source (finishing November 2012), a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread.[38]", "Peruvian Amazon. The lowland jungle (in Spanish Selva Baja) is also known as Omagua region, Walla, Anti, Amazonian rainforest or Amazon basin. This ecoregion is the largest of Peru, standing between 80 and 1,000 meters above sea level. It has very warm weather with an average temperature of 28 °C, high relative humidity (over 75%) and yearly rainfall of approximately 260 cm (100 in). Its soils are very heterogeneous, but almost all have river origins. Because of high temperatures and high rainfall, they are poor soils with few nutrients.", "Amazon River. During what many archaeologists call the formative stage, Amazonian societies were deeply involved in the emergence of South America's highland agrarian systems. The trade with Andean civilisations in the terrains of the headwaters in the Andes, formed an essential contribution to the social and religious development of the higher altitude civilisations of among others the Muisca and Incas. Early human settlements were typically based on low-lying hills or mounds.", "Geography of South America. East of the Andes is a large lowland drained by a small number of rivers, including the two largest in the world by drainage area—the Amazon River and the more southerly Paraná River. The other major river of this central lowland is the Orinoco River, which has a natural channel linking it with the Amazon.[1] Most of this central lowland is sparsely populated because the soils are heavily leached, but in the south is the very fertile pampas of Argentina—one of the world's major food-producing regions where wheat and beef cattle are pre-eminent. The natural vegetation of the northern lowlands are either savanna in the northern llanos and southern campos, or tropical rainforest throughout most of the Amazon basin. Efforts to develop agriculture, outside of fertile floodplains of rivers descending from the Andes, have been largely failures because of the soils. Cattle have long been raised in the llanos of northern Colombia and Venezuela, but petroleum is now the dominant industry in the northern lowlands, making Venezuela the richest country in the continent." ]

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[ "Portuguese Malacca. Around that same time period, the Sultanate of Aceh had grown into a regional power with a formidable naval force and regarded Portuguese Malacca as potential threat. In 1629, Iskandar Muda of the Aceh Sultanate sent several hundred ships to attack Malacca, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all of his ships were destroyed and lost some 19,000 men in the process.", "Malacca Sultanate. Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Meanwhile, Mahmud Shah's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and established the Sultanate of Johor. Malacca was later conquered by the Dutch in a joint military campaign in January 1641. The Portuguese fortress, however, did not fall to the force of Dutch or Johorean arms as much as to famine and disease that had brutally decimated the surviving population.[62] As a result of mutual agreement between the Dutch and Johor earlier in 1606, Malacca was handed over to the Dutch.", "Portuguese Malacca. The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and finally wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. This combined Dutch-Johor-Aceh efforts effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, reducing their influence in the archipelago. The Dutch settled in the city as Dutch Malacca, however the Dutch had no intention to make Malacca their main base, and concentrated on building Batavia (today Jakarta) as their headquarters in the orient instead. The Portuguese ports in the spice-producing areas of Mollucas also fell to the Dutch in the following years. With these conquests, the last Portuguese colonies in Asia remained confined to Portuguese Timor, Goa, Daman and Diu in Portuguese India and Macau until the 20th century.", "Portuguese Malacca. Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony.", "Malacca Sultanate. Following the 1511 conquest, the great Malay city port of Malacca passed into Portuguese hands and for the next 130 years remained under Portuguese governance despite incessant attempts by the former rulers of Malacca and other regional powers to dislodge the Europeans. Around the foot hill on which the Sultan's Istana once stood, the Portuguese built the stone fort known as A Famosa, completed in 1512. Malay graves, the mosque and other buildings were dismantled to obtain the stone from which, together with laterite and brick, the fort was built.[51] Despite numerous attacks, the fort was only breached once, when the Dutch and Johor defeated the Portuguese in 1641.", "Portuguese Malacca. As the first base of European Christian trading kingdom in Southeast Asia, it was surrounded by numerous emerging native Muslim states. Also, with hostile initial contact with the local Malay policy, Portuguese Malacca faced severe hostility. They endured years of battles started by Malay sultans who wanted to get rid of the Portuguese and reclaim their land. The Sultan made several attempts to retake the capital. He rallied the support from his ally the Sultanate of Demak in Java who, in 1511, agreed to send naval forces to assist. Led by Pati Unus, the Sultan of Demak, the combined Malay–Java efforts failed and were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang. Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan Island and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. In 1521 the second Demak campaign to assist the Malay Sultan to retake Malacca was launched, however once again failed with the cost of the Demak Sultan's life. He was later remembered as Pangeran Sabrang Lor or the Prince who crossed (the Java Sea) to North (Malay Peninsula). The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Riau, Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II.", "Portuguese Malacca. Following the defeat of the Malacca Sultanate on 15 August 1511 in the capture of Malacca, Afonso de Albuquerque sought to erect a permanent form of fortification in anticipation of the counterattacks by Sultan Mahmud. A fortress was designed and constructed encompassing a hill, lining the edge of the sea shore, on the south east of the river mouth, on the former site of the Sultan's palace. Albuquerque remained in Malacca until November 1511 preparing its defences against any Malay counterattack.[1] Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca.", "Portuguese Malacca. Several attempts to remove Malacca from Portuguese rule were made by the Sultan of Johor. A request sent to Java in 1550 resulted in Queen Kalinyamat, the regent of Jepara, sending 4,000 soldiers aboard 40 ships to meet the Johor sultan's request to take Malacca. The Jepara troops later joined forces with the Malay alliance and managed to assemble around 200 warships for the upcoming assault. The combined forces attacked from the north and captured most of Malacca, but the Portuguese managed to retaliate and force back the invading forces. The Malay alliance troops were thrown back to the sea, while the Jepara troops remained on shore. Only after their leaders were slain did the Jepara troops withdraw. The battle continued on the beach and in the sea resulting in more than 2,000 Jepara soldiers being killed. A storm stranded two Jepara ships on the shore of Malacca, and they fell prey to the Portuguese. Fewer than half of the Jepara soldiers managed to leave Malacca.", "Portuguese Malacca. In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.[1] The Viceroy made a number of demands—one of which was for permission to build a fortress as a Portuguese trading post near the city.[2] The Sultan refused all the demands. Conflict was unavoidable, and after 40 days of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on 24 August. A bitter dispute between Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad also weighed down the Malaccan side.[1]", "Portuguese Malacca. In 1567, Prince Husain Ali I Riayat Syah from the Sultanate of Aceh launched a naval attack to oust the Portuguese from Malacca, but this once again ended in failure. In 1574 a combined attack from Aceh Sultanate and Javanese Jepara tried again to capture Malacca from the Portuguese, but ended in failure due to poor coordination.", "Portuguese Malacca. By the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began contesting Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress, the Fortaleza de Malaca, controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from Holland with eleven ships, commanded by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet of Martim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor into an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Aceh Sultanate.", "Portuguese Malacca. The Malay Malacca Sultanate was a tributary state and ally to Ming Dynasty China. When Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511, the Chinese responded with violent force against the Portuguese.", "Malacca Sultanate. Among the earliest victims were the Portuguese envoys led by Tomé Pires in 1516 that were greeted with great hostility and suspicion.[56] The Chinese confiscated all of the Portuguese property and goods in the Pires embassy's possession.[57] Many of the envoys were imprisoned, tortured and executed. Pires himself was said among those who died in the Chinese dungeons.[58] Two successive Portuguese fleets bound for China in 1521 and 1522 were attacked and defeated in the first and second Battle of Tamao.", "Portuguese Malacca. However, with gradual improvement of relations and aid given against the Wokou pirates along China's shores, by 1557 Ming China finally agreed to allow the Portuguese to settle at Macau in a new Portuguese trade colony.[12] The Malay Sultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese and fought alongside them against the Aceh Sultanate.", "Malacca Sultanate. However, with gradual improvement of relations and aid given against the Japanese Wokou pirates along China's shores, by 1557 Ming China finally agreed to allow the Portuguese to settle at Macau in a new Portuguese trade colony.[61] The Malay Sultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese.", "China–Portugal relations. The Malay Malacca Sultanate was a tributary state and ally to Ming Dynasty China. When Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511 and committed atrocities against the Malay Sultanate, the Chinese responded with violent force against Portugal.", "Malacca Sultanate. Meanwhile, the position of the Portuguese in India was consolidated with the arrival of a new Viceroy, Afonso de Albuquerque, who conquered Goa in 1510. Having established Goa as the Portuguese eastern headquarters and naval base, de Albuquerque decided to capture Malacca and in April 1511, left Goa with 18 ships and 1400 men, comprising both Portuguese troops and Indian auxiliaries. Upon their arrival in Malacca, the Portuguese did not attack immediately, but instead began negotiations for the return of their prisoners while the at same time tried to find any insider information regarding the Malacca Fortress. Malacca procrastinated, thinking it could withstand a Portuguese assault, which started three months later on 25 July 1511. After many failed attempts, the breakthrough was made when the Portuguese bribed an insider of the fortress. The main post gate of the fortress was opened up to allow the Portuguese army to rush through the main gate. The Malaccan army was unprepared for the surprise attack and the invasion concluded on 24 August when de Albuquerque's troops, marching six abreast through the streets, swept aside all resistance. By the time they sacked the city and the palace, Sultan Mahmud Shah had already retreated.[50]", "Malays (ethnic group). In 1511, the Malaccan capital fell into the hands of Portuguese conquistadors. However, Malacca remained an institutional prototype: a paradigm of statecraft and a point of cultural reference for successor states such as Johor Sultanate (1528–present), Perak Sultanate (1528–present), Pahang Sultanate (1470–present), Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate (1725–1946), Pelalawan Sultanate (1725–1946) and Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911).[83]", "Malacca Sultanate. The exiled Sultan Mahmud Shah made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the Sultan to flee to Pahang. Later, the Sultan sailed to Bintan and established his capital there. From the new base, the Sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organised several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled Sultan's forces must be silenced once for all. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The Sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II.", "Malacca Sultanate. The Portuguese conquest of Malacca enraged the Zhengde Emperor of China when he received the envoys from the exiled Sultan Mahmud.[55] The furious Chinese emperor responded with brutal force, culminating the period of three decades of prosecution of Portuguese in China.", "Portuguese Malacca. The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well received by Sultan Mahmud Shah, trouble however quickly ensued.[1] The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa.[2] The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.[1]", "Portuguese Malacca. Competition from other ports such as Johor saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port.[3] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of the Asian trade network. Rather than a centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth exchange, or a Malay state to police the Strait of Malacca that made it safe for commercial traffic, trade was now scattered over a number of ports amongst bitter warfare in the Straits.[3]", "Malacca Sultanate. It soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not mean they now controlled Asian trade that centred on it. Their rule in Malacca was marred with difficulties. They could not become self-sufficient and remained highly dependent on Asian suppliers, as had their Malay predecessors. They were short of both funds and manpower and the administration was hampered by organizational confusion and command overlap, corruption and inefficiency. Competition from other regional ports such as Johor which was founded by the exiled Sultan of Malacca, saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port. Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of the Asian trade network. The previously centralised port of exchange that policed the Straits of Malacca to maintain its safety for commercial traffic, was replaced with scattered trading network over a number of ports rivalling each other in the Straits.[52]", "Royal Malaysia Police. During the sixteenth century, Malaysia became a cosmopolitan society and the Portuguese government introduced the Kapitan administration. On 14 January 1641, however, the Portuguese lost Malacca to the Dutch Empire, when the Dutch invaded with the help of soldiers from Johor state, at a time when the Portuguese were at war with the Sultanate of Acheh. The Dutch retained the Kapitan system, but when the growing number of Europeans in Malaysia made change necessary, a police force known as the 'Burgher Guard' was established. The Burgher Guard was controlled by the Dutch, but their subordinates were made up of the local citizens. Village leaders continued to assume the duties of policemen under Dutch rule, as they had since before the Portuguese arrived.", "Malacca Sultanate. In the year of 1511, the capital of Malacca fell to the Portuguese Empire, forcing the last Sultan, Mahmud Shah (r. 1488–1511), to retreat to the further reaches of his empire, where his progeny established new ruling dynasties, Johor and Perak. The legacy of the sultanate's political and cultural legacy remains to this day. For centuries, Malacca has been held up as an exemplar of Malay-Muslim civilisation. It established systems of trade, diplomacy, and governance that persisted well into the 19th century, and introduced concepts such as daulat – a distinctly Malay notion of sovereignty – that continues to shape contemporary understanding of Malay kingship.[6] The fall of Malacca benefited Brunei when its ports became a new entrepôt as the kingdom emerged as a new Muslim empire in the Malay Archipelago, attracting many Muslim traders who fled from the Portuguese occupation after the ruler of Brunei's conversion to Islam.[7][8]", "Afonso de Albuquerque. In February 1511, through a friendly Hindu merchant, Nina Chatu, Afonso received a letter from Rui de Araújo, one of the nineteen Portuguese held at Malacca since 1509. It urged moving forward with the largest possible fleet to demand their release, and gave details of the fortifications. Afonso showed it to Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos, as an argument to advance in a joint fleet. In April 1511, after fortifying Goa, he gathered a force of about 900 Portuguese, 200 Hindu mercenaries and about eighteen ships.[50] He then sailed to Malacca against orders and despite the protest of Diogo Mendes, who claimed command of the expedition. Afonso eventually centralized the Portuguese government in the Indian Ocean. After the Malaccan conquest he wrote a letter to the King to explain his disagreement with Diogo Mendes, suggesting that further divisions could be harmful to the Portuguese in India.[28] Under his command was Ferdinand Magellan, who had participated in the failed embassy of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509.", "Portuguese Malacca. Due to the Malaccan Sultan lodging a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China.[7] The Sultan's complaint caused \"a great deal of trouble\" to Portuguese in China.[8] The Chinese were very \"unwelcoming\" to the Portuguese.[9] The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Chinese, which combined with Portuguese banditry and violent activity in China, led the Chinese authorities to execute 23 Portuguese and torture the rest of them in jails. After the Portuguese set up posts for trading in China and committed piratical activities and raids in China, the Chinese responded with the complete extermination of the Portuguese in Ningbo and Quanzhou[10] Pires, a Portuguese trade envoy, was among those who died in the Chinese dungeons.[11]", "Afonso de Albuquerque. After a false start towards the Red Sea, they sailed to the Strait of Malacca. It was the richest city that the Portuguese tried to take, and a focal point in the trade network where Malay traders met Gujarati, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Bengali, Persian and Arabic, among others, described by Tomé Pires as of invaluable richness. Despite its wealth, it was mostly a wooden-built city, with few masonry buildings but was defended by a mercenary force estimated at 20,000 men and more than 2000 pieces of artillery. Its greatest weakness was the unpopularity of the government of Sultan Mahmud Shah, who favoured Muslims, arousing dissatisfaction amongst other merchants.", "Treaty of Zaragoza. In 1511, Malacca, then the centre of Asian trade, was conquered for Portugal by Afonso de Albuquerque. Getting to know the secret location of the so-called \"spice islands\" – the Banda Islands in the Moluccas, then the single world source of nutmeg and cloves, and the main purpose for the travels in the Indian Ocean – Albuquerque sent an expedition led by António de Abreu in search of the Moluccas, particularly the Banda islands. The expedition arrived in early 1512, passing en route through the Lesser Sunda Islands, being the first Europeans to get there.[1] [clarification needed] Before reaching Banda, the explorers visited the islands of Buru, Ambon and Seram. Later, after a separation forced by a shipwreck, Abreu's vice-captain Francisco Serrão, sailed to the north and, but his ship sank off Ternate, where he obtained a license to build a Portuguese fortress-factory: the Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate (pt).", "Portuguese Malacca. The Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese diplomatic envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou. A Malaccan envoy had informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, which the Chinese responded to with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccan envoy told the Chinese of the deception the Portuguese used, disguising plans for conquering territory as mere trading activities, and told his tale of deprivations at the hands of the Portuguese.[5] Malacca was under Chinese protection and the Portuguese invasion angered the Chinese.[6]", "Afonso de Albuquerque. Afonso made a bold approach to the city, his ships decorated with banners, firing cannon volleys. He declared himself lord of all the navigation, demanded the Sultan release the prisoners and pay for damages, and demanded consent to build a fortified trading post. The Sultan eventually freed the prisoners, but was unimpressed by the small Portuguese contingent. Afonso then burned some ships at the port and four coastal buildings as a demonstration. The city being divided by the Malacca River, the connecting bridge was a strategic point, so at dawn on 25 July the Portuguese landed and fought a tough battle, facing poisoned arrows, taking the bridge in the evening. After fruitlessly waiting for the Sultan's reaction, they returned to the ships and prepared a junk (offered by Chinese merchants), filling it with men, artillery and sandbags. Commanded by António de Abreu, it sailed upriver at high tide to the bridge. The day after, all had landed. After a fierce fight during which the Sultan appeared with an army of war elephants, the defenders were dispersed and the Sultan fled.[28] Afonso waited for the reaction of the Sultan. Merchants approached, asking for Portuguese protection. They were given banners to mark their premises, a sign that they would not be looted. On 15 August, the Portuguese attacked again, but the Sultan had fled the city. Under strict orders, they looted the city, but respected the banners.[51] Afonso prepared Malacca's defenses against a Malay counterattack,[50] building a fortress, assigning his men to shifts and using stones from the mosque and the cemetery. Despite the delays caused by heat and malaria, it was completed in November 1511, its surviving door now known as \"A Famosa\" ('the famous'). It was possibly then that Afonso had a large stone engraved with the names of the participants in the conquest. To quell disagreements over the order of the names, he had it set facing the wall, with the single inscription Lapidem quem reprobaverunt aedificantes (Latin for \"The stone the builders rejected\", from David's prophecy, Psalm 118:22–23) on the front.[52]", "Dutch Empire. The VOC began immediately to prise away the string of coastal fortresses that, at the time, comprised the Portuguese Empire. The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, but nevertheless the Dutch only enjoyed mixed success in its attempts to do so.[21] Amboina was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on Malacca the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favorable monsoon winds.[22] The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the putative Dutch ancestors the Batavians, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to drive out the Portuguese from their bases in Asia. Malacca finally succumbed in 1641 (after a second attempt to capture it), Colombo in 1656, Ceylon in 1658, Nagappattinam in 1662 and Cranganore and Cochin in 1662.[20]" ]

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[ "Flag of India. A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members.", "Fort St. George, India. The National Flag of India was designed by Pingali Venkayya and adopted in its present form during the meeting of Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a few days before India's independence from the British on 15 August 1947. The first ever flown flag after the independence is stored in 3rd floor of the museum. Public are allowed to see but not to touch or take photographs.", "Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006. The Flag of India, sometimes also known as the Tiranga, which means tricolour in Hindi, was adopted as the national flag of the Republic of India on July 22, 1947, during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly just before India's independence on August 15 1947. In India, the term \"tricolour\" almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is a horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra, taken from the Ashoka pillar at Sarnath. The flag is also the Indian army's war flag, hoisted daily on military installations. The Indian National Flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. Official flag specification requires that the flag be made only of khadi–a special type of hand-spun yarn. The display and use of the flag are strictly enforced by the Indian Flag Code. A few days before India gained its freedom in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad. The Flag Committee was constituted on 1947-06-23 and after three weeks they came to a decision on 1947-07-14, being that the flag of the Indian National Congress should be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications. The \"Dharma Chakra\" which appears on the abacus of Sarnath was adopted in the place of the \"Charkha\". (more...).", "Flag of India. On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.", "Flag of India. The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, translit. Tiraṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.[N 1]", "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh initially did not recognize the Tricolor as the National Flag of India. The RSS mouthpiece, the Organiser, in its issue dated 17 July 1947, demanded, in an editorial titled \"National Flag\", that the Bhagwa Dhwaj (Saffron Flag) be adopted as the National Flag of India.[79] After the Tricolor was adopted as the National Flag of India by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947, the Organiser viciously attacked the Tricolor and the decision to adopt it as the National Flag of India. The 14 August 1947 issue of the Organiser, in an article titled \"Mystery behind the Bhagwa Dhwaj\", stated", "Flag of India. A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:", "Flag code of India. The National flag of India is officially described in the Flag Code of India as follows: \"The colour of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of Ashoka Chakra in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes.\" [2] It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, Tirangā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.", "Flag of India. The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]", "Ashoka. A few days before India became independent in August 1947, the specially-formed Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[80] A flag with three colours, Saffron, White and Green with the Ashoka Chakra was selected.[citation needed]", "Flag of India. While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag.", "Flag of India. On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.", "Flag Satyagraha. Flag satyagrahas were one of the most common acts of defiance during the nationalist rebellions led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress throughout the struggle. The nationalist flag was regularly heralded by large processions and nationalist crowds. On 31 December 1929 the Congress concluded the adoption of the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence with Congress President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisting the nationalist flag along the banks of the Ravi River. The flag was also hoisted at the commencement of the Quit India rebellion on 7 August 1942 at Gowalia Tank in Mumbai (then Bombay).", "Purna Swaraj. The flag of India had been hoisted by Gandhi on 31 December 1929, in Lahore, modern-day Pakistan. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Republic Day. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public.", "Pingali Venkayya. Various so-called national flags had been used by members of the Indian independence movement prior to independence being achieved in 1947. Venkayya's version was first designed for the Indian National Congress and subsequently modified in 1947.[2]", "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly. On 29 May, the royal standard was removed from Narayanhity Palace and replaced with the national flag.[18] Gyanendra reportedly said on 2 June that he accepted the Constituent Assembly's decision.[19]", "Flag of Jammu and Kashmir. On 11 July 1939, the flag was adopted by the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, a political party. Then on 7 June 1952, a resolution was passed by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, making it the official flag of the State. Meanwhile, according to the Delhi Agreement between Nehru and Sheikh Abdullah, the flag of India has the same status in Jammu and Kashmir as in the rest of India.[4]", "Flag of India. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]", "Jawaharlal Nehru. At midnight on New Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public. Plans for a mass civil disobedience were also underway.", "National symbols of India. The Republic of India has several official national symbols including a historical document, a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a memorial tower as well as several national heroes. All the symbols were picked up at various times. The design of the national flag was officially adopted by the Constituent Assemblyman just before independence, on the 22nd of July in 1947.[1] There are also several other symbols including the national animal, bird, flower, fruit and tree and game.[2]", "Flag of India. In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.", "Flag code of India. Earlier, the display of the national flag is governed by the provisions of The Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 (No.12 of 1950) and the [Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act], 1971 (No. 69 of 1971.The Flag Code of India, 2002, is an attempt to bring together all such laws, conventions, practices and instructions for the guidance and benefit of all concerned.Advocate B M Birajdar said, \"The Flag Code of India 2002 permits unrestricted display of the tricolour, consistent with the honour and dignity of the flag,\"", "Flag protocol. The flag of India has a very distinctive protocol[2] and is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[3]", "Flag of India. Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]", "Constituent Assembly of India. At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).", "Vande Mataram. In 1907, Bhikaiji Cama (1861–1936) created the first version of India's national flag (the Tiranga) in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. It had Vande Mataram written on it in the middle band.[32]", "State Emblem of India. In 1947, as the date of freedom for India and Pakistan approached, Jawaharlal Nehru gave charge of finding a suitable national emblem to Badruddin Tyabji, a civil servant, freedom fighter and member of the Constituent Assembly. Art schools all over the country were approached for designs, but none of them were found suitable as most were similar to the emblem of British Raj. Along with the Flag Committee headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Tyabji and his wife suggested the use the Ashoka Capital, with four lions on top and the Ashoka Chakra flanked by a bull and horse below. Tyabji's wife Surayya Tyabji drew it and sent it to the printing press at Viceregal lodge for printing. This design was selected and has remained the emblem of the Indian government ever since.[3]", "Salt March. At midnight on 31 December 1929, the Indian National Congress raised the tricolour flag of India on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, publicly issued the Declaration of sovereignty and self-rule, or Purna Swaraj, on 26 January 1930.[11] (Literally in Sanskrit, purna, \"complete,\" swa, \"self,\" raj, \"rule,\" so therefore \"complete self-rule\".) The declaration included the readiness to withhold taxes, and the statement:", "Flag of Italy. The Italian tricolour was adopted in its current form on 1 January 1948, with the promulgation of the republican constitution and the end of the reign of the House of Savoy. Article 12 of the Italian Constitution, approved by the Constituent Assembly on the 22 December 1947, states:", "Red Fort. On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahore Gate. On each subsequent Independence Day, the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech that is broadcast nationally.[30]", "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The RSS hoisted the National Flag of India at its headquarters in Nagpur, on 14 August 1947 and on 26 January 1950, but stopped doing so after that.[86] This issue has always been a source of controversy. In 2001 three activists of Rashtrapremi Yuwa Dal – president Baba Mendhe, and members Ramesh Kalambe and Dilip Chattani, along with others – allegedly entered the RSS headquarters in Reshimbagh, Nagpur, on 26 January, Republic Day of India, and forcibly hoisted the national flag there amid patriotic slogans. They contended that the RSS had never before or after independence, ever hoisted the tri-colour in their premises, even on Independence Day and Republic Day. Offences under the relevant section of the Bombay Police Act and the IPC were registered by the police against the trio, resulting in their being jailed. They were released after eleven years in 2013.[87][88] The arrests and the flag-hoisting issue stoked a controversy, which was raised in the Parliament as well. Hoisting of flag was very restrictive till the formation of Flag code of India 2002.[89][90][91] Subsequently, in 2002 the National Flag was raised in the RSS headquarters on the occasion of Republic Day for the first time in 52 years.[86]", "Flag of India. In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]" ]

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[ "Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts. Pizza Hut has over 16,000 locations worldwide as of 2015, and is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc., one of the world's largest restaurant companies.", "Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut's international presence includes Canada and Mexico in North America, India (not in the Pizza Hut division, but in the Yum! India division),[4][5] Bangladesh,[6][7] Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Spain, Turkey, South Africa, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador,[8] and Nicaragua, and its Asian presence includes Japan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, China (not in Pizza Hut division, but in the Yum! China Division), Hong Kong, South Korea, Myanmar, and Macau. Pizza Hut was one of the first American franchises to open in Iraq.[9]", "Pizza Hut. In China, Pizza Hut (simplified Chinese: 必胜客; traditional Chinese: 必勝客; pinyin: Bìshèng Kè) used an altered business model, offering a fine-dining atmosphere with knives and forks and using an expanded menu catering to Chinese tastes.[17] By 2008, Pizza Hut operated restaurants and delivery locations. That year, the company introduced \"Pizza Hut Express\", opening locations in Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hangzhou.[18] There were 160 restaurants in 40 Chinese cities in 2005.[19] As of 2015, Pizza Hut had 1,903 restaurants in China.[20]", "Pizza Hut. Curbed.com reports, \"Despite Pizza Hut's decision to discontinue the form when they made the shift toward delivery, there were still 6,304 'traditional units' standing as of 2004, each with the shingled roofs and trapezoidal windows signifying equal parts suburban comfort and strip-mall anomie.\" This building style was common in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The name \"Red Roof\" is somewhat anachronistic now, since many locations have brown roofs. Dozens of \"Red Roofs\" have closed or been relocated or rebuilt.[16]", "Pizza Hut. The company announced a rebrand that began on November 19, 2014. The rebrand was an effort to increase sales, which dropped in the previous two years. The menu was expanded to introduce various items such as crust flavors and eleven new specialty pizzas. Work uniforms for employees were also refreshed.[10] In 2017, Pizza Hut was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 24 in the list of 200 Most Influential Brands in the World.[11][12]", "Domino's Pizza. Domino's Pizza currently has locations in 85 countries. It has its stores in 5,701 cities worldwide (2,900 international and 2,800 in the US). In 2016, Domino's opened its 1,000th store in India.[91] As of the first quarter of 2018, Domino's had approximately 15,000 stores, with 5,649 in the US, 1,127 in India, and 1,094 in the UK.[92][93]", "Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut is split into several different restaurant formats: the original family-style dine-in locations; storefront delivery and carry-out locations; and hybrid locations that have carry-out, delivery, and dine-in options. Some full-size Pizza Hut locations have a lunch buffet, with \"all-you-can-eat\" pizza, salad, bread sticks, and a pasta bar. Pizza Hut has other business concepts independent of the store type; Pizza Hut \"Bistro\" locations are \"Red Roofs\" which have an expanded menu and slightly more upscale options.", "Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut was founded in June 1958 by two Wichita State University students, brothers Dan and Frank Carney, as a single location in Wichita, Kansas.[2] PepsiCo acquired Pizza Hut in 1977.[3] Before closing in 2015, the oldest continuously operating Pizza Hut was in Manhattan, Kansas, in a shopping and tavern district known as Aggieville near Kansas State University. The first Pizza Hut restaurant east of the Mississippi River opened in Athens, Ohio in 1966 by Lawrence Berberick and Gary Meyers.", "Pizza Hut. An upscale concept was unveiled in 2004, called \"Pizza Hut Italian Bistro\". At 50 U.S. locations, the Bistro is similar to a traditional Pizza Hut, except the menu features new, Italian-themed dishes such as penne pasta, chicken pomodoro, and toasted sandwiches.[13] Instead of black, white, and red, Bistro locations feature a burgundy and tan motif.[14] Pizza Hut Bistros still serve the chain's traditional pizzas and sides. In some cases, Pizza Hut has replaced a \"Red Roof\" location with the new concept. \"Pizza Hut Express\" and \"The Hut\" locations are fast food restaurants. They offer a limited menu with many products not seen at a traditional Pizza Hut. These types of stores are often paired in a colocated location with a sibling brand such as WingStreet, KFC or Taco Bell, and found on college campuses, food courts, theme parks, bowling alleys, and within stores such as Target.", "Pizza Hut. Savio S. Chan (陳少宏, Pinyin: Chén Shàohóng) and Michael Zakkour, authors of China's Super Consumers: What 1 Billion Customers Want and How to Sell it to Them, stated middle-class Chinese perceive Pizza Hut as \"akin to fine dining\" even though Pizza Hut was \"China's largest and most successful foreign casual dining chain\".", "Pizza Hut. In recent years, the chain has seen a downturn in profits. It was stated in 2015 the franchise would be pumping more capital into their London branches. Pizza Hut is installing cocktail bars in its London branches as part of a £60 million bid to win back \"the Nando's generation\".[28]", "Yum! Brands. In 2003, Yum! launched WingStreet as a hybrid combo unit with an existing Pizza Hut franchise.[21][22] In 2007 and 2008, a thousand WingStreet stores a year were opened.[22]\nAn East Dawning test cafeteria-style restaurant was opened in Shanghai in 2004. After initially failing, Yum! Brands chose the KFC business model (KFC is the most successful Western chain in China) and found greater success.[23] As of September 30, 2007, eight East Dawning restaurants were in operation.[24]", "Papa John's Pizza. Papa John's franchises over 4,700 establishments around the world, including around 3,500 in the U.S. and over 1,200 spread amongst 37 other countries and territories.[1] In September 2012 the 4,000th Papa John's Pizza restaurant opened, in New Hyde Park, New York. The company celebrated the event by giving away 4,000 free pizzas to customers throughout New York City.[6][14][15]", "Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut experiments with new products, discontinuing less successful ones. In North America, Pizza Hut has notably sold the following: \"Stuffed crust\" pizza, with the outermost edge wrapped around a cylinder of mozzarella cheese; \"Hand-Tossed\", more like traditional pizzeria crusts; Thin 'N Crispy, a thin, crisp dough which was Pizza Hut's original style; Dippin' Strips pizza, a pizza cut into small strips that can be dipped into a number of sauces; and its largest product, the Bigfoot pizza.", "Yum! Brands. In 2017, Yum! announced plans to open 10 Pizza Hut restaurants in Ethiopia, after signing a franchise with the country's Belayab Foods and Franchise PLC.[41]", "Pizza Hut. There are regional differences in the products and bases.[22] The company has localized to Southeast Asia with a baked rice dish called Curry Zazzle.[23][24]", "Domino's Pizza. On May 12, 1983, Domino's opened its first international store, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[15] That same year, Domino's opened its 100th store, its first in Vancouver, Washington. In 1985, the chain opened their first store in the United Kingdom in Luton.[16] Also, in 1985, Domino's opened their first store in Tokyo, Japan. In 1993, they became the second American franchise to open in the Dominican Republic and the first one to open in Haiti, under the direction of entrepreneur Luis de Jesús Rodríguez.[17] By 1995, Domino's had expanded to 1,000 international locations. In 1997, Domino's opened its 1,500th international location, opening seven stores in one day across five continents.[18] By 2014, the company had grown to 6,000 international locations and was planning to expand to pizza's birthplace, Italy; this was achieved on October 5, 2015, in Milan, with their first Italian location. CEO Patrick Doyle, in May 2014, said the company would concentrate on its delivery model there.[19]", "History of pizza. Some of Canada's successful pizza brands include: Boston Pizza, Pizza Pizza, and Vanelli’s. Boston Pizza, also known as BP’s in Canada, and \"Boston's—the Gourmet Pizza\" in the United States and Mexico, is one of Canada’s largest franchising restaurants.[35] The brand has opened over 325 locations across Canada and 50 locations in Mexico and the US.[35] The first Boston Pizza location was opened in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1964, and operated under the name \"Boston Pizza & Spaghetti House\", with locations still opening across the nation. It is the first Canadian restaurant to introduce the heart-shaped pizza on Valentine’s Day, a 22-year tradition, where a dollar from each pizza ordered supports Boston Pizza Foundation Future Prospects.[36] Pizza Pizza, and its subsidiary chain Pizza 73 in Western Canada, are among Canada’s largest domestic brands based in Ontario.[citation needed] To date, they have over 500 locations nationwide, and fill more than 29 million orders annually.[37]\nVanelli’s is an international pizza chain that is based in Mississauga, Ontario.[38] The chain first opened in 1981, serving both pizza and other fresh Italian cuisine, such as pasta and Italian sandwiches.[38] In 1995, the brand opened its first international location in Bahrain and became an international success. The brand continued to open additional locations across the Middle East, with chains now opened in the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Morocco.[39] There are over 110 locations worldwide; making Vanelli’s the first pizza brand in Canada to open locations internationally.", "Cuisine of the Midwestern United States. Besides Pizza Hut, the Midwest is home to the other largest pizza chains in the U.S.: Little Caesars and Domino's Pizza, both based in Michigan (respectively in Detroit and Ann Arbor), and Papa John's Pizza, founded in Indiana (though its current headquarters are just outside the federally defined Midwest in Louisville, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from the chain's original home of Jeffersonville).", "Pizza Hut. Vintage \"Red Roof\" locations, designed by architect Richard D. Burke, can be found in the United States and Canada; several exist in the UK, Australia, and Mexico. In his book Orange Roofs, Golden Arches, Phillip Langdon wrote that the Pizza Hut \"Red Roof\" architecture \"is something of a strange object – considered outside the realm of significant architecture, yet swiftly reflecting shifts in popular taste and unquestionably making an impact on daily life. These buildings rarely show up in architectural journals, yet they have become some of the most numerous and conspicuous in the United States today.\"[15]", "Shake Shack. There are currently 136 Shake Shacks throughout the world.", "Papa John's Pizza. Papa John's has operated in the United Kingdom since 2001. In July 2015 the company had 300 shops in the UK,[22] although in 2010 it had had plans for between 400 and 500 within the next five years.[23]", "Pizza Hut. Many \"Red Roof\" branches have beer if not a full bar, music from a jukebox, and sometimes an arcade. In the mid-1980s, the company moved into other successful formats including delivery or carryout and the fast food \"Express\" model.", "Pizza Hut. On May 9, 2008, Pizza Hut created \"The Natural\" pizza, which featured natural ingredients and was sold in Seattle, Denver, and Dallas. This was discontinued on October 27, 2009, in the Dallas market.[25]", "Yum! Brands. Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum! and formerly Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., is an American fast food company. A Fortune 500 corporation, Yum! operates the brands Taco Bell, KFC, Pizza Hut, and WingStreet worldwide, except in China, where the brands are operated by a separate company, Yum China.[3] Prior to 2011, Yum! also owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants.[4]", "Domino's Pizza. Domino’s Pizza, Inc.[6], now branded simply as Domino's, is an American pizza restaurant chain founded in 1960. The corporation is headquartered at the Domino's Farms Office Park in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[3][5] In February 2018, the chain became the largest pizza seller worldwide in terms of sales.[7]", "Taco Bell. There are 15[129] outlets in Brazil, mainly in the Sao Paulo area.[130] Taco Bell has fourteen stores in Chile, thirteen of which are operated in conjunction (and in the same facilities) with Pizza Hut. All Taco Bell stores are in shopping malls located mainly in Santiago. There are four outlets in the Bogotá area in Colombia. [131]", "Shakey's Pizza. As of July 2016, there are 51 Shakey's Pizza restaurants in the United States - 47 of the locations are in California (all, except Oroville, are in Southern California), and the remainder are located in Auburn, Alabama; Waipahu, Hawaii; and two Washington locations (Renton & Pasco).[15]", "Talk:Thousand Island dressing. I'm not sure if this warrants special mention for HK's Pizza Huts. In Pizza Hut's outlets in New Zealand (and presumably Australia) Thousand Island dressing (or something similar) is used for swirling on many varieties of pizza as well. --JNZ 22:58, 11 June 2007 (UTC)", "PepsiCo. The structure of PepsiCo's global operations has shifted multiple times in its history as a result of international expansion, and as of 2016 it is separated into six main divisions: North America Beverages, Frito-Lay North America, Quaker Foods North America, Latin America, Europe Sub-Saharan African, and Asia, Middle East and North Africa.[34] As of 2015, 73 percent of the company's net revenues came from North and South America; 17 percent from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa; and 10 percent from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.[32] PepsiCo and its combined subsidiaries employed approximately 263,000 people worldwide as of December 2015.[35]", "Chili's. As of 2015, they have 1,580 locations worldwide, including 839 that are company-owned and 741 that are franchised.[11]", "Hut. The term Hut is also used to name many commercial stores, companies, and concepts. The name implies a small, casual venue, often with a fun and friendly atmosphere. Examples include Pizza Hut and Sunglass Hut. Kiosks may be constructed to look like huts and are often found at parks, malls, beaches, or other public places, selling a variety of inexpensive food or goods. Luxury hotels in tropical areas where guests are assigned to occupy their own freestanding structure sometimes call the structure a \"hut\", though such huts typically bear little more than superficial resemblance to the traditional concept of a hut." ]

[ 4.09375, -0.767578125, 0.55078125, -0.251220703125, -1.8369140625, -2.341796875, -2.330078125, -2.84375, -0.465576171875, -5.96875, -1.8583984375, -3.255859375, -1.6787109375, -4.11328125, -2.673828125, -3.9765625, -2.712890625, -4.234375, -6.13671875, -3.369140625, -4.09375, -4.671875, -2.6328125, -4.02734375, -3.947265625, -5.1171875, -1.7578125, -3.935546875, -6.03125, -5.015625, -3.04296875, -5.640625 ]

[ "Vega. In the Galactic coordinate system, the space velocity components of Vega are (U, V, W) = (−16.1 ± 0.3, −6.3 ± 0.8, −7.7 ± 0.3) km/s, for a net space velocity of 19 km/s.[73] The radial component of this velocity—in the direction of the Sun—is −13.9 km/s, while the transverse velocity is 9.9 km/s. Although Vega is at present only the fifth-brightest star in the sky, the star is slowly brightening as proper motion causes it to approach the Sun.[74] Vega will make its closest approach in an estimated 264,000 years at a perihelion distance of 13.2 ly (4.04 pc).[75]", "Vega. Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed “arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun.”[14] Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BC and will be so again around the year 13,727 when the declination will be +86°14'.[15] Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded.[16][17] It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements. Vega has served as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale, and was one of the stars used to define the mean values for the UBV photometric system.", "Vega. The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the Earth orbits the Sun. The first person to publish a star's parallax was Friedrich G. W. von Struve, when he announced a value of 0.125 arcseconds (0.125″) for Vega.[29] Friedrich Bessel was skeptical about Struve's data, and, when Bessel published a parallax of 0.314″ for the star system 61 Cygni, Struve revised his value for Vega's parallax to nearly double the original estimate. This change cast further doubt on Struve's data. Thus most astronomers at the time, including Struve, credited Bessel with the first published parallax result. However, Struve's initial result was actually close to the currently accepted value of 0.129″,[30][31] as determined by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite.[1][32][33]", "Vega. Motion transverse to the line of sight causes the position of Vega to shift with respect to the more distant background stars. Careful measurement of the star's position allows this angular movement, known as proper motion, to be calculated. Vega's proper motion is 202.03 ± 0.63 milli-arcseconds (mas) per year in right ascension—the celestial equivalent of longitude—and 287.47 ± 0.54 mas/y in declination, which is equivalent to a change in latitude. The net proper motion of Vega is 327.78 mas/y,[72] which results in angular movement of a degree every 11,000 years.", "Vega. Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies. Vega has an unusually low abundance of the elements with a higher atomic number than that of helium.[10] Vega is also a variable star that varies slightly in brightness. It is rotating rapidly with a velocity of 274 km/s at the equator. This causes the equator to bulge outward due to centrifugal effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is observed from the direction of one of these poles.[18]", "Vega. Vega's spectral class is A0V, making it a blue-tinged white main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen to helium in its core. Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones, Vega's main-sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years, a tenth of the Sun's.[50] The current age of this star is about 455 million years,[8] or up to about half its expected total main-sequence lifespan. After leaving the main sequence, Vega will become a class-M red giant and shed much of its mass, finally becoming a white dwarf. At present, Vega has more than twice the mass[18] of the Sun and its full luminosity is about 40 times the Sun's value. However, because of its high rate of rotation, the pole is considerably brighter than the equator. Because it is seen nearly pole-on, its apparent luminosity from Earth is notably higher, about 57 times the Sun's value.[9] If Vega is variable, then it may be a Delta Scuti type with a period of about 0.107 days.[39]", "Vega. Vega, also designated Alpha Lyrae (α Lyrae, abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr), is the brightest star in the constellation of Lyra, the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus. It is relatively close at only 25 light-years from the Sun, and, together with Arcturus and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood.", "Vega. The pole of Vega—its axis of rotation—is inclined no more than five degrees from the line-of-sight to the Earth. At the high end of estimates for the rotation velocity for Vega is 236.2 ± 3.7 km/s[8] along the equator, which is 87.6% of the speed that would cause the star to start breaking up from centrifugal effects.[8] This rapid rotation of Vega produces a pronounced equatorial bulge, so the radius of the equator is 19% larger than the polar radius. (The estimated polar radius of this star is 2.362 ± 0.012 solar radii, while the equatorial radius is 2.818 ± 0.013 solar radii.[8]) From the Earth, this bulge is being viewed from the direction of its pole, producing the overly large radius estimate.", "Vega. The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard light sources. At 5480 Å, the flux is 3,650 Jy with an error margin of 2%.[54] The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by absorption lines of hydrogen; specifically by the hydrogen Balmer series with the electron at the n=2 principal quantum number.[55][56] The lines of other elements are relatively weak, with the strongest being ionized magnesium, iron, and chromium.[57] The X-ray emission from Vega is very low, demonstrating that the corona for this star must be very weak or non-existent.[58] However, as the pole of Vega is facing Earth and a polar coronal hole may be present,[45][59] confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X-rays detected from Vega (or the region very close to Vega) may be difficult as most of any coronal X-rays would not be emitted along the line of sight.[59][60]", "Vega. When the radius of Vega was measured to high accuracy with an interferometer, it resulted in an unexpectedly large estimated value of 2.73 ± 0.01 times the radius of the Sun. This is 60% larger than the radius of the star Sirius, while stellar models indicated it should only be about 12% larger. However, this discrepancy can be explained if Vega is a rapidly rotating star that is being viewed from the direction of its pole of rotation. Observations by the CHARA array in 2005–06 confirmed this deduction.[9]", "ʻOumuamua. Accounting for Vega's proper motion, it would have taken ʻOumuamua 600,000 years to reach the Solar System from Vega.[21] But as a nearby star, Vega was not in the same part of the sky at that time.[32] Astronomers calculate that one hundred years ago, the asteroid was 561 ± 0.6 AU (83.9 ± 0.090 billion km; 52.1 ± 0.056 billion mi) from the Sun and traveling at 26.33 km/s with respect to the Sun.[7] This interstellar speed is very close to the mean motion of material in the Milky Way in the neighborhood of the Sun, also known as the local standard of rest (LSR), and especially close to the mean motion of a relatively close group of M dwarf stars. This velocity profile also indicates an extrasolar origin, but appears to rule out the closest dozen of stars.[44] In fact, the strong correlation between ʻOumuamua's velocity and the local standard of rest, might mean that it has circulated the galaxy several times and thus may have originated from an entirely different part of the Milky Way.[21]", "Vega. The radial velocity of Vega is the component of this star's motion along the line-of-sight to the Earth. Movement away from the Earth will cause the light from Vega to shift to a lower frequency (toward the red), or to a higher frequency (toward the blue) if the motion is toward the Earth. Thus the velocity can be measured from the amount of redshift (or blueshift) of the star's spectrum. Precise measurements of this redshift give a value of −13.9 ± 0.9 km/s.[6] The minus sign indicates a relative motion toward the Earth.", "Vega. Although a planet has yet to be directly observed around Vega, the presence of a planetary system can not yet be ruled out. Thus there could be smaller, terrestrial planets orbiting closer to the star. The inclination of planetary orbits around Vega is likely to be closely aligned to the equatorial plane of this star.[93] From the perspective of an observer on a hypothetical planet around Vega, the Sun would appear as a faint 4.3 magnitude star in the Columba constellation.[note 4]", "Vega. The brightness of a star, as seen from Earth, is measured with a standardized, logarithmic scale. This apparent magnitude is a numerical value that decreases in value with increasing brightness of the star. The faintest stars visible to the unaided eye are sixth magnitude, while the brightest, Sirius, is of magnitude −1.46. To standardize the magnitude scale, astronomers chose Vega to represent magnitude zero at all wavelengths. Thus, for many years, Vega was used as a baseline for the calibration of absolute photometric brightness scales.[34] However, this is no longer the case, as the apparent magnitude zero point is now commonly defined in terms of a particular numerically specified flux. This approach is more convenient for astronomers, since Vega is not always available for calibration.[35]", "Vega. One of the early results from the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) was the discovery of excess infrared flux coming from Vega, beyond what would be expected from the star alone. This excess was measured at wavelengths of 25, 60, and 100 μm, and came from within an angular radius of 10 arcseconds (10″) centered on the star. At the measured distance of Vega, this corresponded to an actual radius of 80 astronomical units (AU), where an AU is the average radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It was proposed that this radiation came from a field of orbiting particles with a dimension on the order of a millimeter, as anything smaller would eventually be removed from the system by radiation pressure or drawn into the star by means of Poynting–Robertson drag.[77] The latter is the result of radiation pressure creating an effective force that opposes the orbital motion of a dust particle, causing it to spiral inward. This effect is most pronounced for tiny particles that are closer to the star.[78]", "Vega. Based on this star's kinematic properties, it appears to belong to a stellar association called the Castor Moving Group. However, Vega may be much older than this group, so the membership remains uncertain.[8] This group contains about 16 stars, including Alpha Librae, Alpha Cephei, Castor, Fomalhaut and Vega. All members of the group are moving in nearly the same direction with similar space velocities. Membership in a moving group implies a common origin for these stars in an open cluster that has since become gravitationally unbound.[76] The estimated age of this moving group is 200 ± 100 million years, and they have an average space velocity of 16.5 km/s.[note 3][73]", "Vega. Vega can often be seen near the zenith in the mid-northern latitudes during the evening in the Northern Hemisphere summer.[47] From mid-southern latitudes, it can be seen low above the northern horizon during the Southern Hemisphere winter. With a declination of +38.78째, Vega can only be viewed at latitudes north of 51째 S. Therefore, it does not rise at all anywhere in Antarctica or in the southernmost part of South America, including Punta Arenas, Chile (53째 S). At latitudes to the north of +51째 N, Vega remains continually above the horizon as a circumpolar star. Around July 1, Vega reaches midnight culmination when it crosses the meridian at that time.[48]", "Vega. This star lies at a vertex of a widely spaced asterism called the Summer Triangle, which consists of Vega plus the two first-magnitude stars Altair, in Aquila, and Deneb in Cygnus.[47] This formation is the approximate shape of a right triangle, with Vega located at its right angle. The Summer Triangle is recognizable in the northern skies for there are few other bright stars in its vicinity.[49]", "Lyra. Vega is one of the most-magnificent of all stars, and has been called \"arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun\".[15] Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed,[16] as well as the first to have a clear spectrum recorded, showing absorption lines for the first time.[17] The star was the first single main-sequence star other than the Sun to be known to emit X-rays,[18] and is surrounded by a circumstellar debris disk, similar to the Kuiper Belt.[19] Vega forms one corner of the famous Summer Triangle asterism; along with Altair and Deneb, these three stars form a prominent triangle during the northern hemisphere summer.", "Vega. The UBV photometric system measures the magnitude of stars through ultraviolet, blue, and yellow filters, producing U, B, and V values, respectively. Vega is one of six A0V stars that were used to set the initial mean values for this photometric system when it was introduced in the 1950s. The mean magnitudes for these six stars were defined as: U − B = B − V = 0. In effect, the magnitude scale has been calibrated so that the magnitude of these stars is the same in the yellow, blue, and ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.[36] Thus, Vega has a relatively flat electromagnetic spectrum in the visual region—wavelength range 350–850 nanometers, most of which can be seen with the human eye—so the flux densities are roughly equal; 2000–4000 Jy.[37] However, the flux density of Vega drops rapidly in the infrared, and is near 100 Jy at 5 micrometers.[38]", "Vega. Each night the positions of the stars appear to change as the Earth rotates. However, when a star is located along the Earth's axis of rotation, it will remain in the same position and thus is called a pole star. The direction of the Earth's axis of rotation gradually changes over time in a process known as the precession of the equinoxes. A complete precession cycle requires 25,770 years,[101] during which time the pole of the Earth's rotation follows a circular path across the celestial sphere that passes near several prominent stars. At present the pole star is Polaris, but around 12,000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega. Through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14,000.[102] It is the brightest of the successive northern pole stars.[11]", "Absolute magnitude. Vega has a parallax p of 0.129″, and an apparent magnitude mV of 0.03", "Circumpolar star. For British observers, for example, the first magnitude stars Capella (declination +45째 59') and Deneb (+45째 16') do not set from anywhere in the country. Vega (+38째 47') is technically circumpolar north of latitude +51째 13' (just south of London); taking atmospheric refraction into account, it will probably only be seen to set at sea level from Cornwall and the Scilly Isles.", "Solar System. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is about 4.4 light-years away. Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of Sun-like stars, whereas the small red dwarf, Proxima Centauri, orbits the pair at a distance of 0.2 light-year. In 2016, a potentially habitable exoplanet was confirmed to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri b, the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun.[142] The stars next closest to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9 ly), Wolf 359 (7.8 ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3 ly).", "Magnitude (astronomy). Under the Vega system for measuring the brightness of astronomical brightness, the star Vega is defined to have an apparent magnitude of zero as measured through all filters, although this is only an approximation e.g. its actual brightness has been measured to be 0.03 in the V (visual) band. The brightest star, Sirius, has a Vega magnitude of −1.46. or −1.5. However, Vega has been found to vary in brightness, and other standards are in common use.[11] One such system is the AB magnitude system, in which the reference is a source with a constant flux density per unit frequency. Another is the STMAG system, in which the reference source is instead defined to have constant flux density per unit wavelength.", "List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs. Ross 248, currently at a distance of 10.3 light-years, has a radial velocity of −81 km/s. In about 31,000 years it may be the closest star to the Sun for several millennia, with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs (3.02 light-years) in 36,000 years.[40] Gliese 445, currently at a distance of 17.6 light-years, has a radial velocity of −119 km/s. In about 40,000 years it will be the closest star for a period of several thousand years. Gliese 710 is currently about 63.8 light-years (19.6 parsecs) from Earth, but its proper motion, distance, and radial velocity[41] indicate that it will approach within a very small distance—perhaps under one light year—from the Sun within 1.4 million years, based on past and current Hipparcos data.[42] At closest approach it will be a first-magnitude star about as bright as Antares. The proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small for its distance, meaning it is traveling nearly directly in our line of sight.", "Sun. The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way's Orion Arm, in the Local Interstellar Cloud or the Gould Belt, at a distance of 7.5–8.5 kpc (25,000–28,000 light-years) from the Galactic Center.[143][144] [145][146][147][148] The Sun is contained within the Local Bubble, a space of rarefied hot gas, possibly produced by the supernova remnant Geminga,[149] or multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group.[150] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 6,500 light-years.[151] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone. The Apex of the Sun's Way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars. This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules, near the star Vega. Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light-years from Earth (the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light-years), the Sun ranks fourth in mass.[152]", "Vega. The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 0.030 ± 0.005, which is about 40% lower than the Sun. This may be caused by the disappearance of a helium convection zone near the surface. Energy transfer is instead performed by the radiative process, which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion.[71]", "Vega. Astrophotography, the photography of celestial objects, began in 1840 when John William Draper took an image of the Moon using the daguerreotype process. On July 17, 1850, Vega became the first star (other than the Sun) to be photographed, when it was imaged by William Bond and John Adams Whipple at the Harvard College Observatory, also with a daguerreotype.[11][16][25] Henry Draper took the first photograph of a star's spectrum in August 1872 when he took an image of Vega, and he also became the first person to show absorption lines in the spectrum of a star.[17] Similar lines had already been identified in the spectrum of the Sun.[26] In 1879, William Huggins used photographs of the spectra of Vega and similar stars to identify a set of twelve \"very strong lines\" that were common to this stellar category. These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen Balmer series.[27] Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.[28]", "Vega. The local gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator, so, by the Von Zeipel theorem, the local luminosity is also higher at the poles. This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star: the polar temperature is near 10,000 K, while the equatorial temperature is 7,600 K.[18] As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator, then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole.[14][note 1] This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong 'gravity darkening' effect. As viewed from the poles, this results in a darker (lower intensity) limb than would normally be expected for a spherically symmetric star. The temperature gradient may also mean Vega has a convection zone around the equator,[9][64] while the remainder of the atmosphere is likely to be in almost pure radiative equilibrium.[65]", "Vega. Using spectropolarimetry, a magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the Observatoire du Pic du Midi. This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star. The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of −0.6 ± 0.3 G.[61] This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun.[62] Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun.[45] In 2015, bright star spots were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal A-type star, and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0.68 days.[63]", "Vega. The Assyrians named this pole star Dayan-same, the \"Judge of Heaven\", while in Akkadian it was Tir-anna, \"Life of Heaven\". In Babylonian astronomy, Vega may have been one of the stars named Dilgan, \"the Messenger of Light\". To the ancient Greeks, the constellation Lyra was formed from the harp of Orpheus, with Vega as its handle.[12] For the Roman Empire, the start of autumn was based upon the hour at which Vega set below the horizon.[11]" ]

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[ "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The story flashes back 25 years; Stoddard is a young, idealistic attorney. His stagecoach is robbed by Liberty Valance and his gang. When Stoddard tries to take Valance to task, Stoddard is brutally whipped and left for dead. Doniphon finds him and takes him into the town of Shinbone; Hallie and other townspeople tend to his injuries, and explain that Valance victimizes Shinbone residents with impunity. Marshal Link Appleyard lacks the courage and gunfighting skills to challenge him. Doniphon (who is courting Hallie) is the only man willing to stand up to him.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Stoddard opens a law practice in Shinbone, inviting retribution from Valance, who cannot abide challenges to his \"authority.\" Force, Doniphon explains, is the only thing Valance understands; but Stoddard advocates justice under the law, not brute force. He earns the town's respect by refusing to knuckle under to Valance, and by founding a school to teach reading and writing to illiterate townspeople – including Hallie. Hallie discovers Stoddard is practicing with a gun, and fretfully tells Doniphon, which raises his suspicions about their relationship.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. At the statehood convention, Peabody nominates Stoddard as the territory's delegate to Washington, D.C., but his \"unstatesmanlike\" conduct is challenged by a rival candidate. Stoddard decides that he cannot be entrusted with public service after killing a man in a gunfight. Doniphon takes him aside and, in an inception flashback, confides that he, Doniphon, actually killed Valance from an alley across the street, firing at the same time as Stoddard. Reinspired, Stoddard returns to the convention, accepts the nomination, and is elected to the Washington delegation.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Senator Ranse Stoddard and his wife Hallie arrive in Shinbone, a frontier town in an unnamed western state, to attend the funeral of Tom Doniphon. As they pay their respects, reporters ask Stoddard why a United States Senator would make the long journey from Washington to attend the funeral of a local rancher.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. That evening, Valance and his gang catch the drunken Peabody, beat him nearly to death and ransack his office. Stoddard goes into the street to face Valance. Valance toys with Stoddard, shooting his arm and laughing at him. The next bullet, he says, will be \"right between the eyes\"; but Stoddard fires first, and to everyone's shock, Valance falls dead. Doniphon watches Hallie care for Stoddard's wounds, then heads for the saloon. At his homestead, in a drunken rage, he sets fire to the addition that he has just finished in anticipation of asking Hallie to marry him. His African American ranch hand, Pompey, rescues him, but the house is destroyed.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Shinbone's residents meet to elect two delegates for a statehood convention at the territorial capital. Doniphon nominates Stoddard, because he \"knows the law, and throws a mean punch.\" Stoddard explains that statehood will improve infrastructure, safety, and education. The cattle barons oppose statehood, and hire Valance to sabotage the effort, but Stoddard defies him again. The townspeople elect Stoddard and Dutton Peabody, publisher of the local newspaper; Valance challenges Stoddard to a gunfight. Doniphon advises Stoddard to leave town, but Stoddard believes in the rule of law, and is willing to risk his life for his principles.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. On the train back to Washington, Stoddard informs Hallie, to her delight, that he wants to retire from politics and practice law in Shinbone. When he tells the train conductor that he will write to railroad officials, thanking them for their many courtesies, the conductor replies, \"Nothing's too good for the man who shot Liberty Valance!\"", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (/ˈvæləns/) is a 1962 American Western film directed by John Ford starring James Stewart and John Wayne. The black-and-white film was released by Paramount Pictures. The screenplay by James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck was adapted from a short story written by Dorothy M. Johnson. The supporting cast features Vera Miles, Lee Marvin, Edmond O'Brien, Andy Devine, John Carradine, Woody Strode, Strother Martin, and Lee Van Cleef.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. In contrast to prior John Ford westerns, such as The Searchers and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, Liberty Valance was shot in black and white on Paramount's sound stages. Multiple stories and speculations exist to explain this decision. Ford claimed to prefer the black and white medium over color: \"In black and white, you've got to be very careful. You've got to know your job, lay your shadows in properly, get your perspective right, but in color, there it is,\" he said. \"You might say I'm old fashioned, but black and white is real photography.\"[2] Ford also reportedly argued that the climactic shoot-out between Valance and Stoddard would not have worked in color.[3] Others have interpreted the absence of the magnificent outdoor vistas so prevalent in earlier Ford westerns as \"a fundamental reimagining [by Ford] of his mythic West\" – a grittier, less romantic, more realistic portrayal of frontier life.[4] A more pragmatic interpretation cites the fact that Wayne and Stewart – two of Hollywood's biggest stars, working together for the first time – were considerably older (54 and 53, respectively) than the characters they were playing. Filming in black and white helped ease the suspension of disbelief necessary to accept that disparity.[5] According to cinematographer William H. Clothier, however, \"There was one reason and one reason only ... Paramount was cutting costs. Otherwise we would have been in Monument Valley or Brackettville and we would have had color stock. Ford had to accept those terms or not make the film.\"[6]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. In a retrospective analysis, The New York Times called Liberty Valance \"...one of the great Western classics,\" because \"it questions the role of myth in forging the legends of the West, while setting this theme in the elegiac atmosphere of the West itself, set off by the aging Stewart and Wayne.\"[23] The New Yorker's Richard Brody described it as \"the greatest American political movie\", because of its depictions of a free press, town meetings, statehood debates, and the \"civilizing influence\" of education in frontier America.[21]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:", "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance. \"(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, which was released by Gene Pitney in 1962. The song spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 4,[1] while reaching No. 2 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade,[2] and No. 4 on New Zealand's \"Lever Hit Parade\".[3]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Liberty Valance was released in April 1962, and achieved both financial and critical success. Produced for $3.2 million, it grossed $8 million,[1] making it the 16th highest-grossing film of 1962. Edith Head's costumes were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design (black-and-white), one of the few westerns ever nominated in that category.[18] The film is considered one of Ford's best[19] and, in one poll, ranked with The Searchers and The Shootist as one of Wayne's best westerns.[20]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. When Doniphon notices that Stoddard is trying to teach himself to use a revolver, he offers the inexperienced Stoddard a lesson in marksmanship. During target practice Doniphon effortlessly shoots three paint cans; the final one showers Stoddard with white paint, ruining his suit. Tom explains that this is the sort of trickery that he can expect from Valance. Infuriated, Stoddard punches him in the jaw and leaves.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\"", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The Burt Bacharach-Hal David song \"(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\" became a Top 10 hit for Gene Pitney. Though based upon the movie's plotline, it was not used in the film. Pitney said in an interview that he was in the studio about to record the song when \"... Bacharach informed us that the film just came out.\" Regardless, the song went to No. 4.[16] Jimmie Rodgers also recorded the song, in the Gene Pitney style. James Taylor covered it on his 1985 album That's Why I'm Here, as did The Royal Guardsmen on their 1967 album Snoopy vs. the Red Baron. It was also covered by the Australian rock band Regurgitator on its 1998 David/Bacharach tribute album To Hal and Bacharach. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the top 100 Western songs of all time.[17]", "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance. James Taylor released a cover of the song on his 1985 album That's Why I'm Here.", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The original flashback ends; Stoddard fills in the intervening years. He married Hallie, and then, on the strength of his reputation as \"the man who shot Liberty Valance\", became the new state's first governor. He then served as U.S. Senator and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom before returning to the Senate, and now there is talk of a vice presidential nomination. The reporter realizes that Stoddard's entire reputation is based on a myth; but after reflection, he throws his interview notes into the fire. \"This is the West, sir,\" he explains. \"When the legend becomes fact, print the legend.\"", "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance. The song was ranked No. 36 in the Western Writers of America's list of the top 100 Western songs of all time, as compiled from a survey of its members.[5]", "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance. Although the song never appeared in the film, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, there is disagreement about whether the song had been intended to appear in it.[4] Nevertheless, Pitney has stated that the song's recording session was paid for by Paramount, and that it was midway through the song's recording session that he found out that the song was not going to be included in the film, when one of the orchestra members told him that the film had been released. Session drummer Gary Chester plays on the recording.[4]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. The film's music score was composed by Cyril J. Mockridge; but in scenes involving Hallie's relationships with Doniphon and Stoddard, Ford reprised Alfred Newman's \"Ann Rutledge Theme\", from Young Mr. Lincoln. He told Bogdanovich that he used the theme in both films to evoke repressed desire and lost love.[14] The film scholar Kathryn Kalinak notes that Ann Rutledge's theme \"encodes longing\" and \"fleshes out the failed love affair between Hallie and Tom Doniphon, the growing love between Hallie and Ranse Stoddard, and the traumatic loss experienced by Hallie over her choice of one over the other, none of which is clearly articulated by dialogue.\"[15]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Stewart received top billing over Wayne on promotional posters, but in the film itself Wayne's screen card appears first. The studio also specified that Wayne's name appear before Stewart's on theatre marquees, reportedly at Ford's request.[12] \"Wayne actually played the lead,\" Ford said, to Peter Bogdanovich. \"Jimmy Stewart had most of the sides [sequences with dialogue], but Wayne was the central character, the motivation for the whole thing.\"[13]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Roger Ebert wrote that each of the ten Ford/Wayne westerns is \"... complete and self-contained in a way that approaches perfection\", and singled out Liberty Valance as \"the most pensive and thoughtful\" of the group.[21] Director Sergio Leone (Once Upon a Time in the West, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) listed Ford as a major influence on his work, and Liberty Valance as his favorite Ford film. \"It was the only film,\" he said, \"where [Ford] learned about something called pessimism.\"[22]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Stewart related that midway through filming, Wayne asked him why he, Stewart, never seemed to be the target of Ford's venomous remarks. Other cast- and crew-members also noticed Stewart's apparent immunity from Ford's abuse. Then, toward the end of filming, Ford asked Stewart what he thought of Strode's costume for the film's beginning and end, when the actors were playing their parts 25 years older. Stewart replied, \"It looks a bit Uncle Remussy to me.\" Ford responded, \"What's wrong with Uncle Remus?\" He called for the crew's attention and announced, \"One of our players doesn't like Woody's costume. Now, I don't know if Mr. Stewart has a prejudice against Negroes, but I just wanted you all to know about it.\" Stewart said he \"wanted to crawl into a mouse hole\"; but Wayne told him, \"Well, welcome to the club. I'm glad you made it.\"[7][10]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Another condition imposed by the studio, according to Van Cleef, was that Wayne be cast as Doniphon. Ford resented the studio's intrusion, and retaliated by taunting Wayne relentlessly throughout the filming. \"He didn't want Duke [Wayne] to think he was doing him any favors,\" Van Cleef said.[7] Strode recounted that Ford \"kept needling Duke about his failure to make it as a football player\", comparing him to Strode (a former NFL running back), whom he pronounced \"a real football player\". (Wayne's football career at USC had been curtailed by injuries.) He also ridiculed Wayne for failing to enlist during World War II, during which Ford filmed a series of widely praised combat documentaries for the Office of Strategic Services, and was wounded at the Battle of Midway,[8] and Stewart served with distinction as a bomber pilot. \"How rich did you get while Jimmy was risking his life?\" he demanded. Wayne's avoidance of wartime service was a major source of guilt for him in his later years.[9]", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Ford's behavior \"...really pissed Wayne off,\" Strode said, \"but he would never take it out on Ford,\" the man largely responsible for his rise to stardom. \"He ended up taking it out on me.\" While filming an exterior shot on a horse-drawn cart, Wayne almost lost control of the horses, and knocked Strode away when he attempted to help. When the horses did stop, Wayne tried to pick a fight with the younger and fitter Strode; Ford called out, \"Don't hit him, Woody, we need him.\" Wayne later told Strode, \"We gotta work together. We both gotta be professionals.\" Strode blamed Ford for nearly all the friction on the set. \"What a miserable film to make,\" he added.[11]", "The Celtic Song. The tune is also heard in the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, featuring James Stewart, John Wayne, Lee Marvin and Lee Van Cleef.", "Lee Van Cleef. In 1960, he appeared as a villainous swindler in the Bonanza episode, \"The Bloodline\" (December 31, 1960) and also made an appearance on Gunsmoke. In 1961, he played a role on episode 7 (\"The Grave\") of the third season of The Twilight Zone. He played a villainous henchman of Lee Marvin's title character in the 1962 John Ford movie The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. In 1963, he appeared on Perry Mason (episode: \"The Case of the Golden Oranges\"). That same year, he appeared in \"The Day of the Misfits\" on The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters.", "The Shakiest Gun in the West. There are a couple of scenes which parody similar scenes in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance with John Wayne and James Stewart. The stage coach holdup scene is the first encounter that both city dudes have with the \"wild west\". In the gunfight scene, both \"dudes\" are about to be shot down in duels with experienced gunfighters when they are saved by one of the good guys who shoots the villain from a hidden position which makes the shooting look like the underdog winning a legitimate gunfight.", "Liberty, Texas. Liberty, Texas is the county seat of Liberty and the third oldest town in Texas. Texas heroes William B. Travis, Sam Houston, and David Burnet all practiced law in Liberty. Three brothers from Liberty died at the Alamo, while some 50 Liberty citizens fought in the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 when Texas won its independence. Liberty is located on U.S. Highway 90 in the south central part of Liberty County and the Houston, Texas Metropolitan Area. The site is in a major oil and gas production area served primarily by the Union Pacific Railroad. Liberty once stood at the head of navigation, both steamboat and barge, on the Trinity River.", "The Scarlet Coat. Bolton is sent with two Tory agents to sabotage the chain barrier across the Hudson River before a British attack on the American position at Verplanck, so that British warships can pass.[d] André gives one a letter to deliver afterwards at the Storm King Tavern. Bolton drowns one agent, but when he tries to arrest the other, is confronted by an armed Ben Potter, who still thinks that Bolton is a murderer and deserter. The agent disarms Ben and nearly kills Bolton. Ben finds his gun and shoots the agent. At a secret meeting with Howe, Bolton uses spectacles to decipher the letter, which points to Gustavus as someone at West Point with authority. Bolton volunteers to return to New York to identify the mysterious \"James Osborn\". Odell more than ever believes Bolton is a spy, but Bolton convinces André that the British agents completed their mission.", "Nashville Waffle House shooting. Reinking was from Morton, Illinois.[13] He had a history of erratic conduct and delusions. In May 2016, sheriff's deputies in Tazewell County responded to a call from Reinking's parents in the parking lot of a drugstore, where a paramedic said Reinking had delusions that Taylor Swift was personally stalking him and hacking his phone. The report noted: \"Travis is hostile toward police and does not recognize police authority. Travis also possesses several firearms.\" In 2017, he lived in an apartment above his father's crane rental business in Tremont, Illinois. In June 2017, an employee of the business called police, saying Reinking had come downstairs carrying a rifle, wearing a pink dress, and using an expletive before tossing the rifle in his trunk and leaving the building. On another occasion around the same time, a public pool director called police to report Reinking had come to the pool in a \"pink women's housecoat\" and then exposed himself to lifeguards.[15]" ]

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[ "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book published in 1967.[1] Written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle, the book is designed to help toddlers associate colors and meanings to objects.", "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. The book itself has little to no plot. Instead, the narrator asks various animals what they see with the response usually being another animal, the respondent is then asked what they themselves see, and the process is repeated. It features a Brown Bear, Red Bird, Yellow Duck, Blue Horse, Green Frog, Purple Cat, White Dog, Black Sheep, a Goldfish, a Teacher or a Mother, and Students or Children. The 1984 British edition of the book substitutes a monkey for the teacher. Carle explained that variations in text between editions (mostly on the last page) were due to Martin, and that he made new illustrations to go with the changes.[2]", "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. The book was one of the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[6] As of 2013, it ranked 21st on a Goodreads list of \"Best Children's Books,\"[7] and the publisher claimed that there were \"7 million copies in print in various formats and languages.\"[8]", "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. Carle and Martin published three spin-off books: Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? (1991)[3] uses zoo animals and sounds; Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? (2003),[4] endangered species; and Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See? (2007),[5] North American animals.", "Brown bear. Brown bears often figure into the literature of Europe and North America, in particular that which is written for children. \"The Brown Bear of Norway\" is a Scottish fairy tale telling the adventures of a girl who married a prince magically turned into a bear, and who managed to get him back into a human form by the force of her love and after many trials and difficulties. With \"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\", a story from England, the three bears are usually depicted as brown bears. In German speaking countries, children are often told the fairytale of Snow White and Rose Red; the handsome prince in this tale has been transfigured into a brown bear. In the United States, parents often read their preschool age children the book Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? to teach them their colors and how they are associated with different animals.[466]", "Brown bear. The brown bear is sometimes referred to as the bruin, from Middle English. This name originated in the fable, History of Reynard the Fox, translated by William Caxton, from Middle Dutch bruun or bruyn, meaning brown (the color).[12] In the mid-19th century United States, the brown bear was termed \"Old Ephraim\" and sometimes as \"Moccasin Joe\".[13]", "Care Bears. The Care Bears' ultimate weapon is the \"Care Bear Stare\" (a.k.a. \"Belly Magic\"), in which the collected Bears stand together and radiate light from their respective belly symbols. These combine to form a ray of love and good cheer which could bring care and joy into the target's heart. The Care Bear Stare has several different looks. One has a beam coming from the belly being made up of several replicated images of the symbol. Another variation forms a rainbow when multiple Bears and/or Cousins are involved. A yellow beam with red hearts is sometimes seen as well. The movies Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot and The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie do not feature the Care Bear stare, but it does return in Oopsy Does It!. In the new series, Care Bears Adventures in Care-a-lot, the stare appears as a beam of light in the color of the bear from which it originates, but is initiated by simply rubbing the symbol.", "Brown bear. Brown bears are often not fully brown.[76] Brown bears have long, thick fur, with a moderately long mane at the back of the neck which varies somewhat across the races.[77] In India, brown bears can be reddish with silver tips, while in China, brown bears are bicolored with a yellow-brown or whitish cape across the neck, chest, and shoulders.[76][78] North American grizzlies can be dark brown (almost black) to cream (almost white) or yellowish brown and often have darker colored legs. The common name grizzly stems from their typical coloration, with the hairs on their back usually being brownish-black at the base and whitish-cream at the tips, giving them their distinctive \"grizzled\" color.[38] The winter fur is very thick and long, especially in northern subspecies, and can reach 11 to 12 centimetres (4 to 5 in) at the withers. The winter hairs are thin, yet rough to the touch. The summer fur is much shorter and sparser, and its length and density varies geographically.[35]", "Brown bear. The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid.[2] The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America.[1][2] It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today, rivaled in body size only by its close cousin, the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this.[3][4][5] There are several recognized subspecies, many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges, found in the brown bear species.[6][7]", "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. In 2010, the Texas State Board of Education briefly removed the book from the public school curriculum after confusing the author with philosopher Bill Martin, author of Ethical Marxism: The Categorical Imperative of Liberation.[9]", "Brown bear. The brown bear is often described as nocturnal. However, it frequently seems to peak in activity in the morning and early evening hours.[200] Studies have shown that activity throughout the range can occur at nearly any time of night or day, with bears who dwell in areas with more extensive human contact being more likely to be fully nocturnal. Furthermore, yearling and newly independent bears are more likely to be active diurnally and many adult bears in low-disturbance areas are largely crepuscular.[201][202][203] In summer through autumn, a brown bear can double its weight from the spring, gaining up to 180 kg (400 lb) of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes very lethargic.[204][205] Although they are not full hibernators and can be woken easily, both sexes like to den in a protected spot during the winter months. Hibernation dens may consist of any spot that provides cover from the elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs.[206][207]", "Brown bear. Brown bears have one of the largest brains of any extant carnivoran relative to their body size and have been shown to engage in tool-use (e.g. using a barnacle-covered rock to scratch its neck), which requires advanced cognitive abilities.[208] This species is mostly solitary, although bears may gather in large numbers at major food sources (e.g., moth colonies, open garbage dumps or rivers holding spawning salmon) and form social hierarchies based on age and size.[209][210] Adult male bears are particularly aggressive and are avoided by adolescent and subadult males both at concentrated feeding opportunities and chance encounters. Female bears with cubs rival adult males in aggression, and are much more intolerant of other bears than single females. Young adolescent males tend to be least aggressive, and have been observed in nonantagonistic interactions with each other.[211][212] Dominance between bears is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing off canines, muzzle twisting and neck stretching to which a subordinate will respond with a lateral orientation, by turning away and dropping the head and by sitting or lying down.[213] During combat, bears use their paws to strike their opponents in the chest or shoulders and bite the head or neck. In his Great Bear Almanac, Gary Brown lists 11 different sounds bears produce in 9 different contexts. Sounds expressing anger or aggravation include growls, roars, woofs, champs and smacks, while sounds expressing nervousness or pain include woofs, grunts, and bawls. Sows will bleat or hum when communicating with their cubs.[38]", "Brown bear. The brown bear is usually called the grizzly bear in North America. It once ranged throughout much of the continent.[2][143]", "Brown bear. When bears come to associate human activity with a \"food reward\", they are likely to continue to become emboldened; the likelihood of human-bear encounters increases, as they may return to the same location despite relocation. Relocation of the bear has been used to separate the bear from the human environment, but it does not address the problem of the bear's newly learned association of humans with food or the environmental situations which created the human-habituated bear. \"Placing a bear in habitat used by other bears may lead to competition and social conflict, and result in the injury or death of the less dominant bear.\" [429] Yellowstone National Park, a reserve located in the western United States, contains prime habitat for the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), and due to the enormous number of visitors, human-bear encounters are common. The scenic beauty of the area has led to an influx of people moving into the area. In addition, because there are so many bear relocations to the same remote areas of Yellowstone, and because male bears tend to dominate the center of the relocation zone, female bears tend to be pushed to the boundaries of the region and beyond. As a result, a large proportion of repeat offenders, bears that are killed for public safety, are females. This creates a further depressive effect on an already endangered species. The grizzly bear is officially described as \"threatened\" in the U.S. Though the problem is most significant with regard to grizzlies, these issues affect the other types of brown bears as well.[430][431][432]", "Care Bears. In addition to the Care Bear Stare, the Care Bears can also use their belly symbols to summon other assistance such as heart-shaped balloons, cloud cars, rainbow bridges and sending out a distress signal.", "Brown. The brown bear is found across Eurasia and North America.", "Grizzly bear. The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos ssp.) is a large population of the brown bear inhabiting North America. Scientists generally do not use the name grizzly bear but call it the North American brown bear.", "List of Care Bear characters. He has forest brown fur and his belly symbol is a bear and a rabbit hugging with trees in the background.", "Brown bear. The brown bear's principal range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, China, Canada, the United States (mostly Alaska), Scandinavia, and the Carpathian region (especially Romania), Anatolia, and Caucasus.[1][8] The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries.[9]", "Brown. In terms of the visible spectrum, \"brown\" refers to high wavelength (low frequency) hues, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low luminance or saturation.[19] Since brown may cover a wide range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives are used such as red brown, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown.", "Brown bear. There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies as no one method is always effective. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as \"formidable and confusing\" with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies.[23] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names. Generally genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are (or their Genetic distance). There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, and this can become confusing; Hall (1981) lists 86 different types and even as many as 90 have been proposed.[24][25] However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears.[26][27] As of 2005, 16 extant or recently extinct subspecies are recognized by the general scientific community.[28][29]", "Brown bear. The scientific name of the brown bear, Ursus arctos, comes from the Latin \"ursus\", meaning \"bear\",[14] and Άρκτος \"arctos\", from the Greek word for bear.[15]", "Brown bear. Brown bears usually avoid areas where extensive development or urbanization has occurred, unlike the smaller, more inoffensive American black bear which can adapt to peri-urban regions.[104][421][422][423] Under many circumstances, extensive human development may cause brown bears to alter their home ranges.[424][425] However, bears can easily lose their natural cautiousness upon being attracted to human-created food sources, such as garbage dumps, litter bins, and dumpsters. Brown bears may even venture into human dwellings or barns in search of food as humans encroach into bear habitats.[348][350] In different parts of their distribution, brown bears sometimes kill and eat domesticated animals.[260][343][426] The saying \"a fed bear is a dead bear\" has come into use to popularize the idea that allowing bears to scavenge human garbage, such as trash cans and campers' backpacks, pet food, or other food sources that draw the bear into contact with humans, can result in a bear's death.[427] Where attractive bear food and concentrated human settlements overlap, human-bear conflict can create an ecological trap resulting in a lower apparent survival rate for brown bears caught in the trap, as well as attracting additional bears and thereby causing an overall population decline in the area, based on a 2006–2013 study performed in a southeastern British Columbian valley.[428]", "Brown bear. While feeding on carrion, brown bears use their size to intimidate other predators, such as wolves, cougars (Puma concolor), tigers (Panthera tigris) and black bears from their kills. Owing to their formidable size and aggressive disposition, predation by wild animals outside of their own species is rare for brown bears of any age, even cubs are often safe due to their watchful mother. There are two records of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) predating brown bear cubs.[351][352]", "Ursid hybrid. \"Kodiak\" or \"Kodiak brown\" is a term now applied to brown bears found in coastal regions of North America. In the far north these bears feed on salmon and often attain especially large size. \"Alaskan brown\" is sometimes used for Alaskan bears, but the main distinction is how far the bear is found from the coast. Grizzly bear is the term used for the brown bear of the North American interior.", "Brown bear. Brown bears have very large and curved claws, those present on the forelimbs being longer than those on the hind limbs. They may reach 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in) and may measure 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 in) along the curve.[79] They are generally dark with a light tip, with some forms having completely light claws.[35] Brown bear claws are longer and straighter than those of American black bears (Ursus americanus).[38] The claws are blunt, while those of a black bear are sharp. Due to their claw structure, in addition to their excessive weight, adult brown bears cannot typically climb trees as can both species of black bear, although in rare cases adult female brown bears have been seen in trees.[80] The claws of a polar bear are also quite different, being notably shorter but broader with a strong curve and sharper point, presumably both as an aid to traveling over ice (sometimes nearly vertically) and procuring active prey.[20][81] The paws of the brown bear are quite large. The rear feet of adult bears have been found to typically measure 21 to 36 cm (8.3 to 14.2 in) long, while the forefeet tend to measure about 40% less in length. All four feet in average sized brown bears tend to be about 17.5 to 20 cm (6.9 to 7.9 in) in width. In large coastal or Kodiak bear males, the hindfoot may measure up to 40 cm (16 in) in length, 28.5 cm (11.2 in) in width, while outsized Kodiak bears having had confirmed measurements of up to 46 cm (18 in) along their rear foot.[82][83][84] Brown bears are the only extant bears with a hump at the top of their shoulder, which are made entirely of muscle, this feature having developed presumably for imparting more force in digging, which is habitual during foraging for most bears of the species and also used heavily in den construction prior to hibernation.[38][85]", "Bear. Brown and American black bears are generally diurnal, meaning that they are active for the most part during the day, though they may forage substantially by night.[45] Other species may be nocturnal, active at night, though female sloth bears with cubs may feed more at daytime to avoid competition from conspecifics and nocturnal predators.[46] Bears are overwhelmingly solitary and are considered to be the most asocial of all the Carnivora. The only times bears are encountered in small groups are mothers with young or occasional seasonal bounties of rich food (such as salmon runs).[47][48] Fights between males can occur and older individuals may have extensive scarring, which suggests that maintaining dominance can be intense.[49] With their acute sense of smell, bears can locate carcasses from several kilometres away. They use olfaction to locate other foods, encounter mates, avoid rivals and recognise their cubs.[30]", "Brown bear. The brown bear is the largest wild animal on the Iberian Peninsula, although one of the smallest of the brown bears, weigh between 92 and 180 kg (203 and 397 lb) as adults.[72] Their fur varies from a pale cream color to dark brown, but always with a distinctively darker, nearly black tone at the paws and a yellowish tinge at the tip of each hair. The brown bear population is considered endangered in Spain.", "Bear attack. Natural observers believe that most bear species are near-sighted, which allows bears to forage for small objects such as berries.[40] However, bears are also capable of discerning faraway movements, helping them hunt prey.[40] The Kodiak bear, when compared to other species, appears to have vision comparable to a human (not near-sighted). Experiments show that black bears can see color, unlike many mammals.[40] With scientists still working to determine exactly how perceptive bear eyes are, it is difficult to compare bear eyesight with human eyesight.", "Brown bear. Many Native American tribes both respect and fear the brown bear.[437][438][439] In Kwakiutl mythology, black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's own cubs.[440] Sleeping Bear Dunes is named after a Native American legend, where a female bear and her cub swam across Lake Michigan. Exhausted from their journey, the bears rested on the shoreline and fell sound asleep. Over the years, the sand covered them up, creating a huge sand dune.", "Kodiak bear. The Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the Alaskan brown bear, inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska.[2] It is the largest recognized subspecies of brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear.[3]", "Brown bear. Native American tribes sympatric with brown bears often view them with a mixture of awe and fear.[436] North American brown bears have at times been so feared by the natives, that they were rarely hunted, especially alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the Gwich’in the expedition was conducted with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare, and was never done except with a company of 4–10 warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots.[437] Californian natives actively avoided prime bear habitat, and would not allow their young men to hunt alone, for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes, instead of hunting grizzlies themselves, would seek aid from European colonists to deal with problem bears. Many authors in the American west wrote of natives or voyageurs with lacerated faces and missing noses or eyes due to attacks from grizzlies.[21][438]" ]

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[ "Erin Hannon. Erin is excited to have Andy back from his Outward Bound program, but is surprised to see a more confident and cocky Andy. A new love interest for her is introduced in the new guy Pete. In the episode \"The Boat\", Erin and Pete go out for drinks. There are multiple other instances in the beginning of season 9 in which Pete and Erin bond while Andy is on his boat trip. In the episode \"Customer Loyalty\", Erin seems to miss Pete when they are split up by Nellie. Erin decides to break up with Andy prior to his return, but when he returns she cannot find the confidence to break up. After telling Pete and giving him a kiss, she runs back up to Andy's office and breaks up with him. By the time he decides to quit his job and seek fame and fortune, though, Erin feels kinder towards him and gives him sound advice before being greatly moved by his farewell rendition of \"I Will Remember\". In \"Finale\", she is reunited with her birth parents, who had seen the documentary and showed up at a Q&A forum with the office members. It is indicated that she is still dating Pete, as they are shown dancing at Dwight and Angela's wedding.", "Andy Bernard. In season 6, Andy takes an interest in receptionist Erin Hannon, who has mutual affections, but due to miscommunication, there was a long period where the two waited for the other to make a move. However, Andy eventually asks Erin out on a date, and she graciously accepts.[13] A few months later, after Erin discovers, through Michael Scott, of Andy's former engagement to accountant Angela Martin, she throws cake in Andy's face, and decides that they need to take a break from one another.[14] Over a year later, Erin, after breaking up with Gabe Lewis, asks Andy out on a date, but he dismisses her advances, because of his lingering issues with her leaving him for Gabe.[5] When Andy introduces his girlfriend Jessica to the Office at a Christmas party, Erin initially appears friendly to her, but she becomes drunk, and confesses to Andy that she wishes Jessica was dead. Greatly offended, Andy informs Erin that she needs to get over their break-up, and briskly leaves.[15] Upon learning that Erin wishes to live in Tallahassee, Florida, Andy drives to Tallahassee to get back together with Erin. At first he is unsuccessful, but ultimately gets her back, and they make up and kiss in the middle of the street.[16] When Andy discovers his job is stolen by Nellie when he and Erin return to the office, he is demoted to salesman again and holds back his anger. The day seems to get worse when their sex life becomes the subject of a staff meeting, embarrassing them. When Nellie makes another quip, Erin snaps and in turn, encourages Andy to finally let his anger loose on Nellie, which later helps Andy get his confidence back and improves their sex life. However, during season 9, their relationship starts to show cracks as Andy comes back from a training seminar that has made him more confident, but seemingly more selfish to Erin. When Andy takes his parents boat to Bermuda for three weeks, he leaves Erin behind, who looks on disappointed. Erin later goes out with Pete, a new co-worker for drinks. Three weeks later becomes three months, which makes Erin increasingly unhappy after Andy neglects her by being unsociable. Erin later tries to dump Andy in \"Couples Discount\", until he convinces her that they can fake love each other like his parents did. Erin initially agrees to this until she talks to Pete, who only wants her to be happy. This prompts Erin to finally break up with Andy by citing both his neglect for her and that he was irresponsible for being gone for three months from work. During \"Moving On\", Andy's distraught behavior affects his professional relationship with Erin and the staff, and has him confiding some of the staff, including Pete, whom Erin is dating in secrecy from Andy. When Andy learns of their relationship, he acts irrationally to where Erin and Pete lecture him that he needs to move on. Vengeful, Andy hires both Gabe and Alice (Collette Wolfe), who is Pete's ex-girlfriend and a marketing professional, with the intent of making Erin and Pete uncomfortable. The ploy works to the point where arguments break out between the parties in the conference room, as Erin and Pete's issues with their past relationships surface. Andy smugly says to the camera that making the new couple unhappy, has made him feel better. In the episode Livin' the Dream, Andy and Erin are seen speaking pleasantly to each other and Erin even admits her concern for his well being saying she's worried he'll \"be homeless or even starve.\" Later on during Andy's goodbye song Erin can be seen watching Andy with a serious look of affection, making it unclear whether or not the two still have romantic feelings for each other. In the Finale Andy, Erin, and even Pete are all shown to be getting along well and spending time together during the after party in the warehouse, indicating the tensions from earlier have vanished (though it is unclear if Erin and Pete are still a couple at that point, as the episode doesn't provide any evidence in either direction).", "Andy Bernard. Andy continues to develop a friendship and an attraction to Erin, which began late in the fifth season. However, the pair are both too timid to reveal their feelings for one another. In \"Murder\", Andy asks Erin out on a date while playing a game called Belles, Bourbon, and Bullets, but is confused whether she was just playing along with the game. When she implies that she said yes as Naughty Nellie, he says that he also asked her out in character, leaving both disappointed.[56] It is also revealed in \"Koi Pond\", that Andy is currently the second-worst Salesman of the branch, along with Pam, and they are forced to make fruitless efforts at \"cold call\" selling.[57]", "Erin Hannon. After Andy's massive effort for Erin's Secret Santa gift, Andy thinks that the \"ball is in Erin's court\", while Erin assumes that after Andy's last spectacular display involving a band drumline that he will surely be the one to ask. Andy, in \"Sabre\", then awkwardly confronts Erin about her weekend plans, revealing that she has none. Andy exits with exasperation, hoping that his \"hint\" would be sufficient for her to ask. Later, in \"Manager and Salesman\", Andy gives everyone in the office a card for Valentine's Day to mask his affection for Erin. Kelly takes this card to heart and believes Andy is in love with her. Andy makes it clear that he does not love Kelly, and Erin begins to realize Andy really does have feelings for her.", "Andy Bernard. During \"Happy Hour,\" Andy and Erin's attempts to keep their relationship under wraps, backfires constantly when they're too overzealous about hiding it. Finally sick of hiding the truth, Andy declares their relationship during the company's happy hour gathering.", "Erin Hannon. In \"Andy's Play\", Andy is performing in a local production of Sweeney Todd. He pressures the entire office to go, but really just wants to get Erin to attend, in order to spend time with her and win her back from Gabe. Andy is delighted that Erin is coming without Gabe, however ultimately his plan backfires when she agrees to babysit Cecilia so Jim and Pam can attend. Ultimately Erin shows up to the play and the two spend time together, however Erin leaves to spend time with Gabe leaving Andy despondent.", "Erin Hannon. In \"Happy Hour\", Erin and Andy tell the crew that they are trying to keep their relationship a secret because of Andy's aversion to drama. This continues as they go to the Happy Hour with the other members of the Office. After several uncomfortable situations in which they continue to try to keep the secret and a rather animated argument in a photobooth, Andy declares to the entire building that he has been on \"two dates with Erin Hannon and they went well and there will probably be more.\" They tell the crew that they found more drama trying to keep it a secret.", "Erin Hannon. In \"Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager\", Erin and Andy are shown hanging out together again. However, after Gabe invites Andy to go to the conference room to speak in private, Gabe breaks down, and Andy promises he will not date Erin again. Later, at reception, Gabe confesses his love to Erin again, but it does not win her back. In a talking-head interview, Erin says she is taking a break from dating, and she admits that while Gabe was a great guy with many wonderful qualities, \"it was a challenge being touched by him\". When Dwight accidentally fires the gun right by Andy, causing him temporary hearing loss, Erin is the most worried about him, and tries to accompany him to the hospital, but is stopped by Gabe, who, as an excuse, says that she needs to stay for her receptionist duties. When Andy comes back from the hospital, he and Erin hang out in the kitchen, only for Gabe to confront Andy with the promise, but Andy stands up for himself and embarrasses Gabe by describing Gabe's crying fit to Erin. When asked whether or not he wants to date Erin, he does not give a straight answer, and eventually claims that it is between him and his diary.", "Andy Bernard. Andy returns in \"Couples Discount\" in a rapidly different appearance as a result of being away from three months in the Bahamas. He surprises the staff by returning a day early and immediately alienates everyone with stupid, tone-deaf behavior: ignorantly expecting the staff to take him seriously as if he never left, voiding a major sale that Dwight had with Jan Levinson, shamelessly collecting his paychecks plus the \"merit bonus\" he acquired for the staff excelling their sales quota. He holds a meeting with the staff in order to catch up on what he missed, so to meet with David Wallace, who has been under the impression that Andy has been at the office the entire time via phone calls and e-mails. The staff in turn, tell him false stories that he manages to spin when meeting with David and he manages to get through the meeting without repercussions. However Erin, after feeling 3 months of neglect from Andy, plans to break up with him until he convinces him that they can fake love each other like his parents. Although Erin later decides against this, and dumps Andy for mistreating her and for being irresponsible by skipping work, a conversation heard by David Wallace on speakerphone, who asks Andy \"What was that about three months?\"", "Erin Hannon. In \"Nepotism\", Erin reveals that Gabe asked her out over the summer. She only accepted because Gabe was her boss but eventually the two began seriously dating, much to Andy's chagrin. Her relationship with Gabe has been presented as boring and lame, as highlighted by her unsuccessful efforts to defeat him at online Scrabble and avoid watching his favored horror films in \"The Seminar\", his long-winded Valentine's Day surprise for her that consists mostly of her bonding with Andy and getting a hand-kiss gesture in \"PDA\", and letting the staff know she and Gabe were late to work because he fell in the shower and had to be rescued by the fire department in \"Todd Packer\".", "Erin Hannon. And in \"Whistleblower\", while the characters have not resumed dating yet, Erin does express concern when Andy tells her he is afraid for his safety (because of the fire-catching printers, though he does not directly tell her about them) and she agrees to distribute the \"demonstration video\" he made with Darryl if anything happens to him. Erin warmly pats Andy on the leg and tells him she thinks he did the right thing, after he is outed for leaking the printer story to a local paper and everyone else in the office shuns him.", "Angela Martin. She's later shown to be in a state of depression, and at times openly regrets dating both men. On \"Secretary's Day\" in Season 6, Andy's new girlfriend Erin finds out about the two's relationship, and publicly demeans Angela in the conference room. Angela has a brief conversation with Erin shortly afterward, where she expresses her humiliation and reminds Erin that she wants to forget the memories of dating him. Andy has rarely talked to Angela or expressed any opinions about her in subsequent episodes. When he quits his job to pursue his dreams of stardom near the series' end, Angela (informed by her own life upheavals) talks to him about not letting pride ruin his life. While Andy assumes she is talking about how their relationship ended and says that is something he does reflect on sometimes, Angela fights through her lingering disgust that she was ever with him and finally tells him, mutedly but sincerely, that she wishes him good luck. Andy is part of Dwight's bachelor party and attends the wedding of his old co-workers.", "Parks and Recreation (season 3). The first five episodes of the season involve Andy and his attempt to win back the affections of April,[33][46] who previously had feelings for Andy, but became angry after Ann kissed him in the second-season finale, \"Freddy Spaghetti\".[75] The two reconcile in \"Media Blitz\", which Schur described as a \"key moment\" in their relationship, \"almost like Andy's a Knight of the Round Table, and he's got a lot of different obstacles that he's got to overcome in order to win the love of a fair maiden\".[46] Andy and April become married during a surprise wedding four episodes later in \"Andy and April's Fancy Party\". Schur said the decision to have them marry after only briefly dating stemmed from the writing staff's desire to \"avoid the standard-issue TV romance plots: fights, other men/women driving them apart, and so on\". They decided a fast marriage was funny, but also made sense because the characters are \"two impulsive goofballs who don’t approach their lives in a responsible, adult manner\".[36]", "Erin Hannon. During \"Christmas Wishes\", Erin finally meets Jessica, Andy's girlfriend. Erin tells her that she is welcome to the office and the party, but later on Robert California talks Erin into being an \"adult woman and a free spirit\" and having a drink. But this does not just stop at one, Erin tells Andy that she has had \"a thousand\". Later that night, she tells Andy that she wants Jessica dead and that was her Christmas wish, which shows she still has feelings for Andy. She later gets a ride home from Robert, who tells her to take some aspirin and get some rest. Later on, Erin remains hopeful that Andy will end things with Jessica and reunite with her (and it becomes clear Andy still has feelings for her) but she later decides that this is not going to happen. As a result, when she ends up assigned to the team joining Dwight on the Sabre Store project in Tallahassee, she tells the camera that she is never returning to Scranton. In \"Test the Store\" Erin meets an elderly woman, Irene (Georgia Engel), and she becomes her live in maid. In \"Get the Girl\", Andy goes to Florida, to try to win her back. Erin initially wants to stay, but the two get back together and travel back to Scranton to find Nelly Bertram in Andy's office. Andy then gets fired and Erin supports him", "Erin Hannon. In \"St. Patrick's Day\", Erin and Andy are set to go on their first date, but Erin gets very sick, prompting Jo Bennett to tell her to go home. Andy decides to see Erin anyway by showing up at her house. The two enjoy watching TV together until Erin's foster brother Reed comes into the room and steals Andy's spot on the couch next to Erin. Reed behaves with Erin in a way that makes Andy uncomfortable, but when Andy gets ready to leave, Erin kisses him on the cheek.", "Andy Bernard. In \"Secretary's Day\", Andy pulls out all stops in making sure that Erin has a memorable Secretary's Day, even asking Michael to treat Erin out to lunch, which the boss reluctantly agrees to do. However, when Michael reveals that Andy was engaged to Angela, Erin reacts badly. She even throws cake in Andy's face when he tries to serenade her with one of his songs, and wants to take a break from their relationship. Michael does smooth things over a bit with Erin, but Erin does not change her mind about breaking up with him, and Andy remains distraught.", "Erin Hannon. She is seen repeatedly following Dwight's insane directions. Dwight and Andy both admit to being attracted to Erin, as does Ryan. Erin seems to have a fun-loving and bubbly personality similar to Kelly Kapoor, although Erin is much more naïve. She admires Kelly's casual Friday outfit, commenting that she looks like J. Lo, and the two restart Michael's Cafe Disco after he shuts it down. The two also ride to Pam and Jim's wedding together with Andy, both listening to their iPods in the backseat.[2] In \"Counseling\", she took the term \"disposable camera\" literally as she throws a disposable camera away after taking the last picture, commenting that she thinks disposable cameras are wasteful and you never get to see the pictures.", "Erin Hannon. Initially, Dwight and Andy compete for her attention, but Dwight withdraws in acknowledgment of his new friendship with Andy. For the remainder of the season, Andy awkwardly flirts with Erin.", "Andy Bernard. In \"Last Day in Florida\", Andy learns that Erin isn't coming back to Scranton, and he realizes he still loves her. He decides to go to Florida to win her back and does so during \"Get the Girl\". However, while he is in Florida, Nellie claims the manager position at Scranton and Andy is demoted to salesman. After one of his anger outbursts (\"Angry Andy\") he is fired from Dunder Mifllin.", "Toby Flenderson. Toby appeared aware of Andy's poor treatment of Erin as a girlfriend, which he pointed out to Nellie in \"Customer Loyalty\". In the finale, however, after Andy returns with a more positive and friendly attitude, Toby is pleased to hear him (and several other staff members) encourage him to join them at the after party in the warehouse, implying the two are now on good terms.", "List of Blue Bloods characters. Jack did return in 2017 to represent a man that Erin is trying to convict. This time Jack came out on top. Erin also learned of Jack's relationship with a woman who is a few years older than Nicky, which did not last long. Late in season 8, Erin confesses to Anthony that she is dating Jack again.", "Erin Hannon. During \"Goodbye, Michael\", a distraught Gabe is tenacious in trying to win Erin back, even following her into the women's bathroom. Erin later has a heart-to-heart conversation with Michael about her love life, and admits that she might be in love with Andy. Michael dismisses both Gabe and Andy and advises Erin that the right guy will come along and she will know it. Michael then tells her that he is just a phone call away in Colorado if she needs advice, and kisses her on the head before walking away.", "Andy Bernard. In \"Dwight Christmas\", Andy sends Erin a text message (off-screen) saying he and Walter Jr. have arrived in the Bahamas. Andy decides to stay there for several more weeks to find himself, something that upsets Erin greatly, and causes her to become closer to her friend and co-worker Pete Miller.", "Andy Bernard. In \"Christmas Wishes\", Andy dresses up as Santa for the office's annual Christmas party as an effort to makes everyone's holiday wish comes true. He also introduces Jessica, his new girlfriend to the office, much to the confusement and later drunken chagrin of Erin, who resents her. Erin drunkenly tells Andy that her Christmas wish is for Jessica to die, offending and angering Andy. He tells Erin to get over the fact that he turned her down for a date and storms off. Although when he suspects Erin is getting unusually close to Robert when he drives her home, he tails them to her apartment as Meredith's designated driver. But to his relief, he sees Robert hug Erin goodbye with comforting words and instructs her to take care of her hangover.", "Andy Bernard. In \"Spooked\", Andy dresses up as a construction worker. He assigns Erin to set up the Halloween party, as he wants to live up to the expectations set by Robert. When Robert arrives, he notices that the party is more tailored to kids than adults. Andy asks Angela and Phyllis to help take over and re-tailor the party and asks to speak with Erin at the end of the day. Andy and Robert later talk with Erin in his office regarding Erin accidentally ruining the Halloween party by putting on a disturbing movie of Gabe's creation. Erin says she got nervous when Andy asked to have a talk with her and that she thought he was about to fire her over the party. However, Andy tells her he's dating someone, and she is shocked to hear they've been out on 31 dates so far. Erin doesn't speak up and leaves dejectedly, however, at the end of the episode, Erin talks to Andy about her feelings.", "Angela Martin. In \"Secretary's Day\", Angela is upset when Erin learns that Andy was engaged to her, not because she's jealous of Andy and Erin's relationship, but due to her disgust over everyone knowing she had sexual relations with Andy (which at least does confirm Andy's statement in \"The Duel\" that she and he slept together a few times); Erin doesn't want to hear it or talk to Angela any further. However, it appears as if Angela's relationship with Andy has at least become friendly at this point, as he specifically thanks her for her help with Erin's party, to which she responds with a broad smile.", "Erin Hannon. In \"New Leads\", after Michael distributes the sales leads to rest of the staff, Erin hides Andy's leads. The Hot & Cold game she plays with him in the reception area turns into an uncomfortable situation where Andy almost fondles Erin's chest. At the end of episode, Erin offers a cold Andy her jacket in a landfill where they share their first kiss.", "Andy Bernard. In \"The Delivery,\" after Michael arranges a date between Erin and Kevin, this incites Andy to finally and successfully ask Erin out, although initially his ploy to ask her out backfires.", "Andy Bernard. In the fourth season, Andy begins a relationship with accountant Angela Martin, who half-heartedly began dating him on the rebound, after she had broken up with Dwight Schrute (whose relationship with her had been unknown to the majority of the staff).[17] After dating for about seven months, Andy proposes to Angela, during Toby Flenderson's farewell party, and she solemnly accepts.[18] However, during their engagement, she resumes her affair with Dwight. Andy endures tremendous effort in order to prepare Angela's dream wedding. Upon learning about the affair, both he and Dwight break up with her, and Andy is initially crushed.[19] When Andy is leaving the office for good after he quits to seek fame, Angela tries to talk him out of it; Andy wrongly assumes she regrets ending their relationship, and says he does think about her often, but Angela is able to choke back her disgust and she and Andy part ways with a hug.", "Erin Hannon. In \"Search Committee\", Erin and Phyllis await the results of a DNA test to see if Erin is the daughter previously given up by Phyllis in high school. After some advice from Phyllis, Erin tells Andy in front of the entire Office that she still has feelings for him. Andy denies her, later stating to the camera that he is still hurt from being dumped in favor of Gabe. Phyllis finds out the results are negative, but holds off telling Erin and continues to show maternal affection toward her.", "Andy Bernard. Seemingly despondent over his impending divorce, Robert hosts an impromptu \"Pool Party\" at his soon-to-be-sold mansion. The staff attends with Andy and his girlfriend, much to Erin's consternation. Andy carries around the engagement ring his parents had, which he claims that his parents fell head over heels in love with Jessica. Desperate for Andy's attention, Erin enlists Dwight and they engage in a series of competitive pool games with Andy and Jessica. Later on, Dwight asks Andy about his love life as he's trying to find out how Andy feels about Erin, which Andy deflects with weak answers, prompting Dwight to tell Andy \"you're an idiot\" before walking away in disgust. At one point during the night, Andy accidentally loses the ring and goes frantically searching for it but to no avail. However, Erin recovers the ring in the pool and gives it to Andy, knowing the history behind the ring. Andy confides to Erin that he's confused about his relationship with Jessica, which gives Erin hope.", "Erin Hannon. In \"Secretary's Day\", Andy plans the perfect Secretary's Day for Erin, including a lunch with Michael. During the lunch, Michael reveals Andy's prior year-long engagement with Angela, a fact which was previously concealed from Erin. When Erin speaks with Pam at her desk, a Keystone College pennant is visible. At the end of the episode, Erin informs Andy that she needs some time alone from him. Feeling bad over the whole affair, Michael smooths things over a bit with Erin and has a talk with her." ]

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[ "Death Cab for Cutie. Death Cab for Cutie began as a solo project of Ben Gibbard in 1997, while he was the guitar player for the band Pinwheel, and was recorded under the name All-Time Quarterback. As Death Cab for Cutie, Gibbard released a cassette titled You Can Play These Songs with Chords the same year. The release was surprisingly successful, and Gibbard decided to expand the project into a complete band, recruiting Chris Walla (who had also worked on the cassette) as lead guitarist, Nick Harmer as bass player, and Nathan Good as drummer.[8] Death Cab for Cutie was officially formed at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington, and lyrics from early songs include local references that were important to the band's development.[9] Many of the early songs were recorded in the basement of an Ellis Street home Gibbard lived in with several roommates in Bellingham.[10]", "Death Cab for Cutie. The band takes its name from the song \"Death Cab for Cutie,\" written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall, and performed by their group the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. See Name section.", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). Ben Gibbard used the title of the song as the name of the rock band he founded in 1997. \"I would absolutely go back and give it [the band] a more obvious name,\" he reflected in 2011; \"Thank God for Wikipedia. At least now, people don’t have to ask me where the fucking name came from every interview.\"[3]", "Death Cab for Cutie. Gibbard took the band name from the song \"Death Cab for Cutie\" written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their group the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. The song was performed by the Bonzos in the Beatles film Magical Mystery Tour. The song's name was in turn taken from an invented pulp fiction crime magazine, devised by the English academic Richard Hoggart in his 1957 study of working class culture, The Uses of Literacy. In a 2011 interview, Gibbard stated, \"The name was never supposed to be something that someone was going to reference 15 years on. So yeah, I would absolutely go back and give it a more obvious name.\"[66]", "Death Cab for Cutie. Death Cab for Cutie is an American alternative rock band, formed in Bellingham, Washington in 1997.[6] The band is composed of Ben Gibbard (vocals, guitar, piano), Nick Harmer (bass), Dave Depper (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Zac Rae (keyboards, guitar), and Jason McGerr (drums).", "Kintsugi. Death Cab for Cutie named their 2015 release Kintsugi, possibly because during the production of the album, lead guitarist and founding member Chris Walla announced that he was leaving the band (though he continued contributing to the recording and creative process as a full member until the album's completion).[19]", "Death Cab for Cutie. In early 2004 the band recorded a live EP, entitled The John Byrd EP, named for their sound engineer was released on Barsuk Records in March.[8]", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). Innes has stated[1] that his initial inspiration for the song was the title of a story in an old American pulp fiction crime magazine he found at a street market. Stanshall's primary contribution was to shape \"Death Cab For Cutie\" as a parody of Elvis Presley (notably Presley's 1957 hit \"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\"), and he sang it as such, with undertones of 1950's Doo-wop. In the style of several early teenage tragedy songs, such as \"Teen Angel\", it tells a story of youthful angst: \"Cutie\" who goes out on the town against her lover's wishes. \"Last night Cutie caught a cab, uhuh-huh...\" She is killed when the taxicab she is in runs a red light and crashes. Stanshall, as lead singer, details Cutie's doomed journey to the sound of a honky-tonk piano and surging saxophones, while the Bonzo chorus warns: \"Baby, don't do it...\" Stanshall repeats the refrain in true Presley hip-wriggling style: \"Someone's going to MAKE... you pay your fare.\"", "Death Cab for Cutie. Death Cab for Cutie had been contacted by major labels on-and-off for several years, but it was only after the proven success of Transatlanticism that they decided to start talking to labels about a potential deal. The fact that they had already achieved considerable success allowed the band to negotiate with a lot of creative freedom.[11] According to their manager Jordan Kurland, the band had spoken to \"pretty much all of them\", and then decided they were most satisfied with their offer from Atlantic Records.[11] In November 2004, the band signed a “long-term worldwide deal” with Atlantic, leaving their long-time label Barsuk Records.[14] Gibbard stated on the band's official website that nothing would change, except that \"next to the picture of Barsuk holding a 7\", there will be the letter \"A\" on both the spine and back of our upcoming albums.\"[15] After signing to Atlantic, the band was still nervous about corporate economics, and encouraged fans to download its songs from the Internet.[16]", "Interstate 405 (California). The Death Cab For Cutie song \"405\" on their second studio album, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, may be incorrectly associated with California's I-405. The song is actually referring to I-405 in Seattle, as the band is from Bellingham.[31]", "Death Cab for Cutie. Death Cab for Cutie's music has been labeled as indie rock, indie pop, and alternative rock. It is noted for its use of unconventional instrumentation, as well as Gibbard's distinctive voice and unique lyrical style. Since their formation, the band has released eight full-length studio albums, four EPs, two live EPs, one live album, and one demo album.", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). Going further back, a 1949 detective pulp fiction novel by Hank Janson (the pen-name of English author Stephen Daniel Frances) was published in the UK with the title \"Slay-Ride for Cutie\".[citation needed]", "Death Cab for Cutie. Death Cab for Cutie's music has been labeled indie rock,[2][3][54] indie pop,[2][4][5] emo,[55][56][57][58] and alternative rock.[1][2] Death Cab for Cutie's early work on You Can Play These Songs with Chords was described by Rolling Stone as \"emotion through its lack of emotion\".[59] Pitchfork also remarked that the work on the cassette was \"ultra-lo-fi\".[60] On Something About Airplanes the band's style remained similar, with some new instrumental work introduced; \"flute, synth, or cello\" were noted by Allmusic's Nitsuh Abebe.[61] On We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes the band again expanded their use of unorthodox instruments, including organ and glockenspiel. Pitchfork called them a \"gentle niche\" in the current rock climate, compared with bands such as Modest Mouse and Built to Spill.[62]", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). Alex Chilton of Big Star covered the song live on WLYX Memphis in 1975. The song is also referenced on the 1984 Culture Club album Waking Up with the House on Fire, in the song \"Crime Time\", which is a throwback to the early rock 'n' roll sound. The indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie was named after the song.", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). While Innes claims that the title came from a story in an American pulp fiction magazine, the phrase may have been coined by Richard Hoggart in his 1957 book The Uses of Literacy, which discussed British popular culture and was a pioneering work in the cultural studies field. The term appears in Chapter 8, \"The Newer Mass Art: Sex in Shiny Packets\", under part C: \"Sex and Violence Novels\". Hoggart provides a list of \"imitations\" of the \"terse, periodic titles\" of these \"American sex-novels\", including \"Sweetie, Take It Hot\"; \"The Lady Takes a Dive\"; \"Aim Low, Angel\"; \"Sweetheart, Curves Can Kill\"; and \"Death-Cab for Cutie\".", "Death Cab for Cutie. The band was originally a solo project by Gibbard. Upon getting a record deal[7], Gibbard expanded the project into a complete band and released a debut album, Something About Airplanes, in 1998. The group's fourth album, 2003's Transatlanticism, broke into the mainstream both critically and commercially, with songs from the album featured in numerous TV series and films. The band's major-label debut for Atlantic Records, 2005's Plans, went platinum. A ninth studio album, Thank You for Today, was released in August 2018.", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). \"Death Cab for Cutie\" is a song composed by Vivian Stanshall and Neil Innes and performed by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. It was included on their 1967 album Gorilla.", "Thank You for Today. Death Cab for Cutie", "Death Cab for Cutie. The four released their debut full-length studio album, Something About Airplanes, on August 18, 1998. The album was favorably reviewed in the independent music scene. In 1998 the band also met their long-term manager Jordan Kurland. Kurland had heard good things about them, and after a failed attempt to see them play at South By Southwest finally hooked up with them when touring with his then client, the band Crumb.[11]", "Death Cab for Cutie. The band released their fifth studio album and debut major-label release, Plans, on August 30, 2005, to critical and commercial success.[17][18] Two singles from the album, “Soul Meets Body” and “Crooked Teeth”, reached the top ten of the US Billboard Alternative Songs chart, while the single \"I Will Follow You into the Dark\" became the band's best-selling single to date. Death Cab for Cutie performed \"Crooked Teeth\" live on Saturday Night Live on January 14, 2006.[19] Plans received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album of 2005, as well as achieving gold certification in 2006 after being featured on the Billboard Album chart for 47 consecutive weeks, and later was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in early May 2008.[20]", "Death Cab for Cutie. The band released a touring DVD, Drive Well, Sleep Carefully, in 2005. Copies of the DVD were given away to promote animal rights, and the band are supporters of the activist group PETA.[21] In early 2006, the band announced the upcoming release of Directions: The Plans Video Album, which features eleven short films inspired by songs from the Plans album, each directed by a different person. The videos were posted one at a time at the band's website, and the DVD went on sale April 11, 2006. The iTunes Store began selling the videos (formatted for iPod) early on March 28, 2006. Lance Bangs, P.R. Brown, Ace Norton, Jeffrey Brown, Lightborne, Autumn de Wilde, Rob Schrab, Laurent Briet and Monkmus, as well as Aaron Stewart-Ahn, are among directors that have contributed to the project. An episode of MTV2's Subterranean played these videos for the whole hour, plus discussion with members of the band.[22] Death Cab for Cutie made their first appearance at Neil Young's annual Bridge School Benefit, and completed their lengthy 2006 tour of the United States on December 10, 2006, finishing with a show at the KeyArena in Seattle, Washington.[23]", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). The Bonzo Dog Band performed the song in a 1967 episode of the children's TV series Do Not Adjust Your Set, in which the band is gushingly introduced by Michael Palin (who gets the title wrong). The band, called the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band at the time, appeared regularly on the show - a so-called children's programme which featured Palin, Eric Idle and other later-famous comedians.", "Smith Tower. Also in 2012, Death Cab for Cutie frontman Benjamin Gibbard paid tribute to the Smith Tower in the song \"Teardrop Windows.\"[17][18]", "Death Cab for Cutie. In 2003 there was yet another change of drummer with Jason McGerr, who had previously played in the band Eureka Farm with Gibbard and Harmer, joining the band. McGerr's debut came with the band's next release, their fourth album Transatlanticism,[8] which was released in October 2003.[8] The album received critical acclaim and launched the band into mainstream commercial success, with the two singles \"The Sound of Settling\" and \"Title and Registration\", appearing in the soundtracks of the television shows The O.C.,[9] Six Feet Under, CSI: Miami and Californication, and the films Wedding Crashers, Easy A, and Mean Creek. A tenth-anniversary version containing demos and outtakes was released in 2013.[13]", "Death Cab for Cutie (song). The song became one of the Bonzo Dog Band's better-known numbers when it was featured in the Beatles' 1967 television film Magical Mystery Tour. Performed in a stage routine by the Bonzos, it accompanied a striptease act, performed by Jan Carson of the Raymond Revuebar, who was enthusiastically ogled by club customers including John Lennon and George Harrison. Paul McCartney had coaxed Stanshall into wearing a pink chiffon scarf to look more \"trendy\".[2]", "Death Cab for Cutie. In 2001, Death Cab for Cutie released their third album, The Photo Album. Limited editions of this album contained three bonus tracks, which were later released separately as The Stability EP.[12] The album produced the band's first charting single \"A Movie Script Ending\", which reached number 123 on the UK Singles Chart, and was the first of three songs by the band to be featured on the television show The O.C.. The Photo Album's two other singles, \"I Was a Kaleidoscope\" and \"We Laugh Indoors\", also reached numbers 115 and 122 on the UK Singles Chart, respectively.", "Death Cab for Cutie. In 2012 the band toured across the globe, starting in Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia.[39] In April and May, the band toured in the United States with members of the Magik*Magik Orchestra, who collaborated on tracks on Codes and Keys.[40] After headlining the inaugural Bunbury Music Festival in Cincinnati, the band played summer festivals in Europe.", "I Will Follow You into the Dark. The song was written entirely by Death Cab for Cutie's lead singer and guitarist Ben Gibbard.", "Death Cab for Cutie. The band released their follow-up second album, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, in March 2000. Nathan Good left the band at some point during this album's production, and was briefly replaced by Jayson Tolzdorf-Larson. Gibbard played drums on the majority of the album, with Good's playing on “The Employment Pages” and “Company Calls Epilogue” being kept on the final release.[8] Although Tolzdorf-Larson did not contribute to the album, he did appear on the song \"Spring Break Broke\", from the \"Death Cab for Fiver\" 7-inch record, and also joined the band on two tours, including their first full tour of the United States. Tolzdorf-Larson was later replaced by Michael Schorr, who would first appear on The Forbidden Love EP, released on October 24, 2000.", "Death Cab for Cutie. As part of the 2014 Record Store Day, the band released its first live album, a vinyl-only double LP recorded during various 2012 tour dates with Magik*Magik Orchestra. Included within the packaging was a code for a digital download of the recording.[43]", "Death Cab for Cutie. On January 12, 2015, the band officially announced the album, titled Kintsugi, which was released on March 31, 2015.[46] Kintsugi was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album.[47] The band toured Kintsugi across the world through September 2016, with new touring members Dave Depper (guitar/keyboards) and Zac Rae (keyboards/guitar) replacing Walla.", "Death Cab for Cutie. In an interview with Shave Magazine, Ben Gibbard commented on his song writing saying that he \"never sit[s] down to write an album number one. I just kind of sit down and write songs and the theme kind of makes itself apparent. But I would never say I was writing about searching for something as much as just trying to document with every song where I am in that moment when I’m writing that song. If a theme kind of makes itself apparent in a record, it has more to do with the fact that just what’s been on my mind recently. So I guess clearly I have been and was and am, but it was never a conscious decision.\"[65]" ]

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[ "List of A Different World episodes. Guest stars: Bebe Drake-Massey, Aries Spears, and the original members of the R&B quartet En Vogue, who also perform the song \"Free Your Mind.\"", "A Different World. The theme song was co-written by Stu Gardner, Bill Cosby, and Dawnn Lewis – who was also a cast member. In the online interviews related to the 2006 \"Hillman College Reunion,\" Lewis revealed that her being approached to write the song and to audition were two separate events that occurred within a short time of each other, such that she thought it was a practical joke by her friends. The song was performed by Phoebe Snow in season one, then by Aretha Franklin in seasons two through five, and Boyz II Men in season six.", "List of A Different World episodes. Guest stars: the rap duo Kris Kross, who also perform the song \"It's a Shame.\"", "Andrew Lloyd Webber. In 1978, Lloyd Webber embarked on a solo project, the Variations, with his cellist brother Julian based on the 24th Caprice by Paganini, which reached number two in the pop album chart in the United Kingdom. The main theme was used as the theme tune for ITV's long-running South Bank Show throughout its 32-year run. The same year, Lloyd Webber also composed a new theme tune for the long-running documentary series Whicker's World, which was used from 1978 to 1980.", "Raphael Ravenscroft. From his breakthrough with \"Baker Street\" he went on to perform with Pink Floyd (The Final Cut, 1983), ABBA[3] and Marvin Gaye.[3] Other Ravenscroft performing credits include work with America, Maxine Nightingale,[3] Daft Punk,[3] Kim Carnes, Mike Oldfield, Chris Rea, Robert Plant, Brand X, Hazel O'Connor[17] and Bonnie Tyler. In 1979, he released the solo album Her Father Didn't Like Me, Anyway (CBS Portrait JR 35683). In 1983, Ravenscroft released the track \"Maxine\" which gained airplay, but performed poorly on the charts. In 1987, he was credited, along with Max Early and Johnny Patrick for the new theme to the Central Television soap opera Crossroads. His track \"A Whole Lot of Something Going On\" was sampled by producer Heavy D on the track \"Feel It in the Air\", by Beanie Sigel.[citation needed]", "Paul Williams (songwriter). Paul Hamilton Williams, Jr.[2] (born September 19, 1940)[3][4][5] is an American composer, singer, songwriter and actor. He is perhaps best known for writing popular songs performed by a number of acts in the 1970s, including Three Dog Night's \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" and \"Out in the Country\", Helen Reddy's \"You and Me Against the World\", David Bowie's \"Fill Your Heart\", and the Carpenters' \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", as well as for his contributions to films, such as writing the lyrics to the #1 chart-topping \"Evergreen\", the love theme from A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand, for which he won a Grammy for Song of the Year and an Academy Award for Best Original Song; and \"Rainbow Connection\" from The Muppet Movie. He also wrote the lyrics to the opening theme for The Love Boat, with music previously composed by Charles Fox, which was originally sung by Jack Jones and, later, by Dionne Warwick.", "A Different World. While it was a spin-off from The Cosby Show, A Different World typically addressed issues that were avoided by The Cosby Show writers (race and class relations, or the Equal Rights Amendment). One episode that aired in 1990 was one of the first American network television episodes to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic.[4] The original premise was to have a white student there and have Lena Horne as an acting teacher, but in production, the premise changed from being a story about a white girl in a black college to a black girl (Denise Huxtable) in a black college with a white friend.[5][6] It was ultimately decided that Denise, who was of college age, would be spun off and have a white roommate in order to show the dynamic of a white girl in predominantly black surroundings.[7] Meg Ryan was originally cast for this role, but she decided to pursue a film career, so Marisa Tomei was cast. The first season of Hillman's student body consisted of both black and white students, but this was changed at the beginning of the second season and a very predominantly black student body maintained until the series ended.", "Peter Skellern. In 1984, Skellern performed the theme song for the London Weekend Television programme Me and My Girl.[4] In the same year, he formed a group called Oasis with cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and Mary Hopkin. The group released a self-titled album in 1984 on the Warner Bros. Records label which earned a silver record. The group performed live on television, but a planned concert tour was cancelled when Mary Hopkin became ill.[8]", "List of A Different World characters. A Different World is a spin-off from the American television sitcom The Cosby Show. It aired on NBC for six seasons, from 1987 to 1993.", "The World Is Not Enough (song). \"The World Is Not Enough\" is the theme song from the eponymous 1999 James Bond film, performed by American-Scottish alternative rock band Garbage. The song was written by composer David Arnold (who also scored the film) and lyricist Don Black, previously responsible for four other Bond songs, and was produced by Garbage and Arnold. \"The World Is Not Enough\" was composed in the style of the series' title songs, in contrast with the post-modern production and genre-hopping of Garbage's first two albums. The group recorded most of \"The World Is Not Enough\" while touring Europe in support of their album Version 2.0, telephoning Arnold as he recorded the orchestral backing in London before travelling to England. Garbage later finished recording and mixing the song at Armoury Studios in Canada. The lyrics reflect the film's plot (told from the viewpoint of antagonist Elektra King), with themes of world domination and seduction.", "A Different World. A Different World is an American sitcom (and a spin-off of The Cosby Show) that aired for six seasons on NBC from September 24, 1987 to July 9, 1993. The series originally centered on Denise Huxtable (Lisa Bonet) and the life of students at Hillman College, a fictional historically black college in Virginia. It was inspired by student life at historically black colleges and universities.[1][2][3] After Bonet's departure in the first season, the remainder of the series primarily focused more on Southern belle Whitley Gilbert (Jasmine Guy) and maths whiz Dwayne Wayne (Kadeem Hardison).", "List of A Different World episodes. In order to win a competition to sing backing for Gladys Knight, Jaleesa and Whitley join forces with a wanna-be opera diva who ends up trying to upstage them.", "Crystal Gayle. \"Another World\" became Gayle's last Top 10 country hit to date. As traditional country singers such as Randy Travis and the Judds began to dominate the country airwaves in the late 1980s, the success of crossover artists like Gayle began to wane. Gayle's final top 25 single was the title track from 1988's Nobody's Angel album (No. 22); her last charted single was a cover of the Delaney & Bonnie song \"Never Ending Song of Love\" (number 72) in 1990. Gayle also sang the theme song for the short-lived 1983 television series Masquerade, the theme song having the same title as the series.", "En Vogue. En Vogue also made numerous television appearances on such series as In Living Color, A Different World, Roc and Hangin' With Mr. Cooper (the latter two in which they also sang the shows' theme songs).", "I Hear a New World. It was described as having a \"profound influence on artists as diverse as Steven Stapleton and Saint Etienne\".[6] The title song was covered by the Television Personalities, Mark Sultan and They Might Be Giants in 2004.[7]", "Trobriand cricket. In the song \"Steak n' Sabre\", written by Frank Black and recorded by Frank Black and the Catholics, and which Black has stated is about alternate realities, he references \"Trobriander\" cricket:[4] \"Like Trobrianders / Don't you understand that's a different kind of world.\"", "4 Non Blondes. 4 Non Blondes contributed the song \"Mary's House\" to the film Wayne's World 2 in 1993. They also covered Van Halen's \"I'm the One\" on the soundtrack for Airheads. They contributed \"Bless the Beasts and Children\" to a 1994 The Carpenters tribute album If I Were a Carpenter, and \"Misty Mountain Hop\" to the 1995 Encomium tribute album to Led Zeppelin.", "Ordinary World. The song won an Ivor Novello Award in May 1994. Lead vocalist Simon Le Bon sang the song with Luciano Pavarotti, in a WarChild benefit concert.", "I'm Not Like Everybody Else. The song was first released as the B-side to their single \"Sunny Afternoon\" but soon became a favourite and was often part of the Kinks live act. Ray Davies continues to play the song regularly and used the song as an opening number in his 2006-2008 solo live appearances.", "I'm Not Like Everybody Else. \"I'm Not Like Everybody Else\" is a song written by Ray Davies and first recorded by The Kinks in 1966 and released that year as the B-side of \"Sunny Afternoon\". The lead vocal is sung by Dave Davies, with occasional parts vocalized by his brother Ray, the band's usual lead singer. The song is a defiant anthem of non-conformity. It has been covered by various artists, notably the Chocolate Watchband in their 1968 rendition of the song.", "List of A Different World episodes. Guest stars: Aries Spears and John Marshall Jones.", "List of A Different World episodes. Guest stars: Billy Dee Williams, Leslie Uggams, and Edafe Blackmon.", "Free Your Mind (song). The song is known for its innovative, award-winning music video, directed by Mark Romanek. On March 21, 1992, En Vogue performed 'Free Your Mind' on Saturday Night Live[6] for the first time to a positive reception. On January 21, 1993, En Vogue would perform the song on a sixth-season episode of the NBC sitcom A Different World (where they guest-starred as Vernon Gaines' nieces). It was certified gold by the RIAA in late 1992. It is one of several songs to feature all four members of the group on lead vocals.", "Alan Parsons. In October 1967, at the age of 18, Parsons went to work as an assistant engineer at Abbey Road Studios, where he earned his first credit on the LP Abbey Road. He became a regular there, engineering such projects as Paul McCartney's Wild Life and Red Rose Speedway, five albums by the Hollies, and Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon, for which he received his first Grammy Award nomination. He was known for doing more than what would normally be considered the scope of a recording engineer's duties.[citation needed] He considered himself to be a recording director, likening his contribution to recordings to what Stanley Kubrick contributed to film.[citation needed] This is apparent in his work with Al Stewart's \"Year of the Cat\", where Parsons added the saxophone part and transformed the original folk concept into the jazz-influenced ballad that put Al Stewart onto the charts.[citation needed] It is also heard in Parsons' influence on the Hollies' \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" and \"The Air That I Breathe\", sharp departures from their popular 1960s hits \"Stay\", \"Just One Look\", \"Stop! Stop! Stop!\" or \"Bus Stop\".[citation needed] Parsons was also known to have swapped shifts during the engineering of Dark Side of the Moon so he could work entirely on the project.[citation needed]", "Colin Blunstone. Blunstone's voice was considered one of the main factors in making the Zombies' single, \"She's Not There\", a big hit worldwide. In 1968, the band broke up over management issues, shortly after completing the baroque pop classic album, Odessey and Oracle.[3] Blunstone briefly worked as a clerk in the insurance business before resuming his musical career.[4] In 1969, he signed with Deram and released three singles under the pseudonym of Neil MacArthur, including a re-make of \"She's Not There\", which charted in the UK.[1]", "Hans Zimmer. A turning point in Zimmer's career occurred with the 1988 film Rain Man.[14] Hollywood director Barry Levinson was looking for someone to score Rain Man, and his wife heard the soundtrack CD of the anti-apartheid drama A World Apart, for which Zimmer had composed the music. Levinson was impressed by Zimmer's work and hired him to score Rain Man.[16] In the score, Zimmer uses synthesizers (mostly a Fairlight CMI) mixed with steel drums. Zimmer explained that \"It was a road movie, and road movies usually have jangly guitars or a bunch of strings. I kept thinking don't be bigger than the characters. Try to keep it contained. The Raymond character doesn't actually know where he is. The world is so different to him. He might as well be on Mars. So, why don't we just invent our own world music for a world that doesn't really exist?\".[17] Zimmer’s score for Rain Man was nominated for an Academy Award in 1989, and the film won four Academy Awards including Best Picture.[18]", "List of A Different World episodes. Guest stars: Shaun Baker, Monica Calhoun, and Tupac Shakur.", "Wild World (song). The Gavin Report wrote about the song: \"How many ways can a song be interpreted? In the case of Cat Stevens' 1971 smash there are at least three: The Catman's original, Maxi Priest, who gave it a reggae spin, and now Mr. Big's soulful, sensitive approach with a slight rock edge. Lead singer Eric Martin is powerful without overpowering the song.\"[14]", "The Royle Family. The show's theme song is \"Half the World Away\" by Oasis. When Aherne died, ex Oasis member Noel Gallagher performed a tribute to Aherne by playing it during a concert in America.[3]", "A Change of Seasons. The title track was recorded at BearTracks Studios in New York and was originally slated to be released on the 1992 album Images and Words, but was instead re-recorded and released as an EP.[2] Although the song includes audio samples from the 1989 film Dead Poets Society (as well as quotes from the 1648 Robert Herrick poem, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time),[3] the lyrics, written by drummer Mike Portnoy, were not inspired by the film. Instead, \"it's about the cycle of life. Basically, I took a lot of personal incidents, like losing my mother and a couple of things that happened in my life, and I wrote them into the lyrics.\"[4] A Change of Seasons was also the first Dream Theater release featuring Derek Sherinian on keyboards.", "Linda Perry. In June 1994, 4 Non Blondes guitarist Roger Rocha was replaced by Concrete Blonde member Jim Mankey, who had just played for Van Halen's cover \"I'm the One\" recorded as the theme from the movie Airheads. During sessions at Interscope studios in Los Angeles, the band struggled to come up with a followup to Bigger, and Perry left the band during the attempt to pursue a solo career. The band recorded one last video, for a cover of Led Zeppelin's \"Misty Mountain Hop\" with Dave Navarro on guitar.", "List of A Different World episodes. Guest stars: Diahann Carroll, Bebe Drake-Massey, Patti Labelle, Josephine Premice, and Harold Sylvester." ]

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[ "In the Night Garden.... The Ninky Nonk is a train of five differently sized and shaped carriages. Its size is non-euclidean: exterior shots of the moving Ninky Nonk show a toy-sized train, quite small compared to the main characters and scenery, while interiors and static exterior shots are done on sets or with life-sized models so that the main characters can easily fit inside. When it stops or starts, the seat-belted passengers jerk sharply in their seats. A range of bells and klaxons warn everyone inside. The Ninky Nonk can drive up and down trees and upside-down along branches. Like the other characters, it goes to sleep. The engine is banana-shaped with a green flashing light on top, and is followed by a green spheroidal carriage used by the Tombliboos, a tiny house-like carriage used by the Pontipines, a blue rectangular carriage with a flashing light used by Upsy Daisy, and a tall rounded single-seater carriage used by Igglepiggle. It was first featured in the episode \"Everybody, All Aboard the Ninky Nonk\". All the above characters are played by actors in costumes just like the Teletubbies.", "The King and I. Several months pass with no contact between Anna and the King. Anna is packed and ready to board a ship leaving Siam. Chulalongkorn arrives with a letter from the King, who has been unable to resolve the conflicts within himself and is dying. Anna hurries to the King's bedside and they reconcile. The King persuades her to take back the ring and to stay and assist the next king, Chulalongkorn. The dying man tells Anna to take dictation from the prince, and instructs the boy to give orders as if he were King. The prince orders the end of the custom of kowtowing that Anna hated. The King grudgingly accepts this decision. As Chulalongkorn continues, prescribing a less arduous bow to show respect for the king, his father dies. Anna kneels by the late King, holding his hand and kissing it, as the wives and children bow or curtsey, a gesture of respect to old king and new.", "The Fellowship of the Ring. Frodo's birthday and the date of his departure approach, but Gandalf does not appear, so Frodo decides to leave without him. Black Riders pursue Frodo's party. These turn out to be Nazgûl or Ringwraiths, \"the most terrible servants of the Dark Lord\" (men who have been corrupted by Sauron through the Nine Rings), who are searching for \"Baggins\" and the Ring. One of the Riders comes to the door of Sam's father, the Gaffer, the very evening before they depart. With the help of some elves led by Gildor and a hobbit named Farmer Maggot, the hobbits cross the Brandywine River and reach Crickhollow on the eastern border of the Shire. There Merry, Pippin, and Fatty reveal that they know of the Ring and of Frodo's plan to leave the Shire. Merry and Pippin decide to join Frodo and Sam, while Fatty stays behind as a decoy.", "Dunno. After receiving a magic wand from a wizard, Dunno, Pee-Wee, and Pachkulya Pyostrenkiy wish for a car and go on a road trip to Sun City. During their journey, they see many technological marvels like futuristic cars, bizarre architecture, televisions that can communicate with you, computerized chess players, etc. They also run into some trouble in the city, particularly when Dunno uses his magic wand to turn a Shorty into a donkey, and then turns two donkeys and a hinny into Shorties.", "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. A caption advises that, after Jim's death, increasing hostility among the city's various factions has caused the destruction of Mahagonny. To a potpourri of themes from earlier in the opera, groups of protesters are seen on the march, in conflict with one another, while the city burns in the background. Jenny and the whores carry Jim's clothing and accessories like sacred relics; Billy and several men carry his coffin. In a new theme, they and the others declare, \"Nothing you can do will help a dead man\". Begbick, Fatty and Moses appear with placards of their own, joining the entire company in its march and declaring \"Nothing will help him or us or you now,\" as the opera ends in chaos.", "Nazgûl. In 3018 the nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring left Rivendell as the \"Nine Walkers\", in opposition to the Nazgûl, the \"Nine Riders\". The latter reappeared mounted on hideous flying beasts (reminiscent of — and in part suggested by — pterodactyls).[8][9] They were then called Winged Nazgûl.", "Akan Chieftaincy. Nkyidom is the last going. He collects the soldiers who are left behind and sends them back to the army. During Odambea, Nkyidom always sits in the last palanquin.", "In the Night Garden.... Tombliboos Waving Game\nEverybody all aboard the Ninky Nonk\nThe Prettiest Flower\nMakka Pakka's Trumpet Makes a Funny Noise", "No One (Game of Thrones). With the Red Priests on their side and spreading pro-Daenerys propaganda, Tyrion Lannister and Varys see Meereen returning to life. After warning Tyrion not to trust the Red Priests, Varys leaves for Westeros on a secret mission to find more allies and ships. Tyrion then has a drink with Grey Worm and Missandei. He then tries to introduce them to humor by trading jokes. As they start having a good time, they are interrupted when a fleet which was sent by the masters arrives to attack the city, with Missandei explaining that they have come to recover their \"property\". As the masters' fleet bombards Meereen into the night, Tyrion and Grey Worm discuss their strategy when Daenerys Targaryen returns to the city, arriving at the top of the Great Pyramid with Drogon.", "List of The Neverending Story characters. The beginning of the novel as well as the film introduces a travelling party consisting of messengers: Gluckuk (Ückück in German), a tiny man (Winzling) riding a racing snail (in the film he is ultimately called Teeny Weeny and portrayed by Deep Roy), a Nighthob (Nachtalb) named Whooshwoozool (Wúschwusul) who rides on a bat, Pyornkrachzark (Pjörnrachzarck), a Rockbiter riding a stone vehicle, and Blubb, a will-o'-the-wisp. All four are sent by their respective people to the Ivory Tower to ask the Childlike Empress for help against the Nothing's destructive forces. In the film Blubb is ultimately not featured, and his actions are also given to the Rockbiter.", "List of Gurren Lagann characters. Zorthy Kanai (ゾーシィ・カナイ, Zōshī Kanai) appears at the end of episode seven as a new addition to Team Dai-Gurren. His most recognisable quality is his smoking habit, which is unique to every other character in the series. The name of his Gunmen is the Sozoshin. Zorthy is killed during the first deep space battle versus the Anti-Spirals. However, in the movie version, his death is avoided.", "List of Mortal Kombat characters. A member of an insect-like race called the Kytinn, from the island realm of Arnyek, which was merged with Outworld.[150] She is a featured character in the game's story mode, in which she is first seen as Kotal's follower, but in reality, she is actually a follower of Shinnok, along with Quan Chi. During the story, she assists the Earthrealm defenders retrieve Shinnok's amulet from Mileena, Tanya and Rain. After their success, she herself kills Mileena, betrays Kotal Kahn and travels to Earthrealm to free Quan Chi, who frees Shinnok. After Quan Chi's death at the hands of Hanzo, she accompanies Shinnok to the Jinsei temple, where she is captured by Cassie Cage during the final battle. The prequel comic reveals by how D'Vorah recently switched side with Shinnok and Quan Chi secretly behind Kotal Kahn's back, is right after she witnessed the ultimate power of Shinnok's amulet, demonstrated by Havik.", "In the Night Garden.... The Pinky Ponk is an airship, speckled with many slowly waving fins and several small propellers that can spin fast, plus a large propeller at the rear that always turns very gently. The characters often use it to travel around the forest, and during their journey are able to drink \"Pinky Ponk juice\" which is dispensed in \"sippy cups\". It comes in several colours. If drunk too much, you can feel ill, as demonstrated by Tombliboo Ooo.[11] As well as whirrings and clankings, and a sporadic honking sound from the \"Ponk light\" at the front, the Pinky Ponk makes flatulent noises.[12] Like the Ninky Nonk, the Pinky Ponk does not conform to euclidean geometry: exterior shots are chroma keyed model shots showing a model smaller than the main characters, while interior ones shots produced on a set into which they can fit. It has two doors, one for the costumed characters and the other for the tiny characters. One table has three seats (for the Tombliboos), another has two seats (for Iggle Piggle and Upsy Daisy), and the third has one seat (for Makka Pakka). The Pontipines take a table with no seats in a small room. It also has a habit of crashing into tree trunks, thus sounding the \"Ponk Alert\" (repeated honking and flashing of the \"Ponk Light\" and interior lights flashing and making noises.) This is a warning for all the passengers to take their seats and brace. Sometimes, the Pinky Ponk rocks during the \"Ponk Alert\", causing the passengers and their tables and chairs to slide from one end to the other. It, along with the Haahoos was first featured in the episode \"The Tombliboos' Waving Game\".", "Return to Oz. Upon awakening, Dorothy finds herself back in Oz with her chicken Billina, who can now talk. They find the Emerald City in ruins and its citizens (including the Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion) turned to stone. Pursued by Wheelers (humans who have wheels instead of hands and feet), Dorothy and Billina hide in a room accessed by a glyph key Billina earlier had found. They meet a mechanical man, Tik-Tok, who explains that King Scarecrow has been captured by the Nome King, a subterranean demon who is responsible for the Emerald City's destruction. The three visit princess Mombi in hopes of getting more information, but she is working with the Nome King and imprisons them.", "Las Meninas. To the rear and at right stands Don José Nieto Velázquez (8)—the queen's chamberlain during the 1650s, and head of the royal tapestry works—who may have been a relative of the artist. Nieto is shown pausing, with his right knee bent and his feet on different steps. As the art critic Harriet Stone observes, it is uncertain whether he is \"coming or going\".[28] He is rendered in silhouette and appears to hold open a curtain on a short flight of stairs, with an unclear wall or space behind. Both this backlight and the open doorway reveal space behind: in the words of the art historian Analisa Leppanen, they lure \"our eyes inescapably into the depths\".[29] The royal couple's reflection pushes in the opposite direction, forward into the picture space. The vanishing point of the perspective is in the doorway, as can be shown by extending the line of the meeting of wall and ceiling on the right. Nieto is seen only by the king and queen, who share the viewer's point of view, and not by the figures in the foreground. In the footnotes of Joel Snyder's article, the author recognizes that Nieto is the queen's attendant and was required to be at hand to open and close doors for her. Snyder suggests that Nieto appears in the doorway so that the king and queen might depart. In the context of the painting, Snyder argues that the scene is the end of the royal couple's sitting for Velázquez and they are preparing to exit, explaining that is \"why the menina to the right of the Infanta begins to curtsy\".[30]", "In the Night Garden.... Each episode starts with a different child in bed, while the narrator introduces the episode. The scene cuts to Iggle Piggle, in his boat, traveling to the Night Garden. Then the camera pans up to the sky and zooms in, followed by blooming flowers. After the title appears under a hedge, either the Ninky Nonk or the Pinky Ponk appears. The episodes end with one character receiving a bedtime story, which is generated by the magical gazebo that sits at the centre of the Night Garden. This story is a summary of the plot of the episode. Sometimes the characters all dance together under the Gazebo.", "The Return of the King. Frodo departs for the Undying Lands in the West with Gandalf, Bilbo Baggins, and many Elves, including Elrond, and Galadriel. Gandalf, Elrond, and Galadriel all carry with them the Three Elven Rings out of Middle-earth. With their departure, the Third Age ended. Sam, Merry, and Pippin watch Gandalf, Bilbo, Frodo, and the Elves depart and return home. Now heir to all of Frodo's possessions, Sam returns to Bag End, saddened by Frodo's departure. When Sam returns home at the end of the book, though, he is greeted by Rosie and his daughter, Elanor.", "Return to Oz. Dorothy, Billina, and Tik-Tok meet Jack Pumpkinhead, who explains he was brought to life via Mombi's Powder of Life. Dorothy uses the powder to vivify the Gump, the head of a moose-like animal whose body they put together using two sofas, palm leaves, a broom, and rope. Using the Gump as transport, the group escapes and flies across the Deadly Desert to reach the Nome King's mountain. In his underground domain, the Nome King tells Dorothy that the Scarecrow stole the emeralds from him to build the Emerald City, and should be punished. He does not listen when Dorothy protests that the emeralds preceded the Scarecrow at the city. The Scarecrow has been turned into an ornament, and the group has three guesses each to identify which one he is, or they will be turned into ornaments themselves. The Gump, Jack and Tik-Tok each fail and are turned into ornaments. The Nome King gives Dorothy the chance to go home unscathed since he has her discarded ruby slippers, but Dorothy refuses to use them to leave her companions.", "Pintel and Ragetti. In the sequel, the pair have escaped jail and are rowing a boat to Pelegosto island, along with the dog who holds the keys to the jail cells, whom they have named \"Poochie\". Ragetti has become somewhat religious, telling Pintel, \"Since we're not immortal no more, we gotta take care of our immortal souls\" when attempting to read the Bible (unsuccessfully, holding the book upside down). When they find the Black Pearl run aground on the island, Pintel convinces Ragetti that taking the ship would be salvage, and that salvaging would be saving it. Although they attempted to steal the Black Pearl, Jack magnanimously, if unintentionally, allows them to rejoin his crew. Although they become more or less loyal members of his crew, the writers state in the DVD commentary that Jack considers them, as well as James Norrington, as the most expendable crew members.", "Fortress of Solitude. The final version of the post-Crisis Fortress was home to Krypto and his dog-sitter Ned (the last remaining Superman robot), and contained a version of Kandor, a portal to the Phantom Zone, Kryptonian and alien artifacts, and holographic images of Jor-El and Lara.[1] The caretaker of the Fortress was Kelex, a Kryptonian robot that was a descendant of the Kelex robot that served Jor-El.", "Rebel Without a Cause. After a field trip to Griffith Observatory, Buzz provokes and challenges Jim to a knife fight. Unsatisfied by Jim's unwillingness to fight back, Buzz suggests stealing some cars to have a \"Chickie Run\" at a seaside cliff. At home, Jim ambiguously asks his father for advice about defending one's honor in a dangerous situation, but Frank advises him against confrontation of any kind. That night, during the chickie run, Buzz plunges to his death when the strap on his jacket sleeve becomes entangled with his door-latch lever, preventing him from exiting the car in time. As police approach, the gang flees, leaving Judy behind, but Jim patiently persuades her to leave with him and Plato.", "Star Wars Holiday Special. While the Imperials are all searching downstairs, the living room viewscreen activates, announcing that Tatooine is now being put under curfew by the Empire, because of \"subversive forces\". The video is announced as required viewing for all Imperial forces and much of it features Ackmena (Bea Arthur) running the Mos Eisley Cantina. Part of the scene is shown in the bar. Ackmena is approached by an admirer: Krelman, an amorous alien, who misunderstood something she said to him the other night. When the Empire announces the curfew, Ackmena announces a \"last drink\" and when the creatures ignore her, she sings a fun song, \"Good Night, But Not Goodbye\" set to the \"Cantina Band\" theme. Lumpy uses this opportunity to put his plan into motion, faking a repeated call for the Imperials to \"return to base\". They leave, but the head officer instructs one of the stormtroopers to stay behind. After the other Imperials leave, the stormtrooper still hears the repeating signal and realizes they were tricked. He finds Lumpy and destroys the machine, then chases Lumpy outside.", "Knights Who Say Ni. The Knights who say \"Ni!\"  Audio (US) (help·info), also called the Knights of Ni, are a band of knights encountered by King Arthur and his followers in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. They demonstrate their power by shouting \"Ni!\" (pronounced \"nee\"), terrifying the party, whom they refuse to allow passage through their forest unless appeased through the gift of a shrubbery.", "Lucy Pevensie. Lucy – along with Edmund, Peter, Digory, and Polly – are instantly transported to a great green field with fruit trees and a door that leads to nowhere, clothed in Narnian garb. Several people come in or out of the door, but most seem unable to see the fields or Lucy and her companions. After some time, Eustace, and then Jill, walk through the door, explaining that they had been to Narnia on the other side of it. Once everything in Narnia has been straightened out and many other Narnians had join them, the Friends of Narnia stand by as Aslan brings about the end of Old Narnia.", "No Country for Old Men (film). Carla Jean returns from her mother's funeral to find Chigurh waiting in her bedroom. She refuses his offer of a coin toss for her life, stating that the choice is his own. Chigurh leaves the house and carefully checks the soles of his boots. As he drives through town, he is injured in a car accident, bribes two young witnesses for their silence, and flees.", "The Happy Years. Expelled from other preparatory schools, most recently after causing a campus explosion, \"Dink\" Stover is given one last chance by his father to find maturity along with a proper education. On the way to a new academy, Dink promptly disrupts the trip of a fellow carriage passenger, Mr. Hopkins, by causing the horse to break into a gallop. He is unaware that Hopkins is his school's headmaster.", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen. The next to leave is the colonel, who rides out of camp one last time on his beloved horse Sophie. Once he reaches the 8063rd, he boards a waiting jeep to head towards his flight home, and donates Sophie to the orphanage for the children. Before he goes, he tells B.J. and Hawkeye that he was glad that they all worked together and that he will miss the good laughs they all shared, appreciating them because Hawkeye and B.J. always managed to give him joy when he needed it the most. After Potter climbs onto Sophie, Hawkeye and B.J. offer Potter a salute in appreciation of him. The colonel rides off into the distance, leaving the two Swampmates as the last people at the camp.", "Gendry. After Eddard Stark's political fall and eventual execution, Varys makes arrangements for the Night's Watch recruiter Yoren to take Gendry to the Wall in order to ensure his safety. Gendry travels north with Yoren and thirty other recruits including Lommy Greenhands, Hot Pie and a disguised Arya Stark. Not far from King's Landing they are stopped by several gold cloaks from the City Watch, who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as he is wanted by Queen Regent Cersei Lannister. Yoren refuses, and chases off the gold cloaks with his recruits.", "Rabbit of Caerbannog. Arthur then pulls the pin, holds up the Holy Hand Grenade and cries out \"One! Two! Five!\" Sir Galahad (Palin) corrects him: \"Three, sir!\" (Arthur's innumeracy is a running gag in the picture).[9] Arthur then yells \"Three!\" and hurls the grenade towards the rabbit. The grenade soars through the air – accompanied by a short bit of angelic choral music – bounces, and explodes. The killer rabbit is defeated, and the hapless knights errant continue on their quest. The noise also attracts policemen who were investigating the murder of a historian by a mounted knight earlier in the film.", "The Last Battle. Outside the stable, Tirian's group engages Shift and the Calormenes, but most of the remaining Narnians are all either killed or captured and sacrificed to Tash, by being thrown into the stable. Tirian throws Shift into the stable, and Tash, who has haunted the stable since Ginger briefly entered it, swallows the ape whole. This event frightens Rishda, who offers the remaining Narnians as sacrifices to Tash to avoid his god's wrath. But Tirian, left alone and fighting for his life, drags Rishda into the stable and finds himself in a vast and beautiful land. Tash appears, seizing Rishda, and advances on Tirian just as the Friends of Narnia appear, all dressed as kings and queens. (Susan does not appear, they explain, because she has stopped believing in Narnia, thinking it only a silly childhood game.) Peter in the name of Aslan orders Tash to return to his realm, and Tash vanishes with Rishda in his clutches. The faithless Dwarfs are present but cannot see they are in Aslan's country; they perceive themselves to be locked in a stable. Aslan demonstrates that, without faith, even he cannot help them.", "No One (Game of Thrones). At the House of Black and White, Jaqen H'ghar finds a bloodtrail and follows it to the Hall of Faces, where he finds the Waif's face. Arya then holds Jaqen at sword point. Jaqen congratulates Arya by telling her that she is finally No One. However, she rejects the title, asserting her identity as Arya Stark before turning and leaving, announcing that she is \"going home.\" Jaqen proudly watches on as she leaves.", "A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush. The action in the book moves from Newby's life in the fashion business in London to Afghanistan. On the way Newby describes his very brief training in mountaineering in North Wales, a stop in Istanbul, and a nearly-disastrous drive across Turkey and Persia. They are driven out to the Panjshir Valley, where they begin their walk, with many small hardships described in a humorous narrative, supported by genuine history of Nuristan and brief descriptions of the rare moments of beauty along the way. Disagreements with Newby's Persian-speaking companion Hugh Carless, and odd phrases in an antique grammar book, are exploited to comic effect." ]

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[ "Iraq War. The Iraq War[nb 1] was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.[53] An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "Arab world. The Iran–Iraq War (also known as the First Gulf War and by various other names) was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the second longest conventional war of the 20th century. It was initially referred to in English as the \"Gulf War\" prior to the \"Gulf War\" of 1990.", "Rationale for the Iraq War. The rationale for the Iraq War (i.e. the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent hostilities) has been a contentious issue since the Bush administration began actively pressing for military intervention in Iraq in late 2001. The primary rationalization for the Iraq War was articulated by a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress known as the Iraq Resolution.", "Iraqi Civil War (2014–present). The Iraqi Civil War is an armed conflict which began in January 2014. In 2014, the Iraqi insurgency escalated into a civil war with the conquest of Fallujah, Mosul, Tikrit and in the major areas of northern Iraq by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS). This resulted in the forced resignation of Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, as well as airstrikes by the United States, Iran, Syria, and at least a dozen other countries,[69] the participation of Iranian troops[70] and military and logistical aid provided to Iraq by Russia.[69] On 9 December 2017, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announced victory over ISIL,[71] though others warned that they expected ISIL to fight on via an insurgency, and by other means.[72][73][74]", "Iran–Iraq War. The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire. Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state, and was worried that the 1979 Iranian Revolution would lead Iraq's Shi'ite majority to rebel against the Ba'athist government. The war also followed a long history of border disputes, and Iraq planned to annex the oil-rich Khuzestan Province and the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud).", "Iraq War. In the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014. The al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. In the summer of 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launched a military offensive in Northern Iraq and declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting another military response from the United States and its allies. The Iraq War caused over a hundred thousand civilian deaths and tens of thousands of military deaths (see estimates below). The majority of deaths occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.", "Iraq–United States relations. The Iraqi insurgency, later referred to as the Iraq Crisis, escalated after the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups. This escalated into a civil war with the conquest of Fallujah and Mosul and major areas in northern Iraq by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS). This has resulted in airstrikes by Iran, Syria, and other countries – including the United States[131]", "War on Terror. The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air campaign, which was immediately followed by a U.S.-led ground invasion. The Bush administration stated the invasion was the \"serious consequences\" spoken of in the UNSC Resolution 1441, partially by Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction. The Bush administration also stated the Iraq war was part of the War on Terror; something later questioned or contested.", "Iraq War. The summer of 2005 saw fighting around Baghdad and at Tall Afar in northwestern Iraq as U.S. forces tried to seal off the Syrian border. This led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the Euphrates valley between the capital and that border.[145]", "Iraq War. The invasion began on 20 March 2003,[54] with the U.S., joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launching a \"shock and awe\" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of the occupation led to widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis, as well as a lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces. Many violent insurgent groups were supported by Iran and al-Qaeda in Iraq. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011.[55]", "History of Iraq. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war, the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988, termed Qādisiyyat-Saddām – 'Saddam's Qādisiyyah'), which devastated the economy. Iraq declared victory in 1988 but actually achieved a weary return to the status quo ante bellum, meaning both sides retained their original borders.", "Iran–Iraq War. The Iran–Iraq War was originally referred to as the Gulf War until the Persian Gulf War of 1990 and 1991, after which it was known as the First Persian Gulf War. The Iraq–Kuwait conflict, which was known as the Second Persian Gulf War, eventually became known simply as the Gulf War. The Iraq War from 2003 to 2011 has been called the Second Persian Gulf War[citation needed].", "Military history of the United States. The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991, resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces, which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths. Despite the low death toll, over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as \"permanently disabled\" according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (see Gulf War Syndrome). The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Land combat did not expand outside of the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although the coalition bombed cities and strategic targets across Iraq, and Iraq fired missiles on Israeli and Saudi cities.[67]", "Iraq War. By mid-2014 the country was in chaos with a new government yet to be formed following national elections, and the insurgency reaching new heights. In early June 2014 the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish forces took control of key military installations in the major oil city of Kirkuk. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki asked his parliament to declare a state of emergency that would give him increased powers, but the lawmakers refused.[312]", "History of Iraq. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, launching a simultaneous invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on 22 September 1980, following a long history of border disputes, and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. Iraq was also aiming to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. The United States supported Saddam Hussein in the war against Iran.[21] Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of the revolutionary chaos in Iran and attacked without formal warning, they made only limited progress into Iran and within several months were repelled by the Iranians who regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive.[22] Despite calls for a ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988. The war finally ended with a United Nations brokered ceasefire in the form of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, which was accepted by both sides. It took several weeks for the Iranian armed forces to evacuate Iraqi territory to honor pre-war international borders between the two nations (see 1975 Algiers Agreement). The last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003.[22][23]", "Iraq War. In the summer of 2014 President Obama announced the return of U.S. forces to Iraq, but only in the form of aerial support, in an effort to halt the advance of ISIS forces, render humanitarian aid to stranded refugees and stabilize the political situation.[313] On 14 August 2014, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki succumbed to pressure at home and abroad to step down. This paved the way for Haidar al-Abadi to take over on 19 August 2014. In what was claimed to be revenge for the aerial bombing ordered by President Obama, ISIS, which by this time had changed their name to the Islamic State, beheaded an American journalist, James Foley, who had been kidnapped two years previously. Despite U.S. bombings and breakthroughs on the political front, Iraq remained in chaos with the Islamic State consolidating its gains, and sectarian violence continuing unabated. On 22 August 2014, suspected Shia militants opened fire on a Sunni mosque during Friday prayers, killing 70 worshippers. Separately, Iraqi forces in helicopters killed 30 Sunni fighters in the town of Dhuluiya.[314] A day later, apparently in retaliation for the attack on the mosque, three bombings across Iraq killed 35 people.[315]", "Rationale for the Iraq War. The United States officially declared its combat role in Iraq over on August 31, 2010, although several thousand troops remained in the country until all American troops were withdrawn from Iraq by December 2011; meanwhile American troops also engaged in combat with Iraqi insurgents. In June 2014, however, U.S. forces were reinstated in Iraq due to the escalation of instability in the region and as of June 2015, the number of American ground troops totaled to 3,550. Between December 2011 and June 2014, Department of Defense officials estimated that there were 200 to 300 personnel based at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad.[12]", "Iraq War. Iraqi insurgency surged in the aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal as insurgent groups, primarily radical Sunni, fought against the central government. Some 1,000 people were killed across Iraq within the first two months after U.S. withdrawal.", "Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–08). The use of the term \"civil war\" has been controversial, with a number of commentators preferring the term \"civil conflict\". A poll of over 5,000 Iraqi nationals found that 27% of polled Iraqi residents agreed that Iraq was in a civil war, while 61% thought Iraq was not.[23] Two similar polls of Americans conducted in 2006 found that between 65% to 85% believed Iraq was in a civil war.[21][22]", "Iraq War. The most serious fighting of the war so far began on 31 March 2004, when Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a Blackwater USA convoy led by four U.S. private military contractors who were providing security for food caterers Eurest Support Services.[137] The four armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire. Subsequently, their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by local people, beaten, set ablaze, and their burned corpses hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates.[138] Photos of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing a great deal of indignation and moral outrage in the United States, and prompting an unsuccessful \"pacification\" of the city: the First Battle of Fallujah in April 2004.", "Iraq War. The invasion and occupation led to sectarian violence which caused widespread displacement among Iraqi civilians. The Iraqi Red Crescent organization estimated the total internal displacement was around 2.3 million in 2008, with as many as 2 million Iraqis having left the country. Poverty led many Iraqi women to turn to prostitution to support themselves and their families, attracting sex tourists from regional lands. The invasion led to a constitution which supported democracy as long as laws did not violate traditional Islamic principles, and a parliamentary election was held in 2005. In addition the invasion preserved the autonomy of the Kurdish region, and stability brought new economic prosperity. Because the Kurdish region is historically the most democratic area of Iraq, many Iraqi refugees from other territories fled into the Kurdish land.[307]", "Iraq–United States relations. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U.S., joined by the U.K. and several coalition allies, launching a \"shock and awe\" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of the occupation led to widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis, as well as a lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007 to attempt to reduce the violence.", "2003 invasion of Iraq. The U.S. invasion of Iraq was the most widely and closely reported war in military history.[240] Television network coverage was largely pro-war and viewers were six times more likely to see a pro-war source as one who was anti-war.[241] The New York Times ran a number of articles describing Saddam Hussein's attempts to build weapons of mass destruction. The 8 September 2002 article titled \"U.S. Says Hussein Intensifies Quest for A-Bomb Parts\" would be discredited, leading The New York Times to issue a public statement admitting it was not as rigorous as it should have been.[242]", "Rationale for the Iraq War. The 1991 Gulf War never fully ended because no armistice formally ended it. As a result, relations between the United States, the United Nations, and Iraq remained strained, although Saddam Hussein issued formal statements renouncing his invasion of Kuwait and made reparations payments for Kuwait. The U.S. and the United Nations maintained a policy of \"containment\" towards Iraq, which involved economic sanctions, Iraqi no-fly zones enforced by the United States, United Kingdom, and France (until ending its no-fly zone operations in 1998) and ongoing inspections of Iraqi weapons programs.[2] In 2002, the UN Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 demanding that Iraq \"comply with its disarmament obligations\" and allow weapons inspections. Iraq war critics such as former weapons inspector Scott Ritter claimed that these sanctions and weapons inspections policies, supported by both the Bush and Clinton administrations, were actually intended to foster regime change in Iraq.[13]", "Iraq War. The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance, though not what the U.S., British and other forces expected. The Iraqi regime had prepared to fight both a conventional and irregular war at the same time, conceding territory when faced with superior conventional forces, largely armored, but launching smaller scale attacks in the rear using fighters dressed in civilian and paramilitary clothes.", "Iran–Iraq War. Tensions between Iraq and Iran were fueled by Iran's Islamic revolution and its appearance of being a Pan-Islamic force, in contrast to Iraq's Arab nationalism. Despite Iraq's goals of regaining the Shatt al-Arab,[note 1] the Iraqi government seemed to initially welcome Iran's Revolution, which overthrew Iran's Shah, who was seen as a common enemy.[44][51] It is difficult to pinpoint when tensions began to build but there were frequent cross-border skirmishes, largely at Iran's instigation.[14]", "2003 invasion of Iraq. Both supporters and opponents of the Iraq War widely viewed it within the context of a post–11 September world, where the U.S. has sought to make terrorism the defining international security paradigm. Bush often described the Iraq War as a \"central front in the war on terror\".[278] Some critics of the war, particularly within the U.S. military community, argued pointedly against the conflation of Iraq and the war on terror, and criticized Bush for losing focus on the more important objective of fighting al-Qaeda. As Marine Lieutenant General Greg Newbold, the Pentagon's former top operations officer, wrote in a 2006 Time article, \"I now regret that I did not more openly challenge those who were determined to invade a country whose actions were peripheral to the real threat—al-Qaeda.\"[279]", "Iraq War. Strong international opposition to the Saddam Hussein regime began after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The international community condemned the invasion,[62] and in 1991 a military coalition led by the United States launched the Gulf War to expel Iraq from Kuwait. Following the Gulf War, the US and its allies tried to keep Saddam in check with a policy of containment. This policy involved numerous economic sanctions by the UN Security Council; the enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones declared by the US and the UK to protect the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan and Shias in the south from aerial attacks by the Iraqi government; and ongoing inspections to ensure Iraq's compliance with United Nations resolutions concerning Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.", "Rationale for the Iraq War. In the lead-up to the invasion, the U.S. and UK emphasized the argument that Saddam Hussein was developing weapons of mass destruction and that he thus presented a threat to his neighbors and to the world community. The U.S. stated \"on November 8, 2002, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1441. All fifteen members of the Security Council agreed to give Iraq a final opportunity to comply with its obligations and disarm or face the serious consequences of failing to disarm. The resolution strengthened the mandate of the UN Monitoring and Verification Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), giving them authority to go anywhere, at any time and talk to anyone in order to verify Iraq's disarmament.\"[3] Throughout late 2001, 2002, and early 2003, the Bush Administration worked to build a case for invading Iraq, culminating in then Secretary of State Colin Powell's February 2003 address to the Security Council.[4] Shortly after the invasion, the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, and other intelligence agencies largely discredited evidence related to Iraqi weapons as well as links to Al-Qaeda, and at this point the Bush and Blair Administrations began to shift to secondary rationales for the war, such as the Hussein government's human rights record and promoting democracy in Iraq.[5][6] Opinion polls showed that people of nearly all countries opposed a war without UN mandate and that the view of the United States as a danger to world peace had significantly increased.[7][8] UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan described the war as illegal, saying in a September 2004 interview that it was \"not in conformity with the Security Council.\"[9]", "Iraq War. Both proponents and opponents of the invasion have also criticized the prosecution of the war effort along a number of other lines. Most significantly, critics have assailed the United States and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for post-invasion Iraq, and for permitting and perpetrating human rights abuses. As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs. In 2016, the United Kingdom published the Iraq Inquiry, a public inquiry which was broadly critical of the actions of the British government and military in making the case for the war, in tactics and in planning for the aftermath of the war.[320][321][322]", "Presidency of George W. Bush. After 2003, more and more Iraqis began to see the U.S. as an occupying force. The fierce fighting of the First Battle of Fallujah alienated many in Iraq, while cleric Muqtada al-Sadr encouraged many Shia Muslims to oppose the CPA.[100] Sunni and Shia insurgents engaged in a campaign of guerilla warfare against the United States, blunting the technological and organizational advantages of the U.S. military.[101] While fighting in Iraq continued, domestic opposition to the war also strengthened, and many anti-war activists held protests against the Iraq War. In increasingly greater numbers, congressional Democrats such as Jack Murtha began attacking the war as well.[102] Bremer left Iraq in June 2004, transferring power to the Iraqi Interim Government, which was led by Ayad Allawi.[101] In January 2005, the Iraqi people voted on representatives for the Iraqi National Assembly, and the Shia United Iraqi Alliance formed a governing coalition led by Ibrahim al-Jaafari. In October 2005, the Iraqis ratified a new constitution that created a decentralized governmental structure dividing Iraq into communities of Sunni Arabs, Shia Arabs, and Kurds. After another election, Jafari was succeeded as prime minister by another Shia, Nouri al-Maliki. The elections failed to quell the insurgency, and hundreds of U.S. soldiers stationed in Iraq died during 2005 and 2006. Sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shias also intensified following the 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing.[103] In a December 2006 report, the bipartisan Iraq Study Group described the situation in Iraq as \"grave and deteriorating,\" and the report called for the U.S. to gradually withdraw soldiers from Iraq.[104]", "2003 invasion of Iraq. The fall of Baghdad saw the outbreak of regional, sectarian violence throughout the country, as Iraqi tribes and cities began to fight each other over old grudges. The Iraqi cities of Al-Kut and Nasiriyah launched attacks on each other immediately following the fall of Baghdad to establish dominance in the new country, and the U.S.-led Coalition quickly found themselves embroiled in a potential civil war. U.S.-led Coalition forces ordered the cities to cease hostilities immediately, explaining that Baghdad would remain the capital of the new Iraqi government. Nasiriyah responded favorably and quickly backed down; however, Al-Kut placed snipers on the main roadways into town, with orders that invading forces were not to enter the city. After several minor skirmishes, the snipers were removed, but tensions and violence between regional, city, tribal, and familial groups continued." ]

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[ "AK-47. The AK-47, AK, or as it is officially known (Russian: Автома́т Кала́шникова, tr. Avtomát Kaláshnikova, lit. Kalashnikov's Automatic Rifle), also known as the Kalashnikov, is a gas-operated, 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov rifle (or \"AK\") family.", "AK-47. The AK-47 was designed to be a simple, reliable fully automatic rifle that could be manufactured quickly and cheaply, using mass production methods that were state of the art in the Soviet Union during the late 1940s.[38] The AK-47 uses a long stroke gas system that is generally associated with great reliability in adverse conditions.[26][39][40] The large gas piston, generous clearances between moving parts, and tapered cartridge case design allow the gun to endure large amounts of foreign matter and fouling without failing to cycle.", "AKM. The AKM (Russian: Автомат Калашникова модернизированный, translit. Avtomat Kalashnikova modernizirovanniy, lit. 'Modernized Automatic Kalashnikov') is a 7.62mm assault rifle designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is a common modernized variant of the AK-47 rifle developed in the 1940s.", "AK-47. Both licensed and unlicensed production of the Kalashnikov weapons abroad were almost exclusively of the AKM variant, partially due to the much easier production of the stamped receiver. This model is the most commonly encountered, having been produced in much greater quantities. All rifles based on the Kalashnikov design are frequently referred to as AK-47s in the West, although this is only correct when applied to rifles based on the original three receiver types.[37] In most former Eastern Bloc countries, the weapon is known simply as the \"Kalashnikov\" or \"AK\". The differences between the milled and stamped receivers includes the use of rivets rather than welds on the stamped receiver, as well as the placement of a small dimple above the magazine well for stabilization of the magazine.", "List of English words of Russian origin. Kalashnikov Alternative name for the AK-47 assault rifle (AK-47 short for Russian: Автома́т Кала́шникова образца́ 1947 го́да, Avtomat Kalashnikova obraztsa 1947 goda Automatic Kalashnikov rifle, invented by Soviet soldier and small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov and first adopted in 1947; the term \"kalashnikov\" was not used until 1970) A type of rifle or sub-machine gun of Soviet Union and used in most Eastern Bloc countries during the Cold War. The term later became associated with nationalist, guerrilla and terrorist groups who use it exclusively or extensively.", "AK-47. Once the manufacturing difficulties of non milled receivers had been overcome, a redesigned version designated the AKM (M for \"modernized\" or \"upgraded\"; in Russian: Автомат Калашникова Модернизированный [Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy]) was introduced in 1959.[34] This new model used a stamped sheet metal receiver and featured a slanted muzzle brake on the end of the barrel to compensate for muzzle rise under recoil. In addition, a hammer retarder was added to prevent the weapon from firing out of battery (without the bolt being fully closed), during rapid or fully automatic fire.[33] This is also sometimes referred to as a \"cyclic rate reducer\", or simply \"rate reducer\", as it also has the effect of reducing the number of rounds fired per minute during fully automatic fire. It was also roughly one-third lighter than the previous model.[34]", "Comparison of the AK-47 and M16. The AK-47 is a select-fire, 7.62×39mm, air-cooled, long-stroke-piston gas-operated, magazine-fed rifle, with a rotating bolt. It was designed to be a simple, reliable automatic rifle that could be manufactured quickly and cheaply, using mass production methods that were state of the art in the Soviet Union during the late 1940s. The AK-47's barrel and bolt were milled out of a steel billet and hard chromed. Its receiver was originally designed to be stamped from sheet metal with a milled trunnion insert. However, there were many difficulties during the initial phase of production causing high rejection rates due to faulty receivers.[108] Instead of halting production, a heavy forged steel machined receiver was substituted for the sheet metal receiver.[108][109] This was a more costly and time consuming process, but advanced the program's development and accelerated production.[108][109] The AK's furniture was simply made out of wood, which was a non-strategic material, and perfectly fits the Soviet manufacturing philosophy, where large manufacturing plants produce basic weapons in very large quantities.", "AK-47. In November 1947, the new prototypes (AK-47s) were completed. It utilized a long-stroke gas piston above the barrel. The upper and lower receivers were combined into a single receiver. The selector and safety were combined into a single control-lever/dust-cover on the right side of the rifle. And, the bolt-handle was simply attached to the bolt-carrier. This simplified the design and production of the rifle. The first army trial series began in early 1948.[32] The new rifle proved to be reliable under a wide range of conditions with convenient handling characteristics. In 1949, it was adopted by the Soviet Army as \"7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK)\".[7]", "AK-47. The AK-47 and its variants are made in dozens of countries, with \"quality ranging from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship.\"[66] As a result, the AK-47 has a service/system life of approximately 6,000,[67] to 10,000,[68] to 15,000[69] rounds. The AK-47 was designed to be a cheap, simple, easy to manufacture assault rifle,[70] perfectly matching Soviet military doctrine that treats equipment and weapons as disposable items.[71] As units are often deployed without adequate logistical support and dependent on \"battlefield cannibalization\" for resupply, it is actually more cost-effective to replace rather than repair weapons.[71]", "AK-47. In Mexico, the AK-47 is known as \"Cuerno de Chivo\" (literally \"Goat's Horn\") because of its curved magazine design. It is one of the weapons of choice of Mexican drug cartels. It is sometimes mentioned in Mexican folk music lyrics.[152]", "Stock (firearms). AK-47 with a three piece stock consisting of butt, grip and fore-end", "AK-47. Some Western countries associate the AK-47 with their enemies; both Cold War era and present-day. For example, Western movies often portray criminals, gang members and terrorists using AK-47s. For these reasons, in the U.S. and Western Europe, the AK-47 is stereotypically regarded as the weapon of choice of insurgents, gangsters and terrorists. Conversely, throughout the developing world, the AK-47 can be positively attributed with revolutionaries against foreign occupation, imperialism, or colonialism.[137]", "AK-47. To fire, the operator inserts a loaded magazine, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and then pulls the trigger. In semi-automatic, the firearm fires only once, requiring the trigger to be released and depressed again for the next shot. In fully automatic, the rifle continues to fire automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber until the magazine is exhausted or pressure is released from the trigger. After ignition of the cartridge primer and propellant, rapidly expanding propellant gases are diverted into the gas cylinder above the barrel through a vent near the muzzle. The build-up of gases inside the gas cylinder drives the long-stroke piston and bolt carrier rearward and a cam guide machined into the underside of the bolt carrier, along with an ejector spur on the bolt carrier rail guide, rotates the bolt approximately 35° and unlocks it from the barrel extension via a camming pin on the bolt. The moving assembly has about 5.5 mm (0.2 in) of free travel, which creates a delay between the initial recoil impulse of the piston and the bolt unlocking sequence, allowing gas pressures to drop to a safe level before the seal between the chamber and the bolt is broken. The AK-47 does not have a gas valve; excess gases are ventilated through a series of radial ports in the gas cylinder. The Kalashnikov operating system offers no primary extraction upon bolt rotation, but uses an extractor claw to eject the spent cartridge case.[49]", "AK-47. The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations. \"Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44.\"[19] Kalashnikov's team had access to these weapons and had no need to \"reinvent the wheel\". Kalashnikov himself observed: \"A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor, and how new weaponry is designed. These are very difficult questions. Each designer seems to have his own paths, his own successes and failures. But one thing is clear: before attempting to create something new, it is vital to have a good appreciation of everything that already exists in this field. I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so.\"[17]", "AKM. The weapon uses the same ammunition as the AK-47: the 7.62×39mm M43 intermediate rifle cartridge. The AKM mechanism's design principles and procedures for loading and firing are practically identical to those of the AK-47, the only difference being the trigger assembly (during the return stage of the bolt carrier on fully automatic mode) as a result of incorporating the rate reducer device.", "AKM. The AKM is an assault rifle using the 7.62×39mm Soviet intermediate cartridge. It is gas operated with a rotating bolt. The AKM is capable of selective fire, firing either single shots or automatic at a cyclic rate of 600 rounds/min. Despite being replaced in the late 1970s by the AK-74 the AKM is still in service in some Russian Army reserve and second-line units and several east European countries.", "AK-47. The AK-47 uses a notched rear tangent iron sight calibrated in 100 m (109 yd) increments from 100 to 800 m (109 to 875 yd).[51] The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field. Horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armory before issue or if the need arises by an armorer after issue. The sight line elements are approximately 48.5 mm (1.9 in) over the bore axis. The \"point-blank range\" battle zero setting \"П\" standing for постояннаяon (constant) on the 7.62×39mm AK-47 rear tangent sight element corresponds to a 300 m (328 yd) zero.[51][52] These settings mirror the Mosin–Nagant and SKS rifles, which the AK-47 replaced. For the AK-47 combined with service cartridges, the 300 m battle zero setting limits the apparent \"bullet rise\" within approximately −5 to +31 cm (−2.0 to 12.2 in) relative to the line of sight. Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing the sights on the center of mass (the belt buckle, according to Russian and former Soviet doctrine) of the enemy target. Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant, as a well-aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier. Some AK-type rifles have a front sight with a flip-up luminous dot that is calibrated at 50 m (55 yd), for improved night fighting.[51]", "AK-47. The Soviets soon developed the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge,[12] the semi-automatic SKS carbine and the RPD light machine gun.[14] Shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS in Soviet service.[15][16] Introduced in 1959, the AKM is a lighter stamped steel version and the most ubiquitous variant of the entire AK series of firearms. In the 1960s, the Soviets introduced the RPK light machine gun, an AK type weapon with a stronger receiver, a longer heavy barrel, and a bipod, that would eventually replace the RPD light machine gun.[14]", "AK-47. AK-47s of the PAIGC-liberation movement, ready to be transported from Senegal to Guinea-Bissau, 1973", "AK-47. For the further developed AK models, see Kalashnikov rifles.", "AK-47. Even after almost seven decades, the model and its variants remain the most popular and widely used assault rifles in the world because of their substantial reliability under harsh conditions, low production costs compared to contemporary Western weapons, availability in virtually every geographic region and ease of use. The AK-47 has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces and insurgencies worldwide, and was the basis for developing many other types of individual, crew-served and specialised firearms. As of 2004[update], \"Of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s\".[2]", "AK-47. Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. In 1946, the AK-47 was presented for official military trials, and in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service with selected units of the Soviet Army. An early development of the design was the AKS (S—Skladnoy or \"folding\"), which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock. In early 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[7] and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.", "AK-47. In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of the Third World revolution. They were utilized in the Cambodian Civil War and the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.[138] During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations, including Middle Eastern nations such as Iran,[citation needed] Libya, and Syria, which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. After the fall of the Soviet Union, AK-47s were sold both openly[by whom?] and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states, and more recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as Al-Qaeda, ISIL, and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejército de Liberación Nacional guerrillas in Colombia.[137]", "AK-47. The AK-47 has been used in the following conflicts:", "AK-47. There were many difficulties during the initial phase of production. The first production models had stamped sheet metal receivers with a milled trunnion and butt stock insert, and a stamped body. Difficulties were encountered in welding the guide and ejector rails, causing high rejection rates.[33] Instead of halting production, a heavy[N 2] machined receiver was substituted for the sheet metal receiver. Even though production of these milled rifles started in 1951, they were officially referred to as AK-49, based on the date their development started, but they are much widely known in the collectors' and current commercial market as \"Type 2 AK-47\".[34][35] This was a more costly process, but the use of machined receivers accelerated production as tooling and labor for the earlier Mosin–Nagant rifle's machined receiver were easily adapted.[36] Partly because of these problems, the Soviets were not able to distribute large numbers of the new rifle to soldiers until 1956. During this time, production of the interim SKS rifle continued.[33]", "AK-47. Manufacturing countries of AK-47 and its variants in alphabetical order.", "Bayonet. Russian AK-47 bayonet and scabbard.", "AK-47. A private company Kalashnikov Concern (formerly Izhmash) from Russia has repeatedly claimed that the majority of foreign manufacturers are producing AK-type rifles without proper licensing.[92][93]", "AK-47. The vertical and horizontal mean (R50) deviations with service ammunition at 800 m (875 yd) for AK platforms are.", "Assault rifle. The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR, and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56).[23] As a result, more AK-type weapons have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.[35] As of 2004, \"of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s.\"[35]", "AK-47. The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique and its emblem, an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s.[149] It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the flags of Hezbollah, Syrian Resistance, FARC-EP, the New People's Army, TKP/TIKKO and the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces.", "AKM. The AKM’s barrel is installed in the forward trunnion and pinned (as opposed to the AK-47, which has a one piece receiver with integral trunnions and a barrel that is screwed-in). Additionally the barrel has horizontal guide slots that help align and secure the handguards in place. To increase the weapon’s accuracy during automatic fire, the AKM was fitted with a slant cut muzzle brake that helps redirect expanding propellant gases upward and to the right during firing, which mitigates the rise of the muzzle during an automatic burst when held by a right-handed firer. The muzzle brake is threaded on to the end of the barrel with a left-hand thread. Not all AKMs had slant muzzle brakes; some were also fitted with the older muzzle nut which came from the AK-47. Most AKMs with muzzle nuts were older production weapons. The AKM's slant brake can also be used on the AK-47, which had a simple nut to cover the threads." ]

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[ "European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; French: Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention and its protocols.", "European Court of Human Rights. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the Court can also issue advisory opinions. The Convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 47 member states are contracting parties to the Convention. The Court is based in Strasbourg, France.", "European Court of Human Rights. The Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) is not related to the European Court of Human Rights. However, since all EU states are members of the Council of Europe and have signed the Convention on Human Rights, there are concerns about consistency in case law between the two courts. The ECJ refers to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and treats the Convention on Human Rights as though it was part of the EU's legal system, since it forms part of the legal principles of the EU member states.", "European Court of Human Rights. The Court was established on 21 January 1959 on the basis of Article 19 of the European Convention on Human Rights when its first members were elected by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.[1] The Convention charges the Court with ensuring the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the Convention and its protocols, that is ensuring the enforcement and implementation of the European Convention in the member states of the Council of Europe.", "European Court of Human Rights. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the Court.[2] A Committee is constituted by three judges, Chambers by seven judges and a Grand Chamber by 17 judges.[2]", "European integration. The most important achievement of the Council of Europe is the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 with its European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which serves as a de facto supreme court for human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout Europe. Human rights are also protected by the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture and the European Social Charter.", "European Court of Human Rights. The building, which houses the court chambers and Registry (administration and référendaires), was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and completed in 1995. The design is meant to reflect, amongst other things, the two distinct components of the Commission and Court (as it was then). Wide scale use of glass emphasises the openness of the court to European citizens.[citation needed]", "International human rights law. The European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states.[28] In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list.[32][33][34] About one out of every twenty cases submitted to the court is considered admissible.[35] In 2007, the court issued 1,503 verdicts. At the current rate of proceedings, it would take 46 years for the backlog to clear.[36]", "European Court of Human Rights. The jurisdiction of the Court has been recognized to date by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe. On 1 November, 1998, the Court became a full-time institution and the European Commission of Human Rights, which used to decide on admissibility of applications, was abolished by Protocol 11.[2][3]", "International human rights law. The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.[28] All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this Convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.[28] In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment,[29][30] the Committee for the Prevention of Torture was established.[31]", "International human rights law. The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the Council is in Strasbourg in France.", "Council of Europe. The Council of Europe's most famous achievement is the European Convention on Human Rights, which was adopted in 1950 following a report by the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly, and followed on from the United Nations 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' (UDHR).[17] The Convention created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. The Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court. It is to this court that Europeans can bring cases if they believe that a member country has violated their fundamental rights and freedoms.", "European Court of Justice. All the EU's judicial bodies are based in Luxembourg City, separate from the political institutions in Brussels and Strasbourg. The Court of Justice is based in the Palais building, currently under expansion, in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City.", "Freedom of speech by country. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Any person who feels his or her rights have been violated under the Convention by a state party can take a case to the Court. Judgements finding violations are binding on the States concerned and they are obliged to execute them. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe monitors the execution of judgements, particularly to ensure payment of the amounts awarded by the Court to the applicants in compensation for the damage they have sustained.", "Human rights. International human rights regimes are in several cases \"nested\" within more comprehensive and overlapping regional agreements. These regional regimes can be seen as relatively independently coherent human rights sub-regimes.[67] Three principal regional human rights instruments can be identified; the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights (the Americas) and the European Convention on Human Rights. The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.[68] All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed the Convention and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.[68]", "European Court of Human Rights. The European Convention on Human Rights requires all hearings to be in public, unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying the holding of a private hearing. In practice the majority of cases are heard in private following written pleadings. In confidential proceedings the Court may assist both parties in securing a settlement, in which case the Court monitors the compliance of the agreement with the Convention. However, in many cases, a hearing is not held.", "International human rights law. The Council of Europe is responsible for both the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights.[24] These institutions bind the Council's members to a code of human rights which, although strict, is more lenient than that of the UN Charter on human rights.[citation needed]", "European Court of Human Rights. The Chamber of the Court then deliberates and judges the case on its admissibility and its merits. Cases that raise serious questions of interpretation and application of the European Convention on Human Rights, a serious issue of general importance, or which may depart from previous case law can be heard in the Grand Chamber if all parties to the case agree to the Chamber of the Court relinquishing jurisdiction to the Grand Chamber. A panel of five judges decides whether the Grand Chamber accepts the referral.[2][4]", "European Court of Human Rights. The court's interpretation of the Convention's reach is at times subject to criticism as either too narrow or too wide. For instance, the former judge in respect of Cyprus, Loukis Loucaides, criticised the Court for a \"reluctance to find violations in sensitive matters affecting the interests of the respondent States\".[10] On the other hand, the British Law Lord, Lord Hoffmann argued in 2009 that the Court has not taken the doctrine of the margin of appreciation far enough, being \"unable to resist the temptation to aggrandise its jurisdiction and to impose uniform rules on Member States. It considers itself the equivalent of the Supreme Court of the United States, laying down a federal law of Europe\".[11]", "Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) gives the European Convention on Human Rights \"special significance\" as a \"guiding principle\" in its case law.[2] The European Court of Justice uses a set of general principles of law to guide its decision-making process. One such principle is respect for fundamental rights, seen in Article 6(2) of the Treaty Establishing the European Union (Maastricht Treaty): \"The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, as general principles of Community law.\"[3] Within this framework, the European Court of Justice uses all treaties that the Member States of the European Union have signed or participated in as interpretive tools for the content and scope of \"fundamental rights\", while holding the European Convention on Human Rights as a document with \"special significance.\"[4]", "European Court of Human Rights. The accession of new states to the European Convention on Human Rights following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to a sharp increase in applications filed in the Court. The efficiency of the Court was threatened seriously by the large number of pending applications, which were accumulating and increasing steadily.", "European Court of Human Rights. In 2010 the Court received the Freedom medal.[21]", "European Convention on Human Rights. The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Any person who feels his or her rights have been violated under the Convention by a state party can take a case to the Court. Judgments finding violations are binding on the States concerned and they are obliged to execute them. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe monitors the execution of judgements, particularly to ensure payment of the amounts awarded by the Court to the applicants in compensation for the damage they have sustained.[3] The compensations imposed under ECHR can be large; in 2014 Russia was ordered to pay in excess of $2 billion in damages to former shareholders of Yukos.[4][5][6]", "European Convention on Human Rights. The Convention was opened for signature on 4 November 1950 in Rome. It was ratified and entered into force on 3 September 1953. It is overseen and enforced by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, and the Council of Europe. Until procedural reforms in the late 1990s, the Convention was also overseen by a European Commission on Human Rights.", "European Court of Human Rights. Most of the Contracting Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have incorporated the Convention into their own national legal systems, either through constitutional provision, statute or judicial decision.[9]", "Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. The relationship between the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an issue in European Union law and human rights law. The ECJ rules on European Union (EU) law while the ECtHR rules on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which covers the 47 member states of the Council of Europe. Cases cannot be brought in the ECtHR against the European Union, but the Court has ruled that states cannot escape their human rights obligations by saying that they were implementing EU law.", "European Court of Human Rights. Even though its member states are party to the Convention, the European Union itself is not a party, as it did not have competence to do so under previous treaties. However, EU institutions are bound under article 6 of the EU Treaty of Nice to respect human rights under the Convention. Furthermore, since the Treaty of Lisbon took effect on 1 December 2009, the EU is expected to sign the Convention. This would mean that the Court of Justice is bound by the judicial precedents of the Court of Human Rights's case law and thus be subject to its human rights law, avoiding issues of conflicting case law between these two courts.", "European Court of Human Rights. Applications by individuals against contracting states, alleging that the state violates their rights under the European Convention on Human Rights, can be made by any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals. Although the official languages of the Court are English and French, applications may be submitted in any one of the official languages of the contracting states. An application has to be made in writing and signed by the applicant or by the applicant's representative.[6]", "Council of Europe. The European Union is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention). There are also concerns about consistency in case law – the European Court of Justice (the EU's court in Luxembourg) is treating the Convention as part of the legal system of all EU member states in order to prevent conflict between its judgements and those of the European Court of Human Rights (the court in Strasbourg interpreting the Convention). Protocol No. 14 of the Convention is designed to allow the EU to accede to it and the EU Treaty of Lisbon contains a protocol binding the EU to join. The EU would thus be subject to its human rights law and external monitoring as its member states currently are.[44][45]", "European Court of Human Rights. Any contracting state to the European Convention on Human Rights can sue another contracting state in the Court for alleged breaches of the Convention, although in practice this is very rare.[2] Until now only four interstate cases have been decided by the court:[7]", "European Court of Human Rights. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe is charged with supervising the execution of the Court's judgments. The Committee of Ministers oversees the contracting states' changes to their national law in order that it is compatible with the Convention, or individual measures taken by the contracting state to redress violations. Judgments by the Court are binding on the respondent states concerned and states usually comply with the Court's judgments.[2]", "European Court of Human Rights. The Committee of Ministers may, by majority vote, ask the Court to deliver an advisory opinion on the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights, unless the matter relates to the content and scope of fundamental rights which the Court already considers.[2]" ]

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[ "Basketball court. The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners to 23.75 feet (7.24 m) behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet (6.7 m) around the basket. It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996–97 season. FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three-point line in 1985.", "Three-point field goal. In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.", "Three-point field goal. The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.", "Three-point field goal. During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[15]", "Three-point field goal. The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer \"would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans.\"[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).", "Basketball court. * The NBA three-point line is 3 ft (0.91 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft (7.24 m) arc. The 22 ft (6.70 m) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket.", "Player efficiency rating. Comparing players from different generations using PER presents several problems, this is primarily due to the rule changes and the changes in statistical data collected from different eras (although many other factors could be taken into consideration, even down to the increased sample size as the NBA grew through incorporating more teams). Some of the more important rule changes that should be considered include; some of the players on this list played before the three point shot, blocks, and steals stats were officially recorded (Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell, etc.). Blocked shots and steals were first officially recorded in the NBA during the 1973–74 season. The three point shot entered the league in 1979–80 season. During the 1990s and 2000s numerous rule changes were incorporated, the \"three point foul\" and \"clear path\" rules were both introduced in the 1995–96 season with the effect of increasing the number of free throws, hand-checking (the amount of contact a defender may make with an opposing player) was banned in 1994 and the use of elbows was banned in 1997 (both rules had seen various degrees of limitation by earlier rule changes) although neither was fully implemented until 2004. The 2004 rule changes, which also included calling the defensive 3 second rule (\"[...] a defensive player may not station himself in the key area longer than three seconds\"—a longstanding rule which had been ignored by referees) had a major effect, opening up the game and allowing a more free-flowing offense; it encouraged aggressive inside attack based plays (to draw fouls), and has increased the number of fouls given when contact is made on players who drive to the basket.[13] Former ABA and NBA Coach Larry Brown is quoted as saying \"The college game is much more physical (than the NBA) [...] I always tease Michael (Jordan), if he played today, he'd average 50\".[14]", "National Basketball Association. The league added the ABA's innovative three-point field goal beginning in 1979 to open up the game. That same year, rookies Larry Bird and Magic Johnson joined the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers respectively, initiating a period of significant growth in fan interest in the NBA throughout the country and the world. The two had faced each other in the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game, and they would later play against each other in three NBA Finals (1984, 1985 and 1987, featuring 11 players and coaches who would later be inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame). Like the 1960s, when the Celtics and Lakers faced each other in six NBA Finals, the two teams again dominated the NBA. In the 10 seasons of the 1980s, Johnson led the Lakers to five titles in eight Finals while Bird led the Celtics to three titles in five Finals. Also in the early 1980s, the NBA added one more expansion franchise, the Dallas Mavericks, bringing the total to 23 teams. Later on, Larry Bird won the first three three-point shooting contests. Former league commissioner David Stern, who took office on February 1, 1984, oversaw the expansion and growth of the NBA to a global commodity.", "College basketball. Though the height of the basket, the foul line's distance from the backboard, and the court dimensions are the same, the distance between the three-point line and the backboard is different. The NBA three-point line measures 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) at the top of the circle, or 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners or baseline.[19] On the NCAA court, the three-point line had been a constant 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m), but the NCAA Rules Committee voted in May 2007 to extend it a foot more to 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m), which became effective beginning the 2008–09 season for men[20] and the 2011–12 season for women. The WNBA's three-point line was 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), which FIBA used before it extended its three-point arc to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 1⁄2 in) at the top of the circle and 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) at the corners and baseline. The NCAA lane measures 12 feet (3.7 m) in width, while the NBA and WNBA lane is 16 feet (4.9 m); the FIBA lane is marginally wider than the NBA/WNBA lane at exactly 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in).", "Three-point field goal. A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:", "Basketball court. The three-point line is the line that separates the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in, and one if it does.", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 12 or more 3-point field goals in a game. A three-point field goal (also known as a \"three-pointer\" or \"3-pointer\") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) keeps records of the Division I 3-point field made in a game leaders. The statistic was first recognized in the 1986–87 season when 3-point field goals were officially instituted by the NCAA. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[1] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), while the women's line would remain the same.[1]", "List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders. In basketball, a three-point field goal (also known as a \"three-pointer\" or \"3-pointer\") is a field goal made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket.[1] A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Basketball Association's (NBA) three-point shooting leader is the player who recorded the highest three-point field goals in a given season. The statistic was first recognized in the 1979–80 season when the three-point line was first implemented that season.", "Three-point field goal. In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[16]", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders. Some of the top 25 scorers in Division I history played before the three-point line was officially instituted in 1986–87. All of the players with a dash through the three-point field goals made column were affected by this rule. Hank Gathers of Loyola Marymount is the only three-point shot era player on this list who did not make a single three-point shot. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[4] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m); the women's line would remain at the original distance until it was moved to match the men's distance effective in 2011–12.[4]", "ABA–NBA merger. The three-point field goal was used in the ABA; the NBA originally disparaged it, but eventually adopted it.[81]", "Basketball court. In most high school associations in the United States, the distance is 19.75 feet. This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well. On May 26, 2007, the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three-point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men. This rule went into effect for the 2008–2009 season. The three-point line for women (NCAA) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011–2012 season.", "Instant replay. Instant replay first came to NBA in the 2002–03 season. In Game 4 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals, Los Angeles Lakers forward Samaki Walker made a three-point field goal from the half court at the end of the second quarter. However, the replay showed that Walker's shot was late and that the ball was still in his hand when the clock expired. The use of instant replay was instituted afterward.[7]", "Three-point field goal. The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).", "Rules of basketball. In 1976, the NBA introduced a rule to allow teams to advance the ball to the center line following any legal time-out in the final two minutes of the game. FIBA followed suit in 2006.", "Women's National Basketball Association. In 2012, the WNBA added the block/charge arc under the basket. As of 2013 the defensive three-second rule and anti-flopping guidelines were introduced. The three-point line was also extended.", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career 3-point scoring leaders. A three-point field goal (also known as a \"three-pointer\" or \"3-pointer\") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The members on this list are the top 25 in 3-point field goals made in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I competition. The statistic was first recognized in the 1986–87 season when 3-point field goals were officially instituted by the NCAA.[1] From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[2] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), while the women's line would remain the same.[2]", "Basketball court. † The FIBA three-point line is 2.95 ft (0.90 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 22.1 ft (6.75 m) arc. The 21.65 ft (6.60 m) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket.", "Three-point field goal. The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament.[14]", "Three-point field goal. In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (28% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[17]", "Flop (basketball). The National Basketball Association (NBA) added a rule in 1997 to cut down on flopping near the basket, adding a 4-foot (1.22 meter) \"dotted line area\" around the center of the basket to help prevent flops. Such flops are charged as blocking fouls or no-calls. In the 2012–13 season, the league began fining guilty players.", "Center (basketball). The center is considered a necessary component for a successful team, especially in professional leagues such as the NBA. But recently, the NBA has turned into a point guard league and many centers are shooting threes now. Great centers have been the foundation for most of the dynasties in both the NBA and NCAA. The 6'10\" (2.08 m) George Mikan pioneered the Center position, shattering the widely held perception that tall players could not develop the agility and coordination to play basketball well, and ushering in the role of the dominant big man. He led DePaul University to the NIT title, then, after turning professional, won seven National Basketball League, Basketball Association of America and NBA Championships in his ten-year career (1946–56), nine of them with the Minneapolis Lakers. Using his height to dominate opposing players, Mikan invented the hook shot and the shot block; as a consequence, the NCAA, and later NBA, adopted the goaltending rule, and, in 1951, the NBA widened the foul lane, a decision known as the 'Mikan rule'.[1]", "Technical foul. Beginning with the 2001–02 season, the NBA changed the illegal defense rule to the \"defensive 3-second rule,\" which prohibits a defender from being in the shooting lane for three seconds, unless guarding an opponent within arm's reach (or the man with the ball, regardless of distance). The penalty is the same as it was for an illegal defense, except that no warning is issued. The WNBA implemented this rule in 2013.", "Trent Tucker Rule. In 2002, the NBA instituted new rules regarding the end of period indicators. A LED light strip on the backboard and the scorer's table replaced the traditional electric red light behind the backboard, and a shot clock visible to all three viewable sides was mandated.", "2004 NBA Finals. The Pistons became the fourth team to sweep the middle three games since the NBA started using the 2-3-2 format in 1985. But they became the first to do so at home; the previous three times this had occurred it was done by road teams (1990 Pistons, 1991 Chicago Bulls, 2001 Lakers). With this, Detroit became the only team to have both swept the middle three games at home and on the road.", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season scoring leaders. Many of the scoring champions from the 1986–87 season and earlier could have added significantly more points if the three-point line had been instituted. It wasn't until the 1987–88 season that the NCAA standardized the line and accounted for three-point field goals in its official record book.[3][14] The only player since they were instituted to have not made a single three-point shot in his scoring title season is Gathers, who instead made 419 field goals and 177 free throws en route to scoring 1,015 points and averaging 32.7 points per game.[3][12]", "Rules of basketball. While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men, it is now considered to prevent tall offensive players from gaining an advantage by waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced." ]

[ 5.27734375, 5.52734375, 3.80078125, 3.255859375, 2.625, -0.40234375, -2.1640625, 1.2919921875, 1.0390625, -0.76513671875, -3.23828125, -0.349853515625, 4.03125, 1.7705078125, -1.1337890625, -1.5166015625, -3.11328125, -0.5908203125, 2.015625, -2.380859375, -0.178955078125, 0.006931304931640625, -4.77734375, 0.6455078125, 1.68359375, -2.16015625, -3.52734375, -3.326171875, -3.74609375, -2.21484375, -0.86572265625, -2.62890625 ]

[ "Eris (dwarf planet). In 2005, the diameter of Eris was measured to be 7006239700000000000♠2397±100 km, using images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST).[49][51] The size of an object is determined from its absolute magnitude (H) and the albedo (the amount of light it reflects). At a distance of 97 AU, an object with a diameter of 3,000 km would have an angular size of 40 milliarcseconds,[15] which is directly measurable with the Hubble Space Telescope. Although resolving such small objects is at the very limit of its capabilities,[j] sophisticated image processing techniques such as deconvolution can be used to measure such angular sizes fairly accurately.[k]", "Eris (dwarf planet). In July 2015, after nearly ten years of Eris being considered the ninth-largest object known to directly orbit the sun, close-up imagery from the New Horizons mission more accurately determined Pluto's volume to be slightly larger than Eris's, rather than slightly smaller as previously thought. Eris is now the tenth-largest object known to directly orbit the sun by volume, though not by mass.[56]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) and a member of a high-eccentricity population known as the scattered disk. It has one known moon, Dysnomia. As of February 2016[update], its distance from the Sun was 96.3 astronomical units (1.441×1010 km; 8.95×109 mi),[13] roughly three times that of Pluto. With the exception of some long-period comets, Eris and Dysnomia are currently the second-most-distant known natural objects in the Solar System,[18][g] the farthest object being V774104 discovered in November 2015 at 103 AU.[21]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris is a trans-Neptunian dwarf planet (plutoid).[41] Its orbital characteristics more specifically categorize it as a scattered-disk object (SDO), or a TNO that has been \"scattered\" from the Kuiper belt into more-distant and unusual orbits following gravitational interactions with Neptune as the Solar System was forming. Although its high orbital inclination is unusual among the known SDOs, theoretical models suggest that objects that were originally near the inner edge of the Kuiper belt were scattered into orbits with higher inclinations than objects from the outer belt.[42] Inner-belt objects are expected to be generally more massive than outer-belt objects, and so astronomers expect to discover more large objects like Eris in high-inclination orbits, which have traditionally been neglected.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris is named after the Greek goddess Eris (Greek Ἔρις), a personification of strife and discord.[27] The name was assigned on September 13, 2006, following an unusually long period in which the object was known by the provisional designation 2003 UB313, which was granted automatically by the IAU under their naming protocols for minor planets. The regular adjectival form of Eris is Eridian.", "Eris (dwarf planet). In 2007, a series of observations of the largest trans-Neptunian objects with the Spitzer Space Telescope gave an estimate of Eris's diameter of 7006260000000000000♠2600+400\n−200 km.[50] The Spitzer and Hubble estimates overlap in the range of 2,400–2,500 km, 4–8% larger than Pluto. Astronomers now suspect that Eris's spin axis is currently pointing toward the Sun, which would make the sunlit hemisphere warmer than average and skew any infrared measurements toward higher values.[9] So the outcome from the 2010 Chile occultation is actually more in line with the Hubble result from 2005.[9]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Due to uncertainty over whether the object would be classified as a planet or a minor planet, because different nomenclature procedures apply to these different classes of objects,[28] the decision on what to name the object had to wait until after the August 24, 2006, IAU ruling.[29] As a result, for a time the object became known to the wider public as Xena.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Among known bodies of the Solar System, Eris is the ninth most massive directly orbiting the Sun, and the 16th most massive overall, because seven moons are more massive than all known dwarf planets. It is also the largest which has not yet been visited by a spacecraft. Eris was measured to be 2,326 ± 12 kilometers (1,445.3 ± 7.5 mi) in diameter.[8] Eris' mass is about 0.27% of the Earth mass,[10][16] about 27% more than dwarf planet Pluto, although Pluto is slightly larger by volume.[17]", "Eris (dwarf planet). As of February 2016[update], Eris has an apparent magnitude of 18.7, making it bright enough to be detectable to some amateur telescopes. A 200-millimeter (7.9 in) telescope with a CCD can detect Eris under favorable conditions.[i] The reason it had not been noticed until now is its steep orbital inclination; searches for large outer Solar System objects tend to concentrate on the ecliptic plane, where most bodies are found.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris (minor-planet designation 136199 Eris) is the most massive and second-largest dwarf planet known in the Solar System. Eris was discovered in January 2005 by a Palomar Observatory-based team led by Mike Brown, and its identity was verified later that year. In September 2006 it was named after Eris, the Greek goddess of strife and discord.", "Eris (dwarf planet). According to science writer Govert Schilling, Brown initially wanted to call the object \"Lila\", after a concept in Hindu mythology that described the cosmos as the outcome of a game played by Brahma. The name was very similar to \"Lilah\", the name of Brown's newborn daughter. Brown was mindful of not making his name public before it had been officially accepted. He had done so with Sedna a year previously, and had been heavily criticized. However, no objection was raised to the Sedna name other than the breach of protocol, and no competing names were suggested for Sedna.[35]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Because Eris appeared to be larger than Pluto, NASA initially described it as the Solar System's tenth planet. This, along with the prospect of other objects of similar size being discovered in the future, motivated the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term planet for the first time. Under the IAU definition approved on August 24, 2006, Eris is a \"dwarf planet\", along with objects such as Pluto, Ceres, Haumea and Makemake,[22] thereby reducing the number of known planets in the Solar System to eight, the same as before Pluto's discovery in 1930. Observations of a stellar occultation by Eris in 2010 showed that its diameter was 2,326 ± 12 kilometers (1,445.3 ± 7.5 mi), very slightly less than Pluto,[23][24] which was measured by New Horizons as 2,372 ± 4 kilometers (1,473.9 ± 2.5 mi) in July 2015.[25]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Because of the high inclination of its orbit, Eris only passes through a few constellations of the traditional Zodiac; it is now in the constellation Cetus. It was in Sculptor from 1876 until 1929 and Phoenix from roughly 1840 until 1875. In 2036 it will enter Pisces and stay there until 2065, when it will enter Aries.[46] It will then move into the northern sky, entering Perseus in 2128 and Camelopardalis (where it will reach its northernmost declination) in 2173.", "Eris (dwarf planet). With the dispute resolved, the discovery team proposed Eris on September 6, 2006. On September 13, 2006 this name was accepted as the official name by the IAU.[39][40] Brown decided that, because the object had been considered a planet for so long, it deserved a name from Greek or Roman mythology, like the other planets. The asteroids had taken the vast majority of Graeco-Roman names. Eris, whom Brown described as his favorite goddess, had fortunately escaped inclusion.[33] The name in part reflects the discord in the astronomical community caused by the debate over the object's (and Pluto's) classification.", "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System. Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz announced the discovery of Eris in 2005, a scattered disc object initially thought to be larger than Pluto, which would make it the largest object discovered in orbit around the Sun since Neptune.[14] New Horizons' fly-by of Pluto in July 2015 resulted in more-accurate measurements of Pluto, which is slightly larger, though less massive, than Eris.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Brown had also speculated that Persephone, the wife of the god Pluto, would be a good name for the object.[2] The name had been used several times in science fiction,[37] and was popular with the public, having handily won a poll conducted by New Scientist magazine (\"Xena\", despite only being a nickname, came fourth).[38] This was not possible once the object was classified as a dwarf planet, because there is already an asteroid with that name, 399 Persephone.[2]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Follow-up observations were then carried out to make a preliminary determination of Eris's orbit, which allowed the object's distance to be estimated. The team had planned to delay announcing their discoveries of the bright objects Eris and Makemake until further observations and calculations were complete, but announced them both on July 29 when the discovery of another large TNO they had been tracking, Haumea, was controversially announced on July 27 by a different team in Spain.[2]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris has an orbital period of 558 years.[13] Its maximum possible distance from the Sun (aphelion) is 97.65 AU, and its closest (perihelion) is 37.91 AU.[13] It came to perihelion between 1698[5] and 1699,[46] to aphelion around 1977,[46] and will return to perihelion around 2256[46] to 2258.[11] Eris and its moon are currently the second most distant known objects in the Solar System, after V774104,[21] apart from long-period comets and space probes.[2][47] Approximately forty known TNOs, most notably 2006 SQ372, 2000 OO67 and Sedna, though currently closer to the Sun than Eris, have greater average orbital distances than Eris's semimajor axis of 67.7 AU.[4]", "Eris (dwarf planet). This makes Eris around the same size as Pluto, which is 7006237200000000000♠2372±4 km across. It also indicates an albedo of 0.96, higher than that of any other large body in the Solar System except Enceladus.[8] It is speculated that the high albedo is due to the surface ices being replenished because of temperature fluctuations as Eris's eccentric orbit takes it closer and farther from the Sun.[53]", "Eris (dwarf planet). In November 2010, Eris was the subject of one of the most distant stellar occultations yet from Earth.[9] Preliminary data from this event cast doubt on previous size estimates.[9] The teams announced their final results from the occultation in October 2011, with an estimated diameter of 7006232600000000000♠2326+6\n−6 km.[8] The mass of Eris can be calculated with much greater precision. Based on the currently accepted value for Dysnomia's period—15.774 days—[10][54] Eris is 27 percent more massive than Pluto. If the 2011 occultation results are used, then Eris has a density of 7003252000000000000♠2.52±0.07 g/cm3,[d] substantially denser than Pluto, and thus must be composed largely of rocky materials.[8]", "Eris (dwarf planet). Routine observations were taken by the team on October 21, 2003, using the 1.2 m Samuel Oschin Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory, California, but the image of Eris was not discovered at that point due to its very slow motion across the sky: The team's automatic image-searching software excluded all objects moving at less than 1.5 arcseconds per hour to reduce the number of false positives returned. When Sedna was discovered, it was moving at 1.75 arcsec/h, and in light of that the team reanalyzed their old data with a lower limit on the angular motion, sorting through the previously excluded images by eye. In January 2005, the re-analysis revealed Eris's slow motion against the background stars.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris's orbit is highly eccentric, and brings Eris to within 37.9 AU of the Sun, a typical perihelion for scattered objects. This is within the orbit of Pluto, but still safe from direct interaction with Neptune (29.8–30.4 AU). Pluto, on the other hand, like other plutinos, follows a less inclined and less eccentric orbit and, protected by orbital resonance, can cross Neptune's orbit. It is possible that Eris is in a 17:5 resonance with Neptune, though further observations will be required to check that hypothesis.[48] Unlike the eight planets, whose orbits all lie roughly in the same plane as the Earth's, Eris's orbit is highly inclined: It is tilted at an angle of about 44 degrees to the ecliptic. In about 800 years, Eris will be closer to the Sun than Pluto for some time (see the graph at the right).", "Eris (dwarf planet). More observations released in October 2005 revealed that Eris has a moon, later named Dysnomia. Observations of Dysnomia's orbit permitted scientists to determine the mass of Eris, which in June 2007 they calculated to be 7022166000000000000♠(1.66±0.02)×1022 kg,[10] 6999270000000000000♠27%±2% greater than Pluto's.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Eris was discovered by the team of Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David Rabinowitz[2] on January 5, 2005, from images taken on October 21, 2003. The discovery was announced on July 29, 2005, the same day as Makemake and two days after Haumea,[26] due in part to events that would later lead to controversy about Haumea. The search team had been systematically scanning for large outer Solar System bodies for several years, and had been involved in the discovery of several other large TNOs, including 50000 Quaoar, 90482 Orcus, and 90377 Sedna.", "Eris (dwarf planet). Because Eris was initially thought to be larger than Pluto, it was described as the \"tenth planet\" by NASA and in media reports of its discovery.[43] In response to the uncertainty over its status, and because of ongoing debate over whether Pluto should be classified as a planet, the IAU delegated a group of astronomers to develop a sufficiently precise definition of the term planet to decide the issue. This was announced as the IAU's Definition of a Planet in the Solar System, adopted on August 24, 2006. At this time, both Eris and Pluto were classified as dwarf planets, a category distinct from the new definition of planet.[44] Brown has since stated his approval of this classification.[45] The IAU subsequently added Eris to its Minor Planet Catalogue, designating it (136199) Eris.[29]", "Places in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 2005, a large body fitting Rupert's description was discovered beyond Pluto (which was considered a planet then, as opposed to a dwarf planet now). In a poll of the public conducted by New Scientist magazine to search out potential names for the object, \"Rupert\" ranked #5, and \"Persephone\" was the top choice.[3] The object was named Eris and designated a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union on 13 September 2006.[4]", "Aries (astrology). Aries (♈) /ˈɛəriːz/ (meaning \"ram\") is the first astrological sign in the zodiac, spanning the first 30 degrees of celestial longitude (0°≤ λ <30°). Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun transits this sign from approximately March 20 to April 21 each year.[2] This time duration is exactly the first month of Solar Hejri calendar (Hamal/Farvardin). The symbol of the ram is based on the Chrysomallus, the flying ram that provided the Golden Fleece.[3]", "Planets beyond Neptune. A number of astronomers, most notably Alan Stern, the head of NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto, contend that the IAU's definition is flawed, and that Pluto and Eris, and all large trans-Neptunian objects, such as Makemake, Sedna, Quaoar, Varuna and Haumea, should be considered planets in their own right.[58] However, the discovery of Eris did not rehabilitate the Planet X theory because it is far too small to have significant effects on the outer planets' orbits.[59]", "Dwarf planet. Eris (then known as 2003 UB313) was discovered in January 2005;[29] it was thought to be slightly larger than Pluto, and some reports informally referred to it as the tenth planet.[30] As a consequence, the issue became a matter of intense debate during the IAU General Assembly in August 2006.[31] The IAU's initial draft proposal included Charon, Eris, and Ceres in the list of planets. After many astronomers objected to this proposal, an alternative was drawn up by Uruguayan astronomer Julio Ángel Fernández: he proposed an intermediate category for objects large enough to be round but which had not cleared their orbits of planetesimals. Dropping Charon from the list, the new proposal also removed Pluto, Ceres, and Eris, because they have not cleared their orbits.[32]", "Star and crescent. The star and crescent is an iconographic symbol used in various historical contexts but most well known today as a symbol of the former Ottoman Empire and, by popular extension, the Islamic world. It develops in the iconography of the Hellenistic period (4th–1st centuries BCE) in the Kingdom of Pontus, the Bosporan Kingdom and notably the city of Byzantium by the 2nd century BCE. It is the conjoined representation of the crescent and a star, both of which constituent elements have a long prior history in the iconography of the Ancient Near East as representing either Sun and Moon or Moon and Morning Star (or their divine personifications). Coins with crescent and star symbols represented separately have a longer history, with possible ties to older Mesopotamian iconography. The star, or Sun, is often shown within the arc of the crescent (also called star in crescent, or star within crescent, for disambiguation of depictions of a star and a crescent side by side);[1] In numismatics in particular, the term crescent and pellet is used in cases where the star is simplified to a single dot.[2]", "Planets beyond Neptune. In 2005, astronomer Mike Brown and his team announced the discovery of 2003 UB313 (later named Eris after the Greek goddess of discord and strife), a trans-Neptunian object then thought to be just barely larger than Pluto.[56] Soon afterwards, a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory press release described the object as the \"tenth planet\".[57]", "Planets beyond Neptune. Eris was never officially classified as a planet, and the 2006 definition of planet defined both Eris and Pluto not as planets but as dwarf planets because they have not cleared their neighbourhoods.[4] They do not orbit the Sun alone, but as part of a population of similarly sized objects. Pluto itself is now recognized as being a member of the Kuiper belt and the largest dwarf planet, larger than the more-massive Eris." ]

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[ "Common carrier. It should be mentioned that the carrier refers only to the person (legal or physical) that enters into a contract of carriage with the shipper. The carrier does not necessarily have to own or even be in the possession of a means of transport. Unless otherwise agreed upon in the contract, the carrier may use whatever means of transport approved in its operating authority, as long as it is the most favorable from the cargo interests' point of view. The carriers' duty is to get the goods to the agreed destination within the agreed time or within reasonable time.[citation needed]", "Common carrier. A common carrier in common law countries (corresponding to a public carrier in civil law systems,[1] usually called simply a carrier) is a person or company that transports goods or people for any person or company and that is responsible for any possible loss of the goods during transport.[2] A common carrier offers its services to the general public under license or authority provided by a regulatory body. The regulatory body has usually been granted \"ministerial authority\" by the legislation that created it. The regulatory body may create, interpret, and enforce its regulations upon the common carrier (subject to judicial review) with independence and finality, as long as it acts within the bounds of the enabling legislation.", "Common carrier. Regulatory bodies may also grant carriers the authority to operate under contract with their customers instead of under common carrier authority, rates, schedules and rules. These regulated carriers, known as contract carriers, must demonstrate that they are \"fit, willing and able\" to provide service, according to standards enforced by the regulator. However, contract carriers are specifically not required to demonstrate that they will operate for the \"public convenience and necessity.\" A contract carrier may be authorized to provide service over either fixed routes and schedules, i.e., as regular route carrier or on an ad hoc basis as an irregular route carrier.", "Genetic carrier. A hereditary carrier (or just carrier), is a person or other organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but does not display that trait or show symptoms of the disease. Carriers are, however, able to pass the allele onto their offspring, who may then express the genetic if they inherit the recessive allele from both parents. The chance of two carriers having a child with the disease is 25%. This phenomenon is a direct result of the recessive nature of many genes.[1]", "Common carrier. An important legal requirement for common carrier as public provider is that it cannot discriminate, that is refuse the service unless there is some compelling reason. As of 2007, the status of Internet service providers as common carriers and their rights and responsibilities is widely debated (network neutrality).", "Common carrier. The person that is physically transporting the goods on a means of transport is referred to as the \"actual carrier.\" When a carrier subcontracts with another provider, such as an independent contractor or a third-party carrier, the common carrier is said to be providing \"substituted service.\" The same person may hold both common carrier and contract carrier authority. In the case of a rail line in the US, the owner of the property is said to retain a \"residual common carrier obligation,\" unless otherwise transferred (such as in the case of a commuter rail system, where the authority operating passenger trains may acquire the property but not this obligation from the former owner), and must operate the line if service is terminated.[citation needed]", "Common carrier. A common carrier is distinguished from a contract carrier (also called a public carrier in UK English),[2] which is a carrier that transports goods for only a certain number of clients and that can refuse to transport goods for anyone else, and from a private carrier. A common carrier holds itself out to provide service to the general public without discrimination (to meet the needs of the regulator's quasi judicial role of impartiality toward the public's interest) for the \"public convenience and necessity.\" A common carrier must further demonstrate to the regulator that it is \"fit, willing, and able\" to provide those services for which it is granted authority. Common carriers typically transport persons or goods according to defined and published routes, time schedules, and rate tables upon the approval of regulators. Public airlines, railroads, bus lines, taxicab companies, phone companies, internet service providers,[3] cruise ships, motor carriers (i.e., canal operating companies, trucking companies), and other freight companies generally operate as common carriers. Under US law, an ocean freight forwarder cannot act as a common carrier.[2]", "Flag carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered.[3] U.S. law (14 CFR ยง 121.153 (a) (1)) requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws.[4] Thus when an airline operates an international route, between two countries, having been designated[5] pursuant to a Bilateral Air Transport Agreement any crime that would be committed on board would be prosecuted under the laws of the airline's state. Article 3 (1) of Tokyo Convention declares that \"The State of registration [of the aircraft] is competent to exercise jurisdiction over \"offenses and acts committed on board.\" \" Therefore the aircraft is truly carrying the flag of its country.[6] The American definition of \"U.S.-flag air carrier service\" contained in 48 CFR 47.403-1.[7] is based on this first definition. The U.S. requirements under the Fly America Act,[8] are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code (U.S. Criminal Law) would protect U.S. government employees on flights to foreign countries.", "Air waybill. The air waybill must indicate that the goods have been accepted for carriage, and it must be signed or authenticated by the carrier or the named agent for or on behalf of the carrier. The signature or authentication of the carrier must be identified as carrier, and in the case of agent signing or authenticating, the name and the capacity of the carrier on whose behalf the agent signs or authenticates must be indicated.", "E-carrier. As well as transmitting information generated by the users of a telephone network, it is also necessary to transmit signaling information. Signaling refers to the protocols that must be established between exchanges so that the users can exchange information between them.", "Fragile X syndrome. Early diagnosis of fragile X syndrome or carrier status is important for providing early intervention in children or fetuses with the syndrome, and allowing genetic counselling with regards to the potential for a couple's future children to be affected. Most parents notice delays in speech and language skills, difficulties in social and emotional domains as well as sensitivity levels in certain situations with their children.[40]", "E-carrier. In order for the device that receives the multiplexed signal to be able to determine whether a justification opportunity bit contains useful information (i.e. information from a tributary), justification control bits (J-bits) are included in the frame. Each group of control bits refers to one of the tributaries of the frame. All of them will be set to \"0\" if the associated opportunity bit is carrying useful information; otherwise they will be set to \"1\".", "Sickle cell disease. People who are known carriers of the disease often undergo genetic counseling before they have a child. A test to see if an unborn child has the disease takes either a blood sample from the fetus or a sample of amniotic fluid. Since taking a blood sample from a fetus has greater risks, the latter test is usually used. Neonatal screening provides not only a method of early detection for individuals with sickle cell disease, but also allows for identification of the groups of people that carry the sickle cell trait.[47]", "Sickle-cell disease. People who are known carriers of the disease often undergo genetic counseling before they have a child. A test to see if an unborn child has the disease takes either a blood sample from the fetus or a sample of amniotic fluid. Since taking a blood sample from a fetus has greater risks, the latter test is usually used. Neonatal screening provides not only a method of early detection for individuals with sickle-cell disease, but also allows for identification of the groups of people that carry the sickle cell trait.[45]", "Hepatitis B. Individuals who remain HBsAg positive for at least six months are considered to be hepatitis B carriers.[60] Carriers of the virus may have chronic hepatitis B, which would be reflected by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and inflammation of the liver, if they are in the immune clearance phase of chronic infection. Carriers who have seroconverted to HBeAg negative status, in particular those who acquired the infection as adults, have very little viral multiplication and hence may be at little risk of long-term complications or of transmitting infection to others.[61]", "Genetic carrier. Genetic testing can be used to tell if a person carries one or more mutations of the CF gene and how many copies of each mutation. The test looks at a person’s DNA, which is taken from cells in a blood sample or from cells that are gently scraped from inside the mouth.", "Common carrier. Although common carriers generally transport people[4] or goods, in the United States the term may also refer to telecommunications service providers and public utilities.[citation needed] In certain U.S. states, amusement parks that operate roller coasters and comparable rides have been found to be common carriers; a famous example is Disneyland.[5]", "Flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a \"flag carrier\", based on current or former state ownership, or other verifiable designation as a national airline.", "Flag carrier. A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue.[1][disputed – discuss]", "Flag carrier. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[2]", "Tax return (United States). 2. A return delivered by a designated private carrier is timely if the carrier marks or records the return no later than the due date of the return. The IRS can designate a private carrier if the carrier: - is available to the general public; - is as timely and reliable as U.S. first class mail; - records the date on which the package was given to it for delivery; - satisfies other conditions. The IRS has identified DHL Express, Federal Express, and United Parcel Service as designated carriers.", "Iron overload. First degree relatives of those with primary haemochromatosis should be screened to determine if they are a carrier or if they could develop the disease. This can allow preventive measures to be taken.", "Common carrier. Common carriers are subject to special laws and regulations that differ depending on the means of transport used, e.g. sea carriers are often governed by quite different rules from road carriers or railway carriers. In common law jurisdictions as well as under international law, a common carrier is absolutely liable[7] for goods carried by it, with four exceptions:[8]", "Common carrier. In Ludditt v Ginger Coote Airways[10] the Privy Council (Lord Macmillan, Lord Wright, Lord Porter and Lord Simonds) held the liability of a public or common carrier of passengers is only to carry with due care. This is more limited than that of a common carrier of goods. The complete freedom of a carrier of passengers at common law to make such contracts as he thinks fit was not curtailed by the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854, and a specific contract that enlarges, diminishes or excludes his duty to take care (e.g., by a condition that the passenger travels \"at his own risk against all casualties\") cannot be pronounced to be unreasonable if the law authorises it. There was nothing in the provisions of the Canadian Transport Act 1938 section 25 that would invalidate a provision excluding liability. Grand Trunk Railway Co of Canada v Robinson [1915] A.C. 740 was followed and Peek v North Staffordshire Railway 11 E.R. 1109 was distinguished.", "Common carrier. In contrast, private carriers are not licensed to offer a service to the public. Private carriers generally provide transport on an irregular or ad hoc basis for their owners.", "Flag carrier. A flag carrier (if it is a certificated airline rather than a holding company, conglomerate, or multinational private equity firm) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries.", "Common carrier. Carriers typically incorporate further exceptions into a contract of carriage, often specifically claiming not to be a common carrier.", "Carrier wave. In telecommunications, a carrier wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified) with an input signal for the purpose of conveying information.[1] This carrier wave usually has a much higher frequency than the input signal does. The purpose of the carrier is usually either to transmit the information through space as an electromagnetic wave (as in radio communication), or to allow several carriers at different frequencies to share a common physical transmission medium by frequency division multiplexing (as, for example, a cable television system). The term is also used for an unmodulated emission in the absence of any modulating signal.[2]", "Sickle cell disease. In the United Kingdom, it is thought that between 12,000 and 15,000 people have sickle cell disease [88] with an estimate of 250,000 carriers of the condition in England alone. As the number of carriers is only estimated, all newborn babies in the UK receive a routine blood test to screen for the condition.[89] Due to many adults in high-risk groups not knowing if they are carriers, pregnant women and both partners in a couple are offered screening so they can get counselling if they have the sickle cell trait.[90] In addition blood donors from those in high-risk groups are also screened to confirm whether they are carriers and whether their blood filters properly.[91] Donors who are found to be carriers are then informed and their blood, while often used for those of the same ethnic group, is not used for those with sickle cell disease who require a blood transfusion.[92]", "E-carrier. There are signals that indicate when a subscriber has picked up the telephone, when he or she can start to dial a number, and when another subscriber calls, as well as signals that let the communication link be maintained, and so on. In the E1 PCM system, signaling information can be transmitted by two different methods: the common channel signaling (CCS) method and the channel associated signaling (CAS) method. In both cases, the time slot TS16 of the basic 2 Mbit/s frame is used to transmit the signaling information.", "Known Shipper Program. In the post-September 11th era, shippers who have been properly vetted with the TSA by an air carrier or freight forwarder are considered a Known Shipper with the TSA. Such shippers may tender their freight for shipment on both passenger and cargo-only aircraft, with some restrictions. Available alternatives for Unknown Shippers to ship via air are now very limited. Collectively, this program is known within the industry as the Known Shipper Program.", "Common carrier. A sea carrier may also, according to the Hague-Visby Rules, escape liability on other grounds than the above-mentioned, e.g. a sea carrier is not liable for damages to the goods if the damage is the result of a fire on board the ship or the result of a navigational error committed by the ship's master or other crewmember." ]

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[ "Mother 3. Mother 3 was a critical and commercial success upon release. Critics generally praised the game's graphics, music, and story, but believed that the gameplay offered few innovations to the role-playing genre. The game was never released outside Japan, though an unofficial English fan translation was released by the Starmen.net internet community in October 2008. On December 17, 2015, the game was released for the Japanese Virtual Console on the Wii U.[1]", "Mother 3. Mother 3 was later announced in 2003 to have restarted development for the Game Boy Advance handheld console in a Japanese commercial for Mother 1+2.[33] Itoi had earlier assumed that restarting the project was impossible but later decided to continue following encouragement from the Mother fanbase.[34] Nintendo subsidiary Brownie Brown developed the game, with input from Itoi. While the graphics were changed from 3D to 2D, the game's original story was not altered. Mother 3 was about 60% complete by July 2004, and was released on April 20, 2006, in Japan.[35][36]", "Mother 3. Mother 3 was released in Japan on April 20, 2006, where it became a bestseller.[47] Prior to its release, the game was in the \"top five most wanted games\" of Famitsu[48][49] and at the top of the Japanese preordered game charts.[50] At one point leading up to its release, the game's \"Love Theme\" would play as music on hold for the Japan Post.[49] A limited edition Deluxe Box Set was produced with a special edition Game Boy Micro and Franklin Badge pin.[51][52] The game was marketed in Japan with a television commercial that has Japanese actress Kō Shibasaki on the verge of tears as she explains her feelings about Mother 3. Itoi has said that her performance was unscripted.[40]", "Mother 3. The game's development spanned twelve years and four consoles, beginning in 1994 for the Super Famicom console and then transitioning to the Nintendo 64 and its 64DD add-on before being cancelled in 2000. Mother 3 restarted development in 2003 for the Game Boy Advance and was finally released in Japan on April 20, 2006.", "Mother!. The film was originally scheduled to be released on October 13, 2017,[20] but was moved to September 15, 2017.[21]", "Mother 3. Nintendo is often criticized for Mother 3's lack of an international release. IGN referred to the Mother series as \"neglected\" in regards to EarthBound being the only game to be released outside Japan.[75] Bob Mackey of 1UP.com wrote of Mother 3 that \"no other game in the history of time garnered such a rabid demand for translation,\"[76] and Chris Plante of UGO Networks wrote that the lack of an official Mother 3 English localization was one of 2008's \"worst heartbreaks\".[77] Frank Caron of Ars Technica said that the fan translation's \"massive undertaking ... stands as a massive success\" and that \"one cannot even begin to fathom why Nintendo wouldn't see fit to release the game in the West.\"[54]", "Mother!. Mother! was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 74th Venice International Film Festival, and premiered there on September 5, 2017.[5] It was released in the United States on September 15, 2017, by Paramount Pictures, and has grossed $43 million worldwide. Although the film received generally positive reviews from critics,[6][7] its biblical allegories and depiction of violence sparked controversy.[8]", "Mother 3. The team reported that \"the highest levels\" of Nintendo of America knew about their project, though they did not intervene.[56] The localization team planned to end the project if Nintendo were to make an announcement about the future of the game.[56] They acknowledged that the legality of the localization was unclear[55][57] since the final translation required use of an emulator.[53] The localization patch was downloaded over 100,000 times in the first week following its release.[58] Along with the translation, the team announced the Mother 3 Handbook, an English player's guide for the game that had been in development since June 2008.[55] Wired reported the full-color, 200-page player's guide to be akin to a professional strategy guide, with quality \"on par with ... Prima Games and BradyGames\".[59] The Verge cited the two-year fan translation of Mother 3 as proof of the fan base's dedication,[60] and Jenni Lada of TechnologyTell called it \"undoubtably one of the best known fan translations in existence\", with active retranslations into other languages.[61]", "Mother 3. Shigesato Itoi announced in late August 2000 that Mother 3 was cancelled following a number of delays.[31][32] Iwata and Miyamoto clarified in an interview that resources had been moved to the development of the GameCube, the next Nintendo console. Itoi stated that an additional two years would have been required to finish the game, which was 30% complete at the time of cancellation. Iwata stated retrospectively that the focus on 3D graphics made the project overly complex. Miyamoto also stated that the Mother franchise was not abandoned and that he was still interested in bringing the game to fruition.[27]", "Mother 3. Mother 3 began development in 1994 as a game for the Super Famicom with Shigeru Miyamoto and Satoru Iwata as producers. The team mostly consisted of members involved in the development of EarthBound. Inspired by the Nintendo 64 launch title Super Mario 64, the development team transitioned from the Super Famicom to the newer console believing that they could also creatively flourish by making a 3D world without technical restrictions. However, their early specifications exceeded the capabilities and memory limits of the console; halfway through development the team scaled back its large scope and changed the platform to the 64DD, a Nintendo 64 expansion peripheral that was later released only in Japan in 1999.[27] Mother 3 was expected to be a launch title for the peripheral, but development shifted back to the Nintendo 64 after the 64DD was considered a commercial failure.[28][29] A demo of Mother 3 was showcased at the 1999 Nintendo Space World trade show. The game was expected to be released in North America under the title EarthBound 64, and the game was also stated to be released on a 256-megabit cartridge, similar to The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. IGN reacted favorably to the demo and compared the multi-character narrative to the Japan-only Super Famicom RPG Live A Live,[29] and Famitsu readers ranked the game as one of their top ten most anticipated towards the end of 1999.[30]", "Mother!. On August 7, the first official trailer for the film was released.[24]", "Mother 3. Mother 3 did not receive an official release outside Japan. On October 17, 2008, Starmen.net released a fan translation patch that, when applied on a copy of the Mother 3 ROM image, translates all the game's text into English.[53][54] Reid Young, co-founder of Starmen.net, stated that when they realized Nintendo was not going to localize Mother 3, they decided to undertake the task, for themselves and for fans of the game.[55] The translation team consisted of around a dozen individuals, including project lead Clyde \"Tomato\" Mandelin, a professional Japanese-to-English translator. The project took two years and thousands of work-hours to complete; it was estimated that the theoretical freelance cost of the translation was $30,000.[56]", "Serial Mom. Universal Studios and Focus Features released a collector's edition DVD of the film on May 6, 2008, replacing the original HBO Home Video DVD release, which is out of print. The new DVD release features an audio commentary with Waters and Turner. The film was released as a Collector's Edition Blu-ray from Shout! Factory on May 9, 2017.", "Mother 3. Despite Mother 3's acclaim, Itoi has stated that he does not have any plans to create a fourth installment in the Mother series.[64]", "Mother 3. Mother 3 sold around 200,000 copies in its first week of sales in Japan.[64] It was one of Japan's top 20 bestselling games for the first half of 2006,[47] and received a \"Platinum Hall of Fame\" score of 35/40 from Japanese reviewer Weekly Famitsu.[62] It ended the year with over 368,000 copies sold, the 36th highest of the year in Japan.[65] Jenni Lada of TechnologyTell called it the \"perfect\" Game Boy Advance role-playing game.[66] Reviewers praised its story (even though the game was only available in Japanese[63]) and graphics, and lamented its 1990s role-playing game mechanics.[2][50][62][63] Critics also complimented its music.[4][5][67]", "The Next Three Days. In October 2009, the film was originally scheduled to be released in 2011,[11] by March 2010, the Australian media company Village Roadshow was set to release the film in Australia in November 2010.[12] It was released in the United States on November 19, 2010.[2]", "Mother!. Mother! (stylized as mother!)[4] is a 2017 American psychological horror film, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Jennifer Lawrence, Javier Bardem, Ed Harris, and Michelle Pfeiffer. The plot follows a young woman whose tranquil life with her husband at their country home is disrupted by the arrival of a mysterious couple. Their personal family drama spills over into the house leading to the death of their son and a memorial service held at their house. After the guests leave, the couple who own the house end up at the center of a cult that turns their home into a warzone.", "Mother 3. Mother 3 is a 2006 role-playing video game in the Mother series, developed by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory, and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance. The game, which is the final entry in the series, was directed by Nobuyuki Inoue, written by series creator Shigesato Itoi, and scored by composer Shogo Sakai. The story follows Lucas, a young boy with psychic abilities, and a party of characters as they attempt to prevent a mysterious invading army from corrupting and destroying the world.", "Pitch Perfect 3. Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21, and August 4, 2017. It had its world premiere in Sydney, Australia, on November 29, 2017,[23] and was released in the United States on December 22, 2017.[24]", "Deadpool 2. Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18, 2018. A sequel, Deadpool 3, is in development.", "Bad Moms. In May 2015, Paramount set the film a release date for April 15, 2016,[6] but later, in July 2015, the studio moved the film out to a new unspecified release date.[14] STX Entertainment later bought the distribution rights to the film and scheduled for August 19, 2016, before eventually releasing it on July 29, 2016, swapping release dates with The Space Between Us.[15]", "Mission: Impossible III. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2006, and was released in the United States on May 5, 2006 by Paramount Pictures. It received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success.[3] A sequel, entitled Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, was released in December 2011.", "Bad Moms. A sequel, titled A Bad Moms Christmas, was released on November 1, 2017.[4]", "Rules Don't Apply. The film was released on Amazon Video and iTunes on February 14, 2017, and Blu-ray and DVD in the United States on February 28, 2017.[40]", "Mother 3. Shogo Sakai, a video game composer at HAL Laboratory whose previous works include music for Kirby Air Ride and Super Smash Bros. Melee, composed Mother 3's soundtrack. Shigesato Itoi stated that Sakai was chosen for the role given his deep understanding of the game's story and the EarthBound series in general, in addition to the fact that EarthBound composers Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka were both unavailable. Sakai worked to make the music feel similar to previous entries in the series.[44] The Mother 3 soundtrack was released on compact disc on November 2, 2006. Kyle Miller of RPGFan wrote that the game retained the quirkiness of the previous soundtracks in the series despite the change in composers. He found the second half of the album, which included reinterpreted \"classics\" from the series, to be its strongest.[45]", "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week of its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats.[3] The film has grossed over $280 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the performances and musical numbers, though the necessity of the film and underuse of some of the original cast (particularly Streep) received some criticism.[4][5]", "Mother!. As of October 25, 2017[update], Mother! has grossed $17.8 million in the United States and Canada and $25.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $43 million, against a production budget of $30 million.[3]", "Captain Marvel (film). Captain Marvel is scheduled to be released in the United States on March 8, 2019, in IMAX and 3D.", "Mother's Day (2010 film). The film was planned for release on April 30, 2010,[17] but in March, the date was revoked and the film had an unknown release date.[18] It was announced on September 29, 2010 that Mother's Day was bought by Gigapix Releasing and would be released theatrically in the first quarter of 2011.[19] Briana Evigan announced on her UStream that the film would be released in May 2012. The film was released in Chicago, New York and Los Angeles in selected theaters on May 4, 2012. The film was released on a DVD and Blu-ray combo pack on May 8, 2012. The film features commentary with director Darren Lynn Bousman and actor Shawn Ashmore. Mother's Day was released into cinemas in the United Kingdom on the June 10, 2011.[20]", "Bad Moms. Bad Moms was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 1, 2016 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.", "Johnny English Reborn. In May 2017, it was announced that pre production had begun on a third film, set to be released in 26 October 2018.[23]", "A Bad Moms Christmas. Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia in May 2017, and the film was released by STXfilms in the United States on November 1, 2017. It received mixed reviews, with criticism aimed at the thin story and raunchy jokes, and has grossed $122 million worldwide.[3]" ]

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[ "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters. Kubra Balik (played by Eyas Younis) – Alex's former drug boss. In the second season, he was in Chicago on trial, and despite Alex testifying against him he was set free. After gaining his freedom, it was presumed that he would seek revenge on Alex for her testimony. In the third season, it was shown that he sent Aydin into the prison as a CO in order to punish her, and is led to believe that Alex is dead when he received posed pictures of her feigning death after Aydin is knocked unconscious at the beginning of the fourth season.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra, fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth. However, Piper wishes to tell the truth. Piper meets with her lawyer, Larry's father Howard Bloom, who strongly advises her to tell the truth. In the van on the way to the trial, Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra, saying she (Alex) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story. Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial. Afterwards, Howard washes his hands off her. Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie, she told the truth, which complicates matters for Piper, who now faces perjury charges and additional time. Piper shouts angrily at Alex, who is being led out of prison to be released.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[1] Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[2] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts.[3] In July, it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role.[4] Toussaint said of the role: \"Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I've ever played, and probably one of the more difficult characters I've played. I think it'll be interesting seeing how this character is received, because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game, and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her, into the big game and has, I have a great deal of fun.\" It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role.[5] In February 2014, Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6, 2014.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). The series follows Piper Chapman, forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information. Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Meanwhile, in Litchfield Penitentiary, a new inmate is raising to power into the prison, by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband. Threatened by this new inmate, Red goes to war, to protect her family and her power.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 6). Blake, Luschek and McCullough return to duty, the latter suffering PTSD. They are invited into the fantasy inmate league, gambling on inmate deaths and injuries. Alex returns and is reunited with Piper. Coates, Dixon and Pennsatucky have fun at an amusement park. To get her kids out of foster care, Aleida begins selling dietary shakes, including to head CO Hopper. Taystee learns she is being charged for Piscatella's murder and speaks with Caputo. Nicky tells Red about the drug charges and gets Red's permission to testify against her, realizing that she is loved by someone.", "Orange Is the New Black. On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[25] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[26] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular.[27] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon.[28] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[29] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[30][31][32] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere.[33][34] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode.[35] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season.[4]", "Orange Is the New Black. In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex (who named Piper in her trial, resulting in Piper's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3). On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season.[1] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[2] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[3][4][5]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra wasn't convicted. Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia. Soso's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor. Polly leaves Pete for Larry. The prison newspaper is shut down. Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike. The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red doesn't know about it. The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3). The prison hosts a special visitation party to celebrate Mother's Day, as part of Caputo's attempt to \"soften\" his regime in light of recent controversies. Piper finds out that Alex has returned to Litchfield and the two reconcile, bonding over Alex's mourning over her passed mother. Poussey also misses her passed mother. Bennett struggles to deal with Daya's family while keeping under wraps that he is the father of her child. Daya and Aleida clash on the topic of motherhood. Pennsatucky holds a memorial for the abortions she has had, and is encouraged by Big Boo that it was probably for the best that her kids didn't live. Sophia bonds with Michael, spending quality time with him for the first time without Crystal being present. Healy feels threatened by Caputo's recent staff change decision. Red fills the hole in the greenhouse with cement, and is later visited by her family, from whom she figures out Piper lied regarding the store's success. Maria gets to see and play with her baby daughter, however at the end of the visits, the baby's father states that she will not see the baby anymore.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3). Luschek finds a buyer for Nicky's heroin, but is furious when Nicky says it has been stolen. Alex and Piper continue to have a contentious relationship. Caputo denies rumors from the staff that the prison is shutting down, but the staff is suspicious. Bennett disappears, worrying Daya. New staff member Rogers starts a theater class, where Alex and Piper reconcile during a performance. It is revealed Nicky was keeping the heroin for herself, but it was discovered by the meth heads. Luschek takes the heroin from them, but it is found by Caputo, causing Luschek to rat out Nicky. Healy recruits Red to help him talk to his wife. Caputo blackmails Figueroa into helping him keep the prison open, and she points him to a private company that was interested in acquiring it in the past. Nicky says goodbye as she is sent to maximum security prison. She laments that even after kicking her drug addiction, she may never lose her self-destructive tendencies.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Alex is good at reading people and is perceptive, quite often surmising Piper's true feelings and intentions. During the second season, she double-crosses Piper and gives incriminating evidence at the trial of her former boss Kubra (after advising Piper to lie), earning herself an early release. When Piper calls her on the phone, she reveals that Kubra had walked free, and she is now in fear of her life. To Piper's dismay, when Alex visits, she reveals that she is planning to skip town and go into hiding. Wanting to get her old girlfriend back in prison with her, Piper secretly asks Polly to tip off her probation officer, causing Alex to violate her probation when he turns up to check on her, to find her brandishing a gun. In the third season, she returns to Litchfield, and despite finding out that Piper was the reason she was arrested, she restarts their relationship. This is short-lived, as the two break up again when Piper starts dating Stella. Alex becomes suspicious when Lolly Whitehall, a new inmate originally seen in Chicago, comes to the prison and she assumes that Kubra sent Lolly to kill her. Confronting Lolly in the bathroom, the two fight, and while choking Lolly, Alex discovers that she is just a paranoid prisoner that thinks the NSA is watching her. Alex ends up convincing Lolly that she is an undercover agent with the CIA in order to keep her from reporting their confrontation.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese-American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). In Australia, the second season began airing on Showcase on July 16, 2014.[10]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Alex Vause (played by Laura Prepon) – Alex is a former drug smuggler for an unspecified international drug cartel. Years prior to the beginning of the series, she took a sexual interest in Piper after meeting her in a bar, and gradually integrated her into the drug trade while they traveled the world living in luxury. Alex once convinced Piper to smuggle cash through customs at an airport in Europe, the crime for which Piper is doing time. Alex specifically named Piper during her testimony, which is what led to Piper's later arrest. After Piper broke up with her, Alex began using heroin, but cleaned up in prison. She states during an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting that being in prison is her \"rock bottom\" experience. Alex's mother had worked four jobs, and her father was a washed-up rock star. Alex tracked down her father and struck up a friendship with his drug dealer who subsequently became her industry contact in a drug cartel. Alex is not particularly broken up about being in prison, since she at least managed to free herself of her drug addiction. She admits to Piper and Nicky that she isn't sure what she'll do with her life when she gets out, as her only life skill is \"moving massive amounts of heroin.\" She appears to have moments of depression, telling Nicky that she can no longer \"get past the swirling darkness in her brain long enough to land on anything,\" and mentioning to Piper that upon entering prison, she was on anti-depressants, which she now trades for black eyeliner.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). The second season received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: \"With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence.[6] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim.\"[7] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes \"not only as great as the first season, but arguably better.\"[8]", "Marissa Cooper. Schwartz said that the network was \"nervous\" about the storyline and wanted it \"wrapped up as fast as humanly possible and Alex moving on out of the OC.\"[8]", "List of Orange Is the New Black episodes. The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons.[5]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists.[9]", "Alex (A Clockwork Orange). His sentence is commuted to time served, and he is released. Once he returns to society, however, he finds that the treatment worked too well: any thought of violence brings him to his knees with pain, and he cannot defend himself. His parents have rented out his room, he is brutalised by his former victims, and beaten by his former accomplices Georgie and Dim, who are now police officers.", "Alex Vause. Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian stated that although Vause would only be present in a few episodes of the second season, she \"turns up to devastating effect early on\".[46] In a review of the first episode of season two, Horatia Harrod of The Daily Telegraph commented that Vause is dedicated to self-preservation and thought that \"another betrayal\" of Chapman \"reached new depths\", thus she found it \"puzzling\" that Vause's bad-girl routine \"seems to have won her a fan following, while [Chapman] is reviled.\"[47] Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast noted that there is something about Vause that \"convinces [Chapman] to throw her lifelong caution to the wind.\"[48] Kate Zernike of The New York Times said that Vause is \"calculating\" and that \"there’s something black cat-like about [her] – she slips into the frame and you know things are about to go bad, or at least, get interesting.\"[49] Chris Harvey of The Daily Telegraph described Prepon's turn as \"unforgettable\" and explained that Vause’s wicked attitude and bespectacled look have made the character a \"cult favourite\".[50] In her review of the season two premiere, The Wall Street Journal's Candace Jackson wrote that \"much like in Piper Kerman’s real-life experience, [the Chicago facility] is where [Chapman] runs into Vause\". Prepon is \"excellent in this role as ever\", Jackson commended, walking a \"believable line between flirtation and manipulation\".[51] Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic observed that Vause was \"correct earlier in [the second season's premiere] when she diagnosed how inconsistent Chapman's worldview is: \"it is so hard to keep up with what is black and white for you\".\" According to Kornhaber, Vause’s \"return, in letter and in flashback, offers another lesson in moral relativity and personal transformation. We finally see how [Chapman's] cultivated naivety and [Vause's] cultivated knowingness created a passionate, dangerous pairing early on.\"[52] Danielle Henderson remarked in Vulture that Vause \"has balls\" for sending Chapman letters after the incident in the season two premiere.[53] In her review of the second season's finale, Zernike wrote that although Vause may not be the \"typical re-entering felon\", her speech to Chapman about needing to violate her probation, flee, and possibly go back to her former felonious life, \"does raise some good points\" regarding issues with the prison system.[54]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 6). Alex hides the cellphone through a lockdown and search, and finds money added to her commissary despite wanting to stay out of the gang. Gloria advises Latin music and helps Luschek with his dance-aerobics class. Piper extorts Luschek to return kickball. Daddy asks Daya to buy drugs through her friends in C-block; she gets them from Blanca, in exchange for retrieving Diablo's sperm donation from the visitation washroom. The swap is noticed and Daya is beaten by C Block inmates but manages to save four pills for Daddy. Blanca and Nicky are surrounded by the same gang during the insemination procedure. Red schemes against Frieda, gaining an alliance with Carol who arranges a hair styling. Aleida is stopped from selling outside the prison by Hopper who takes her for a date. In a media interview, Taystee describes guard abuses and has her mail cut off by Tamika.", "Alex Vause. In the first episode, Vause promises Chapman that she will lie to protect her in the upcoming trial of her former boss Kubra Balik. She breaks this promise, however, and, after testifying against Balik, Vause manages to secure release from prison while Chapman remains incarcerated.[19] After discovering that Balik was not imprisoned for his crimes, Vause fears for her life; she is also unable to leave her apartment due to the terms of her parole.[20][21] She visits Chapman in prison and confides in her that she is scared; Chapman then gets Bloom to tell Vause's parole officer that Vause is breaking her parole, which lands her back in prison, where she is safe from Balik's retribution.", "Neal Caffrey. They later see each other again in the Season 2 mid-season finale \"Point Blank\". Alex has snuck back into the country, still hiding from the people searching for her and the music box. Neal offers to help get this target off her back, sending her to steal the box again, this time from FBI Agent Diana Barrigan's apartment, and donate it to the Russian Heritage Museum, finally ending her involvement with the box. This time, she gives Neal her number before she leaves.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). Vee's family breaks apart and turns on her. After Nicky's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee's assault on Red. Piper reveals Figueroa's embezzlement to Caputo, who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa. Figueroa's attempt to buy Caputo's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns. Caputo's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya. Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration. Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy. Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee. Vee, alone and friendless, escapes from prison via Red's greenhouse storm drain pipe. Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three-six weeks left to live. Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa, who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life. She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters. Fahri (played by Sebastian LaCause) – One of Kubra Balik's employees. Fahri first meets Alex shortly after she meets with her father and he ends up introducing her to Kubra's drug cartel. During the third season, he offers Alex a ride after she attended her mother's funeral, later telling her that Kubra sent him to the U.S. to look for more business. In Paris, Fahri was supposed to pick up a professional at the airport, but Alex convinces him to stay at a nightclub with her instead. Later, he finds out that the professional was arrested and he becomes fearful of Kubra's retaliation for the arrest. While in a hotel room with Alex and Aydin, he is shot to death by Aydin after Aydin received orders from Kubra to kill him from an hotel employee. Kubra later reveals to Alex that he did not kill Fahri solely for his mistake at the airport, which was merely his tipping point, but because he was becoming careless, lazy and a liability.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 6). In February 2016, Netflix gave the series a three-season renewal, which included its sixth season.[5] For the sixth season, Laura Gómez, Matt Peters and Dale Soules were promoted to series regulars.", "Izzie Stevens. In August 2010, Rhimes stated that she did not feel Izzie's character arc—specifically her relationship with Alex—had fully concluded, and hoped to give proper closure to their relationship in the seventh season.[43] She later confirmed that she had intended to kill off Izzie off-screen, but opted against this a day later as she felt that it would destroy Alex, rather than give him closure. Instead, she concluded: \"I'm open to seeing Izzie again. So if she [Katherine] were to come back, we would be thrilled to [wrap up her story]. But if she doesn't, we'll just move on.\"[44] Heigl also went on to say in October 2010 that the character returning to show looks bleak because, \"that chapter is closed, and it's sad. And it's hard.\" She also felt that Izzie coming back to the show would, \"just feel manipulative.\"[45]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges. Caputo feels pressure to toughen up, which results in Fischer's termination. Also, Caputo starts to distrust Red's greenhouse but fortunately for her, Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it. Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it. Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough, only to find out her grandmother died a day before. Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission.", "Orange Is the New Black. The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: \"With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence.[43] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim.\"[44] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes \"not only as great as the first season, but arguably better.\"[45]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 6). Carol holds Badison accountable for Daddy's prank that cost them their cushy jobs, and cuts her out. Badison consults with Alex and convinces Luschek to smuggle valuable smartphones. Though Alex doesn't want anything to do with it, she ends up with the phone when Badison is stabbed in the yard by Daddy's girls. Strung-out, Daya steals Barbara's personal stash; Daddy is incensed and they have angry sex. Taystee receives fan mail, which the guards redact. Suzanne comes out to the yard to see Taystee and Black Cindy, but doesn't know how to talk with them while keeping the secret. Suspected as a suicide, Maria is released from psyche with the suggestion of finding religion. Pennsatucky blackmails Linda for a bunk in B Block. Preparing to leave town, Caputo goes on his first real date with Figueroa, and tries to give her closure for a past event. Considering writing a memoir, Piper examines the library and finds photos from before the feud, and determines to heal divisions by bringing back kickball.", "Alex Vause. Alex Vause is a fictional character played by Laura Prepon on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. The character is loosely based on the real ex-girlfriend of Piper Kerman, author of Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison. Before her arrest, Vause worked for an international drug cartel and was in a relationship with protagonist Piper Chapman, who once transported drug money for her during their travels. Vause is portrayed as the catalyst for Chapman's indictment. She is reunited with her ex-lover in federal prison, nearly a decade after the events that led to their breakup. Her relationship with Chapman is reignited, as they carry out a tumultuous love affair in prison. Vause is noted for her pragmatism, forthrightness, wit and veiled vulnerability. She is a main character in seasons one, three, four and five and a recurring character in season two." ]

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[ "Steroid hormone. In order for steroid hormones to cross the lipid bilayer of cells they must overcome energetic barriers that would prevent their entering or exiting the membrane. Gibbs free energy is an important concept here. These hormones, which are all derived from cholesterol, have hydrophilic functional groups at either end and hydrophobic carbon backbones. When steroid hormones are entering membranes free energy barriers exist when the functional groups are entering the hydrophobic interior of membrane, but it is energetically favorable for the hydrophobic core of these hormones to enter lipid bilayers. These energy barriers and wells are reversed for hormones exiting membranes. Steroid hormones easily enter and exit the membrane at physiologic conditions. They have been shown experimentally to cross membranes near a rate of 20 μm/s, depending on the hormone.[9]", "Estrogen receptor. Since estrogen is a steroidal hormone, it can pass through the phospholipid membranes of the cell, and receptors therefore do not need to be membrane-bound in order to bind with estrogen.", "Cell signaling. As shown in Figure 2 (above; left), notch acts as a receptor for ligands that are expressed on adjacent cells. While some receptors are cell surface proteins, others are found inside cells. For example, estrogen is a hydrophobic molecule that can pass through the lipid bilayer of the membranes. As part of the endocrine system, intracellular estrogen receptors from a variety of cell types can be activated by estrogen produced in the ovaries.", "Thyroid hormones. Despite being lipophilic, T3 and T4 cross the cell membrane via carrier-mediated transport, which is ATP-dependent.[34]", "Hormone receptor. Water-soluble hormones include glycoproteins, catecholamines, and peptide hormones composed of polypeptides, e.g. thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and insulin. These molecules are not lipid-soluble and therefore cannot diffuse through cell membranes. Consequently, receptors for peptide hormones are located on the plasma membrane because they have bound to a receptor protein located on the plasma membrane.[16]", "Steroid hormone receptor. There is some evidence that certain steroid hormone receptors can extend through lipid bilayer membranes at the surface of cells and might be able to interact with hormones that remain outside cells.[7]", "Gibberellin. Microtubules are also required for the trafficking of membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicle trafficking is needed for the correct positioning of several hormone transporters. One of the most well characterized hormone transporters are PIN proteins, which are responsible for the movement of the hormone auxin between cells. In the absence of GA, DELLA proteins reduce the levels of microtubules and thereby inhibit membrane vesicle trafficking. This reduces the level of PIN proteins at the cell membrane, and the level of auxin in the cell. GA reverses this process and allows for PIN protein trafficking to the cell membrane to enhance the level of auxin in the cell.[58]", "Hormone. Receptors for most peptide as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell and the majority of these receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) class of seven alpha helix transmembrane proteins. The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as signal transduction, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP). Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.", "Steroid hormone. Steroid hormones are transported through the blood by being bound to carrier proteins—serum proteins that bind them and increase the hormones' solubility in water. Some examples are sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), corticosteroid-binding globulin, and albumin.[7] Most studies say that hormones can only affect cells when they are not bound by serum proteins. In order to be active, steroid hormones must free themselves from their blood-solubilizing proteins and either bind to extracellular receptors, or passively cross the cell membrane and bind to nuclear receptors. This idea is known as the free hormone hypothesis. This idea is shown in Figure 1 to the right.", "Endocrine system. Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific receptor proteins in the target cell resulting in a change in cell function. When a hormone binds to the receptor, it results in the activation of a signal transduction pathway. This may lead to cell type-specific responses that include rapid non-genomic effects or slower genomic[disambiguation needed] responses where the hormones acting through their receptors activate gene transcription resulting in increased expression of target proteins. Amino acid–based hormones (amines and peptide or protein hormones) are water-soluble and act on the surface of target cells via second messengers; steroid hormones, being lipid-soluble, move through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) to act within their nuclei.", "Estrogen. Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, they bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs) which in turn modulate the expression of many genes.[5] Additionally, estrogens bind to and activate rapid-signaling membrane estrogen receptors (mERs),[6][7] such as GPER (GPR30).[8]", "Steroid hormone. The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. These forms of hormones are lipids. They can pass through the cell membrane as they are fat-soluble,[5] and then bind to steroid hormone receptors (which may be nuclear or cytosolic depending on the steroid hormone) to bring about changes within the cell. Steroid hormones are generally carried in the blood, bound to specific carrier proteins such as sex hormone-binding globulin or corticosteroid-binding globulin. Further conversions and catabolism occurs in the liver, in other \"peripheral\" tissues, and in the target tissues.", "Steroid hormone. Though it is energetically more favorable for hormones to be in the membrane than in the ECF or ICF, they do in fact leave the membrane once they have entered it. This is an important consideration because cholesterol—the precursor to all steroid hormones—does not leave the membrane once it has embedded itself inside. The difference between cholesterol and these hormones is that cholesterol is in a much larger negative Gibb's free energy well once inside the membrane, as compared to these hormones. This is because the carbohydrate tail on cholesterol has a very favorable interaction with the interior of lipid bilayers.[9]", "Hormone. For steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located inside the cell within the cytoplasm of the target cell. These receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. To bind their receptors, these hormones must first cross the cell membrane. They can do so because they are lipid-soluble. The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences, regulating the expression of certain genes, and thereby increasing the levels of the proteins encoded by these genes.[6] However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located inside the cell. Some are associated with the plasma membrane.[7]", "Estrogen receptor. In addition, some ER may associate with cell membranes by attachment to caveolin-1 and form complexes with G proteins, striatin, receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR and IGF-1), and non-receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., Src).[2][21] Through striatin, some of this membrane bound ER may lead to increased levels of Ca2+ and nitric oxide (NO).[23] Through the receptor tyrosine kinases, signals are sent to the nucleus through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pl3K/AKT) pathway.[24] Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK)-3β inhibits transcription by nuclear ER by inhibiting phosphorylation of serine 118 of nuclear ERα. Phosphorylation of GSK-3β removes its inhibitory effect, and this can be achieved by the PI3K/AKT pathway and the MAPK/ERK pathway, via rsk.", "Steroid hormone. One study has found that these steroid-carrier complexes are bound by megalin, a membrane receptor, and are then taken into cells via endocytosis. One possible pathway is that once inside the cell these complexes are taken to the lysosome, where the carrier protein is degraded and the steroid hormone is released into the cytoplasm of the target cell. The hormone then follows a genomic pathway of action. This process is shown in Figure 2 to the right.[8] The role of endocytosis in steroid hormone transport is not well understood and is under further investigation.", "Steroid hormone. Because non-genomic pathways include any mechanism that is not a genomic effect, there are various non-genomic pathways. However, all of these pathways are mediated by some type of steroid hormone receptor found at the plasma membrane.[13] Ion channels, transporters, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), and membrane fluidity have all been shown to be affected by steroid hormones.[9] Of these, GPCR linked proteins are the most common.For more information on these proteins and pathways, visit the steroid hormone receptor page.", "Cell signaling. Many cell signals are carried by molecules that are released by one cell and move to make contact with another cell. Endocrine signals are called hormones. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells and they travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body. Specificity of signaling can be controlled if only some cells can respond to a particular hormone. Paracrine signals such as retinoic acid target only cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell.[12] Neurotransmitters represent another example of a paracrine signal. Some signaling molecules can function as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. For example, epinephrine and norepinephrine can function as hormones when released from the adrenal gland and are transported to the heart by way of the blood stream. Norepinephrine can also be produced by neurons to function as a neurotransmitter within the brain.[13] Estrogen can be released by the ovary and function as a hormone or act locally via paracrine or autocrine signaling.[14] Active species of oxygen and nitric oxide can also act as cellular messengers. This process is dubbed redox signaling.", "Acid. Cell membranes are generally impermeable to charged or large, polar molecules because of the lipophilic fatty acyl chains comprising their interior. Many biologically important molecules, including a number of pharmaceutical agents, are organic weak acids which can cross the membrane in their protonated, uncharged form but not in their charged form (i.e. as the conjugate base). For this reason the activity of many drugs can be enhanced or inhibited by the use of antacids or acidic foods. The charged form, however, is often more soluble in blood and cytosol, both aqueous environments. When the extracellular environment is more acidic than the neutral pH within the cell, certain acids will exist in their neutral form and will be membrane soluble, allowing them to cross the phospholipid bilayer. Acids that lose a proton at the intracellular pH will exist in their soluble, charged form and are thus able to diffuse through the cytosol to their target. Ibuprofen, aspirin and penicillin are examples of drugs that are weak acids.", "Hormone. Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell membrane associated or intracellular receptors. A cell may have several different receptor types that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway.", "Facilitated diffusion. Glucose, sodium ions, and chloride ions are just a few examples of molecules and ions that must efficiently cross the plasma membrane but to which the lipid bilayer of the membrane is virtually impermeable. Their transport must therefore be \"facilitated\" by proteins that span the membrane and provide an alternative route or bypass mechanism.", "Estrogen receptor. Some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen.[21][22]", "Thyroid hormones. Contrary to common belief, thyroid[35] hormones cannot traverse cell membranes in a passive manner like other lipophilic substances. The iodine in o-position makes the phenolic OH-group more acidic, resulting in a negative charge at physiological pH. However, at least 10 different active, energy-dependent and genetically-regulated iodothyronine transporters have been identified in humans. They guarantee that intracellular levels of thyroid hormones are higher than in blood plasma or interstitial fluids.[36]", "Cell membrane. As shown in the adjacent table, integral proteins are amphipathic transmembrane proteins. Examples of integral proteins include ion channels, proton pumps, and g-protein coupled receptors. Ion channels allow inorganic ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, or chlorine to diffuse down their electrochemical gradient across the lipid bilayer through hydrophilic pores across the membrane. The electrical behavior of cells (i.e. nerve cells) are controlled by ion channels.[3] Proton Pumps are protein pumps that are embedded in the lipid bilayer that allow protons to travel through the membrane by transferring from one amino acid side chain to another. Processes such as electron transport and generating ATP use proton pumps.[3] A G-protein coupled receptor is a single polypeptide chain that crosses the lipid bilayer seven times responding to signal molecules (i.e. hormones and neurotransmitters). G-protein coupled receptors are used in processes such as cell to cell signaling, the regulation of the production of cAMP, and the regulation of ion channels.[3]", "Cell signaling. Signaling molecules can belong to several chemical classes: lipids, phospholipids, amino acids, monoamines, proteins, glycoproteins, or gases. Signaling molecules binding surface receptors are generally large and hydrophilic (e.g. TRH, Vasopressin, Acetylcholine), while those entering the cell are generally small and hydrophobic (e.g. glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, cholecalciferol, retinoic acid), but important exceptions to both are numerous, and a same molecule can act both via surface receptor or in an intracrine manner to different effects.[16] In intracrine signaling, once inside the cell, a signaling molecule can bind to intracellular receptors, other elements, or stimulate enzyme activity (e.g. gasses). The intracrine action of peptide hormones remains a subject of debate.[17]", "Hormone receptor. A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone. Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and Vitamin D, and a variety of other receptors for various ligands, such as fatty acids and prostaglandins.[1] There are two main classes of hormone receptors. Receptors for peptide hormones tend to be cell surface receptors built into the plasma membrane of cells and are thus referred to as trans membrane receptors. An example of this is insulin.[2] Receptors for steroid hormones are usually found within the cytoplasm and are referred to as intracellular or nuclear receptors, such as testosterone.[3] Upon hormone binding, the receptor can initiate multiple signaling pathways which ultimately lead to changes in the behavior of the target cells.", "Endomembrane system. Enzymes of the smooth ER are vital to the synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Sex hormones of vertebrates and the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are among the steroids produced by the smooth ER in animal cells. The cells that synthesize these hormones are rich in smooth ER.[23][26]", "Transdermal. Although this is the path of shortest distance, the drugs encounter significant resistance to permeation. This is because the drugs must cross the lipophilic membrane of each cell, then the hydrophilic cellular contents containing keratin, and then the phospholipid bilayer of the cell one more time. This series of steps is repeated numerous times to traverse the full thickness of the stratum corneum.[1][2]", "Thyroid. Thyroid hormones act by crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular nuclear thyroid hormone receptors TR-α1,TR-α2,TR-β1 and TR-β2, which bind with hormone response elements and transcription factors to modulate DNA transcription.[30][31] In addition to these actions on DNA, the thyroid hormones also act within the cell membrane or within cytoplasm via reactions with enzymes, including calcium ATPase, adenylyl cyclase, and glucose transporters.[18]", "Dehydroepiandrosterone. DHEA easily crosses the blood–brain barrier into the central nervous system.[39]", "Endocrine gland. The ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors, within the cell or on its plasma membrane, to which the hormone can bind.", "Cell membrane. 2. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters: Transmembrane proteins extend through the lipid bilayer of the membranes; they function on both sides of the membrane to transport molecules across it.[23] Nutrients, such as sugars or amino acids, must enter the cell, and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell. Such molecules can diffuse passively through protein channels such as aquaporins in facilitated diffusion or are pumped across the membrane by transmembrane transporters. Protein channel proteins, also called permeases, are usually quite specific, and they only recognize and transport a limited variety of chemical substances, often limited to a single substance. Another example of a transmembrane protein is a cell-surface receptor, which allow cell signaling molecules to communicate between cells.[23]" ]

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[ "Mercy (Duffy song). \"Mercy\" has been covered several times since its release. In 2008, American band OneRepublic recorded a version of the song which was first heard as a live cover on the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge. Their version of the song later appeared, in live format, on the band's third single \"Say (All I Need)\".[69] OneRepublic then recorded a studio version of \"Mercy\" as a bonus track for their second album Waking Up (note that the track is not to be confused with another OneRepublic song and single, also titled \"Mercy\" and released on their debut studio album, Dreaming Out Loud).", "Mercy (Duffy song). \"Mercy\" is a song performed by Welsh singer Duffy, released as the second single from her debut studio album, Rockferry (2008). Co-written by Duffy and Steve Booker and produced by Booker, it was released worldwide in 2008 to critical acclaim and unprecedented chart success. As Duffy's first international release, the song is credited with firmly establishing her career and is now considered her signature song. \"Mercy\" received comparisons to Duffy's previous single, \"Rockferry\". Critical reviewers of \"Mercy\" noted similarities between the song to releases by Aretha Franklin, Dusty Springfield and The Supremes, as well as contemporaries such as fellow British singer Amy Winehouse. \"Mercy\" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart in February 2008, remaining at the top of the chart for five weeks. The single also topped the charts in Austria, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Ireland, Switzerland and Turkey, and peaked within the top five of the charts in Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Spain and Sweden.", "Mercy (Duffy song). The song has been covered live on several occasions by Belgian rock band Triggerfinger in collaboration with singer Selah Sue.[citation needed] . X Factor Indonesia contestant Fatin Shidqia covered the song during the seventh Gala shows.[77]", "Mercy (Duffy song). The Fratellis also recorded \"Mercy\", mixed with the Minder theme tune, specially for broadcast on the Live Lounge.[70] Duffy herself also recorded \"Mercy\" live for the Live Lounge. In the broadcast, Duffy also sang a cover of Hot Chip's single \"Ready for the Floor\".[71] British production team The Third Degree recorded a version, released 9 March 2009 on the Acid Jazz label as a 7\" vinyl record. Singer John Mayer also covers the song as a slow blues in many of his live shows.", "Mercy (Duffy song). Premium CD single[89]", "Mercy (Duffy song). Australian digital download[87]", "Mercy (Duffy song). The following have been released for purchase:", "Mercy (Duffy song). UK B-Side digital download[88]", "Mercy (Duffy song). UK 7\" vinyl single[86]", "Mercy (Duffy song). The song is used in film My Best Friend's Girl and the television series Criminal Minds, Smallville, ER, Grey's Anatomy, Entourage, Knight Rider, Being Human and 90210, and Brazilian telenovela, Beleza Pura Furthermore, the song was used on several episodes MTV Tr3s Quiero mis quinces.", "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology). In 1991, Robert Palmer combined the song in a medley with Gaye's 1976 hit \"I Want You\". Palmer's single reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the Adult Contemporary chart in early 1991. It also hit number 9 on the UK chart.", "Jolene (song). The Sisters of Mercy", "Mercy (Duffy song). Internationally, \"Mercy\" became Duffy's first single to chart on the American Billboard charts. \"Mercy\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 87.[39] On the chart date 22 May 2008, the single reached its peak of 27 on the Hot 100, becoming the chart's greatest digital gainer of that week, selling 59,000 downloads.[40] The song also topped the magazine's Eurochart Hot 100,[34] spending in total six weeks atop the chart, including four consecutive weeks.[41] \"Mercy\" also reached other Billboard charts, including number 3 on the Japan Hot 100,[42] number 27 on the Pop 100[43] and 13 on the Hot Digital Songs.[43] The single was also a minor dance crossover success, reaching a peak of 35 on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart,[43] as well as peaking at a position of sixteen on the Adult Pop Songs chart.[44] In the United States overall, \"Mercy\" was certified Platinum for sales of one million copies by the American recording industry association, the RIAA.[45] In Canada, \"Mercy\" debuted at number 94 on the Canadian Hot 100 on 12 April 2008,[46] eventually peaking at 11 on 23 April 2008.[47]", "Mercy (Duffy song). In December 2012 the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation covered the song under the alternative title, \"Dancing Queen\" which was styled like their first Hit Gee. It was recorded in 2008, however it was not released until December 2012 for their 4th studio album \"I Got a Boy\".[76]", "Mercy (Duffy song). \"Mercy\" garnered almost unanimously positive reviews from critics, often being praised for its catchy bass line and \"summery\", jazzy themes. Digital Spy gave the single a positive review, noting that the single was \"a catchy, danceable Northern soul pastiche\" and that the \"baseline practically reeks of sweat and stale cigarette smoke\".[14] The Times in a review for Rockferry said that \"Mercy\" is \"a slight but darned catchy number\" and \"a classic radio hit\".[15] The reviewer also drew comparisons between \"Mercy\" and Amy Winehouse's critically acclaimed single \"Rehab\".[15] The Independent said that \"Mercy\" and \"Rockferry\" \"are tracks that stand out as something special\", whilst noting that the \"uptempo organ funk\" provides \"the album's one truly memorable groove\".[16] PopMatters said that the song was \"still grounded in a bouncing Motown rhythm but [with] the added colour of jaunty keyboards\", whilst again comparing the song to \"Rehab\".[17]", "G-Unit. In 2003, the group's debut album Beg for Mercy, was released.[7] However, while the album was being recorded, Tony Yayo was sentenced to jail on charges of gun possession. Therefore, he only makes two appearances, both were pre-recorded tracks. His face is seen on the brick wall of the album cover because he could not be photographed on account of his jail sentence. Beg for Mercy went on to sell 2.3 million copies in the US and 4 million copies worldwide.[7] The only guest appearances on the album were R&B singers Joe and Butch Cassidy. The album's production was handled by high-profile producers such as Hi-Tek, Dr. Dre and Scott Storch, among several others. 50 Cent also served as the album's executive producer.", "Mercy (Duffy song). \"Mercy\" was nominated for several awards in 2008, including the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards.[2][3] Well received by the public, \"Mercy\" went on to become the third-best-selling single of 2008 in the United Kingdom, with sales of over 500,000 copies in the UK that year.[4] The song achieved worldwide chart success, with Duffy attributing this to the fact that \"everyone is searching for liberty ... from themselves or from the world they’ve created around them\" and \"everyone would like to be set free\".[5] It is Duffy's best-selling single to date.", "Mercy (Duffy song). \"Mercy\" has featured heavily on worldwide television talent competitions. It was performed as a \"group cha cha cha\" on the seventh series of U.S. dancing talent show, Dancing with the Stars. Actress Jennifer Grey and her dancing partner Derek Hough also performed a cha cha cha to the song on the eleventh series of the same show. Singapore Idol runner-up Sylvia Ratonel covered it twice over the course of the third series of the competition. It was performed on American Idol (2008) by Team Compromise. Singer Lloyd covered the song with Andre 3000 for his song \"Dedication to My Ex (Miss That)\" that contains samples from the chorus and ending chorus.", "Mercy (Duffy song). \"Mercy\" entered the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number 50 on the issue date of 4 May 2008,[49] reaching a peak of 26 nearly five months later, on 14 September 2008, after staying on the chart for eighteen weeks.[50] Despite its small impact on the Australian charts, the single was the 72nd-best-selling single of 2008,[51] and was certified Platinum for sales of 70,000 copies.[52] \"Mercy\" debuted on New Zealand's RIANZ singles chart at 40,[53] eventually peaking at number four.[54] The single was the 30th-best-selling song of 2008 in New Zealand,[55] where the song carries Gold certification, for sales of 7,500 copies.[56]", "Mercy (Duffy song). In Europe, \"Mercy\" was a chart success, reaching number-one in at least eight countries in the region alone.[57] In Ireland, \"Mercy\" proved very successful, spending two separate runs at number one in 2008.[58] \"Mercy\" also topped the Hungarian Airplay Chart,[59] Dutch Top 40, German Singles Chart, Greek IFPI Singles Chart, Norwegian Singles Charts, Swiss Singles Chart and the Ö3 Austria Top 40, amongst others.[60][61]", "MercyMe. \"I Would Die For You\", a song from their fourth album, Coming Up to Breathe, was dedicated to BJ Higgins, a young boy who contracted bubonic plague on the mission fields of Peru. The song has been used to raise money for The Go Foundation, which was born out of Higgins' untimely death.", "Mercy (Duffy song). Lyrically, \"Mercy\" is about \"intense longing for an attractive guy\". Mark Edward Nero of About.com noted that \"[although] the song sets the stage for who Duffy is as an artist as well as a person\" it was \"still fairly tame, lyrically\".[10] The BBC Chart Blog compared the song to Aretha Franklin's \"Chain Of Fools\" and \"Where Are You Baby?\" by Betty Boo.[13]", "Mercy (Duffy song). According to Duffy, \"Mercy\" is autobiographical and is about \"sexual liberty\" and \"not doing something somebody else wants you to do\".[8] Duffy has also said in an interview with Observer Music Monthly that she sings \"Mercy\" \"several times a day and it's just like having sex every time\".[9] However, Duffy has expressed fear \"about saying what a song is about\" because she felt that the lyrical interpretation is her \"issues and baggage and when someone else listens to the song it isn’t about my baggage anymore it’s about their baggage\".[5] According to Mark Edward Nero of About.com, the song is \"a tale of lust\".[10]", "Mercy (Duffy song). The Observer, in an extremely positive review for Rockferry, said that \"Mercy\" \"is a big, booming, finger-wagging sashay worthy of the Supremes\".[18] In a positive review for Rockferry, American music magazine Billboard said that \"Mercy\" \"is about as summery as summery gets\".[19] NME, giving Rockferry a negative review, had a mixed attitude towards \"Mercy\", comparing the song's \"Austin Powers organ\" to work by Aretha Franklin.[20] Slant said that the song has a \"bass-heavy syncopated beat, \"Yeah, yeah, yeah\" refrain [and an] obvious '60s-pop frame of reference\". However, the song was given negative comparisons to Amy Winehouse.[21] \"Mercy\" also appeared on various critics' \"Top\" lists. Bill Lamb of About.com placed \"Mercy\" at number 29 in a list of his favourite 100 songs of 2008.[22] Fred Bronson of Billboard placed \"Mercy\" at number two,[23] whilst the magazine's Keith Caulfield placed \"Mercy\" in an alphabetical list of his favourite songs of 2008.[24]", "Mercy (Duffy song). A second music video release was made for the United States market, directed by Adria Petty.[66][67] It shows Duffy performing live on stage whilst people dance to the song. The US version was given a positive review by Nick Levine of Digital Spy, who wrote that \"It's glossy, full of young, good-looking types and proudly features a drum with Duffy's name printed on its skin – hey, that's success for you.\"[68]", "MercyMe. In 2008, the band released Coming Up to Breathe: Acoustic, an acoustic version of their earlier release Coming Up to Breathe.", "The Last Fight (Bullet for My Valentine song). \"The Last Fight\" is a song by Welsh heavy metal band Bullet for My Valentine, released as the second and lead UK single from their third album, Fever, on 19 April 2010 to the radio[1] and a limited 7\" edition of 1000 copies on 17 April 2010 with \"Begging for Mercy\" as a B-side.[2] An acoustic version of the song was released as a \"Pre-order Only\" bonus track on the iTunes version of the album. Before all that, \"Begging for Mercy\" was offered for free download on 14 February 2010 from the band's official website for a limited time.[3]", "Mercy (Duffy song). The cast of the US \"musical comedy\" television series Glee covered the song for the third episode of the first series, \"Acafellas\".[72] The cover was called \"leg-splits-over-shoulders exciting\" by The Wall Street Journal.[73] The Glee cast's cover version was released as a single worldwide to promote the series, and reached numbers 94[74] and 49[75] on the UK and Irish singles charts, respectively.", "MercyMe. MercyMe is an American contemporary Christian music band founded in Edmond, Oklahoma. The band consists of lead vocalist Bart Millard, percussionist Robby Shaffer, bassist Nathan Cochran and guitarists Michael Scheuchzer and Barry Graul.", "The Mercy Seat (song). \"The Mercy Seat\" is a song written by Nick Cave (lyrics and music) and Mick Harvey (music), originally performed by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on the 1988 album Tender Prey. The song has been covered by others, including Johnny Cash, Camille O'Sullivan and Unter Null. Rolling Stone editor Toby Creswell lists it as one of the 1001 greatest songs.[1]", "Mercy (Duffy song). The song has been covered several times since its original release, most notably by the cast of American musical television series Glee as well as by both The Fratellis and OneRepublic on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. The Glee version charted on the UK Singles Chart and in Ireland, and Duffy herself performed the song for the Live Lounge. The song was performed live at various music festivals as well as on Duffy's 2008–09 tour. The main-release music video, directed by Daniel Wolfe, has been viewed on video sharing website YouTube over 60 million times.[6]", "The Mercy Seat (song). Others have recorded covers of this song. Stromkern released a cover on the 1997 album Flicker Like a Candle. Anders Manga released a cover on the album Welcome To The Horror Show. Camille O'Sullivan recorded a cover on the album Le Fille Du Cirque. Polish artist Kazik Staszewski covered it on the album Melodie Kurta Weilla i coś ponadto in 2001 (translated by Aleksander and Roman Kołakowski). Most recently, The Red Paintings released a cover on their 2007 EP, Feed The Wolf. The a cappella group Cantus also covered the song, with bass Tom McNichols singing the lead part. The electro-industrial music project Unter Null covered the song for the 2010 album Moving On. The Red Paintings also covered the song on the Nick Cave tribute album 'Eye for an Eye'. The German Dark Wave band Goethes Erben released a translated version of the song, entitled Sitz der Gnade.[12] In September 2011 the Dutch Pagan band Omnia released a cover of the song on their album \"Musick & Poetree\"." ]

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[ "Rosetta Stone. There exists no one definitive English translation of the decree because of the minor differences between the three original texts, and because modern understanding of the ancient languages continues to develop. An up-to-date translation by R. S. Simpson appears on the British Museum website, based on the demotic text.[30] It can be compared with Edwyn R. Bevan's full translation in The House of Ptolemy (1927),[31] based on the Greek text with footnote comments on variations between this and the two Egyptian texts.", "Rosetta Stone. The decree was issued during a turbulent period in Egyptian history. Ptolemy V Epiphanes reigned from 204 to 181 BC, the son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and his wife and sister Arsinoe. He had become ruler at the age of five after the sudden death of both of his parents, who were murdered in a conspiracy that involved Ptolemy IV's mistress Agathoclea, according to contemporary sources. The conspirators effectively ruled Egypt as Ptolemy V's guardians[18][19] until a revolt broke out two years later under general Tlepolemus, when Agathoclea and her family were lynched by a mob in Alexandria. Tlepolemus, in turn, was replaced as guardian in 201 BC by Aristomenes of Alyzia, who was chief minister at the time of the Memphis decree.[20]", "Rosetta Stone. The stele was erected after the coronation of King Ptolemy V and was inscribed with a decree that established the divine cult of the new ruler.[14] The decree was issued by a congress of priests who gathered at Memphis. The date is given as \"4 Xandicus\" in the Macedonian calendar and \"18 Meshir\" in the Egyptian calendar, which corresponds to March 27, 196 BC. The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign (equated with 197/196 BC), which is confirmed by four priests named who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis (wife of Ptolemy III), Arsinoe Philadelphos (wife and sister of Ptolemy II), and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V.[15] However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to 27 November 197 BC, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.[16] The inscription in demotic conflicts with this, listing consecutive days in March for the decree and the anniversary.[16] It is uncertain why such discrepancies exist, but it is clear that the decree was issued in 196 BC and that it was designed to re-establish the rule of the Ptolemaic kings over Egypt.[17]", "Tax. The Rosetta Stone, a tax concession issued by Ptolemy V in 196 BC and written in three languages \"led to the most famous decipherment in history—the cracking of hieroglyphics\".[33]", "Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic script and Demotic script, respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. As the decree has only minor differences between the three versions, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.", "Memphis, Egypt. The Decrees of Memphis were issued in 216 and 196 BCE, by Ptolemy IV and Ptolemy V respectively. Delegates from the principal clergies of the kingdom gathered in synod, under the patronage of the High Priest of Ptah and in the presence of the pharaoh, to establish the religious policy of the country for years to come, also dictating fees and taxes, creating new foundations, and paying tribute to the Ptolemaic rulers. These decrees were engraved on stelae in three scripts to be read and understood by all: Demotic, hieroglyphic, and Greek. The most famous of these stelae is the Rosetta Stone, which allowed the deciphering of ancient Egyptian script in the 19th century.", "Rosetta Stone. Two other inscriptions containing the same Memphis decree have been found since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone: the Nubayrah Stele, and an inscription found at the Temple of Philae (on the Philae obelisk). Unlike the Rosetta Stone, the hieroglyphic texts of these other copies of the decree were relatively intact. The Rosetta Stone had been deciphered long before they were found, but later Egyptologists, including Wallis Budge, used these other copies to refine the reconstruction of the hieroglyphs that must have been used in the lost portions of the hieroglyphic text on the Rosetta Stone.[35]", "Rosetta Stone (software). The software's name and logo allude to the an ancient stone slab of the same name on which the Decree of Memphis is inscribed in three writing systems.", "Rosetta Stone. The stele is a late example of a class of donation stelae, which depicts the reigning monarch granting a tax exemption to the resident priesthood.[22] Pharaohs had erected these stelae over the previous 2,000 years, the earliest examples dating from the Egyptian Old Kingdom. In earlier periods, all such decrees were issued by the king himself, but the Memphis decree was issued by the priests, as the maintainers of traditional Egyptian culture.[23] The decree records that Ptolemy V gave a gift of silver and grain to the temples.[24] It also records that there was particularly high flooding of the Nile in the eighth year of his reign, and he had the excess waters dammed for the benefit of the farmers.[24] In return for these concessions, the priesthood pledged that the king's birthday and coronation days would be celebrated annually, and that all the priests of Egypt would serve him alongside the other gods. The decree concludes with the instruction that a copy was to be placed in every temple, inscribed in the \"language of the gods\" (hieroglyphs), the \"language of documents\" (demotic), and the \"language of the Greeks\" as used by the Ptolemaic government.[25][26]", "Rosetta Stone. Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees (the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, c. 218 BC). The Rosetta Stone is, therefore, no longer unique, but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term Rosetta Stone is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.", "Rosetta Stone. Study of the decree was already under way when the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803. It was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean-François Champollion in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (Thomas Young, 1814); and that, in addition to being used for foreign names, phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (Champollion, 1822–1824).", "Rosetta Stone. Work on the stone now focused on fuller understanding of the texts and their contexts by comparing the three versions with one another. In 1824 Classical scholar Antoine-Jean Letronne promised to prepare a new literal translation of the Greek text for Champollion's use. Champollion in return promised an analysis of all the points at which the three texts seemed to differ. Following Champollion's sudden death in 1832, his draft of this analysis could not be found, and Letronne's work stalled. François Salvolini, Champollion's former student and assistant, died in 1838, and this analysis and other missing drafts were found among his papers. This discovery incidentally demonstrated that Salvolini's own publication on the stone, published in 1837, was plagiarism.[O] Letronne was at last able to complete his commentary on the Greek text and his new French translation of it, which appeared in 1841.[P] During the early 1850s, German Egyptologists Heinrich Brugsch and Max Uhlemann produced revised Latin translations based on the demotic and hieroglyphic texts.[Q][R] The first English translation followed in 1858, the work of three members of the Philomathean Society at the University of Pennsylvania.[S]", "Rosetta Stone. Whether one of the three texts was the standard version, from which the other two were originally translated, is a question that has remained controversial. Letronne attempted to show in 1841 that the Greek version, the product of the Egyptian government under the Macedonian Ptolemies, was the original.[P] Among recent authors, John Ray has stated that \"the hieroglyphs were the most important of the scripts on the stone: they were there for the gods to read, and the more learned of their priesthood\".[7] Philippe Derchain and Heinz Josef Thissen have argued that all three versions were composed simultaneously, while Stephen Quirke sees in the decree \"an intricate coalescence of three vital textual traditions\".[68] Richard Parkinson points out that the hieroglyphic version strays from archaic formalism and occasionally lapses into language closer to that of the demotic register that the priests more commonly used in everyday life.[23] The fact that the three versions cannot be matched word for word helps to explain why its decipherment has been more difficult than originally expected, especially for those original scholars who were expecting an exact bilingual key to Egyptian hieroglyphs.[69]", "Rosetta Stone. At the time of the stone's discovery, Swedish diplomat and scholar Johan David Åkerblad was working on a little-known script of which some examples had recently been found in Egypt, which came to be known as Demotic. He called it \"cursive Coptic\" because he was convinced that it was used to record some form of the Coptic language (the direct descendant of Ancient Egyptian), although it had few similarities with the later Coptic script. French Orientalist Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy had been discussing this work with Åkerblad when he received one of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta Stone in 1801 from Jean-Antoine Chaptal, French minister of the interior. He realised that the middle text was in this same script. He and Åkerblad set to work, both focusing on the middle text and assuming that the script was alphabetical. They attempted to identify the points where Greek names ought to occur within this unknown text, by comparing it with the Greek. In 1802, Silvestre de Sacy reported to Chaptal that he had successfully identified five names (\"Alexandros\", \"Alexandreia\", \"Ptolemaios\", \"Arsinoe\", and Ptolemy's title \"Epiphanes\"),[C] while Åkerblad published an alphabet of 29 letters (more than half of which were correct) that he had identified from the Greek names in the demotic text.[D][35] They could not, however, identify the remaining characters in the Demotic text, which, as is now known, included ideographic and other symbols alongside the phonetic ones.[62]", "Rosetta Stone. The Digital Rosetta Stone Project is a collaboration between the University of Leipzig's Digital Humanities Chair and the Institute of Egyptology; and the British Museum and the Digital Epigraphy and Archaeology Project, to make available an annotated transcription of each of the three versions of the text, as well as providing them in XML format.[81][82] High-resolution images and a high-resolution 3D model of the stone will also be produced.[81]", "Rosetta Stone. Meanwhile, two of the lithographic copies made in Egypt had reached the Institut de France in Paris in 1801. There, librarian and antiquarian Gabriel de La Porte du Theil set to work on a translation of the Greek, but he was dispatched elsewhere on Napoleon's orders almost immediately, and he left his unfinished work in the hands of colleague Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon. Ameilhon produced the first published translations of the Greek text in 1803, in both Latin and French to ensure that they would circulate widely.[F] At Cambridge, Richard Porson worked on the missing lower right corner of the Greek text. He produced a skilful suggested reconstruction, which was soon being circulated by the Society of Antiquaries alongside its prints of the inscription. At almost the same moment, Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen was making a new Latin translation of the Greek text that was more reliable than Ameilhon's, which was first published in 1803.[G] It was reprinted by the Society of Antiquaries in a special issue of its journal Archaeologia in 1811, alongside Weston's previously unpublished English translation, Colonel Turner's narrative, and other documents.[H][60][61]", "Rosetta Stone. Securing the favour of the priesthood was essential for the Ptolemaic kings to retain effective rule over the populace. The High Priests of Memphis—where the king was crowned—were particularly important, as they were the highest religious authorities of the time and had influence throughout the kingdom.[27] Given that the decree was issued at Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt, rather than Alexandria, the centre of government of the ruling Ptolemies, it is evident that the young king was anxious to gain their active support.[28] Thus, although the government of Egypt had been Greek-speaking ever since the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Memphis decree, like the two preceding decrees in the series, included texts in Egyptian to show its connection to the general populace by way of the literate Egyptian priesthood.[29]", "Jean-François Champollion. British polymath Thomas Young was one of the first to attempt decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, basing his own work on the investigations of Swedish diplomat Johan David Åkerblad. Young and Champollion first became aware of each other's work in 1814 when Champollion wrote to the Royal Society of which Young was the secretary, requesting better transcriptions of the Rosetta stone, to Young's irritation, arrogantly implying that he would be able to quickly decipher the script if he only had better copies. Young had at that time spent several months working unsuccessfully on the Rosetta text using Åkerblad's decipherments. In 1815, Young replied in the negative, arguing that the French transcriptions were equally good as the British ones, and added that \"I do not doubt that the collective efforts of savants, such as M. Åkerblad and yourself, Monsieur, who have so much deepened the study of the Coptic language, might have already succeeded in giving a more perfect translation than my own, which is drawn almost entirely from a very laborious comparison of its different parts and with the Greek translation\"[39] This was the first Champollion had heard of Young's research, and realizing that he also had a competitor in London was not to Champollion's liking.[39]", "Jean-François Champollion. Building on his progress, Champollion now began to study other texts in addition to the Rosetta stone, studying a series of much older inscriptions from Abu Simbel. During 1823, he succeeded in identifying the names of pharaohs Ramesses and Thutmose written in cartouches in these ancient texts. With the help of a new acquaintance, the Duke de Blacas in 1824, Champollion finally published the Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens dedicated to and funded by King Louis XVIII.[74] Here he presented the first correct translation of the hieroglyphs and the key to the Egyptian grammatical system.[36]", "Rosetta Stone. The discovery was reported in September in Courrier de l'Égypte, the official newspaper of the French expedition. The anonymous reporter expressed a hope that the stone might one day be the key to deciphering hieroglyphs.[A][9] In 1800, three of the Commission's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone. One of these experts was Jean-Joseph Marcel, a printer and gifted linguist, who is credited as the first to recognise that the middle text was written in the Egyptian Demotic script, rarely used for stone inscriptions and seldom seen by scholars at that time, rather than Syriac as had originally been thought.[9] It was artist and inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté who found a way to use the stone itself as a printing block to reproduce the inscription.[37] A slightly different method was adopted by Antoine Galland. The prints that resulted were taken to Paris by General Charles Dugua. Scholars in Europe were now able to see the inscriptions and attempt to read them.[38]", "Rosetta Stone. Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt came at (and helped cause) the beginning of a burst of Egyptomania in Europe, and especially France. A corps of 167 technical experts (savants), known as the Commission des Sciences et des Arts, accompanied the French expeditionary army to Egypt. On July 15, 1799, French soldiers under the command of Colonel d'Hautpoul were strengthening the defences of Fort Julien, a couple of miles north-east of the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (modern-day Rashid). Lieutenant Pierre-François Bouchard spotted a slab with inscriptions on one side that the soldiers had uncovered.[36] He and d'Hautpoul saw at once that it might be important and informed General Jacques-François Menou, who happened to be at Rosetta.[A] The find was announced to Napoleon's newly founded scientific association in Cairo, the Institut d'Égypte, in a report by Commission member Michel Ange Lancret noting that it contained three inscriptions, the first in hieroglyphs and the third in Greek, and rightly suggesting that the three inscriptions were versions of the same text. Lancret's report, dated July 19, 1799, was read to a meeting of the Institute soon after July 25. Bouchard, meanwhile, transported the stone to Cairo for examination by scholars. Napoleon himself inspected what had already begun to be called la Pierre de Rosette, the Rosetta Stone, shortly before his return to France in August 1799.[9]", "Jean-François Champollion. In his work on the Rosetta stone, Young proceeded mathematically without identifying the language of the text. For example, comparing the number of times a word appeared in the Greek text with the Egyptian text, he was able to point out which glyphs spelled the word \"king\", but he was unable to read the word. Using Ã…kerblad's decipherment of the demotic letters p and t, he realized that there were phonetic elements in the writing of the name Ptolemy. He correctly read the signs for p, t,m, i, and s, but rejected several other signs as \"inessential\" and misread others, due to the lack of a systematic approach. Young called the Demotic script \"enchorial\", and resented Champollion's term \"demotic\" considering it bad form that he had invented a new name for it instead of using Young's. In order not to be superseded by the young Champollion, Young corresponded with Sacy, now no longer Champollion's mentor but his rival, who advised Young not to share his work with Champollion and described Champollion as a charlatan. Consequently, for several years Young kept key texts from Champollion and shared little of his data and notes.[40]", "Rosetta Stone. Even before the Salvolini affair, disputes over precedence and plagiarism punctuated the decipherment story. Thomas Young's work is acknowledged in Champollion's 1822 Lettre à M. Dacier, but incompletely, according to British critics: for example, James Browne, a sub-editor on the Encyclopædia Britannica (which had published Young's 1819 article), anonymously contributed a series of review articles to the Edinburgh Review in 1823, praising Young's work highly and alleging that the \"unscrupulous\" Champollion plagiarised it.[70][71] These articles were translated into French by Julius Klaproth and published in book form in 1827.[N] Young's own 1823 publication reasserted the contribution that he had made.[L] The early deaths of Young (1829) and Champollion (1832) did not put an end to these disputes. The authoritative work on the stone by British Museum curator E. A. Wallis Budge (1904) gives special emphasis to Young's contribution compared with Champollion's.[72] In the early 1970s, French visitors complained that the portrait of Champollion was smaller than one of Young on an adjacent information panel; English visitors complained that the opposite was true. The portraits were in fact the same size.[49]", "Rosetta Stone. In 1814 Young first exchanged correspondence about the stone with Jean-François Champollion, a teacher at Grenoble who had produced a scholarly work on ancient Egypt. Champollion saw copies of the brief hieroglyphic and Greek inscriptions of the Philae obelisk in 1822, on which William John Bankes had tentatively noted the names \"Ptolemaios\" and \"Kleopatra\" in both languages.[65] From this, Champollion identified the phonetic characters k l e o p a t r a (in today's transliteration q l i҆ w p ꜣ d r ꜣ.t).[66] On the basis of this and the foreign names on the Rosetta Stone, he quickly constructed an alphabet of phonetic hieroglyphic characters, which appears in his famous 1822 \"Lettre à M. Dacier\" sent to Bon-Joseph Dacier, secretary of the Paris Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and immediately published by the Académie.[K] In the postscript Champollion notes that similar phonetic characters seemed to occur in both Greek and Egyptian names, a hypothesis confirmed in 1823, when he identified the names of pharaohs Ramesses and Thutmose written in cartouches at Abu Simbel. These far older hieroglyphic inscriptions had been copied by Bankes and sent to Champollion by Jean-Nicolas Huyot.[M] From this point, the stories of the Rosetta Stone and the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs diverge, as Champollion drew on many other texts to develop an Ancient Egyptian grammar and a hieroglyphic dictionary which were published after his death in 1832.[67]", "Egyptian hieroglyphs. The breakthrough in decipherment came only with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone by Napoleon's troops in 1799 (during Napoleon's Egyptian invasion). As the stone presented a hieroglyphic and a demotic version of the same text in parallel with a Greek translation, plenty of material for falsifiable studies in translation was suddenly available. In the early 19th century, scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy, Johan David Åkerblad, and Thomas Young studied the inscriptions on the stone, and were able to make some headway. Finally, Jean-François Champollion made the complete decipherment by the 1820s. In his Lettre à M. Dacier (1822), he wrote:", "Rosetta Stone. In 1802 the Society created four plaster casts of the inscriptions, which were given to the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Edinburgh and to Trinity College Dublin. Soon afterwards, prints of the inscriptions were made and circulated to European scholars.[E] Before the end of 1802, the stone was transferred to the British Museum, where it is located today.[45] New inscriptions painted in white on the left and right edges of the slab stated that it was \"Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801\" and \"Presented by King George III\".[2]", "Septuagint. The Greek title Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, lit. \"The Translation of the Seventy\", and its abbreviation \"LXX\", derive from the legend of seventy-two Jewish scholars (6 from each of the 12 tribes of Israel, who worked independently to translate the whole and ultimately produced identical versions) in the court of Ptolemy II in seventy-two days (see Aristeas, Letter of, below), who translated the Five Books of Moses into Koine Greek as early as the 3rd century BCE.[4][5] Separated from the Hebrew canon of the Jewish Bible in Rabbinic Judaism, translations of the Torah into Koine Greek by early Jewish Rabbis have survived as rare fragments only.", "Julius Caesar. Many rulers in history became interested in the historiography of Caesar. Napoleon III wrote the scholarly work Histoire de Jules César, which was not finished. The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic. Charles VIII ordered a monk to prepare a translation of the Gallic Wars in 1480. Charles V ordered a topographic study in France, to place in Gallic Wars in context; which created forty high-quality maps of the conflict. The contemporary Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent catalogued the surviving editions of the Commentaries, and translated them to Turkish language. Henry IV and Louis XIII of France translated the first two commentaries and the last two respectively; Louis XIV retranslated the first one afterwards.[151]", "French campaign in Egypt and Syria. A young engineering officer, Pierre-François-Xavier Bouchard, discovered the Rosetta Stone in July 1799. However, many of the antiquities collected by the French in Egypt were seized by the British Navy and ended up in the British Museum – only about 50 of the 5,000 Egyptian objects in the Louvre were collected during the 1799–1801 Egyptian expedition. Even so, the scholars' research in Egypt gave rise to the Description de l'Égypte, published on Napoleon's orders between 1809 and 1821.", "Jean-François Champollion. From 1807 to 1809, Champollion studied in Paris, under Silvestre de Sacy, the first Frenchman to attempt to read the Rosetta stone, and with orientalist Louis-Mathieu Langlès, and with Raphaël de Monachis who was now in Paris. Here he perfected his Arabic and Persian, in addition to the languages that he had already acquired. He was so immersed in his studies that he took up the habit of dressing in Arab clothing and calling himself Al Seghir, the Arab translation of le jeune.[16] He divided his time between the College of France, the Special School of Oriental Languages, the National Library where his brother was a librarian and the Commission of Egypt, the institution in charge of publishing the findings of the Egyptian expedition.[17] In 1808, he first began studying the Rosetta stone, working from a copy made by the Abbé de Tersan. Working independently he was able to confirm some of the readings of the demotic previously made by Johan David Åkerblad in 1802,[18][19] finally identifying the Coptic equivalents of fifteen demotic signs present on the Rosetta stone.[1]", "Sirach. The Greek translator states in his preface that he was the grandson of the author, and that he came to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of \"Euergetes\". This epithet was borne by only two of the Ptolemies. Of these, Ptolemy III Euergetes reigned only twenty-five years (247–222 BCE) and thus Ptolemy VIII Euergetes must be intended; he ascended the throne in the year 170 BCE, together with his brother Ptolemy VI Philometor, but he soon became sole ruler of Cyrene, and from 146 to 117 BCE held sway over all Egypt. He dated his reign from the year in which he received the crown (i.e., from 170 BCE). The translator must therefore have gone to Egypt in 132 BCE.[24]", "Second French intervention in Mexico. The decree known as the \"Black Decree\" was issued by Maximilian on 3 October, which threatened any Mexican captured in the war with immediate execution. This was later the basis for the next government to order his own execution. Several high-ranking republican officials were executed under this order on 21 October." ]

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[ "Star Trek: Discovery. Star Trek: Discovery premiered on September 19, 2017, at ArcLight Hollywood, before debuting on CBS and CBS All Access on September 24. The rest of the 15-episode first season was streamed weekly on All Access. The series' release led to record subscriptions for All Access, and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin-Green's performance. A second season was ordered in October 2017.", "Star Trek: Discovery. The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a \"preview broadcast\" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter began streaming in January 2018.[26][27][101]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). Star Trek: Discovery premiered at the ArcLight Hollywood on September 19, 2017.[80] The first episode aired in a \"preview broadcast\" on CBS in the United States on September 24, and was made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, were streamed weekly on All Access through November 5. The second chapter streamed from January 7 to February 11, 2018.[2][3]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). The season premiered on September 19, 2017, at ArcLight Hollywood, before debuting on CBS on September 24. The premiere episode was also made available on CBS All Access, where the rest of the 15-episode season stream weekly until February 11, 2018. The season's release has led to record subscriptions for All Access, and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin-Green's performance, as well as the series' production value and its new additions to Star Trek canon. A second season was ordered in October 2017.[1]", "Star Trek: Discovery. CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries.[36] In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z.[36] Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV,[36] with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access.[102][103] In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut.[36] This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels.[36]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). The season is set to premiere in January 2019 on CBS All Access in the United States.[2] Bell Media broadcasts the series in Canada on the specialty channels Space (English) and Z (French) before streaming episodes on CraveTV, while Netflix has streaming rights for the series in another 188 countries. Netflix releases each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. [48]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries. In Canada, the premiere was broadcast on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channels Space (English) and Z (French) before being streamed on CraveTV, with subsequent episodes just broadcast or streamed through Space, Z, and CraveTV. In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. This agreement also saw Bell and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety.[25]", "Star Trek. Star Trek: Discovery is a direct prequel to Star Trek: The Original Series, set roughly ten years beforehand.[70] It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS before moving to CBS All Access,[49] while Netflix streams the show outside the United States and is also providing most of the show's funding.[48][71][72]", "Star Trek. The franchise will return to the small screen in the show Star Trek: Discovery.[47] The series will not be on network TV but it will stream in the United States on CBS All Access and internationally on Netflix.[48] CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, and that the season would be split into two chapters, with the first chapter consisting of eight episodes and being released through November 2017, and the second comprising the remaining seven episodes and beginning streaming in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[49]", "Star Trek: Discovery. Star Trek: Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman. It is the first series developed specifically for that service, and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek: Enterprise concluded in 2005. Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films, Discovery explores the Federation–Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery. Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series, with producing support from Akiva Goldsman.", "Star Trek: Discovery. On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, \"on the heels\" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016. It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek: Enterprise concluded in 2005, and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service. Alex Kurtzman, co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness, and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series, which is \"not related\" to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond.[30][31] The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005.[32] Showtime, Netflix, and Amazon Video all offered \"a lot of money\" for the rights to release the series,[33] but after heavily investing in the new All Access service, CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be \"the franchise that really puts All Access on the map\" and could earn more money in the long run.[32][33]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, \"on the heels\" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016, to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service. In February 2016, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner.[24][25] Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years,[26] and when he first met with CBS about the series, the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be.[27] He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series. CBS told Fuller to just start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first, and he began further developing the prequel concept.[26] In June, Fuller announced that the first season would consist of 13 episodes,[27] and a month later, at Star Trek's 50th anniversary San Diego Comic-Con panel, he revealed the series' title to be Star Trek: Discovery,[28] and confirmed that it would be set in the \"Prime Timeline\" of the previous Star Trek series.[29]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). The season is set to premiere in January 2019 and will consist of 13 episodes.", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, \"on the heels\" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016.[17] In February 2016, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner.[18] CBS did not have a plan for what the new show would be when Fuller joined,[19] and he proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series. CBS told Fuller to just start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first, and he began further developing the prequel concept.[20] By the end of 2016, Fuller had left the series due to further conflicts with CBS and other commitments, with Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts replacing him as showrunner.[21] In June 2017, co-creator Alex Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed plans for future seasons before the latter's departure.[22]", "Star Trek: Discovery. After being officially ordered in October 2017,[28] production on the second season began on April 16, 2018, and is set to continue until November 8.[29]", "CBS All Access. In September 2017, Star Trek Discovery debuted on streaming on CBS, and they also recorded record number of sign-ups after this.[18] The records where the greatest number of single day, week, and monthly sign-up records since the streaming network's inception.[18] They reported the previous single-day record was held by the 2017 Grammy award ceremony coverage.[18] CBS was noted as harnessing the Star trek fan-base which were noted as willing to get the service just to see the series.[19]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). The second season of the American television series Star Trek: Discovery is set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and follows the crew of the USS Discovery. The season will be produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Secret Hideout, Roddenberry Entertainment, and Living Dead Guy Productions, with Alex Kurtzman serving as showrunner.", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). The first season of the American television series Star Trek: Discovery is set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series, and follows the crew of the USS Discovery during a Federation–Klingon war. The season is produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Secret Hideout, Roddenberry Entertainment, and Living Dead Guy Productions, with Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serving as showrunners, and Akiva Goldsman providing producing support.", "Star Trek: Discovery. With production set to finally begin in January, \"a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects.\"[48] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[49][50] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a \"fall\" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[51][52] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[26] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that \"what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about\" and would not be altered.[53] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted \"a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know.\"[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[54] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a \"road map\" for a second season, and \"the beginnings of one\" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[55] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[56] The second season was officially ordered in October 2017,[28] for 13 episodes.[57]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). The season was promoted at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2018, with Notaro moderating a panel that featured Kurtzman, Martin-Green, Jones, Latif, Wiseman, Rapp, Cruz, Chieffo, Mount, and executive producer Heather Kadin. The first trailer for the season debuted at the panel before being released online.[2]", "List of Star Trek: Discovery characters. Star Trek: Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman. Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrent feature films, Discovery explores the Federation–Klingon cold war while following the crew of the USS Discovery. It premiered on September 25, 2017.", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). At the end of July, CBS hired David Semel, a veteran television procedural director who was under an overall deal with the studio, to direct the pilot for Discovery.[30][26] This was a decision that Fuller was not happy with, believing that Semel \"was wrong for the job\".[26] Fuller wanted a more visionary director, and had personally reached out to Edgar Wright to direct the pilot before CBS hired Semel.[31] As development and pre-production on the series continued, Fuller and Semel \"clashed\" on the direction of the show. The series was also starting to overrun its per-episode budget, while Fuller was attempting to both design new sets, costumes, and aliens as well as heading the series' writers and also spending considerable time addressing his commitments as showrunner of another new series, American Gods. This caused frustration among CBS executives that were pushing for a January 2017 debut, a date that others believed was unrealistic.[26] By August 2016, Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies, to serve as co-showrunners with him.[5][32] A month later, Fuller and Kurtzman had asked CBS to delay the series' release so they could realistically meet the high expectations for the series, and the studio announced that the series premiere had been pushed back to May 2017. The pair said that \"these extra few months will help us achieve a vision we can all be proud of.\"[33]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). In July 2017, Discovery had an \"extensive\" presence at San Diego Comic-Con, including a panel featuring Martin-Green, Isaacs, Jones, Latif, Wiseman, Rapp, Frain, Kurtzman, Berg, Kadin, Harberts, and Goldsman, and moderated by Wilson.[86] Footage from the series was screened at the panel, with a new trailer released online soon afterwards.[18] CBS also created a \"fully immersive\" art experience at the Michael J. Wolf Fine Arts Gallery, featuring the USS Discovery's captain's chair and other props, costumes, and sketches from the series, as well as limited edition posters for the show and a shop selling item exclusive to Comic-Con. Pedicabs inspired by the series will give free rides through the Gaslamp District, while a '#TrekDiscovery Challenge' competition will see fans have to take pictures with \"authentically costumed Trek ambassadors\", one each representing the crews of the five previous Star Trek series, as well as the captain's chair at the art gallery, and post them online with the hashtag #TrekDiscovery to be eligible to win a Roku streaming stick and a subscription to CBS All Access.[86] At the convention, Gentle Giant Studios revealed that they had just picked up the license to create mini-busts and statues based on the series, and planned to particularly focus on the series' Klingons.[87] At the beginning of August, an afternoon of four panels at the Star Trek Las Vegas event was dedicated to the series, featuring producers and writers, actors who were not present at Comic-Con, creature designers, and writers involved with related books and comics.[69]", "Star Trek: Discovery. In August, it was clarified that the first comic would be a four-issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create \"targeted stories on some different subjects\". Johnson stated that they were \"building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics, and we can't wait to show you.\" He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries. IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said, \"The access we're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of, and I do a lot of licensed comics.\"[126] The next four-issue miniseries was announced in February 2018. Given the subtitle Succession, the miniseries will begin release on April 25, 2018, and will be set in the Mirror Universe, expanding on the Mirror story arc from the second half of the first season.[131] Additionally, a Star Trek: Discovery annual comic is set for publication March 2018, and will focus on Stamets' mycelial research.[132]", "Star Trek: Discovery. The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017.[104] Forbes's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays, saying, \"Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope, particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment. Star Trek: Discovery is real, and now we have proof.\"[105] Chris Harnick of E! News described the trailer as \"gorgeous\" and \"truly cinematic\", and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage, \"this is the Star Trek you know and love.\"[106] Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer's visuals \"sumptuous\" and \"modern, but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series\". She continued, \"What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series' overarching plot ... In any case, seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans.\"[107] Also in May, McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce \"figures, role play weapons and accessories\" for Discovery. CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its \"commitment to quality and dedication to fans\". The deal will also see the company \"create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe, ranging from the classic Star Trek: The Original Series to its popular movie franchise.\" The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018.[108]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). A few weeks after the delay, Fuller met with Sonequa Martin-Green about portraying the series' lead,[26] a character that had been surprisingly difficult for the production to cast.[32] Fuller \"felt he found the crucial piece of the puzzle\", but the actress would not be released from a contract at AMC until her character's death on The Walking Dead which was not set to air until April 2017, meaning Discovery would have to be delayed again if Martin-Green was cast. At the end of October, CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner.[26] They announced that the production was being restructured to keep Fuller actively involved with the series but not on a day-to-day production level as he shifted his focus fully to American Gods: Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners, working off of a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers, with Fuller still helping the writers break stories; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role, similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman, to help the showrunners and other producers \"juggle the demands of the series\". In a statement, CBS reiterated that they were \"extremely happy with [Fuller's] creative direction\" for the series, and were committed to \"seeing this vision through\".[32] However, some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped, including some \"more heavily allegorical and complex story\" points and some of his designs.[26] Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved in the series at all, which he said was \"bittersweet ... I can only give them the material I've given them and hope that it is helpful for them.\"[34] By the end of the year, Martin-Green had indeed been cast as the series' lead,[35] and in May 2017, the episode order was expanded to 15.[36][37] That June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24.[2]", "Star Trek: Discovery. Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes,[41] though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season.[6] A month later, Fuller announced the series' title to be Star Trek: Discovery,[42] and revealed that it would be set in the \"Prime Timeline\" (which includes the previous Star Trek series, but not the modern reboot films) to keep the concurrent series and films separate, so \"we don't have to track anything [happening in the films] and they don't have to track what we're doing\".[43][6] Also in July, CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada,[36] a \"blockbuster\" deal that paid for the show's entire budget (around US$6–7 million per episode).[44][45] During pre-production on the series, Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show, which was starting to overrun its per-episode budget, and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show, American Gods. This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date.[40] By August 2016, Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies, to serve as co-showrunners with him.[6][45] A month later, he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series' release so they could meet the high expectations for it, and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017.\"[46] At the end of October, CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner,[40] and announced a restructuring of the production: Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners, working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers, but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role, similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman. CBS reiterated that they were \"extremely happy with [Fuller's] creative direction\" for the series,[45] though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped, including some designs and \"more heavily allegorical and complex story\" points.[40] Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series, but expressed interest in returning for future seasons.[47]", "Star Trek: Discovery. Sonequa Martin-Green stars as Michael Burnham, a science specialist on the USS Discovery. Doug Jones, Shazad Latif, Anthony Rapp, Mary Wiseman, and Jason Isaacs also star. The new series was announced in November 2015, with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series. CBS asked him to make a single, serialized show first, with the prequel to the original series idea further developed. After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments, Fuller left the series in October 2016, replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts.", "Star Trek: Discovery. By July 2016, CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC's Talking Dead, a companion to The Walking Dead. The show would air live after each episode of Discovery, and would feature \"guests, celebrity Trekkies, former Star Trek actors, along with cast members and crew\" from Discovery.[122] The companion series was confirmed in 2017, with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira. It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment.[123]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2). Sonequa Martin-Green stars as Michael Burnham, along with the returning Doug Jones, Shazad Latif, Anthony Rapp, and Mary Wiseman; they are joined by Wilson Cruz, promoted from a recurring guest role, and Anson Mount as original Star Trek captain Christopher Pike. Original showrunner Bryan Fuller had intended for Discovery to be an anthology series that told different stories each season. CBS did not agree, but a hybrid approach was eventually used, following the same characters but telling different stories each season. The second season was officially ordered in October 2017, and filming began in April 2018. Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, the first season's showrunners, returned for the second but were fired during production; co-creator Kurtzman replaced them.", "Star Trek: The Next Generation. Star Trek would not return to television as a show for over 12 years, until the debut of Star Trek:Discovery on CBS, but thereafter exclusively available on the internet service CBS All Access (Neflix Internationally) at that time. The film franchise was rebooted under the Kelvin timeline was quite successful, with several blockbusters from 2009 and featuring scenes with Spock", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 1). With the announcement of the series' title in July 2016 came a promotional video giving a first look at the USS Discovery. The video did not feature final designs, as the producers had \"three weeks to throw that together. We wanted to show fans ... The concepts of the ship are totally what we're going for and they'll be honed up until, I think, the day we deliver\".[81] In January 2017, a YouTube video presented by Alcatel was released, using 360° technology to showcase digital models of previous Star Trek ships.[82] The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017.[83] Chris Harnick of E! News described the trailer as \"gorgeous\" and \"truly cinematic\", and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage, \"this is the Star Trek you know and love.\"[84] Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer's visuals \"sumptuous\" and \"modern, but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series\". She continued, \"What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series' overarching plot\".[85]" ]

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[ "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers—who had beaten both the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Georgia Bulldogs in the regular season before losing to Georgia in the 2017 SEC Championship Game—in the 2018 Peach Bowl, the UCF Knights claimed to have won the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football.[9] This claim, however, is not recognized by any major poll. The selection committee ranked UCF 12th at the end of the regular season, below a number of two-loss teams from the Power Five conferences, which left them out of the CFP.[3] UCF announced plans for a victory parade at Disney World[10] and to hang a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement.[11] The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches, many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska; Frost himself (who coached UCF in the game) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract.[12]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.[5]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. In overtime, Georgia scored on a 51-yard field goal. On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith.[6] Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.[7]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl, respectively, on January 1, 2018. The championship game was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.[4]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal. The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts. During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.[6]", "2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. The teams playing in the national championship will be the winners of the two semifinal games the 2018 Orange Bowl and the 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic", "2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season. It will be played at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California on January 7, 2019. and will be the culmanting game of the 2018–19 bowl season.", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The College Football Playoff (CFP) selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.[3]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll, receiving 57 first-place votes, while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first-place votes.[13] Alabama was unanimously ranked No. 1 in the Coaches Poll.[14]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's JK Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line. Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime.[6]", "UCF Knights football. Under head coach Scott Frost, the 2017 Knights completed a 13-0 undefeated season, including a win in the 2018 Peach Bowl over the Auburn Tigers. The Knights were not selected for the College Football Playoff, but Auburn defeated both participants in the CFP National Championship Game by double-digit scores in the regular season. As a result, UCF athletic director Danny White made a statement that UCF would claim the 2017 national championship, hanging a national title banner and holding an official national championship parade and celebration.[7][218] On January 9, 2018, the Colley Matrix, an NCAA-recognized major selector of FBS national champions, ranked UCF No. 1.[219][220] The NCAA does not officially select a national champion in FBS football.[221][222]", "2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season is the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 2018. The regular season will begin on August 25, 2018 and is scheduled to end on December 8, 2018. The postseason (aside from all-star games that will follow) will conclude on January 7, 2019 with the College Football Playoff National Championship in Santa Clara. This is the fifth season of the College Football Playoff championship system.", "University of Alabama. On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back Mark Ingram was awarded the Heisman Trophy as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21-0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015 #1 Alabama lost to #4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42-35. On December 12, 2015, running back Derrick Henry was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming only the second winner for the University of Alabama. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45-40. On January 9, 2017, Alabama lost to Clemson 35-31 in the National Championship. They then defeated Clemson in the 2018 Allstate Sugar Bowl and beat SEC rival Georgia in the 2018 National Championship in overtime by a score of 26-23.", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.[2]", "NCAA Division I Football Championship. The reigning national champions are the North Dakota State Bison, who won their sixth championship in seven years after winning five consecutive titles from 2011-2015.", "Deshaun Watson. After defeating Ohio State 31–0 in the CFP semifinal (Fiesta Bowl) and receiving the offensive MVP award for his efforts, Clemson defeated No. 1 Alabama 35–31 in the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship. Watson completed 36-of-56 passes for 420 yards and three touchdowns against the nation's top-ranked defense, including the last-second game-winning pass to wide receiver, Hunter Renfrow. He also rushed for 43 yards and a touchdown. This gave the Clemson Tigers program its second national championship in school history, ending a three-decade national championship drought. Watson was awarded the offensive MVP award for his performance during the national championship game.[17]", "2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Alabama Crimson Tide and Georgia Bulldogs played in the College Football Playoff championship game. The Georgia Bulldogs took a 13–0 lead going into halftime, and a 20–7 lead during the third quarter, but the Crimson Tide came back to tie it in regulation, punctuated by a touchdown pass on 4th and 4 from Tua Tagovailoa to Calvin Ridley with 3:49 left. In overtime, the Tide connected on a downfield pass from Tua Tagovailoa to Devonta Smith to win 26-23. The win clinched Alabama's 17th national championship, the most of any current FBS team.", "2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Despite the Crimson Tide's win, the UCF Knights were the only team in the FBS with an undefeated season, the first team in FBS to achieve the feat including postseason games since 2013. Denied a bid into the Playoff because their conference (the American Athletic Conference, which was a major conference before the 2010–13 NCAA conference realignment under the name the Big East) was not one of the Power Five conferences, the Knights defeated the Auburn Tigers, a team that had defeated both Alabama and Georgia in the regular season, in the 2018 Peach Bowl. Because of this, the state of Florida, where UCF is based, passed a resolution recognizing UCF as the national champion instead,[2] which UCF also claims.[3]", "2017 UCF Knights football team. Despite being the only undefeated team in FBS, UCF did not receive a spot in the College Football Playoff. Frost criticized the College Football Playoff committee, saying that the Knights \"deserve[d] more credit from the committee than what they got.\" Frost believed that the committee deliberately ranked the Knights low enough on a weekly basis that they had no realistic chance of finishing in the top four.[3] The Knights proclaimed themselves national champions at the end of the season.[4] Florida lawmakers proposed passing a resolution declaring UCF the national champions,[5] which Florida Governor Rick Scott proclaimed officially on January 8, 2018.[6] On January 9, UCF was declared national champion by the Colley Matrix, an NCAA-recognized major selector of FBS national champions.[7][8][9]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line.[6] The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7. On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a \"serious medical emergency\". He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal to the left, sending the game to overtime.[6]", "2017 College Football Playoff National Championship. The championship game was a rematch of the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship, where Alabama defeated Clemson, 45–40.[6][7] Overall, the championship game marked the 17th meeting between the two schools; however, prior to the previous championship game, the programs had only met once in the regular season since 1975.[8]", "2017–18 NCAA football bowl games. The semifinal games were the Rose Bowl and the Sugar Bowl. Both were played on New Year's Day, as part of a yearly rotation of three pairs of six bowls, commonly referred to as the CFP New Year's Six bowl games. Their winners advanced to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.", "2018 ACC Championship Game. The 2018 Championship Game was the 14th in the Atlantic Coast Conference's 66-year history. Last season, the ACC Championship Game featured the Clemson Tigers, champions of the Atlantic Division, and the Miami Hurricanes, champions of the Coastal Division. Clemson won the game 38-3 and went on to the 2017 College Football Playoff.", "2017 College Football Playoff National Championship. The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated bowl games played on December 31, 2016: the Clemson Tigers, who defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes in the Fiesta Bowl, and the Alabama Crimson Tide, who defeated the Washington Huskies in the Peach Bowl. Having met in the previous year's championship game, the resulting title game between Clemson and Alabama became college football's first rematch between #1 and #2 in national championship game history.[1]", "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship. The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.[8]", "2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. The 13–1 Alabama Crimson Tide won the game, holding off the undefeated Clemson Tigers 45–40 in the fourth quarter. Accompanied by a talented receiving corps, Clemson's Heisman Finalist quarterback Deshaun Watson had a historic performance, setting the record for most total yards in national championship game history, with 478 yards (405 passing / 73 rushing) against the nation's third-ranked defense in Alabama, breaking the record previously set by Vince Young in the 2006 Rose Bowl.[5][6][7] Following the game, the AP Poll also named Alabama as its top team of the season, giving Alabama their fourth title in seven seasons.[8][9] Both Clemson and Alabama finished the season 14–1.", "Rose Bowl Game. In the 2018 Rose Bowl, the Georgia Bulldogs (12–1) defeated the Oklahoma Sooners (12–1) 54–48 in double overtime in a semifinal playoff game to advance to the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game. It was the first Rose Bowl game to ever go into overtime period(s).", "2017 College Football Playoff National Championship. Jalen Hurts attempted to become the first true freshman quarterback since 1985 and only the second ever to win the National Championship.[10]", "2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. Template:2019 College Football Playoff", "2017 College Football Playoff National Championship. The Tigers won the game 35–31 on a go-ahead touchdown with one second left, having come back from a 14–0 deficit earlier in the game. Clemson quarterback and Heisman Finalist Deshaun Watson set the record for most passing yards in a championship game with 420, breaking his own record of 405 yards set in the 2016 national championship game.[2][3] Deshaun Watson and Ben Boulware were named the Offensive and Defensive Most Valuable Players respectively." ]

[ 8.3671875, 8.796875, 7.20703125, 5.5390625, 6.53125, 7.6640625, 6.671875, -0.488037109375, 0.52392578125, 4.98046875, 4.63671875, 7.25390625, -4.2109375, -1.9619140625, -2.177734375, 0.59765625, 2.802734375, -5.58984375, -4.20703125, 0.8662109375, 0.075439453125, 6.3125, 2.08984375, -1.29296875, -2.828125, 2.646484375, 1.203125, 0.57421875, 2.279296875, -0.41845703125, -4.1015625, 2.6015625 ]

[ "History of the San Diego Chargers. On January 12, 2017, Spanos officially announced the Chargers would move to Los Angeles for the 2017 season. Aware of the limited fanbase, the team will play in the StubHub Center in Carson, California, and ultimately share the under-construction Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park with the Los Angeles Rams, making Los Angeles once again a two-NFL franchise city, while leaving the team's hometown San Diego without an NFL team for the first time in 56 years.[69]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. However, on November 8, 2016, Measure C was voted down (57% opposed vs. 43% in support). The City of San Diego and SDSU reached out to Spanos and the Chargers attempting to negotiate a deal in Mission Valley. The Chargers never responded. At an NFL owners' meeting the following month, the terms of the Chargers and Rams lease agreement, as well as the team's debt ceiling, were approved, thus signaling the Chargers' relocation to Los Angeles for the 2017 season. On December 23, 2016, the Chargers agreed to lease part of a Costa Mesa office campus for offices, practice fields, and training facility on nearly 3.2 acres.", "History of the San Diego Chargers. One day after the conclusion of the 2015 regular season, the Chargers, Rams, and Raiders all filed applications to relocate to Los Angeles.[63] On January 12, 2016, the NFL owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles, approving the Inglewood stadium project over the Carson project. The Chargers were given a one-year-delayed approval to relocate, conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to partner with the Rams on the new stadium construction.[64] Two days later, the team filed paperwork for official trademark protection of the term \"Los Angeles Chargers\" for the purposes of running and marketing a professional football franchise.[65] The Chargers submitted to the City of Santa Ana grading and landscape plans for a five-acre parcel of land to be used as interim headquarters and training facilities \"in the event the team exercises its option to relocate to the Los Angeles area.\"[66] After two weeks of negotiations, the Chargers and Rams came to an agreement in principle on sharing the planned City of Champions Stadium on January 29, 2016. The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs, and they would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams.[67]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. The professional American football team the Los Angeles Chargers was founded in 1959 as a charter member of the American Football League. The team played the 1960 season in Los Angeles and the next year moved to San Diego, where they played from 1961-2016. The Chargers' announced a return to Los Angeles in 2017.[1]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. As an incentive to work out a stadium deal in their current market, the NFL pledged $100 million to the Chargers if they came to an agreement with the city of San Diego.[64] While the team had until March 2016 to decide if they would relocate to Los Angeles for the 2016 season, Chargers chairman/CEO Dean Spanos announced on January 29, 2016, that the team would remain in San Diego for the season. The announcement stated that the team would also be working over the year with government and business leaders on a new stadium proposal to keep the team in San Diego indefinitely.[68] The Chargers continued preliminary work on a ballot initiative for public approval of a new facility.[67]", "Los Angeles Chargers. According to the official website of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Barron Hilton agreed after his general manager, Frank Leahy, picked the Chargers name when he purchased an AFL franchise for Los Angeles: \"I liked it because they were yelling ‘charge’ and sounding the bugle at Dodgers Stadium and at USC games.\"[10] The Chargers initially considered playing at the Rose Bowl, but instead signed a lease to play at the Los Angeles Coliseum.[11] There is also an alternative theory about a man named Gerald Courtney of Hollywood who won an all-expenses-paid trip to Mexico City and Acapulco for submitting \"Chargers\" in a name-the-team contest.[12] The Chargers only spent one season in Los Angeles before moving to San Diego in 1961.[5] From 1961 to 1966 their home field was Balboa Stadium in Balboa Park. As of August 1967, they moved to the newly constructed SDCCU Stadium (then named San Diego Stadium), where they played their home games until 2016.", "History of the San Diego Chargers. The AFL and the National Football League teams announced plans to merge during the 1970 season and Chargers and Los Angeles Rams announced they would play three preseason games at San Diego Stadium, beginning in 1967.", "San Diego. From 1961 to the 2016 season, the team hosted a National Football League franchise, the San Diego Chargers. In 2017, they moved back to Los Angeles and became the Los Angeles Chargers.[166]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. The Chargers spent only one season in L.A. before moving in 1961, when Hilton took on George Pernicano as a minority partner (a role he would hold until his death in 2016, even after Hilton sold the team) and moved the team 125 miles south to San Diego, being Balboa Stadium in Balboa Park their home field in San Diego. On that season, the defense recorded 49 pass interceptions as the AFL played an exciting brand of football featuring strong passing attacks.[12] The Chargers were the originators of the term \"Fearsome Foursome\" to describe their all-star defensive line,[13] anchored by Earl Faison and Ernie Ladd (the latter also dabbled in professional wrestling).[14] The phrase was later appropriated by various NFL teams.[15] Houston defeated the Chargers 10–3 before 29,556 persons in Balboa Stadium to win the second AFL championship. The next year, the Chargers stumbled to a 4-10 record by losing eight of their last nine games due to a rash of injuries.", "History of the San Diego Chargers. Chargers owner Dean Spanos tried for fifteen years to get San Diego to build a new stadium for him to replace the aging Qualcomm Stadium, warning that he would move the team to Los Angeles if one was not built. Negotiations to get the city of San Diego to pick up most of the cost were unsuccessful.", "History of the San Diego Chargers. As of August 1967, they moved to the newly constructed San Diego Stadium (now called Qualcomm Stadium), where they played their home games until 2016. That year the Chargers began \"head to head\" competition with the older NFL with a preseason game at San Diego Stadium against the Detroit Lions in front of a dedicated before a crowd of 45,988. Detroit defeated the Chargers 38-17.[2] On week 5 of regular season, Leslie \"Speedy\" Duncan had 203 yards in returns, 35 on a fumble recovery for a touchdown, 68 on four kickoff returns, and 100 for a touchdown on the longest interception return in AFL history as the Chargers defeated Kansas City 45-31 in a game in which the teams combined for 897 yards total offense and 622 in returns. On week 11, the Chargers were beaten by Oakland 41-21 before the first sellout crowd in the San Diego Stadium, 52,661 persons, and 2,018 persons also watched the game on closed-circuit television in the San Diego Sports Arena.", "Los Angeles Chargers. Spanos announced the relocation in a controversial letter to San Diego Chargers fans posted to the team's official site on January 12, 2017. The team announced it would play as the Los Angeles Chargers starting in the 2017 season at StubHub Center in Carson, California,[8] although the stadium seats well below the 50,000 the minimum that the NFL set even for temporary homes following the 1970 merger. The current seating for their temporary home stands at seating for 30,000 fans and is shared by the MLS soccer team, LA Galaxy. This will serve as the Chargers' temporary home field until they join the Rams in Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood starting in the 2020 NFL season.", "2017 Los Angeles Chargers season. On January 2, 2017, Chargers' head coach Mike McCoy was fired along with the majority of his coaching staff. On January 12, 2017, Chargers' owner Alex Spanos announced during a press conference the decision to immediately return the San Diego Chargers to Los Angeles and rename the team the Los Angeles Chargers. Spanos had a deadline of January 17, 2017, to decide if he wanted to return the team to Los Angeles. The Chargers were chosen by the league in 2016 as the second team to be allowed to relocate to Los Angeles with the Los Angeles Rams. Upon completion, both teams will play at Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California after its expected completion in August 2020. Until then, the Chargers will reside at the StubHub Center in Carson, California.[2]", "2017 NFL season. On January 12, 2017, the San Diego Chargers exercised their option to relocate to Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Chargers. They will be joining the Los Angeles Rams as tenants in their new stadium, Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California when that stadium is complete in 2020. For the time being, the Chargers are playing at the 30,000 seat StubHub Center in Carson, California, the smallest venue (in terms of number of seats) the league has used for a full season since 1956.[2]", "American Football Conference. In California, the Oakland Raiders relocated to Los Angeles in 1982, and Back to Oakland in 1995, while the San Diego Chargers moved to Los Angeles in 2017.", "Los Angeles Chargers. The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The Chargers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team was founded on August 14, 1959, and began play on September 10, 1960, as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), and spent its first season in Los Angeles, before moving to San Diego in 1961 to become the San Diego Chargers.[5] The Chargers joined the NFL as result of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, and played their home games at SDCCU Stadium. The return of the Chargers to Los Angeles was announced for the 2017 season, just one year after the Rams had moved back to the city from St. Louis.[6][7][8] The Chargers will play their home games at the StubHub Center until the opening in 2020 of the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, which they will share with the Rams.", "History of the San Diego Chargers. As attorney and team spokesperson Mark Fabiani continually bashed the local San Diego city government's efforts to negotiate a stadium replacement, St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke announced in January 2015 his intention to build a new stadium in Inglewood, California. The Chargers decided to announce their own Los Angeles plan, to preserve what they claimed was \"25 percent of their fan base\" in the affluent Los Angeles and Orange County areas. The team soon announced a stadium proposal in Carson, California, in partnership with the Oakland Raiders, their AFC West divisional rival.[62]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. On February 23, 2016, the Chargers announced that their stadium efforts would be focused on a stadium in East Village, Downtown San Diego and that they would refuse to entertain a more economic plan in Mission Valley. On March 30, it was reported that the stadium would be financed from $650 million from the team and the NFL, with a tax hike of $1.15 billion in bonds, including a $350 million city contribution, $600 million for the convention center, and $200 million to acquire land. On April 21, a rendering of the proposed downtown stadium was unveiled by the Chargers. Two days later, the downtown stadium initiative signature collection was launched with Roger Goodell, Philip Rivers, LaDainian Tomlinson, Mike McCoy, and Dean Spanos. On June 10, the Chargers announced that they had collected 110,786 signatures for the downtown stadium initiative. In July 9, San Diego City Clerk Liz Malland announced that the downtown Chargers stadium initiative had secured enough valid signatures, so on July 18, the San Diego City Council voted 8-0 to put the Chargers stadium plan and the Citizens Plan on the November ballot. On July 28, the San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce announced its support of the Chargers downtown stadium proposal, and on October 3, Mayor Kevin Faulconer officially announced his support of the Chargers stadium plan.", "Los Angeles Chargers. The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season, the Chargers, Rams, and Raiders all filed to relocate to Los Angeles.[78] On January 12, 2016, the NFL owners voted 30–2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles and approved the Inglewood stadium project over the Carson project. The Chargers were given a one-year approval to relocate, conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to partner with the Rams on the new stadium construction.[79]", "Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park. On January 12, 2017, the Chargers exercised their option and announced plans to relocate to Los Angeles for the 2017 season, making the Chargers the second tenant at the stadium and returning them to the market where they played their inaugural season in 1960.[42][43]", "Los Angeles Chargers. On January 14, 2016, the team filed paperwork for official trademark protection of the term \"Los Angeles Chargers\" for the purposes of running and marketing a professional football franchise.[80] After two weeks of negotiation, the Chargers and Rams on January 29, 2016 reached an agreement in principle on sharing the planned Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park. The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams.[81] The Chargers had continued preliminary work on a ballot initiative for public approval on a new facility.[81] On November 8, 2016, Measure C was voted down (57% opposed over 43% in support). On December 14, 2016, at an owners' meeting, the terms of the Chargers and Rams lease agreement, as well as the team's debt ceiling were approved thus taking the first steps for a possible relocation to Los Angeles in 2017.", "List of Los Angeles Chargers seasons. The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football franchise based in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The Chargers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The club was founded in 1959 by Barron Hilton and played the 1960 season in Los Angeles as part of the American Football League (AFL). In the next season, the Chargers moved to San Diego.[1] In 2017, the Chargers relocated back to the Los Angeles area.", "Los Angeles Chargers Hall of Fame. The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team in the National Football League (NFL) based in the Los Angeles Area. The club began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), and spent its first season in Los Angeles before moving to San Diego in 1961.[1] They returned to Los Angeles in 2017. The Chargers created their Hall of Fame in 1976.[2] Eligible candidates for the Hall of Fame must have been retired for at least four seasons.[3] Selections are made by a five-member committee chaired by Dean Spanos, Chargers vice-chairman. As of 1992, other committee members included Bob Breitbard, founder of the San Diego Hall of Champions; Ron Fowler, president of the Greater San Diego Sports Association; Jane Rappoport, president of the Charger Backers; and Bill Johnston, the team's director of public relations.[4]", "2017 Los Angeles Chargers season. The Chargers transitioned from San Diego to new headquarters in the LA area throughout the offseason, although social and fan reaction was overwhelmingly negative. The team held their mini-camp in San Diego, with the final day on the field at the old practice field coming on June 15. Former players James Lofton, Nick Hardwick and Jacques Cesaire showed up on the final day, as did fans.[3]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. In 1970, the San Diego Chargers settled into the AFC West division after the NFL merger with the AFL. The years after the merger were difficult. Charlie Waller took over as head coach, but after finishing 5-6-3, he stepped down, and Sid Gillman returned to the job, but he quit halfway through the 1971 season, which ended with six wins and eight losses. In 1972, they got Duane Thomas and Deacon Jones, but they were no help to the struggling team, which had another disappointing season (4-9-1). In 1973, the Chargers acquired legendary Colts QB Johnny Unitas, but he was almost 40 years old and suffering the effects of accumulated injuries over the years. He managed only three games before being benched and replaced by rookie Dan Fouts, but in the meantime, the team finished 2-11-1. The 1974 season was Dan Fouts' first as the starting QB. Don Woods also came to the team for that season and ran over 1,000 yards in a 5-9 finish. But the following season, Woods suffered a major sophomore slump, and Fouts continued to play poorly as the Chargers ended 2-12.", "Los Angeles Chargers. One week after the move from San Diego to Los Angeles was announced, ESPN's Adam Schefter reported that the other NFL owners were \"angered\" by the decision, and that \"the NFL wants the Chargers to move back, though nobody believes that possibility is realistic.\"[85]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. In 1966, Hilton sold the Chargers to a group of 21 business executives led by investors Eugene V. Klein and Sam Schulman who purchased the Chargers for $10 million, which was considered a record transaction in professional football at the time. On the field, San Diego fell to third in the West with a 7-6-1 record.[16]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. On January 13, 2014, the Tennessee Titans hired Ken Whisenhunt, former Chargers' offensive coordinator, as their new head coach. On January 14, 2014, the Chargers announced Frank Reich would replace Whisenhunt as the offensive coordinator. Reich spent last season as the Chargers' quarterback coach. Chargers also made key moves to re-signing Donald Butler, Chad Rinehart, and Darrell Stuckey. They also cut free agent bust Derek Cox. In addition, they added running back Donald Brown via free agency.", "History of the San Diego Chargers. In 1981, the Chargers won their third straight AFC West title with a 10–6 season. After the division titles of the 1979 and 1980 seasons, contract disputes arose and owner Klein refused to renegotiate players' contracts. They traded wide receiver John Jefferson to the Green Bay Packers after he held out for an increase in salary but replaced him with Wes Chandler. Defensive end Dean also became involved in a holdout and was traded to the 49ers.[22] Dean contends he was making the same amount of money as his brother-in-law who was a truck driver.[23] Dean won UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year (while playing in only 11 games) that same year en route to a Super Bowl victory and helped the 49ers to another Super Bowl title two years later. Dean's loss was particularly damaging to the Chargers' Super Bowl chances as the defense weakened afterwards, surrendering the most passing yards in the NFL in both 1981[24] and 1982.[25]", "History of the National Football League in Los Angeles. In 1946, the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference started play, lasting four years before folding with the demise of the AAFC. In 1960, the American Football League (AFL) was formed, with a franchise at the region, the Los Angeles Chargers. After the inaugural season, the team moved to San Diego to become the San Diego Chargers, who joined the NFL during the NFL-AFL merger in 1970. The Continental Football League, a second-tier professional league active in the late 1960s, included the Orange County Ramblers among its teams.", "Los Angeles Chargers. The Los Angeles Chargers were established with seven other American Football League teams in 1959. In 1960, the Chargers began AFL play in Los Angeles.[5] The Chargers' original owner was hotel heir Barron Hilton, son of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton.[5]", "History of the San Diego Chargers. In 1984, Klein cut salary in preparation of selling the team, sending defensive linemen Johnson and Kelcher to San Francisco, where they would join Dean and offensive tackle Billy Shields for another 49ers championship in Super Bowl XIX.[22] Alex Spanos purchased a majority interest in San Diego from Klein on August 1. Prior to the teams move to Los Angeles, Alex G. Spanos had still owned 97% of the team and George Pernicano, owned the other 3%. Benirschke was named \"Miller Man of the Year\" and Joiner set an NFL record with his 650th pass reception in the fourth quarter of the game at Pittsburgh.[21] In 1985 guard Ed White set an NFL record by playing in 241 NFL games, most all-time among offensive linemen. Lionel \"Little Train\" James, a mere 5'6\" and 171 pound running back, set NFL record of 2,535 all-purpose yards while also setting a record of 1,027 receiving yards by a running back.[38]" ]

[ 5.9609375, 4.41796875, 3.916015625, 5.1640625, 2.95703125, 6.43359375, 3.62109375, 4.94140625, 4.7265625, -0.68994140625, 2.6796875, 4.5234375, 3.001953125, 5.33984375, 4.15234375, 5.82421875, 0.07403564453125, -1.1513671875, 3.400390625, 4.90234375, 3.6953125, 2.837890625, 5.08984375, -0.275634765625, 0.274658203125, 1.1279296875, 0.5546875, -1.3818359375, -0.2120361328125, 0.1234130859375, 3.080078125, 2.771484375 ]

[ "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan was revealed in May 2018.", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. Series production of the Cullinan is expected to begin in the second half of 2018,[3] while first customer deliveries will take place in the first quarter of 2019.[5]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. It was long rumoured that the car company would venture into making an SUV. Auto Express exclusively reported that a design was in the works and that the name would be Cullinan, named after the largest uncut diamond.[6] This was due to its competitors such as Bentley and Lamborghini venturing into the SUV business with the Bentayga and the Urus respectively. On 17 September 2015, it was confirmed by Rolls-Royce design chief Giles Taylor that the company was tinkering on it.[7] At the 2015 Frankfurt Auto Show, Rolls Royce's CEO Torsten Müller-Ötvös said that the SUV will be revealed in 2018 and be on the market in 2019.[8]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. A model was spotted testing on 23 December 2015 by Autocar.[9]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The name \"Cullinan\" was confirmed by Rolls Royce on 13 February 2018.[10][11] It is named after the Cullinan diamond, the largest diamond ever found at 3100 carats.[12]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The car is reported to have started its testing phase on 2 January 2016,[13] and has since been seen testing on snow.[14][15][16]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Rolls-Royce Cullinan is an ultra-luxury SUV produced by Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. The Cullinan is the first SUV to be launched by the Rolls-Royce marque, and is also the brand's first all-wheel drive vehicle.[2]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan uses an aluminium spaceframe chassis; this is a version of Rolls-Royce's modular \"Architecture of Luxury\" platform.[1] This platform made its debut in the New Phantom VIII.[3]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan is exclusively available with a twin-turbocharged 6.75-litre V12 engine.[1]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan sits above the Ghost and below the Phantom in Rolls-Royce's line-up,[3] with a starting price in the United States of approximately $325,000 (£255,000).[2][4]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan is also fitted with a stereo camera integrated into the front windscreen that scans the road ahead and adjusts the suspension proactively so as to improve ride quality. This system, dubbed \"The Flagbearer\" by Rolls-Royce, operates at speeds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph).[18]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan uses a permanent all-wheel drive system.[3]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. Like the Phantom VIII, the Cullinan employs a four-wheel steering system to improve both manouevrability at low speeds and stability at higher speeds.[2]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. The Cullinan uses a double-wishbone front axle and a 5-link rear axle.[1] It is fitted with self-levelling air suspension and electronically controlled dampers front and rear.[17] It is also equipped with electrically actuated active anti-roll bars.[3]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was unveiled in 2015 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance,[11] followed by Auto China 2016.[14]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was announced in January 2013[2] and unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show.[3][4][5][6] Deliveries began from the fourth quarter of 2013.", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. It is named after the Cullinan Diamond, the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever discovered.[2]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was unveiled in 2015 New York Auto Show,[8][9] followed by 2015 Shanghai motor Show,[10] 2015 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.[11]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was unveiled in 2015 Lancaster Insurance Classic Motor Show.[16]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was unveiled in 2016 Goodwood Festival of Speed.[17]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was unveiled in New York's PRATT Institute,[12] followed by 2015 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.[11]", "Rolls-Royce Cullinan. ZF's 8HP 8-speed automatic transmission is the Cullinan's sole gearbox option.[2]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). It is the Third Wraith 'Inspired by ...' car with Lyrical Copper body colour, contemporary copper theme in the interior cabin, book-matched copper finish at fascia and the clock's radial lines on the outer bezel, 1300W 18-channel Bespoke Audio system. [13]", "Boeing 787 Dreamliner. In 2016, Rolls Royce began flight testing its new Trent 1000 TEN engine. It has a new compressor system based on the compressor in Rolls-Royce Trent XWB engine and a new turbine design for extra thrust, up to 78,000 lbf (350 kN). Rolls Royce plans to offer the TEN on the 787-8, -9 and -10.[225]", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). The vehicle was unveiled in Rolls-Royce Summer Studio in Sardinia.[18]", "Cullinan Diamond. In April 1905, the Cullinan was put on sale in London, but despite considerable interest, it was still unsold after two years. In 1907 the Transvaal Colony government bought the Cullinan and presented it to King Edward VII on his 66th birthday.", "Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. The Rolls-Royce Phantom four-door sedan was the first product offered for sale in 2003. Since then, the company has expanded its product line to include extended wheelbase, two-door coupé, and convertible versions of the Phantom sedan, as well as the smaller Ghost four-door sedan and Wraith two-door coupé.", "Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013). Wraith Luggage Collection, conceived by Rolls-Royce Bespoke Designer Michael Bryden and designed in the Rolls-Royce Bespoke Design Studio led by Director of Design Giles Taylor, went on sale as of 2016 at Rolls-Royce Dealerships.[21][22][23]", "Lamborghini Huracán. The vehicle was unveiled at the March 2014 Geneva Motor Show,[8][9] and deliveries began in the second quarter of 2014.[10][11] The Huracán is comparable to the McLaren 650S and the Ferrari 458 Speciale (as well as its successor, the 488 GTB).[12]", "Rolls-Royce Limited. The name of Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited was changed to Rolls-Royce Limited on 31 December 1977 the end of the company's financial year. The original Rolls-Royce Limited incorporated in 1906 and still in liquidation had been renamed Rolls-Royce Realisations Limited[nb 4] and had consented in March 1977 to the (1971) company being named Rolls-Royce Limited[24][25][26]", "Rolls-Royce Limited. Rolls-Royce Motors Products", "Rolls-Royce Limited. In April 1987 the government offered for sale all Rolls-Royce plc shares. The heavily advertised issue was a remarkable success.[27]" ]

[ 6.33203125, 5.25390625, 5.73046875, 3.068359375, 4.31640625, 4.3125, -2.087890625, -2.29296875, -3.4296875, -2.349609375, -4.63671875, -4.53125, -4.08984375, -4.55078125, -2.455078125, -1.564453125, -4.015625, -2.4453125, -3.0078125, -3.091796875, -3.283203125, -4.5078125, -4.94140625, -4.4765625, -4.41796875, -2.16796875, -4.84765625, -3.9453125, -5.796875, -6.3359375, -6.71875, -5.96484375 ]

[ "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15, 2015 for water bound scenes.[103] However, due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew due to \"big swells\" at The Spit, filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters.[104][105] Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1. Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850-plus crew then working on the film.[106] After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return, Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner.[107][108] Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23.[109]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (soundtrack). The recording locations were Air Studios (London, UK), Henson Recording Studios (Los Angeles, CA), and Sony Scoring Stage (Culver City, CA).[3]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Filming commenced on February 17, 2015.[1] Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale,[99] while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland.[100] Given the greenscreens were so tall they blocked sunlight, containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow for light to creep in.[101] While an initial draft of the script featured six ships, the end product had 11 vessels, meaning that to cut costs, most of them were not full sets, but partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics, at times built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while still on land. The camera crew also made extensive use of drones to capture immersive views on sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes.[20][102]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. On January 15, 2014, directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans[93] and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana.[94] However, a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations.[95] According to Australian film industry sources, on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million.[96] This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2, 2014, stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland, Australia, being the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and Whitsundays were officially confirmed as filming locations.[97] On January 1, 2015, The Rainbow Gypsy, a 15-year-old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley, sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit, which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull, a single-masted ghost ship. Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film.[98]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Most of the cast and crew had finished on the July 8, 2015, and a wrap party was held on July 11.[120] Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots to be filmed.[72][121] On July 21, 2015, Joachim Rønning announced via Instagram that filming has wrapped after a 95-day shoot.[122] After nearly a year in post production, reshoots and additional photography was conducted in Vancouver, Canada from March 24 to April 13, 2016 under the production title \"Herschel Additional Photography\".[123]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. The entire film was filmed in IMAX for an expanded 1.9:1 aspect ratio, giving IMAX screenings of the film 26% more picture on the screen.[124]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11, 2017.[2] In several countries, the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge, including English-speaking countries.[129] It was released at cinemas in Italy[130] and Norway[131] on May 24. The film was released in the United States, Canada, and China on May 26.[132] It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama-like ScreenX format; it played in two locations in the U.S.—CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas—both in Los Angeles, California. Additionally, it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia. The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide.[133] It is Disney's third wide release of the year following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[134]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Principal photography began on February 28, 2005,[10] in Palos Verdes, beginning with Elizabeth's ruined wedding day.[7] The crew spent the first shooting days at Walt Disney Studios in Los Angeles, including the interiors of the Black Pearl and the Edinburgh Trader which Elizabeth stows away on,[10] before moving to St. Vincent to shoot the scenes in Port Royal and Tortuga. Sets from the previous film were reused, having survived three hurricanes, although the main pier had to be rebuilt as it had collapsed in November. The crew had four tall ships at their disposal to populate the backgrounds, which were painted differently on each side for economy.[5] One of the ships used was the replica of HMS Bounty used in the 1962 film adaptation of Mutiny on the Bounty.[11][12]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production. The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa's pet monkey Jack, as the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and require strict requirements and a 30-day quarantine.[110] Further controversy surrounding the use of the monkeys erupted from animal rights activist groups, who urged the Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the application to fly two capuchin monkeys from California to Australia, arguing that the trip would \"harm the monkeys' health, that movie performances are unnatural for wild creatures and that the appearance of monkeys in films encourages the illegal wildlife trade\".[111] One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World and bit a make up artist on another production on the ear.[112] Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release. To prevent fans from interfering with the production, secret filming locations used the production name of \"Herschel\" to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film.[113] Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security, the already tight security was increased.[114]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. The filmmakers cited the series' first installment, The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), as inspiration for the script and tone of the film.[11][12] Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011, with Terry Rossio writing a script for the film. In early 2013, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script, with Depp being involved in Nathanson's writing process. Initially planned for a 2015 release, the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017, due to script and budget issues, before being released in May 26, 2017, after 6 years of Development Hell. Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015, after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives, and ended in July 2015.", "Dominica. Much of the Walt Disney film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (the second in the series, released on 7 July 2006), was shot on location on Dominica (though in the film it was known as \"Pelegosto,\" a fictional island), along with some shooting for the third film in the series, At World's End (released on 2 May 2007).", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Planning began in June 2004, and production was much larger than The Curse of the Black Pearl, which was only shot on location in St. Vincent.[9] This time, the sequels would require fully working ships, with a working Black Pearl built over the body of an oil tanker in Bayou La Batre, Alabama. By November, the script was still unfinished as the writers did not want director Gore Verbinski and producer Jerry Bruckheimer to compromise what they had written, so Verbinski worked with James Byrkit to storyboard major sequences without need of a script, while Elliott and Rossio wrote a \"preparatory\" script for the crew to use before they finished the script they were happy with. By January 2005, with rising costs and no script, Disney threatened to cancel the film, but changed their minds. The writers would accompany the crew on location, feeling that the lateness of their rewrites would improve the spontaneity of the cast's performances.[7]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. Parts of the third film were shot during location filming of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, a long shoot which finished on March 1, 2006.[16] During August 2005, the Singapore sequence was shot. The set was built on Stage 12 of the Universal Studios backlot, and comprised 40 structures within an 80 by 130-foot (24 by 40-m) tank that was 3 1⁄2 feet (1.1 m) deep. As 18th century Singapore is not a well-documented era, the filmmakers chose to use an Expressionist style based on Chinese and Malaysian cities of the same period. The design of the city was also intended by Verbinski to parody spa culture, with fungi growing throughout the set. Continuing this natural feel, the floorboards of Sao Feng's bathhouse had to be cut by hand, and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set.[17]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Work on the film concluded on April 19, 2017.[127] Eight companies handled the film's 2,000 visual effects shots, with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics. The primary vendor was Moving Picture Company, from which hails the film's overall effects supervisor Gary Brozenich.[101] Among MPC's work was Salazar's pirates, whose on-set footage filmed against a blue screen was mostly replaced by CGI given all have missing parts of their body as well as floating hair and clothing, with Brozenich stating that was kept of the original actors was \"their run, gait and faces.\" To provide reference for the floating parts, that was meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state, a stuntman in full costume and wig dove into a swimming pool, and was filmed underwater by both a GoPro and a Canon 5D", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. On March 10, 2015, Depp was injured off set and had to be flown back to the United States for surgery.[115] Due to his absence, filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks as they had done all they had been able to without Depp.[116] Filming was set to resume \"on or about April 20\"[117] and Depp returned to set on April 21.[118] In June, Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman.[119]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.6 million in the United States and Canada and $622.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $794.8 million, against a production budget of $230 million.[4]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. The final market for the film to be released in was Japan (July 1), where it opened at Number 1, achieving the highest-grossing opening for a Western film of the year, earning $9.25 million over the July 1–2 weekend.[184] It remained at the number 1 spot at the box office for three weeks.[185]", "Brenton Thwaites. Thwaites starred in the fantasy-adventure sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, which was released on 26 May 2017.[38][39][40][41] Thwaites portrays Henry Turner (the son of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley's characters), opposite Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush and Javier Bardem.[42][43][44] Shooting of the film commenced in February 2015, on the Gold Coast of Queensland, Australia.[45][46]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016,[176] Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017.[177] Production began in late February 2015 in Australia.[178]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Two sequels to Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl were conceived in 2004, with Elliott and Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films. Filming took place from February to September 2005 in Palos Verdes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, and The Bahamas, as well as on sets constructed at Walt Disney Studios. It was shot back-to-back with the third film of the series, At World's End.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. On April 18, 2005,[13] the crew began shooting at Dominica, a location Verbinski had selected as he felt it fitted the sense of remoteness he was looking for.[7] However, this was also a problem; the Dominican government were completely unprepared for the scale of a Hollywood production, as while the 500-strong crew occupying around 90% of the roads on the island they had trouble moving around on the underdeveloped surfaces. The weather also alternated between torrential rainstorms and hot temperatures, the latter of which was made worse for the cast who had to wear period clothing. At Dominica, the sequences involving the Pelegosto and the forest segment of the battle on Isla Cruces were shot. Verbinski preferred to use practical props for the giant wheel and bone cage sequences, feeling long close-up shots would help further suspend the audience's disbelief.[5] Dominica was also used for Tia Dalma's shack. Filming on the island concluded on May 26, 2005.[14]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized the convoluted plot and overabundance of characters, writing: \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man Tell No Tales is practically incoherent. I’ve been trying to wrap my head around the 'plot,' but it's been futile. I've asked literally eight other people who saw this movie to answer a couple specific questions and no one has been able to do it.\"[191] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers called the film \"bloated, boring, repetitive and draining\" and gave it one star out of four, saying, \"Abandon ship, audiences. Paying cash money to see Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales is the equivalent of walking the plank.\"[192] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film returns \"to the basic formula of the first three Pirates films directed by Gore Verbinski, in which Johnny Depp’s louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story…the two romantic leads […] succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest.\"[193] A. O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film, \"Its pleasures are so meager, its delight in its own inventions so forced and false, that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment.\"[194] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was \"loud, overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting\", comparing it to a \"vacation that you’ll need a vacation from.\"[195] Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be \"a jumble of half-baked impulses\", with the film's directors \"trying to pump air and passion into a stinking corpse of a franchise.\"[196]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Principal photography began on June 14, 2010, in Hawaii.[17][47] Filming was moved to California in August 2010,[48] primarily at the Long Beach shore[33] and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot,[17] as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides.[22] After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico,[33] with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan,[49] production moved to the United Kingdom in September, where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting.[17] Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London,[23] Knole House in Kent,[33] and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich.[50] Interiors were shot at London's Pinewood Studios, and a replica of an 18th-century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages.[33][51] The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location.[52] In October, security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack.[53]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. In China, where the film had its global premiere, it earned $21.3 million on its opening day, the fourth-biggest Disney opening day in the country. It had an 87% marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[181] Earning a total of $67.9 million, it registered the third-highest three-day for any Disney title, only behind Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Age of Ultron and a much higher opening than the U.S.[153] The film did extremely well in IMAX, earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings. The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival, as well as Depp's star power, the ubiquity of the franchise, the impact of the Shanghai Disneyland Park, which opened last year and good word of mouth—it has a score of 7.5/10 on reviews aggregator Douban, and 8.7/10 on top mobile ticketing platform Weying.[182][183]", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. Davy Jones's Locker is a fictional place featured prominently in At World's End. It is based on a real superstition. The arid plain where the Pearl is beached was filmed at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The shore where the Pearl reenters the ocean was filmed at the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in California.[1]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest premiered at Disneyland in California on June 24, 2006. It was the first Disney film to use the new computer-generated Walt Disney Pictures production logo, which took a year for the studio to design.[26] Weta Digital was responsible for the logo's final animated rendering and Mark Mancina was hired to score a new composition of \"When You Wish Upon A Star\".[26] The main people responsible for the logo's rendering are Cyrese Parrish and Cameron Smith.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Internationally, where it is marketed as Salazar's Revenge in many countries, the film was released day-and-date with its North American debut in 54 markets (91% of its total marketplace, except Japan, where it debuted on July 1).[172] Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150–175 million, but possibly overperforming depending on major markets, most notably China.[159][173] While its Chinese run benefited from the Dragon Boat Festival—a lucrative moviegoing period—from May 28–30 as well as from International Children's Day (June 1),[174][175] the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets, and eased moviegoing admissions across the continent over the film's opening weekend.[176] From Wednesday to Friday, it registered an opening of $208.8 million. Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings, the second-biggest international IMAX opening in May only after Captain America: Civil War.[153] Similar to its US plunge, it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend, thus, falling in second place behind Wonder Woman.[177]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D and IMAX 3D formats on May 26, 2017, ten years and one day after the release of At World's End (2007). The film received mixed reviews, with praise for the performances, especially that of Bardem, visuals, music and shorter running time, and criticism for the convoluted and complicated plot; some critics considered the film an improvement over the recent sequel.[13][14] The film grossed $794 million worldwide, the second-lowest gross of the series but the ninth highest-grossing film of 2017.[15][4]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. However, after Disney's The Lone Ranger lost the studio $190 million in 2013—a film also starring Depp in a similarly eccentric role—Disney questioned the bankability of Depp and thus the franchise, so the film was reconsidered and not actually green-lit as of early 2014.[52] Another problem, along with the lack of success Depp experienced outside of the Pirates franchise were script problems, as Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn stated: \"We haven't seen a screenplay yet that I've been able to sign off on. There are a lot of variables that affect the final outcome once it leaves the studio lot, so we are very careful.\"[53] Due to these problems, the film's production was delayed, and it moved from a 2015 release aspired by Disney in 2013[40] to a likely release in 2016.[54] Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script as well as budget issues were behind the delay, and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline, stating: \"It's all a factor. We want a script that everyone's signed off on and a budget that everyone's signed off on.\"[47] After the script was accepted and the film was finally officially green-lit by Disney in July 2014, the release date moved to July 7, 2017.[55]", "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction). After a second plunge further into the depths of an underground grotto known as Dead Man's Cove, guests behold the skeletal remains of an unfortunate band of pirates, guarding their loot and treasure with macabre delight.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. In Saint Martin, a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for alleged witchcraft but escapes custody. She briefly crosses paths with Jack, who with his crew tries to steal a bank vault, but accidentally drags the entire bank with them and loses the fortune before crashing the building at the town's exit and escaping. Jack’s crew ends up abandoning him, even Gibbs, who has lost faith in Jack after years of Jack and his crew experiencing nothing but bad luck. Depressed, Jack trades his magical compass for a drink. However, this betrayal of the compass frees Salazar and his crew from the Devil’s Triangle. Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident’s location and offers to help him using a diary left by her unknown father. Carina and Jack are both captured and face execution, but are saved by Henry and Jack’s crew, setting sail on the Dying Gull. Carina deciphers that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden.", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. Scenes set on Shipwreck Island were filmed in Dominica.[1]" ]

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[ "Bible translations into Greek. While the Old Testament portion of the Bible was written in Hebrew, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek. The Greek language however, has several different dialects or denominations. This required several different translations done by several different individuals and groups of people. These translations can be categorized into translations done before and after 1500 A.D.", "Old Testament. Hebrew texts commenced to be translated into Greek in Alexandria in about 280 and continued until about 130 BC.[22] These early Greek translations – supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus – were called the Septuagint (Latin: \"Seventy\") from the supposed number of translators involved (hence its abbreviation \"LXX\"). This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[23]", "Bible translations into Greek. The New Testament part of the Christian Bible was originally written in Koine Greek, as most of the Church and scholars believe, and is therefore not a translation (notwithstanding that some reference material may have been from Aramaic). However, like other living languages, the Greek language has developed over time. Therefore, various translations have been completed over the centuries to make it easier for Greek speakers to understand Holy Scripture. Translations of the Old Testament, which is the other part of the Christian Bible, have been completed for similar reasons.", "Bible translations into Greek. The LXX contains the oldest existing translation of Holy Scripture into any language. It was widely disseminated among ancient Hellenistic Jews, and was later used by Greek-speaking Christians for their Old Testament (refer canon). The LXX is the source of the majority of quotations from the Old Testament by writers of the New Testament. It is studied along with Hebrew and Aramaic texts as an ancient source of information about the Old Testament.", "Bible translations into Greek. Meanwhile, a team of 12 professors from the theological schools of the Universities of Athens and Thessaloniki had been working since the mid 1960s on another translation into the modern vernacular (Demotic Greek), with support from the Hellenic Bible Society.[9] The translation of the New Testament, first published in 1985[citation needed], was based on a critical text of the Koine Greek (κοινή) in which the New Testament was originally written. The translation of the Old Testament from Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic texts of the Jewish Scriptures was first published in 1997. This translation has the blessing and approval of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece[14] and is also used in Evangelical and Charismatic churches.[15] It is known in English as \"Today's Greek Version (TGV)\".", "Bible translations into Greek. The first known translation of the Bible into Greek is called the Septuagint (LXX; 3rd–1st centuries BC). The LXX was written in Koine Greek.[1] It contains the Hebrew Bible translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. It also includes several other documents which are considered to have differing levels of authority by various Christian churches.[a] Some of these other documents are believed to have been written originally in Greek.", "Development of the Old Testament canon. The Eastern Orthodox Church still prefers to use the LXX as the basis for translating the Old Testament into other languages. The Eastern Orthodox also use LXX (Septuagint) untranslated where Greek is the liturgical language, e.g. in the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, the Church of Greece and the Cypriot Orthodox Church. Critical translations of the Old Testament, while using the Masoretic Text as their basis, consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear, undeniably corrupt, or ambiguous.[32][33][34]", "Bible translations in the Middle Ages. The books of the Bible were not originally written in Latin. The Old Testament was written in Hebrew (with some parts in Greek and Aramaic[2]) and the New Testament in Greek. The Septuagint, still used in the Greek Orthodox church, is a Jewish translation of the Old Testament into Koine Greek completed in the 1st century BC in Alexandria for Jews who spoke Greek as their primary language.", "Old Testament. The Septuagint was originally used by Hellenized Jews whose knowledge of Greek was better than Hebrew. But the texts came to be used predominantly by gentile converts to Christianity and by the early Church as its scripture, Greek being the lingua franca of the early Church. The three most acclaimed early interpreters were Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus the Ebionite, and Theodotion; in his Hexapla, Origen placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside its transcription in Greek letters and four parallel translations: Aquila's, Symmachus's, the Septuagint's, and Theodotion's. The so-called \"fifth\" and \"sixth editions\" were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis: these were added to Origen's Octapla.[25]", "Bible translations into Greek. A translation of the Bible (Old and New Testaments) in literary Katharevousa Greek (Καθαρεύουσα) by Neofytos Vamvas (Νεόφυτος Βάμβας) and his associates was first published in 1850 following nearly 20 years of work. The King James Version was used as a main source for this translation. Vamvas was dean and a professor of the University of Athens.[9]", "Septuagint. The Greek title Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, lit. \"The Translation of the Seventy\", and its abbreviation \"LXX\", derive from the legend of seventy-two Jewish scholars (6 from each of the 12 tribes of Israel, who worked independently to translate the whole and ultimately produced identical versions) in the court of Ptolemy II in seventy-two days (see Aristeas, Letter of, below), who translated the Five Books of Moses into Koine Greek as early as the 3rd century BCE.[4][5] Separated from the Hebrew canon of the Jewish Bible in Rabbinic Judaism, translations of the Torah into Koine Greek by early Jewish Rabbis have survived as rare fragments only.", "Bible translations into Greek. In 1901, Alexandros Pallis translated the Gospels into Modern Greek. This translation was known as Evangelika (Ευαγγελικά). There were riots in Athens when this translation was published in a newspaper. University students protested that he tried to sell the country to the Slavs and the Turks in order to break Greek religious and national unity. All translations were confiscated.[10] The Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Church resolved that any translation of the Holy Gospels is “profane” and redundant. It also “contributes to scandalising the consciousness [of Greeks] and to the distortion of [the Gospels’] divine concepts and didactic messages.[11]", "Biblical languages. The very first translation of the Hebrew Bible was into Greek. This is known as the Septuagint (LXX), which later became the received text of the Old Testament in the Catholic church and the basis of its canon. This began sometime in the 2nd or 3rd century BC, with the first portion of the Hebrew Bible, the Torah, being translated into Koine Greek. Over the next century, other books were translated (or composed) as well. This translation became known as the Septuagint and was widely used by Greek-speaking Jews, and later by Christians. It differs somewhat from the later standardized Hebrew (Masoretic Text). This translation was promoted by way of a legend that seventy separate translators all produced identical texts.", "Koine Greek. Other significant sources are the Septuagint, the somewhat literal Greek translation of the Old Testament, and the Greek New Testament. The teaching of the Testaments was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason they use the most popular language of the era.", "Bible translations. By the 3rd century BC, Alexandria had become the center of Hellenistic Judaism, and during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC translators compiled in Egypt a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures in several stages (completing the task by 132 BC). The Talmud ascribes the translation effort to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (r. 285–246 BC), who allegedly hired 72 Jewish scholars for the purpose, for which reason the translation is commonly known as the Septuagint (from the Latin septuaginta, \"seventy\"), a name which it gained in \"the time of Augustine of Hippo\" (354–430 AD).[6][7] The Septuagint (LXX), the very first translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, later became the accepted text of the Old Testament in the Christian church and the basis of its canon. Jerome based his Latin Vulgate translation on the Hebrew for those books of the Bible preserved in the Jewish canon (as reflected in the Masoretic text), and on the Greek text for the deuterocanonical books.", "Bible translations into Greek. In 1967 a team of academic staff of the University of Athens led by Basil (Vasilios) Vellas (Βασίλειος Βέλλας) translated the New Testament, with support from the Hellenic Bible Society.[9] This translation was based on the Textus Receptus.[12]", "Septuagint. The Eastern Orthodox Church still prefers to use the LXX as the basis for translating the Old Testament into other languages. The Eastern Orthodox also use LXX untranslated where Greek is the liturgical language, e.g. in the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, the Church of Greece and the Cypriot Orthodox Church. Critical translations of the Old Testament, while using the Masoretic Text as their basis, consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear, undeniably corrupt, or ambiguous.[23] For example, the New Jerusalem Bible Foreword says, \"Only when this (the Masoretic Text) presents insuperable difficulties have emendations or other versions, such as the ... LXX, been used.\"[50] The Translator's Preface to the New International Version says: \"The translators also consulted the more important early versions (including) the Septuagint ... Readings from these versions were occasionally followed where the MT seemed doubtful ...\"[51]", "Translation. One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the \"Septuagint\", a name that refers to the supposedly seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. According to legend, each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and, according to legend, all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.", "Books of the Bible. The Eastern Orthodox use the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical books—to use both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations into the vernacular.[10][11] Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.[12]", "Old Testament. While the Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments, there were others. At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced, translations were being made into Aramaic, the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the language of Jesus: these are called the Aramaic Targums, from a word meaning \"translation\", and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures.[40]", "Split of early Christianity and Judaism. Other actions, however, such as the rejection of the Septuagint translation, are attributed to the \"School of Jamnia\". Early church teachers and writers reacted with even stronger devotion, citing the Septuagint's antiquity and its use by the Evangelists and Apostles. Being the Old Testament quoted by the Canonical Gospels (according to Greek primacy) and the Greek Church Fathers, the Septuagint had an essentially official status in the early Christian world,[44] and is still considered to be the Old Testament text in the Greek Orthodox church, see also Development of the Old Testament canon.[citation needed]", "Translation. The first important translation in the West was that of the Septuagint, a collection of Jewish Scriptures translated into early Koine Greek in Alexandria between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE. The dispersed Jews had forgotten their ancestral language and needed Greek versions (translations) of their Scriptures.[75]", "Septuagint. The Septuagint (from the Latin septuaginta, \"seventy\"), also known as the LXX, is a Koine Greek translation of a Hebraic textual tradition that included certain texts which were later included in the canonical Hebrew Bible and other related texts which were not. As the primary Greek translation of the Old Testament, it is also called the Greek Old Testament. This translation is quoted a number of times in the New Testament,[1][2] particularly in Pauline epistles,[3] and also by the Apostolic Fathers and later Greek Church Fathers.", "Development of the Old Testament canon. The Early Christian Church used the Greek texts[26] since Greek was a lingua franca of the Roman Empire at the time, and the language of the Greco-Roman Church (Aramaic was the language of Syriac Christianity, which used the Targums).", "Bible. Professor John K. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, says that \"the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages\",[19] and \"the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers – political, cultural, economic, and ecological – varied enormously\".[20] Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, says that the Old Testament is \"a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing.\"[21] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind.\nParallel to the solidification of the Hebrew canon (c. 3rd century BCE), only the Torah first and then the Tanakh began to be translated into Greek and expanded, now referred to as the Septuagint or the Greek Old Testament.[22]", "Greek literature. One of the most valuable contributions of the Hellenistic period was the translation of the Old Testament into Greek. This work was done at Alexandria and completed by the end of the 2nd century BCE.", "Bible translations into Greek. Other early Greek translations of Hebrew Scripture that survive only in fragments are those of Aquila of Sinope (2nd century AD), Theodotion (2nd century AD), Symmachus (3rd century AD) and Fragments of the Samaritikon.", "Biblical languages. The books of the Christian New Testament are widely agreed to have originally been written in Greek, specifically Koine Greek, even though some authors often included translations from Hebrew and Aramaic texts. Certainly the Pauline Epistles were written in Greek for Greek-speaking audiences. See Greek primacy for further details. Koine Greek was the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-classical antiquity (c.300 BC – AD 300), and marks the third period in the history of the Greek language.[1] It is also called Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek.", "Ptolemaic Kingdom. The Jews who lived in Egypt had originally immigrated from the Southern Levant. The Jews absorbed Greek, the dominant language of Egypt at the time, and heavily mixed it with Hebrew.[40] The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures, appeared and was written by seventy Jewish Translators under royal compulsion during Ptolemy II's reign.[41] That is confirmed by historian Flavius Josephus, who writes that Ptolemy, desirous to collect every book in the habitable earth, applied Demetrius Phalereus to the task of organizing an effort with the Jewish high priests to translate the Jewish books of the Law for his library.[42] Josephus thus places the origins of the Septuagint in the 3rd century BC, when Demetrius and Ptolemy II lived. According to Jewish legend, the seventy wrote their translations independently from memory, and the resultant works were identical at every letter.", "History of the Jews in Egypt. The Hellenistic Jewish community of Alexandria translated the Old Testament into Greek. This translation is called the Septuagint. The translation of the Septuagint itself began in the 3rd century BCE and was completed by 132 BCE,[13][14][15] initially in Alexandria, but in time elsewhere as well.[16] It became the source for the Old Latin, Slavonic, Syriac, Old Armenian, Old Georgian and Coptic versions of the Christian Old Testament.[17]", "Torah. One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint. This is a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek speakers. The Greek version's name in Latin is the Septuagint: Latin septem meaning seven, plus", "Development of the Old Testament canon. One of the tenets of the Protestant Reformation (beginning c. 1517) was that translations of scriptures should be based on the original texts (i.e. Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic for the Old Testament and Biblical Greek for the New Testament) rather than upon Jerome's translation into Latin, which at the time was the Bible of the Catholic Church." ]

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[ "The Fall Guy. At the end of the series, the remaining trucks were either auctioned or given away in a contest. One of them was sold on eBay in 2003.[citation needed]", "The Fall Guy. Seavers's truck was a Rounded-Line 1982 GMC K-2500 Wideside with the Sierra Grande equipment level package.[2][3] A Rounded-Line 1980 GMC K-25 Wideside with the High Sierra equipment level package was also used.[4]", "The Fall Guy. During the show's run, the stunts took their toll on the trucks, so several different years, makes (Chevy/GMC) and models were used during the show's initial run. As a result, there are some inconsistencies in the episodes. After destroying several trucks due to the jumps, a custom built jump truck was built as a solution.", "The Fall Guy. The Fall Guy is an American action/adventure television program produced for ABC and originally broadcast from November 4, 1981, to May 2, 1986. It stars Lee Majors, Douglas Barr, and Heather Thomas as Hollywood stunt performers who moonlight as bounty hunters.", "The Fall Guy. On June 5, 2007, 20th Century Fox released the first season of The Fall Guy on DVD in Region 1. As with a number of other TV shows of the era released on DVD, the 6-disc set contains extensive music substitutions due to copyright reasons (as well as completely editing out the sequences with actor/singer Paul Williams, in the Pilot). Due to poor sales it is unknown if the remaining seasons will be released.[citation needed]", "The Fall Guy. Lee Majors plays Colt Seavers, a Hollywood stunt man who moonlights as a bounty hunter. He uses his physical skills and knowledge of stunt effects (especially stunts involving cars or his large GMC pickup truck) to capture fugitives and criminals. He is accompanied by his cousin and stuntman-in-training Howie Munson (Barr) - who studied in Nashville - , whom Colt frequently calls \"Kid\", and occasionally by fellow stunt performer Jody Banks (Thomas).", "Cameron Boyce. In 2009, Boyce also made a cameo in a Burger King commercial, showcasing the movie Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Boyce, three other children, and Autobots Skids and Mudflap wait for Bumblebee to transform, which ends up being just a regular Camaro. The kids walk away disappointed, where Skid says, \"It's just some dude's car.\"", "Evel Knievel. In November 2010, General Motors premièred a television commercial featuring footage of Knievel's Wembley Stadium crash in 1975, followed by Knievel getting onto his feet. The ad focused on GM's restructuring and emphasized the belief that \"we all fall down\".[81][82]", "The Fall Guy. A comic strip adaptation was drawn by Jim Baikie for Look-In magazine. [1]", "Lee Majors. In 1981, Majors returned in another long-running television series. Producer Glen A. Larson (who had first worked with Majors on Alias Smith and Jones, where Majors had a one-episode part, and later on The Six Million Dollar Man) asked him to star in the pilot of The Fall Guy. Majors played Colt Seavers, a Hollywood stuntman who moonlights as a bounty hunter. Majors was also a producer and a director on the show, and even sang its theme song, the self-effacing \"Unknown Stuntman.\" Majors also invited several longtime friends, Linda Evans, Peter Breck, Lindsay Wagner and Richard Anderson, to guest-star in various episodes. The series ran for five seasons until it was cancelled in 1986.", "The Fall Guy. The series is known for its frequent cameos by Hollywood celebrities and the occasional in-joke referring to Majors's previous starring role in the series The Six Million Dollar Man (the pilot featured a cameo appearance by his then-wife Farrah Fawcett).", "The Fall Guy. The highest rating is in bold text.", "William Hopper. He was not only the careful investigator, the duke-it-out tough guy, the ladies' man, and the hipster, but also the fall guy, the strikeout artist, the \"eating machine\" and \"the big kid.\" Hopper's Drake alone provided the comic relief for the show. And, despite being a rather late bloomer to the acting field, he played all the parts surprisingly well and believably. His appearances made fair shows good, and good shows better.[8]:61", "The Fall (band). In 1983, Rough Trade Records released the Fall's ninth single, \"The Man Whose Head Expanded\", and on 19 September issued the band's tenth single and double pack \"Kicker Conspiracy\". Bizarrely, in November Kamera Records released around two- to three-thousand copies of the planned 1982 single \"Marquis Cha Cha\", the release date having been put back due to Kamera's financial troubles in late 1982, making it the Fall's eleventh single issue.", "The Fall Guy. Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 2 in Germany and the UK. Season 2 has also been released in Region 2, in Germany on November 28, 2008 and in the UK on February 16, 2009.", "The Fall Guy. In July 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that a film based on the series was in development. DreamWorks has teamed up with producer Walter F. Parkes on the project.[5] Martin Campbell was in talks to direct the film.[6] DreamWorks, through Disney's Touchstone Pictures distribution label, will release the film in North America, Latin America, Russia, Australia and Asia, while Mister Smith Entertainment will handle sales in the remaining territories. As of September 2013, Dwayne Johnson was in negotiations to play the title role and McG was in talks to direct. [7]", "The Fall (band). The Fall's line-up underwent first drastic changes in 1977–78. Kay Carroll, Una Baines's friend and colleague at the psychiatric hospital, became the group's manager and occasional backing vocalist, as well as Smith's girlfriend.[11][14] Friel, unhappy with Carroll's management, left in December 1977 (he went on to form the Passage). He was briefly replaced by Jonnie Brown and later Eric McGann (aka Eric the Ferrett).[14] The Fall were filmed on 13 February 1978 for the Granada TV show What's On, hosted by Tony Wilson, performing \"Psycho Mafia\", \"Industrial Estate\" and \"Dresden Dolls\", featuring the brief line up of Smith, Bramah, Burns, Baines and McGann. Baines left in March 1978 after a drug overdose and subsequent nervous breakdown, replaced by Ywonne Pawlett, while McGann quit in May, in disgust at the Fall's van driver Steve Davies wearing a Hawaiian shirt as the group were driving to record their first ever session for influential radio DJ John Peel. (The Fall would record a total of 24 sessions for Peel, who became a devoted fan of the group.)[14] Martin Bramah blamed the dissolution of the original line-up on Smith's style of leadership, together with Carroll's favouring of her partner: \"The break-up wasn't so much about the music, though; it was more how we were being treated as people on a daily basis. \"[11] 16-year-old Marc Riley, the group's roadie, was eventually recruited to the group to play bass guitar.[14]", "Hummer H3. The Hummer H3T is a mid-size pickup truck that was available during the 2009[4] and 2010 model years.", "Grave Digger (truck). Anderson moved to Grave Digger 2 in 1989, with a new 1950 Chevy panel van body. It was during this time that the reputation for wild passes was developed, and the popularity of the truck increased. TNT recognised his rising popularity and began promoting Grave Digger heavily, especially for races on the Tuff Trax syndicated television series. This was helped by Bigfoot not racing for points in the 1989 championship, leaving Grave Digger as the most popular truck on the tour.", "The Fall (TV series). Writer Cubitt was inspired by guitar manufacturing companies when naming some of his characters; both Stella and Gibson are brands of guitar,[7] as are Bacon & Day,[8] Benedetto, Brawley, Breedlove, Burns, Eastwood, Hagstrom, Kay, Martin, Music Man, Paul Reed Smith, Spector, Stagg and Tom Anderson.[7]", "Monster truck. With racing taking precedence, several teams began to think in new ways as to how the trucks could be built. Towards the end of 1988, Gary Cook and David Morris debuted Equalizer, a truck with a combination of coil springs and shock absorbers as the main source of suspension rather than the standard of leaf springs and shock absorbers. In 1989, Jack Willman Sr., now with his own truck, Taurus, debuted a new truck which used a solid axle suspension system made of parallel four-link suspensions and coilovers that together weighed in at close to 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg). However, the ultimate coup de grâce came from Chandler, also in 1989, whose Bigfoot VIII featured a full tubular chassis and a long-travel suspension system made of triangulated four-link suspensions, bump stops, limit straps, cantilevers, and shock absorbers charged with nitrogen gas. The truck revolutionized how monster trucks were built, and within a few years most top level teams built similar vehicles.", "Freightliner Trucks. 1996 – American LaFrance, a 130-year-old manufacturer of fire apparatus, was purchased; it was Mr. Hebe's first employer. LaFrance had fallen on hard times and was moribund at the time of the acquisition.", "Maximum Destruction. Max-D had several new chassis for 2011. Tom Meents has a new front engine Willman style chassis, while Kreg Christensen is driving a new CRD chassis. Neil Elliott had received Max-D #1, a ten-year-old truck. That truck is no longer competing. Instead in 2012, Neil Elliott received a new Max-D chassis which he competes with now. In fall 2016, the team constructed Max-D #8, a new Willman chassis for Tom, which he debuted on December 4 in St. Louis.", "Guy Fieri. Fieri appeared in promotions for Flowmaster, a California-based auto exhaust parts manufacturer.[26] In 2008 and 2009, he was the spokesperson for T.G.I. Friday's.[27] In 2010, he appeared in a commercial for Aflac named \"Spicy\".[28]", "New York City Fire Department. For specialty units, FDNY uses a variety of manufacturers. Its current heavy rescues, often called a 'toolbox on wheels' were built by Ferrara. In 2010, a new contract was issued for five new rescue trucks, using a chassis and stainless steel cab custom-designed to FDNY specifications. As of January 2012, the new Ferrara Rescues 1–4 are in service, while the new Rescue 5 was, until it was involved in an incident and was taken out of service for repair. Rescue 5 was returned to service in August 2013.[45] Other specialty units, including hazardous material units, collapse trucks, and reserve rescues are made by American LaFrance, Pierce, E-One, Freightliner, and Ferrara (HAZMAT 1). Various body types include standard heavy rescue bodies, step vans, buses and smaller units built on GMC and Ford pick up truck bodies.", "Harland Williams. Williams is known for his movie roles, which include Big Money Hustlas with the Insane Clown Posse, Dumb and Dumber, Freddy Got Fingered, There's Something About Mary, Half Baked, RocketMan, Sorority Boys, Down Periscope and Employee of The Month. Williams starred as the security guard in the music video for the 2001 Barenaked Ladies song \"Falling for the First Time\". He has performed his stand-up comedy routines on Late Night with David Letterman, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, HBO, Comedy Central and at comedy clubs throughout the country.", "Isuzu Motors. 1996 – the Isuzu Hombre pickup, a badge-engineered GM truck (using the sheetmetal of the Brazil-market Chevrolet S10), was introduced, and Isuzu's United States sales reached a peak.", "Eli Wallach. Between 1984 and 1997, he also did voice overs in a series of commercials for the Toyota Pickup.", "Kurt Russell. During the 1980s, Russell teamed with Carpenter several times, helping create some of his best-known roles, usually as anti-heroes, including the infamous Snake Plissken of Escape from New York and its sequel, Escape from L.A.. Among their collaborations was The Thing (1982), based upon the short story Who Goes There? by John W. Campbell, Jr., which had been interpreted on film before, albeit loosely, in 1951's The Thing from Another World. In 1986, Russell played a truck driver caught in an ancient Chinese war in Big Trouble in Little China, which was a financial failure like The Thing and has since gained a cult audience. He was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance in Silkwood (1983).[24]", "Anthony LaPaglia. In 2002, LaPaglia co-starred as a fire captain opposite Sigourney Weaver in The Guys, a film about New York firemen who died in the World Trade Center. He also played the role onstage, rotating with Bill Murray and others. \"We did it as a tribute to the men,\" said LaPaglia. \"I've been so lucky to do it, to be part of this experience. But I can't go back to that morning or watch the video. It's too painful.\"[4] He also played fictional Australian actor Anthony Bella (who played Nicky Caesar in the fictitious series 'Little Caesar') in the comedy movie Analyze That, but was uncredited in his role.[citation needed]", "The Fall (band). In January 2005, the Fall, described as \"one of the most enigmatic, idiosyncratic and chaotic garage bands of the last 30 years\", were the subject of a BBC Four TV documentary, The Fall: The Wonderful and Frightening World of Mark E Smith. Later that year, a 97-song box set containing all of the sessions the group recorded for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 programme was issued to widespread acclaim. Their twenty-fifth studio album, entitled Fall Heads Roll, was issued on 3 October 2005, preceded by the single \"I Can Hear the Grass Grow\" (a cover of a song by the Move) on 6 September 2005 (US) and 19 September 2005 (UK). This was heralded as one of the best Fall albums in years, with the new line up being particularly acclaimed. Perhaps inevitably, Ben Pritchard (guitar), Steve Trafford (bass), Spencer Birtwistle (drums), all of whom played on Fall Heads Roll, left the group somewhat acrimoniously during the group's Summer 2006 tour of the US after just four dates. In a US radio interview, Smith described their departures as \"the best thing that ever happened\" to the Fall, although it was some months before he confirmed that they would not be returning to the group.[22]", "Grave Digger (truck). When TNT became a part of the United States Hot Rod Association in 1991, Anderson began running on the USHRA tour and debuted his first four-link truck, Grave Digger 3. Throughout the 1990s, the popularity of the truck grew and forced Anderson to hire other drivers to run other Grave Digger trucks. Grave Diggers 4, 5 and 8 were built to suit this purpose, and were never driven in any major capacity by Anderson. Anderson drove Grave Digger 7, a direct successor to 3, for most of the decade. It was replaced by Grave Digger 12, well known as the \"long wheelbase Digger\", which was also the first Grave Digger with purple in the paintjob." ]

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[ "Dominican Republic. In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag. The coat of arms pictures a red, white, and blue flag-draped shield with a Bible, a gold cross, and arrows; the shield is surrounded by an olive branch (on the left) and a palm branch (on the right). The Bible traditionally represents the truth and the light. The gold cross symbolizes the redemption from slavery, and the arrows symbolize the noble soldiers and their proud military. A blue ribbon above the shield reads, \"Dios, Patria, Libertad\" (meaning \"God, Fatherland, Liberty\"). A red ribbon under the shield reads, \"República Dominicana\" (meaning \"Dominican Republic\"). Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a Bible is unique to the Dominican flag.", "List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag. This is a list of countries and territories with a flag that incorporates the Union Jack. Six Commonwealth nations have the Union Jack on their national flag. The first Commonwealth country to drop the Union Jack was Canada in 1965, after adopting a new national flag. The most recent country to drop the Union Jack from its flag was South Africa in 1994, after adopting a new national flag. The only overseas territory without the Union Jack on its current flag is Gibraltar.", "Rainbow flag. The reformer Thomas Müntzer (1489–1525) connected socially revolutionary claims with his preaching of the gospel. He is often portrayed with a rainbow flag in his hand. The Thomas Müntzer statue in the German town of Stolberg also shows him holding a rainbow flag in his hand.\nIn the German Peasants' War of the 16th century, the rainbow flag together with the peasants' boot (\"Bundschuh\") was used as the sign of a new era, of hope and of social change.\nThe choice of the rainbow in the form of a flag harkens back to the rainbow as a symbol of biblical promise. According to the Bible, God first created the rainbow as a sign to Noah that there would never again be a worldwide flood,[1][2] also known as the Rainbow covenant.", "List of national flags depicting a cross. This is a list of countries whose national flags depict crosses, which is the main symbol of Christianity.", "Christian Flag. The Christian Flag spread outside North America with Christian missionaries.[23] It can be seen today in or outside many Christian churches throughout the world, particularly in Latin America and in Africa.[23] It has so far been adopted by some Protestant churches in Europe, Asia, and Africa as well.[11] Eastern Orthodox, especially parishes in the Western Rite tradition, have only recently[when?] started to use the flag.[24][need quotation to verify]", "Flag of the Dominican Republic. As described by Article 21 of the Dominican Constitution, the flag features a centered white cross that extends to the edges and divides the flag into four rectangles; the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue. The national coat of arms, featuring a shield with the flag design and supported by a bay laurel branch (left) and a palm frond (right), is at the center of the cross. Above the shield, a blue ribbon displays the national motto Dios, Patria, Libertad (English: God, Fatherland, Liberty). Below the shield, the words República Dominicana appear on a red ribbon (this red ribbon is depicted in more recent versions as having its tips pointing upward). In the center of the shield, flanked by three spears (two of them holding Dominican banners) on each side, is a Bible with a small cross above it and said to be opened to the Gospel of John, chapter 8, verse 32, which reads Y la verdad os hará libres (And the truth shall make you free).[citation needed]", "List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag. The list also includes overseas territories, provinces and states.", "Zacchaeus. In Western Christianity, the gospel pericope concerning Zacchaeus is the reading for a Dedication of a Church or its anniversary. In Southern Bavaria, a red banner with white cross may be flown outside a Church on its anniversary, which is consequently called the Zacchaeus flag.", "Christianity. Nations with Christianity as their state religion are in blue", "King of Saudi Arabia. The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:", "Christian Flag. I pledge allegiance to the Christian flag, and to the Saviour for whose Kingdom it stands; one Saviour, crucified, risen, and coming again with life and liberty for all who believe.[28]", "Bible Belt. The Bible Belt of Norway is located mainly in the western part of the country.", "Purple. Dominica is the only nation in the world to use purple or violet in its flag. It features a sisserou parrot, a national symbol.", "Christian Flag. In Canada and the United States, accommodationists and separationists have entered impassioned debate on the legality of erecting the Christian Flag atop governmental buildings.[26][27]", "Christian Flag. Other churches[who?] use this version:", "Flag of Earth. James William van Kirk, a minister from Youngstown, Ohio, designed in 1913 a peace flag with rainbow stripes, stars and a globe. With this flag, he twice made a peace tour through Europe.[5] The Universal Peace Congress adopted this flag as its World Peace Flag.[6]", "Christian Flag. I pledge allegiance to the Christian flag and to the Saviour for whose kingdom it stands; one brotherhood, uniting all mankind in service and in love.[28]", "Bible Belt. Rural portions of Bavaria constitute Germany's Bible Belt.", "Union Jack. Notably, the home country of Wales is not represented separately in the Union Flag, as the flag was designed after the invasion of Wales in 1282. Hence Wales as a home country today has no representation on the flag; it appears under the cross of St George, which represents the former Kingdom of England (which included Wales).", "Flag. Since many flags have a simple design, there is bound to be cases of flags with similar designs. From 1948 to 1989, the flag of Romania had an insignia in the middle of the tricolour flag. In 1989 the insignia was removed, reverting Romania's flag back to an earlier version. This version matched the design which had been adopted by Chad in 1959. This has concerned the Chadian government, and in 2004 they requested that the United Nations should consider it an issue. In response, the Romanian President Ion Iliescu stated to the media, \"The tricolour belongs to us. We will not give up the tricolour\".[17]", "Museum of the Bible. It's not really a museum of the Bible, it's a museum of American Protestantism. Their whole purpose is to show this country as a Christian country governed by Christian morality. (Moss)[44]", "Flag of Chile. There is a rather popular legend in Chile that claims this third Chilean flag won a \"Most Beautiful National Flag in the World\" contest. Its most common version states that this happened in 1907 in Blankenberghe, Belgium, in the coast of the Baltic Sea [sic].[8] Other versions of this story say this happened in the 19th century, or that the Chilean flag was placed second after the French flag; there are even variations that talk about Chile's national anthem, placing it either in the first place or second, after La Marseillaise. The fact that the only documented version of this story gets basic details wrong (Belgium has a coast on the North Sea, not the Baltic Sea) doesn't reflect well on its historical accuracy.", "Flag of El Salvador. There are two versions of the flag, one containing the national coat of arms with the words \"REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL\" (English: Republic of El Salvador in Central America), and the other with the words \"DIOS UNION LIBERTAD\" (English: God, Union, Liberty); both have the words in amber. The one bearing the coat of arms is used by the government and state organizations. The other version is used for civil purposes. Both contain the same cobalt blue and white stripes and both flags have a 3:5 aspect ratio.", "Freedom of religion by country. The constitution accords “all persons the right to worship according to their own religion or belief” and states that “the nation is based upon belief in one supreme God.” The first tenet of the country’s national ideology, Pancasila, similarly declares belief in one God. The government does not allow for nonbelief. Government employees must swear allegiance to the nation and to the Pancasila ideology. Other laws and policies at the national and regional levels restrict certain types of religious activity, particularly among unrecognized religious groups and “deviant” sects of recognized religious groups.[18]", "Violet (color). The flag of Dominica, an island in the Caribbean, is the only national flag in the world containing violet. The flag features a sisserou parrot, a national symbol.", "Jerusalem cross. In late medieval heraldry, after the failure of the Crusades, the Crusader's cross was used for various Crusader states. The 14th-century Book of All Kingdoms uses it as the flag of Sebasteia. At about the same time, the Pizzigano chart uses it as the flag of Tbilisi (based on the latter example, the Crusader's cross was adopted as the flag of Georgia in 2004).", "In God We Trust. Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) with \"IN GOD WE TRUST\" motto", "Christian Flag. I pledge allegiance to the Christian Flag, and to the Savior for whose Kingdom it stands; one brotherhood uniting all [true] Christians, in service, and in love.[citation needed]", "Elba. Flag of Elba", "Mongolia. The symbol in the left bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon called Soyombo. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditional thangka paintings.", "Flag. Some countries use diplomatic flags, such as the United Kingdom (see Image of the Embassy flag) and the Kingdom of Thailand (see Image of the Embassy flag).", "Freedom of religion by country. The country is mostly Roman Catholic, although other Christian churches are on the rise since the 1974 Revolution which inserted the aforementioned article in the constitution." ]

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[ "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). James Lucas Scott is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Jackson Brundage. He is the son of Nathan and Haley James Scott and older brother of Lydia. He was born on their graduation day at about the same time as his cousin, Lily Roe Scott. He is named after his godfather and uncle, Lucas Scott, while Brooke Davis takes the role of his godmother. All of Nathan and Haley's friends are close to Jamie and he sees them all as aunts and uncles. Jamie has a great adoration of his father and aspires to be like him, which is something that often inspires Nathan to do his best.", "Jackson Brundage. Jackson Timothy Brundage (born January 21, 2001) is an American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Jamie Scott on The CW's One Tree Hill, a role he held from 2008 until the series's conclusion in 2012. Brundage was in the Nick at Nite sitcom, See Dad Run starring Scott Baio which lasted from 2012 to 2015. He was the first voice of Foo in the Nickelodeon series Harvey Beaks before being replaced by Tom Robinson.[1][self-published source?][2] He has performed in film, television, and voice over. He played Charlie Allan Smith in Lime Salted Love. He also voiced Pablo in Einstein Pals.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). During her senior year at Tree Hill High School, Haley James Scott fell pregnant. Although at first anxious with having a child at such a young age, both Haley and Nathan Scott grew fond of the idea and although nervous, were very excited for the birth of their child. During her pregnancy, Haley began having serious pains in her stomach, which forced her to collapse. As she was rushed to the hospital, the doctor assured her that everything was alright with her child and confirmed that her child was a boy. This news pushed Nathan to win the State Championship. Trying to get the best start to her child's life, Haley played Jamie classical music whilst pregnant, but unknown to her, Nathan played rap music to his child when she fell asleep, possibly relating to Jamie's love of hip-hop and rap music in his childhood.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Jamie is raised for the first years of his life by his father, mother and uncle whilst they go to college. He was present when his father won his national basketball championship. His first word was ball after he was prompted by his father to say the word ball and his mother to say the word guitar.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). When Jamie's grandmother, Lydia comes into town Jamie and her spend time together and she tells him she's dying; which leaves Jamie very upset although he and Nathan set up a Christmas so they can have one last one together before Lydia passes away. When she does Haley becomes very depressed causing her to lash out and everyone around her including Jamie, so Quinn takes him out on a treasure hunt to takes his mind of things and when he finds the treasure he tells Quinn he wants to leave it for others. The whole Scott family then go to Utah where Jamie loves spending time in the snow and building a snow fort. When Julian is at the screening of his movie Jamie comforts him.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Jamie is very fond of his new little sister, Lydia Bob Scott. Before she was born, he gave Haley a baseball with a message to Lydia saying how he can't wait to play catch with her. Jamie is also interested in baseball, and is on a team coached by Clay, Nathan and Julian. When Jamie found out that Haley was pregnant he said\" Wow a new baby brother\". But he really got ababy sister that he loves very much.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Played by Jackson Brundage since season five, James Lucas Scott, known as Jamie, is Nathan and Haley's nine-year-old son. He gets his middle name from his uncle and godfather, Lucas Scott. Brooke Davis is Jamie's godmother and they spend much of their time together, and Brooke always gives Jamie a check with \"a lot of zeroes\" each year on his birthday (it's Jamie's favorite present). Jamie is often a shoulder to lean on for many of the characters and is shown to be very intelligent and cute. He forms a close bond with his grandfather, Dan Scott, as he feels everyone deserves a friend. After Dan reveals to him he was the person who killed Keith, Jamie feels lost. Lucas takes him to the auto shop where he grew up to tell him about Keith. Jamie later forgives Dan. Jamie is shown to be a good basketball player and has a strong friendship with Skills and Mouth. Jamie is very fond of both Brooke and Julian, serving as best man at their wedding. He has had a very big interest in playing baseball, which grew after Julian gave Jamie a glove once worn by Roberto Clemente and he met ace pitching prospect Ian Kellerman. He misses his uncle Lucas greatly and mentions this to his father often. In season eight, he gets braces for his teeth and has a growing attraction for female classmate Madison, allowing her to win the school spelling bee. He also helps his father study for his college course. In season eight he becomes a big brother to Lydia Bob Scott. He is seen to love his baby sister. In season nine, after Nathan goes missing, Jamie fears that he'll never see him again and repeatedly watches the last video Nathan had sent to him before disappearing. When Lucas returns to Tree Hill, Jamie and Lydia leave with their uncle allowing Haley to relieve some stress as she awaits word on Nathan. He and Lydia return after Nathan is rescued and Jamie is able to say goodbye to Dan before he dies. In the series finale, Haley shows Jamie the box of predictions she and Lucas used to do and Jamie makes a prediction that he will beat Nathan's score record. In the time jump, Jamie is now a teenager and has become the new leading scorer, beating Nathan's record and wears the number #12 because it is his favorite number.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). At the beginning of season 7, Haley throws Jamie a huge birthday party to celebrate his 7th birthday. His Aunt Quinn comes to visit him. Jamie helps Skills work out his problems. Jamie goes with Nathan, Julian, Skills, Mouth and Chuck on a camping weekend. When it becomes Jamie's turn to go on the zip wire he doesn't want to so Julian covers for him; saying he is to scared. This confuses Nathan as Jamie was looking forward to going on the zip wire. Jamie later tells Julian his Dad isn't afraid of anything and Julian realizes Jamie thinks Nathan is disappointed with him. So Julian tells the group a ghost story scaring Jamie and Chuck. When they hear the sounds from the story, Nathan pretends to be to afraid and goes and checks it out.Jamie gains his confidence back.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). When Dan returns to Tree Hill, Jamie tells him how much he missed him and forgives him for murdering Keith, and unlike the time before Dan left Jamie is able to say goodbye. When Skills takes a job away for Tree Hill, Jamie is upset considering when Lucas and Peyton left they said he would see them regular; like Skills but he never sees them and vows to never leave Tree Hill. Although later that day he discovers his family is moving to Europe. Nathan, Haley and Grubbs try to get him excited about going but they can't. Luckily they don't have to; but instead the whole family go on tour with Haley. Jamie loves the experience and brags about it to his friends causing them to fall out until Nathan invites them to Haley's final show. On Haley's birthday Jamie manages to make sure he's left alone; which he enjoys until he runs out of things to do, leaving scared and alone until Junk and Fergie show up and they clean up the house and get it ready for Haley's return; although Jamie falls asleep before his parents return.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). On the day of Nathan and Haley's graduation June 13, Haley went into labor during her valedictorian speech. She was forced to stop her speech halfway through and was rushed into Tree Hill Hospital. At the hospital, Haley gave birth to James Lucas Scott, named so after his mother's maiden name and his uncle's first name. His parents soon found out that Jamie would only settle for rap music, much to Nathan's happiness. Haley and Nathan also invited Brooke Davis and Lucas Scott to be his godparents, which they happily accepted. With this in mind, Lucas accepted a coaching assistant position for Nathan's college basketball team so he can be to Jamie what his Uncle Keith was to him, which Haley was more than pleased about.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Jamie is happy now that his grandpa Dan has come to live in the Scott household. Jamie and Dan camp in the backyard every night while Nathan is out of town on business. Jamie misses his father, Nathan, but has grandpa Dan, mom, Haley, and his baby sister, Lydia, to hang out with. Jamie tracks Nathan's flight home late at night so excited of him coming home. When Nathan goes missing, Haley gets Jamie and Lydia's aunt Quinn to look after them both. Haley and Quinn tell Jamie that Nathan's plane was delayed so he didn't worry. Jamie and little sister Lydia also spend the night at Quinn's, Jamie fake yawns and tells his mom he's going straight to sleep. Jamie was thrilled thinking his dad would be home in the morning. Jamie as well as his little sister, Lydia both go stay with their uncle Lucas and aunt Peyton while their mom, Haley copes with Nathan missing.", "Allison Munn. Munn co-starred as Cindy in the short-lived ABC sitcom Carpoolers that ran from October 2, 2007 to March 4, 2008. In 2009, Munn began a recurring role on The WB drama One Tree Hill playing Lauren, Jamie Scott's teacher who begins to date Skills Taylor at the end of the sixth season.", "Haley James Scott. Haley James Scott (née Haley Bob James) is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Bethany Joy Lenz. Haley is initially introduced as Lucas Scott's best friend and eventual sister-in-law, upon her marriage to Nathan Scott, in their junior year of high school. Haley and Nathan have two children together, James \"Jamie\" Lucas Scott and Lydia Bob Scott.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Jamie becomes curious of where a baby comes from. He asks Nathan and Haley and they say the wrong things. His friend, Chuck, disables Jamie's parental lock on his computer, and search \"Lady Rabbit Stuff\", they are caught by Haley and because of this Jamie is stripped of his phone and computer. Jamie gets braces, which he strongly dislikes and wants to remove them. Haley then changes his mind by putting on ugly fake teeth as a joke, and he agrees he'll keep them on. He was involved in the accident during the big thunderstorm. Miss Lauren's car was tipped over to its side, Jamie's seat belt being stuck. Brooke then rescues Lauren and Chuck, using nail scissors to try to cut Jamie free. Julian then arrives, but the car Jamie and Brooke are in is knocked over the bridge (the same bridge Haley and Nathan's limo fell off of at the end of season 3) and the driver drives away (the driver is later identified as Ian Kellerman). The levy breaks almost causing Brooke and Jamie to drown.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Jamie and his mother make predictions for the future in the final episode, much the way Haley and Lucas did when they were younger. One of Jamie's predictions is to break his father's Tree HIll High basketball scoring record, which he does. In the future, Jamie's #12 jersey hangs alongside those of Nathan (#23), Quentin (#44) and Whitey (#1).", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). As the season begins Jamie is shown to love basketball but his father doesn't want him to play basketball after his accident. Nathan soon realizes that he failed Jamie by not being there for his soap box derby; this then prompts Nathan to get his life back to what it used to be. Nathan also starts playing basketball with Jamie. Jamie grows close to his nanny Carrie and begins to see her as his mother. When Haley fires Carrie, Jamie tells her he hates her and he wishes Carrie was his real mom. Jamie soon gets over his feelings about Carrie. Sometime later, Nathan has an argument with Haley. During this time, Jamie falls into the pool, nearly drowning. Nathan and Haley soon look out the window to see him lying face down in the pool. Rushing to his aid, Nathan jumps in and pulls Jamie out. As Haley is sitting on the ground with Jamie in her arms, she angrily tells Nathan that she wants a divorce. Jamie's parent's separation upsets him, and he frequently asks Haley \"when is daddy coming home?\". During Lucas and Lindsey's party all Jamie wants to do is play Rock Band with his family and is upset when they don't, so instead he plays with Skills (who he is very close to). Skills always tries to make Jamie feel like one of the boys. Haley feels nervous about this roughhousing and reminds Skills that Jamie is just a little boy, to which Skills replies that he has \"never lost sight of how little that boy is.\" Jamie is kidnapped on Lucas' wedding day, after he goes to the bathroom, and Carrie takes him to a motel so she can dye his hair and take him away with her. But Dan saw her take Jamie. When Carrie leaves, as she forgot the hair dye, Dan saves Jamie. Jamie returns home and he tells his parents that it was Dan who brought him home. For Jamie's 5th birthday party his parents throw him a party with his friends. After falling into the pool and nearly drowning Jamie has developed a fear of the pool and doesn't go in anymore but with his parents help he gets back into the water. In season 5, Jamie becomes close to Quentin, a teenager that is on Lucas' basketball team and is one of Haley's students. But soon enough Quentin is taken away from Jamie in a horrible accident.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Haley and Nathan break the news to Jamie that Quentin (Jamie’s close friend) was shot and killed he is upset but wants to go to the funeral where he lays a red cape he made for Quentin on his coffin. Jamie also becomes friends with Quentin's younger brother, Andre, who is the same age as Jamie, and they both help each other grieve for Quentin. Haley gets a call from a nurse from Tree Hill hospital informing her that Dan is dying. Knowing that Jamie didn't get a chance to say goodbye to his grandfather, she takes him to see Dan after getting a call that he was close to death. However, she did not realize that it was Carrie, who had kidnapped Dan and was using him to lure Jamie. Once there, Haley tells Jamie to wait in the car and goes inside but Carrie knocks her unconscious and Carrie goes out to the car to get Jamie to come out but Jamie doesn't. So she then gets a sledge hammer to smash the glass but Jamie is already running into the cornfields to get away from her. Haley soon finds Jamie in the cornfield while he is trying to escape from Carrie. As Haley and Jamie are hiding from nanny Carrie, Haley's phone rings from Nathan returning a call, who was worried about becoming a team for the NBA and also was right about Dan's almost death. She and Jamie make a run for it with Carrie giving chase. Before she catches them, she is knocked out by Deb from a bottle to the face. Carrie soon regains consciousness and comes at Haley with axe, but is stopped when Dan shoots her twice", "One Tree Hill (season 5). For season five, Jackson Brundage was cast as James Scott, the child of Nathan and Haley Scott.[41] Barry Corbin reprised his role as Whitey Durham for a flashback sequence.[11] Danneel Harris returned, as a recurring not main cast member, to portray Rachel Gatina, who is now a drug addict.[21] Moira Kelly also returned as Lucas' mother Karen Roe.[25] Barbara Alyn Woods reprised her role of Deb Lee in the fourteenth episode,[29] appearing in a total of four episodes.[31][35][37]", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). When Nathan gets a chance to play Slamball, which Haley and Jamie watches with trepidation, yet decides to support Nathan. During a game, Nathan gets knocked through a window by a former rival and decides to give up Slamball as it is not worth losing his family over. Haley helps Jamie prepare for his school talent show, where he is to follow in his mother's footsteps and play the piano. He wants to do stand-up, and decides to do a mixture of both. When Nathan receives the news that he has just been accepted to the Charleston Chiefs, Jamie is very excited. Haley and Jamie supports Nathan after he makes the Charleston Chiefs basketball team. After Nathan returns home for the weekend, she and Nathan leave Jamie and Andre with Luke and Peyton. Jamie and Haley go to all Nathan's basketball games, and she and Jamie are sad that Nathan doesn't get to play. After Haley tells Nathan to keep pushing, and after Jamie adorably calls his coach and asks him to give Nathan another chance, Nathan gets a chance to play and Haley is ecstatic and so is Jamie. Jamie also develops a crush on Brooke's foster daughter Sam and follows what she says and often gets into trouble for it. When Haley drops Jamie off at school and his teacher Lauren tells Haley a very prestigious private school called the Oppenheimer School has asked to meet with Jamie for him to become a student, which excites Haley since she always wanted to go there as a child. She and Nathan take Jamie there and it is not easy since they have recess textbooks and \"mathketball\" (which worries Nathan). In the end, Nathan and Haley decide it is best to keep him in his current school. In the season 6 finale Haley and Nathan tell Jamie to watch the sports news when Mouth announces the big news that Nathan made it into the NBA and Haley, Nathan and Jamie all take a trip to Charlotte where Nathan plays his first game for the Charlotte Bobcats.", "Bethany Joy Lenz. Bethany Joy Lenz (formerly Galeotti; born April 2, 1981), also known as Joie Lenz, is an American actress, singer-songwriter and filmmaker. She is best known for her portrayal of Haley James Scott on The WB/CW television drama One Tree Hill. She also starred as Michelle Bauer Santos on the CBS Daytime soap opera Guiding Light, and is recognized for her music as a solo artist and as a member of the band Everly.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Portrayed by Allison Munn since season six. Miss Lauren is Jamie's teacher in season six. She first appears in episode sixteen by being invited round dinner to dinner round Dan's beach house. Jamie became jealous and angry of Dan when he was telling funny stories of Jamie, Jamie walks in and confronts Dan and Lauren and screams \"he was in prison\" and storms out. She meets Skills at Jamie's first dance and they begin a relationship. They are still dating, but Skills has stated he is not ready to take it to the next level and move in with her. However, they are dating for a long time until Skills wants more with his job. Skills applies for a job of a sports coordinator and he gets the job. But the catch is that the job is in L.A. Skills asks Lauren to leave Tree Hill with him, but she answers that she cannot and loves him even more. While driving Jamie, and his friends Chuck and Madison home during a hurricane, Lauren crashes her car, leaving her life, as well as the children's lives, in danger. Brooke Davis comes to their rescue, and Lauren, as well as Chuck and Madison, get out of harm's way.", "James Lafferty. James Martin Lafferty (born July 25, 1985) is an American actor, director and producer. He is best known for his portrayal of Nathan Scott on The CW teen drama television series One Tree Hill from 2003 to 2012.", "The Last Five Years. The show debuted at Northlight Theatre in Skokie, Illinois in 2001, running from May–July 1. The production starred Lauren Kennedy as Cathy and Norbert Leo Butz as Jamie.[5] Kennedy had a previous commitment (a role in South Pacific in London) and was replaced by Sherie Rene Scott.[6] Scott, therefore, performed the vocals on the cast recording.", "Jason-Shane Scott. Upon his return to the United States, he appeared in such films as Shrieker, Until Death, A Turn in the Tree, Caught and Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss, as well as the Aerosmith videos for \"Love Is Hard on your Knees\" and \"Hole in My Soul\". In 1998 he tested for and won the role of troubled teenager Will Rappaport on the daytime serial One Life to Live and moved to New York City. For this portrayal, he received two Soap Opera Digest Award nominations: 1999, Outstanding Male Newcomer; 2000, Outstanding Younger Leading Actor. Scott's three years on OLTL allowed him to polish his acting further as he was given a chain of challenging storylines. In 2001, he left OLTL and New York and returned to Los Angeles. Since then, he has appeared in such films as Wolves of Wall Street (2003), Latter Days (2004) and Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation (2004) and guest starred on such shows as the Lifetime drama For the People (2002), NBC's Scrubs and CBS's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Scott has also made a few brief returns to One Life to Live since his departure in 2001, most recently in September 2007. He has appeared on CBS's The Young and the Restless and has co-starred with Brittany Powell in Soapnet's One Minute Soap titled \"Too Late\".", "Craig Sheffer. Craig Eric Sheffer (born April 23, 1960) is an American film and television actor. He is known for his leading roles as Norman Maclean in the film A River Runs Through It, Aaron Boone in the film Nightbreed, and Keith Scott on the television series One Tree Hill.", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Haley Bob James Scott is played by Bethany Joy Lenz, Haley Bob James Scott was first seen in the pilot episode and last seen in the series finale 'One Tree Hill'. When the series begins, Haley is best friends with Lucas Scott (Chad Michael Murray). Although Lucas and Nathan Scott are half brothers and teammates on the basketball team, they do not get along at all and Nathan picks on Lucas incessantly. When Nathan asks Haley to tutor him in school because his low grades are putting him in danger of getting kicked off the basketball team and he hopes to further bother Lucas by hanging out with Lucas' best friend, she initially resists knowing that it would anger Lucas. However, Haley changes her mind and promises Nathan that if he leaves Lucas alone she will tutor him and Nathan agrees. When Lucas finds out about this, he is very angry with Haley, until Haley tells him about the deal she made with Nathan. While Haley tutors Nathan, they grow very close and eventually fall in love. Lucas is not initially supportive of the relationship, but as time goes on he forgives Haley, and Lucas and Nathan grow closer as brothers. At the end of the first season Nathan and Haley decide to get married at the age 16. Early in the second season, Haley and Nathan begin their married life and Haley starts to pursue music. She is asked to record a song with a man named Chris Keller, and afterwards he offers her the opportunity to go on tour with him. Nathan does not want her to leave so he gives her an ultimatum in which she could either choose him or the tour. Haley is angry at Nathan's ultimatum and leaves to go on the tour. During the tour, Haley and Nathan struggle with their feelings as they both love and miss each other, but are also quite angry and hurt. They almost get an annulment, but Haley decides to come back home to Nathan. He eventually forgives her and they rekindle their relationship. Feeling more in love than ever, the couple decides to renew their vows in front of all their friends and family. During their senior year, just as Nathan is offered a scholarship to play for Duke University, Haley informs him that she is pregnant. Although he is initially upset about her not informing him about the pregnancy first, Nathan comes around and the two are quite excited about the pregnancy. They end up having a son named James \"Jamie\" Lucas Scott. During the four-year time jump between season 4 and 5, it is revealed that Nathan was a star basketball player was on the verge of becoming a first round pick in the NBA draft. However, on the night before the draft he got into a fight that resulted in temporary paralysis and long-lasting back injuries. Nathan fell into a depression and was quite angry with his circumstances. As the season opens several months after his injuries, Nathan's depression is taking a serious toll on his family. Haley tells him that she can't stay in their marriage any longer if it continues the way it has been. This wakes Nathan up and he reengages in fatherhood, their marriage, and his life. After struggling through marriage counseling, an obsessed nanny, and Haley's depression after the death of her mother, Haley and Nathan's life and relationship settle down and they have a second child, a daughter named Lydia Scott.", "One Tree Hill (TV series). One Tree Hill is known for its numerous voice-overs featuring either literary quotes or characters reflecting on events of the episode. Most of them have been made by Chad Michael Murray's character Lucas. However, other characters have done so several times. Guest stars Bryan Greenberg, Sheryl Lee, Torrey DeVitto, and Ashley Rickards have also done voice-overs for single episodes. Characters who interact with the main cast, such as Bevin, Chase, Shelly and Glenda, helped to narrate the joint episodes, being portrayed by Bevin Prince, Stephen Colletti, Elisabeth Harnois and Amber Wallace.[63] As the show progresses, songs continue to replace voiceovers occasionally. At the beginning of season 7, Paul Johansson's character, Dan Scott, has taken over the narrator's role.", "One Tree Hill (TV series). In an attempt to improve Life Unexpected's ratings by attracting One Tree Hill viewers, The CW aired a crossover event involving both programs on October 12, 2010.[89] Beginning with One Tree Hill installment \"Nobody Taught Us to Quit\", Haley James Scott (Bethany Joy Galeotti) and Mia Catalano (Kate Voegele) traveled to Portland (where Life Unexpected is set) to perform at the Sugar Magnolia Music Festival hosted by K-100. Haley and Cate meet in the crossover and are \"surprised to learn that they share a similar back story [as] mothers\". \"Music Faced\", the Life Unexpected episode of the crossover, also featured Sarah McLachlan, Ben Lee, and Rain Perry, whose song \"Beautiful Tree\" serves as the series' opening theme.", "James Lafferty. In 2003, Lafferty was cast in his breakout role of Nathan Scott on The WB/The CW teen drama series One Tree Hill. The series follows two estranged half-brothers, Nathan and Lucas Scott, who are put on the same basketball team, jeopardizing Nathan's position as the star player. In May 2011, The CW renewed the series for a ninth and final season, for which Lafferty chose to return on a recurring basis rather than in a full-time starring role.[4] Over the course of the later seasons, Lafferty directed four episodes. He received four Teen Choice Award nominations throughout his time on the series.", "James Scott (actor). — James Scott[3]", "Canning Randy. Jennifer Morrison (Zoey Pierson)Will Forte (Randy Wharmpess)Bob Odenkirk (Arthur Hobbs) Laura Bell Bundy (Becky)", "List of One Tree Hill characters. Scott Holroyd played David Lee Fletcher, Quinn's ex-husband for six episodes during the seventh season. He returned to Tree Hill in a bid to win Quinn back. However, after he believes she slept with Clay, he begins a short-lived relationship with her sister, Taylor. He returns a final time in season 9 with his current girlfriend Miss Lauren." ]

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[ "Climate of Italy. The coldest month is January: the Po valley's mean temperature is between −1–1 °C (30.2–33.8 °F), Venice 2–3 °C (35.6–37.4 °F), Trieste 4 °C (39.2 °F), Florence 5–6 °C (41.0–42.8 °F), Rome 7–8 °C (44.6–46.4 °F), Naples 9 °C (48.2 °F), and Cagliari 12 °C (53.6 °F). Winter morning lows can occasionally reach −30 to −20 °C (−22.0 to −4.0 °F) in the Alps, −14 to −8 °C (6.8 to 17.6 °F) in the Po valley, −7 °C (19.4 °F) in Florence, −4 °C (24.8 °F) in Rome, −2 °C (28.4 °F) in Naples and 2 °C (35.6 °F) in Palermo. In cities like Rome and Milan, strong heat islands can exist, so that inside the urban area, winters can be milder and summers more sultry.", "Climate of Italy. The village of Musi having an annual average of 3313 mm (130.4 inches) is the wettest place in Italy. The maximum rainfall in 24 hours was recorded in Genoa Bolzaneto on 10 September 1970 with a value of 948.4 mm (37.3 inches); however there are many daily rainfall records around Italy exceeding 500 mm (19.7 in). The maximum snow depth was recorded in March 1951 at the meteorological station of Lago D'Avino with a value of 1125 cm (443 inches). In the snowiest years the snowfall can exceed 20 meters (65.6 feet) in some places in high altitudes. During the winter of 1950/51 the village of Falcade in the Dolomites received 11.5 m (38.3 feet)of snowfall, setting the record for an Inhabited place. The maximum snowfall in 24 hours (181 cm, 71.3 inches) was recorded in the village of Roccacaramanico (Majella massif) in January 1951. The lowest temperature record for an inhabited place is −34 °C (−29.2 °F) in 1967 in Livigno, while there are two candidates for the highest temperature: 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) recorded in Foggia in Apulia on 25 June 2007, and 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) recorded in Catenanuova in Sicily on 10 August 1999.[14][15] The latter is not official, and generally considered dubious. The official highest temperature in Europe was recorded in Athens on 10 July 1997, at 48.0 °C (118.4 °F).[16]", "Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Trieste records the smallest temperature differences between winter and summer and between day and night. The climate is Alpine-continental in the mountainous areas, where, in some locations, the coldest winter temperatures in Italy can often be found. The Kras plateau has its own weather and climate, influenced, mostly during autumn and winter, by masses of cold air coming from the north-east. These generate a very special feature of the local climate: the north-easterly wind Bora, which descends onto the Gulf of Trieste with gusts occasionally exceeding speeds of 150 km/h.", "Climate of Italy. The east coast of the Italian peninsula is not as wet as the west coast, but is usually colder in the winter. The east coast north of Pescara is occasionally affected by the cold bora winds in winter and spring, but the wind is less strong here than around Trieste. During these frosty spells from E–NE cities like Rimini, Ancona, Pescara and the entire eastern hillside of the Apennines can be affected by true \"blizzards\". The town of Fabriano, located just around 300 m (984 ft) in elevation, can often see 0.5–0.6 m (1 ft 7.7 in–1 ft 11.6 in) of fresh snow fall in 24 hours during these episodes.", "Climate of Italy. On the coast from Ravenna to Venice and Trieste, snow falls more rarely: during cold spells from the east, the cold can be harsh but with bright skies; while during the snowfalls that affect Northern Italy, the Adriatic coast can see a milder Sirocco wind which makes snow turn to rain—the mild effects of this wind often disappear just a few kilometres inside the plain, and sometimes the coast from Venice to Grado sees snow while it is raining in Trieste, the Po River mouths and Ravenna. Rarely, the city of Trieste may see snow blizzards with north-eastern winds; in the colder winters, the Venice Lagoon may freeze, and in the coldest ones even enough to walk on the ice sheet.[1]", "Climate of Italy. The record low is −45 °C (−49 °F) in the Alps, and −29.0 °C (−20.2 °F) near sea level (recorded on January 12, 1985 at San Pietro Capofiume, hamlet of Molinella, in the Province of Bologna), while in the south cities like Catania, Foggia, Lecce or Alghero have experienced highs of 46 °C (114.8 °F) in some hot summers.", "Climate of Italy. In the alpine valley around 1,600–1,800 meters (5,249–5,906 ft). The winters are very cold, averages between −12 and −5 °C (10.4 and 23.0 °F), and summers are cool, usually around 12 °C (53.6 °F). Main towns and villages in this area: Livigno, Chamois, Misurina, Predoi, Rhêmes-Notre-Dame.", "Climate of Italy. On some winter mornings it can be just −3 °C (26.6 °F) in Milan's Dome plaza while −8 to −9 °C (17.6 to 15.8 °F) in the metropolitan outskirts, in Turin can be just −5 °C (23.0 °F) in the city centre and −10 to −12 °C (14.0 to 10.4 °F) in the metropolitan outskirts.\nOften, the largest snowfalls happen in February, sometime in January or March; in the Alps, snow falls more in autumn and spring over 1,500 m (4,921 ft), because winter is usually marked by cold and dry periods; while the Apennines see many more snow falls during winter, but they are warmer and less wet in the other seasons.", "Climate of Italy. Between the north and south there can be a considerable difference in temperature, above all during the winter: in some winter days it can be −2 °C (28 °F) and snowing in Milan, while it is 8 °C (46.4 °F) in Rome and 20 °C (68 °F) in Palermo. Temperature differences are less extreme in the summer.", "Rome. December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of 8 °C (46 °F).Temperatures during these months generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during the day and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls once every 20 or 25 years (the last one in 2012).[64]", "Climate of Italy. In the north, precipitation is more evenly distributed during the year, although the summer is usually slightly wetter. Between November and March the Po valley is often covered by fog, especially in the central zone (Pavia, Piacenza, Cremona and Mantua), while the number of days with lows below 0 °C (32 °F) is usually from 60 to 90 a year, with peaks of 100–110 days in the mainly rural zones.[2] Snow is quite common between early December and early March in cities like Turin, Milan and Bologna, but sometime it appears in late November or late March and even April. In the winter of 2005–2006, Milan received around 0.75–0.8 m (2 ft 5.53 in–2 ft 7.50 in) or 75–80 cm (29.5–31.5 in) of fresh snow, Como around 1 m (3 ft 3.37 in) or 100 cm (39.4 in), Brescia 0.5 m (1 ft 7.69 in) or 50 cm (19.7 in), Trento 1.6 m (5 ft 2.99 in) or 160 cm (63.0 in), Vicenza around 0.45 m (1 ft 5.72 in) or 45 cm (17.7 in), Bologna around 0.3 m (11.81 in) or 30 cm (11.8 in), and Piacenza around 0.8 m (2 ft 7.50 in) or 80 cm (31.5 in) [3]", "Climate of Italy. This climate is found in the Alps, around 1,200 meters (3,937 ft) in the western side, or around 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in the eastern side. It is marked by low winter averages (between −7 and −3 °C or 19.4 and 26.6 °F) and mild summers, with temperatures averaging from 13 to 18 °C (55.4 to 64.4 °F). Snow is usual from early November until March or early April. Main towns: Brusson, Gressoney-Saint-Jean, Aprica, Vermiglio, Mazzin, Santo Stefano di Cadore, Asiago, Claut, Resia.", "Climate of Italy. It is found in all the coastal areas, excluding the north-eastern area, which fits a Humid subtropical climate. The winter average vary from 6 °C (42.8 °F), in the northern areas, to 11–14 °C (51.8–57.2 °F) in the southern islands. During the summer, averages near 23 °C (73.4 °F) in the north (Liguria), and sometimes reaching 26–28 °C (78.8–82.4 °F) in the south. Precipitations mostly during the winter. Snowfalls are rare and usually very light in the north, and almost never happen in the south. Summers are dry and hot. Main cities: Cagliari, Palermo, Naples, Rome, Genoa, Pescara.", "Climate of Italy. Summer temperatures are often similar north to south. July temperatures are 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) north of river Po, like in Milan or Venice, and south of river Po can reach 24–25 °C (75.2–77.0 °F) like in Bologna, with fewer thunderstorms; on the coasts of Central and Southern Italy, and in the near plains, mean temperatures goes from 23 °C to 27 °C (80.6 °F). Generally, the hottest month is August in the south and July in the north; during these months the thermometer can reach 38–42 °C (100.4–107.6 °F) in the south and 32–35 °C (89.6–95.0 °F) in the north; Sometimes the country can be split as during winter, with rain and 20–22 °C (68.0–71.6 °F) during the day in the north, and 30–40 °C (86–104 °F) in the south; but, having a hot and dry summer does not mean that Southern Italy will not see rain from June to August.", "Climate of Italy. Some parts of Italy have a climate which cannot be precisely defined as either Cfa or Csa, presenting elements from both (e.g. summers are not enough wet for Cfa, nor so dry as in Csa; while winters are colder than similar Italian cities of Csa climate, but at the same time milder than in Cfa places). This indeed allows cultivations not seen in the Padana Plain, like olive trees, while keeping those characteristics which are not typical of Mediterranean climates (like more frequent appearances of frost or snow during winters or more frequent summer thunderstorms). This can be found both in some lake and hill resorts of Northern Italy (usually with wetter summers) and in some area like inner Tuscany (usually with drier summers). Florence is a good example of this transition climate:", "Climate of Italy. This climate is found inland and at medium and high elevations in southern Italy, around 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). It is similar to the usual Mediterranean climate: the summers are dry and the winters wetter, but the temperatures are lower in both seasons – around 3 or 5 °C (37.4 or 41.0 °F) in the winter, and between 17 and 21 °C (62.6 and 69.8 °F) in the summer. Snowfalls are more common. Main cities and towns: Potenza, Prizzi.", "Climate of Italy. Above the tree line in the Alps. All the months with average below 10 °C (50 °F).\nVillages with this climate: Cervinia, Sestriere, Trepalle.", "Climate of Italy. A relatively \"continental\" and \"four-season\" version of the humid subtropical Cfa climate can be found in the Po and Adige valleys in the North, and sometime in low inland Central and Southern Italy. It is marked by hot and wet summers, while winters are moderately cold. The precipitation is higher and there is no dry season. Average temperatures are around 1 °C to 3 °C in January, and more than 22 °C in July and August. Main cities: Milan, Venice, Verona, Turin, Bologna.", "Italy. The coastal areas of Liguria, Tuscany and most of the South generally fit the Mediterranean climate stereotype (Köppen climate classification Csa). Conditions on peninsular coastal areas can be very different from the interior's higher ground and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer. Average winter temperatures vary from 0 °C (32 °F) on the Alps to 12 °C (54 °F) in Sicily, like so the average summer temperatures range from 20 °C (68 °F) to over 25 °C (77 °F).[108]", "Reggio Emilia. The climate in Reggio Emilia is temperate continental, with hot rather moist summers (the temperatures can sometimes rise above 35 °C) and fairly rigid winters with frequent frosts (the temperatures can go below -10 °C).[6] Precipitations are evenly distributed all year long, but October, November and April are the most rainy months, while July and January are the most arid.[7][8]\nIn the city, you can rarely see snow, even though almost every year there is a period when it's snowing, but due to the rather high temperatures, it does not settle, or if it does, the layer of snow is not very consistent.\nDuring autumn and winter it is very common, especially in the areas outside the city, to encounter very thick fog, even though nowadays it is less frequent than in the past. \nOther meteorological phenomena that one can assist in the area is the hard rime and the freezing rain during winter and hail during summer or rarely during spring. \nThe area is not particular windy and there are ofter days of total calm, especially during the anticyclonic phases in winter, while spring is more ventilated.[9] The most intense winds are the ones blowing from North-Est (Bora) or from South-West (Libeccio). The latter, during its descent from the Northern Apennines, it sometimes tends to become a downslope wind and thus being very dry and hot. In rare and particular conditions, the downwind of the Alps, the Foehn, can reach Reggio Emilia from the North-West. \nIn Reggio Emilia, the average annual high temperature is 18 °C (64 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 700 millimetres (27.56 inches)", "Italy at the FIFA World Cup. With temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F), Italy won their home tournament in 1934 after going into extra time against Czechoslovakia.", "Climate of Italy. Italy has a variety of climate systems. The inland northern areas of Italy (for example Turin, Milan, and Bologna) have a relatively cool, mid-latitude version of the Humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), while the coastal areas of Liguria and the peninsula south of Florence generally fit the Mediterranean climate profile (Köppen climate classification Csa).", "Climate of Italy. Both the mountain chains can see up to 5–10 m (16 ft 4.85 in–32 ft 9.70 in) or 500–1,000 cm (196.9–393.7 in) of snow in a year at 2,000 m (6,562 ft); on the highest peaks of the Alps, snow may fall even during mid summer, and glaciers are present.", "Milan. During winter, daily average temperatures can fall below freezing (0 °C [32 °F]) and accumulations of snow can occur: the historic average of Milan's area is 25 centimetres (10 in) in the period between 1961 and 1990, with a record of 90 centimetres (35 in) in January 1985. In the suburbs the average can reach 36 centimetres (14 in).[55] The city receives on average seven days of snow per year.[56]", "Climate of the Alps. The great plain of upper Italy has a winter climate colder than that of the British Isles. The olive and the characteristic shrubs of the northern coasts of the Mediterranean do not thrive in the open air, but the valuable tree ripens its fruit in sheltered places at the foot of the mountains, and survives along the deeper valleys and the shores of the Italian lakes.", "Sicily. According to the Regional Agency for Waste and Water, on 10 August 1999, the weather station of Catenanuova (EN) recorded a maximum temperature of 48.5 °C (119 °F).[12] The official European record – measured by minimum/maximum thermometers – is held by Athens, Greece, which reported a maximum of 48.0 °C (118 °F) in 1977.[13] Total precipitation is highly variable, generally increasing with elevation. In general, the southern and southeast coast receives the least rainfall (less than 50 cm (20 in)), and the northern and northeastern highlands the most (over 100 cm (39 in)).", "Climate of Italy. It can be found in altitude in the Apennines and in the alpine foothills. Summers are between 17 and 21 °C (62.6 and 69.8 °F) Main cities and towns: Aosta, Campobasso, L'Aquila, Cuneo, Sondrio, Amatrice – mild.\nBelluno, Breno, Feltre – severe.", "Humid subtropical climate. The Po Valley, in Northern Italy, including major cities like Milan, Turin, Bologna, and Verona, have a humid subtropical climate, featuring hot, humid summers with frequent thunderstorms; winters are foggy, damp and chilly, with sudden bursts of frost. Some parts of the valley have a mild continental climate. Places along the shores of Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano, Lake Como (Como and Verbania in Italy and Lugano in Switzerland) have a humid subtropical climate with a distinctive high amount of rainfall during summer.", "Rome. Its average annual temperature is above 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the average temperature is 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 3 °C (37 °F) at night. In the warmest months – July and August, the average temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and 18 °C (64 °F) at night.", "Sicily. Snow falls in abundance above 900–1000 metres, but stronger cold waves can easily carry it in the hills and even in coastal cities, especially in the northern coast of island. The interior mountains, especially Nebrodi, Madonie and Etna, enjoy a fully mountain climate, with heavy snowfalls during winter. The summit of Mount Etna is usually snow capped from October to May.", "Scandinavia. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Scandinavia is 38.0 °C in Målilla (Sweden).[45] The coldest temperature ever recorded is −52.6 °C in Vuoggatjålme (Sweden).[46] The coldest month was February 1985 in Vittangi (Sweden) with a mean of −27.2 °C.[46]", "Florence. Florence has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), tending to Mediterranean (Csa).[22] It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool, damp winters. As Florence lacks a prevailing wind, summer temperatures are higher than along the coast. Rainfall in summer is convectional, while relief rainfall dominates in the winter. Snow flurries happen almost every year,[23] but often result in no accumulation.[24] The highest officially recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was −23.2 °C (−9.8 °F) on 12 January 1985.[25]" ]

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[ "National Insurance number. The format of the number is two prefix letters, six digits, and one suffix letter.[7] The example used is typically QQ123456C. Often, the number is printed with spaces to pair off the digits, like this: QQ 12 34 56 C.", "National Insurance. An NI number is in the format: two letters, six digits, and one further letter or a space.[18] The example used is typically AB123456C. It is usual to pair off the digits - such separators are seen on forms used by government departments (both internal and external, notably the P45 and P60).", "National identification number. A National Insurance number, generally called an NI Number (NINO), is used to administer state benefits, but has not gained the ubiquity of its US equivalent, and is not considered proof of identity. As it is the only number that is unique to each individual, does not change during the course of the person's lifetime, and is issued to virtually every adult throughout the UK, it is used by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) to track individuals for income tax purposes. The number is stylised as LL NN NN NN L, for example AA 01 23 44 B.", "National Insurance number. The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system. It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system. The number is described by the United Kingdom government as a \"personal account number\".[1]", "National Insurance number. After the two prefix letters, the six digits are issued sequentially from 00 00 00 to 99 99 99. The last two digits determine the day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on (renew their claims): 00 to 19 for Monday, 20 to 39 for Tuesday, 40 to 59 for Wednesday, 60 to 79 for Thursday and 80 to 99 for Friday.[11][12]", "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number (NSN) length as 10 or 9 digits. The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10, 9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits. The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits.", "National identification number. Each baby born in the England and Wales is issued a National Health Service number, taking the form NNN-NNN-NNNN, for example 122-762-9257 (the last number being a check digit[49]). They were formerly of the style \"LLLNNL NNN\", for example KWB91M 342, which continued patterns used in World War II identity cards. However, due to the decentralized nature of local NHS organizations issuing the numbers, some patients have been allocated several numbers, the ratio is more often more (one person:many numbers) than (one person:one number). The National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) has also shown that one person can have many numbers, although measures are being undertaken to fix duplicates in the data.[50]", "National Insurance number. Until April 2001, employers sometimes allocated their employees a temporary insurance number, which followed the format \"TN dd mm yy x\", where 'TN' stands for temporary number and is static and x is M for male, F for female, or P for pensioner and the numbers in the midsection were the employee's date of birth.[8] In the case of a woman born on 31 December 1958, for example, the temporary NI number would have been TN 31 12 58 F. Temporary NI numbers could not be used to trace back any NI credits or personal details. Since 2001 the National Insurance number must be obtained – the temporary code must not now be used.[14]", "National Insurance number. Neither of the first two letters can be D, F, I, Q, U or V. The second letter also cannot be O. The prefixes BG, GB, NK, KN, TN, NT and ZZ are not allocated.[8] Validation lists of issued two-letter prefixes are published from time to time.[9][10]", "National Insurance number. The suffix letter is either A, B, C, or D.[7] (although F, M, and P have been used for temporary numbers in the past). The NI number is unique without the suffix letter, so, for example, if AB 12 34 56 C exists, then there will be no other numbers beginning with AB 12 34 56 (although temporary numbers were not necessarily unique, because two people with the same date of birth would have had the same number). In official electronic submissions, the final letter may be represented by a space if not known.[13]", "NHS number. Currently issued numbers for England, Wales and the Isle of Man are from 400 000 000 to 499 999 999 and 600 000 000 to 708 800 001.[5][6] Unavailable number ranges include 320 000 001 to 399 999 999 (allocated to the Northern Ireland system) and 010 101 0000 to 311 299 9999 (used for CHI numbers in Scotland).", "National Insurance number. National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA.[16] Similarly, those issued in Jersey start with JY, and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY. Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated, and recognised for UK use by HMRC.[17]", "National Insurance number. People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit.[3] At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies each child of their NI number.[4]", "National Insurance number. In Great Britain, expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person's NI account (the RF1) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of Labour and its successors—the Ministry of National Insurance (from 1945), Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (1953), the Department of Health and Social Security (1968), Department of Social Security (1988), and Department for Work and Pensions (since 2001). These 100 sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information about qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness, unemployment, widows, and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards. Within each of the 100 sections, NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split. To trace unknown NI numbers, a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips, filed in order of surname and listing the name(s), date of birth, and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme.", "National Insurance number. Another type of temporary NI number is the Revenue-issued \"temporary reference\" used when HMRC is unable to trace a taxpayer's original NI number. It follows the format 63T12345.", "National Insurance number. Until 1975, the suffixes A, B, C and D at the end of the NI number signified the period of validity of the National Insurance cards originally used to collect National Insurance contributions (NICs). Cards were exchanged every twelve months and because of the very large numbers of cards issued the exchange was staggered. Suffix A cards ran from March of one year until March of the next when they were exchanged for a new one. Stagger B suffix cards ran from June until the following June, stagger C from September until the following September and stagger D from December until the following December. For example, a B stagger card issued in 1955 might have run from the first Monday in June that year until the first Sunday in June the following year. This staggered system operated from 5 July 1948 until 1975, at which time the A stagger cards were extended to run an extra five weeks, until 5 April 1975, in line with the end of the tax year. The B, C and D stagger NI Cards had a shorter period of validity in their final year, and ran from June, September and December respectively in 1974 until 6 April 1975. From 6 April 1975 onwards, a computerised National Insurance Recording System (NIRS) was used to allocate all NICs by tax years.", "National Insurance number. The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system, and also by the self-employed. It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs), to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year.", "National Insurance number. The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that, in practice, the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom.", "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits.", "National Insurance number. However, the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number. Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number, a Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR), which is used as a reference number in the self-assessment tax system.[18]", "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits, namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales.", "National Insurance number. Persons from abroad who wish to work in the UK, or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children, must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP).[6]\nThe prefixes used are typically different from those used in the normal run.[6][not in citation given]", "National Insurance. In order to administer the National Insurance system, a National Insurance number is allocated to every child shortly after their birth when a claim to Child Benefit is made. People coming from overseas have to apply for a NI number before they can qualify for benefits, though holding a NI number is not a prerequisite for working in the UK.", "National Insurance number. NI numbers are sometimes used for identification purposes in other contexts which have nothing to do with their original National Insurance purpose – such as forming part of evidence of right to work in the UK.[19] The NI card, however, is not proof of identity.", "National Insurance number. The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO.[2]", "National Insurance. National Insurance (NI) is a tax system in the United Kingdom paid by workers and employers for funding state benefits. Initially, it was a contributory form of insurance against illness and unemployment, and eventually provided retirement pensions and other benefits.[1] Citizens pay National Insurance contributions to become eligible for State Pension and other benefits. Anyone 16 years old and above are mandated to pay National Insurance provided the employee earns more than £162 a week or the individual is self-employed and makes a profit of £6,205 or more annually. It is necessary to obtain a National Insurance number before starting to pay contributions.[2]", "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:[1]", "National identification number. It is composed of 13 digits as follows DDMMYYYRRSSSX.", "VAT identification number. Isle of Man registrations share the 9- and 12-digit formats with the UK, with GB as the country code prefix, but are distinguished by having 00 as the first two digits.[17] Numbers with 01 to 09 in the first two digits are reserved by HM Revenue & Customs for UK non-VAT reference schemes.[13]", "NHS number. The current system uses a ten-digit number in '3 3 4' format with the final digit being a check digit. Examples given include 987 654 4321.[4] The format includes an error-detecting checksum, which is the role of the final digit. Ignoring the check digit, each of the first nine digits is multiplied by 11 minus its position. Using the number 943 476 5919 as an example:", "National Insurance. As indicated above, the rates at which an individual and their employer pay contributions depend on a number of factors. Consequently, there are many possible sets of employer/employee contribution rates to allow for all combinations of the various factors. HMRC allocate a letter of the alphabet, referred to as an 'NI Table Letter', to each of these sets of contribution rates. The complexity of the system is such that 21 of the 26 letters of the alphabet were in use for this purpose until the 2012/13 tax year, when the number reduced to 15 following the abolition of 'contracting out' for defined contribution pension schemes. Each tax year, HMRC publish look-up tables for each table letter to assist with manual calculation of contributions, though these days most of the calculations are done by computer systems and the tables are available only as downloads from the HMRC website. In addition, HMRC provide an online National Insurance Calculator.[12]", "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Three-digit area codes always have seven-digit subscriber numbers and always begin 011x or 01x1." ]

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[ "Sukkot. Sukkot (Hebrew: סוכות‎ or סֻכּוֹת, sukkōt, commonly translated as Feast of Tabernacles or Feast of the Ingathering, traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation Sukkos or Succos, literally Feast of Booths) is a biblical Jewish holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the seventh month, Tishrei (varies from late September to late October). During the existence of the Jerusalem Temple, it was one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals (Hebrew: שלוש רגלים‎, shalosh regalim) on which the Israelites were commanded to perform a pilgrimage to the Temple.", "Jewish holidays. Sukkot (סוכות or סֻכּוֹת, sukkōt) or Succoth is a seven-day festival, also known as the Feast of Booths, the Feast of Tabernacles, or just Tabernacles. It is one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals (shalosh regalim) mentioned in the Bible. Sukkot commemorates the years that the Jews spent in the desert on their way to the Promised Land, and celebrates the way in which God protected them under difficult desert conditions. The word sukkot is the plural of the Hebrew word sukkah, meaning booth. Jews are commanded to \"dwell\" in booths during the holiday.[28] This generally means taking meals, but some sleep in the sukkah as well, particularly in Israel. There are specific rules for constructing a sukkah.", "Twelve Days of Christmas. On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany. The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting, on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night. This day is known as Paramony (Greek Παραμονή \"Eve\"), and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve. That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers, at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters, in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River. There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday, to show that, according to Orthodox theology, the steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross. That night the All-Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany.", "Pentecost. In Judaism the Festival of Weeks (Hebrew: שבועות‎ Shavuot) was a harvest festival that was celebrated seven weeks and one day after the first Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread in Deuteronomy 16:9 or seven weeks and one day after the Sabbath in Leviticus 23:16.[8] The Festival of Weeks was also called the feast of Harvest in Exodus 23:16 and the day of first fruits in Numbers 28:26.[9] In Exodus 34:22 it is called the \"firstfruits of the wheat harvest.\"[10] The date for the \"Feast of Weeks\" originally came the day after seven full weeks following the first harvest of grain.[11][12] In Jewish tradition the fiftieth day was known as the Festival of Weeks.[9][10]", "Dedication. The Feast of Dedication, today Hanukkah, once also called \"Feast of the Maccabees,\" was a Jewish festival observed for eight days from the 25th of Kislev (usually in December, but occasionally late November, due to the lunisolar calendar). It was instituted in the year 165 B.C. by Judas Maccabeus, his brothers, and the elders of the congregation of Israel in commemoration of the reconsecration of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, and especially of the altar of burnt offerings, after they had been desecrated during the persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes (168 BC). The significant happenings of the festival were the illumination of houses and synagogues, a custom probably taken over from the Feast of Tabernacles, and the recitation of Psalm 30:1-12.[3] J. Wellhausen suggests that the feast was originally connected with the winter solstice, and only afterwards with the events narrated in Maccabees.[2]", "Holy Week. The tabernacle is left empty and open. The lamp or candle usually situated next to the tabernacle denoting the Presence of Christ is put out, and the remaining Eucharistic Hosts consecrated on Holy Thursday are kept elsewhere, usually the sacristy, with a lamp or candle burning before it, so that, in cases of the danger of death, they may be given as viaticum.", "Passover. In Israel, Passover is the seven-day holiday of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, with the first and last days celebrated as legal holidays and as holy days involving holiday meals, special prayer services, and abstention from work; the intervening days are known as Chol HaMoed (\"Weekdays [of] the Festival\"). Diaspora Jews historically celebrated the festival for eight days. Reform and Reconstructionist Jews and Israeli Jews, wherever they are, usually celebrate the holiday over seven days. The reason for this extra day is due to enactment of the ancient Jewish sages.[citation needed] It is thought by many scholars that Jews outside of Israel could not be certain if their local calendars fully conformed to practice of the Temple at Jerusalem, so they added an extra day. But as this practice attaches only to certain (major) sacred days, others posit the extra day may have been added to accommodate people who had to travel long distances to participate in communal worship and ritual practices; or the practice may have evolved as a compromise between conflicting interpretations of Jewish Law regarding the calendar; or it may have evolved as a safety measure in areas where Jews were commonly in danger, so that their enemies would not be certain on which day to attack.[18]", "Ezra–Nehemiah. The list of those who returned with Zerubbabel is discovered. Ezra reads the law of Moses to the people and the people celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days; on the eighth they assemble in sackcloth and penitence to recall the past sins which led to the destruction of Jerusalem and the enslavement of the Jews, and enter into a covenant to keep the law and separate themselves from all other peoples.", "Jewish holidays. Passover lasts seven days in Israel (as per Ex. 12:15), and eight days outside Israel. The holiday of the last day of Passover (outside Israel, last two days) commemorates the Splitting of the Red Sea; according to tradition this occurred on the seventh day of Passover.[49]", "Epistle to the Hebrews. The use of tabernacle terminology in Hebrews has been used to date the epistle before the destruction of the temple, the idea being that knowing about the destruction of both Jerusalem and the temple would have influenced the development of the author's overall argument. Therefore, the most probable date for its composition is the second half of the year 63 or the beginning of 64, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia.[17]", "Epiphany (holiday). Afterfeast: The Feast of Theophany is followed by an eight-day Afterfeast on which the normal fasting laws are suspended. The Saturday and Sunday after Theophany have special readings assigned to them, which relate to the Temptation of Christ and to penance and perseverance in the Christian struggle. There is thus a liturgical continuum between the Feast of Theophany and the beginning of Great Lent.", "Epiphany (holiday). Paramony: The Eve of the Feast is called Paramony (Greek: παραμονή, Slavonic: navechérie). Paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on which those faithful who are physically able, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated, thus tying together the feasts of Nativity and Good Friday. The Royal Hours are followed by the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with the Divine Liturgy. During the Vespers, fifteen Old Testament lections which foreshadow the Baptism of Christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Theophany falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the Vesperal Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated and the fasting is lessened to some degree.", "Book of Leviticus. IV. Day of Atonement: purification of the tabernacle from the effects of uncleanliness and sin (ch. 16)", "Yom Kippur. Traditionally, Yom Kippur is considered the date on which Moses received the second set of Ten Commandments. It occurred following the completion of the second 40 days of instructions from God. At this same time, the Israelites were granted atonement for the sin of the Golden Calf; hence, its designation as the Day of Atonement.[22]", "Passover. In Israel, Passover lasts for seven days with the first and last days being major Jewish holidays. In Orthodox and Conservative communities, no work is performed on those days, with most of the rules relating to the observances of Shabbat being applied.", "Jewish holidays. Shavuot (שבועות), the Feast of Weeks, is one of the three pilgrimage festivals (Shalosh regalim) ordained in the Torah. Different from other Biblical holidays, the date for Shavuot is not explicitly fixed in the Torah. Instead, it is observed on the day following the 49th and final day in the counting of the Omer.[51] In the current era of the fixed Jewish calendar, this puts the date of Shavuot as 6 Sivan. In Israel and in Reform Judaism, it is a one-day holiday; elsewhere, it is a two-day holiday extending through 7 Sivan.[Note 23]", "Sukkot. Sukkot is a seven-day holiday, with the first day celebrated as a full festival with special prayer services and holiday meals. The seventh day of Sukkot is called Hoshana Rabbah (\"Great Hoshana\", referring to the tradition that worshippers in the synagogue walk around the perimeter of the sanctuary during morning services) and has a special observance of its own. Outside Israel, the first and last two days are celebrated as full festivals. The intermediate days are known as Chol HaMoed (\"festival weekdays\"). According to Halakha, some types of work are forbidden during Chol HaMoed.[3] In Israel many businesses are closed during this time.[4]", "Sukkot. The holiday lasts seven days in Israel and eight in the diaspora. The first day (and second day in the diaspora) is a Shabbat-like holiday when work is forbidden. This is followed by intermediate days called Chol Hamoed, when certain work is permitted. The festival is closed with another Shabbat-like holiday called Shemini Atzeret (one day in Israel, two days in the diaspora, where the second day is called Simchat Torah). Shemini Atzeret coincides with the eighth day of Sukkot outside Israel.", "List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar. Yom tov for the Three Pilgrimage Festivals (Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot) is observed for 1 day in Israel and in Reform and most Reconstructionist communities around the world, and is observed for 2 days in Orthodox and most Conservative communities outside Israel, because of yom tov sheni shel galuyot. In the table, these are referred to as 1-day and 2-day communities.", "Temple (LDS Church). Tabernacle. The center place of Israel’s worship activities during the wanderings and until the building of the temple in Solomon’s day. The tabernacle was in fact a portable temple. It was an inner tent, the area available for sacred purposes (Ex. 26:7; 36:14). It was oblong, 30 cubits in length and 10 in breadth and height. Its north, west, and south sides were made of 46 boards (10 cubits by 1½) and 2 narrower corner ones of acacia wood (Ex. 26:15), overlaid with gold (26:29). These boards were fitted with golden rings, through which were passed bars of acacia wood overlaid with gold to fasten all firmly together. Suspended over them, and serving as an inner lining to the tent covering, was the rich covering—10 curtains (each 28 cubits by 4) made of fine twined linen, and blue and purple and scarlet, embroidered with figures of cherubim (Ex. 26:1).[3]", "Epiphany (holiday). In the Eritrean Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when Timket in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred Tabot.[78]", "Passover. Outside Israel, in Orthodox and Conservative communities, the holiday lasts for eight days with the first two days and last two days being major holidays. In the intermediate days necessary work can be performed. Reform Judaism observes Passover over seven days, with the first and last days being major holidays.", "Tabernacle. The Tabernacle (Hebrew: מִשְׁכַּן‎, mishkan, \"residence\" or \"dwelling place\"), according to the Tanakh, was the portable earthly dwelling place of God amongst the children of Israel from the time of the Exodus from Egypt through the conquering of the land of Canaan. Built of woven layers of curtains along with 48 boards overlaid with polished gold standing like vertical blinds held in place by five bars per side with the middle bar shooting through from end to end and furnished with items made from the gold, silver, brass, furs, jewels, and other valuable materials taken out of Egypt at Yahweh's orders, and according to specifications revealed by Yahweh to Moses at Mount Sinai, it was transported [1] by the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their conquest of the Promised Land. Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God some 440 years later.", "Liturgical year. There are four fasting seasons during the year: The most important fast is Great Lent which is an intense time of fasting, almsgiving and prayer, extending for forty days prior to Palm Sunday and Holy Week, as a preparation for Pascha. The Nativity Fast (Winter Lent) is a time of preparation for the Feast of the Nativity of Christ (Christmas), but whereas Advent in the West lasts only four weeks, Nativity Fast lasts a full forty days. The Apostles' Fast is variable in length, lasting anywhere from eight days to six weeks, in preparation for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29). The Dormition Fast lasts for two weeks from August 1 to August 14 in preparation for the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (August 15). The liturgical year is so constructed that during each of these fasting seasons, one of the Great Feasts occurs, so that fasting may be tempered with joy.", "Tabernacle. The main source for the account of the construction of the Tabernacle is the biblical Book of Exodus, specifically Exodus 25–31 and 35–40. It describes an inner shrine, the Holy of Holies, which housed the Ark of the Covenant, which was held up under the veil of the covering suspended by four pillars and an outer chamber (the \"Holy Place\"), containing a beaten gold reflector impressed into what is generally described as a lamp-stand or candlestick featuring a central shaft incorporating four almond-shaped bowls and six branches, each with three bowls shaped like almonds and blossoms, 22 in all. It was standing diagonally, partially covering a table for showbread and with its seven oil lamps over against it to give light along with the altar of incense.[2]", "Ten Commandments. The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was \"in the mount forty days and forty nights.\"[15] And Moses said, \"the LORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.\"[16] Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf, and he \"built an altar before it\"[17] and the people \"worshipped\" the calf.[18]", "Chronology of the Bible. The 2nd century BCE Book of Jubilees begins with the Creation and measures time in years, \"weeks\" of years (groups of seven years), and jubilees (sevens of sevens), so that the interval from Creation to the settlement of Canaan, for example, is exactly fifty jubilees (2450 years).[39] More significant, and still in common use among Jews, was the Seder Olam Rabbah (\"Great Order of the World\"), a work tracing the history of the world and the Jews from Creation to the 2nd century CE.[40][41] It allows 410 years for the duration of the First Temple, 70 years from its destruction to the Second Temple, and 420 years for the duration of the Second Temple, making a total of 900 years for the two temples.[42] This schematic approach to numbers accounts for its most remarkable feature, the fact that it shortens the entire Persian Empire from over two centuries to just 52 years, mirroring the 52 years it gives to the Babylonian exile.[43]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive.[1] For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide,[2][3][4] but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.[5]", "Twelve Days of Christmas. The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast-free.[7] During this period one celebration leads into another. The Nativity of Christ is a three-day celebration: the formal title of the first day (i. e. Christmas Eve) is \"The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord, God and Saviour Jesus Christ\", and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus, but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi; the second day is referred to as the \"Synaxis of the Theotokos\", and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation; the third day is known as the \"Third Day of the Nativity\", and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen. 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents. The Afterfeast of the Nativity (similar to the Western octave) continues until 31 December (that day is known as the Apodosis or \"leave-taking\" of the Nativity).", "Tabernacle. Twice a day, a priest would stand in front of the golden prayer altar and burn fragrant incense (Exodus 30:7-10). Other procedures were also carried out in the Tabernacle:", "Jewish holidays. While the fast ends at nightfall of 9-10 Av, the restrictions of the Three Weeks and Nine Days continue through noon on 10 Av because the Second Temple continued to burn through most of that day. When 9 Av falls on Shabbat, when fasting is prohibited, the fast is postponed until 10 Av. In that case, the restrictions of the Three Weeks and Nine Days end with the fast, except for the prohibition against eating meat and drinking wine, which extend until the morning of 10 Av.[63]", "Torah. Leviticus begins with instructions to the Israelites on how to use the Tabernacle, which they had just built (Leviticus 1–10). This is followed by rules of clean and unclean (Leviticus 11–15), which includes the laws of slaughter and animals permissible to eat (see also: Kashrut), the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16), and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17–26). Leviticus 26 provides a detailed list of rewards for following God's commandments and a detailed list of punishments for not following them. Leviticus 17 establishes sacrifices at the Tabernacle as an everlasting ordinance, but this ordinance is altered in later books with the Temple being the only place in which sacrifices are allowed." ]

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[ "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). The lyrics \"The only thing you done was yesterday / And since you've gone you're just another day\" are directed at McCartney, the first lyric being a reference to the Beatles' 1965 song \"Yesterday\". The second lyric is a reference to McCartney's hit single \"Another Day\", released in February 1971. Lennon initially penned the lyrics \"You probably pinched that bitch anyway\", as a reference to the many times McCartney had made claims that he was not sure if he \"nicked\" \"Yesterday\", having asked Lennon, Harrison, George Martin and others if they had heard that melody before. Although Lennon received the sole writing credit for \"How Do You Sleep?\", a contemporary account by Felix Dennis of OZ magazine[8] indicates that Ono, as well as Allen Klein, Lennon's manager, also contributed lyrics.[6]", "Kid Cudi. While working on the band's self-titled debut, Cudi claims he had writer's block for almost 5 months because of his new sobriety; something that had never happened to him for such an extended period of time. According to Kid Cudi, bands that inspired the album include Electric Light Orchestra, Jimi Hendrix, Nirvana and Pink Floyd. The album includes a song titled \"Where Did You Sleep Last Night?\", a cover of the same titled song by Nirvana, who in turn were inspired by blues guitar legend Lead Belly's rendition of the traditional folk song.[78] Following WZRD's release on February 28, 2012, the album debuted at #3 on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 66,000 physical and digital copies in the United States.[79] The album also debuted on the Top Rock Albums and Top Alternative Albums at number one, and at #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart respectively.", "In the Pines. It is likely that Cobain referenced Lead Belly's 1944 Musicraft version for his interpretation of the song; Lanegan owned an original 78 rpm record of this version,[6] and it is the one that Cobain's version most closely resembles in terms of lyrics, form and title. In a 2009 MTV article, Kurt Loder remembers discussing the song's title with Cobain, with Cobain insisting, \"But the Leadbelly version is called 'Where Did You Sleep Last Night,'\" and Loder preferring the \"In the Pines\" title used by Bill Monroe (as well as Lead Belly).[10]", "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All. Tony Macaulay began work on the song while in Tokyo for the World Popular Song Festival of 1972: he met fellow-attendees the Carpenters and was inspired to write a song emulating their hit \"We've Only Just Begun\" (Macaulay - \"I liked the feel of that, the shuffle feel of it\"). Macaulay recalls that due to changing time zones \"I was awake all night and sleeping all day [in Tokyo]. So I just got up in the night and I wrote it\": although he was having sleepless nights it was not the song's lyric but its melody that Macaulay wrote in Tokyo, the lyrics being completed after his return to London \"(quote) in a taxi stuck in a traffic jam in London, in about an hour going from one side of London to another\". Macaulay sent a demo of the song to the Carpenters \"(quote) They said they loved it and they'd do it. [Later] I got a phone call about 2 o'clock in the morning that woke me up (they hadn't figured out the time change between here and America). They said 'Oh, we can't record it because it mentions sleeping pills and they are drugs and we don't mention drugs.' So I got up in the middle of the night and rewrote the last verse without the sleeping pills.\" However Macaulay was not happy to change the lyric and Bones Howe contacted him the next week Macaulay pitched \"(Last Night)...\" for the 5th Dimension who recorded it with the sleeping pill reference intact.[5]", "Last Night (Diddy song). \"Last Night\" is a song by American rapper Diddy that is a single featured on his fourth studio album, Press Play. The song features American R&B singer-songwriter Keyshia Cole. The radio edit version of the song is featured on Cole's second studio album, Just like You.", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). Lennon softened his stance in the mid 1970s and said that he had written the song about himself. He stated in 1980: \"I used my resentment against Paul … to create a song … not a terrible vicious horrible vendetta … I used my resentment and withdrawing from Paul and The Beatles, and the relationship with Paul, to write 'How Do You Sleep'. I don't really go 'round with those thoughts in my head all the time\".[17]", "In the Pines. Huddie Ledbetter, a.k.a. Lead Belly, recorded over half-a-dozen versions between 1944 and 1948, most often under the title, \"Black Girl\" or \"Black Gal\". His first rendition, for Musicraft Records in New York City in February 1944, is arguably his most familiar. Listed as \"Where Did You Sleep Last Night\", this version appears on a number of Lead Belly \"best-of\" compilations, such as Absolutely the Best (2000).", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). \"How Do You Sleep?\" is a song by English rock musician John Lennon from his 1971 album Imagine. The song makes angry and scathing remarks aimed at his former Beatles bandmate and songwriting partner, Paul McCartney. Lennon wrote the song in response to what he perceived as personal slights by McCartney on the latter's Ram album. The track includes a slide guitar solo played by George Harrison and was co-produced by Phil Spector.", "Out Last Night. \"Out Last Night\" is an up-tempo song in which the male narrator recalls a party that he attended the night before. He recalls the people that he met there (including \"girls from Argentina and Arkansas / Maine, Alabama, and Panama\"), as well as his actions (such as lying to others after a few drinks, and telling them that he is \"a doctor, a lawyer, a senator's son, / Brad Pitt's brother, and a man on the run\"). In the chorus, he says that \"Everybody was some kind of star / When [they] went out last night.\" Co-written by Brett James and Chesney, it is one of three new tracks on his second greatest hits album Greatest Hits II.[1]", "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep. Perhaps the earliest version was written by Joseph Addison in an essay appearing in The Spectator[citation needed]on 8th March 1711. It says:[citation needed]", "In the Pines. \"In the Pines\", also known as \"Where Did You Sleep Last Night?\" and \"Black Girl\", is a traditional American folk song originating from two songs, \"In the Pines\" and \"The Longest Train\", both of which whose authorship is unknown and date back to at least the 1870s (though some contend an older, Irish history). The songs originated in the Southern Appalachian area of the United States in the contiguous areas of Eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, Western North Carolina and Northern Georgia.[1][2]", "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All. The track was produced by Bones Howe and arranged by Bill Holman.[4]", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). In a contemporary review of Imagine, Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone highlighted \"How Do You Sleep?\" among the album's three \"really worthy, musically effective numbers\" but found it \"horrifying and indefensible\" as a song that \"lay waste to Paul's character, family and career\". Gerson concluded: \"The motives for 'Sleep' are baffling. Partly it is the traditional bohemian contempt for the bourgeois; partly it is the souring of John's long-standing competitive relationship with Paul.\"[13] Writing in the NME, Alan Smith said of the track: \"Musically, it's tremendous – open, big, powerful, thundering, dramatic – but this is a song which will be remembered for its lyrics …\" As its ultimate putdown of McCartney, Smith identified the couplet \"The sound you make is muzak to my ears / You must've learned something in all those years.\"[14] In Melody Maker, Roy Hollingworth lauded Imagine as the best work that Lennon had ever done and described \"How Do You Sleep?\" as \"the unnerving slash at McCartney … a slow funk with Commanche or maybe Sioux flavoured strings\".[15]", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). The Magnificent Bastards, a side project of Stone Temple Pilots lead singer Scott Weiland, recorded a cover version in 1995 for the tribute album Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon. Replicants, featuring members of Failure and Tool, covered the song on their self-titled debut.[18]", "If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night). \"If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)\" is a single by Meshell Ndegeocello. It was released in 1993 on Maverick Records. It also appears on her debut album Plantation Lullabies that was released on October 19, 1993, on Maverick Records. The single reached #73 on the US Billboard Hot 100,[1] #74 in the UK,[2] and #79 in Australia.[3] Colin Larkin called it a \"provocative post-feminist statement\" in his Encyclopedia of Popular Music.[4]", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). As with all the tracks on Imagine, several outtakes of \"How Do You Sleep?\" became available on bootleg albums and in documentary films about Lennon. A run-through of the song in the 2000 film Gimme Some Truth includes what authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter describe as \"John's query to Paul\", as Lennon faces the camera and sings: \"How do you sleep, ya cunt?\"[12] Starr visited the studio during the recording of the song and was reportedly upset, saying: \"That's enough, John.\"[6] The final mix version as released on the album is in mono rather than stereo, unlike all the other tracks.", "Careless Whisper. Unlike most of the other Wham! singles (except \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)\" and \"Club Tropicana\"), it was co-written by bandmate Andrew Ridgeley. The two had written it together as developing artists three years earlier in Watford, England.[3]", "Back to Sleep (song). \"Back to Sleep\", also known by the censored version title \"Sex You Back to Sleep\",[1] is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown from his seventh studio album Royalty. The song was released as the album's third single and its first urban single on November 5, 2015.", "Last Night (Diddy song). \"Last Night\" is written in the key of E minor (recorded a half-step lower in Eâ™­ minor). The song moves at a tempo of 121 beats per minute, and the vocals in the song span from B3 to D5.[1]", "Kiss You Tonight. The song was written by David Cook together with Jay Knowles and Trent Summar. It was the third song Cook wrote after he moved to Nashville in 2012.[1] Although Cook went into the writing session intending to write for himself, he felt the song didn't fit him.[2] Trent Summar sang in the demo, and Ron Stuve pitched the song to Joe Fisher at UMG who put it on hold for David Nail.", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). The lyrics of \"How Do You Sleep?\" refer to the \"Paul is dead\" rumour (\"Those freaks was right when they said you was dead\").[6] The song begins with the line \"So Sgt. Pepper took you by surprise\", referring to the Beatles' landmark 1967 album.[7] Preceding this first line are ambient sounds evocative of those heard at the beginning of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.", "How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song). John Lennon wrote \"How Do You Sleep?\" in the aftermath of Paul McCartney's successful suit in the London High Court to dissolve the Beatles as a legal partnership.[1] This ruling had followed the publication of Lennon's defamatory remarks about the Beatles in a December 1970 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, and McCartney and his wife, Linda, taking full-page advertisements in the music press, in which, as an act of mockery towards Lennon and Yoko Ono,[2] they were shown wearing clown costumes and wrapped up in a bag.[3] Following the release of McCartney's album Ram in May 1971, Lennon felt attacked by McCartney, who later admitted that lines in the song \"Too Many People\" were intended as digs at Lennon.[4] Lennon thought that other songs on the album, such as \"3 Legs\", contained similar attacks.[5]", "For Your Love. Gouldman wrote the song at the age of 19 while working by day in a gentlemen's outfitters near Salford Docks and playing by night with the semi-professional Manchester band the Mockingbirds. He explained: \"I was sleeping most of the time because I'd been gigging with the Mockingbirds the night before, and then during the day when I'd got any spare time I'd write in the shop. I used to shut up the shop at lunch time and sit in the back writing.\"[6]", "Eagles (band). One of These Nights was their last album to feature founding member Bernie Leadon. Leadon wrote or co-wrote three songs for the album, including \"I Wish You Peace,\" written with girlfriend Patti Davis (daughter of California governor Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan); and the instrumental \"Journey of the Sorcerer,\" which would later be used as the theme music for the BBC's radio and television versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Leadon was disillusioned with the direction the band's music was taking and his loss of creative control as their sound was moving from his preferred country to rock and roll.[34] His dissatisfaction, principally with Frey, boiled over one night when Frey was talking animatedly about the direction they should take next, and Leadon poured a beer over Frey's head, and said: \"You need to chill out, man!\"[35][36] On December 20, 1975, after months of denials, it was announced that Leadon had left the band.[34]", "Yesterday (Beatles song). Shortly before his death in 1980, Lennon commented that \"Although the lyrics don't resolve into any sense, they're good lines. They certainly work ... but if you read the whole song, it doesn't say anything\" and added the song was \"beautiful – and I never wished I'd written it.\"[49] Lennon made reference to \"Yesterday\" in his song \"How Do You Sleep?\" on his 1971 album Imagine. The song appears to attack McCartney with the line \"The only thing you done was yesterday, but since you've gone you're just another day\", a reference to McCartney's recent hit \"Another Day\". At the 2006 Grammy Awards, McCartney performed \"Yesterday\" live as a mash-up with Linkin Park and Jay Z's \"Numb/Encore\".", "Doctor Sleep (novel). Doctor Sleep is a 2013 horror novel by American writer Stephen King and the sequel to his 1977 novel The Shining. King stated that it is \"a return to balls-to-the-wall, keep-the-lights-on horror\".[1] The book reached the first position on The New York Times Best Seller list for print and ebook fiction (combined), hardcover fiction, and ebook fiction. Doctor Sleep won the 2013 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel.[2]", "Last Post. The \"Last Post\" was incorporated into the finale of Robert Steadman's In Memoriam, a choral work on the subject of remembrance. It is also incorporated into Karl Jenkins's orchestral mass The Armed Man, and in the movement entitled Small Town, in Peter Sculthorpe's 1963 chamber orchestra work The Fifth Continent. A slightly altered version forms part of the slow movement of the Pastoral Symphony of Ralph Vaughan Williams and the ending of Mike Sammes' choral setting of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen.", "Commit This to Memory. Recorded over six weeks in late 2004, Commit This to Memory was created largely at Seedy Underbelly Studios, a suburban home converted into a studio in Los Angeles' Valley Village region. The album was written partially in their hometown of Minneapolis and partially in Los Angeles, during a period in which frontman Justin Pierre was seeking treatment for alcohol abuse. He hoped for his lyricism to better emphasize storytelling, inspired by the lyrics of Tom Waits, Ben Folds and John K. Samson. Hoppus mainly worked with the band on completing song arrangements.", "Bernie Leadon. For a few years in the mid-1970s, Leadon lived in Topanga Canyon, a bohemian enclave known for its musician residents. Leadon's house-plus-recording-studio had previously been owned by singer-songwriter Neil Young, and was the site of frequent parties.[6] Leadon lived with Patti Davis, the free-spirited daughter of conservative California Governor Ronald Reagan, who was at that time campaigning for president, and distancing himself from his daughter because Leadon and she were unmarried but living together. Leadon and Davis co-wrote the song \"I Wish You Peace\", which Leadon insisted the Eagles include on the album One of These Nights, against the wishes of his bandmates.[7][8]", "U2. Aside from musical collaborations, U2 have worked with several authors. American author William S. Burroughs had a guest appearance in U2's video for \"Last Night on Earth\" shortly before he died.[361] His poem \"A Thanksgiving Prayer\" was used as video footage during the band's Zoo TV Tour. Other collaborators include William Gibson and Allen Ginsberg.[362] In early 2000, the band contributed three songs to The Million Dollar Hotel movie soundtrack, including \"The Ground Beneath Her Feet\", whose lyrics are taken from Salman Rushdie's book of the same name.[363]", "Yann Martel. Martel was the Samuel Fischer Visiting Professor at the Institute of Comparative Literature, Freie Universität Berlin in 2002, where he taught a course titled \"The Animal in Literature\".[59] He then spent a year in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, from September 2003 as the Saskatoon Public Library's writer-in-residence.[60] He collaborated with Omar Daniel, composer-in-residence at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, on a piece for piano, string quartet and bass. The composition, You Are Where You Are, is based on text written by Martel, which includes parts of cellphone conversations taken from moments in an ordinary day.[61][62]", "Walter Scott. In Mother Night (1961) by Kurt Vonnegut Jr., memoirist and playwright Howard W. Campbell Jr. prefaces his text with the six lines beginning \"Breathes there the man...\"" ]

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[ "MS Harmony of the Seas. MS Harmony of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship built by STX France at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France[14] for Royal Caribbean International. With a gross tonnage of 226,963 GT,[2] she is the largest passenger ship in the world, surpassing her older sisters Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas.", "Cruise ship. The world's largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean International's Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships (Allure of the Seas and Oasis of the Seas) by about 2.15 meters.", "Royal Caribbean International. The Oasis class ships are the largest cruise ships ever built, having surpassed Freedom-class ships. They can accommodate up to 5,400 passengers at double occupancy and they have a maximum capacity of 6,296 passengers. Furthermore, have a gross tonnage of 225,282 tons, and cost the line around US $1.4 billion each. The first two ships in the class, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas,[40][41] were delivered in 2009 and 2010 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.[42] The third in the class, Harmony of the Seas, was delivered in 2016 by STX France at Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France, which is also constructing a fourth ship, Symphony of the Seas.[43] Royal Caribbean International, in conjunction with USA Today, sponsored a contest to name the first two vessels.[40][44] [45]", "MS Allure of the Seas. Upon her launch in November 2009, she became the world's largest passenger ship, taking the place of Oasis of the Seas. She was eclipsed by her sister ship, Harmony of the Seas, upon its launch in June 2016.[17] Harmony has an overall length of 362.12 metres (1,188.1 ft).[18]", "MS Harmony of the Seas. The success of the first two Oasis-class ships led Royal Caribbean Cruises to order a third ship of the type in December 2012.[1] Harmony of the Seas was floated out on 19 June 2015, began her first sea trials on 10 March 2016,[15] and was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 12 May 2016.[5][16] After a construction time of 32 months, the ship first set sail on 15 May 2016 from the STX France docks in Saint-Nazaire, viewed by some 70,000 people.[17] Her first destination was Southampton, England, although her home port was Barcelona until 23 October 2016 when she crossed the Atlantic.[18]", "MS Symphony of the Seas. MS Symphony of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International.[8] As of 9 June 2017, she is the largest passenger ship in the world by gross tonnage, at 228,021 GT, surpassing her sister Harmony of the Seas.[9]", "MS Oasis of the Seas. Oasis of the Seas surpassed the Freedom-class cruise ships (also owned by Royal Caribbean) to become the largest cruise ship in the world at that time.[13] She was herself surpassed by her sister ship Allure of the Seas, which is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) longer, although this may have been caused by ambient temperature differences at the times the measurements were made.[14] In May 2016, her second sister ship Harmony of the Seas became the new record holder with a length of 362.12 metres (1,188.1 ft).[15]", "Oasis-class cruise ship. The Oasis class is a class of Royal Caribbean International cruise ships which are the world's largest passenger ships. The first two ships in the class, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas,[7][8] were delivered respectively in 2009 and 2010 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.[9] A third Oasis class vessel, Harmony of the Seas, was delivered in 2016 by built by STX France, and a fourth vessel, MS Symphony of the Seas, will be completed in 2018. One additional unnamed ship is currently under construction and is expected to be delivered in 2021. The first two ships in the class Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas are slightly exceeded in size by the third ship Harmony of the Seas, while the upcoming Symphony of the Seas and fifth ship are planned to be larger than the Harmony of the seas.[10]", "MS Anthem of the Seas. MS Anthem of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International (RCI). She is the second ship of the Quantum class, which surpasses the earlier Freedom-class ships by over 20,000 GT, becoming the first largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[2]", "Oasis-class cruise ship. On 25 October 2012 Royal Caribbean confirmed that the company was engaged in negotiations to build a third Oasis-class ship and hoped to enter an agreement before the year's end. The ship, which the company would expect to cost less per berth basis than the two previous ships and to be more energy efficient,[26] was named Harmony of the Seas and delivered in May 2016.", "MS Freedom of the Seas. MS Freedom of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. It is the namesake of Royal Caribbean's Freedom class, and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew [4] on fifteen passenger decks. Freedom of the Seas was the largest passenger ship ever built (by gross tonnage) from 2006 until construction of the Royal Caribbean International's Oasis-class ships in late 2009.", "MS Harmony of the Seas. As the third member of the Oasis class, Harmony of the Seas is very similar to her two sister ships. However, there are some design changes and extra amenities, most noticeably the \"Ultimate Abyss\" dry slide at the stern of the ship and the \"Perfect Storm\" water slides.[28] Harmony of the Seas is the second Royal Caribbean ship to feature water slides, after Liberty of the Seas underwent a refurbishment in January 2016 that added water slides and Splashaway Bay. The ship is divided into seven neighborhoods, including Central Park and Boardwalk, like her Oasis-class sisters.[29] Amenities include:[30]", "Royal Caribbean International. Construction commenced on Freedom of the Seas, the line's newest ship, at Aker Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest passenger vessel in the world. Freedom of the Seas' sister ship, Liberty of the Seas, was launched in 2007, and Independence of the Seas was delivered in 2008.", "MS Oasis of the Seas. MS Oasis of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned by Royal Caribbean International. Her hull was laid down in November 2007 and she was completed and delivered to Royal Caribbean in October 2009. At the time of construction, Oasis of the Seas set a new capacity record of carrying over 6,000 passengers.[11] The first of her class, she was joined by sister ships MS Allure of the Seas in December 2010, MS Harmony of the Seas in May 2016, and MS Symphony of the Seas in April 2018. Oasis of the Seas conducts cruises of the Caribbean from her home port of Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida.[12]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. MS Quantum of the Seas is a cruise ship for Royal Caribbean International (RCI) and the lead ship of the Quantum class of cruise ships. The Quantum class surpasses RCI's earlier Freedom-class ships by over 14,000 GT, becoming the second-largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[1] Quantum of the Seas was delivered to RCI on October 28, 2014[10] and is sailing from Shanghai, China.[11]", "MS Liberty of the Seas. MS Liberty of the Seas is a Royal Caribbean International Freedom-class cruise ship which entered regular service in May 2007. It was initially announced that she would be called Endeavour of the Seas, however this name was later changed.[4] The 15-deck ship accommodates 3,634 passengers served by 1,360 crew. She was built in 18 months at the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland, where her sister ship, Freedom of the Seas, was also built. Initially built at 154,407 gross tonnage (GT), she joined her sister ship, Freedom of the Seas, as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels then ever built. She is 1,111.9 ft (338.91 m) long, 184 ft (56.08 m) wide, and cruises at 21.6-knot (40 km/h; 25 mph).", "MS Allure of the Seas. MS Allure of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International. As of April 2016[update] the Oasis class were the largest passenger ships ever in service, and Allure is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) longer than her sister ship Oasis of the Seas, though both were built to the same specifications.[14] Designed under the name \"Project Genesis\", she was ordered from Aker Finnyards in February 2006 and her construction began at the Perno shipyard, Turku, Finland, in February 2008.[15] She was named in May 2008 after a contest was held to name her and her sister.[16] The keel of Allure of the Seas was laid on 2 December 2008, shortly after the shipyard had been acquired by STX Europe.[3]", "MS Independence of the Seas. MS Independence of the Seas is a Freedom-class cruise ship operated by the Royal Caribbean cruise line that entered service in April 2008. The 15-deck ship can accommodate 4,370 passengers and is served by 1,360 crew. She was built in the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland, builder of Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas, her sister ships of the Freedom class. At 154,407 GT,[4] she joined Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels yet built. She is 1,112 feet (339 m) long, and typically cruises at 21.6 knots (40.0 km/h; 24.9 mph). The vessel operates from Fort Lauderdale, Florida during the Fall and Winter months and Southampton, England during the Spring and Summer months.", "Royal Caribbean International. An even larger class, the Oasis class, featuring Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas, was launched in 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing Royal Caribbean the ship size lead for years to come. In December 2012, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a third Oasis-class cruise ship from STX France, which would be larger than the previous ships in the class.[6] In March 2014 Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a fourth Oasis-Class ship from STX France.[7]", "Royal Caribbean International. The sixth largest passenger ships at sea (Royal Caribbean's own Oasis, Quantum and Freedom classes, Norwegian Cruise Line's Norwegian Epic and Cunard's Queen Mary 2), the Voyager-class ships were the largest class of cruise ships in the world when constructed and were the first ships to have an ice rink at sea and the first to have Royal Caribbean's iconic Royal Promenade. They were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards' (now STX Europe) facility in Turku, Finland. They have a gross tonnage of around 137,000 tonnes. These ships include a 350-foot (110 m) indoor mall known as the Royal Promenade, featuring indoor pubs, shops, cafes, and bars. Activity options on all five ships board include a basketball court, at least 3 pools, a mini-golf course, a rock wall, an ice skating rink and, originally, an inline skating track. Navigator of the Seas replaced the inline skating track with a Flowrider surf simulator in 2014, and similar upgrades are planned for Voyager and Explorer.[61]", "Royal Caribbean International. In September 2014, Royal Caribbean announced that the third Quantum-class ship would be named Ovation of the Seas,[12] and in February 2015 they announced that the third Oasis-class ship would be named Harmony of the Seas.[13]", "Royal Caribbean International. In 1999, the Voyager of the Seas, the line's newest and world's largest cruise ship entered service with much attention from the news media. Two years later, the line took delivery of a second Voyager-class ship, Explorer of the Seas, and the first of a new Radiance class of more environmentally friendly cruise liners, Radiance of the Seas.", "Royal Caribbean International. The Quantum-class of ships debuted as the second largest class of cruise ships in the world. The Quantum-class ships were the first ships built for Royal Caribbean by Meyer Werft since the Radiance class and share many features with those ships, including indoor pools with retractable roofs, vast expanses of glass, outdoor seating in the Windjammer buffet, and self-leveling pool tables.[18][19] Other distinctive features of the Quantum-class include the \"North Star\" observation capsule mounted on the end of a 41-meter-long (135 ft) crane arm,[20] \"RipCord by iFLY\" a skydiving simulator,[21] the three-deck-high Two70° lounge and performance venue at the aft of the ship featuring panoramic windows that convert into projection screens,[22] and the multi-purpose SeaPlex facility which hosts activities such as basketball, roller skating, bumper cars, and a trapeze school.[23] The Quantum class was the first class designed specifically for Dynamic Dining, and feature several separate complementary dining facilities instead of a single main dining room.[24] Each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[25] Unlike the earlier Voyager, Freedom, and Oasis class, Quantum-class ships do not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is not featured in its traditional form.[26][27]", "Cruise ship. Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before being surpassed by Royal Caribbean International's Freedom-class vessels in 2006. The Freedom-class ships were in turn overtaken by RCI's Oasis-class vessels which entered service in 2009 and 2010.[17] A distinctive feature of Oasis-class ships is the split \"open-atrium\" structure, made possible by the hull's extraordinary width, with the 6-deck high \"Central Park\" and \"Boardwalk\" outdoor areas running down the middle of the ship and verandas on all decks.", "Royal Caribbean International. In 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Haiti which it used as a private destination for its guests.[4] This destination is now called Labadee. After a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time.[citation needed] Two years later, Nordic Empress and Viking Serenade were also entered into their service line. In the same year, Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they rechristened \"Coco Cay\".", "MS Ovation of the Seas. MS Ovation of the Seas is a cruise ship operating for Royal Caribbean International (RCI). The vessel is the third ship in the Quantum class, which surpasses RCI's earlier Freedom-class ships by over 14,000 GT, becoming the second largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[5] The Ovation mainly sails from Tianjin during the northern summer season and repositions to Sydney during the southern summer season.", "MS Harmony of the Seas. For the inaugural season, Harmony of the Seas offered seven-night western Mediterranean cruises originating from Barcelona and Civitavecchia.[23] In late October 2016, the ship crossed the Atlantic to the United States, where she offers seven-night eastern and western Caribbean cruises departing from Port Everglades, Florida.", "Royal Caribbean International. The Freedom-class ships are lengthened versions of the second-generation Voyager-class ship, and contain a 400-foot (120 m) Royal Promenade mall running much of the length of the ship, an ice skating rink, basketball court, several pools, a mini-golf course, and a rock wall. New features on the Freedom class include the FlowRider surfing simulator, the H2O Zone kids water play area, a boxing ring, and hot tubs cantilevered over the side of the ship. At 154,407 gross tons, the Freedom-class ships were the largest ships in the world from 2006, until the debut of the Oasis class in 2009.[52]", "Royal Caribbean International. Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies: Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen. The newly created line put its first ship, the Song of Norway, into service two years later. A year later, the line added the Nordic Prince to the fleet and in 1972 it added the Sun Viking. In 1978, Song of Norway became Royal Caribbean's first passenger ship to be lengthened. This was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot (26 m) section to the vessel's severed center. Following the success of this work, Nordic Prince was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching on both ships, their sterns were modified. However the Sun Viking wasn't stretched or modified and remained the same size and shape. Royal Caribbean received widespread global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the size of Sun Viking and at the time the third largest passenger vessel afloat (after the Norway and the Queen Elizabeth 2).", "Royal Caribbean International. Following these events, two new Vision-class vessels entered service, the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas. In 1996, the company contracted with Finland's Aker Finnyards for the construction of 130,000-ton vessels and, in 1997, the line's oldest ship, Song of Norway, was sold and two new Vision-class ships entered service, Rhapsody of the Seas and Enchantment of the Seas. The company also merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from \"Royal Caribbean Cruise Line\" to \"Royal Caribbean International\". The next year marked a transition to a more \"strictly modern line\", when the last of the company's older vessels, Song of America and Sun Viking, were retired. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships.", "MS Independence of the Seas. Independence of the Seas is the third of the Freedom-class vessels. In October 2009, Oasis of the Seas, the first ship in the Oasis class, displaced the Freedom class as the world's largest passenger ship.", "MS Harmony of the Seas. Harmony of the Seas has 2,747 staterooms, with a wide variety of types, to accommodate (at double occupancy) 5,479 guests[24] ranging from small interior rooms to larger rooms and suites, some of which are fitted with wall-mounted 80-inch (200 cm) screens, covering nearly the floor to ceiling,[25] that show the ship's environment as if through a window, named 'virtual balconies'. These screens were first fitted on the Quantum class of cruise ships.[26] A full 43 categories of stateroom types are offered, starting at a size of 180 square feet (17 m2); several types of suites are available, including the new \"Royal Class\" suites.[27]" ]

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[ "List of The Game episodes. The list of episodes for The CW/BET sitcom The Game. A total of 147 episodes aired over nine seasons.", "List of The Game episodes. On April 12, 2011, it was announced that The Game was renewed for a fifth season, consisting 22 episodes.[65] It was announced on the 2011 BET Awards Pre-show that it will begin in January 2012. This is Tia Mowry-Hardrict last season to appear and returns in the series finale.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "100 episodes. With the advent of cable channels, rerunning game shows has become more common; for instance, Merv Griffin's Crosswords, which lasted one season and 225 episodes in syndication during the 2007-08 season, has been continuously rerun from that point onward, either in syndication or on current channel RTV. GSN has rerun several game shows that ran less than 100 episodes, including Greed (44 episodes), Dog Eat Dog (26 episodes), Power of 10 (18 episodes), and perhaps the most extreme case, Million Dollar Password, which ran for only 12 episodes. Even among shows with hundreds (and even thousands) of episodes, since the early 2010s, GSN typically has only acquired the rights to 50 to 65 episodes at a time for most series.[21]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series). On May 21, 2012, CBS renewed Rules of Engagement for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season, bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100.[14] Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8:30, starting February 4, 2013.[15]", "Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones). \"Beyond the Wall\" is the sixth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the season's finale.", "The Game (U.S. TV series). In April 2013, it was announced that The Game has been renewed for a seventh season.[31] The seventh season premiered on March 4, 2014. In April 2014, BET renewed the series for an eighth season, which premiered on January 14, 2015. In October 2014, BET said that the series would end in 2015. The series leads Tia Mowry-Hardrict and Pooch Hall would return to make special appearances in the finale. The final season premiered on June 3, 2015 and the series finale premiered on August 5, 2015.", "Seven of Nine. Seven of Nine was played by Jeri Ryan for four Voyager seasons. The character was a part of the last four seasons which concluded in 2001 with its seventh season, and Seven was featured in many episodes despite coming later to the series. Seven was introduced in the second part of the episode \"Scorpion\", the first episode of the fourth season. The character continued to appear throughout the series until the final episode, \"Endgame\". Stories related to her relationships with Captain Janeway and The Doctor appeared throughout the series.", "Television show. If the show is picked up, the network orders a \"run\" of episodes—usually only six or 13 episodes at first, though a season typically consists of at least 22 episodes.[citation needed] The midseason seven and last nine episodes are sometimes called the \"mid-seven\" and \"back nine\"—borrowing the colloquial terms from bowling and golf.[citation needed]", "The Office (U.S. TV series). The seventh season consists of 26 half-hours of material, divided into 21 half-hour episodes, one \"super-sized\" episode, and two hour-long episodes.[83]", "Haters Back Off. The second season has 8 episodes, bringing the total number of episodes to 16.[9]", "Game seven. The nature of a best-of-seven series requires that the series be tied at three games apiece going into game seven, such that either team can take the series (advancing further in the playoffs or winning the championship) by winning the game. Because of this decisive nature, game sevens add an element of drama to their sports.", "List of The Game episodes. In the Season 7 opener, it's the Sabers 50th anniversary in honor of the retirement of fellow Sabers wide receiver Jason Pitts' jersey. With his wife, Chardonnay, behind him for support, Jason is ready to embark on his next journey. The ceremony takes a turn for the worst as Jason's past involvement with steroids is brought up from a former colleague. Keira makes an attempt to winning Blue back but at desperate measures. Recently released from Sabers due to his injuries, Malik becomes bitter and resistant to attend, despite being there for Jason. Meanwhile, Tasha believes she is going through a mid-life crisis but it may be more than what she bargained for.", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). The game is separated into six episodes, released in intervals.[1]", "List of Once Upon a Time episodes. In February 2018, it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series.[1] During the course of the series, 155 episodes of Once Upon a Time aired over seven seasons.", "List of The Game episodes. Malik plans to end his affair with Parker; however, Parker later reveals the affair to her husband, who vows to make Malik's life miserable. Tasha's lie about her relationship with Dante is exposed.", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11, 2017.[1] It consisted of 22 episodes, airing on Fridays, having premiered on October 6, 2017.[2]", "The Walking Dead: The Final Season. The game is separated into four episodes, released every six weeks.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[65] On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 95% approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10, and a 92% average episode score, with the site's consensus reading \"After a year-long wait, Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones.\"[66]", "One Tree Hill (season 7). On September 29, 2009 The CW ordered a full season, set to total at 22 episodes.[1]", "The Sword of Truth. The TV series ran for two seasons, concluding May 22, 2010 with a total of 44 episodes.", "List of The Game episodes. Absent: Coby Bell as Jason Pitts, Brandy Norwood as Chardonnay Pitts", "List of A League of Their Own episodes. The first series consisted of twelve episodes. The second series consisted of thirteen episodes including a Christmas special. The third series had twelve episodes and saw the first occasion of a regular team captain being unable to attend an individual recording and being replaced by a guest, it also saw the introduction of splitting both \"The Best Bits\" and \"The Unseen Bits\" over two episodes therefore having four episodes of compilation clips; this technique was used on and off for future series. The fourth series consisted of ten episodes including an End of Year special. For the fifth series there were eleven episodes. The sixth series had ten episodes. The seventh series had twelve episodes including a compilation episode entitled \"Rally Special\" focussing solely on the rally car challenge from the series opener. The eighth series consisted of thirteen episodes. The ninth series had twelve episodes. The tenth series will see ten episodes broadcast. As of 10 March 2016, 85 regular episodes and 30 compilations have been broadcast across ten series, 115 episodes have been aired in total.", "List of The Game episodes. Tasha and Pookie explore their friendship; Janay goes out of town; Melanie and Derwin stay busy.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 7). The number in the \"No. in series\" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the \"No. in season\" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. \"U.S. viewers in millions\" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. The seventh season's episodes are altogether 946 minutes in length.", "Delicious (game series). Delicious 8 or Delicious: Emily's Wonder Wedding is the first game in the series to be divided into \"episodes\". On every Friday starting from June 29, 2012 and ending on November 23, 2012, a new episode was released. Resulting in a total of 25 episodes and 50 levels with 2 levels in each episode (normal game only, platinum/premium has more episodes). The full game was later released to purchase as a whole. In this game, Emily is getting ready to marry Patrick when Patrick's mother and ex-girlfriend Iris show up and complicate things for the couple.", "List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes. The seventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (50 segments), which are ordered below by production number and not their original broadcast order.[77]", "List of The Game episodes. Tasha is at a crossroads when she tries to stay loyal to Pookie but continues to struggle with her attraction to Rick. Meanwhile, Keira finally tells Blue how she felt about their chance meeting in New York.", "List of The Game episodes. Tasha's affair with Rick is revealed, endangering her relationship with Pookie. Jason and Chardonnay argue a lot. Blue finds an unexpected ally in Malik.", "Weeds (season 7). The seventh season of Weeds premiered on June 27, 2011 at 10 E/9 C on the television cable network Showtime,[1][2] and consisted of 13 episodes. As the season picks up, Nancy has spent three years in prison and now lives in a strictly monitored halfway house in New York City, where the family meet after the other Botwins have spent three years in Denmark.[3]" ]

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[ "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State University has won 8 NCAA team national championships:[22]", "Florida State University. FSU's intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their \"Florida State Seminoles\" nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). In their 113-year history, Florida State's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships.[22]", "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State has won eighteen national team championships (including eight sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), three by the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), two by the Bowl Championship Series, and one by the Bowl Coalition), and its individual athletes have numerous individual NCAA national championships.[22]", "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State has also been national runners-up twenty times in eight sports: baseball (3), men's basketball (1), beach volleyball (2), men's cross country (1), women's cross country (2), football (2), women's golf (1), women's soccer (2), men's indoor track and field (2), men's outdoor track and field (2), and women's outdoor track and field (2).", "Tallahassee, Florida. FSU's intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their \"Florida State Seminoles\" nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The Florida State Seminoles athletics program are favorites of passionate students, fans and alumni across the United States, especially when led by the Marching Chiefs of the Florida State University College of Music. In their 113-year history, Florida State's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships.[63]", "Florida State Seminoles. The Seminoles' athletic department fields 20 teams. They have collectively won 18 team national championships, and over 100 team conference championships, as well as numerous individual national and conference titles.", "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State's accomplishments include two AIAW national championships, one NCAA national championship, ten trips to the Women's College World Series, thirty-one NCAA Tournaments, forty-three All-Americans, and sixteen conference titles.", "University of Florida. The Florida Gators have won a total of thirty-five national team championships,[191] thirty of which are NCAA championships. Florida Gators athletes have also won 267 NCAA championships in individual sports events.[192] Florida is one of only two Division I FBS universities to win multiple national championships in each of the two most popular NCAA sports: football (1996, 2006, 2008) and men's basketball (2006, 2007).", "Florida State University. Florida State has won three national championships, eighteen conference titles and six division titles along with a playoff appearance. The Seminoles have achieved three undefeated seasons and finished ranked in the top five of the AP Poll for 14 straight years from 1987 through 2000. The Florida State Seminoles are one of the 120 NCAA Division I FBS collegiate football teams in America. The first Florida State football team was fielded in the 1899 season and lasted until the 1904 season.[186][244] The team went (7–6–1) over the 1902–1904 seasons posting a record of (3–1) against their rivals from the Florida Agricultural College in Lake City. In 1904 the Florida State football team became the first ever state champions of Florida after beating both the Florida Agricultural College and Stetson University.[244] The football team and all male students subsequently moved to the newly opened University of Florida in Gainesville in 1906 as a result of the 1905 Buckman Act.", "Florida State Seminoles football. Florida State has won three national championships, eighteen conference titles and six division titles along with a playoff appearance. The Seminoles have achieved three undefeated seasons and finished ranked in the top four of the AP Poll for 14 straight years from 1987 through 2000. The 1999 team received votes from ESPN as one of the top teams in college football history.[3]", "Florida State Seminoles. Below are the 10 national team titles that were bestowed by other college athletics entities:", "Florida State Seminoles football. Florida State has appeared in six National Championship games winning three titles from the 1993, 1999 and 2013 seasons. Coach Bobby Bowden won his first national title in the 1994 Orange Bowl game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers. The second national title came in the 2000 Sugar Bowl against the Virginia Tech Hokies. The win capped Bobby Bowden's first and only \"perfect season\" and the Florida State Seminoles were the first team to go wire-to-wire as the #1 team in the polls that year.", "Florida State Seminoles. In 1976, Florida State joined the Metro Conference in all sports except football, which remained independent. For fifteen years FSU competed and won sixty-eight conference titles as well as five national titles including two in softball, two in women's track and field, and one in women's golf.", "Florida State Seminoles. Since 1991, Florida State has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Since joining the conference, FSU has won eighty-five ACC titles and eight national titles including three in football, three in men's track and field, one in soccer, and one in cheerleading. After the 2005 conference expansion was complete, FSU was placed in the newly formed Atlantic Division.", "Florida State Seminoles football. During the 1980s and 90s, the series emerged as one of the premier rivalries in college football. Between 1983 and 2013, the Hurricanes and Seminoles combined to win 8 national championships (5 for Miami, 3 for Florida State) and played in 15 national championship games (1983, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 2000, 01, 02, 13). The rivalry has been popular not only because of its profound national championship implications and the competitiveness of the games but also because of the immense NFL-caliber talent typically present on the field when the two teams meet. The famous 1987 matchup featured over 50 future NFL players on both rosters combined.", "Florida–Florida State football rivalry. Florida State and Florida combined for fourteen conference championships and three national championships during the 1990s. In addition, the winner of the game would play for the national championship five times in the decade. Through those years, FSU held a 7–4–1 advantage in a rivalry that was arguably the most important in college football during that time.", "Florida State Seminoles football. The Seminoles have been named national champions on 10 additional occasions by various selectors.[22] Five of these selections (1980, 1987, 1992, 1994, 1996) are recognized by the NCAA but not claimed by the university.[23] The other five selections (1988, 1989, 1990, 1997, 1998) are not claimed by the university nor are they recognized by the NCAA.[24]", "Florida State Seminoles. Additionally, FSU vacated 22 wins in men's basketball, a NCAA post season baseball victory, one national championship in men's track and field, a NCAA tournament victory in women's basketball, as well as other wins in these and several other men's and women's sports.[35]", "University of Florida. The University of Florida's intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their \"Florida Gators\" nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). In their 111-year history, the university's varsity sports teams have won 39 national team championships, 34 of which are NCAA titles, and Florida athletes have won 275 individual national championships.[16] In addition, University of Florida students and alumni have won 126 Olympic medals including 60 gold medals.[17]", "Florida Gators. Among the Gators' recent national championships, the Florida Gators men's basketball team won the 2006 and 2007 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournaments, and the Florida Gators football team won 2007 BCS National Championship Game in football, all in the space of 366 days.[26] Florida is the only school in NCAA Division I history to hold the men's basketball and football championships during the same school year. In January 2009, the Gators football team won the 2009 BCS National Championship Game with a 24–14 victory over the Oklahoma Sooners.[27] The Florida Gators baseball team took home its first championship at the 2017 NCAA championship, defeating rival SEC foe the LSU Tigers in two games. The Gators won the NCAA men's indoor track and field championship in three consecutive seasons in 2010, 2011 and 2012,[28] the NCAA women's swimming and diving team national championship in 2010,[29][30] the NCAA women's tennis championship in 2011, 2012 and 2017,[31] the NCAA men's outdoor track and field championship in 2012, 2013 and 2016, the NCAA women's gymnastics championship in 2013, 2014 and 2015, and the NCAA softball championships in 2014 and 2015.[32] Individual Gator athletes have won 279 individual NCAA championships in boxing, golf, gymnastics, swimming and diving, tennis, and track and field. In 2017, Florida won the baseball national championship for the first time. The Gators swept LSU in the best of three national title series. This earned the university a total of 39 national team championships. Additionally, this put the University of Florida in exclusive company. With the 2017 baseball national championship, Florida became only the fourth school in history to win national championships in football, men's basketball, and baseball. Florida, along with Michigan, Ohio State, and UCLA are the only schools to ever achieve triple crown status. This also put Florida in a category by itself. Florida is the only Southeastern Conference school to accomplish this feat, as well, Florida is the only school in history to have achieved triple crown status in such a short span of time. Florida's national championships in the big three sports (football, men's basketball, and baseball) were won in the span of just over two decades.[33]", "Florida State Seminoles. Since adding soccer as a sport, Florida State has made eighteen appearances in the NCAA tournament and nine appearances in the College Cup. The Seminoles won the national championship in 2014.", "Florida State Seminoles football. Florida State has also played in three other National Championship games in which they have lost:", "Florida Gators. In their 108-year history of intercollegiate competition, the University of Florida's varsity athletic teams have won 40 national team championships (including 35 sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), two by the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), two by the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), and one by the Bowl Alliance), and its individual athletes have won 275 individual NCAA national championships.[33][40][41] Florida is the only Division I school to hold both major men's championships at the same time (as the 2006 BCS football champions and the 2006 and 2007 NCAA men's basketball champions).[42]", "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State's baseball program is one of the most successful in collegiate sports, having been to twenty-two College World Series in fifty-six Tournament appearances, and having appeared in the national championship final on three occasions (falling to the USC Trojans in 1970, the Arizona Wildcats in 1986, and the Miami Hurricanes in 1999).", "Florida State Seminoles. Under head coach Bobby Bowden, the football team became one of the nation's most competitive football teams, greatly expanding the tradition of football at Florida State.[12] The Seminoles played in five national championship games between 1993 and 2001, and have claimed the championship three times, in 1993, 1999, and 2013. The FSU football team was the most successful team in college football during the 1990s, boasting an 89% winning percentage.[13] FSU also set an NCAA record for most consecutive Top 5 finishes in the AP football poll – receiving placement fourteen years in a row, from 1987 to 2000. The Seminoles were the first college football team in history to go wire-to-wire (ranked first place from preseason to postseason) since the AP began releasing preseason rankings in 1936. FSU also owns the record for most consecutive bowl game victories with 11 between 1985 and 1996 and have made a post-season appearance for thirty-six straight seasons.[12] The Seminole football team has also won eighteen conference championships in the Dixie and Atlantic Coast.", "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State University sponsors teams in nine men's and eleven women's NCAA sanctioned sports.[9] Florida State competes as a member of the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association in beach volleyball.", "Florida State Seminoles football. Florida State has had nine head coaches since organized football began in 1947. The team has played 805 games in their 69 seasons. In that time, six coaches have led the Seminoles in postseason bowl games: Don Veller, Tom Nugent, Bill Peterson, Larry Jones, Bobby Bowden, and Jimbo Fisher. Three of those coaches also won conference championships: Veller, Bowden, and Fisher. During his tenure, Bobby Bowden won two national championships with the Seminoles while Jimbo Fisher has won one.", "Florida State Seminoles football. In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, the Seminoles had 14 consecutive seasons with 10 or more wins and a top four finish, with a record of 152–19–1 between these years (11 of their 19 losses were decided by seven points or less), and one of the best home records of the era. FSU's accomplishments in these 14 seasons included 11 bowl wins, nine ACC championships in nine years, two Heisman Trophy winners, and two national championships.", "Florida State University. Seminole baseball is one of the most successful collegiate baseball programs in the United States having been to 20 College World Series', and having appeared in the national championship final on three occasions (falling to the University of Southern California Trojans in 1970, the University of Arizona Wildcats in 1986, and the University of Miami Hurricanes in 1999).[243] Under the direction of Head Coach No. 11 Mike Martin (FSU 1966), Florida State is the second-winningest program in the history of college baseball.[243] Since 1990, FSU has had more 50 win seasons, headed to more NCAA Tournaments (19 Regional Tournaments in 20 years), and finished in the top 10 more than any team in the United States.[243] Since 2000, FSU is the winningest program in college baseball with more victories and a higher winning percentage in the regular season than any other school.[243] For FSU baseball alumni who advanced into MLB, see list of Florida State University athletic alumni.", "Florida State Seminoles football. Florida State has completed fifty-four winning seasons, including twenty-four seasons of double digit wins.", "Florida State Seminoles. The men's golf team is coached by Trey Jones, in his sixteenth season. The Seminoles have made thirty-four NCAA tournament appearances including twenty-four national championship appearances and sixteen regionals. Florida State has won thirteen conference championships. The Seminoles have appeared in twelve straight NCAA tournaments and were the top seed in the 2015 tournament, a year in which they won a school record four straight in-season tournaments.", "Florida State Seminoles. Florida State maintains two traditional rivals in all sports with the Florida Gators and the Miami Hurricanes. Florida State University is the only school in the State of Florida to play both Florida and Miami year in and year out in all sports. Most notably is the football rivalry with the Gators who hold a 34–26–2 all-time lead against the Seminoles. The series began with Florida dominating for the first few years, but it has since become more balanced. In the past forty meetings, FSU has gone 23-16-1. The rivalry with Miami dates back to 1951, when the Hurricanes defeated the Seminoles 35–13 in their inaugural meeting. The schools have played uninterrupted since 1966, with Miami holding the all-time advantage, 32–30. Florida State holds a 10–4 advantage since the Hurricanes became a conference foe in 2004." ]

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[ "Wild 'n Out. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season will resume in June 2018.", "Wild 'n Out. On June 9, 2016, MTV announced that Wild 'n Out had been renewed for an eighth season, which premiered on August 4, 2016. The season marked the series' return to MTV.[5]", "Wild 'n Out. On June 29, 2017, the ninth season premiered on MTV. The series marked the return of filming in New York and also return to the original team colors, Black and Red.", "Wild 'n Out. The 8th season contains a total of 21 episodes which were broadcast from August 4, 2016 to April 20, 2017 on MTV, marking the first time in almost a decade that the show aired new episodes on its original network.", "Nick Cannon. On August 4, 2016, Wild 'N Out returned for its 8th season after three record-breaking seasons.[19]", "Wild 'n Out. The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. The 9th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 29 to October 5, 2017 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. The 5th season contains a total of 12 episodes which were broadcast from July 9 to September 24, 2013 on MTV2.", "Wild 'n Out. The 4th season contains a total of 20 episodes which were broadcast from May 12 to September 6, 2007 on MTV.", "Nick Cannon. On November 12, 2012, MTV2 announced that the revival of Wild 'N Out. The revived show was produced by Cannon's Ncredible Entertainment, the series premiered in 2013 with a few returning faces joined by a roster of fresh talents. When asked about the show coming back, Cannon said, \"With our show's original cast, everyone from Kevin Hart to Katt Williams, Affion Crockett and Taran Killam becoming household names, I am looking forward to working with MTV2 as we work to introduce the biggest comedic stars of tomorrow with the return of Wild 'N Out.\"[15] Rapper Big Boi of Outkast has confirmed in a tweet on Twitter he is shooting an episode on January 29, 2013 in NYC and for people to join in the audience.[16]", "Wild 'n Out. The 2nd season contains a total of 10 episodes which were broadcast from February 2 to April 6, 2006 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. The 7th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 10, 2015 to January 6, 2016 on MTV2. There are also stand up specials after the episodes in this season are finished.", "Wild 'n Out. The 6th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from July 2, 2014 to February 4, 2015 on MTV2.", "Wild 'n Out. The 12th season will be filming in Atlanta from June 30 to July 14, 2018.", "Wild 'n Out. In November 2012, MTV2 announced that the series would be returning in 2013 after a six-year hiatus. The series features up and coming comedy stars, along with the show's original cast.[2][3] The premiere episode of season five had 1.1 million total viewers, making it the highest-rated telecast in MTV2 history.[4]", "Wild 'n Out. Nick Cannon Presents: Wild 'N Out is an American sketch comedy and improv television series that was created and hosted by comedian Nick Cannon.[1] It debuted on July 28, 2005, on MTV and aired on MTV2 from 2013–2016.", "Wild 'n Out. The 3rd season contains a total of 8 episodes which were broadcast from August 10 to October 5, 2006 on MTV.", "Wild 'n Out. For the first four seasons, the show filmed from Los Angeles/Hollywood and aired on MTV. The first run episodes were suspended as Mr. Renaissance Entertainment became Ncredible Entertainment in 2012. Upon being revived in 2012, the show was produced in New York City and aired on MTV2 during Seasons 5–7, it also returned to that location for Season 9. In 2016, the show returned to airing new episodes on MTV and also for the first time since Season 4, production is in Los Angeles.", "Wild 'n Out. Similar in premise to shows such as Whose Line Is It Anyway?, the series puts two teams of comedians against each other in a series of Wild 'n Out games which are all basically \"improvisational\" comedy games. The Teams are the \"Red Squad\", which was the team name until season 5 where they became the \"Platinum Squad\" and were permanently captained by Cannon; and the \"Black Squad\", led by a celebrity guest until season 7 where the situation was reversed with Cannon becoming the Black Squad team captain and the celebrity guest leading the Platinum Squad. For season 8, the colors were revamped once again with the Gold Squad replacing the Black Squad. The Gold Squad is led by Cannon while the celebrity guest remains captain of the Platinum Squad. However starting in Season 9, Nick returned to leading his original Red Squad team color while the Black Squad team color returned also.", "List of Fast N' Loud episodes. Season 11 started on March 04, 2018.", "Wild 'n Out. Each episode also includes a musical performance, occasionally by the guest captain for the Black/Platinum Squad (Nick Cannon performed with Migos in Season 6 in the episode featuring Chanel Iman). At times, the musical guest comes out just before 'Wild Style' as the judge for the beefs. Major changes were implemented for the second season including shifting the show location to Hollywood and the teams now compete for a \"Wild 'n Out\" Championship belt which if the Black Squad wins, the team captain gets to take home.", "Wild 'n Out. The \"Wild 'n Out Theme Song\" for Seasons 1–4 was produced by Fatman Scoop. The theme music for Season 5 onward was created by Cannon himself, with a new remixed version made for Season 8.", "Trailer Park Boys. On February 22, it was announced that Season 11 would air March 31, 2017.", "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown. Season 11 premiered on April 29, 2018 and took Bourdain on excursions to West Virginia, Uruguay, Newfoundland, Armenia, Hong Kong, Berlin, Louisiana, and Bhutan.[26]", "Trailer Park Boys. On March 31, 2017, Season 11 aired.", "Face Off (season 11). The eleventh season of the Syfy reality television series Face Off (Styled as Face Off All Stars) premiered on January 24, 2017. This season features returning contestants (\"All-Stars\") from previous seasons.[1]", "Wild Kratts. Season 5 is due to start on November 7th, 2017", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series). The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011.[23] The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011.[24]", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired November 19, 2008", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired September 24, 2008", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired November 12, 2008", "America's Next Top Model (season 11). First aired September 17, 2008" ]

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[ "Food spoilage. Signs of food spoilage may include an appearance different from the food in its fresh form, such as a change in color, a change in texture, an unpleasant odor, or an undesirable taste. The item may become softer than normal. If mold occurs, it is often visible externally on the item.", "Food spoilage. Spoilage is the process in which food deteriorates to the point in which it is not edible to humans or its quality of edibility becomes reduced. Various external forces are responsible for the spoilage of food. Food that is capable of spoiling is referred to as perishable food.", "Food spoilage. Harvested foods decompose from the moment they are harvested due to attacks from enzymes, oxidation and microorganisms. These include bacteria, mold, yeast, moisture, temperature and chemical reaction.", "Expiration date. Best before or best by dates appear on a wide range of frozen, dried, tinned and other foods. These dates are only advisory and refer to the quality of the product, in contrast with use by dates, which indicate that the product may no longer be safe to consume after the specified date.[2] Food kept after the best before date will not necessarily be harmful, but may begin to lose its optimum flavour and texture. Eggs are a special case, since they may contain salmonella which multiplies over time; they should therefore be eaten before the best before date, which is, in the USA, a maximum of 45 days after the eggs are packed.[3]", "Decomposition. The decomposition of food, either plant or animal, called spoilage in this context, is an important field of study within food science. Food decomposition can be slowed down by conservation. The spoilage of meat occurs, if the meat is untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time – though not indefinitely – if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety, food preservation and food storage procedures are applied.", "Expiration date. Generally, foods that have a use by date written on the packaging must not be eaten after the specified date. This is because such foods usually go bad quickly and may be injurious to health if spoiled. It is also important to follow storage instructions carefully for these foods (for example, if they specify that the product must be refrigerated).", "Food irradiation. The changes in the flavor of fatty foods like meats, nuts and oils are sometimes noticeable, while the changes in lean products like fruits and vegetables are less so. Some studies by the irradiation industry show that for some properly treated fruits and vegetables irradiation is seen by consumers to improve the sensory qualities of the product compared to untreated fruits and vegetables.[17]", "Decomposition. Spoilage of food is attributed to contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts, along with natural decay of the food.[18] These decomposition bacteria reproduce at rapid rates under conditions or moisture and preferred temperatures. When the proper conditions are lacking the bacteria may form spores which lurk until suitable conditions arise to continue reproduction.[18]", "Food spoilage. Bacteria can be responsible for the spoilage of food. When bacteria breaks down the food, acids and other waste products are created in the process.[1] While the bacteria itself may or may not be harmful, the waste products may be unpleasant to taste or may even be harmful to one's health.[2]", "Food. Foods that spoil easily, such as meats, dairy, and seafood, must be prepared a certain way to avoid contaminating the people for whom they are prepared. As such, the rule of thumb is that cold foods (such as dairy products) should be kept cold and hot foods (such as soup) should be kept hot until storage. Cold meats, such as chicken, that are to be cooked should not be placed at room temperature for thawing, at the risk of dangerous bacterial growth, such as Salmonella or E. coli.[84]", "Food science. Food preservation involves the causes and prevention of quality spoilage", "Food spoilage. Spoilage bacteria do not normally cause \"food poisoning\"; typically, the microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses are odorless and flavourless, and otherwise undetectable outside the lab \".\"[4] [5]", "Leftovers. Leftovers are the uneaten edible remains of a hot or cold meal after the meal is over and everyone has finished eating. Food scraps that are not considered edible (such as bones or the skins of some vegetables and fruits) are not regarded as leftovers, but rather as waste material. In order for something to appropriately be classified as \"leftovers\", it must constitute a meal by itself, and therefore should not be limited to just portions of the original (side-dishes, garnishments, etc.).", "Expiration date. The concern is that after the expiration date has passed, the food may not have the same nutrient content as specified on the packaging and for the listed regulated products, the nutritional content is quite important. The CFIA recommends that food should be discarded and should not be bought, sold or eaten beyond the stated expiration date. This contrasts with a best before date which is an indication of how long properly stored prepackaged food is expected to retain its \"freshness, taste, nutritional value, or any other qualities claimed by the manufacturer.\" Passing a best before date is not necessarily a reason to discard the food. \"Sell by\" and \"manufactured on\" dates are related concepts that may guide the consumer.[6]", "Food spoilage. A number of methods of prevention can be used that can either totally prevent, delay, or otherwise reduce food spoilage.", "Food safety. Best before indicates a future date beyond which the food product may lose quality in terms of taste or texture amongst others, but does not imply any serious health problems if food is consumed beyond this date (within reasonable limits).", "Organic food. Some foods, such as bananas, are picked when unripe, are cooled to prevent ripening while they are shipped to market, and then are induced to ripen quickly by exposing them to propylene or ethylene, chemicals produced by plants to induce their own ripening; as flavor and texture changes during ripening, this process may affect those qualities of the treated fruit.[57][58] The issue of ethylene use to ripen fruit in organic food production is contentious because ripeness when picked often does affect taste; opponents claim that its use benefits only large companies and that it opens the door to weaker organic standards.[59][60]", "Citrus. The terms \"ripe\" and \"mature\" are usually used synonymously, but they mean different things. A mature fruit is one that has completed its growth phase. Ripening is the changes that occur within the fruit after it is mature to the beginning of decay. These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decrease in acids and a softening and change in the fruit's colour.[26]", "Food spoilage. Preservatives can expand the shelf life of food and can lengthen the time long enough for it to be harvested, processed, sold, and kept in the consumer's home for a reasonable length of time.", "Leftovers. The ultimate fate of leftovers depends on where the meal was eaten, the preferences of the diner, and the prevailing social culture. Home cooking leftovers are often saved to be eaten later. This is facilitated by being in a private environment, with food-preserving facilities such as airtight containers and refrigeration close at hand. Some leftover food can be eaten cold from the refrigerator, while others may be reheated in a microwave or a conventional oven, or mixed with additional ingredients and recooked to make a new dish, such as bubble and squeak.", "Food irradiation. Irradiation can also alter the nutritional content and flavor of foods, much like cooking.[22] The scale of these chemical changes is not unique. Cooking, smoking, salting, and other less novel techniques, cause the food to be altered so drastically that its original nature is almost unrecognizable, and must be called by a different name. Storage of food also causes dramatic chemical changes, ones that eventually lead to deterioration and spoilage.[23]", "Canning. To prevent the food from being spoiled before and during containment, a number of methods are used: pasteurisation, boiling (and other applications of high temperature over a period of time), refrigeration, freezing, drying, vacuum treatment, antimicrobial agents that are natural to the recipe of the foods being preserved, a sufficient dose of ionizing radiation, submersion in a strong saline solution, acid, base, osmotically extreme (for example very sugary) or other microbially-challenging environments.", "Food spoilage. Food rotation system uses the first in first out method (FIFO), which ensures that the first item purchased is the first item consumed.", "Word of Wisdom. This verse has caused some to ask if meat should be eaten in the summer. Meat has more calories than fruits and vegetables, which some individuals may need fewer of in summer than winter. Also, before fruits and vegetables could be preserved, people often did not have enough other food to eat in winter. Spoiled meat can be fatal if eaten, and in former times meat spoiled more readily in summer than winter. Modern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season. The key word with respect to the use of meat is sparingly.[49]", "Yeast. Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids, and other easily metabolized carbon sources.[110] During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products. This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.[111] The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surfaces, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semiliquid products, such as syrups and jams.[110] The yeast of the genus Zygosaccharomyces have had a long history as spoilage yeasts within the food industry. This is mainly because these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulphur dioxide concentrations,[66] representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods. Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.[112] In oenology, the major spoilage yeast is Brettanomyces bruxellensis.", "Expiration date. \"Sell by date\" is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an \"expiration date\". Most food is still edible after the expiration date.[11] A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized by using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and then to the front of the shelf, so that most shoppers will pick them up first and thus they are likely to be sold before the end of their shelf life. This is important, as consumers enjoy fresher goods, and furthermore some stores can be fined for selling out of date products; most if not all would have to mark such products down as wasted, resulting in a financial loss.", "Food storage. Throw out foods that have been warmer than 40 °F (4 °C) for more than 2 hours. If there is any doubt at all about the length of time the food has been defrosted at room temperature, it should be thrown out. Freezing does not destroy microbes present in food. Freezing at 0 °F does inactivate microbes (bacteria, yeasts and molds). However, once food has been thawed, these microbes can again become active. Microbes in thawed food can multiply to levels that can lead to foodborne illness. Thawed food should be handled according to the same guidelines as perishable fresh food.[4]", "Baking. The dry heat of baking changes the form of starches in the food and causes its outer surfaces to brown, giving it an attractive appearance and taste. The browning is caused by caramelization of sugars and the Maillard reaction. Maillard browning occurs when \"sugars break down in the presence of proteins\". Because foods contain many different types of sugars and proteins, Maillard browning contributes to the flavour of a wide range of foods, including nuts, roast beef and baked bread.\"[14] The moisture is never entirely \"sealed in\"; over time, an item being baked will become dry. This is often an advantage, especially in situations where drying is the desired outcome, like drying herbs or roasting certain types of vegetables.", "Food waste. Food waste or food loss is food that is discarded or lost uneaten. The causes of food waste or loss are numerous and occur at the stages of producing, processing, retailing and consuming.", "Expiration date. An expiration date or expiry date is a previously determined date after which something should no longer be used, either by operation of law or by exceeding the anticipated shelf life for perishable goods. Expiration dates are applied to selected food products and to some other manufactured products like infant car seats where the age of the product may impact its safe use.[1]", "Postharvest. Once harvested, vegetables and fruits are subject to the active process of senescence. Numerous biochemical processes continuously change the original composition of the crop until it becomes unmarketable. The period during which consumption is considered acceptable is defined as the time of \"postharvest shelf life\".", "Cheese. A newborn cheese is usually salty yet bland in flavor and, for harder varieties, rubbery in texture. These qualities are sometimes enjoyed—cheese curds are eaten on their own—but normally cheeses are left to rest under controlled conditions. This aging period (also called ripening, or, from the French, affinage) lasts from a few days to several years. As a cheese ages, microbes and enzymes transform texture and intensify flavor. This transformation is largely a result of the breakdown of casein proteins and milkfat into a complex mix of amino acids, amines, and fatty acids." ]

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[ "John W. Henry. Following his sale of the Marlins, Henry led a purchase of the Boston Red Sox with partners Tom Werner and the New York Times Company from the Yawkey Trust headed by John Harrington. Henry, as principal owner and Werner, as chairman, assembled a front office team headed up by Larry Lucchino with the express goal of \"breaking the Curse of the Bambino.\" He also hired baseball sabermetrics pioneer Bill James, whose work became widely known following the publication of Moneyball in 2003. Henry accomplished his championship goal in the 2004 World Series, against his former childhood favorite Cardinals, and again in 2013. The team also won the 2007 World Series against a franchise with which Henry had pre-expansion involvement, the Rockies. Henry is also responsible for saving Fenway Park from the wrecking ball. The previous Red Sox owners had planned on building a new Fenway Park next door, but Henry chose to keep and renovate (including new seats over the Green Monster) the current Fenway Park, which celebrated its centennial in 2012.", "Boston Red Sox. The formal name of the entity which owns the team is \"Boston Red Sox Baseball Club Limited Partnership\".[15] The name shown on the door on Yawkey Way, \"Boston American League Baseball Company\",[16] is historical, predating the formation of the limited partnership on May 26, 1978. The entrance also figures in Robert B. Parker's Spenser-and-baseball novel Mortal Stakes.", "Roush Fenway Racing. On February 14, 2007, the Fenway Sports Group, owner of the Boston Red Sox baseball team, purchased 50% of Roush Racing to create a new corporate entity, Roush Fenway Racing.[123]", "Tom Yawkey. Thomas Austin Yawkey, born Thomas Yawkey Austin, (February 21, 1903 – July 9, 1976) was an American industrialist and Major League Baseball executive. Born in Detroit, Yawkey became president of the Boston Red Sox in 1933 and was the sole owner of the team for 44 seasons, longer than anyone else in baseball history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980. Yawkey's alleged racism and resistance to baseball's integration have led the modern day Red Sox to distance themselves from his legacy.[1]", "Boston Red Sox. In 2002, the Red Sox were sold by Yawkey trustee and president Harrington to New England Sports Ventures, a consortium headed by principal owner John Henry. Tom Werner served as executive chairman, Larry Lucchino served as president and CEO, and serving as vice chairman was Les Otten. Dan Duquette was fired as GM of the club on February 28, with former Angels GM Mike Port taking the helm for the 2002 season. A week later, manager Joe Kerrigan was fired and was replaced by Grady Little.", "Pawtucket Red Sox. On November 29, 2014, it was reported that members of the Boston Red Sox' ownership group were in the process of purchasing the PawSox from Madeleine Mondor and two long-time executives who also held stock in the team: president Tamburro and vice president and general manager Lou Schwechheimer.[8]", "Boston Red Sox. Tom Yawkey died in 1976, and his wife Jean R. Yawkey took control of the team until her death in 1992. Their initials are shown in two stripes on the left field wall in Morse code.[44] Upon Jean's death, control of the team passed to the Yawkey Trust, led by John Harrington. The trust sold the team in 2002, concluding 70 years of Yawkey ownership.", "Boston Red Sox. During that period, the Red Sox, Yankees and Chicago White Sox had a détente; they were called \"Insurrectos\" because their actions antagonized league president Ban Johnson. Although Frazee owned the Boston Red Sox franchise, he did not own Fenway Park (it was owned by the Fenway Park Trust), making his ownership a precarious one; Johnson could move another team into the ballpark. His club was in debt, but Frazee felt the need to purchase its playing site (which he did in 1920). Further, providing the Yankees with a box office attraction would help that mediocre club, which had sided with him against Johnson and \"the Loyal Five\" clubs.[25] Finally, Ruth was considered a serious disciplinary problem, a reputation he amply confirmed while playing for the Yankees. Frazee moved Ruth to stabilize Red Sox finances and cut distractions. It was a straight sale, no players in return.", "Roush Fenway Racing. In 2007, sports investor John W. Henry, owner of the Fenway Sports Group which operates the Boston Red Sox, Liverpool F.C., and the New England Sports Network bought a 50% stake in the team, renamed Roush Fenway Racing. Jack Roush continues to head day-to-day operations of the team.[7]", "Boston Red Sox. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which also owns Liverpool F.C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in average road attendance, while the small capacity of Fenway Park prevents them from leading in overall attendance.[5] From May 15, 2003 to April 10, 2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games (794 regular season) for a major professional sports record.[6][7] Neil Diamond's \"Sweet Caroline\" has become an anthem for the Red Sox.[8]", "Boston Red Sox. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. However, they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history, dubbed the \"Curse of the Bambino\" after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918, an 86-year wait before the team's sixth World Championship in 2004. The team's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history, including Enos Slaughter's \"mad dash\" in 1946, the \"Impossible Dream\" of 1967, Carlton Fisk's home run in 1975, and Bill Buckner's error in 1986. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also been marked by the team's intense rivalry with the Yankees, arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports.[2][3][4]", "Pawtucket Red Sox. Nearly three months later, on February 23, the sale to Lucchino, Skeffington and their partners was formally announced. Lucchino added the title of chairman of the PawSox to his Boston responsibilities, and Skeffington became club president. Other partners included Rhode Island businessmen Bernard Cammarata, William P. Egan, Habib Gorgi, J. Terrence Murray and Thomas M. Ryan, as well as Fenway Sports Management (a division of the BoSox' parent company, Fenway Sports Group), and two limited partners in FSG, Arthur E. Nicholas and Frank M. Resnek.[9]", "John W. Henry. John William Henry II (born September 13, 1949) is an American businessman and investor and the founder of John W. Henry & Company, an investment management firm. He is the principal owner of The Boston Globe, the Boston Red Sox and Liverpool Football Club and co-owner of Roush Fenway Racing. In March 2006, Boston Magazine estimated Henry's net worth at $1.1 billion but noted that his company had recently experienced difficulties.[3] In November 2012, the company announced that it would stop managing clients' money by the end of the year, and Henry confirmed that total assets under the firm's management had fallen from $2.5 billion in 2006 to less than $100 million as of late 2012.[4] As of July 2017, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $2.6 billion.[2]", "Boston Red Sox. The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in twelve. Founded in 1901 as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Red Sox' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The \"Red Sox\" name was chosen by the team owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the \"Boston Red Stockings\", including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves.", "Tom Yawkey. The Red Sox had been the dregs of the American League for more than a decade since the infamous Babe Ruth sale to the New York Yankees by former owner Harry Frazee before the 1920 season,[4] and had just finished the 1932 season, in which they lost 111 games—a record which is still the worst in franchise history.[5] Yawkey hired Collins as general manager with instructions to buy up as much talent as possible to turn the team around.[6] He also heavily renovated Fenway Park, which had fallen into disrepair over the years.[7]", "Joe DiMaggio. In 1947, Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Ted Williams, but MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra.[12]", "Boston Red Sox. The upstart league placed franchises in Baltimore, Maryland and Buffalo. After looking at his new league, Ban Johnson decided that he would need a team in Boston to compete with the National League team there, and so cancelled the Buffalo club's franchise, offering one to a new club in Boston. The Boston franchise was purchased in 1903 by Milwaukee publisher, George Brumder who sold the team one year later.[17] Playing their home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds, the Boston franchise finished second and third before capturing their first pennant in 1903 and repeating the next year. Those teams were led by manager and star third baseman Jimmy Collins, outfielders Chick Stahl, Buck Freeman, and Patsy Dougherty, and pitcher Cy Young, who in 1901 won the pitching Triple Crown with 33 wins (41.8% of the team's 79 games), 1.62 ERA and 158 strikeouts.[18] His 1901 to 1904 seasons rank among the best four-year runs ever.", "Yawkey Way. On August 17, 2017, amid heightened media coverage of the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials in the United States, Red Sox owner John Henry said the team would lead a campaign to change the street name because the team was the last in Major League Baseball to integrate. Henry said, \"I am still haunted by what went on here a long time before we arrived.\"[9][10][6]", "Tom Yawkey. On February 25, 1933, four days after his 30th birthday, Yawkey bought the Red Sox for $1.25 million, and persuaded friend and former Philadelphia Athletics second baseman Eddie Collins to be the team’s vice president and general manager.[2]", "Baseball color line. Tom Yawkey died in 1976, and his widow Jean Yawkey eventually sold the team to Haywood Sullivan and Edward \"Buddy\" LeRoux. As chief executive, Haywood Sullivan found himself in another racial wrangle that ended in a courtroom. The Elks Club of Winter Haven, Florida, the Red Sox spring training home, did not permit black members or guests. Yet the Red Sox allowed the Elks into their clubhouse to distribute dinner invitations to the team's white players, coaches, and business management. When the African-American Tommy Harper, a popular former player and coach for Boston, then working as a minor league instructor, protested the policy and a story appeared in the Boston Globe, he was promptly fired. Harper sued the Red Sox for racial discrimination and his complaint was upheld on July 1, 1986.[27]", "2004 World Series. The Red Sox won the World Series the following year, sweeping the Colorado Rockies in four games.[49] Tom Werner, chairman of the Red Sox, and team president Larry Lucchino said that the 2004 championship was \"for the parents and grandparents who had suffered through the Curse of the Bambino\", while 2007 was \"for children, grandchildren, and for Red Sox Nation\".[135]", "Boston Red Sox. The name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been previously adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings, as \"Stockings Win!\" in large type would not fit on a page. The team name \"Red Sox\" had previously been used as early as 1888 by a 'colored' team from Norfolk, Virginia.[9] The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, a translation of \"red socks\". The official Spanish site uses the variant \"Los Red Sox\".[citation needed]", "Babe Ruth. On July 30, 1914, Boston owner Joseph Lannin had purchased the minor-league Providence Grays, members of the International League.[39] The Providence team had been owned by several people associated with the Detroit Tigers, including star hitter Ty Cobb, and as part of the transaction, a Providence pitcher was sent to the Tigers. To soothe Providence fans upset at losing a star, Lannin announced that the Red Sox would soon send a replacement to the Grays. This was intended to be Ruth, but his departure for Providence was delayed when Cincinnati Reds owner Garry Herrmann claimed him off waivers. After Lannin wrote to Herrmann explaining that the Red Sox wanted Ruth in Providence so he could develop as a player, and would not release him to a major league club, Herrmann allowed Ruth to be sent to the minors. Carrigan later stated that Ruth was not sent down to Providence to make him a better player, but to help the Grays win the International League pennant (league championship).[40]", "Tom Yawkey. Yawkey devoted his time and finances for the rest of his life to attempting to build winning teams,[2] with The Boston Globe citing Yawkey's estimation in 1974 that he lost $10 million on the team during his tenure owning the Red Sox.[8] His teams' best seasons occurred in 1946, 1967, and 1975, when the Red Sox captured the American League pennant but then went on to lose each World Series in seven games, against the St. Louis Cardinals (1946, 1967) and the Cincinnati Reds (1975). He would never achieve his ultimate goal of winning a world championship.[5]", "Boston Red Sox. Theo Epstein's first step toward restocking the team for 2007 was to pursue one of the most anticipated acquisitions in baseball history. On November 14, MLB announced that Boston had won the bid for the rights to negotiate a contract with Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball superstar pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka. Boston placed a bid of $51.1 million to negotiate with Matsuzaka and completed a 6-year, $52 million contract after they were announced as the winning bid.", "Billy Beane. After the 2002 season, the Boston Red Sox made Beane an offer of $12,500,000 to become their GM,[33] but he declined.[37] On April 15, 2005, Beane received a contract extension to remain with the Athletics as its general manager through 2012, and new team owner Lewis Wolff awarded Beane a small portion of the team's ownership.[38] In February 2012, the Athletics extended Beane's contract through 2019.[39]", "Babe Ruth. As an out-of-towner from New York City, Frazee had been regarded with suspicion by Boston's sportswriters and baseball fans when he bought the team. He won them over with success on the field and a willingness to build the Red Sox by purchasing or trading for players. He offered the Senators $60,000 for Walter Johnson, but Washington owner Clark Griffith was unwilling. Even so, Frazee was successful in bringing other players to Boston, especially as replacements for players in the military. This willingness to spend for players helped the Red Sox secure the 1918 title.[68] The 1919 season saw record-breaking attendance, and Ruth's home runs for Boston made him a national sensation. In March 1919 Ruth was reported as having accepted a three-year contract for a total of $27,000, after protracted negotiations.[55] Nevertheless, on December 26, 1919, Frazee sold Ruth's contract to the New York Yankees.[69]", "Baseball color line. The Boston Red Sox were the last major league team to integrate, holding out until 1959, a few months after the Detroit Tigers.[20] This was allegedly due to the steadfast resistance provided by team owner Tom Yawkey. In April 1945, the Red Sox refused to consider signing Jackie Robinson (and future Boston Braves outfielder Sam Jethroe) after giving him a brief tryout at Fenway Park.[20] The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick.[21] Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets.[20] Robinson left the tryout humiliated.[22] Robinson would later call Yawkey \"one of the most bigoted guys in baseball\".[23]", "Fenway Park. The Red Sox moved to Fenway Park from the old Huntington Avenue Grounds. In 1911, owner John I. Taylor purchased the land bordered by Brookline Avenue, Jersey Street, Van Ness Street and Lansdowne Street and developed it into a larger baseball stadium.[13]", "2004 World Series. The Red Sox's win in the World Series ended the \"Curse of the Bambino\", which supposedly had afflicted the team ever since the Red Sox sold Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1919.[105][106] Pitcher Derek Lowe and other players said that the team would no longer hear \"1918!\" at Yankee Stadium ever again.[45][107][108] Kevin Millar said to all Red Sox fans: \"We wanted to do it so bad for the city of Boston. To win a World Series with this on our chests, it hasn't been done since 1918. So rip up those '1918!' posters right now.\"[46][104][108] Members of previous Red Sox teams who had fallen short immediately acclaimed the 2004 team, including Pesky – who had been the shortstop responsible for a fatal checking error that had allowed the Cardinals' Enos Slaughter to complete his \"Mad Dash\" to score the winning run in Game 7 at the old Sportsman's Park in 1946. Pesky watched the game from the visiting clubhouse and was immediately embraced by Millar, Wakefield, Schilling and others as a living representative of those previous teams as he joined the celebrations.", "Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. In 1916, Harry Frazee purchased the Red Sox, on credit, for $500,000. Despite Ruth's success with the Red Sox, owner and Broadway producer Frazee lost his patience with Ruth, who had threatened to hold out in lieu of a larger contract and become a distraction. After the Red Sox finished sixth in the American League in 1919, Frazee, needing money to finance a Broadway musical, No, No Nanette, sold pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth to the Yankees.[6] Frazee received $125,000 and a loan of $300,000—secured on Fenway Park, the Red Sox' home stadium—for Ruth,[6] despite Ruth having set the record for home runs with 29 in 1919.[42] This began a series of deals with the Yankees that resulted in a long period of mediocrity for the Red Sox while the Yankees began their dynasty.[43]", "Tom Yawkey. The Red Sox had multiple black players in their farm system during the 1950s, with the team failing to promote them despite the successes other teams realized after integrating black players.[10] During this period, the Red Sox went from perennial contender to failing to finish within ten games of first place for 16 years (1951–1966).[5] As owner of the Boston Red Sox, the team's policy on integration ultimately was Yawkey's responsibility.[11] In 1959, the Red Sox became the last major league team to field a black player, Pumpsie Green, twelve years after Jackie Robinson's rookie season with the Brooklyn Dodgers and two-and-a-half years after Robinson's retirement. Robinson would later call Yawkey \"one of the most bigoted guys in baseball\".[9]" ]

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[ "Buddy Ebsen. Ebsen became famous as Jed Clampett, an easygoing backwoods mountaineer who strikes oil and moves with his family to Beverly Hills, California, in the long-running, fish-out-of-water CBS sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies. Aside from the top-billed Ebsen, principal cast members included Irene Ryan as Jed's mother-in-law, Daisy Moses, also known as Granny; Max Baer Jr. as Jed's dimwitted nephew Jethro Bodine; Donna Douglas as Jed's only child, the curvaceous, critter-loving Elly May Clampett; Raymond Bailey as Milburn Drysdale, a bank president who oversees the Clampett fortune; and Nancy Kulp as Jane Hathaway, Drysdale's secretary.", "The Beverly Hillbillies. Elly May (Donna Douglas in all 274 episodes), the only child of Jed and Rose Ellen Clampett, is a mountain beauty with the body of a pinup girl and the soul of a tomboy. She can throw a fastball as well as \"rassle\" most men to a fall, and she can be as tender with her friends, animals, and family as she is tough with anyone she rassles. She says once that animals can be better companions than people, but as she grows older, she allows that, \"fellas kin be more fun than critters. \"In addition to the family dog, Duke (an old Bloodhound), a number of pets live on the Clampett estate thanks to animal-lover Elly. In the 1981 TV movie, Elly May is the head of a zoo.", "Irene Ryan. Ryan is most widely known for her portrayal of Granny, the mother-in-law of Buddy Ebsen's character, on the long-running TV series The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971), for which she was nominated for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1963 and 1964.", "The Beverly Hillbillies. In 1993, a movie version of The Beverly Hillbillies was released starring Jim Varney as Jed Clampett and featuring Buddy Ebsen in a cameo as Barnaby Jones, the lead character in his long-running post-Hillbillies television series.", "Erika Eleniak. She had a starring role as Elly May Clampett in the screen adaptation of The Beverly Hillbillies in 1993. The next year, she starred in the Dennis Hopper-directed romantic comedy film Chasers. William McNamara, one of her co-stars in this film, also became her fiancé for a brief period. Eleniak went on to shoot another movie with McNamara, Girl in the Cadillac (1995). Eleniak also starred in an interactive game during 1995; she played identical twins in the 1995 video game Panic in the Park. She continued to make more independent films including A Pyromaniac's Love Story (1995), Bordello of Blood (1996), and Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Heatwave (1997), The Pandora Project (1998) with Daniel Baldwin, One Hot Summer Night (1998) with Barry Bostwick, Final Voyage (1999) with Ice-T, Stealth Fighter (1999), The Opponent (2000), Vegas, City of Dreams (2001) with Angelica Bridges, Second to Die (2002), Shakedown (2002), Snowbound (2001), Betrayal (2003), and Strike Force (2003).", "Irene Ryan. After her divorce from Knox the prior year, Ryan was cast in 1962 as Daisy \"Granny\" Moses, the mother-in-law of patriarch J.D. \"Jed\" Clampett in The Beverly Hillbillies. According to Filmways publicist Ted Switzer, series creator and producer Paul Henning had decided to cast Bea Benaderet as Granny. However, when Ryan read for the role, \"with her hair tied back in a bun and feisty as all get-out\", she just blew everyone away. Executive producer Al Simon and Henning immediately said, \"That's Granny!\" Later, when Benaderet saw Ryan's tryout, she agreed. Benaderet was cast as Jed Clampett's cousin, Pearl Bodine.[10]", "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. Still more guest stars included Ed Hinton, Jonathan Hole (twice), Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr., I. Stanford Jolley (six times, including \"A Papa for Butch and Ginger\"), Brett King (twice), Jimmy Lydon (twice), Walter Maslow (as the outlaw Blackie Saunders), Francis McDonald (in \"Old Jake\", a story of revenge stemming from the Sand Creek massacre),[8] Tyler McVey (seven times), Carol Ohmart (as actress Cora Campbell), Gregg Palmer (five times as Tom McLowery), House Peters, Jr. (four times as Wichita saloon owner Dave Bennett), John M. Pickard (three times, once as the gunfighter Johnny Ringo), Paula Raymond, Grant Richards (as gunfighter and saloonkeeper Luke Short), Roy Roberts (as the Texas cattle baron Shanghai Pierce[9] ), Thayer Roberts (as General William Tecumseh Sherman), Bing Russell (twice), Stuart Randall (seven times), Isabel Randolph (as Grandma Wilkins in \"Wyatt Earp Rides Shotgun\"), Glenn Strange (five times), Gloria Talbott, John Vivyan, Gloria Winters, Sheb Wooley (twice), and Anna May Wong.[7]", "Bea Benaderet. In the late 1940s, Benaderet befriended Paul Henning, a scriptwriter on the radio production of Burns & Allen.[57] She appeared on nineteen episodes of the show that he had written between 1947 and 1951,[58] and became one of his regular television players with the first two seasons of Burns & Allen, a two-episode guest appearance as Blanche Morton on The Bob Cummings Show in 1956-57, and then her involvement in three of the most successful sitcoms of the 1960s.[59][60] After reading the 1961 first script for The Beverly Hillbillies, Benaderet wanted to audition for the role of Granny. Despite considering her to be too buxom for his vision of the character as a small and wiry woman, Henning allowed her to test anyway.[61] Irene Ryan would win the part; according to Henning, \"Bea took one look at the way Irene did the part and said to me, 'There's your Granny!'\"[62] He additionally took Benaderet's suggestion of casting Harriet MacGibbon as Granny's rival Margaret Drysdale.[63] Henning created for Benaderet the supporting character of Cousin Pearl Bodine, the middle-aged widowed mother of Jethro Bodine (Max Baer Jr.) and cousin of main character Jed Clampett (Buddy Ebsen), whom she convinces to move from his humble home in the Ozarks after he strikes oil on his property and becomes a millionaire. Prior to shooting the pilot, Benaderet enlisted a dialect coach to help her learn a hillbilly accent.[64] Impressed with her performance while screening the pilot to potential sponsors,[14] Henning made Cousin Pearl a recurring character in the 1962-63 first season as she moved into the Clampetts' Beverly Hills mansion, feuded with Granny, and pursued oil tycoon Mr. Brewster (Frank Wilcox) as a love interest.[14] Bluegrass duo Flatt & Scruggs, who performed the show's opening theme, recorded a comedic serenade in 1963 titled \"Pearl Pearl Pearl\", and Benaderet was pictured with the duo on the single's cover.[65] Benaderet described Pearl's curly hair as \"just my mental image of the character. ... Pearl played the piano for the silent movies and she saw such high fashion and ridiculous hairdos. She could read and write, and the curled hair seemed to Pearl the height of smartness.\"[48][note 6] Her performance as Pearl was well received; author Stephen Cox wrote in his 1993 book The Beverly Hillbillies: From the Small Screen to the Big Screen: \"When The Beverly Hillbillies first aired, it started to become 'The Bea Benaderet Show.' Every scene that had Cousin Pearl in it was just about stolen by the actress.\"[66]", "Donna Douglas. Donna Douglas (born Doris Ione Smith; September 26, 1932 – January 1, 2015) was an American actress and singer, known for her role as Elly May Clampett in CBS's The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971). Following her acting career, Douglas became a real estate agent, gospel singer, inspirational speaker, and author of books for children and adults.", "Bea Benaderet. Benaderet was then a prominent figure on television in situation comedies, first with The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show from 1950 to 1958, for which she earned two Emmy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress. In the 1960s, she had regular roles in four series up until her death from lung cancer in 1968, including the commercial successes The Beverly Hillbillies, The Flintstones, and her best known role as Kate Bradley in Petticoat Junction. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame honoring her work in television.", "Little Fauss and Big Halsy. The movie is the story of two motorcycle racers, the inept, unsuspecting Little Fauss (Pollard) and the opportunistic, womanizing Halsy Knox (Redford). Hutton played the role of Rita Nebraska, a role originally offered to Grace Slick.", "Mae West. Mae West was a shrewd investor, produced her own stage acts, and invested her money in large tracts of land in Van Nuys, a thriving suburb of Los Angeles. With her considerable fortune, she could afford to do as she liked. In 1976, she appeared on Back Lot U.S.A. on CBS, where she was interviewed by Dick Cavett and sang \"Frankie and Johnny\" along with \"After You've Gone.\"[89] That same year, she began work on her final film, Sextette (1978). Adapted from a 1959 script written by West, the film's daily revisions and production disagreements hampered production from the beginning.[90] Due to the near-endless last-minute script changes and tiring production schedule, West agreed to have her lines signaled to her through a speaker concealed in her hair piece.[91] Despite the daily problems, West was, according to Sextette director Ken Hughes, determined to see the film through. At 86, her now-failing eyesight made navigating around the set difficult, but she made it through the filming, a tribute to her self-confidence, remarkable endurance, and stature as a self-created star 67 years after her Broadway debut in 1911 at the age of 18. Time wrote an article on the indomitable star entitled \"At 84, Mae West Is Still Mae West.\"[91][92] Upon its release, Sextette was not a critical or commercial success, but remains notable for the diverse cast, and because none of West's contemporaries such as Dietrich, Garbo, etc., were still making films. The cast included some of West's first co-stars such George Raft (Night After Night, 1932), silver screen stars such as Walter Pigeon and Tony Curtis, and more contemporary pop stars such as The Beatles' Ringo Starr and Alice Cooper, and television favorites such as Dom DeLuise and gossip queen Rona Barrett. It also included cameos of some of her famed musclemen from her 1950s Las Vegas show, such as the still remarkably fit Reg Lewis. Sextette also reunited Mae West with Edith Head, her costume designer from 1933 in She Done Him Wrong. The film was a last hurrah and a Valentine from Mae West to her fans.[93]", "Eleanor Audley. From 1954 until 1970, Audley appeared regularly on television, including: I Love Lucy; Crossroads; The People's Choice; Richard Diamond, Private Detective; Perry Mason; Dennis the Menace; Hazel; Pete and Gladys; The Real McCoys; The Twilight Zone; Mr. Lucky; The Dick Van Dyke Show (as Parent-Teacher Association head, Peggy Billings); The Beverly Hillbillies (as Potts School headmistress, Millicent Schuyler-Potts); Mister Ed (as Aunt Martha); and My Three Sons (as mother-in-law, Beatrice Vincent, which was her final role before retiring).", "Mae West. After a 27-year absence from motion pictures, West appeared as Leticia Van Allen in Gore Vidal's Myra Breckinridge (1970) with Raquel Welch, Rex Reed, Farrah Fawcett, and Tom Selleck in a small part. The movie was intended to be deliberately campy sex change comedy, but had serious production problems, resulting in a botched film that was both a box-office and critical failure. Author Vidal, at great odds with inexperienced and self-styled \"art film\" director Michael Sarne, later called the film \"an awful joke\".[85] Though Mae West was given star billing to attract ticket buyers, her scenes were truncated by the inexperienced film editor, and her songs were filmed as though they were merely side acts. Despite Myra Breckinridge's mainstream failure, it continued to find an audience on the cult film circuit where West's films were regularly screened and West herself was dubbed \"the queen of camp\". Mae West's counterculture appeal included the young and hip, and by 1971, the student body of UCLA voted Mae West \"Woman of the Century\" in honor of her relevance as a pioneering advocate of sexual frankness and courageous crusader against censorship.[86]", "Bea Benaderet. Paul Henning had long admired Benaderet's talents and strove to create a starring vehicle for her, as he felt she was worthy of headlining her own series after years of supporting parts.[62] When CBS granted him an open time slot after the massive success of Beverly Hillbillies, he crafted the 1963 rural sitcom Petticoat Junction around Benaderet, and she starred as Kate Bradley, the widowed proprietor of the Shady Rest Hotel.[67] Cousin Pearl was consequently written out of the Beverly Hillbillies storyline as having moved back home.[68][note 7] The character of Kate represented Benaderet's first straight role: \"Kate Bradley is different from the characters I've played in the past. She has to walk a fine line between being humorous and tender. The other women I've played were strictly for laughs.\"[67] Benaderet and director Richard Whorf auditioned the young actresses who would play Kate's three teenaged daughters,[69] and she persuaded Henning (serving as executive producer) to let his eighteen-year-old daughter Linda read (successfully) for the role of Betty Jo Bradley.[70] Linda Henning and Benaderet's son Jack Bannon were members of a young actors' theater group at the time.[69] CBS promoted the show's September 22, 1963 premiere with a print ad featuring an Al Hirschfeld caricature of Benaderet as Cousin Pearl.[71] Petticoat Junction was an immediate hit, peaking at fourth in the Nielsen ratings, and remained in the top 30 during Benaderet's four full seasons on the show from 1963 to 1967.[72] Her former Flintstones costars Alan Reed and Jean Vander Pyl filmed guest spots in later seasons.", "Mae West. Mary Jane \"Mae\" West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980)[1] was an American actress, singer, playwright, screenwriter, comedian, and sex symbol whose entertainment career spanned seven decades.", "Mae West. She was encouraged as a performer by her mother, who according to West, always thought that anything Mae did was fantastic.[29] Other family members were less encouraging, including an aunt and her paternal grandmother. They are all reported as having disapproved of her career and her choices.[15] In 1918, after exiting several high-profile revues, West finally got her break in the Shubert Brothers revue Sometime, opposite Ed Wynn.[30] Her character Mayme danced the shimmy,[31] and her photograph appeared on an edition of the sheet music for the popular number \"Ev'rybody Shimmies Now\".", "Leslie Winston. Winston played the part of Cindy, wife of Ben Walton (played by Eric Scott), in 42 episodes through the last three seasons of the series. Her debut on the show was in an episode called The Outsider (season 7, episode 20) in which Ben surprises the family by introducing them to his new wife Cindy, who is the episode's eponymous character.[1] Winston later played Cindy in four of the series reunion TV movies from 1982 to 1993. These were A Wedding on Walton's Mountain (1982), Mother's Day on Walton's Mountain (1982), A Day for Thanks on Walton's Mountain (1982) and A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion (1993). She has also made appearances on Quincy M.E. and L.A. Law.[2]", "The Beverly Hillbillies. Elly is a terrible cook. Family members cringe whenever, for plot reasons, Elly takes over the kitchen.", "Margo Martindale. One of Martindale's first television roles came in the miniseries Lonesome Dove. A series of character and guest appearances followed in a wide range of TV shows. Martindale played recurring character Camilla Figg on the first three seasons of Dexter and had a recurring role in the A&E courtroom drama 100 Centre Street with Alan Arkin. From 2007 to 2008, she had a recurring role as Nina Burns, a neighbor of the Malloy/\"Rich\" family in The Riches with Minnie Driver and Eddie Izzard.[13]", "The Beverly Hillbillies. The Beverly Hillbillies is an American sitcom (situation comedy) television series originally broadcast on CBS from 1962 to 1971. The show had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen, Irene Ryan, Donna Douglas, and Max Baer Jr. as the Clampetts, a poor backwoods family (from Ozarks of Arkansas or eastern Appalachian Mountains region)\nwho move to posh Beverly Hills, California, after striking oil on their land. The show was produced by Filmways and was created by writer Paul Henning. It was followed by two other Henning-inspired \"country cousin\" series on CBS: Petticoat Junction, and its spin-off Green Acres, which reversed the rags-to-riches, country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies.", "Mae West. Known for her lighthearted bawdy double entendres, and breezy sexual independence, West made a name for herself in vaudeville and on the stage in New York City before moving to Hollywood to become a comedian, actress, and writer in the motion picture industry, as well as appearing on radio and television. For her contributions to American cinema, the American Film Institute named West 15th among the greatest female stars of classic American cinema.", "Raymond Bailey. In The Beverly Hillbillies, Nancy Kulp portrayed Bailey's ever loyal and by-the-book secretary, Miss Jane Hathaway. Banker Drysdale managed the millions of dollars in oil money royalties in the bank account of country gentleman Jed Clampett (portrayed by Buddy Ebsen). Often, Mr. Drysdale would be required to talk with Clampett about how strange \"city life\" and \"city folk\" are (when compared to Mr. Clampett's view of \"normal\" country folk). On occasions when Mr. Clampett was considering withdrawing all his funds and returning to the country (his home near Bug Tussle), the miserly Mr. Drysdale would often panic and desperately work to try keep the family (and their fortune) in Beverly Hills.", "List of The Beverly Hillbillies episodes. Mr. Drysdale gets Hollywood actor Dash Riprock to play a homespun country boy to woo Elly May.", "Elizabeth Berkley. Berkley appeared on stage opposite Eddie Izzard for her role as Honey in the London stage version of Lenny in 1999. She went on to make her Broadway debut in the comedy Sly Fox, opposite Richard Dreyfuss in February 2004, three months after her marriage to artist Greg Lauren. She replaced Catherine Keener as Bonnie in the 2005 Off Broadway production of David Rabe's Hurlyburly, appearing alongside Ethan Hawke, Parker Posey and Bobby Cannavale.", "Leslie Winston. Leslie Winston (born 13 May 1956) is an American actress best known for playing Cindy, wife of Ben Walton, on the television series The Waltons from 1979 to 1981.", "Nancy Kulp. Nancy Jane Kulp (August 28, 1921 – February 3, 1991) was an American character actress best known as Miss Jane Hathaway on the CBS television series The Beverly Hillbillies.", "Green Acres. The surviving members of the cast (except for Eleanor Audley, who had retired from acting 20 years earlier) were reunited for a TV movie titled Return to Green Acres. It aired on CBS on May 18, 1990. Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor recreated their Green Acres characters for the 1993 CBS special The Legend of the Beverly Hillbillies.", "Eliza Bennett. Eliza Hope Bennett[1] (born 17 March 1992)[2] is an English actress and singer. Her most notable roles have been those of Meggie Folchart in the film Inkheart,[3][4] Tora in the film Nanny McPhee,[5][3] Susan in From Time to Time[6] and playing Holly Manson in the West End musical Loserville.[7][8][9] Bennett starred on the MTV black comedy series Sweet/Vicious as Jules Thomas.[10][11]", "Beverly Hills, 90210. The Mickey Mouse Club did a parody sketch called Beverly Hillbillies 90210, combining the characters of both 90210 and The Beverly Hillbillies. In 1999, Christina Aguilera from the Mickey Mouse Club made a cameo performance on Beverly Hills 90210 as herself performing at the PPAD for David Silver's surprise birthday party, season 10 episode 2: \"Let's Eat Cake\". Music from former MMC members Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez of 'N Sync also was originally used during several opening title sequences during the mid-to-late seasons of 90210.", "Silver Dollar City. The Clampett family of CBS-TV's The Beverly Hillbillies decided to pay a visit to Silver Dollar City (treated as an actual town, rather than a theme park) to start off the 1969–1970 season. The plotline involved Granny (Irene Ryan) attempting to find a husband for Elly May (Donna Douglas) back in the hills, while Jed (Buddy Ebsen) socialized with hotel clerk Shorty Kellems (Shug Fisher). They visited the blacksmith Shad Heller, soapmaker Granny Ethel Huffman, and woodcarver Peter Engler, and Miss Hathaway (Nancy Kulp) was seen in the Ozark woods. The Hillbillies were from the area surrounding Silver Dollar City and Branson, and references to Jim Owens and his White River float trip business and some Missouri mountain locations were made throughout the show's nine-year run. Five episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies were eventually shot in the park.", "Kerris Dorsey. Dorsey guest starred as Molly in one episode in Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23, and had a small role in Sons of Anarchy as Ellie Winston. In 2012, she gained a supporting role as Sadie in the Disney Channel Original Movie Girl vs. Monster. Dorsey stars as Bridget Donovan on the Showtime crime drama series Ray Donovan.[4]" ]

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[ "First Council of Constantinople. Baronius asserted that the third canon was not authentic, not in fact decreed by the council. Some medieval Greeks maintained that it did not declare supremacy of the Bishop of Rome, but the primacy; \"the first among equals\", similar to how they today view the Bishop of Constantinople. Throughout the next several centuries, the Western Church asserted that the Bishop of Rome had supreme authority, and by the time of the Great Schism the Roman Catholic Church based its claim to supremacy on the succession of St. Peter. When the First Council of Constantinople was approved, Rome protested the diminished honor to be afforded the bishops of Antioch and Alexandria.[citation needed] The status of these Eastern patriarchs would be brought up again by the Papal Legates at the Council of Chalcedon. Pope Leo the Great,[24] declared that this canon had never been submitted to Rome and that their lessened honor was a violation of the Nicene order. At the Fourth Council of Constantinople (869), the Roman legates[25] asserted the place of the bishop of Rome's honor over the bishop of Constantinople's. After the Great Schism of 1054, in 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council declared, in its fifth canon, that the Roman Church \"by the will of God holds over all others pre-eminence of ordinary power as the mother and mistress of all the faithful\".[26][27] Roman supremacy over the whole world was formally claimed by the new Latin patriarch. The Roman correctores of Gratian,[28] insert the words: \"canon hic ex iis est quos apostolica Romana sedes a principio et longo post tempore non recipit\" (\"this canon is one of those that the Apostolic See of Rome has not accepted from the beginning and ever since\").", "Papal primacy. As early as the 2nd century, the Bishop of Rome began to claim his supremacy over all other bishops. Some Church Fathers also held this position.[citation needed]", "Papal primacy. The bishop of Rome is the supreme authority of the sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches.[18] In CCEO canon 45, the bishop of Rome has \"by virtue of his office\" both \"power over the entire Church\" and \"primacy of ordinary power over all the eparchies and groupings of them\" within each of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Through the office \"of the supreme pastor of the Church,\" he is in communion with the other bishops and with the entire Church, and has the right to determines whether to exercise this authority either personally or collegially.[19] This \"primacy over the entire Church\" includes primacy over Eastern Catholic patriarchs and eparchial bishops,[20] over governance of institutes of consecrated life,[21] and over judicial affairs.[22]", "Bishop. The most usual term for the geographic area of a bishop's authority and ministry, the diocese, began as part of the structure of the Roman Empire under Diocletian. As Roman authority began to fail in the western portion of the empire, the church took over much of the civil administration. This can be clearly seen in the ministry of two popes: Pope Leo I in the 5th century, and Pope Gregory I in the 6th century. Both of these men were statesmen and public administrators in addition to their role as Christian pastors, teachers and leaders. In the Eastern churches, latifundia entailed to a bishop's see were much less common, the state power did not collapse the way it did in the West, and thus the tendency of bishops acquiring secular power was much weaker than in the West. However, the role of Western bishops as civil authorities, often called prince bishops, continued throughout much of the Middle Ages.", "First Council of Nicaea. But according to Fr. James F. Loughlin, there is an alternate Roman Catholic interpretation. It involves five different arguments \"drawn respectively from the grammatical structure of the sentence, from the logical sequence of ideas, from Catholic analogy, from comparison with the process of formation of the Byzantine Patriarchate, and from the authority of the ancients\"[90] in favor of an alternative understanding of the canon. According to this interpretation, the canon shows the role the Bishop of Rome had when he, by his authority, confirmed the jurisdiction of the other patriarchs—an interpretation which is in line with the Roman Catholic understanding of the Pope. Thus, the Bishop of Alexandria presided over Egypt, Libya and the Pentapolis,[9] while the Bishop of Antioch \"enjoyed a similar authority throughout the great diocese of Oriens,\" and all by the authority of the Bishop of Rome. To Loughlin, that was the only possible reason to invoke the custom of a Roman Bishop in a matter related to the two metropolitan bishops in Alexandria and Antioch.[90]", "Papal primacy. The doctrine of the sedes apostolica (apostolic see) asserts that every bishop of Rome, as Peter's successor, possesses the full authority granted to this position and that this power is inviolable on the grounds that it was established by God himself and so not bound to any individual. Pope Leo I (440–461), with the aid of Roman law, solidified this doctrine by making the bishop of Rome the legal heir of Peter. Leo argued that the apostle Peter continued to speak to the Christian community through his successors as bishop of Rome.[74]", "Papal primacy. Unquestionably, the Roman church very early developed something like a sense of obligation to the oppressed all over Christendom. ... Consequently, there was but one focus of authority. By the year 252, there seem to have been one hundred bishops in central and southern Italy but outside Rome there was nothing to set one bishop above another. All were on a level together, citizens of Italy, accustomed to look to Rome for direction in every detail of public life. The Roman bishop had the right not only to ordain but even, on occasion, to select bishops for Italian churches. ... To Christians of the Occident, the Roman church was the sole, direct link with the age of the New Testament and its bishop was the one prelate in their part of the world in whose voice they discerned echoes of the apostles' speech. The Roman bishop spoke always as the guardian of an authoritative tradition, second to none. Even when the eastern churches insisted that their traditions were older and quite as sacred, if not more so, the voice in the West, unaccustomed to rivalry at home, spoke on regardless of protest or denunciation at a distance.[44]", "Papal primacy. Classic Roman Catholic tradition maintained that the universal primacy of the bishop of Rome was divinely instituted by Jesus Christ. This was derived from the Petrine texts, and from the gospel accounts of Matthew (16:17‑19), Luke (22:32) and John (21:15‑17) according to the Roman tradition, they all refer not simply to the historical Peter, but to his successors to the end of time.", "Papal primacy. The power of the Bishop of Rome increased as the power of the Emperors gradually diminished and the imperial authorities tried to bolster their waning power with religious support. A joint edict of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II and Roman Emperor Valentinian III proclaimed the bishop of Rome as the \"rector of the whole Church\".[60][e] In 545, Byzantine Emperor Justinian I promulgated a similar civil Byzantine law, in Novellae Constitutiones novel 131, which codified that the archbishop of Constantinople \"occupies the place next after the holy apostolic seat of ancient Rome\".[61]", "Primus inter pares. The Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches consider the Pope of Rome to be the single Vicar of Christ, successor of Saint Peter, and leader of all their bishops (Patriarchs included), in Apostolic succession to the Apostles. As such, the Roman Catholic Church does not see the Pope merely as being \"first among equals,\" but as actually holding an office with supreme authority in canon law over all other bishops. This jurisdictional claim was one of the main causes of the East-West Schism in the Church, which became formal in 1054.", "First Council of Nicaea. However, Protestants, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox do not believe the Council viewed the Bishop of Rome as the jurisdictional head of Christendom, or someone having authority over other bishops attending the Council. In support of this, they cite Canon 6, where the Roman Bishop could be seen as simply one of several influential leaders, but not one who had jurisdiction over other bishops in other regions.[88]", "Papal supremacy. Some scholars as well as critics believe that there was no single “bishop” of Rome until well after the year 150 AD, and that there was no papacy for the first three centuries. Catholic theologian Francis A. Sullivan \"expressed agreement with the consensus of scholars that available evidence indicates that the church of Rome was led by a college of presbyters, rather than a single bishop, for at least several decades of the second century.\"[3] The research of Jesuit historian Klaus Schatz led him to state that, \"If one had asked a Christian in the year 100, 200, or even 300 whether the bishop of Rome was the head of all Christians, or whether there was a supreme bishop over all the other bishops and having the last word in questions affecting the whole Church, he or she would certainly have said no.\" But he believes it likely that 'there very quickly emerged a presider or ‘first among equals.’\"[4] Critics argue that, in contrast to a universal papacy to which all were subject, Roman bishops who tried to exert authority as supreme heads were severely reprimanded by other bishops, and that it was not until the 4th and 5th centuries that papal primacy, helped by myths and legends, began to take shape.[5] This marked the beginning of the rise of the Bishops of Rome to the position of not just religious authority, but also of the power to be the ultimate ruler of the kingdoms within the Christian community (Christendom), which it has since retained.", "Papal primacy. The dispute about the authority of Roman bishops reached a climax in the year 1054,[77][page needed] when the legate of Pope Leo IX excommunicated Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius. Leo IX had, however, died before the legate issued this excommunication, depriving the legate of its authority and thereby rendering the excommunication technically invalid. Similarly, a ceremony of excommunication of Leo IX then performed by Michael I was equally invalid, since one cannot be posthumously excommunicated. This event led to the schism of the Greek-rite and Latin-rite Churches.[78][page needed] In itself, it did not have the effect of excommunicating the adherents of the respective Churches, as the tit-for-tat excommunications, even had they been valid, would have applied to the named persons only.", "Papal primacy. According to surviving records, Pope Stephen I (254–257) was the first bishop to explicitly claim primacy.[53] The timing of the claim is significant, for it was made during the worst of the tumults of the third century. There were several persecutions during this century which hit the Church of Rome hard; Stephen and his successor Pope Sixtus II were both martyred. Cyprian of Carthage (d. 258) stressed the Petrine primacy as well as the unity of the Church and the importance of being in communion with the bishops.[54] For Cyprian, \"the Bishop of Rome is the direct heir of Peter, whereas the others are heirs only indirectly\", and he insisted that \"the Church of Rome is the root and matrix of the Catholic Church\".[55] Pope Damasus I (366–384) was the first pope to claim that the primacy of the Church of Rome rested on Peter alone, and the first to refer to the Roman church as \"the Apostolic See\" (the see of the Apostle Peter). To uphold its primacy, the prestige of the city itself was no longer sufficient, but in the doctrine of apostolic succession the popes had an unassailable position.[56]", "Episcopal polity. The Roman Catholic Church has an episcopate, with the Pope, who is the Bishop of Rome, at the top. The Roman Catholic Church considers that juridical oversight over the Church is not a power that derives from human beings, but strictly from the authority of Christ, which was given to his twelve apostles. The See of Rome, as the unbroken line of apostolic authority descending from St. Peter (the \"prince and head of the apostles\"), is a visible sign and instrument of communion among the college of bishops and therefore also of the local churches around the world. In communion with the worldwide college of bishops, the Pope has all legitimate juridical and teaching authority over the whole Church. This authority given by Christ to St. Peter and the apostles is transmitted from one generation to the next by the power of the Holy Spirit, through the laying on of hands from the Apostles to the bishops, in unbroken succession.", "Papal primacy. While the doctrine of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, in the form in which it is upheld today in the Roman Catholic Church, developed over the course of centuries, often in reaction to challenges made against exercises of authority by popes, writers both of East and West declare that from a very early period the Church of Rome was looked to as the centre of reference for the whole Church. Thus Schmemman wrote:", "Pope. First-century Christian communities would have had a group of presbyter-bishops functioning as leaders of their local churches. Gradually, episcopacies were established in metropolitan areas.[41] Antioch may have developed such a structure before Rome.[41] In Rome, there were many who claimed to be the rightful bishop, though again Irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of St. Peter up to his contemporary Pope Victor I and listed them.[42] Some writers claim that the emergence of a single bishop in Rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century. In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, but not necessarily monarchical bishops.[28]", "Papal primacy. The Roman Catholic dogma of the primacy of the bishop of Rome is codified in both codes of canon law of the Roman Catholic Church – the Latin Church's 1983 Code of Canon Law (1983 CIC) and the Eastern Catholic Churches' 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO). The Second Vatican Council's 1964 dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium (LG) declared that the \"pope's power of primacy\" is by \"virtue of his office, that is as Vicar of Christ and pastor of the whole Church,\" and is \"full, supreme and universal power over the Church\" which he \"is always free to exercise.\"[10][11] The primacy of the bishop of Rome, according to John Hardon in Catholic Dictionary, is \"primacy of jurisdiction, which means the possession of full and supreme teaching, legislative, and sacerdotal powers in the Catholic Church\"; it is authority \"not only in faith and morals but Church discipline and in the government of the Church.\"[12]", "Papal primacy. The evolution of earlier tradition established both Peter and Paul as the forefathers of the bishops of Rome, from whom they received their position as chief shepherd (Peter) and supreme authority on doctrine (Paul).[34] To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the bishops of Rome relied on a letter written in 416 by Innocent I to the Bishop of Gubbio, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. Since Peter was the only apostle (no mention of Paul) to have worked in the West, thus the only persons to have established churches in Italy, Spain, Gaul, Sicily, Africa, and the Western islands were bishops appointed by Peter or his successors. This being the case then, all congregations had to abide by the regulations set in Rome.[35]", "Papal primacy. Papal primacy, also known as the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, is an ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope from other bishops and their episcopal sees.", "East–West Schism. In Eastern Christendom, the teaching of papal supremacy is said to be based on the pseudo-Isidorian Decretals,[128] documents attributed to early popes but actually forged, probably in the second quarter of the 9th century, with the aim of defending the position of bishops against metropolitans and secular authorities. The Orthodox East contests the teaching that Peter was the Patriarch of Rome, a title that the West too does not give him. Early sources such as St. Irenaeus can be interpreted as describing Pope Linus as the first bishop of Rome and Pope Cletus the second. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes states: \"In the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. the tradition identified Peter as the first bishop of Rome. This was a natural development once the monarchical episcopate, i.e. government of the local church by a single bishop, as distinct from a group of presbyter bishops, finally emerged in Rome in the mid-2nd cent. The earlier tradition, however, which placed Peter and Paul in a class apart as the pioneers who together established the Roman church and its ministry, was never lost sight of.\"[129] St. Peter was according to tradition bishop of Antioch at one point, and was then succeeded by Evodius and Ignatius. The Eastern Orthodox do not hold the primacy of the Pope of Rome over the Eastern church; they teach that the Pope of Rome is the first among equals. The first seven Ecumenical Councils were held in the East and called by the Eastern Emperors, Roman pontiffs never presided over any of them.[130]", "East–West Schism. The opinion of the Bishop of Rome was often sought, especially when the patriarchs of the Eastern Mediterranean were locked in fractious dispute. However, the Bishop of Rome's opinion was by no means accepted automatically. The bishops of Rome never obviously belonged to either the Antiochian or the Alexandrian schools of theology, and usually managed to steer a middle course between whatever extremes were being propounded by theologians of either school. Because Rome was remote from the centres of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, it was frequently hoped its bishop would be more impartial. For instance, in 431, Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria, appealed to Pope Celestine I, as well as the other patriarchs, charging Constantinople Patriarch Nestorius with heresy, which was dealt with at the Council of Ephesus.", "Bishop in the Catholic Church. The pope is the man who possesses the sacrament of Holy Orders as a bishop and who has been chosen to be Bishop of Rome. The Catholic Church holds that the College of Bishops as a group is the successor of the College of Apostles. The Church also holds that uniquely among the apostles Saint Peter was granted a role of leadership and authority, giving the Pope the right to govern the Church together with the bishops, and making his leadership necessary for the completion of the College.[37] Hence, Catholicism holds that the Bishop of Rome, as successor of Peter, possesses this role: the Pope, uniquely among bishops, may speak for the whole Church, and a council of bishops is incomplete without the approval of the pope. Papal pronouncements which meet the requirements of the decree on papal infallibility of the First Vatican Council, and no others, even in matters of faith and morals, are deemed to be infallible. Papal infallibility has been invoked only twice since the doctrine was instituted and both are about Mary: her Immaculate Conception (declared by Pope Pius IX in 1854 and grandfathered in after the First Vatican Council’s declaration of papal infallibility in 1870) and her bodily Assumption into heaven (declared by Pope Pius XII in 1950).", "Pope. In the late 2nd century AD, there were more manifestations of Roman authority over other churches. In 189, assertion of the primacy of the Church of Rome may be indicated in Irenaeus's Against Heresies (3:3:2): \"With [the Church of Rome], because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree ... and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition.\" In AD 195, Pope Victor I, in what is seen as an exercise of Roman authority over other churches, excommunicated the Quartodecimans for observing Easter on the 14th of Nisan, the date of the Jewish Passover, a tradition handed down by John the Evangelist (see Easter controversy). Celebration of Easter on a Sunday, as insisted on by the pope, is the system that has prevailed (see computus).", "East–West Schism. While the church at Rome claimed a special authority over the other churches, the extant documents of that era yield \"no clear-cut claims to, or recognition, of papal primacy.\"[27][28]", "Papal primacy. The increasing involvement of Eastern emperors in church matters and the advancement of the see of Constantinople over the sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem led successive bishops of Rome to attempt a sharper definition of their ecclesial position vis-a-vis the other bishops.[67] The first documented use of the description of Saint Peter as first bishop of Rome, rather than as the apostle who commissioned its first bishop, dates from 354, and the phrase \"the Apostolic See\", which refers to the same apostle, began to be used exclusively of the see of Rome, a usage found also in the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon.[g] From the time of Pope Damasus, the text of Matthew 16:18 (\"You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church\") is used to support Roman primacy.[69] Pope Siricius (384–399) began the custom of issuing papal decretals to which was attributed the same authority as that of decisions by synods of bishops.[63][69] Pope Innocent I (401–417) claimed that all major cases should be reserved to the see of Rome[63] and wrote: \"All must preserve that which Peter the prince of the apostles delivered to the church at Rome and which it has watched over until now, and nothing may be added or introduced that lacks this authority or that derives its pattern from somewhere else.\"[69] Pope Boniface I (418–422) stated that the church of Rome stood to the churches throughout the world \"as the head to the members\",[63] a statement that seems to have been already made by Pope Siricius[63] and was repeated by the delegates of Pope Leo I to the Council of Chalcedon in 451.[g] In line with the norm of Roman law that a person's legal rights and duties passed to his heir, Pope Leo (440–461) taught that he, as Peter's representative, succeeded to the power and authority of Peter, and he implied that it was through Peter that the other apostles received from Christ strength and stability.[70] Pope Gelasius I (492–496) stated:", "Catholic Church sexual abuse cases. Citing canons 331 and 333 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, James Carroll of The Boston Globe asserted that \"On the question of how far papal authority extends, the canon law of the Catholic Church could not be clearer\" and alleges that the Holy See's denial of competency contravenes canon law. Canon 331 states that \"The vicar of Christ.. . possesses full, immediate, and universal ordinary power in the Church, which he is always able to exercise freely\", and canon 333 states that \"...By virtue of his office, the Roman pontiff not only possesses power over the universal church, but also obtains the primacy of ordinary power over all particular churches and groups of them.\"[268]", "See of Rome Act 1536. An Act extinguishing the authority of the bishop of Rome (28 Hen.8 c. 10) was an Act of Parliament passed by the Parliament of England in 1536. It consisted mostly of a violent attack on the authority of the Pope and his followers, and declared that those who committed the following offences would be liable for prosecution under the Statute of Praemunire 1392:", "Papal primacy. During the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, in the 311 Edict of Toleration Galerius, the Augustus in the East, ended the Diocletian persecution of Christianity. Two years later, in 313, Constantine the Great, the Augustus in the West, expanded religious liberty for Christians and returned property confiscated from Christians in his Edict of Milan; he patronized the Church of Rome by constructing large church buildings such as the Lateran Basilica and Lateran Palace and the Old St. Peter's Basilica, and donated endowments.[57] The First Council of Nicaea approved a church arrangement whereby the bishops of an imperial province were headed by the bishop (known as the \"metropolitan\") of the principal city.[58][discuss] This added to the power of the bishops of important cities.", "History of Christian theology. The theology of the Bishop of Rome having a monarchal papacy developed over time. As a bishopric, its origin is consistent with the development of an episcopal structure in the 1st century.[citation needed] The origins of papal primacy concept are historically obscure; theologically, it is based on three ancient Christian traditions: (1) that the apostle Peter was preeminent among the apostles, (2) that Peter ordained his successors as Bishop of Rome, and (3) that the bishops are the successors of the apostles. As long as the Papal See also happened to be the capital of the Western Empire, prestige of the Bishop of Rome could be taken for granted without the need of sophisticated theological argumentation beyond these points; after its shift to Milan and then Ravenna, however, more detailed arguments were developed based on Matthew 16:18-19 etc.[12] Nonetheless, in antiquity the Petrine and Apostolic quality, as well as a \"primacy of respect\", concerning the Roman See went unchallenged by emperors, eastern patriarchs, and the Eastern Church alike.[13] The Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 381 affirmed Rome as \"first among equals\".[14] By the close of antiquity, the doctrinal clarification and theological arguments on the primacy of Rome were developed. Just what exactly was entailed in this primacy, and its being exercised, would become a matter of controversy at certain later times.", "Appointment of Catholic bishops. Initially, bishops were chosen by the local clergy with approval from nearby bishops. \"A newly elected bishop was installed in office and given his authority [...] by the bishops who supervised the election and performed the ordination.\"[1] The bishops of the most important sees sought acceptance from Rome. The early church fathers attest to the fact that the Church of Rome - in effect its diocese - was the central point of authority. They attest to the Church's reliance on Rome for advice, for mediation of disputes, and for guidance on doctrinal issues. They note, as Ignatius of Antioch (ca 1st century) does, that Rome \"holds the presidency\" among the other churches, and that, as Irenaeus (ca 2nd century) explains, \"because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree\" with Rome. They are also clear on the fact that it is full communion with Rome and the bishop of Rome that causes one to be in communion with the Catholic Church. This displays a recognition that, as Cyprian of Carthage (3rd century) puts it, Rome is \"the principal church, in which sacerdotal unity has its source.\"[2] By the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the metropolitan bishop had a role of the greatest importance in the selection. The Council decreed that the consent of the metropolitan bishop was normally required.[3]", "Papal supremacy. Cited evidence about the supremacy of the pope in the earliest days of the church is a matter of dispute. Most scholars recognize that he was given unique esteem as the successor to St. Peter. Roman Catholics maintain that the unique authority of the Petrine seat was given deference, but non-Roman Catholic Christians argue that the bishop of Rome held greater esteem, not greater authority than the other bishops. The Roman Catholic Church claims a Papal succession which runs unbroken back to Peter who it claims was invested with the \"keys of the kingdom of heaven\"." ]

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[ "Mr. Burns. Mr. Burns was originally voiced by actor Christopher Collins in the episodes \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", \"Homer's Odyssey\", There's No Disgrace Like Home and \"The Telltale Head\".[24] He was soon replaced by Harry Shearer because Sam Simon found him \"difficult to work with\". Shearer has voiced the character ever since. He modeled the voice on Lionel Barrymore and Ronald Reagan.[23] Shearer is also the voice of Smithers and is able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take.[25] Shearer said that Mr. Burns is the most difficult character for him to voice because it is rough on his vocal cords and he often needs to drink tea and honey to soothe his voice.[26] He describes Mr. Burns as his favorite character, saying he \"like[s] Mr. Burns because he is pure evil. A lot of evil people make the mistake of diluting it. Never adulterate your evil.\"[27]", "Mr. Burns. Charles Montgomery Burns (a.k.a. C. Montgomery Burns and Monty Burns but usually referred to simply as Mr. Burns) is a recurring character of the animated television series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Harry Shearer. He is the evil, greedy and wealthy owner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant and is also Homer Simpson's boss. He is assisted at almost all times by Waylon Smithers, his loyal and sycophantic aide, adviser, confidant and secret admirer.", "Harry Shearer. Shearer provides voices for Principal Skinner, Kent Brockman, Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy, Dr. Hibbert, Lenny Leonard, Otto Mann, Rainier Wolfcastle, Scratchy, Kang, Dr. Marvin Monroe, Judge Snyder and many others.[30] He has described all of his regular characters' voices as \"easy to slip into. [...] I wouldn't do them if they weren't easy.\"[29] Shearer modeled Mr. Burns's voice on the two actors Lionel Barrymore and Ronald Reagan.[31] Shearer says that Burns is the most difficult character for him to voice because it is rough on his vocal cords and he often needs to drink tea and honey to soothe his voice.[32] He describes Burns as his favorite character, saying he \"like[s] Mr. Burns because he is pure evil. A lot of evil people make the mistake of diluting it. Never adulterate your evil.\"[33] Shearer is also the voice of Burns' assistant Smithers, and is able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take. In the episode \"Bart's Inner Child\", Harry Shearer said \"wow\" in the voice of Otto, which was then used when Otto was seen jumping on a trampoline.[34] Ned Flanders had been meant to be just a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but because Shearer used \"such a sweet voice\" for him, Flanders was broadened to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would prefer to live next to over Homer.[35] Dr. Marvin Monroe's voice was based on psychiatrist David Viscott.[36] Monroe has been retired since the seventh season because voicing the character strained Shearer's throat.[37]", "Harry Shearer. He was a cast member on Saturday Night Live on two occasions, between 1979–80, and 1984–85. Shearer co-created, co-wrote and co-starred in the 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap, a satirical rockumentary, which became a cult hit. In 1989, Shearer joined the cast of The Simpsons; he provides voices for numerous characters, including Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Principal Skinner, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy, Kent Brockman, Dr. Hibbert and more. Shearer has appeared in several films, including A Mighty Wind and The Truman Show, has directed two, Teddy Bears' Picnic and The Big Uneasy, and has written three books. Since 1983, Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy/music program Le Show, a hodgepodge of satirical news commentary, music, and sketch comedy.", "The Simpsons. In addition to the main cast, Pamela Hayden, Tress MacNeille, Marcia Wallace, Maggie Roswell, and Russi Taylor voice supporting characters.[47] From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced by Marcia Mitzman Gaven. Karl Wiedergott has also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.[66] Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since then Chris Edgerly has appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat \"special guest\" cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna, Maurice LaMarche, and Kelsey Grammer.[67] Following Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClure and Lionel Hutz) were retired;[68] Wallace's character of Edna Krabappel was retired as well after her death in 2013.", "Phil Hartman. Hartman garnered fame in 1986 when he joined the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. He won fame for his impressions, particularly of President Bill Clinton, and he stayed on the show for eight seasons. Given the moniker \"The Glue\" for his ability to hold the show together and help other cast members, Hartman won a Primetime Emmy Award for his SNL work in 1989. In 1995, after scrapping plans for his own variety show, he starred as Bill McNeal in the NBC sitcom NewsRadio. He voiced various roles on The Simpsons, most notably Lionel Hutz from seasons 2–9 and Troy McClure from seasons 2–10. Other Simpsons characters included Lyle Lanley, Mr. Muntz and minor characters. He also had roles in the films Houseguest, Sgt. Bilko, Jingle All the Way, Small Soldiers and the English dub of Kiki's Delivery Service.", "Phil Hartman. Hartman provided the voices for numerous characters on the Fox animated series The Simpsons, appearing in 52 episodes.[1] He made his first appearance in the second season episode \"Bart Gets Hit by a Car\". Although he was originally brought in for a one-time appearance, Hartman enjoyed working on The Simpsons and the staff wrote additional parts for him. He voiced the recurring characters Lionel Hutz and Troy McClure, as well as several one-time and background characters.[31] His favourite part was that of McClure,[16] and he often used this voice to entertain the audience between takes while taping episodes of NewsRadio. He remarked, \"My favorite fans are Troy McClure fans.\"[15] He added \"It's the one thing that I do in my life that's almost an avocation. I do it for the pure love of it.\"[32]", "Harry Shearer. Shearer is also known for his prolific work as a voice actor on The Simpsons. Matt Groening, the creator of the show, was a fan of Shearer's work, while Shearer was a fan of a column Groening used to write.[29] Shearer was asked if he wanted to be in the series, but he was initially reluctant because he thought the recording sessions would be too much trouble.[29] He felt voice acting was \"not a lot of fun\" because traditionally, voice actors record their parts separately.[7] He was told that the actors would record their lines together[7] and after three calls, executive producer James L. Brooks managed to convince Shearer to join the cast.[2] Shearer's first impression of The Simpsons was that it was funny. Shearer, who thought it was a \"pretty cool\" way to work, found it peculiar that the members of the cast were adamant about not being known to the public as the people behind the voices.[6]", "Harry Shearer. Harry Julius Shearer (born December 23, 1943) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, radio host, director and producer. He is known for his long-running roles on The Simpsons, his work on Saturday Night Live, the comedy band Spinal Tap and his radio program Le Show. Born in Los Angeles, California, Shearer began his career as a child actor. From 1969 to 1976, Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap, a radio comedy group. Following the breakup of the group, Shearer co-wrote the film Real Life with Albert Brooks and started writing for Martin Mull's television series Fernwood 2 Night.", "Springfield (The Simpsons). Waylon Smithers is Burns' executive assistant and lackey, as Burns calls him. Among the plant's employees are Homer Simpson, Lenny Leonard, and Carl Carlson. The plant offers yearly visits from the Springfield Elementary School.", "Harry Shearer. Shearer was the last of the six regular voice actors from The Simpsons to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance.[90] His win came for the season 25 episode \"Four Regrettings and a Funeral\".", "List of The Simpsons cast members. The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Chris Edgerly, Pamela Hayden, Tress MacNeille, Kevin Michael Richardson, Maggie Roswell, and Russi Taylor have appeared as supporting cast members, along with former supporting cast members Karl Wiedergott, Marcia Mitzman Gaven, Doris Grau, and Christopher Collins. Repeat guest cast members include Marcia Wallace, Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[1] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice.", "The Simpsons. The Simpsons has six main cast members: Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Castellaneta voices Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby, Barney Gumble and other adult, male characters.[47] Julie Kavner voices Marge Simpson and Patty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.[47] Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part of The Tracey Ullman Show cast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed.[48] Cartwright voices Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum and other children.[47] Smith, the voice of Lisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.[47] The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high,[49] so she was given the role of Lisa instead.[50] Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\".[51] Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.[52] Cartwright is the only one of the six main Simpsons cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.[42] Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the Simpsons regular voice cast since the second season,[53] voices recurring characters such as Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon and Professor Frink. Shearer provides voices for Mr. Burns, Mr. Smithers, Principal Skinner, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy and Dr. Hibbert.[47] Every main cast member has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.[54][55]", "History of The Simpsons. On May 28, 1998, Phil Hartman, voice actor of Troy McClure and Lionel Hutz, was shot and killed by his wife while he slept in their Encino, Los Angeles, home. His wife, Brynn Omdahl, then committed suicide several hours later. In the weeks following his death, Hartman was celebrated in a wave of tributes. Dan Snierson of Entertainment Weekly opined that Hartman was \"the last person you'd expect to read about in lurid headlines in your morning paper...a decidedly regular guy, beloved by everyone he worked with\".[130] After Hartman's death in 1998, rather than replace him with a new voice actor, the production staff retired McClure and Hutz from the show.[5] McClure last appeared in the season ten episode \"Bart the Mother\", which was dedicated to Hartman.[131]", "The Simpsons (season 1). In some of the episodes the characters act completely differently to how they do in later seasons; Lisa, for example, is undisciplined and short-tempered, while Homer is the voice of reason; these roles are reversed in later episodes.[22] Mr. Burns was voiced by Christopher Collins in \"Homer's Odyssey\". Originally, the character was influenced by Ronald Reagan, a concept which was later dropped.[22]", "Mr. Burns. Mr. Burns' state of mind is the subject of frequent jokes on the show. At times, he appears to be completely removed from reality and modern conventions. He continually fails to recognize Homer Simpson or remember his name, even though many of the recent major events in Mr. Burns' life have involved Homer in some way. Mr. Burns is, for the most part, unaware of the townspeople's general dislike of him. He also displays mannerisms which are considered outdated, such as practicing phrenology, writing with a quill pen, and using an antique view camera to take photographs. He is also angered when Springfield Elementary children mock his dated car, saying it was \"the first car to outrun a man!\" Mr. Burns refers to many celebrities of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the present tense, assuming they are still alive. In \"Homer at the Bat\", Mr. Burns instructs Smithers to recruit dead-ball era players, such as Honus Wagner and Cap Anson for the plant's softball team, and has to be told that all of them died long ago. He also once rewarded Homer for being the first to arrive at work with a ticket to the 1939 World's Fair. However, despite his obvious senility and social ineptitude, Mr. Burns is an extraordinarily clever businessman, as he has lost his fortune several times, only to regain it a very brief time later. In the episode \"The Old Man and Lisa\", Mr. Burns loses his fortune, and regains it by opening a recycling plant, which allows him to regain his nuclear power plant. Additionally, in the episode \"The Seemingly Never-Ending Story\", Mr. Burns loses both his fortune and nuclear power plant to the Rich Texan after losing a scavenger hunt, but eventually gains both back after a series of events that includes him briefly working at Moe's Tavern.", "The Simpsons (season 1). The first episode featured many new characters such as Seymour Skinner, Milhouse Van Houten, Sherri and Terri, Moe Szyslak, Mr. Burns, Barney Gumble, Patty and Selma, Ned and Todd Flanders, Santa's Little Helper, Snowball II, Dewey Largo, and Lewis.[23] Snowball I is mentioned for the first time and Waylon Smithers can be heard over the speaker at the power plant, but he is not seen.[23]", "Frasier. Grammer had been the voice of Sideshow Bob on The Simpsons since 1990. In a 1997 episode (while Frasier was still in production), the character's brother, Cecil Terwilliger, was introduced, played by Pierce, as referenced in the episode title, \"Brother from Another Series\". The episode contained numerous Frasier references, including a Frasier-style version of The Simpsons theme for a transition and its iconic title card for the same thing. Pierce returned as Cecil for the second time (the first since Frasier had concluded) alongside Grammer in the 2007 episode \"Funeral for a Fiend\". The episode introduced the brothers' father, Dr. Robert Terwilliger, who was portrayed by Mahoney.", "Mr. Burns. Mr. Burns is physically weak, and often shown to have little more strength than an infant. In the intro of \"The Simpsons Movie\", Mr. Burns is seen in his bathroom trying to brush his teeth. After Smithers applies the toothpaste onto his brush, he falls over. In \"Rosebud\" and \"Who Shot Mr. Burns?\", he needed a great deal of effort to wrench items from Maggie. He has difficulty performing such simple actions as giving a thumbs-up, and crushing an insect by stepping on it, or using a door-knocker. In one instance, when he is told to jump out of his burning mansion onto a life net, he drops at the speed of a feather and floats onto some power lines and is electrified. He pitched the opening baseball at a game in \"Dancin' Homer\", but was only able to throw it a small distance, which drew mocking laughter from the crowd. When Mr. Burns joined Homer's bowling team in \"Team Homer\", he was barely able to roll the ball down the lane. In season five's \"Burns' Heir\", Smithers puts a sponge on Mr. Burns' head before leaving the bathroom, causing him to nearly drown in the tub from its weight. In \"Lady Bouvier's Lover\" however, he shows himself as a lively, excellent dancer.", "Albert Brooks. Albert Lawrence Brooks (born Albert Lawrence Einstein; July 22, 1947) is an American actor, filmmaker, author, and comedian. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for 1987's Broadcast News and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 film Drive.[1] His voice acting credits include Marlin in Finding Nemo (2003) and Finding Dory (2016), and recurring guest voices for The Simpsons, including Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie (2007). He has directed, written, and starred in several comedy films, such as Modern Romance (1981), Lost in America (1985), and Defending Your Life (1991). He is also the author of 2030: The Real Story of What Happens to America (2011).", "Patrick Stewart. He also was a voice actor on the animated films The Prince of Egypt, Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Chicken Little, The Pagemaster, the English dubbings of the Japanese anime films Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, by Hayao Miyazaki, and Steamboy, by Katsuhiro Otomo, and The Emoji Movie. He supported his home town of Dewsbury in West Yorkshire by lending his voice to a series of videos on the town in 1999. He voiced the pig Napoleon in a made-for-TV film adaptation of George Orwell's Animal Farm and guest starred in the Simpsons episode \"Homer the Great\" as Number One. Stewart also narrated the prologue and epilogue for Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, which also appears on the film's soundtrack.", "The Simpsons Movie. The writers had written the opening concert scene without a specific band in mind. Green Day were cast in that role having requested to guest star in the show. Tom Hanks also appears as himself in the film and accepted the offer after just one phone call.[22] Everybody Loves Raymond creator Philip Rosenthal provides the voice of the father in the \"new Grand Canyon\" commercial with Hanks.[26] Due to time restraints, several guests who had recorded parts were cut from the film. Minnie Driver recorded the part of a patronizing grievance counselor in a scene that ended up being cut.[35] Edward Norton recorded the part of the man who gets crushed as the dome is implemented, performing a Woody Allen impression. The staff felt the voice was too distracting, so Castellaneta re-recorded Norton's dialogue with a different voice.[26] Isla Fisher and Erin Brockovich also recorded cameos, but their scenes were cut.[17][36] Kelsey Grammer recorded lines for Sideshow Bob, who was to appear at several different points,[26][28] but these scenes were also cut.[22] Johnny Knoxville was also touted as a possible guest star.[22]", "Sideshow Bob. As of December 2017, Bob has had speaking appearances in 20 episodes and been featured in 13; the most recent of the latter, \"Gone Boy\", aired during the 29th season. In addition to his recurring role in the series, Sideshow Bob has made several appearances in other Simpsons media. He appears in the Simpsons Comics, cameos in the 2007 video game The Simpsons Game, and stars as the main antagonist in The Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios' theme parks. A lover of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, Sideshow Bob is also known for his singing voice; several of Grammer's performances have been included in The Simpsons musical compilations.", "Bill Mumy. Mumy has narrated over 50 episodes of the Arts & Entertainment Channel's Biography series, as well as hosted and narrated several other documentaries and specials for A & E, Animal Planet network, The Sci-Fi Channel, and E!. His voice acting talents can be heard on animated shows like Ren and Stimpy, Scooby-Doo, Batman: The Animated Series, Steven Spielberg's Animaniacs, Little Wizard Adventures, The Oz Kids and Disney's Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Doc McStuffins. He has done voice over work in national commercials for such businesses as Bud Ice, Farmers Insurance, Ford, Blockbuster, Twix, Oscar Mayer and McDonald's.[citation needed]", "The Simpsons Movie. Further changes were made after the March 2007 preview screenings of the film in Portland, Oregon and Phoenix, Arizona.[26] This included the deletion of Kang and Kodos heavily criticizing the film during the end credits.[17] A lot of people at the screenings found the original film too coarse, and some of Homer's behavior too unkind, so several scenes were toned down to make him appear nicer.[26] Russ Cargill was redesigned several times, originally appearing as an older man whose speech patterns Albert Brooks based on Donald Rumsfeld. The older model was the one used by Burger King for the action figure.[26] Cargill's scene with Bart and Homer at the film's conclusion was added in to fully resolve his story, and the \"Spider-Pig\" gag was also a late addition.[22] One excised scene, before the dome is put over Springfield, had Mr. Burns reminding viewers that it was the last point in the film that they could get a refund.[26] Other deletions included Homer's encounter with a sausage truck driver, which was featured on the DVD, a scene with Plopper the pig at the end,[37] and a news report, showing the dome's effect on daily life in Springfield in areas such as farming and sport, was cut because it did not fit the overall context of the film.[26] Several musical numbers, at various intervals throughout the film, were cut.[26] These included a song about Alaska, featuring music by Dave Stewart of Eurythmics. Jean said it \"got pretty far along in the animation, and then we got scared that the movie began to drag in that section.\"[38][39]", "Mr. Burns. In 2014, Shearer won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his performance on \"Four Regrettings and a Funeral\" for voicing Mr. Burns.[28]", "List of The Simpsons cast members. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.[2] The network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode \"Old Money\", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.[3] Every main cast member has won an Emmy for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance. Shearer was the last cast member to win, receiving his award in 2014 for the episode \"Four Regrettings and a Funeral.\"[4] Castellaneta and Azaria have won four, while Kavner, Cartwright, Smith, Shearer, Wallace, Grammer, and guest star Jackie Mason have each won one.[5]", "Mr. Burns. Mr. Burns' trademark expression is the word \"Excellent\", muttered slowly in a low, sinister voice while steepling his fingertips. He occasionally orders Smithers to \"release the hounds\", so as to let his vicious guard dogs attack any intruders, enemies or even invited guests. Mr. Burns is Springfield's richest and most powerful citizen (and also the richest person in Springfield's state; his current net worth has been given as $7.3 billion[1] by Forbes, though it fluctuates wildly depending on the episode). He uses his power and wealth to do whatever he wants, usually without regard for consequences and without interference from the authorities. These qualities led Wizard Magazine to rate him the 45th greatest villain of all time. TV Guide named him #2 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.[2] In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked him #8 of their \"40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time\".[3]", "The Simpsons shorts. The actors who voiced the characters in the short later reprised their roles in The Simpsons series. Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, and Krusty the Clown.[11] Homer's voice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father.[12] The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman Show cast, to do it.[13][14] The kids still needed voices, and Nancy Cartwright, a journeyman voice actress, came in to audition. She recalled that \"I was already doing voicework for eight different shows at the time and thought this would just be another job. They originally wanted me for Lisa's voice, but I thought 'Nah, I don't want to be the boring middle child, I want to be a bratty 10-year old boy.' So as soon as I gave a demonstration, [Brooks and Groening] hired me on the spot.\" Some time later, Yeardley Smith, a 22-year-old B-movie actress whose most notable accomplishment to date was featuring in the notorious 1986 Stephen King film Maximum Overdrive, was brought in to do Lisa's voice.[11] The recording of the shorts was often primitive; according to Cartwright, the dialogue for the Ullman shorts was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio, which consisted of the video engineer suite, above the bleachers on the Ullman show set.[15] While most of the characters' personalities are similar to what they are in the series, Lisa is simply a clone of Bart and did not have a distinct personality until a few episodes into the regular series.", "List of The Simpsons cast members. Castellaneta and Kavner were asked to voice the lead roles of Homer and Marge Simpson as they were regular cast members of The Tracey Ullman Show on which The Simpsons shorts appeared.[6][7] Cartwright auditioned for the part of Lisa, but found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. She then became more interested in the role of Bart, so Simpsons creator Matt Groening let her try out for that part instead, and upon hearing her read, he gave her the job on the spot.[8] Smith had initially been asked by casting director Bonita Pietila to audition for the role of Bart, but Pietila then realised that Smith's voice was too high,[9][10] Smith was given the role of Lisa instead, although she almost turned it down.[11] When the show was commissioned for a full half-hour series, Shearer joined the cast and performed multiple roles. Groening and Sam Simon asked Shearer to join the cast as they were fans of his radio show.[12] Azaria was only a guest actor in the first season, but became permanent in season 2.[13] He first appeared in \"Some Enchanted Evening\", re-recording Christopher Collins's lines as Moe Szyslak. As he joined later than the rest of the cast, Groening still considers Azaria the \"new guy.\"[14]", "Dee Bradley Baker. Baker would continue to do regular voice-over roles. In 2005, landed the starring role as Klaus Heissler, an Olympic ski jumper from Germany who was body-swapped into a goldfish, in the primetime cartoon sitcom American Dad!,[41][42] which has run over eleven seasons on Fox and TBS. In an interview with Pop Break, Baker said that he liked playing Klaus because he loves the German language, the part was well written, and it is light duty on his voice. He compared the table reads to being on The Carol Burnett Show.[43] He participated in American Dad panels at San Diego Comic-Con 2010[44] 2012,[45] and 2014;[46] and the New York Comic-Con in 2014.[47] His voicing of council member Tarrlok in Korra garnered a nomination for the Behind the Voice Actors (BTVA) Voice Acting Award in 2012.[48][49][50][51] In addition to television shows, Baker voiced characters in many animated and live-action animation films, including some of the classic ghost monsters in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed,[52] Maurice in Happy Feet,[21] He had roles in the Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated TV series and its direct-to-video releases.[21]", "Santa's Little Helper. Although cartoon animals are often anthropomorphized,[1] Santa's Little Helper generally exhibits canine behavior. Cast member Dan Castellaneta currently provides the dog's sounds on the show, but voice artist Frank Welker has also voiced him. Santa's Little Helper has become a popular character following his appearances on The Simpsons. He ranked 27th in Animal Planet's 2003 television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was based on popularity, name recognition, and the longevity of the shows. He has also been featured in merchandise relating to The Simpsons, such as video games, board games, and comics." ]

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[ "Fugue. A fugue begins with the exposition of its subject in one of the voices alone in the tonic key.[14] After the statement of the subject, a second voice enters and states the subject with the subject transposed to another key (usually the dominant or subdominant), which is known as the answer.[15][16] To make the music run smoothly, it may also have to be altered slightly. When the answer is an exact copy of the subject to the new key, with identical intervals to the first statement, it is classified as a real answer; if the intervals are altered to maintain the key it is a tonal answer.[14]", "Fugue. When a tonal answer is used, it is customary for the exposition to alternate subjects (S) with answers (A), however, in some fugues this order is occasionally varied: e.g., see the SAAS arrangement of Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846, from J.S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1. A brief codetta is often heard connecting the various statements of the subject and answer. This allows the music to run smoothly. The codetta, just as the other parts of the exposition, can be used throughout the rest of the fugue.[22]", "Fugue. A tonal answer is usually called for when the subject begins with a prominent dominant note, or where there is a prominent dominant note very close to the beginning of the subject.[14] To prevent an undermining of the music's sense of key, this note is transposed up a fourth to the tonic rather than up a fifth to the supertonic. Answers in the subdominant are also employed for the same reason.[17]", "Fugue. The exposition usually concludes when all voices have given a statement of the subject or answer. In some fugues, the exposition will end with a redundant entry, or an extra presentation of the theme.[14] Furthermore, in some fugues the entry of one of the voices may be reserved until later, for example in the pedals of an organ fugue (see J.S. Bach's Fugue in C major for Organ, BWV 547).", "Fugue. A counter-fugue is a fugue in which the first answer is presented as the subject in inversion (upside down), and the inverted subject continues to feature prominently throughout the fugue.[37] Examples include Contrapunctus V through Contrapunctus VII, from Bach's The Art of Fugue.[38]", "Fugue. Most fugues open with a short main theme, the subject,[5] which then sounds successively in each voice (after the first voice is finished stating the subject, a second voice repeats the subject at a different pitch, and other voices repeat in the same way); when each voice has entered, the exposition is complete. This is often followed by a connecting passage, or episode, developed from previously heard material; further \"entries\" of the subject then are heard in related keys. Episodes (if applicable) and entries are usually alternated until the \"final entry\" of the subject, by which point the music has returned to the opening key, or tonic, which is often followed by closing material, the coda.[6][7] In this sense, a fugue is a style of composition, rather than a fixed structure.", "Fugue. When there is no entrance of the subject and answer material, the composer can develop the subject by altering the subject. This is called an episode,[26] often by inversion, although the term is sometimes used synonymously with middle-entry and may also describe the exposition of completely new subjects, as in a double fugue for example (see below). In any of the entries within a fugue, the subject may be altered, by inversion, retrograde (a less common form where the entire subject is heard back-to-front) and diminution (the reduction of the subject's rhythmic values by a certain factor), augmentation (the increase of the subject's rhythmic values by a certain factor) or any combination of them.[14]", "Fugue. The first answer must occur as soon after the initial statement of the subject as possible; therefore the first codetta is often extremely short, or not needed. In the above example, this is the case: the subject finishes on the quarter note (or crotchet) Bâ™­ of the third beat of the second bar which harmonizes the opening G of the answer. The later codettas may be considerably longer, and often serve to (a) develop the material heard so far in the subject/answer and countersubject and possibly introduce ideas heard in the second countersubject or free counterpoint that follows (b) delay, and therefore heighten the impact of the reentry of the subject in another voice as well as modulating back to the tonic.[23]", "Fugue. Further entries of the subject, or middle entries, occur throughout the fugue. They must state the subject or answer at least once in its entirety, and may also be heard in combination with the countersubject(s) from the exposition, new countersubjects, free counterpoint, or any of these in combination. It is uncommon for the subject to enter alone in a single voice in the middle-entries as in the exposition; rather, it is usually heard with at least one of the countersubjects and/or other free contrapuntal accompaniments.", "Fugue. Sometimes counter-expositions or the middle entries take place in stretto, whereby one voice responds with the subject/answer before the first voice has completed its entry of the subject/answer, usually increasing the intensity of the music.[30]", "Fugue. A fugue begins with the exposition and is written according to certain predefined rules; in later portions the composer has more freedom, though a logical key structure is usually followed. Further entries of the subject will occur throughout the fugue, repeating the accompanying material at the same time.[13] The various entries may or may not be separated by episodes.", "Fugue. Only one entry of the subject must be heard in its completion in a stretto. However, a stretto in which the subject/answer is heard in completion in all voices is known as stretto maestrale or grand stretto.[31] Strettos may also occur by inversion, augmentation and diminution. A fugue in which the opening exposition takes place in stretto form is known as a close fugue or stretto fugue (see for example, the Gratias agimus tibi and Dona nobis pacem choruses from J.S. Bach's Mass in B Minor).[32]", "Fugue. In tonal music, invertible contrapuntal lines must be written according to certain rules because several intervallic combinations, while acceptable in one particular orientation, are no longer permissible when inverted. For example, when the note \"G\" sounds in one voice above the note \"C\" in lower voice, the interval of a fifth is formed, which is considered consonant and entirely acceptable. When this interval is inverted (\"C\" in the upper voice above \"G\" in the lower), it forms a fourth, considered a dissonance in tonal contrapuntal practice, and requires special treatment, or preparation and resolution, if it is to be used.[20] The countersubject, if sounding at the same time as the answer, is transposed to the pitch of the answer.[21] Each voice then responds with its own subject or answer, and further countersubjects or free counterpoint may be heard.", "Fugue. While the answer is being stated, the voice in which the subject was previously heard continues with new material. If this new material is reused in later statements of the subject, it is called a countersubject; if this accompanying material is only heard once, it is simply referred to as free counterpoint.", "Fugue. In music, a fugue (/fjuːɡ/ fewg) is a contrapuntal compositional technique in two or more voices, built on a subject (a musical theme) that is introduced at the beginning in imitation (repetition at different pitches) and which recurs frequently in the course of the composition. It is not to be confused with a fuguing tune, which is a style of song popularized by and mostly limited to early American (i.e. shape note or \"Sacred Harp\") music and West Gallery music. A fugue usually has three main sections: an exposition, a development and a final entry that contains the return of the subject in the fugue's tonic key. Some fugues have a recapitulation.[1]", "Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846. The answer is repeated in the tenor and bass voice, respectively, when they enter. The piece then modulates through various related keys, with the subject being repeated in each of the four voices. The piece eventually ends up back in the home key. It ends with each voice stopping at a note and holding it until the end, forming a C major chord.", "Fugue. The countersubject is written in invertible counterpoint at the octave or fifteenth.[18] The distinction is made between the use of free counterpoint and regular countersubjects accompanying the fugue subject/answer, because in order for a countersubject to be heard accompanying the subject in more than one instance, it must be capable of sounding correctly above or below the subject, and must be conceived, therefore, in invertible (double) counterpoint.[14][19]", "Fugue. Further entries of the subject follow this initial exposition, either immediately (as for example in Fugue No. 1 in C major, BWV 846 of the Well-Tempered Clavier) or separated by episodes.[14] Episodic material is always modulatory and is usually based upon some element heard in the exposition.[7][14] Each episode has the primary function of transitioning for the next entry of the subject in a new key,[14] and may also provide release from the strictness of form employed in the exposition, and middle-entries.[24] André Gedalge states that the episode of the fugue is generally based on a series of imitations of the subject that have been fragmented.[25]", "Fugue. The Austrian musicologist Erwin Ratz argues that the formal organization of a fugue involves not only the arrangement of its theme and episodes, but also its harmonic structure.[69] In particular, the exposition and coda tend to emphasize the tonic key, whereas the episodes usually explore more distant tonalities. Ratz stressed, however, that this is the core, underlying form (\"Urform\") of the fugue, from which individual fugues may deviate.", "Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 846. The fugue is 27 bars long and is written for four voices. It starts with a 2 measure subject in the alto voice. The first voice to join is the soprano, which replies with the answer in the dominant key (G major).", "Fugue. Permutation fugue describes a type of composition (or technique of composition) in which elements of fugue and strict canon are combined.[39] Each voice enters in succession with the subject, each entry alternating between tonic and dominant, and each voice, having stated the initial subject, continues by stating two or more themes (or countersubjects), which must be conceived in correct invertible counterpoint. (In other words, the subject and countersubjects must be capable of being played both above and below all the other themes without creating any unacceptable dissonances.) Each voice takes this pattern and states all the subjects/themes in the same order (and repeats the material when all the themes have been stated, sometimes after a rest).", "Fugue. the composer, having completed the initial imitative entrances, take the passage which has served as accompaniment to the theme and make it the basis for new imitative treatment, so that \"he will always have material with which to compose without having to stop and reflect\". This formulation of the basic rule for fugal improvisation anticipates later sixteenth-century discussions which deal with the improvisational technique at the keyboard more extensively.[73]", "Fugue. At any point in the fugue there may be \"false entries\" of the subject, which include the start of the subject but are not completed. False entries are often abbreviated to the head of the subject, and anticipate the \"true\" entry of the subject, heightening the impact of the subject proper.[17]", "Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565. The subject of the four-voice fugue is made up entirely of sixteenth notes, with an implied pedal point set against a brief melodic subject that first falls, then rises. Such violinistic figures are frequently encountered in Baroque music and that of Bach, both as fugue subjects and as material in non-imitative pieces. Unusually, the answer is in the subdominant key, rather than the traditional dominant. Although technically a four-part fugue, most of the time there are only three voices, and some of the interludes are in two, or even one voice (notated as two). Although only simple triadic harmony is employed throughout the fugue, there is an unexpected C minor subject entry, and furthermore, a solo pedal statement of the subject—a unique feature for a Baroque fugue.[13] Immediately after the final subject entry, the fugue resolves to a sustained B♭ major chord.[7][12]", "Fugue. The closing section of a fugue often includes one or two counter-expositions, and possibly a stretto, in the tonic; sometimes over a tonic or dominant pedal note. Any material that follows the final entry of the subject is considered to be the final coda and is normally cadential.[7]", "Fugue. Middle-entries tend to occur at pitches other than the initial. As shown in the typical structure above, these are often closely-related keys such as the relative dominant and subdominant, although the key structure of fugues varies greatly. In the fugues of J.S. Bach, the first middle-entry occurs most often in the relative major or minor of the work's overall key, and is followed by an entry in the dominant of the relative major or minor when the fugue's subject requires a tonal answer. In the fugues of earlier composers (notably, Buxtehude and Pachelbel), middle entries in keys other than the tonic and dominant tend to be the exception, and non-modulation the norm. One of the famous examples of such non-modulating fugue occurs in Buxtehude's Praeludium (Fugue and Chaconne) in C, BuxWV 137.", "Fugue. Permutation fugues differ from conventional fugue in that there are no connecting episodes, nor statement of the themes in related keys.[39] So for example, the fugue of Bach's Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582 is not purely a permutation fugue, as it does have episodes between permutation expositions. Invertible counterpoint is essential to permutation fugues but is not found in simple fugues.[40]", "Fugue. A simple fugue has only one subject, and does not utilize invertible counterpoint.[33]", "Fugue. Fugal passages are also found in the Missa Solemnis and all movements of the Ninth Symphony, except the third . A massive, dissonant fugue forms the finale of his String Quartet, Op. 130 (1825); the latter was later published separately as Op. 133, the Große Fuge (\"Great Fugue\"). However, it is the fugue that opens Beethoven's String Quartet in C♯ minor, Op. 131 that several commentators regard as one of the composer's greatest achievements. Joseph Kerman (1966, p. 330) calls it \"this most moving of all fugues\".[56] J.W.N. Sullivan (1927, p. 235) hears it as \"the most superhuman piece of music that Beethoven has ever written.\"[57] Philip Radcliffe (1965, p. 149) says \"[a] bare description of its formal outline can give but little idea of the extraordinary profundity of this fugue .\"[58]", "Fugue. The excerpt below, bars 7–12 of J.S. Bach's Fugue No. 2 in C minor, BWV 847, from the Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 illustrates the application of most of the characteristics described above. The fugue is for keyboard and in three voices, with regular countersubjects.[7][27] This excerpt opens at last entry of the exposition: the subject is sounding in the bass, the first countersubject in the treble, while the middle-voice is stating a second version of the second countersubject, which concludes with the characteristic rhythm of the subject, and is always used together with the first version of the second countersubject. Following this an episode modulates from the tonic to the relative major by means of sequence, in the form of an accompanied canon at the fourth.[24] Arrival in E♭ major is marked by a quasi perfect cadence across the bar line, from the last quarter note beat of the first bar to the first beat of the second bar in the second system, and the first middle entry. Here, Bach has altered the second countersubject to accommodate the change of mode.[28]", "Fugue. It expresses the Creation of All Things: space, time, stars, planets – and the Countenance (or rather, the Thought) of God behind the flames and the seething – impossible even to speak of it, I have not attempted to describe it ... Instead, I have sheltered behind the form of the Fugue. Bach's Art of Fugue and the fugue from Beethoven's Opus 106 (the Hammerklavier sonata) have nothing to do with the academic fugue. Like those great models, this one is an anti-scholastic fugue.[63]", "Fugue. Thus it is to be noted that while certain related keys are more commonly explored in fugal development, the overall structure of a fugue does not limit its harmonic structure. For example, a fugue may not even explore the dominant, one of the most closely related keys to the tonic. Bach's Fugue in B♭ major from book one of the Well Tempered Clavier explores the relative minor, the supertonic and the subdominant. This is unlike later forms such as the sonata, which clearly prescribes which keys are explored (typically the tonic and dominant in an ABA form). Then, many modern fugues dispense with traditional tonal harmonic scaffolding altogether, and either use serial (pitch-oriented) rules, or (as the Kyrie/Christe in György Ligeti's Requiem, Witold Lutosławski works), use panchromatic, or even denser, harmonic spectra." ]

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[ "Tethering. Tethering, or phone-as-modem (PAM), is the sharing of a mobile device's internet connection with other connected computers. Connection of a mobile device with other devices can be done over wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), over Bluetooth or by physical connection using a cable, for example through USB.", "Tethering. Some network-provided devices have carrier-specific software that may deny the inbuilt tethering ability normally available on the device, or only enable it if the subscriber pays an additional fee. Some operators have asked Google or any mobile device producer using Android to completely remove tethering support from the operating system on certain devices.[4] Handsets purchased SIM-free, without a network provider subsidy, are often unhindered with regards to tethering.", "Tethering. Many mobile devices are equipped with software to offer tethered Internet access. Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows Phone 7, Android (starting from version 2.2), and iOS 3.0 (or later) offer tethering over a Bluetooth PAN or a USB connection. Tethering over Wi-Fi, also known as Personal Hotspot, is available on iOS starting with iOS 4.2.5 (or later) on iPhone 4, 4S (2010), 5, iPad (3rd generation), certain Windows Mobile 6.5 devices like the HTC HD2, Windows Phone 7, 8 and 8.1 devices (varies by manufacturer and model), and certain Android phones (varies widely depending on carrier, manufacturer, and software version).[2]", "Tethering. As cited in Sprint Nextel's \"Terms of Service\":", "Tethering. There are, however, several ways to enable tethering on restricted devices without paying the carrier for it, including 3rd party USB Tethering apps such as PDAnet, rooting Android devices or jailbreaking iOS devices and installing a tethering application on the device.[5] Tethering is also available as a downloadable third-party application on most Symbian mobile phones[6] as well as on the MeeGo platform[7] and on WebOS mobiles phones.[8]", "Tethering. If tethering is done over WLAN, the feature may be branded as a personal or mobile hotspot, which allows the device to serve as a portable router. Mobile hotspots may be protected by a PIN or password.[1] The Internet-connected mobile device can act as a portable wireless access point and router for devices connected to it.", "Tethering. Depending on the wireless carrier, a user's cellular device may have restricted functionality. While tethering may be allowed at no extra cost, some carriers impose a one-time charge to enable tethering and others forbid tethering or impose added data charges. Contracts that advertise \"unlimited\" data usage often have limits detailed in a Fair usage policy.", "Tethering. In the UK, two tethering-permitted mobile plans offered unlimited data: The Full Monty[9] on T-Mobile, and The One Plan on Three. Three offered tethering as a standard feature until early 2012, retaining it on selected plans. T-Mobile dropped tethering on its unlimited data plans in late 2012.[10]", "Tethering. While T-Mobile did eventually allow tethering, on August 31, 2015 the company announced it will punish users who abuse its unlimited data by violating T-Mobile's rules on tethering (which unlike standard data does carry a 7 GB cap before throttling takes effect) by permanently kicking them off the unlimited plans and making users sign up for tiered data plans. T-Mobile mentioned that it was only a small handful of users who abused the tethering rules by using an Android app that masks T-Mobile's tethering monitoring and uses as much as 2 TB's per month, causing speed issues for most customers who don't abuse the rules.[16]", "Tethering. On some mobile network operators, this feature is contractually unavailable by default, and may only be activated by paying to add a tethering package to a data plan or choosing a data plan that includes tethering, such as Lycamobile MVNO.[3] This is done primarily because with a computer sharing the network connection, there may well be a substantial increase in the customer's mobile data use, for which the network may not have budgeted in their network design and pricing structures.", "Tethering. Unless explicitly permitted by your Data Plan, other uses, including for example, using your Device as a modem or tethering your Device to a personal computer or other hardware, are not permitted.[12]", "Tethering. As of 2013[update] Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility offer wired tethering to their plans for a fee, while Sprint Nextel offers a Wi-Fi connected \"mobile hotspot\" tethering feature at an added charge. However, actions by the FCC and a small claims court in California may make it easier for consumers to tether. On July 31, 2012, the FCC released an unofficial announcement of Commission action, decreeing Verizon Wireless must pay US$1.25 million to resolve the investigation regarding compliance of the C Block Spectrum (see US Wireless Spectrum Auction of 2008).[13] The announcement also stated that \"(Verizon) recently revised its service offerings such that consumers on usage-based pricing plans may tether, using any application, without paying an additional fee.\" After that judgement Verizon release \"Share Everything\" plans that enable tethering, however users must drop old plans they were grandfathered under (such as the Unlimited Data plans) and switch, or pay a tethering fee.", "Tethering. T-Mobile USA has a similar clause in its \"Terms & Conditions\":", "T-Mobile US. On August 31, 2015, T-Mobile announced it will ask users who abuse its unlimited on-smartphone data plan by violating T-Mobile's Terms & Conditions regarding tethering (which like unlimited on-smartphone data, remains unlimited, however, offers a 14 GB high speed allotment before throttling takes effect), by permanently removing user access to unlimited plans and migrating users to a tiered data plan. By doing so, all plans after a select amount of inclusive high-speed data, result in automatic throttled speeds, preventing unlimited high-speed tethering use and abuse of the network. T-Mobile stated that there are a small handful of users who abuse the tethering plan by altering device software and/or the use of an Android app that masks T-Mobile's ability monitoring whether data is on-smartphone, or through smartphone mobile hotspot (tethering) by mimicking all data as on-smartphone use, with some customers abusing the service by using as much as 2 TB per month, causing speed issues for all other customers.[124]", "Exocytosis. It is useful to distinguish between the initial, loose tethering of vesicles to their objective from the more stable, packing interactions. Tethering involves links over distances of more than about half the diameter of a vesicle from a given membrane surface (>25 nm). Tethering interactions are likely to be involved in concentrating synaptic vesicles at the synapse.", "Tethering. Except with Phone-as-Modem plans, you may not use a mobile device (including a Bluetooth device) as a modem in connection with any computer. We reserve the right to deny or terminate service without notice for any misuse or any use that adversely affects network performance.[11]", "Tethering. Hopefully with all this concrete data and the courts on our side, AT&T will be forced to change something. Let’s just hope it chooses to go the way of Sprint, not T-Mobile.[15]", "Tethering. T-Mobile's Simple Family or Simple Business plans offer \"Hotspot\" from devices that offer that function (such as Apple iPhone) to up to 5 devices. Since 2014-03-27, 1000 MB/month is free in the USA with cellular service. The host device has unlimited slow internet for the rest of the month, and all month while roaming in 100 countries, but with no tethering. For $10 or $20/month more per host device, the amount of data available for tethering can be increased markedly. The host device cellular services can be canceled, added, or changed at any time, pro-rated, data tethering levels can be changed month-to-month, and T-Mobile no longer requires any long-term service contracts, allowing users to bring their own devices or buy devices from them, independent of whether they continue service with them.", "Tethering. For IPv4 networks, the tethering normally works via NAT on the handset's existing data connection, so from the network point of view, there is just one device with a single IPv4 network address, though it is technically possible to attempt to identify multiple machines.", "iOS jailbreaking. With a \"tethered\" jailbreak, a computer is needed to turn the device on each time it is rebooted. If the device starts back up on its own, it will no longer have a patched kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started state. By using a computer, the phone is essentially \"re-jailbroken\" (using the \"boot tethered\" feature of a jailbreaking tool) each time it is turned on.[29] With a tethered jailbreak, the user can still restart SpringBoard (\"respring\") on the device without needing to reboot.", "iPhone. NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to tether their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer.[249] Many carriers of the iPhone later globally allowed tethering before Apple officially supported it with the upgrade to the iOS 3.0, with AT&T Mobility being a relative latecomer in the United States.[250] In most cases, the carrier charges extra for tethering an iPhone.", "Internet access. Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile phone towers to computers, mobile phones (called \"cell phones\" in North America and South Africa, and \"hand phones\" in Asia), and other digital devices using portable modems. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called tethering. The modem may be built into laptop computers, tablets, mobile phones, and other devices, added to some devices using PC cards, USB modems, and USB sticks or dongles, or separate wireless modems can be used.[68]", "Google Play. Some mobile carriers can block users from installing certain apps. In March 2009, reports surfaced that several tethering apps were banned from the store.[144] However, the apps were later restored, with a new ban preventing only T-Mobile subscribers from downloading the apps. Google released a statement:[145]", "Over-the-air programming. In general, the term OTA implies the use of wireless mechanisms to send provisioning data or update packages for firmware or software updates to a mobile device — this is so that the user does not have to go to a store or a service center to have applications provisioned, parameters changed or firmware or software updated. Non-OTA options for a user are a) to go to a store and seek help b) use a PC and a cable to connect to the device and change settings on a device, add software to device, etc.", "Rooting (Android). Rooting is the process of allowing users of smartphones, tablets and other devices running the Android mobile operating system to attain privileged control (known as root access) over various Android subsystems. As Android uses the Linux kernel, rooting an Android device gives similar access to administrative (superuser) permissions as on Linux or any other Unix-like operating system such as FreeBSD or macOS.", "Android (operating system). Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party firmware development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.[186] Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such as tethering, for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the \"jailbreaking\" of mobile devices,[187] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, with some, including HTC,[186] Motorola,[188] Samsung[189][190] and Sony,[191] providing support and encouraging development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders, similar to Nexus series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices' warranties to do so.[186] However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in the US still require that phones are locked down, frustrating developers and customers.[192]", "Wi-Fi. Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a cellular Internet radiomodem and Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet over 2G, 3G, or 4G networks using the tethering technique. Many smartphones have a built-in capability of this sort, including those based on Android, BlackBerry, Bada, iOS (iPhone), Windows Phone and Symbian, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it, especially for customers with unlimited data plans. \"Internet packs\" provide standalone facilities of this type as well, without use of a smartphone; examples include the MiFi- and WiBro-branded devices. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points.", "House arrest. In some countries, house arrest is often enforced through the use of technology products or services. One method is an electronic sensor locked around the offender's ankle (technically called an ankle monitor, also referred to as a tether). The electronic sensor transmits a GPS signal to a base handset. The base handset is connected to a police station or for-profit monitoring service.", "Rooting (Android). Rooting is often performed with the goal of overcoming limitations that carriers and hardware manufacturers put on some devices. Thus, rooting gives the ability (or permission) to alter or replace system applications and settings, run specialized applications (\"apps\") that require administrator-level permissions, or perform other operations that are otherwise inaccessible to a normal Android user. On Android, rooting can also facilitate the complete removal and replacement of the device's operating system, usually with a more recent release of its current operating system.", "Over-the-air programming. In the context of the mobile content world these include over-the-air service provisioning (OTASP), over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) or over-the-air parameter administration (OTAPA), or provisioning handsets with the necessary settings with which to access services such as WAP or MMS.", "Bluetooth. Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth wireless technology. Common applications include short messages, e.g., \"You've just been bluejacked!\"[93] Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device.[94] Bluejacking can also involve taking control of a mobile device wirelessly and phoning a premium rate line, owned by the bluejacker. Security advances have alleviated this issue.", "Ionosphere. The open system electrodynamic tether, which uses the ionosphere, is being researched. The space tether uses plasma contactors and the ionosphere as parts of a circuit to extract energy from the Earth's magnetic field by electromagnetic induction." ]

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[ "Advanced Placement. Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. American colleges and universities may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that field of study. For a high school course to have the designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum. If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger.[1]", "Education in the United States. Many high schools provide Honors, Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses. These are special forms of honors classes where the curriculum is more challenging and lessons more aggressively paced than standard courses. Honors, AP or IB courses are usually taken during the 11th or 12th grade of high school, but may be taken as early as 9th grade. Some international schools offer international school leaving qualifications, to be studied for and awarded instead of or alongside of the high school diploma, Honors, Advanced Placement, or International Baccalaureate. Regular honors courses are more intense and faster paced than typical college preparatory courses.[citation needed] AP and IB on the other hand, are college-level classes.[citation needed]", "Secondary education in the United States. Most high schools have classes known as \"honors\" classes for motivated and gifted students, where the quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student. Some high schools offer Regular Honors (H) (sometimes called Advanced), Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses, which are special forms of honors classes. AP courses are usually taken during the second, third, or fourth years of high school. International schools offering programs of study in line with foreign systems of Education, such as those of Britain and France, are also available. Some schools also offer dual-enrollment programs, in which select classes at a university may be taken for both university and high school credit.", "AP Calculus. AP Calculus AB is an Advanced Placement calculus course taken by high school students. The course is traditionally taken after precalculus and is the first calculus course offered at most schools except for the regular calculus class. The Pre-Advanced Placement pathway for math will help prepare students for further Advanced Placement classes and exams.", "College Board. The College Board's Advanced Placement Program is an extensive program that offers high school students the chance to participate in what College Board describes as college-level classes for a fee, reportedly broadening students' intellectual horizons and preparing them for college work. It also plays a large part in the college admissions process, showing students' intellectual capacity and genuine interest in learning. The program allows many students to gain college credit for high performance on the AP exams, much in the same manner as the CLEP. Granting credit, however, is at the discretion of the college. There are 2,900 colleges that grant credit and/or advanced standing.[citation needed] Critics of the Advanced Placement Program charge that courses and exams emphasize breadth of content coverage instead of depth.[citation needed]", "AP Computer Science A. Advanced Placement Computer Science A (also called AP Java or AP Comp Sci A) is an AP Computer Science course and examination offered by the College Board to high school students as an opportunity to earn college credit for a college-level computer science course. AP Computer Science A[1] is meant to be the equivalent of a first-semester course in computer science. The AP exam currently tests students on their knowledge of Java.", "Spring Grove Area High School. AP classes are a recent addition to Spring Grove's offered curriculum.", "AP Calculus. An AP course in calculus consists of a full high school academic year of work that is comparable to calculus courses in colleges and universities. It is expected that students who take an AP course in calculus will seek college credit, college placement, or both, from institutions of higher learning.", "West Shamokin High School. In 2013, West Shamokin Junior Senior High School offered 5 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education institutions give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools also give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At West Shamokin Junior Senior High School only 9% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam.[45]", "Advanced Placement. Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit.[19] Typically, this appears as a \"CR\" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score.[20] Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.", "Ronald Reagan High School (San Antonio). Classes are graded on a 100-point grading scale, and the grades students earn over their four-year high school career contribute to their ultimate class ranking. The 100-point grade is then converted to a four-point scale grade which appears on their high school transcripts. Special weights are attributed to classes based on their rigor. Advanced placement (AP) courses are weighted with a 29% increase in GPA, while pre-AP (honors) courses are weighted with a 15% increase in GPA. Less rigorous courses might actually count against the student.", "North Lawndale College Prep High School. 60% of juniors and seniors take at least one Advanced Placement course. Courses offered include: AP Literature and Composition, AP Language and Composition, AP US Government, and AP Government and Politics. Honors classes offered include Honors Algebra 1, Honors Geometry, Honors Advanced Algebra II and Trigonometry, Honors Pre-Calculus, Honors American Literatures, Honors World Literatures, Honors Biology.", "Advanced Placement. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.[9] Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses,[10] though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course.[11] Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.", "Advanced Placement. Several states use Advanced Placement data for accountability purposes, and U.S. News and World Report use data on Advanced Placement course offerings and participation to rank high schools.[43] However, studies of local school districts[44] and the United States as a whole[45] show that increasing AP participation does not increase the overall academic achievement or school quality at the group (e.g., high school, racial/ethnic group, nation) level. This led one researcher to state, \"Clearly, offering AP alone will not magically turn a failing school into a successful one.\"[46]", "Earl of March Secondary School. Earl of March offers Advanced Placement Program (AP) courses. AP is a program that offers high school students the opportunity to receive university credit for their work during high school.", "AP United States Government and Politics. Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics, also known as AP US Gov & Pol, AP USGP, AP US Gov, AP NSL, AP GOPO or AP Gov, is a college-level course and examination offered to high school students through the College Board's Advanced Placement Program. This course surveys the structure and function of American government and politics that begins with an analysis of the United States Constitution, the foundation of the American political system. Students study the three branches of government, administrative agencies that support each branch, the role of political behavior in the democratic process, rules governing elections, political culture, and the workings of political parties and interest groups.[1]", "Brevard Public Schools. Brevard County's system for high school class rankings is based around \"state-weighted GPA.\"[40] This system as practiced by Brevard County Schools actually does not refer to any specific state standard, leading to controversy over how rankings are determined. It has been suggested that the policy of awarding weight to Advanced Placement (AP) and Dual Enrollment programs actually handicaps the students taking the more challenging AP courses, especially in the district's two block-scheduled high schools, since in a block-scheduled program students receive AP credit and weight for only half to three-quarters of the course. The weights are equal in name and course code, in accordance with Florida State Statute.[citation needed]", "Mathematics education in the United States. Sometimes, a college level calculus course is offered via Advanced Placement courses. This is known as AP Calculus.", "Advanced Placement. University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score.[38] Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities.[when?] Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.[39]", "Advanced Placement. In addition, completing AP courses help students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.[21]", "College Board. SpringBoard is a pre-Advanced Placement program created by College Board to prepare students who intend to take AP courses or college-level courses in their scholastic career. Based on Wiggins and McTighe's \"Understanding by Design\" model, the SpringBoard program attempts to map knowledge into scholastic skill sets in preparation for Advanced Placement testing and college success. Units of instruction are titrated to students within and across all school grades, providing a vertically articulated curriculum framework that scaffolds learning skills and subject test knowledge. Implicit in the course curriculum, the program embeds pre-AP and AP teaching and learning strategies across grade school levels and classwork.", "High school diploma. County schools offer Honors, and AP classes.", "Advanced Placement. In the 21st century, independent educational researchers began to question whether AP could maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth.[35] Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes.[36] Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.[35][37]", "Academic grading in the United States. Some high schools, to reflect the varying skill required for different level courses and to discourage students from selecting courses that are considered a source of easy 'A's, will give higher numerical grades for difficult courses, often referred to as a weighted GPA. For example, two common conversion systems used in honors and Advanced Placement courses are:", "AP Calculus. The AP Program includes specifications for two calculus courses and the exam for each course. The two courses and the two corresponding exams are designated as Calculus AB and Calculus BC. Calculus AB can be offered as an AP course by any school that can organize a curriculum for students with advanced mathematical ability.[1]", "Fort Walton Beach High School. Fort Walton Beach High School is home to an Advanced Placement Institute and offers the following AP courses as of fall 2017:", "New Dorp High School. Students are required to achieve a passing grade on 5 New York State Regents exams. Advanced Placement courses are offered in Biology, Calculus AB, English Literature, Global History, and US History. There are also plans to introduce AP courses in Computer Science and Statistics. College extension programs are available; these are classes that college credit is offered, but it is given from a specific college rather than through an AP test. College extension classes include Anatomy & Physiology, Pre-Calc, Spanish, and Italian. New Dorp High School has partnerships with local colleges including CUNY College of Staten Island, CUNY Kingsborough Community College, St. John's University, and Polytechnic Institute of New York University.", "Academic grading in the United States. Sometimes the 5-based weighting scale is used for AP courses and the 4.6-based scale for honors courses, but often a school will choose one system and apply it universally to all advanced courses. A small number of high schools use a 5-point scale for Honors courses, a 6-point scale for AP courses, and/or a 3-point scale for courses of below average difficulty.", "Advanced Placement. AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:[17]", "Advanced Placement. In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.", "Lane Technical College Prep High School. Honor level courses are offered to qualified students. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are available in English, history, math, science, art, music, computer science and world languages. Students can also replace their normal physical education classes with a class in Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC). The program sponsors the Proctors Club, Color Guard, Honor Guard, Drill Platoon, Drum & Bugle Corps, and Raiders of Lane.[19] As of 2011, Lane has an 88.5% graduation rate and scored 88.0% on the Prairie State Achievement Exam.[20]", "Grading systems by country. In many American high schools, students may also score above 4.0 if taking advanced, honors, Advanced Placement, or International Baccalaureate classes (for example, a \"regular\" A would be worth four points, but an A earned in an advanced class might be worth 4.5 or 5 points towards the GPA.).[56] This is called a weighted GPA and is designed to reward students for taking more advanced courses. Although weighting GPAs is a widespread practice in the United States, there is little research into whether weighted GPAs are better than unweighted GPAs. In one study, weighted GPAs were not suitable for predicting any college outcomes, but unweighted GPA were strong predictors of college GPA.[57]" ]

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[ "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The series has been licensed to over 190 countries.[106] In Australia, Once Upon a Time first aired on Seven Network, starting on May 15, 2012. In Canada it airs on CTV from October 23, 2011. It premiered on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom on April 1, 2012.[107] On December 17, 2013, it was confirmed that Channel 5 would not be picking the series up for the third season airing in the UK.[107] On March 14, 2015, Netflix picked up the show in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, subsequently showing all seasons and premiering each new episode on Wednesdays after their initial showing on Sundays on ABC.", "List of Once Upon a Time episodes. In February 2018, it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series.[1] During the course of the series, 155 episodes of Once Upon a Time aired over seven seasons.", "List of Once Upon a Time episodes. Once Upon a Time is an American fairy tale drama television series created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, who also serve as executive producers alongside Steve Pearlman. It debuted on ABC on October 23, 2011. The first season introduces a bail bond agent, Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) and her birth-son, Henry Mills (Jared S. Gilmore), who discover that a New England town named Storybrooke, Maine is actually a remnant of a parallel world that was cursed by Henry's adoptive mother the Evil Queen/Mayor Regina Mills (Lana Parrilla) and that all the characters from the fairy tales have no memories of who they were, including the parents of Emma: Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming/David Nolan (Josh Dallas), who sent her to the real world to save their world and break the curse.", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11, 2017.[1] It consisted of 22 episodes, airing on Fridays, having premiered on October 6, 2017.[2]", "Once Upon a Time (season 6). The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3, 2016.[1] It debuted on September 25, 2016, and concluded on May 14, 2017.[2] In January 2017, it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline, and for a seventh season, the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline.[3]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). A spin-off series, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on October 10, 2013, and concluded on April 3, 2014. It followed the journey of Alice, from Alice in Wonderland. [7]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). Once Upon a Time's first season received \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics. Metacritic gave it a score of 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews. The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18–49 rating/share of 4.0/10. The second season premiered on September 30, 2012, to an audience of 11.36 million viewers, while the third season began on September 29, 2013, opening to 8.52 million viewers. In May 2014, ABC renewed the show for its fourth season, premiering in September 2014 to an audience of 9.47 million viewers. The series was renewed for a fifth season in May 2015 and for a sixth season in March 2016.[30] On May 11, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a 22-episode seventh season.[31]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). In May 2017, the series was renewed for a seventh season consisting of 22 episodes,[12] which marks the beginning of a soft reboot.[13][14][15] Years later, Lucy (Alison Fernandez) arrives in the neighborhood of Hyperion Heights in Seattle, Washington with her Once Upon a Time book to find her father Henry Mills (Andrew J. West) who is needed by his family.[16][17][18] Characters from the New Enchanted Forest[19] were brought to Hyperion Heights under a new curse and are caught in a rising conflict involving Cinderella (Dania Ramirez) and Lady Tremaine (Gabrielle Anwar) whose dangerous history with Mother Gothel (Emma Booth) is also revealed.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). It borrows elements and characters from the Disney franchise and popular Western literature, folklore, and fairy tales. Once Upon a Time was created by Lost and Tron: Legacy writers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz.[2] For the first six seasons, the series aired on Sundays at 8:00 pm ET/7:00 pm CT.[3] On May 11, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a 22-episode seventh season, moving to Friday 8:00 pm ET/7:00 pm CT, which premiered on October 6, 2017.[4][5][6]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The fourth season premiered on September 28, 2014. It was also split into two volumes, with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2014, and the later half from March to May 2015. A new storyline incorporating elements from Frozen was revealed when the time travel events of the previous season lead to the accidental arrival of Elsa (Georgina Haig) from the Enchanted Forest of the past to present-day Storybrooke. As she searches for her sister Anna (Elizabeth Lail) with the aid of the main characters, they encounter the Snow Queen (Elizabeth Mitchell).[9] Meanwhile, Regina seeks the Author of Henry's Once Upon a Time book so that she can finally have her happy ending. However, Mr. Gold, with the help of Cruella De Vil (Victoria Smurfit), Maleficent (Kristin Bauer van Straten), and Ursula (Merrin Dungey), has his own plan to rewrite the rules governing the fates of all heroes and villains. Henry and Emma race to restore reality and the truth before the twisted inversion becomes permanent. However, the price leads to the ultimate sacrifice.", "Once Upon a Time (season 2). On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed Once Upon a Time for a second season,[1] which premiered on September 30, 2012.[24]", "Once Upon a Time (season 4). The season airs simultaneously on CTV in Canada.[99] In New Zealand, it is currently airing on TVNZ.[100]", "Once Upon a Time (season 1). The first season of the ABC television series Once Upon a Time premiered on October 23, 2011 and concluded on May 13, 2012. The series was created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. The series centers around the Enchanted Forest and Storybrooke, and the Evil Queen's (Lana Parrilla) plot to destroy everyone's happiness so she can be the only one with a happy ending.", "Once Upon a Time (season 7). The storyline was softly rebooted[6][7][8] with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills, set several years after last season's events.[9] In February 2018, it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series; the season and series concluded on May 18, 2018.[10]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). Once Upon a Time is an American fantasy drama television series that premiered on October 23, 2011, on ABC. The show follows various fairy-tale characters who were transported to the real world and robbed of their original memories by a powerful curse. The first six seasons were set in the fictitious seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, with Emma Swan as the lead character, while the seventh takes place in a Seattle, Washington neighborhood called Hyperion Heights, with a new main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills.", "Once Upon a Time (season 3). On May 10, 2013, after the success of Disney's 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful, ABC renewed Once Upon a Time for a third season, which premiered on September 29, 2013. The same month, it was revealed that the season will feature crossover episodes connecting with the upcoming spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.[25] In August 2013, it was announced that the season would be split into two parts, with the first eleven episodes premiering from September 29 to December 2013, while the second half would broadcast from March 9 to May 2014.[26]", "Once Upon a Time (season 2). The second season of the ABC television series Once Upon a Time was announced on May 10, 2012.[1] It premiered on September 30, 2012 and concluded on May 12, 2013.", "Once Upon a Time (season 4). The fourth season of the ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was announced on May 8, 2014.[1][2][3] On May 13, 2014, it was revealed that the season would be split into two parts, the first half airing during autumn 2014, and the second half during spring 2015 of the 2014–15 television season.[4] It premiered on September 28, 2014, and concluded on May 10, 2015.", "Once Upon a Time (season 3). The third season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was announced on May 10, 2013. Executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis also noted that the season would be split into two volumes, with the first premiering on September 29, 2013 through December 15, 2013, and the second from March 9, 2014 through May 11, 2014.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The sixth season was announced on March 3, 2016, and premiered on September 25, 2016. The characters must defend Storybrooke from the combined threat of Mr. Hyde and an unleashed Evil Queen and the mysterious fate of saviors leads to Emma learning about Aladdin (Deniz Akdeniz).[11] The ongoing war between light and darkness ultimately leads to the arrival of the Black Fairy (Jaime Murray) as well as the final battle that was prophesied before the casting of the original curse.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The fifth season was announced on May 7, 2015,[10] and premiered on September 27, 2015. It was once again split into two volumes with the first volume ran from September to December 2015, and the second volume from March to May 2016. The characters embark on a quest to Camelot to find the Sorcerer Merlin (Elliot Knight) in order to free Emma from the powers of an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy everything. To complicate matters, King Arthur (Liam Garrigan) is determined to forever alter the balance between light and darkness using the legendary Excalibur. As history and destiny collide, unsuspected consequences lead the characters to the Underworld where they encounter souls of those with unfinished business and must face Hades (Greg Germann). In an attempt to restore order to the chaos that has culminated, the characters' dangerous manipulations of magic lead to an exacerbation of the war between light and darkness, with the separation of Regina and her Evil Queen persona, as well as the arrival of Dr. Jekyll (Hank Harris) and Mr. Hyde (Sam Witwer).", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). In the seventh season reboot, an adult Henry Mills (Andrew J. West), along with Regina, Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) and Rumplestiltskin, are found years later in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, where characters from a different realm were brought under a new curse. Hoping to restore her family's memories, Lucy (Alison Fernandez) must convince her parents, Henry and Cinderella (Dania Ramirez), of the true nature of Hyperion Heights, in the midst of emerging dangers involving Lady Tremaine (Gabrielle Anwar) and Mother Gothel (Emma Booth).", "Sitcom. One Day at a Time (2017 TV Series) is a Netflix Original Series that aired on January 6, 2017. The series follows the same basic plot as an early sitcom of the same name, a recently separated woman raises her two children with the help of her mother and their building's superintendent. The first season has 13 episodes. One Day at a Time was renewed for a second season in March 2017.", "Broken (Once Upon a Time). The premiere of season two, \"Broken\" was received generally positive reviews.", "The Final Battle (Once Upon a Time). This also marks the series' final Sunday night airing after six seasons, as ABC announced on May 16, 2017 that Once Upon a Time would move to Friday nights starting in the Fall of 2017.[1]", "Once Upon a Time (season 1). Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 78% based on 32 reviews. The consensus reads \"Charming and fantastical, Once Upon a Time is tonally uneven but derives strength from an outstanding cast and handsome visuals.\" [24]", "Fall (Once Upon a Time). \"Fall\" is the Tenth[1] episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on November 30, 2014.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The second season premiered on September 30, 2012.[8] Despite Emma having broken the curse, the characters are not returned to the fairy tale world, and must deal with their own dual identities. With the introduction of magic into Storybrooke by Mr. Gold, the fates of the two worlds become intertwined, and new threats emerge in the form of Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), Regina's mother Cora (Barbara Hershey), also known as the Queen of Hearts, and sinister operatives from the real world with an agenda to destroy magic.", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The show was nominated again 2014 Teen Choice Awards, but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Dylan O'Brien, respectively.", "Nancy Hower. \"Elogium\" (Season 2), \"Tattoo\" (Season 2), \"Dreadnought\" (Season 2), \"Deadlock\" (Season 2), \"Basics, Pt. 2\" (Season 3), \"Mortal Coil\" (Season 4), \"Once Upon A Time\" (Season 5), and \"Fury\" (Season 6).", "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. The series received mixed to positive reviews from critics who praised its cast, visuals, and narration, but criticized the muddled plot. On March 27, 2014, it was revealed that the series would be ending after one season, with the series finale airing on April 3, 2014.[4] On April 1, 2014, it was reported that Michael Socha was in talks to reprise his role as Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts as a series regular in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time.[5] On April 20, 2014, it was confirmed that Michael Socha would become a regular for the fourth season of the parent series.[6]", "Once Upon a Time (TV series). The third season premiered on September 29, 2013. It was split into two volumes, with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2013, and the later half from March to May 2014. In the first volume, the main characters travel to Neverland to rescue Henry, who has been kidnapped by Peter Pan (Robbie Kay) as part of a plan to obtain the \"Heart of the Truest Believer\" from him. Their increasing power struggle with Pan continues in Storybrooke, which ultimately results in the complete reversal of the original curse. All the characters are returned to their original worlds, leaving Emma and Henry to escape to New York City. In the second volume, the characters are mysteriously brought back to a recreated Storybrooke with their memories of the previous year removed, and the envious Wicked Witch of the West (Rebecca Mader) from the Land of Oz appears with a plan to change the past. Once again, Emma is needed to save her family." ]

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[ "Lost in Space. The Robinson family, selected from two million volunteers for this mission, consisted of Professor John Robinson, played by Guy Williams, his wife, Maureen, played by June Lockhart, their children, Judy (Marta Kristen), Penny (Angela Cartwright), and Will (Billy Mumy). They are accompanied by their pilot, U.S. Space Corps Major Donald West (Mark Goddard), who is trained to fly the ship when the time comes for the eventual landing. Initially the Robinsons and Major West will be in freezing tubes for the voyage, with the tubes opening when the spacecraft approached its destination. Unless there is a problem with the ship's navigation or guidance system during the voyage, Major West was only to take the controls during the final approach and landing on the destination planet, while the Robinsons were to strap themselves into contour couches on the lower deck for the landing.[citation needed]", "Guy Williams (actor). Guy Williams played Professor John Robinson, expert in astrophysics and geology, who commanded the mission of the Jupiter 2 spaceship, taking his family in a voyage to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system.", "List of Lost in Space episodes. On October 16, 1997 at about 8PM ET, the Robinson family departed from Cape Kennedy, Florida in the Jupiter 2 space ship to colonize Alpha Centauri, but Dr. Zachary Smith (Jonathan Harris), working as a saboteur for a foreign government, rigs the environmental control robot to destroy the ship's control systems within hours after take off. Events lead to Smith being trapped aboard the doomed ship, which encounters a meteor storm and veers light years off course. Soon, the robot becomes active and does further damage before it can be stopped. Later, Professor John Robinson (Guy Williams) tries to fix the ship's sensor systems but must go outside the craft to perform the repairs. He becomes untethered and his wife Maureen goes out to help him.\nGuest star: Hoke Howell (Sgt. Rogers)", "Lost in Space. In this adaptation John Robinson was a retiring war hero of an alien invasion and had decided to take his family to another colony elsewhere in space. However the ship is attacked by the aliens, David is lost amidst it all, and the Robinsons, along with Don, are forced to escape in the small Jupiter 2 \"Space Pod\" of the mothership. The series, presumably, would have revolved around the family trying to recover David from the aliens.", "Lost in Space. Although the original concept (depicted in the pilot episode \"No Place to Hide\", not aired until 1997) centered on the Robinson family, many later storylines focused primarily on Dr. Zachary Smith, played by Jonathan Harris. Smith and Robot B-9 were both absent from the unaired pilot, as the addition of their characters was only decided upon once the series had been commissioned for production.[citation needed]", "Lost in Space. In 1995, Kevin Burns produced a documentary showcasing the career of Irwin Allen, hosted by Bill Mumy and June Lockhart in a recreation of the Jupiter 2 exterior set. Mumy and Lockhart utilize the \"Celestial Department Store Ordering Machine\" as a temporal conduit to show information and clips on Allen's history. Clips from Allen's various productions as well as pilots for his unproduced series were presented along with new interviews with cast members of Allen's shows. Mumy and Lockhart complete their presentation and enter the Jupiter 2, following which Jonathan Harris appears in character as Smith and instructs the Robot once again to destroy the ship as per his original instructions \"... and this time get it right, you bubble-headed booby\".", "Jonathan Harris. Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of Dr. Zachary Smith, the evil and conniving double agent on Lost in Space. The character did not appear in the original 1965 pilot episode for CBS, nor did The Robot. The series was already in production when Harris joined the cast, and starring/co-starring billing had already been contractually assigned. Harris successfully negotiated to receive \"Special Guest Star\" billing on every episode.", "Lost in Space. In 1998, Burns produced a television special about the series hosted by John Larroquette and Robot B-9 (performed by actor Bob May and voice actor Dick Tufeld). The special was hosted within a recreation of the Jupiter 2 upper deck set. The program ends with Laroquette mockingly pressing a button on the Amulet from \"The Galaxy Gift\" episode, disappearing and being replaced by Mumy and Harris as an older Will Robinson and Zachary Smith. They attempt one more time to return to Earth but find that they are \"Lost in Space ... Forever!\"", "Jonathan Harris. Harris refused to make a cameo appearance in the 1998 motion picture version of Lost in Space, unlike many of his co-stars in the original series. He announced, \"I've never played a bit part in my life and I'm not going to start now!\" However, he did make promotional appearances for the film:", "Christian Slater. Since 2000 Slater has mixed TV work with leading roles in mainly lower budget films along with supporting roles in a few mainstream productions, appearing in the successful The West Wing and Alias TV productions, but also being part of Hollywood films, including Bobby and 3000 Miles to Graceland.[7] He has also worked as a voice-over artist in productions, including the character of 'Pip' in the successful Australian animated film FernGully: The Last Rainforest, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and TV documentaries, including Prehistoric Planet and Dinosaur Planet. Slater also voiced the character John Watson a.k.a. \"Wonko the Sane\" in BBC Radio 4's production of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[10] Slater starred in the television series My Own Worst Enemy in 2008 and The Forgotten in 2009.", "Bumper Robinson. Larry C. \"Bumper\" Robinson II (born June 19, 1974) is an American actor and voice artist.[1]", "Bill Mumy. In May 2013, 11 years after Harris' death in November 2002, Mumy commented on his connection with his friend and acting mentor offscreen and their onscreen connection while working in character as Will Robinson and Dr. Smith oncreen, in Lost in Space. Mumy noted: \"I never really had too many uncomfortable moments working with any actor. I was comfortable working with most everybody. It’s just the more that Jonathan and I did together, the more he changed the character. He really changed the character of Dr. Smith himself. He really turned him from a snarling saboteur villain to this bumbling insulting kook. The more he played it for comedy, the more Irwin Allen liked it. The show really went the way that Jonathan led it. But we had great chemistry together, and we never had a bad day. We were always prepared, as was Bobby May who was inside the robot. When we had our work to do—and I think this is a very big reason [for] the way it went—they’d get us done in a couple of takes. Nobody screwed up. It was easier for the crew and it was easier for us, and people seemed to like it.\"[16]", "Joe Robinson (actor). Joseph Robinson (31 May 1927 – 3 July 2017[1]) was an English actor and stuntman born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. He was a champion professional wrestler, as were his father and grandfather. His brother, Doug Robinson, is also an actor and stuntman.[2]", "Lost in Space. The astronaut family of Dr. John Robinson, accompanied by an Air Force/Space Corps pilot and a robot, set out in the year 1997 from an overpopulated Earth in the spaceship Jupiter 2 to travel to a planet circling the star Alpha Centauri with hopes of colonizing it.[citation needed] The Jupiter 2 mission is sabotaged by Dr. Zachary Smith – an agent for an unnamed foreign government – who slips aboard the spaceship and reprograms the robot to destroy the ship and crew. However, when he is trapped aboard, his excess weight alters the craft's flight path and places it directly in the path of a massive meteor storm. Smith manages to save himself by prematurely reviving the crew from suspended animation. The ship survives, but consequent damage caused by Smith's earlier sabotage of the robot leaves them lost in space. In the third episode the Jupiter 2 crashlands on an alien world, later identified by Will as Priplanus, where they spend the rest of the season and survive a host of adventures. Smith, whom Allen had originally intended to write out, remains through all three seasons, as a source of comedic cowardice and villainy, exploiting the eternally forgiving nature of Professor Robinson. Smith was liked by the trusting Will, and tolerated by the women, but he was disliked by both the Robot and the suspicious Major Don West.[citation needed]", "Land of the Giants. Elements of Allen's Lost in Space series recur in Land of the Giants, notably the relationship between foolish, greedy, on-the-run bank robber Alexander B. Fitzhugh (Kurt Kasznar) and the young boy Barry Lockridge (Stefan Arngrim), paralleling the relationship on Lost in Space between Doctor Smith and the young Will Robinson. Also, for main cast billing, Kasznar was treated contractually in the same manner as Jonathan Harris had been on Lost In Space: billed in last place on the opening credit sequence, but billed as Special Guest Star (even though he was a series regular). Apart from this, Gary Conway received solo star billing in the opening credits, with the other regulars all receiving also starring billing.", "Lost in Space (film). Lost in Space is a 1998 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, and Gary Oldman. The film was shot in London and Shepperton, and produced by New Line Cinema. The plot is adapted from the 1965–1968 CBS television series Lost in Space. The film focuses on the Robinson family, who undertake a voyage to a nearby star system to begin large-scale emigration from a soon-to-be uninhabitable Earth, but are thrown off course by a saboteur and must try to find their way home.", "Lost in Space. During its three-season run, many actors made guest appearances, including familiar actors and/or actors who went on to become well-known. Among those appearing in Lost in Space episodes: Kevin Hagen, Alan Hewitt, Sherry Jackson, Werner Klemperer, Warren Oates, Don Matheson, Kurt Russell, Wally Cox, Grant Sullivan, Norman Leavitt, Tommy Farrell, Mercedes McCambridge, Lyle Waggoner, Albert Salmi, Royal Dano, Strother Martin, Michael J. Pollard, Byron Morrow, Arte Johnson, Fritz Feld, John Carradine, Al Lewis, Hans Conried, Dennis Patrick, Michael Rennie among many others. Future Hill Street Blues stars, Daniel J. Travanti (billed as \"Danny Travanty\") and Michael Conrad, made guest appearances on separate episodes. Jonathan Harris, although a permanent cast member, was listed in the opening credits as \"Special Guest Star\" of every episode of Lost in Space.", "Bill Mumy. While noted for several roles as both a child and adult actor, Mumy is best known for his iconic television role in a classic 60s science fiction series. From 1965 to 1968, Mumy portrayed Will Robinson in Lost in Space, who was the recipient of numerous warnings, (most famously \"Danger, Will Robinson\") from the show's robot character, voiced by Dick Tufeld.[7]", "Jonathan Harris. As a tribute to Harris, writer/director John Wardlaw wrote an additional scene for the film The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas, which included Harris's final performance before his death. Wardlaw asked Lost in Space co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright, and Marta Kristen to contribute their voices to the film. The three actors reunited in the recording studio on June 14, 2006. \"This was the first time they had all been together in something unrelated to Lost in Space and it was a blast. They listened to what Harris had recorded and there were laughs and some tears,\" Wardlaw stated.[8]", "Guy Williams (actor). Among his most notable achievements were two TV series: Zorro, in the title role and Lost in Space, as the father of the Robinson family. The sci-fi TV program was popular, noted for the design of the sleek silver spacesuits, which Guy Williams wore in many publicity photos. His hobbies included astronomy, chess, music (mostly classical), fencing, tropical fish, and sailing; he owned a 40-foot (12 m) ketch called the Oceana.", "John Allen Nelson. John Allen Nelson (born August 28, 1959) is an American actor and screenwriter.[1]", "Lost in Space. Other nations are racing to colonize space, and they would stop at nothing, not even sabotage, to thwart the United States's effort. It turns out that Dr. Zachary Smith (Jonathan Harris), Alpha Control's doctor, and later said to be a psychiatrist and environmental control expert, is secretly an agent for one of those competing nations. After disposing of a guard who catches him on board the spacecraft, Smith reprograms the Jupiter 2's B-9 environmental control robot (voiced by Dick Tufeld) to destroy critical systems on the spaceship eight hours after launch. Smith, however, unintentionally becomes trapped aboard at launch and his extra weight throws the Jupiter 2 off course, causing it to encounter a meteor storm. This, plus the robot's rampage that causes the ship to prematurely engage its hyperdrive, causes the expedition to become hopelessly lost in the infinite depths of outer space.[citation needed]", "Bill Mumy. In 1996, Mumy and his Lost in Space costar Jonathan Harris were reunited at a Walt Disney convention in Orlando, Florida. Mumy worked again with Harris on the retrospective special Lost In Space: Forever (1998), where they reprised their roles in a scene written by Mumy (Harris rewrote his own lines). This occurred the year after the rest of the cast (including both Mumy and Harris) stated in a TV Guide article that the Sci Fi Channel planned to do a Lost in Space marathon while promoting a new movie. Harris was to appear in the planned TV movie, Lost in Space: The Journey Home, but died before production was scheduled to start, in 2002, and it was subsequently cancelled. Mumy read the eulogy at Harris' funeral and was asked to narrate an account of his longtime friend's life on A&E Biography that year.", "Jonathan Harris. In 1990, Harris reunited with the cast of Lost in Space in a filmed celebration of the 25th anniversary of the series' debut, at an event attended by more than 30,000 fans.[9] Harris made a number of other convention appearances with other cast members of Lost in Space, including a 1996 appearance at Disney World.", "Jonathan Harris. From 1963-65, Harris co-starred in the sitcom The Bill Dana Show. He played Mr. Phillips, the pompous manager of a posh hotel who is constantly at odds with his bumbling Bolivian bellhop, the Bill Dana character José Jiménez. A similar formula was later used in John Cleese's British hotel comedy Fawlty Towers.) Don Adams rounded out the cast as an inept house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on Get Smart. In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \"Oh, the pain!\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on Lost in Space.", "Bumper Robinson. Robinson's career continued into the 1990s, with work on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the Fox television movie Generation X, and shows like Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, The Client, Touched by an Angel, The Steve Harvey Show, Sister, Sister, and The John Larroquette Show. He earned rave reviews for his performance as Jackie Jackson in ABC's miniseries, The Jacksons: An American Dream, after which, he joined the cast of NBC's A Different World as Dorian Heywood. He also portrayed Jared Harris in Guys Like Us, Marcus Miller on The WB's Three, a recurring role as Ivan Ennis on Fox's Living Single and Marcus Wentworth on UPN's Grown Ups.", "Lost in Space. In late 2003, a new television series, with a somewhat changed format, was in development in the U.S. It originally was intended to be closer to the original pilot with no Smith, but including a robot, had an additional older Robinson child called David, and Penny was an infant. The pilot (titled, \"The Robinsons: Lost in Space\") was commissioned by The WB Television Network. It was directed by John Woo and produced by Synthesis Entertainment, Irwin Allen Productions, Twentieth Century Fox Television and Regency Television.", "Jared Harris. Harris began his film career as director of named Darkmoor (1983), an unfinished feature-length film for Duke University's Freewater Films. His first film appearance as an actor was in The Rachel Papers (1989). He played the role of the aged Will Robinson in the movie adaptation of the television series Lost in Space. Harris played Dr. Charles Ashford in Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Benmont Tench in Jim Jarmusch's Dead Man, and Kenneth Branagh's character's doppelgänger in How to Kill Your Neighbor's Dog.", "Matt Robinson (actor). Since 1972, two other actors, Hal Miller (1972–1974) and Roscoe Orman (1974–) have played the role of Gordon. Later, when Gordon's surname was needed, Robinson's was used in tribute.", "Jonathan Harris. Jonathan Harris (born Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin; November 6, 1914 – November 3, 2002) was an American character actor. Two of his best-known roles were as the timid accountant Bradford Webster in the television version of The Third Man and the fussy villain Dr. Zachary Smith of the 1960s science fiction series Lost in Space. Near the end of his career, he provided voices for the animated features A Bug's Life and Toy Story 2.[1]", "June Lockhart. Lockhart is best known for her roles as TV mothers, first as Ruth Martin, the wife of Paul Martin (portrayed by Hugh Reilly), and the mother of Timmy Martin (played by Jon Provost) in the 1950s CBS series, Lassie (a role that she played from 1958 to 1964). She replaced actress Cloris Leachman, who, in turn, had replaced Jan Clayton – who had played a similar character earlier in the series. Following her five-year run on Lassie Lockhart made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as defendant Mona Stanton Harvey in \"The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor.\" Lockhart then starred as Dr. Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space, which ran from 1965 to 1968 on CBS, opposite veteran actors Guy Williams and Jonathan Harris.", "Joe Robinson (actor). Championships and accomplishments" ]

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[ "India and the United Nations. India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1944 October and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.[1]", "India and the United Nations. India was one of the original members of the League of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[5] India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[6] Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947.", "India and the United Nations. India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from the British Raj.[8] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947–48, India took an active part in Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[9][10]", "India and the United Nations. From January 2011 to January 2013, India was a non permanent member of the UN Security Council. According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of India's foreign policy, as a non-permanent member from January 2011 to January 2013, India played a crucial role on important international issues with a view to promote international peace and security as well as India's own national security.[30]", "India and the United Nations. Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism and apartheid. India's status as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[7]", "Partition of India. Following its creation as a new country in August 1947, Pakistan applied for membership of the United Nations and was accepted by the General Assembly on 30 September 1947. The Dominion of India continued to have the existing seat as India had been a founding member of the United Nations since 1945.[76]", "Foreign relations of India. India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.[447] India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agencies and organisations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea,[448][449] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[450] India has been a member of the UN Security Council for six terms (a total of 12 years), and was a member for the term 2011–12. India is a member of the G4 group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the security council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the Group of 77.", "India and the United Nations. India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011–12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77.", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council.  India, which joined the U.N. in 1945, two years before independence in 1947, is the second-largest and one of the largest constant contributors of troops to the United Nations peacekeeping missions.[52] Foreign Policy magazine states that, \"India's international identity has long been shaped by its role in U.N. peacekeeping, with more than 100,000 Indian troops having served in U.N. missions during the past 50 years. Today, India has over 8,500 peacekeepers in the field, more than twice as many as the U.N.'s five big powers combined.\"[53] In supporting India's bid for a permanent seat on an enlarged Security Council last November, US President Barack Obama cited \"India's long history as a leading contributor to United Nations peacekeeping mission\".[53] India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, most recently from 2011 to 2012, after receiving 188 of the 190 total votes.[54][55]", "India and the United Nations. Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, the Special Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22.", "India and the United Nations. In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament.[18] From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President, Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: \"If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment.\"[29] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities.", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council. India's bid for permanent member of UNSC is now backed by four of the five permanent members, namely France,[58][59] Russia,[60] United Kingdom[61] and United States.[62] On 15 April 2011, China officially expressed its support for an increased Indian role at the United Nations, without explicitly endorsing India's Security Council ambitions.[63][64] A few months later, China endorsed Indian candidacy as a permanent UNSC member provided that India revokes its support for Japanese candidacy.[65]", "History of the Republic of India. Despite all this, India showed great promise with a higher growth rate in gross domestic product.[61] In January 2011, India assumed a nonpermanent seat in the United Nations Security Council for the 2011-12 term. In 2004, India had launched an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan. In March, India overtook China to become the world's largest importer of arms.[29]", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council. We salute India's long history as a leading contributor to United Nations peacekeeping missions. And we welcome India as it prepares to take its seat on the United Nations Security Council. As two global leaders, the United States and India can partner for global security—especially as India serves on the Security Council over the next two years. Indeed, the just and sustainable international order that America seeks includes a United Nations that is efficient, effective, credible and legitimate. That is why I can say today, in the years ahead, I look forward to a reformed United Nations Security Council that includes India as a permanent member. The United Nations exists to fulfill its founding ideals of preserving peace and security, promoting global cooperation, and advancing human rights. These are the responsibilities of all nations, but especially those that seek to lead in the 21st century. And so we look forward to working with India—and other nations that aspire to Security Council membership—to ensure that the Security Council is effective; that resolutions are implemented, that sanctions are enforced; that we strengthen the international norms which recognize the rights and responsibilities of all nations and all individuals.", "India and the United Nations. In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armistice ending the Korean War in 1953.[11] India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that \"Now Nehru—who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides—denounced Anthony Eden (the then British Prime Minister) and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet (the then French Prime Minister) behave\".[12]", "India and the United Nations. In September 2017, U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the US House of Representatives (115th United States Congress), seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.[34]", "India and the United Nations. Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[24][25]", "India and the United Nations. India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistan and entered a period of political instability, economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[26] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh dramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[27] In his book \"India's Changing Role in the United Nations\" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[28] Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971.", "UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute. The Security Council Resolution 47 (1948) also enlarged the membership of the UNCIP to 5 members. India and Pakistan signed the Karachi Agreement in March 1951 and established a ceasefire line to be supervised by observers. After the termination of the UNCIP, the Security Council passed Resolution 91 (1951) and established a United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to observe and report violations of ceasefire.", "Member states of the United Nations. Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990. Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia, in a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as successor states, would apply for membership in the UN. Neither state sought sole successor state status. Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993.[36]", "Foreign relations of India. India has been pushing for reforms in the United Nations and in the World Trade Organisation with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Brazil, African Union nations, United States and China. In 2005, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The United States agreed that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception and persuaded other Nuclear Suppliers Group members to sign similar deals with India.", "Foreign relations of India. India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including France, Russia,[47] the United Kingdom,[48] Germany, Japan, Brazil,[49] Australia[50] and UAE.[51] In 2004, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however this has not persuaded other Nuclear Suppliers Group members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US president Barack Obama announced US support for India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council[52] as well as India's entry to Nuclear Suppliers Group, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group and Missile Technology Control Regime.[53][54]", "Member states of the United Nations. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and a majority of the other signatories.[7] A total of 51 original members (or founding members) joined that year; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, while Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it on 15 October 1945.[8][9]", "Member states of the United Nations. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, referred to as Yugoslavia, joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. By 1992, it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states, which were all subsequently admitted to the UN:", "India and the United Nations. India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[13] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of the G-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council. In September 2017, U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the US House of Representatives (115th United States Congress), seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.[11]", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council.  Japan, which joined the UN in 1956, is the second-largest contributor to the UN's regular budget.[156] Its payments had surpassed the sum of those of the United Kingdom, France, China and Russia combined for nearly two decades before 2010. Japan has been one of the largest Official development assistance donor countries. Thus, Japan, along with India, are considered the most likely candidates for two of the new permanent seats. China has stated that it was ready to support India's move for a permanent seat on the UNSC if India did not associate its bid with Japan.[157] This may be contrary to the Indian stand since Japan and India are both members of the G4 and support each other's candidature. Japan has been elected to the Security Council for eleven terms as a non-permanent member.", "India as an emerging superpower. As of 2016, India is said to have received support from all the five permanent members of United Nations Security Council for its candidacy.", "India and the United Nations. For FY 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was ₹2,440,000,000 (US$36 million),[47] which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal.[47] India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget.[48] Indian contribution to United Nations Democracy Fund was USD 250 million for 2009.[49]", "India and the United Nations. India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea,[2][3] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[4]", "India and the United Nations. India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia and Pakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.", "India and the United Nations. India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[16][17]" ]

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[ "The Cat in the Hat (film). The Cat in the Hat (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat) is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch. It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name. The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat, and Dakota Fanning as Sally. Sally's brother (who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special), Conrad, is portrayed by Spencer Breslin. The film is the second feature-length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas.", "The Cat in the Hat. The Cat in the Hat has been adapted for various media, including theater, television, film, and educational software. The animated musical TV special premiered in 1971 and starred Allan Sherman as the Cat. In 2003, a live-action film adaptation was released, starring Mike Myers as the Cat, Spencer Breslin as Conrad, and Dakota Fanning as Sally. Boxoffice.com reports that the film grossed $133,960,541 worldwide on an estimated $165 million budget.[56] In 2012, following the financial success of The Lorax, the animated film adaptation of the Dr. Seuss book of the same name, Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment announced plans to produce a CGI adaptation of the book.[57] Rob Lieber will write the script, Chris Meledandri will produce, and Audrey Geisel will be the executive producer.", "Spencer Breslin. Breslin then returned to the big screen starring alongside Dakota Fanning and Mike Myers as a cute, messy, troublemaker squabbling brother of Fanning's in the 2003 fantasy comedy film The Cat in the Hat, which grossed $134 million, making it the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie ever.[34][35][36] Co-star Alec Baldwin and director Bo Welch lauded Breslin for his Snagglepuss-like \"horizontal lisp,\" the New York sound of his voice, and his capacity to convey \"every shade of neurosis.\"[37] Film reviewer Philip Morency wrote: \"Spencer Breslin plays the bratty, obnoxious boy. He makes you want to shoot him.\"[38] Film critic Stephen Hunter, writing for the Washington Post, found Breslin to be \"adorable.\"[39]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Once their mother leaves, Sally and Conrad meet a humanoid, oversized talking cat in a hat in their house. The Cat reveals he wants them to learn to have fun, but the children's pet fish doesn't want the Cat around when Joan is away. The Cat then leaves a trail of destruction across the house. In the process, he releases two trouble-making things, Thing 1 and Thing 2, from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world. The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule: never open the crate, then allows the Things to have fun, but they make a mess out of the house. Despite the Cat's warning, Conrad picks the lock on the crate. When the crate's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog, Nevins, Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock. They drive a super-powered car which Cat names it S.L.O.W. (Super Luxurious Omnidirectional Whatchamajigger) in search of Nevins and use Cat's magic hat. Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told, and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star, stating, \"Cat, another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss, has a draw on Mike Myers, who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. Although he praised the production design, he considered the film to be \"all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics, with no room for lightness and joy\".[27] Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film \"Two Thumbs Down\". Roeper said of Myers' performance that \"Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live-action version of The Cat in the Hat just wasn't a great idea.\" Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas, in that \"If there is one thing I've learned from these two movies is that we don't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch, and we don't want to see Mike Myers as a cat. These are talented comedians, let's see them do their stuff, don't bury them under a ton of technology.\"", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat. The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen, who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss' \"mischievous feline\" babysitter. Allen stated, \"My dream is to give it the edge that scared me.\"[8] However, producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001, when Alec Berg, Jeff Schaffer, and Dave Mandel (who were also writers on Seinfeld) were hired to write the script (replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before),[9] so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline. Allen was also committed to shooting Disney's The Santa Clause 2, which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite.[10] Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2,[11] he dropped out his role.[12] In March 2002, the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers,[13] even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter.[14] Myers stated in an interview that he was a long-time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book, and that it was the first book he ever read.[15]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson. The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system. To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots, a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots. The tail and ears were battery operated.[16] The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues (responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and Scooby-Doo), in that the character had no shoulders, hips or legs, so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes, head and fin motion. Sean Hayes, who provided the voice for the Fish, found the role significantly different from his usual on-camera jobs; he did not know how the final animation would look, and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth.[17]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the \"Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for, injecting potty humor and adult (wink-wink) jokes into a mixture of heavy-handed slapstick and silliness.\" Maltin also claimed that the film's official title which included Dr Seuss' The Cat in the Hat was \"an official insult\".[29] However, Jeffrey Lyons from NBC-TV, enjoyed the film and considered it \"enormously funny\".[citation needed]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). The idea was originally conceived in 2001, with Tim Allen initially cast as the Cat, but he dropped his role due to work on The Santa Clause 2, and the role was later given to Myers. Filming took place in California for three months. While the basic plot parallels that of the book, the film filled out its 82 minutes by adding new subplots and characters significantly different from the original story.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). All music composed by David Newman, except as noted.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). By the time the kids and the Cat (and Larry) return to the house with the lock, a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house, seemingly killing Larry in the process. They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up. The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart. The Cat tells the kids that he planned the whole day, including making not opening the crate his one rule, as he knew Conrad could not resist. The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house. Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home, but Sally says she will share the blame. The Cat, having overheard this, happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption. named D.I.R.T. (Dynamic Industrial Renovating Tractormajigger) Afterwards The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving. Larry returns, revealing he survived when all is restored, thinking he has busted the kids, but when Joan sees the clean house (and a messy Larry), she does not believe Larry and dumps him. After the successful party, Joan spends time with her children and the Cat finishes narrating. The film ends as he and his things decide to go on a vacation.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2003.[20] It includes David Newman's score, plus a song by Smash Mouth (\"Getting Better\") and (\"Hang On\") that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in a film starring Mike Myers, after Shrek (2001) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers (the role of the Cat). Newman's score won a BMI Film Music Award.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). DreamWorks Pictures acquired rights to the original book in 1997.[4] However, production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas/comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas, based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name, became a commercial success. Brian Grazer, who was the producer of The Grinch, stated, \"Because we grew up with these books, and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child — the aggregation of all those feelings — it leaves an indelible, positive memory. And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then, The Cat in the Hat, into movies, I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen.\"[5] Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film, and he accepted.[6] When production began, songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior. Newman's cousin, David Newman, composed the score for the film. Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it, several people said Myers had considerable input into the film's direction, telling some of the cast (co-stars Baldwin and Preston) how to perform their scenes.[7]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards.[32]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Released on November 21, 2003, in the United States, the film grossed $134 million worldwide,[3] but was critically panned by critics. After the film's release, Seuss' widow, Audrey Geisel, decided not to allow any further live-action adaptations of Seuss' works to be produced, and as a result, a planned sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was scrapped.", "The Cat in the Hat. In 2009, the Royal National Theatre created a stage version of the book, adapted and directed by Katie Mitchell.[58] Seussical, a musical adaptation that incorporates aspects of many Dr. Seuss works, features the Cat in the Hat as narrator.[59] The musical received weak reviews when it opened, in November 2001, but eventually became a staple in regional and school theaters.[59] The Cat also stars in the 1982 television film The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat and the 2010 animated television series The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! A ride at Universal Studios' Islands of Adventure park in Orlando, Florida, is based around The Cat in the Hat.[60]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). The Cat in the Hat game received mixed reviews[43][44][45][47][48][49] (except for the PC version, which received negative reviews).[46][50]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 10% approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics. The website's consensus reads: \"Filled with double entendres and potty humor, this Cat falls flat.\"[25] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 19/100 based on 37 reviews, indicating \"overwhelming dislike\".[26]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother, Joan. Joan works for neat-freak Hank Humberfloob, as a real estate agent, and is hosting an office party at her house. One day, she is called back to the office, leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan, a tired babysitter, and forbidding them to enter the living room, which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party. Joan is also dating their next-door neighbor, Larry Quinn, much to Conrad's dismay. Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to, as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school, as Conrad has earned the reputation of \"hot-headed trouble-maker\", while his sister is characterized as \"perfect and well-behaved\".", "The Cat in the Hat. Geisel gave varying accounts of how he conceived of The Cat in the Hat. According to the story Geisel told most often, he was so frustrated with the word list that William Spaulding had given him that he finally decided to scan the list and create a story out of the first two words he found that rhymed. The words he found were cat and hat.[8] Near the end of his life, Geisel told his biographers, Judith and Neil Morgan, that he conceived the beginnings of the story while he was with Spaulding, in an elevator in the Houghton Mifflin offices in Boston.[9] It was an old, shuddering elevator and was operated by a \"small, stooped woman wearing 'a leather half-glove and a secret smile'\".[9] Anita Silvey, recounting a similar story, described the woman as \"a very elegant, very petite African-American woman named Annie Williams\".[10] Geisel told Silvey that, when he sketched the Cat in the Hat, he thought of Williams and gave the character Williams' white gloves and \"sly, even foxy smile\".[10]", "Martin Short. Short voiced the Cat in the Hat in the animated TV series The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!, which aired in the US, Canada and the UK from 2010 to 2013.[22] He later voiced the character in a number of related TV specials in 2014 and 2016.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Meanwhile, Larry is revealed to be an unemployed slob with dentures, and is in financial debt, though claiming that he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying Joan for her money. Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her, but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road, posing as police officers. Larry goes back to the house, telling Joan to meet him there.", "Sean Hayes (actor). He also appeared as Mr. Hank Hummerfloob and the voice of \"The Fish\" in The Cat in the Hat. In a 2008 New York Times interview, Hayes talked about a television project, BiCoastal, about \"a guy with a wife and kids in California and a boyfriend in New York\"[2] for Showtime.[10] He made his Broadway debut in the April 2010 Broadway revival of the musical Promises, Promises. He received a nomination for the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance, and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical.", "Karl Urban. Urban next appeared as CIA agent William Cooper in Red, adapted from the DC Comics graphic novel of the same name and co-starring Bruce Willis and Helen Mirren.[13] He portrayed Black Hat, a villainous priest-turned-vampire, in the film adaption of the Korean manhwa Priest, released in 3-D in 2011.[14]", "The Cat in the Hat (film). The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse. It is based on the film of the same name. The game was released for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance on November 5, 2003, and PC on November 9, 2003, shortly before the film's theatrical release. A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be released, but it was later cancelled.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21, 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend, ranking first in the North American box office.[24] The film ended its theatrical run on March 18, 2004, having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541.[2]", "Sean Hayes (actor). Hayes also made film appearances in Cats & Dogs (2001), as Jerry Lewis in Martin and Lewis (2002), Wayne in Pieces of April (2003), The Cat in the Hat (2003), and Win a Date With Tad Hamilton! (2004). He was also the voice of Brain in the 2008 film Igor, and has guest starred in television shows such as Scrubs and 30 Rock. In 2005, he was executive producer for Bravo's Situation: Comedy, a reality television series about sitcoms. He also executive produced The Sperm Donor and Stephen's Life, the two winning scripts that were chosen by NBC. He guest-starred in 2006 in the Adult Swim cameo-filled show Tom Goes to the Mayor.[citation needed]", "The Cat in the Hat. Philip Nel places the book's title character in the tradition of con artists in American art, including the title characters from Meredith Willson's The Music Man and L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[37] Nel also contends that Geisel identified with the Cat, pointing to a self portrait of Geisel in which he appears as the Cat, which was published alongside a profile about him in The Saturday Evening Post on July 6, 1957.[37] Michael K. Frith, who worked as Geisel's editor, concurs, arguing that \"The Cat in the Hat and Ted Geisel were inseparable and the same. I think there's no question about it. This is someone who delighted in the chaos of life, who delighted in the seeming insanity of the world around him.\"[37] Ruth MacDonald asserts that the Cat's primary goal in the book is to create fun for the children. The Cat calls it \"fun that is funny\", which MacDonald distinguishes from the ordinary, serious fun that parents subject their children to.[38] In an article titled \"Was the Cat in the Hat Black?\", Philip Nel draws connections between the Cat and stereotyped depictions of African-Americans, including minstrel shows, Geisel's own minstrel-inspired cartoons from early in his career, and the use of the term \"cat\" to refer to jazz musicians.[39] According to Nel, \"Even as [Geisel] wrote books designed to challenge prejudice, he never fully shed the cultural assumptions he grew up with, and was likely unaware of the ways in which his visual imagination replicated the racial ideologies he consciously sought to reject.\"[39]", "The Cat in the Hat. The story begins as a girl named Sally and her unnamed brother, who serves as the narrator of the book, sit alone in their house on a cold, rainy day, staring wistfully out the window. Then they hear a loud bump which is quickly followed by the arrival of the Cat in the Hat, a tall anthropomorphic cat in a red and white striped hat and a red bow tie. The Cat proposes to entertain the children with some tricks that he knows. The children's pet fish refuses, insisting that the Cat leave. The Cat responds by balancing the fish on the tip of his umbrella. The game quickly becomes more complicated, as the Cat balances himself on a ball and tries to balance lots of household items on his limbs until he falls on his head, dropping everything he was holding. The fish admonishes him again, but the Cat in the Hat just proposes another game.", "Dakota Fanning. A year later, she starred in two prominent films: playing the uptight child to an immature nanny played by Brittany Murphy in Uptown Girls, and as Sally in The Cat in the Hat. In addition, Fanning did voice-over work for four animated projects during this period, including voicing Satsuki in Disney's English language release of My Neighbor Totoro, a little girl in the Fox series Family Guy, and a young Wonder Woman in the episode \"Kids Stuff\" from Cartoon Network's Justice League Unlimited.", "The Cat in the Hat (film). Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material. He expressed a belief that a film is \"an idea about something\" and that because Dr. Seuss' work is so unique, making a feature-length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations.[30]", "The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!. Each episode features The Cat in the Hat (voiced by Martin Short),[1] who leads six-year-old neighbours Nick and Sally, the Fish, and Thing One and Thing Two on a variety of adventures in his \"Thinga-ma-jigger\", a Seussian contraption that can sprout wings, pontoons, booster rockets, change size, and do just about anything else necessary to further the adventure. The adventures are prompted by a question posed by either Nick or Sally at the beginning of each episode,[3] which will inevitably lead them around the globe to \"make natural science discoveries.\"[4] Similar to other PBS Kids series such as Curious George and Sid the Science Kid, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! focuses on introducing preschoolers to various science and learning concepts." ]

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[ "St. Augustine, Florida. The county seat of St. Johns County,[8] it is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 12,975. The United States Census Bureau's 2013 estimate of the city's population was 13,679, while the urban area had a population of 71,379 in 2012.[9]", "St. Augustine, Florida. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 12,975 people, 5,743 households, and 2,679 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,376.2 people per square mile (531/km²). There were 6,978 housing units at an average density of 549.4 per square mile (211.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.2% Caucasian, 11.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.", "St. Augustine, Florida. In the city, the population was spread out with 13.1% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 19% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.", "St. Augustine, Florida. St. Augustine is located at 29°53′41″N 81°18′52″W / 29.89472°N 81.31444°W / 29.89472; -81.31444 (29.8946910, −81.3145170).[1] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (27.8 km2), 8.4 square miles (21.7 km2) of which is land and 2.4 square miles (6.1 km2) (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River.", "St. Johns County, Florida. St. Johns County is a county of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 United States Census, the county's population was 190,039.[1] The county seat and largest incorporated city is St. Augustine.[2] St. Johns County is part of the Jacksonville metropolitan area.", "St. Augustine, Florida. St. Augustine (Spanish: San Agustín) is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. It is the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States.[7]", "St. Augustine, Florida. There were 5,743 households out of which 14.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.4% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.67.", "St. Augustine, Florida. St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement \"San Agustín\", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine.[10] The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years, and became the capital of British East Florida when the territory briefly changed hands between Spain and Britain.", "St. Augustine, Florida. The median income for a household in the city was $36,424, and the median income for a family was $56,055. Males had a median income of $32,409 versus $30,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,485. About 7.6% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 24.4% of those age 65 or over.", "St. Johns County, Florida. As of the census[10] of 2000, there were 123,135 people, 49,614 households, and 34,084 families residing in the county. The population density was 202 people per square mile (78/km²). There were 58,008 housing units at an average density of 95 per square mile (37/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 90.92% White, 6.29% African American, 0.26% American Indian, 0.95% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.55% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.8% of the population. There is a Jewish community.[11]", "St. Augustine, Florida. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital in 1824. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinct historical character has made the city a major tourist attraction.", "Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Florida and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States.[10][11] It is the seat of Duval County,[12] with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits. With an estimated population of 892,062 as of 2017, Jacksonville is also the most populous city in the southeastern United States.[13] The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,631,488 and is the fourth largest in Florida.[14]", "St. Johns County, Florida. It was a huge county, encompassing most of peninsular Florida, or more than 39,000 square miles; it was 475 miles long by 165 miles wide. Much of the land was uninhabited. Saint Augustine (1565) was the oldest permanent European settlement, and there were Native Americans in the county as well.[3]", "St. Augustine, Florida. St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate or Cfa – typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. The low latitude and coastal location give the city a mostly warm and sunny climate. Like much of Florida, St. Augustine enjoys a high number of sunny days, averaging 2,900 hours annually. Unlike much of the contiguous United States, St. Augustine’s driest time of year is winter. The hot and wet season extends from May through October, while the cool and dry season extends November through April.", "Eastern United States. Jacksonville\npopulation: 821,784", "St. Augustine, Florida. In the dry winter season, St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December through February, with average daytime highs that range from 65 to 70 °F (18 to 21 °C) and nighttime lows in the 46-49 F (8 to 10 °C) range. From November through April, St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather. Early spring (April) can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place. St. Augustine averages six frosts per year. Hurricanes occasionally impact the region; however, like most areas prone to such storms, St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane. The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016.[62]", "St. Johns County, Florida. The age of the population was spread out with 23.10% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 27.60% from 25 to 44, 26.40% from 45 to 64, and 15.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 94.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.50 males.", "St. Johns County, Florida. There were 49,614 households out of which 29.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.80% were married couples living together, 8.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.30% were non-families. 24.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.90.", "Florida. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, a 7.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[134] The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310.[135] Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012.[136] In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census.[137]\nThe population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time.[138][139] The Florida population was 20,984,400 residents or people according to the US Census Bureau's 2017 Population Estimates Program.[140]", "St. Augustine, Florida. In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with four-day long festival and a visit from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain.[60]", "Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census.[101][102] Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.[103]", "St. Augustine, Florida. Primary and secondary education in St. Augustine is overseen by the St. Johns County School District. There are no county high schools located within St. Augustine's current city limits, but St. Augustine High School, Pedro Menendez High School, and St. Johns Technical High School are located in the vicinity. The Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, a state-operated boarding school for deaf and blind students, was founded in the city in 1885.[67] The Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates the St. Joseph Academy, Florida's oldest Catholic high school, to the west of the city.[68]", "History of Florida. St. Augustine became the most important settlement in Florida. Little more than a fort, it was frequently attacked and burned, with most residents killed or fled. It was notably devastated in 1586, when English sea captain and sometime pirate Sir Francis Drake plundered and burned the city. Catholic missionaries used St. Augustine as a base of operations to establish over 100 far-flung missions throughout Florida.[36] They converted 26,000 natives by 1655, but a revolt in 1656 and an epidemic in 1659 proved devastating. Pirate attacks and British raids were unrelenting, and the town was burned to the ground several times until Spain fortified it with the Castillo de San Marcos (1672) and Fort Matanzas (1742).", "St. Johns County, Florida. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 822 square miles (2,130 km2), of which 601 square miles (1,560 km2) is land and 221 square miles (570 km2) (26.9%) is water.[4]", "Florida. With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.[65]", "Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville is part of the Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine, which covers seventeen counties in North Florida.[111] ARDA estimated 133,155 Catholics attending 25 parishes in the Jacksonville metropolitan area in 2010.[110] One notable Catholic church in Jacksonville is the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, a minor basilica added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.[112][113] There are also two Eastern Catholic parishes, one of the Syriac Catholic Church and one of the Maronite Church.[114] According to ARDA, in 2010 there were 2520 Eastern Orthodox Christians representing four churches in the Eastern Orthodox communion, as well as congregations of Syriac Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Coptic Orthodox Christians.[110]", "St. Augustine, Florida. In 1965, St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding,[59] and jointly with the State of Florida, inaugurated a program to restore part of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more than thirty-six buildings to their historical appearance, which was completed within a few years. When the State of Florida abolished the Board in 1997, the City of St. Augustine assumed control of the reconstructed buildings, as well as other historic properties including the Government House. In 2010, the city transferred control of the historic buildings to the University of Florida.", "Orlando, Florida. In 2000, the population of Orlando's urban area was 1,157,431, making it the third-largest in Florida and the 35th-largest in the United States. As of 2009, the estimated urban area population of Orlando is 1,377,342.", "St. Augustine, Florida. Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivière de Mai (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman René de Laudonnière, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22, 1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline.", "Order of Saint Augustine. Around 1,500 women live in Augustinian enclosed convents in:", "St. Petersburg, Florida. According to a 2010 census, the city contained 244,769 people, making St. Petersburg the largest city in Pinellas County, and 129,401 households. The population density was 3,964.4 per square mile (1530.7/km²).[99][100]", "St. Petersburg, Florida. The city population continued to multiply during the 20th century, booming in the 1940s and 1950s and through the 1970s as the town became a popular retirement destination for Americans from midwestern cities, reaching 238,647 in the 1980 census. By that time, however, the population had leveled off, and has grown by only 10,000 since then. In the decade from 2000 to 2010, the population of the city dropped by approximately 4000 residents, while in the same period the population of Florida increased by over two and a half million residents.[48]" ]

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[ "Nigeria and the United Nations. Nigeria is a member of the United Nations. Nigeria did not become independent of the United Kingdom until 1960, while the United Nations had already been established by the Declaration by the United Nations in 1942. Tijjani Muhammad-Bande[3] is the permanent representative of Nigeria.[4]", "Federal government of Nigeria. Nigeria currently has better foreign relations with its neighbours, due to its current state of democracy. It is a member of the African Union and sits on that organization's Peace and Security Council. In 1960, Nigeria joined both the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations; however, they were briefly suspended between 1995 and 1999.", "Nigeria and the United Nations. In 2013, Nigeria contributed the fifth largest number of peacekeepers to United Nations peacekeeping operations.[5][6] Nigeria has recently served a two-year term from 2014-2015 as a temporary member of the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations is currently adjusting the border of Nigeria and Cameroon.[7]", "Nigeria. Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. In late November 2006, it organised an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed \"South-South\" linkages on a variety of fronts.[86] Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court, and the Commonwealth of Nations. It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the Abacha regime.", "Niger. Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with the West and the Islamic world as well as non-aligned countries. It belongs to the UN and its main specialized agencies and in 1980–81 served on the UN Security Council. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors.", "Nigeria. As of 2015[update], Nigeria is the world's 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014.[13][14] The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent.[15] Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank;[16] it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent,[17][18][19] a middle power in international affairs,[20][21][22][23] and has also been identified as an emerging global power.[24][25][26] Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globe's next \"BRIC-like\" economies. It is also listed among the \"Next Eleven\" economies set to become among the biggest in the world. Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC.", "Outline of Nigeria. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a member of:[1]", "Nigeria. With this African-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time). Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for Angola's MPLA, SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambique, and Rhodesia.", "African Union. All UN member states based in Africa and African waters are members of the AU, as is the disputed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Morocco, which claims sovereignty over the SADR's territory, withdrew from the Organisation of African Unity, the AU's predecessor, in 1984 due to the admission of the SADR as a member. However, on 30 January 2017 the AU admitted Morocco as a member state.[10]", "Niger. It is a charter member of the African Union and the West African Monetary Union and also belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The westernmost regions of Niger are joined with contiguous regions of Mali and Burkina Faso under the Liptako-Gourma Authority.", "Nigerian Armed Forces. In October 2004, Nigerian troops again deployed into Darfur, Sudan to spearhead an African Union force to stop the genocide in Darfur. Nigeria has contributed more than 20,000 troops/police to various UN missions since 1960. The Nigeria Police Force and troops have served in places like UNIPOM (UN India-Pakistan Observer mission) 1965, UNIFIL in Lebanon 1978, the UN observer mission, UNIIMOG supervising the Iran-Iraq ceasefire in 1988, former Yugoslavia 1998, East Timor 1999, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 2004. also Mopol as Nigerian troops have been sent on UN and AU peace-keeping operations.", "Nigeria and the United Nations. The terrorist organization Boko Haram attacked the Nigerian headquarters of the United Nations in 2011.[8] During April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped approximately 276 students in what is known as the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping. In response, the United Nations classified Boko Haram as an associate of Al-Qaeda and subjected it to financial sanctions and an arms embargo.[9]", "Economy of Nigeria. A longer-term economic development program is the United Nations (UN)-sponsored National Millennium Goals for Nigeria. Under the program, which covers the years from 2000 to 2015, Nigeria is committed to achieving a wide range of ambitious objectives involving poverty reduction, education, gender equality, health, the environment, and international development cooperation. In an update released in 2004, the UN found that Nigeria was making progress toward achieving several goals but was falling short on others.", "Nigeria. The Federal Republic of Nigeria /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen), commonly referred to as Nigeria, is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country.[6]", "Nigeria. Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organizations, respectively.", "Economy of Nigeria. In 2005, Nigeria achieved a milestone agreement with the Paris Club of lending nations to eliminate all of its bilateral external debt. Under the agreement, the lenders will forgive most of the debt, and Nigeria will pay off the remainder with a portion of its energy revenues. Outside of the energy sector, Nigeria's economy is highly inefficient. Moreover, human capital is underdeveloped—Nigeria ranked 151 out of countries in the United Nations Development Index in 2004—and non-energy-related infrastructure is inadequate.", "Nigeria. Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women[220] It also has signed Maputo Protocol, an international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework.[221] Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue, however. Forced marriages are common.[222]", "Nigeria. Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which it joined in July 1971. Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with both developed countries, notably the United States, and the developing countries of China, Jamaica, and Ghana and Kenya in Africa.[87]", "Nigeria. Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy.[8] With approximately 186 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world.[9][10] The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with wide variety of cultures.[11][12] The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims, who live mostly in the north. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities.", "Nigeria–United States relations. The government has lent strong diplomatic support to U.S. Government counter-terrorism efforts in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. The Government of Nigeria, in its official statements, has both condemned the terrorist attacks and supported military action against the Taliban and Al Qaida. Nigeria also has played a leading role in forging an anti-terrorism consensus among states in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated one million Nigerians and Nigerian Americans live, study, and work in the United States, while over 25,000 Americans live and work in Nigeria. There are many Nigerian organizations in the United States. Prominent among them is the Nigerian Union Diaspora (NUD), which is the umbrella Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) for the economic and political empowerment of the people of Nigerian descent outside Nigeria. President Yar'Adua visited President Bush at the White House on December 13, 2007.", "State Security Service (Nigeria). The agency was also criticized heavily in the wake of the August 26, 2011 United Nations House bombing in Abuja. The Boko Haram sect which has ties to Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) claimed responsibility for the car bomb attack that left 24 people dead;[10] the sect had been fighting Boko Haram insurgency that started as a result of their leader being killed by policemen after he had been arrested. The Nigerian public grew even more critical of the agency after newspapers ran stories in which they claimed that the agency had received intelligence about the bombing beforehand from the Americans. This news item later turned out to be false when it was revealed that it was the SSS who had actually received credible intelligence from sources within Boko Haram about an impending attack in Abuja. The intelligence pointed out key government buildings and ministries as targets, the agency subsequently raised the alert level in Abuja and also advised diplomatic missions and international organizations in the city to take adequate security precautions for their staff and premises. The final UN report on the incident indicted the UN resident Security adviser in Abuja and his deputy, they were accused of negligence considering the fact that they had been given \"adequate intelligence on a possible suicide attack\", yet they failed to implement suitable safeguards. Both men were subsequently relieved of their positions.[11]", "Niger. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east.", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council. Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council. Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia,[167] South Africa, and Nigeria are seen as the strongest choices. Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development; Egypt has the second-largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent, was one of the founding members of the United Nations, enjoys great influence in Africa and in the Arab world, and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission; South Africa has the third-largest economy on the continent; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, has the continent's largest economy,[168] and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions.[169]", "United States and the United Nations. The United States of America is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council.", "Foreign relations of North Korea. Nigeria and the DPRK established diplomatic relations in 1976. In 2014, they signed an agreement to facilitate the exchange of information about technology, including exchanges and joint projects between universities. The DPRK also proposed that Nigeria become a permanent member of the UN Security Council.[221]", "Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria. At the same CHOGM, the Programme was enforced for the first time, as Nigeria was suspended. On 19 December 1995, the CMAG found that the suspension was in line with the Programme, and also declared its intent on enforcing the Programme in other cases (particularly Sierra Leone and The Gambia).[9] On 29 May 1999, the day after the inauguration of Nigeria's first democratically elected President since the end of military rule, Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, the country's suspension was lifted, on the advice of the CMAG.[10]", "Nigerian Armed Forces. Since its creation the Nigerian military has fought in a civil war – the conflict with Biafra in 1967–70 – and sent peacekeeping forces abroad both with the United Nations and as the backbone of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in Liberia and Sierra Leone. It has also seized power twice at home (1966 & 1983).", "States of Nigeria. A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas.[1] Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments.", "Nigeria. Nigeria is trying to reach the first of the Sustainable Development Goals, which is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030. Government officials have not taken official action to reach this.", "Nigeria. Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa.[84] One notable exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship developed with Israel throughout the 1960s. The latter nation sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings.[85]", "Nigeria. As Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as a peacekeeping force on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999).[89] Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace.", "Nigeria–United States relations. Nigeria–United States relations are bilateral relations between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the United States of America. Nigeria and the United States have long been close allies." ]

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[ "Tube feet. Tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and respiration. The tube feet in a starfish are arranged in grooves along the arms. They operate through hydraulic pressure. They are used to pass food to the oral mouth at the center, and can attach to surfaces. A starfish that is overturned simply turns one arm over and attaches it to a solid surface, and levers itself the right way up. Tube feet allow these different types of animals to stick to the ocean floor and move slowly. Tube feet consist of two parts: ampullae and podia. Ampullae contain both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle, whereas the podia contain the latter only. The podia use suction to attach to the substratum.[2][3]", "Tube feet. Tube feet are small active tubular projections on the oral face of an echinoderm, whether the arms of a starfish, or the undersides of sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers. They are part of the water vascular system.[1]", "Chicken feet. In Jamaican cuisine, chicken feet are mainly used to make chicken foot soup.[11] The soup contains yams, potatoes, green/yellow banana, dumplings and special spices in addition to the chicken feet, and is slow cooked for a minimum of two hours. Chicken feet are also curried or stewed and served as a main part of a meal.", "Chicken feet. In Russia, Ukraine[citation needed], Romania[citation needed], and Moldova[citation needed], chicken feet are cleaned, seasoned, and boiled, often with vegetables, and then cooled, to make an aspic called kholodets in Russian and Ukrainian, and piftie or răcitură in Romanian. The legs are not always eaten, however the chicken is cooked with its legs, as they contain a high amount of gelatin.", "Chicken feet. Another popular way to prepare chicken feet is serving it in simple soup (sop or sup) called sop ceker, which mainly contains chicken broth, chicken feet, vegetables especially potato and carrot, shallot, garlic and black pepper. The deep fried peeled chicken feet, which has been separated from its bones, might be served as a crispy snack treat as kripik ceker (chicken feet crackers).", "Housefly. The mouthparts are specially adapted for a liquid diet; the mandibles and maxillae are reduced and non-functional and the other mouthparts form a retractable, flexible proboscis with an enlarged fleshy tip, the labellum. This is a sponge-like structure that is characterised by many grooves, called pseudotracheae, which suck up fluids by capillary action.[6][7] It is also used to distribute saliva to soften solid foods or collect loose particles.[8] Houseflies have chemoreceptors, organs of taste, on the tarsi of their legs, so they can identify foods such as sugars by walking over them.[9] Flies are often seen cleaning their legs by rubbing them together, enabling the chemoreceptors to taste afresh whatever they walk on next.[10] At the end of each leg is a pair of claws, and below them are two adhesive pads, pulvilli, enabling the fly to walk up smooth walls and ceilings using Van der Waals forces. The claws help the fly to unstick the foot for the next step. Flies walk with a common gait on horizontal and vertical surfaces with three legs in contact with the surface and three in movement. On inverted surfaces, they alter the gait to keep four feet stuck to the surface.[11] Flies land on a ceiling by flying straight towards it; just before landing they make a half roll and point all six legs at the surface, absorbing the shock with the front legs and sticking a moment later with the other four also.[12]", "Chicken feet. Many people will also take the chicken feet in hand as a snack and chew the soft outer skin. The inner bone structure is left uneaten.", "Angel food cake. Angel food cakes are cooled upside down. Some tube pans have “feet” or “fingers” that extend off of the top rim of the pan. The “feet” are placed on a cooling rack. If the pan does not have “feet” it is customary for home bakers to place a glass soda bottle or something similar through the tube to ensure that the pan is elevated. The elevation provides sufficient air flow to the cake, so that it cools properly. If a non-stick pan or greased pan were used, the cake would fall out when inverted, leading to a collapsed cake.[8]", "Chicken feet. Chicken feet are a popular ingredient across Mexico, particularly in stews and soups. They are often steamed to become part of a main dish with rice, vegetables and most likely another part of the chicken, such as the breast or thighs. The feet can be seasoned with mole sauce. On occasion, they are breaded and fried.", "Chicken feet. In Thai cuisine, the chicken feet are served in a variety of dishes, such as in a version of chicken green curry.", "Dementia. Persons with dementia may have difficulty eating. Whenever it is available as an option, the recommended response to eating problems is having a caretaker do assisted feeding for the person.[111] A secondary option for people who cannot swallow effectively is to consider gastrostomy feeding tube placement as a way to give nutrition. However, in bringing person comfort and keeping functional status while lowering risk of aspiration pneumonia and death, assistance with oral feeding is at least as good as tube feeding.[111][112] Tube-feeding is associated with agitation, increased use of physical and chemical restraints, and worsening pressure ulcers. Tube feedings may also cause fluid overload, diarrhea, abdominal pain, local complications, less human interaction, and may increase the risk of aspiration.[113][114]", "Tuber. Root tubers, along with other storage tissues that plants produce, are consumed by animals as a rich source of nutrients. The root-tubers of Arrowhead plants of the genus Sagittaria are eaten by ducks.[16]", "Chicken feet. Aside from chicken feet, duck feet are also popular.[4] Duck feet with mustard, which is often served with vinegar, fresh green pepper and crushed garlic, is a popular salad/appetizer.", "Chicken feet. Chicken feet are used in several regional Chinese cuisines; they can be served as a beer snack, cold dish, soup or main dish. They are interchangeably called Fèng zhuǎ (鳯爪, phoenix claws), Jī zhuǎ (鷄爪, chicken claws), and Jī jiǎo (雞脚, chicken feet).", "Test tube. In clinical medicine, sterile test tubes with air removed, called vacutainers, are used to collect and hold samples of physiological fluids such as blood, urine, pus, and synovial fluid. These tubes are commonly sealed with a rubber stopper, and often have a specific additive placed in the tube with the stopper color indicating the additive. For example, a blue top tube is a 5 ml test tube containing sodium citrate as an anticoagulant, used to collect blood for coagulation and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase testing.[5] Small vials used in medicine may have a snap-top (also called a hinge cap) moulded as part of the vial.", "Starfish. Apart from their function in locomotion, the tube feet act as accessory gills. The water vascular system serves to transport oxygen from, and carbon dioxide to, the tube feet and also nutrients from the gut to the muscles involved in locomotion. Fluid movement is bidirectional and initiated by cilia.[13] Gas exchange also takes place through other gills known as papulae, which are thin-walled bulges on the aboral surface of the disc and arms. Oxygen is transferred from these to the coelomic fluid, which acts as the transport medium for gasses. Oxygen dissolved in the water is distributed through the body mainly by the fluid in the main body cavity; the circulatory system may also play a minor role.[21]", "Starfish. When longitudinal muscles in the ampullae contract, valves in the lateral canals close and water is forced into the tube feet. These extend to contact the substrate. Although the tube feet resemble suction cups in appearance, the gripping action is a function of adhesive chemicals rather than suction.[14] Other chemicals and relaxation of the ampullae allow for release from the substrate. The tube feet latch on to surfaces and move in a wave, with one arm section attaching to the surface as another releases.[15][16] Some starfish turn up the tips of their arms while moving which gives maximum exposure of the sensory tube feet and the eyespot to external stimuli.[17]", "Echinoderm. Echinoderms primarily use their tube feet to move about but some sea urchins also use their spines. The tube feet typically have a tip shaped like a suction pad in which a vacuum can be created by contraction of muscles. This along with some stickiness provided by the secretion of mucus provides adhesion. Waves of tube feet contractions and relaxations move along the adherent surface and the animal moves slowly along.[66]", "Route of administration. Many drugs as tablets, capsules, or drops are taken orally. Administration methods directly into the stomach include those by gastric feeding tube or gastrostomy. Substances may also be placed into the small intestines, as with a duodenal feeding tube and enteral nutrition. Enteric coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the intestine, not the stomach, because the drug present in the tablet causes irritation in the stomach.", "Chicken feet. In mainland China, popular snack bars specializing in marinated food such as yabozi (duck's necks) also sell lu ji zhua (鹵雞爪, marinated chicken feet), which are simmered with soy sauce, Sichuanese peppercorn, clove, garlic, star anise, cinnamon and chili flakes. Today, packaged chicken feet are sold in most grocery stores and supermarkets in China as a snack, often seasoned with rice vinegar and chili. Another popular recipe is bai yun feng zhao (白雲鳯爪), which is marinated in a sauce of rice vinegar, rice wine flavored with sugar, salt, and minced ginger for an extended period of time and served as a cold dish. In southern China, they also cook chicken feet with raw peanuts to make a thin soup.", "Echinoderm. Sea urchins use their tube feet to move around in a similar way to starfish. Some also use their articulated spines to push or lever themselves along or lift their oral surfaces off the substrate. If a sea urchin is overturned, it can extend its tube feet in one ambulacral area far enough to bring them within reach of the substrate and then successively attach feet from the adjoining area until it is righted. Some species bore into rock and they usually do this by grinding away at the surface with their mouthparts.[69]", "Tissue (biology). Phloem is an equally important plant tissue as it also is part of the 'plumbing system' of a plant. Primarily, phloem carries dissolved food substances throughout the plant. This conduction system is composed of sieve-tube member and companion cells, that are without secondary walls. The parent cells of the vascular cambium produce both xylem and phloem. This usually also includes fibers, parenchyma and ray cells. Sieve tubes are formed from sieve-tube members laid end to end. The end walls, unlike vessel members in xylem, do not have openings. The end walls, however, are full of small pores where cytoplasm extends from cell to cell. These porous connections are called sieve plates. In spite of the fact that their cytoplasm is actively involved in the conduction of food materials, sieve-tube members do not have nuclei at maturity. It is the companion cells that are nestled between sieve-tube members that function in some manner bringing about the conduction of food. Sieve-tube members that are alive contain a polymer called callose, a carbohydrate polymer, forming the callus pad/callus, the colourless substance that covers the sieve plate. Callose stays in solution as long as the cell contents are under pressure. Phloem transports food and materials in plants upwards and downwards as required.", "Eustachian tube. The tube is opened during swallowing by contraction of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini, muscles of the soft palate.[1]", "Echinoderm. The organization of the system is somewhat different in ophiuroids where the medreporite may be on the oral surface and the podia lack suckers.[22] In holothuroids, the podia may be reduced or absent and the madreporite opens into the body cavity so that the circulating liquid is coelomic fluid rather than sea water.[23] The arrangements in crinoids is similar to asteroids but the tube feet lack suckers and are used to pass food particles captured by the arms towards the central mouth. In the asteroids, the same wafting motion is employed to move the animal across the ground.[24] Sea urchins use their feet to prevent the larvae of encrusting organisms from settling on their surfaces; potential settlers are moved to the urchin's mouth and eaten. Some burrowing sea stars extend their elongated dorsal tube feet to the surface of the sand or mud above and use them to absorb oxygen from the water column.[25]", "Sugar beet. Each load is weighed and sampled before it gets tipped onto the reception area, typically a \"flat pad\" of concrete, where it is moved into large heaps. The beet sample is checked for", "Amphibian. Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth before seizing the item with their jaws. Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by inertia. Most amphibians swallow their prey whole without much chewing so they possess voluminous stomachs. The short oesophagus is lined with cilia that help to move the food to the stomach and mucus produced by glands in the mouth and pharynx eases its passage. The enzyme chitinase produced in the stomach helps digest the chitinous cuticle of arthropod prey.[62]", "Chicken feet. Chicken feet are a part of the chicken that is cooked in Brazil, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, Bolivia and Vietnam. After an outer layer of thin skin is removed, most of the edible tissue on the feet consists of skin and tendons, with no muscle. This gives the feet a distinct texture different from the rest of the chicken's meat. Being mostly skin, chicken feet are very gelatinous.", "Jerusalem artichoke. The tubers are sometimes used as a substitute for potatoes:[14] they have a similar consistency, and in their raw form have a similar texture, but a sweeter, nuttier flavor; raw and sliced thinly, they are fit for a salad. Their inulin form of carbohydrates give the tubers a tendency to become soft and mushy if boiled, but they retain their texture better when steamed. The inulin cannot be broken down by the human digestive system[15] but it is metabolized by bacteria in the colon. This can cause flatulence and, in some cases, gastric pain. Gerard's Herbal, printed in 1621, quotes the English botanist John Goodyer on Jerusalem artichokes:[16]", "Sea urchin. Sea urchins move by walking using their many flexible tube feet in a similar way to starfish; Regular sea urchins don't have any favourite walking direction.[11] The tube feet protrude through pairs of pores in the test, and are operated by a water vascular system which works through hydraulic pressure, allowing the sea urchin to pump water into and out of the tube feet. In locomotion, the tube feet are assisted by the spines which can be used for pushing or to lift the test off the substrate. Movement is generally related to feeding, with the red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) managing about 7.5 cm (3 in) a day when there is ample food, and up to 50 cm (20 in) a day where there is not. An inverted sea urchin can right itself by progressively attaching and detaching its tube feet and manipulating its spines to roll its body upright.[9] Some species bury themselves in soft sediment using their spines, and Paracentrotus lividus uses its jaws to burrow into soft rocks.[12]", "Thai cuisine. Important to Thai dining is the practice of khluk, mixing the flavors and textures of different dishes with the rice from one's plate. The food is pushed by the fork, held in the left hand, into the spoon held in the right hand, which is then brought to the mouth.[24] A traditional ceramic spoon is sometimes used for soup, and knives are not generally used at the table.[1] It is common practice for both the Thais and the hill tribe peoples who live in Lanna and Isan to use sticky rice as an edible implement by shaping it into small, and sometimes flattened, balls by hand (and only the right hand by custom) which are then dipped into side dishes and eaten.", "Jerusalem artichoke. Unlike most tubers, but in common with many other members of the Asteraceae (including the artichoke), the tubers store their carbohydrate as inulin (not to be confused with insulin) rather than as starch. For this reason, Jerusalem artichoke tubers are an important source of inulin used as a dietary fiber in food manufacturing.[13]", "List of eating utensils. In some cultures, such as Ethiopian cuisine and Indian dining, breads or hands are used in place of utensils." ]

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[ "Ashley Peacock. Ashley realizes that he needs help looking after Joshua and hires a nanny, Claire Casey (Julia Haworth). Ashley and Claire bond over Joshua and they eventually fall in love. In October 2004, Ashley proposes to Claire in The Rovers and she accepts. They get married on Christmas Day 2004. In November 2005, Fred challenges another butcher, Eddie Maddocks, to a boxing match between Ashley and Eddie's son, Marvin, a local boxing champion. On the day of the fight, Fred drops a weight on Ashley's foot and he is hospitalised. Ashley recovers and goes ahead with the fight but a riot breaks out amongst the spectators. In order to restore order, Ashley and Marvin agree on a tie.", "Ashley Peacock. In October 2006, Ashley is devastated when Fred dies of a stroke. Fred was due to marry Bev Unwin (Susie Blake) but visited his former lover, Audrey's, house. Although Ashley swore that Fred and Audrey were not having an affair, not everyone believed him. Ashley had to cope with losing his father and people gossiping about why Fred had been at Audrey's house. Ashley blamed Audrey for Fred's death because she told him that she loved him and wished he was marrying her instead of Bev. Ashley is comforted by Claire who suggests that they rename their son Freddie, in Fred's honour. Ashley takes over the running of his father's shop.", "Ashley Peacock. After his relationship with Kelly ends, Ashley is involved in an on-off relationship with Maxine Heavey (Tracy Shaw). Eventually, Maxine moves in with Ashley at No.4 - Fred's house. When teenage runaway Zoe Tattersall (Joanne Froggatt) comes to Coronation Street, Ashley feels sorry for her and allows her to move in but Maxine is uncomfortable with the arrangement and leaves. Eventually Ashley falls in love with Zoe and sets out to be a provider for her and her baby daughter, Shannon. However, Zoe exploits Ashley's good nature and runs off to join a cult after Shannon dies of meningitis.", "Ashley Peacock. Ashley is forced to sleep on the sofa and later gets drunk in The Rovers. Graeme and Tina take him home and let him spend the night at their flat in order to sleep off his hangover. Ashley attends Jack Dobbs' christening and Jack Duckworth (Bill Tarmey) asks him how things are between him and Claire. Ashley is forced to admit that his marriage may be over but Jack convinces Ashley to speak to Claire and he does so in The Rovers but they end up arguing again.", "Ashley Abbott. Ashley has been involved in a number of different romantic relationships over her duration on the series. Her relationship with Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) came as a shock, due to Brad being beneath her socially. Epperson, who played Ashley at the time, was uncertain of Ashley and Brad's decision to get married.[31]", "Ashley Peacock. On 10 November 2008, Ashley employs Graeme Proctor (Craig Gazey) at his shop following the teenager's release from a Young Offenders Institution and he and Ashley form a close bond and friendship.[3] Since Autumn 2009, Ashley developed a friendship with Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson) due to Claire's newly developed friendship with Steve's wife, Becky (Katherine Kelly).", "Ashley Peacock. On 6 December 2010, Ashley attends Peter's stag night at The Joinery Bar. Ashley gets drunk and decides to go home. He goes into the office to say goodbye to Peter. He wishes Peter well and tells him never to turn his back on his fiancée Leanne Battersby (Jane Danson). He also asks Peter to come and visit himself and Claire in France once they have settled down and the two men embrace. An explosion then tears through The Joinery, severing the overhead railway line and derailing a tram. Ashley is trapped in the office with Peter and bar manager Nick Tilsley (Ben Price). He then helps Nick free Peter who is buried under debris and badly injured. Ashley tries to search for a way out and realises he is seriously injured when he coughs up blood. He then tries to call Claire but gets no reply. He leaves a message on her phone telling her that he loves her and is looking forward to going to France with her and the boys. Ashley and Nick then manage to carry Peter to a hole in the wall after hearing firefighters call out to them. The roof starts to collapse and Ashley is trapped but holds the ceiling up long enough for Nick to pass Peter out to safety. Nick offers to stay behind and help Ashley but realising it is too late to save himself, Ashley shouts at Nick to get out and save himself. The roof then gives way and Ashley is crushed to death. Claire then listens to the voicemail that Ashley left her whilst he was trapped in the joinery.", "Ashley Peacock. Ashley Peacock is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, Coronation Street. Portrayed by Steven Arnold, the character first appeared on-screen during the episode airing on 1 February 1995.[1] On 23 April 2010, it was announced that the character had been axed along with his on-screen family by new producer Phil Collinson.[2] Ashley was a victim of the tram crash and died as part of the show's 50th birthday in December 2010.", "Ashley Peacock. Ashley is first seen doing bicycle deliveries for his uncle, Fred, from his butcher's shop. Fred sends Ashley to Rita Sullivan (Barbara Knox) with a parcel of rump steak. Rita doesn't want it as she doesn't want to be obligated to Fred. Jamie does his puncture trick on Ashley's bike and is paid again. Kelly Thomson (Sarah Moffett) is pleased to see Ashley, her old school friend. She gives him a cup of tea and is pleased to discover that he's not going out with anyone. She tells him that his old girlfriend Margaret was two timing him all the time. She is embarrassed when Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor) matchmakes between them. Ashley and Kelly arrange to have a date in The Rovers, both terribly shy of actually asking the other out. Ashley feels bold enough to kiss Kelly but runs off in case Fred catches him. Ashley tells Judy that Fred intends to sell the horse for horsemeat. Ashley and Kelly plan to spend the night together at No.1 in Ken Barlow's (William Roache) absence. Ashley spends the night with Kelly at No.1. Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire) sees Ashley leaving No.1 in the morning and realises that he spent the night with Kelly. Ken returns from the course to find Ashley wearing his dressing gown. Emily is annoyed when Ashley accuses her of telling Ken about him staying the night with Kelly. Emily tells Ken that she's not going to tell tales on Kelly but admits Ashley stayed the night. Kelly and Ashley have to cancel an evening out in Blackpool as Ken has an emergency meeting. Ashley tells Kelly that Ken puts on her but she accuses him of being selfish. Ashley apologises to Kelly and tells her that he's fed up as they never get any privacy. Ashley asks for time off as he has enteritis. However, Fred discovers that he's helping Kelly to move into Ken's house. A row ensues and Ashley gets fired. Ashley refuses to make amends with Fred. Kelly asks Rita to persuade Fred to take Ashley back as Ashley's too scared to approach Fred. Rita asks Fred to give Ashley a second chance but he tells her to let him run his business his way. She is put out. Rita explains to Kelly that she had no luck with Fred in getting Ashley's job back. Fred reinstates Ashley.", "Ashley Jones. Jones was married to actor Noah Nelson, the son of actor Craig T. Nelson, from August 17, 2002 to May 2009. She previously dated former B&B co-star Jack Wagner. [2]", "Ashley Peacock. In 1999, Ashley and Maxine get back together, and finally marry in September. Ashley also finds out that his uncle, Fred, is actually his biological father. Fred tells Ashley about Kathleen and her reluctance to be a mother at a young age. Fred also explains to Ashley that Beryl, who he believed to be his mother, is actually his aunt, and that Fred let her raise Ashley so he could watch him grow up. Ashley decides that he wants to meet his birth mother but Fred begs him not to, believing it would hurt Beryl. Ashley, however, tracks Kathleen down to her home in Oldham. He is initially very bitter towards her for abandoning him but they reconcile and Ashley lets Kathleen attend his and Maxine's wedding.", "Ashley Ward. Ward is married to former model Dawn. Born in Salford, she is a former school friend of Ryan Giggs. Ward proposed to her in the car park of the pub where she worked when they first met.[1][8] The couple have four daughters – Darby, Taylor, Charlie and Aston[11] — and used to live in Mill Lane, Mottram St. Andrew. He bought Warford Hall in late 2014. He also makes an appearance in The Real Housewives of Cheshire in which his wife, Dawn, stars.", "Ashley Peacock. Ashley and Maxine decide to have a baby and after months of trying, it is discovered that Ashley needs minor surgery. While he is in hospital overnight, Maxine gets drunk and has a one-night stand with local doctor Matt Ramsden (Stephen Beckett) and subsequently becomes pregnant with his child. When Joshua (Benjamin Beresford) is born in 2002, Maxine lets Ashley believe that he is the father and Ashley is named on the birth certificate. Maxine tells Ashley the truth and he is hurt and betrayed by her actions, but he forgives her and agrees to raise Joshua as his son and asks her never to reveal to anybody that he is not Joshua's biological father. In January 2003, Maxine is murdered by Richard Hillman (Brian Capron), leaving Ashley devastated. At Maxine's funeral, her boss Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls) causes a scene and accuses Richard of murdering Maxine and attempting to kill her and Emily. Later at the wake in The Rovers', Ashley is very angry with Audrey and does not accept her apology. However, he accepts the support of Audrey's daughter, Gail (Helen Worth), Richard's wife. Ashley is further devastated when a blood test confirms that Matt is indeed Joshua's biological father.", "Ashley Abbott. Davidson describes Ashley as a \"dynamic character\".[24] She has been characterized as \"sassy\"[25] yet an \"honorable heroine\".[26] The Record describes Ashley as \"headstrong\".[27] She is recognized for her unluckiness and long-term suffering.[28] Davidson stated, \"She is a heroine. So often she was being victimized by people and trying to always rise above that, and being driven insane and losing babies, etc.\"[28] In 1990, The Washington Times described Ashley as a \"smart woman\", known for her \"level head\" and \"business success\". Ashley is dedicated to her work and has a strong sense of family.[29] She is a beloved member of the Genoa City community.[30] Her passion for the family business, Jabot Cosmetics, cost Ashley her marriage to Cole Howard (J. Eddie Peck).[25]", "Ashley Peacock. In October 2010, Ashley is closing the butcher's shop when he witnesses Graeme get run over by his former friend David. Ashley calls an ambulance and has to restrain Graeme's girlfriend, Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan), David's ex-girlfriend, from attacking David. Ashley and Claire accompany Graeme to the hospital and Ashley believes Claire is having second thoughts about leaving. Ashley is angry with David and accuses him of deliberately running Graeme over, saying some horrible comments. However, upon learning that David had an epileptic fit at the wheel and did not mean to run Graeme over, he feels guilty and apologises off-screen.", "Coronation Street Live (2010 episode). To celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, episodes had been broadcast every day during the week 6–10 December 2010 under the advertisement banner \"Four Funerals and a Wedding\". An episode broadcast the preceding Monday showed a gas explosion in local bar The Joinery, causing a tram to crash from the viaduct into the Corner Shop and The Kabin opposite. The live episode continued to depict the aftermath of the accident, such as the rescue attempts and deaths of the characters Ashley Peacock (Steven Arnold) and Molly Dobbs (Vicky Binns), an emergency marriage between Peter Barlow (Chris Gascoyne) and Leanne Battersby (Jane Danson), Fiz Stape (Jennie McAlpine) giving birth prematurely to her daughter Hope and Molly's revelation to Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor) that her husband Kevin (Michael Le Vell) fathered Molly's recently born baby.", "Alf Roberts. In 1978, Alf married Renee Bradshaw (Madge Hindle), who now owned the corner shop. Theirs was an awkward courtship - Alf withdrew his first proposal, telling Renee that he had been drunk when he asked her - but when he proposed again, they married. The marriage seemed doomed from the start - Alf punched Renee's stepfather, Joe Hibbert, at the reception for suggesting that the only reason he had married Renee was to get the corner shop. Renee, however, made it clear that the shop was hers and Alf should continue to work at the post office. After a lorry crashed into the pub in 1979, burying Alf under tons of wood, the couple re-assessed their lives. They decided to buy a sub-post office in Grange-Over-Sands in 1980 and Renee took driving lessons. It was while learning to drive that Renee stalled Alf's car at a red traffic light in a country lane. While Alf got out of the car to change places, a lorry coming the other way hit the car and Renee was killed. Alf, who had been drinking, was unharmed and later told Ken Barlow that he felt guilty as seconds before Renee died, they were arguing about her driving and this was the last thing he ever said to her.", "Ashley Abbott. Ashley is born on April 29, 1960, to John Abbott, Sr. (Brett Halsey, later Jerry Douglas) and Dina Abbott Mergeron (Marla Adams). Twenty-two years later, after completing college, Ashley returns to Genoa City and becomes a lab chemist at Jabot Cosmetics, the family company. She takes over as president of the company after her brother Jack Abbott (Terry Lester, later Peter Bergman) is shot on his one-year anniversary by his wife, Patty Williams. Ashley commences an unlucky streak of relationships; starting with French artist Eric Garrison, who slept with her mother, and Marc Mergeron, who is revealed to be her former stepbrother. Capitalizing on her unluckiness, it is revealed that Ashley's biological father is Brent Davis, not John Abbott, who remains unaware of Ashley's true paternity. Trauma leads Ashley to become missing with amnesia, where she is found by business tycoon Victor Newman (Eric Braeden), who takes her back to Genoa City. Ashley has an affair with Victor, who is married to Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott). To spite Ashley, Nikki engages in an affair with Jack and tries to have Victor's brother, Matt Miller, unsuccessfully seduce Ashley. Ultimately, Victor chooses to be with Ashley, angering Nikki. When Ashley falls pregnant with Victor's child, Nikki is diagnosed with cancer, causing Victor to leave Ashley, who secretly has an abortion. Ashley suffers a mental breakdown, before marrying her psychiatrist Steven Lassiter (Rod Arrants). Steven's former patient Leanna Randolph (Barbara Crampton) stalks the couple and attempts to destroy Ashley. She writes a biography about Victor that exposes information about his dysfunctional relationship with Ashley. Steven is later shot and killed by an unstable patient.", "Ashley Abbott. Ashley locates a missing Victor in France, where they reunite. Upon their return to Genoa City as a couple, they are married and Ashley becomes pregnant. Victor's manipulative son Adam Newman (Michael Muhney) gas lights Ashley, making her believe that she is seeing the ghost of Victor's late wife, Sabrina Newman. Adam causes Ashley to fall down a staircase and lose her baby, though he convinces her that this was a dream, and she suffers from an hysterical pregnancy. Ashley checks herself into a psychiatric hospital where Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), also pregnant, is staying. After Ashley begins experiencing hysterical labor, Adam kidnaps Sharon's newborn baby Faith Newman and gives her to Ashley, with Sharon believing her baby was stillborn. In the ensuing months, Sharon marries Adam and develops a close friendship with Ashley. Six months after Faith is born, the doctor that delivered her (who was being blackmailed by Adam) confesses the truth in a letter. Ashley is forced to hand Faith over to Sharon and the child's father, Victor's son Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). Ashley moves on with her life, and becomes engaged to wealthy tycoon Tucker McCall (Stephen Nichols). Prior to their engagement, he slept with Diane Jenkins (Maura West). They briefly split up because of Tucker's secret business plans with Jack, but reunite shortly thereafter. Abby accidentally runs over Tucker with her car, and Ashley protects her by taking the blame. She is accused of attempted murder and driving under the influence. All charges are ultimately dropped, and she marries Tucker. Their marriage quickly lands in divorce because of Tucker's business scheming and his affair with a previous lover, Harmony Hamilton. Ashley is later forced out as CEO of Jabot by Jack, and Ashley decides to move to New York City with Traci. She returns briefly a few months later for the wedding of Victor and Nikki. Months later, Ashley returns for the funeral of her niece Delia Abbott and comforts her brother Billy on his loss. She returns later to spend Thanksgiving with her family. While there, she sprained her ankle and met Dr. Stitch Rayburn (Sean Carrigan). Abby pushed for a romance, but Ashley reminded her that Stitch was married and had a young son.", "Ashley Peacock. In May 2007, whilst Ashley and Joshua visit Maxine's parents, the Peacocks' house is set on fire. Claire is rescued but Freddie is missing and is later found in a local park. Claire suspects her former friend Casey Carswell (Zoe Henry) but Ashley does not believe her. One day whilst Claire is out, Ashley kisses Casey and they agree to forget it ever happened. However, Casey has no intention of forgetting anything, manipulating Ashley into having an affair. They are almost caught when Claire returns from a trauma support group. Feeling guilty about his affair, Ashley tells Audrey and Kevin Webster (Michael Le Vell). Ashley decides to make his marriage work and ends things with Casey but, adamant that Ashley loves her, Casey pesters him constantly. Claire becomes suspicious, as Casey had stayed with Ashley while she was away, and she asks Ashley if he had slept with Casey but he denies it. Casey becomes obsessed with Ashley and is prepared to do anything to get his attention, eventually kidnapping Freddie and takes him to her house, knowing Ashley would come to get him. When Ashley arrives, he is horrified to see Casey has photos of him everywhere. He tries to reason with her but Claire barges in and Audrey, who also accompanied them, calls the police. Claire talks to Casey and she reveals her affair with Ashley. Claire rescues Freddie, and Casey is arrested and admits starting the fire at the Peacocks' house. After Ashley and Casey's affair is revealed, Claire tells Ashley that their marriage is over. He moves out, staying briefly with the Websters before moving in with Audrey, Bill Webster (Peter Armitage) and her grandson, David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd). Ashley sees Joshua and Freddie regularly but it is clear that Claire is angry and hurt by his actions. She struggles with childcare and work but cannot bring herself to forgive Ashley until Audrey convinces her to do so and the couple reconcile.", "Ashley Peacock. Claire then goes to stay with her mother and leaves Joshua and Freddie with Ashley. Ashley is angry with Sunita when she comes into the butchers to ask after Claire and he orders her to leave. When the truth is revealed about Simon causing Aadi's injury, Ashley angrily confronts Simon's father Peter Barlow (Chris Gascoyne) and accuses Simon of lying to cover his tracks and causing Claire's problems. Peter apologises to Ashley. When Claire returns home, Sunita comes round to apologize but the Peacocks do not accept it and Ashley orders Sunita to leave.", "Kevin Webster. Later that year, Kevin starts dating factory worker Alison Wakefield (Naomi Radcliffe), but she leaves him when it becomes clear that he is still in love with Sally. However, upon discovering that she is pregnant, they reconcile and marry in January 2000 with Kevin's daughters, Roy (David Neilson) and Hayley Cropper (Julie Hesmondhalgh), Linda Sykes (Jacqueline Pirie) and Ashley Peacock (Steven Arnold) present. Their happiness doesn't last, however, when their newborn son Jake dies from a Group B streptococcal infection. The tragedy distresses Alison so much that she snatches Sarah-Louise Platt's (Tina O'Brien) newborn daughter, Bethany (Emily & Amy Walton), and commits suicide after giving baby Bethany to Kevin, leaving him devastated.", "Ashley Abbott. Following a short affair with Brad Carlton (Don Diamont), Ashley marries Victor. The marriage suffers because of Nikki's ongoing problems as well as Victor's daughter Victoria Newman's (Heather Tom) constant schemes to break them up. After her divorce from Victor, Ashley falls in love with Jabot's mysterious photographer Blade Bladeson (Michael Tylo), and they get married. Blade's vengeful twin brother Rick Bladeson arrives in town, holds Blade hostage and impersonates him. Eventually, Ashley and Blade's marriage ends. She then falls romantically for Kurt Costner (Leigh McCloskey), who is shot saving her from muggers. The romance is short-lived, as Kurt leaves Ashley to be with Victor's ex-wife Hope Wilson (Signy Coleman). Ashley nearly engages in an affair with Victoria's husband Cole Howard (J. Eddie Peck), an author who is writing a novel about her life, which requires them to spend time together. After Victoria's pregnancy results in a stillborn baby, Cole divorces her and marries Ashley. The marriage suffers a rough patch when Ashley travels to Madrid to help her stepbrother Rafael Delgado (Carlos Bernard), who is dealing with dangerous customers after selling them forged paintings. Cole assumes that she is having an affair with Rafael, unaware of who he is. During this, Victoria attempts to sabotage the marriage. Ultimately, upon Ashley's return to Genoa City, the couple divorce.", "Ashley Peacock. Ashley is the son of Fred Elliott (John Savident) and Kathleen Gutteridge (Elizabeth Rider). He was conceived when his father had a relationship with Kathleen who was an employee at his family's shop. Fred proposed to Kathleen, wanting to provide stability for his son but Kathleen rejected his proposal as she did not want to be tied down at a young age. When Ashley was born, Kathleen agreed to let Fred's sister Beryl Peacock (Anny Tobin) and her husband Sam, raise Ashley as their own son. Ashley grew up believing Fred was his uncle and Beryl was his mother.", "Ashley Peacock. On their first wedding anniversary in December 2005, Claire tells Ashley that she is pregnant. Their son Thomas is born on 17 July 2006. Around the same time, Matt contacts Ashley and demands access to Joshua. Ashley refuses and the matter goes to court. Eventually, Claire persuades Ashley to make Matt an offer of limited access which he accepts but ends up delivering Claire's baby when she goes into labour and congratulates Ashley on becoming a father himself. Ashley supports Claire when she suffers from post-natal depression and is sectioned after trying to kill Thomas. Ashley stands by Claire during her ordeal and they reconcile when she is allowed home.", "Mike Baldwin (Coronation Street). Mike's on/off relationship with Alma Sedgewick (Amanda Barrie) lasted the longest. It seemed to be over when he abandoned Alma to marry wealthy widow Jackie Ingram (Shirin Taylor), who inherited a factory from her late husband, Peter (who had died of a heart attack during an argument with Mike). Jackie soon saw through him, and their marriage lasted just a week. Jackie threatened Mike with a shotgun if he did not get out of her sight.", "Ashley Peacock. Ashley doesn't like his mother's boyfriend Trevor and feels they want him to leave home. Kelly tells Ashley that Don Brennan (Geoffrey Hinsliff) needs a lodger and it would be handy as it's only two doors from her. Don shows Ashley around No.5. Ashley likes it but Kelly is wary of Don. Kelly thinks that No.5 isn't the right house for Ashley as she doesn't like Don. Ashley moves into No.5. Don tells him that now he has his rent money he doesn't need to work so many night shifts. Ashley is disappointed as he was hoping to entertain Kelly. Ashley's plans to go out with Kelly are spoiled when Don drags him onto a poker game. Kelly is furious when he stands her up as he enjoys the game and wins the others money. Don advises Ashley to be masterful with Kelly. Ashley tells Kelly that he's not weak and is stunned when she slams the door in his face. Kelly is upset that Ashley is trying to act macho. Fred is annoyed by the new masterful Ashley and blames Kelly for changing him but she tells him that it's Don's fault. Fred advises Ashley to show Kelly he's the boss by grabbing her for a kiss. Kelly is pleased when Ashley kisses her passionately and apologises but he oversteps the mark when he tells her to shut up so she slams the door on him again. Kelly and Ashley make-up and she admits that she does enjoy it when he's forceful. Kelly tells Ashley that she fears she'll have to go home to her parents and hints about them getting a flat together but he doesn't pick up on the hint as he likes his independence at No.5. Kelly moves back home with Ashley's help. Ashley and Kelly have a tearful farewell when she leaves for Scotland. He gives her a charm bracelet to remember him by. Don breaks open Ashley's present to him - a bottle of whisky. Ashley keeps Don company. Ashley brings Don out of himself by talking to him about gambling.", "The Young and the Restless characters (1980s). History\nIn 1986, Steven was the psychiatrist of Ashley Abbott and Leanna Love. He fell in love with Ashley. When Nikki Newman went into remission, Victor Newman was free to be with Ashley, but she had moved on to Steven. Ashley and Steven married in 1988, but before long Steven was shot to death by the son of one of his patients.", "Cindy Cunningham. Cindy meets Alistair Longford (Terence Harvey), a rich pensioner who assumes Cindy saved him from choking to death, when it was actually Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane). Cindy accompanies Alistair on several dates, and after a couple of days with each other's knowledge, he proposes. Cindy is initially hesitant, but accepts upon discovering he is a multi-millionaire. However, Jacqui McQueen (Claire Cooper) blackmails Cindy, threatening to tell Alistair that it was Myra who saved his life. Jacqui and Myra then plan Cindy's wedding. Steph is horrified to discover Cindy is marrying Alistair, who is in his seventies. Alistair's mother Blanche Longford (Georgina Hale) arrives in Hollyoaks after being called by his granddaughters India (Beth Kingston) and Texas (Bianca Hendrickse-Spendlove) in an attempt to sabotage the wedding. Blanche's plans fail, but she refuses to believe Cindy truly loves Alistair. Cindy is eventually made to tell Alistair that Myra had actually saved his life. However, this does not hinder Alistair's decision to marry her. On the day of the wedding, Darren tries to talk Cindy out of it and asks her to marry him, which she rejects. Blanche witnesses Darren and Cindy together and during the wedding, tells Alistair that they are having an affair. Darren and Cindy deny an affair and the wedding goes ahead. Before she leaves for her honeymoon, Cindy apologises to Steph and says goodbye, knowing it may be the last time she sees her as Steph is terminally ill with cancer. Cindy assures Holly she has only married Alistair to secure her a good life. Alistair and Cindy then leave, although she seems displeased when he reveals he has bought viagra.", "Ashley Abbott. In town for Abby and Tyler's engagement party, Ashley left early to drop by the hospital and \"run into\" Dr. Rayburn. But she found Victoria waiting for him to take her on a date. Ashley reminded her that she'd only been separated a week. When Ben arrived, Victoria was jealously catty, informing Ben that Ashley was her former stepmother.", "Ashley Peacock. During 2008, Claire is shocked to discover that she and Ashley are struggling financially. Ashley confesses to using their savings to keep the butcher's shop going so Claire discusses housing options with Sally when she mentions that her daughters, Rosie (Helen Flanagan) and Sophie Webster (Brooke Vincent), are getting too old to share a room. Ashley and Claire's sons are young enough for room sharing not to be a problem so Claire and Sally decide to swap houses. Initially, Ashley and Kevin are reluctant to move but are persuaded to do so by their wives. The couples agree to value the houses and the Websters agree to give the Peacocks the difference in cash. Eventually, the purchase price is agreed and both families move.", "Cindy Cunningham. After starting work at Il Gnosh restaurant, Cindy and Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard) start dating, despite Darren's jealousy. Darren tells Cindy he still loves her. Although she is seeing Tony, Cindy reciprocates and they plot to Cindy marrying and scamming Tony as Darren deteriorates The Dog in the Pond's business so they can buy it cheaply. Despite his suspicions of what Cindy really wants, Tony gets married to Cindy, who is settling into married life and Tony's money. At Christmas, Cindy assumes Tony has bought her an expensive gift, but is disappointed to discover he has gained Holly a place in private school. After Tony buys Tan & Tumble, Cindy instates her position as the manager and reinvents it into clothing shop, Cincerity. Despite Tony's negative views, Cindy is determined to prove him wrong. Holly runs away from home after feeling neglected and seeing Tony kiss Theresa McQueen (Jorgie Porter). Cindy believes her disappearance is just for attention. However, after police find Holly's school bag battered and left in a dustbin, Cindy begins to fear the worst and assumes Holly has been abducted. A nationwide search goes underway. Holly, who had been hiding at Spencer Gray's (Darren John Langford) flat, is found by Jake Dean (Kevin Sacre). Holly is knocked unconscious and Cindy accuses Jake of kidnapping her. As Holly lies in a coma, Cindy feels Tony is not supportive and seeks solace from ex-boyfriend Darren, believing her marriage has terminated. When Holly wakes up, Tony has a heart-to-heart with her, which Cindy overhears. She then gives him a second chance. To get their marriage back on track, Cindy suggests they move to North Wales. Tony disagrees, but begins to view properties in the area. While there, he helps Gabby Sharpe (Phina Oruche), who is run over. After a week caring for Gabby, Tony realises that he feels no love for Cindy, so returns and tells her he wants a divorce." ]

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[ "Indian Institute of Science. Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a public institute for research and higher education in science, engineering, design, and management. It is located in Bangalore city in India, and was established in the year 1909 with active support from Jamsetji Tata and H.H. Sir Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the Maharaja of Mysore. It is also locally known as the \"Tata Institute\".[3] It was granted the Deemed University status in 1958.", "Indian Institute of Science. At the time of the inception of IISc in 1909, Morris Travers, Sir William Ramsay's co-worker in the discovery of the noble gases, became its first Director. For Travers, this was a natural continuation of his work on the Institute, since he had played a role in its founding. The first Indian Director was the Nobel Laureate Sir C.V. Raman. Raman was the Indian Science-based Nobel Laureate.[13] The current Director is Anurag Kumar.", "Indian Institute of Science. IISc has produced alumni who have held significant academic and industry positions around the globe:", "Indian Institute of Science. The land and other facilities for the institution were donated by H.H. Sir Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the Maharaja of Mysore (a Princely State now called State of Karnataka), and Tata himself. The Maharaja donated about 371 acres (1.50 km2)[11] of land. Tata gave several buildings towards the creation of IISc.[12]", "Indian Institute of Science. Two former directors, C. V. Raman and C. N. R. Rao, have been awarded India's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna.[102] Four former directors, Sir A. G. Bourne, Sir Martin O. Forster, C. V. Raman and J. C. Ghosh, have been knighted.[103][104] Among the IISc alumni, there are three Rhodes Scholars, several Fellows of the Royal Society, and thousands of members of Indian and foreign Academy of Sciences. Hundreds of IISc faculty members have also received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology awarded to Indians who have made outstanding contributions under 45 years of age. In spite of these achievements, no alumnus or serving faculty member of IISc has won either a Nobel Prize or a Fields Medal, although C. V. Raman did win a Nobel Prize before becoming the Institute's first Indian director.", "Tata Institute of Social Sciences. TISS was established in 1936 as Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work in Mumbai.[12] It was renamed to its current name Tata Institute of Social Sciences in 1944. TISS Mumbai is the main campus of the TISS. In the year 1964, it was declared Deemed to be a University[13] under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act (UGC), 1956. TISS Mumbai provides various M.A., M.Phil & Ph.D programs. Over the years, TISS Mumbai is well known for its contribution through research in social work, social sciences, human resources management & health systems.", "Tata Institute of Social Sciences. TISS was established in 1936, as the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work, the first school of social work in India. It was renamed to its current name in 1944. It was recognised as a Deemed University in 1964 [4] by the University Grants Commission of India. TISS started out as a small institute offering a post-graduate diploma in Social Work, but has since expanded continuously in terms of educational programmes and infrastructure (see list of programs). The first director of the institute was Clifford Manshardt, who aimed to establish a post-graduate social work school of national stature that would engage in a continuous study of Indian social issues and create meaningful interventions.", "Indian Institute of Science. On 28 December 2005, two unknown men started firing indiscriminately inside the IISc campus. Munish Chander Puri, a professor from IIT Delhi, died in the attack. Four others were injured.[179][180]", "Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur. In March 2014, it was upgraded to the status of Institutes of National Importance under the banner of Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology, thus renaming it IIEST Shibpur.", "Indian Institute of Science. IISc was ranked 251–300 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2018,[26] the top institute in India, as well as 21 in Asian the 2018 ranking[28] and 14 among BRICS & Emerging Economies University Rankings in 2017.[27] The QS World University Rankings of 2018 ranked IISc 190 in the world,[23] as well as 51 in Asia[25] and 10 among BRICS nations.[24] The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it 301–400 in the world in 2017, the only institute in India to be ranked by this ranking.[22] It was ranked top university in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework university ranking[30] and overall ranking[29] for 2018.", "Indian Institute of Science. Apart from the main library, the Institute also has independent departmental libraries. The library moved into the present premises in January 1965, built out of grants provided by University Grants Commission (UGC), in commemoration of the golden jubilee celebrations of the Institute in 1959. In 1995, the library was renamed as \"J. R. D. Tata Memorial Library\". The National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM) has recognised this library as Regional Center for Mathematics for the south region and continued to award a special grant towards subscription of Journals in Mathematics.", "Indian Institute of Science. IISc also has active sports teams, major ones being in cricket, football, badminton and volleyball. They participate each year in the IISM (inter IISER sports meet) and a number of other tournaments and events.[citation needed]", "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is a government-aided institute and deemed university for the study and research of space science, located at Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It is the first university in Asia to be solely dedicated to the study and research of Outer space.[1] It was inaugurated on 14 September 2007 by G. Madhavan Nair, the then Chairman of ISRO.[4] IIST was set up by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) under the Department of Space, Government of India.[5] A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India, was the Chancellor of IIST.[6] IIST offers regular engineering undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate programmes with focus on space science, technology and applications.", "Indian Institute of Science. The IISc campus harbors both exotic and indigenous plant species with about 110 species of woody plants.[17] The roads on the campus are named after the dominant avenue tree species.[18]", "Banaras Hindu University. The Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAS) was founded as Institute of Agricultural Research in 1931 and was the first institute in India to provide postgraduate programs (M.Sc. and PhD) in agricultural science. In 1945, undergraduate degrees were introduced and it was renamed as the College of Agriculture. It was renamed as the Faculty of Agriculture in 1968 and was raised to the status of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences in August 1980. It is involved in both education and research in agricultural science.[34]", "Indian Institute of Science. The Indian Institute of Science collaborates with various government organisations like the DRDO, the ISRO, Bharat Electronics Limited, Aeronautical Development Agency, National Aerospace Laboratories, CSIR, Department of IT (Government of India), etc. IISc also works in collaboration with private industry and research labs like the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Google Inc, General Motors, Microsoft Research, IBM Research, Boeing, Robert Bosch Foundation, Pratt & Whitney and more. A few organisations have been incubated by the Society for Innovation and Development (SID) on campus, including Morphing Machines and SandI, while Gamma Porite is currently under incubation. IISc actively promotes and supports ventures by the faculty, the students and alumni. Strand Life Sciences and Ittiam are some success stories of this initiative. In March 2016, a science start-up, incubated at the IISc, has built the world's first food-grade DNA/RNA stain. This might cut the time taken to diagnose conditions such as HIV to a day, from 45 days at present.[178]", "Indian Institute of Banking and Finance. The Institute was originally established in the year of 1928 as a Company under Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, and named as The Indian Institute of Bankers (IIB). Afterwards in the year of 2004, it was renamed as Indian Institute of Banking & Finance. The Original Office was located at Cuffe Parade of Mumbai. In 2011, it was shifted to current address of Kurla ( West ) of Mumbai.", "Indian Institute of Science. The IISc campus is located in the north of Bengaluru, about 4 kilometers from Bangalore City Railway Station and Kempegowda Bus Station, on the way to Yeshwantpur. The Institute is about 35 kilometers from Kempegowda International Airport. A number of other research institutes, Raman Research Institute, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Wood Research Institute and Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), are close to IISc. Most of these institutes are connected to IISc by a regular shuttle bus service.[15]", "Science and technology in India. Also referred to colloquially as the \"Bangalore Academy\", Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS) was founded in 1934 by C. V. Raman, the eminent physicist of his time in Bangalore (now Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.[38]", "Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management. IISWBM was founded at a time when the concept of management degree was alien to the educational fraternity of that period. The seeds of IISWBM were sown in 1942, when the British government, needing qualified labour officers for its facilities, especially its ordnance factories - the Second World War was on - decided to start a social welfare training institute affiliated to Calcutta University and located close to it. Dijendra Kumar Sanyal was appointed its chief. After Independence, this evolved into the IISWBM, set up in April 1953, with Sanyal as its founder-director. IISWBM was set up in collaboration with the Government of West Bengal, the University of Calcutta and the business community of West Bengal to promote management education. The MBA, MHRM and MPSM courses are autonomous and affiliated to the University of Calcutta; the MBA program has been affiliated to the university for more than 60 years. This institute once served as a mentoring institute for the much-reputed IIM C (Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta) and DoMS IIT(ISM) Dhanbad.", "Indian Statistical Institute. The Systems Science and Informatics Unit (SSIU) was established in 2009[58]", "National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science. The institute was formerly known as \"Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science\" and came into existence on 4th January, 1972. The institute has trained around 41,000 officers from Police, Judiciary, Prisons, Prosecution, Defence, Customs, Forest, Medical, Public Sector Undertakings, Nationalized Banks as well as Scientists from Central and State Forensic Science Laboratories. It was renamed after Indian independence activist Jayaprakash Narayan in 2003.", "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. Started as an intra-college event in March 2012, IIST MUN has now become a national inter-college Model United Nations with United Nations General Assembly council held successfully in September 2012, 2013, October 2014 and April 2015. It has become an annual event, the 2016 event to be held in April.", "Indian Institute of Science. Vijyoshi, an annual national science camp for secondary school and undergraduate students, is hosted by IISc.[citation needed]", "Indian Statistical Institute. On 17 December 1931, Mahalonobis held a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Professor of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji.[6][7][8] This meeting led to the establishment of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), which was formally registered on 28 April 1932, as a non-profit distributing learned society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.[7][8] Later, the institute was registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act XXVI of 1961 amended in 1964.[9] Mukherjee accepted the role of the president of ISI and held this position until his death in 1936.[9] In 1953,[10] ISI was relocated to a property owned by Professor Mahalanobis, named \"Amrapali\", in Baranagar, which is now a municipality at the northern outskirts of Kolkata.", "Indian Statistical Institute. The Bangalore centre was formally declared as a centre of ISI in September 1996.[58]", "Indian Statistical Institute. Until 1959, ISI was associated with the University of Calcutta. By 'The Indian Statistical Institute Act 1959' of the Parliament of India, amended in 1995, ISI was declared an institute of national importance,[1] and was authorised to hold examinations and to grant degrees and diplomas in Statistics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Economics, and in any other subject related to Statistics as identified by the Institute from time to time.[1] ISI is a public university, as the same act also states that ISI would be funded by the Central Government of India.[1]", "Union Carbide India Limited. In November 1994, UCC completed the sale of its interest in UCIL to McLeod Russel of Calcutta. UCIL was subsequently renamed Eveready Industries India.", "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. On 14 July 2008, the Union Human Resource Development Ministry, on the advice of the University Grants Commission (UGC), conferred deemed university status, under a new category, to the institute for a period of five years.[10][11]", "Indian Agricultural Research Institute. Post-independence, the institute renamed Indian Agricultural Research Institute,[3] and in 1950 the Shimla sub-station of institute developed Rust-resistant varieties of wheat, including Pusa 718, 737, 745, and 760.[12] In 1958, it was recognized as a \"deemed university\" under the UGC act of 1956[13] of Parliament and since then it has awarded MSc and PhD degrees.[3]", "National Institutes of Technology. The success of technology-based industry led to high demand for technical and scientific education. Due to the enormous costs and infrastructure involved in creating globally respected Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), in 2002 Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) Minister Murli Manohar Joshi decided to upgrade RECs to \"National Institutes of Technology\" (NITs) instead of creating IITs. The central government controls NITs and provides all funding. In 2002, all RECs became NITs.", "Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. The bioinformatics centre at the department was started in 1989 as a Distributed Information Sub Centre (Sub-DIC) under the Biotechnology Information System network (BTISnet) of the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, government of India. The centre was upgraded to a Distributed Information Centre (DIC) in 2004." ]

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[ "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). According to biographer Vincent Lobrutto, Universe was a visual inspiration to Kubrick. The 29 minute film, which had also proved popular at NASA for its realistic portrayal of outer space, achieved \"the standard of dynamic visionary realism that he was looking for.\" Wally Gentleman, one of the special effects artists on Universe, worked briefly on 2001. Kubrick also asked Universe co-director Colin Low about animation camerawork, with Low recommending British mathematician Brian Salt, with whom Low and Roman Kroitor had previously worked on the 1957 still animation documentary, City of Gold.[55][56] Universe would have one more influence on 2001 when its narrator, actor Douglas Rain, relatively unknown outside Canada, was cast as the voice of HAL.[57]", "HAL 9000. In the film 2001, HAL became operational on 12 January 1992 at the HAL Laboratories in Urbana, Illinois as production number 3. The activation year was 1991 in earlier screenplays and changed to 1997 in Clarke's novel written in conjunction with the movie.[1][2] In addition to maintaining the Discovery One spacecraft systems during the interplanetary mission to Jupiter (or Saturn in the original novel, published shortly after the release of the film), HAL is capable of speech, speech recognition, facial recognition, natural language processing, lip reading, art appreciation, interpreting emotional behaviours, automated reasoning, and playing chess.", "Douglas Rain. Douglas Rain (born March 13, 1928) is a Canadian actor and narrator. Though primarily a stage actor, he is also known for providing the voice of the HAL 9000 computer for the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and its sequel, 2010 (1984).", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). The film contains no dialogue for roughly the first and last 20 minutes.[44] By the time shooting began, Kubrick had removed much of the dialogue and narration; what remains is notable for its banality (making the computer HAL seem to have more emotion than the humans) juxtaposed with epic space scenes.[52] The first scenes of dialogue are Floyd's encounters on the space station: chit-chat with the colleague who greets him, his telephone call to his daughter, and the friendly but strained encounter with Soviet scientists. Later, en route to the monolith, Floyd engages in trite exchanges with his staff while a spectacular journey by Earth-light across the Lunar surface is shown. HAL is the only character who expresses anxiety, as well as feelings of pride and bewilderment.", "HAL 9000. During rehearsals Kubrick asked Stefanie Powers to supply the voice of HAL 9000 while searching for a suitably androgynous voice so the actors had something to react to. On the set, British actor Nigel Davenport played HAL.[11][12] When it came to dubbing HAL in post-production, Kubrick had originally cast Martin Balsam, but as he felt Balsam \"just sounded a little bit too colloquially American\", he was replaced with Douglas Rain, who \"had the kind of bland mid-Atlantic accent we felt was right for the part.\"[13] Rain was only handed HAL's lines instead of the full script, and recorded them across a day and a half.[14]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). Eighteen months later, the United States spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter. On board are mission pilots and scientists Dr. David Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole, along with three other scientists in suspended animation. Most of Discovery's operations are controlled by the ship's computer, HAL 9000, referred to by the crew as \"Hal\". Hal states that he is \"foolproof and incapable of error\". Hal raises concerns about the nature of the mission to Bowman, which the latter ignores. Hal then reports the imminent failure of an antenna control device. The astronauts retrieve it in an extravehicular activity (EVA) pod but find nothing wrong. Hal suggests reinstalling the device and letting it fail so the problem can be found. Mission Control advises the astronauts that results from their twin HAL 9000 indicate that Hal is in error. Hal insists that the problem, like previous issues ascribed to HAL series units, is due to human error. Concerned about Hal's behavior, Bowman and Poole enter an EVA pod to talk without Hal overhearing, and agree to disconnect Hal if he is proven wrong. Hal secretly follows their conversation by lip reading. While Poole is on a space walk outside his EVA pod attempting to replace the unit, Hal takes control of the pod, severs his oxygen hose and sets him adrift.", "HAL 9000. HAL 9000 is a fictional character and the main antagonist in Arthur C. Clarke's Space Odyssey series. First appearing in 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL (Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer) is a sentient computer (or artificial general intelligence) that controls the systems of the Discovery One spacecraft and interacts with the ship's astronaut crew. Part of HAL's hardware is shown towards the end of the film, but he is mostly depicted as a camera lens containing a red or yellow dot, instances of which are located throughout the ship. HAL 9000 is voiced by Douglas Rain in the two feature film adaptations of the Space Odyssey series. HAL speaks in a soft, calm voice and a conversational manner, in contrast to the crewmen, David Bowman and Frank Poole.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). The reasons for HAL's malfunction and subsequent malignant behavior have also elicited much discussion. He has been compared to Frankenstein's monster. In Clarke's novel, HAL malfunctions because of being ordered to lie to the crew of Discovery and withhold confidential information from them, namely the confidentially programmed mission priority over expendable human life, despite being constructed for \"the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment\". This would not be addressed on film until the 1984 follow-up, 2010: The Year We Make Contact. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that HAL, as the supposedly perfect computer, actually behaves in the most human fashion of all of the characters.[44] In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick stated that HAL \"had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility\".[45]", "Shallow Hal. Shallow Hal is a 2001 American romantic comedy film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Jack Black about a shallow man who falls in love with an overweight woman. The motion picture was directed by the Farrelly brothers and filmed in and around Charlotte, North Carolina as well as Sterling and Princeton, Massachusetts at Wachusett Mountain.[citation needed] The supporting cast features Jason Alexander, Tony Robbins (as himself), and Laura Kightlinger.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). The script went through many stages. In early 1965, when backing was secured for the film, Clarke and Kubrick still had no firm idea of what would happen to Bowman after the Star Gate sequence. Initially all of Discovery's astronauts were to survive the journey; by October 3, Clarke and Kubrick had decided to leave Bowman the sole survivor and have him regress to infancy. By October 17, Kubrick had come up with what Clarke called a \"wild idea of slightly fag robots who create a Victorian environment to put our heroes at their ease.\"[34] HAL 9000 was originally named Athena after the Greek goddess of wisdom and had a feminine voice and persona.[34]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (soundtrack). In 1996, Turner Entertainment/Rhino Records released a new soundtrack on CD which included the material from \"Aventures\" and restored the version of \"Zarathustra\" used in the film, and used the shorter version of \"Lux Aeterna\" from the film. As additional \"bonus tracks\" at the end, this CD includes the versions of \"Zarathustra\" and \"Lux Aeterna\" on the old MGM soundtrack, an unaltered performance of \"Aventures\", and a nine-minute compilation of all of Hal's dialogue from the film.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). Bowman takes another pod to rescue Poole. Meanwhile, Hal turns off the life support functions of the crewmen in suspended animation. When Bowman returns to the ship with Poole's body, Hal refuses to let him in, stating that the astronauts' plan to deactivate him jeopardizes the mission. Bowman opens the ship's emergency airlock manually, enters the ship, and proceeds to Hal's processor core. Hal tries to reassure Bowman, then pleads with him to stop, and finally expresses fear. As Bowman gradually deactivates the circuits controlling Hal's higher intellectual functions, Hal regresses to his earliest programmed memory, the song \"Daisy Bell\", which he sings for Bowman.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). In 1996, Turner Entertainment/Rhino Records released a new soundtrack on CD which included the material from \"Aventures\" and restored the version of \"Zarathustra\" used in the film, and used the shorter version of \"Lux aeterna\" from the film. As additional \"bonus tracks\" at the end, this CD includes the versions of \"Zarathustra\" and \"Lux aeterna\" on the old MGM soundtrack, an unaltered performance of \"Aventures\", and a nine-minute compilation of all of Hal's dialogue from the film.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (soundtrack). Many non-English language versions of the film do not use the song \"Daisy\". In the French soundtrack, HAL sings the French folk song \"Au clair de la lune\" while being disconnected.[14] In the German version, HAL sings the children's song \"Hänschen klein\" (\"Little Johnny\"),[15] and in the Italian version HAL sings \"Giro giro tondo\" (Ring a Ring o' Roses).[16]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). Alex North's unused music had its first public appearance in Telarc's issue of the main theme on Hollywood's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2, a compilation album by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. All the music North originally wrote was recorded commercially by North's friend and colleague Jerry Goldsmith with the National Philharmonic Orchestra and was released on Varèse Sarabande CDs shortly after Telarc's first theme release but before North's death. Eventually, a mono mix-down of North's original recordings, which had survived in the interim, would be released as a limited-edition CD by Intrada Records.[86]", "HAL 9000. In 2001: A Space Odyssey, HAL is initially considered a dependable member of the crew, maintaining ship functions and engaging genially with its human crew-mates on an equal footing. As a recreational activity, Frank Poole plays against HAL in a game of chess. In the film the artificial intelligence is shown to triumph easily. However, as time progresses, HAL begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, the decision is made to shut down HAL in order to prevent more serious malfunctions. The sequence of events and manner in which HAL is shut down differs between the novel and film versions of the story. In the aforementioned game of chess HAL makes minor and undetected mistakes in his analysis, a possible foreshadowing to HAL's malfunctioning.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (soundtrack). HAL's version of the popular song \"Daisy Bell\" (referred to by HAL as \"Daisy\" in the film) was inspired by a computer-synthesized arrangement by Max Mathews, which Arthur C. Clarke had heard in 1962 at the Bell Laboratories Murray Hill facility when he was, coincidentally, visiting friend and colleague John R. Pierce. At that time, a speech synthesis demonstration was being performed by physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr., by using an IBM 704 computer to synthesize speech. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer vocoder recreated the song \"Daisy Bell\" (\"Bicycle Built For Two\"); Max Mathews provided the musical accompaniment. Arthur C. Clarke was so impressed that he later used it in the screenplay and novel.[13]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). 2001 was No. 15 on AFI's 2007 100 Years ... 100 Movies[195] (22 in 1998),[196] was named No. 40 on its 100 Years, 100 Thrills,[197] was included on its 100 Years, 100 Quotes (No. 78 \"Open the pod bay doors, HAL.\"),[198] and HAL 9000 was the No. 13 villain in 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains.[199] The film was also No. 47 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers[200] and the No. 1 science fiction film on AFI's 10 Top 10.[201] 2001 is the only science fiction film to make the Sight & Sound in 2012 poll for ten best films, and tops the Online Film Critics Society list of \"greatest science fiction films of all time.\"[202] In 1991, this film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[203] In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the nineteenth best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.[204] Other lists that include the film are 50 Films to See Before You Die (#6), The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th century (#11), the Sight & Sound 2002[12] and 2012 Top Ten poll (#6), and Roger Ebert's Top Ten (1968) (#2). In 1995, the Vatican named it as one of the 45 best films ever made (and included it in a sub-list of the \"Top Ten Art Movies\" of all time.)[205] In 2011, the film was the third most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom.[206]", "HAL 9000. The basic reboot sequence initiated by Dr. Chandra in the movie 2010 is voiced from HAL as, \"HELLO_DOCTOR_NAME_CONTINUE_ YESTERDAY_TOMORROW\" (which in the novel 2010 is a longer sequence).", "Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey. One interesting aspect of HAL's plight, noted by Roger Ebert, is that this supposedly perfect computer actually behaves in the most human fashion of all of the characters.[46]\nHe has reached human intelligence levels, and seems to have developed human traits of paranoia, jealousy and other emotions. By contrast, the human characters act like machines, coolly performing their tasks in a mechanical fashion, whether they are mundane tasks of operating their craft or even under extreme duress as Dave must be following HAL's murder of Frank. For instance, Frank Poole watches a birthday transmission from his parents with what appears to be complete apathy.", "HAL 9000. HAL's capabilities, like all the technology in 2001, were based on the speculation of respected scientists. Marvin Minsky, director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and one of the most influential researchers in the field, was an adviser on the film set.[23] In the mid-1960s, many computer scientists in the field of artificial intelligence were optimistic that machines with HAL's capabilities would exist within a few decades. For example, AI pioneer Herbert A. Simon at Carnegie Mellon University, had predicted in 1965 that \"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do\",[24] the overarching premise being that the issue was one of computational speed (which was predicted to increase) rather than principle.", "Benjamin Hendrickson. He played Hal for over 20 years, from October 1985 to September 2004 and from June 2005 to July 2006. Hal was initially a short-term role, but as Hendrickson joked, when he \"impregnated the leading lady\" (the character of Margo, then played by Hillary B. Smith), he signed a contract with a longer term.[1]", "Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey. Although the film leaves it mysterious, early script drafts made clear that HAL's breakdown is triggered by authorities on Earth who order him to withhold information from the astronauts about the purpose of the mission (this is also explained in the film's sequel 2010). Frederick Ordway, Kubrick's science advisor and technical consultant, stated that in an earlier script Poole tells HAL there is \"... something about this mission that we weren't told. Something the rest of the crew knows and that you know. We would like to know whether this is true\", to which HAL responds: \"I'm sorry, Frank, but I don't think I can answer that question without knowing everything that all of you know.\"[47] HAL then falsely predicts a failure of the hardware maintaining radio contact with Earth (the source of HAL's difficult orders) during the broadcast of Frank Poole's birthday greetings from his parents.", "Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey. While the film remains ambiguous, one can see evidence in the film that since HAL was instructed to deceive the mission astronauts as to the actual nature of the mission and that deception opens a Pandora's box of possibilities. During a game of chess, although easily victorious over Frank Poole, HAL makes a subtle mistake in the use of descriptive notation to describe a move, and when describing a forced mate, fails to mention moves that Poole could make to delay defeat.[45] Poole is seen to be mouthing his moves to himself during the game and it is later revealed that HAL can lip read. HAL's conversation with Dave Bowman just before the diagnostic error of the AE-35 unit that communicates with Earth is an almost paranoid question and answer session (\"Surely one could not be unaware of the strange stories circulating...rumors about something being dug up on the moon...\") where HAL skirts very close to the pivotal issue concerning which he is concealing information. When Dave states \"You're working up your crew psychology report,\" HAL takes a few seconds to respond in the affirmative. Immediately following this exchange, he errs in diagnosing the antenna unit. HAL has been introduced to the unique and alien concept of human dishonesty. He does not have a sufficiently layered understanding of human motives to grasp the need for this and trudging through the tangled web of lying complications, he falls prey to human error.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film). Searching for a collaborator in the science fiction community, Kubrick was advised by a mutual acquaintance, Columbia Pictures staffer Roger Caras, to talk to writer Arthur C. Clarke, who lived in Ceylon. Although convinced that Clarke was \"a recluse, a nut who lives in a tree\", Kubrick allowed Caras to cable the film proposal to Clarke. Clarke's cabled response stated that he was \"frightfully interested in working with [that] enfant terrible\", and added \"what makes Kubrick think I'm a recluse?\"[18][19] Meeting for the first time at Trader Vic's in New York on April 22, 1964, the two began discussing the project that would take up the next four years of their lives.[20] Clarke kept a diary throughout his involvement with 2001, excerpts of which were published in 1972 as The Lost Worlds of 2001.[21]", "HAL 9000. HAL's name, according to writer Arthur C. Clarke, is derived from Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer.[7] After the film was released fans noticed HAL was a one-letter shift from the name IBM and there has been much speculation since that this was a dig at the large computer company,[19] something that has been denied by both Clarke and 2001 director Stanley Kubrick.[1] Clarke addressed the issue in his book The Lost Worlds of 2001:[7]", "Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey. The HAL 9000 has been compared to Frankenstein's monster. HAL is an artificial intelligence, a sentient, synthetic, life form. According to John Thurman, HAL’s very existence is an abomination, much like Frankenstein’s monster. \"While perhaps not overtly monstrous, HAL’s true character is hinted at by his physical 'deformity'. Like a Cyclops he relies upon a single eye, examples of which are installed throughout the ship. The eye’s warped wide-angle point-of-view is shown several times—notably in the drawings of hibernating astronauts (all of whom HAL will later murder).\"[43]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (soundtrack). Since the film, Also sprach Zarathustra has been used in many other contexts. It was used by the BBC and by CTV in Canada as the introductory theme music for their television coverage of the Apollo space missions, as well as stage entrance music for multiple acts including Elvis Presley late in his career. Jazz and rock variants of the theme have also been composed, the most well known being the 1972 arrangement by Eumir Deodato (itself used in the 1979 film Being There). Both Zarathustra and The Blue Danube have been used in numerous parodies of both the film itself and science fiction/space travel stories in general. HAL's \"Daisy Bell\" also has been frequently used in the comedy industry to denote both humans and machines in an advanced stage of madness.", "Jerry Rice. During the 2005–2006 broadcasting season, Rice competed in the reality show Dancing with the Stars. He was paired with dancer Anna Trebunskaya, and they reached the final two before losing to singer Drew Lachey and his partner Cheryl Burke.[citation needed] In 2009, Rice portrayed Hal Gore in the film Without a Paddle: Nature's Calling. In the same year, he guest starred as himself in the episode \"Lyin' King\" on the sitcom Rules of Engagement.", "HAL 9000. HAL became operational in Urbana, Illinois, at the HAL Plant (the University of Illinois' Coordinated Science Laboratory, where the ILLIAC computers were built). The film says this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HAL's birth year.[3]", "Benjamin Hendrickson. Hendrickson won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor for playing Hal in 2003. During his acceptance speech, he honored his source of moral support with a joke: \"To my mother, who scrimped and saved to send me to Juilliard to study the classics... I'm sorry.\"", "HAL 9000. The details in the book and the film are nominally the same, with a few exceptions. First, in contradiction to the book (and events described in both book and film versions of 2001: A Space Odyssey), Heywood Floyd is absolved of responsibility for HAL's condition; it is asserted that the decision to program HAL with information concerning TMA-1 came directly from the White House. In the film, HAL functions normally after being reactivated, while in the book it is revealed that his mind was damaged during the shutdown, forcing him to begin communication through screen text. Also, in the film the Leonov crew lies to HAL about the dangers that he faced (suspecting that if he knew he would be destroyed he would not initiate the engine-burn necessary to get the Leonov back home), whereas in the novel he is told at the outset. However, in both cases the suspense comes from the question of what HAL will do when he knows that he may be destroyed by his actions." ]

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[ "Chester Bennington. Chester Charles Bennington (March 20, 1976 – July 20, 2017) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He served as lead singer for the bands Linkin Park, Dead by Sunrise, Grey Daze, and Stone Temple Pilots.", "Linkin Park. Bennington died on July 20, 2017; his death was ruled a suicide by hanging.[149] Shinoda confirmed Bennington's death on Twitter, writing \"Shocked and heartbroken, but it's true. An official statement will come out as soon as we have one\".[150] The band had released a music video for their single \"Talking to Myself\" earlier that day.[151] One day after Bennington's death, the band canceled the North American leg of their One More Light World Tour.[152] On the morning of July 24, Linkin Park released an official statement on their website as a tribute to Bennington.[153] On July 28, Shinoda announced that donations made to the band's Music for Relief charity would be redirected to the One More Light Fund, which had been set up in Bennington's memory.[154] On August 4, when the band was initially scheduled to play on Good Morning America, Chris Cornell's twelve-year-old daughter Toni (who was also Bennington's goddaughter) appeared with OneRepublic to perform \"Hallelujah\" as a tribute to Bennington and her father.[155] Bennington had previously performed the song at the funeral for Cornell, who had also died from a suicide by hanging two months earlier.[155]", "Chester Bennington. Bennington formed his own band, Dead by Sunrise, as a side project in 2005. The band's debut album, Out of Ashes, was released on October 13, 2009. He became the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the extended play record High Rise on October 8, 2013, via their own record label, Play Pen, but left in 2015 to focus solely on Linkin Park. He was widely regarded as one of the top rock vocalists of the 2000s. Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 46 on their list of the \"100 Metal Vocalists of All Time\".[2] He also appeared in cameo roles in several films, including Crank, Crank: High Voltage and Saw 3D.[3]", "Chester Bennington. On July 20, 2017, Bennington was found dead at his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California. His death was ruled as suicide by hanging.[4]", "One More Light. One More Light is the seventh studio album by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released on May 19, 2017 through Warner Bros. and Machine Shop. It is the last Linkin Park record produced before lead vocalist Chester Bennington's death on July 20, 2017.", "Chester Bennington. Bennington's funeral was held at South Coast Botanic Garden in Palos Verdes, California, on July 29. In addition to his family members and close friends, many musicians who toured or played with Linkin Park were also in attendance. The service also included a full stage for musical tributes.[53] Bennington was cremated.[54]", "Chester Bennington. Bennington first gained prominence as a vocalist following the release of Linkin Park's debut album, Hybrid Theory, in 2000, which became a commercial success. The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005, making it the best-selling debut album of the decade, as well as one of the few albums ever to hit that many sales.[1] Linkin Park's following studio albums, from Meteora (2003) to One More Light (2017), continued the band's success. Linkin Park has sold over 100 million records worldwide.", "Stone Temple Pilots. On July 20, 2017, Chester Bennington was found dead in his home shortly before 9:00am. His death was ruled a suicide by hanging.", "Numb (Linkin Park song). The track became one of Linkin Park's most critically acclaimed songs, as well as one of their most commercially successful, peaking at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on February 24, 2004, and spending 3 weeks on top of the Mainstream Rock Tracks and 12 weeks on top of the Modern Rock Tracks. \"Numb\" was the 33rd best performing single on the Hot 100 during 2004 and it was listed at number 15 in the alternative songs decade end chart. As of June 2014, the song has sold 2,036,000 copies in the US.[5] The song re-entered at #35 in July 2017 after the suicide of Chester Bennington, all together with \"In the End\" charting at number 37 and their new song \"Heavy\" peaking at number 45.", "Stone Temple Pilots. On November 9, 2015, Bennington announced he was amicably leaving Stone Temple Pilots to focus more on Linkin Park.[2][3] Bennington would not return to the band as he was found dead at his home, in 2017. His death was ruled as suicide by hanging.[53]", "Chris Martin. In March 2015, Martin attended the televised launch of music streaming service Tidal via a video link, and revealed himself, along with other notable artists, as a shareholder in the company.[35] In June 2015, Martin performed \"Til Kingdom Come\" at the funeral Mass of Beau Biden, son of United States Vice-President Joe Biden, after learning that Biden was a fan of his.[36] In August 2017, Martin performed a solo piano rendition of \"Crawling\" by Linkin Park live in early August 2017. The performance was a tribute to Linkin Park's lead singer Chester Bennington, who committed suicide the previous month.[37]", "Chester Bennington. Bennington filmed an episode of Carpool Karaoke six days before his death. Bennington’s family allowed the episode to be aired on October 12, 2017.[56] On August 27, during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony, Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to Bennington and Chris Cornell.[57] Some of his former bandmates from Dead By Sunrise and Grey Daze united to perform a tribute for Bennington during a concert on September 2 in Las Vegas.[58] Linkin Park also hosted a public tribute for Bennington in Los Angeles on October 27, titled Linkin Park and Friends: Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington. The event featured the band's first performance following his death, along with performances from Blink-182, members of System of a Down, Korn, Avenged Sevenfold, Bring Me the Horizon, and Yellowcard, and the singer Kiiara, among others.[59][60][61]", "Chester Bennington. Bennington was found dead at his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California; his housekeeper discovered his body around 9:00 a.m. PDT on July 20, 2017.[48][49] His death was ruled as suicide by hanging. Mike Shinoda confirmed his death on Twitter, writing, \"Shocked and heartbroken, but it's true. An official statement will come out as soon as we have one\".[50] On July 21, Brian Elias, the chief of operations for the office of the medical examiner-coroner, confirmed that a half-empty bottle of alcohol was found at the scene, but no other drugs were present.[51] The band announced that they had canceled the North American leg of their One More Light Tour following Bennington's death and that tickets would be refunded.[52]", "Stone Temple Pilots. Stone Temple Pilots (often abbreviated as STP) are an American rock band from San Diego, California, that originally consisted of Scott Weiland (lead vocals), brothers Robert DeLeo (bass, backing vocals) and Dean DeLeo (guitars), and Eric Kretz (drums). From the band's formation in 1989, its line-up remained unchanged until the firing of Weiland in February 2013. Linkin Park vocalist Chester Bennington joined the band in May 2013.[1] In November 2015, Bennington left the band to focus solely on Linkin Park.[2][3] On December 3, 2015, Weiland was found dead on his tour bus before a performance with his band The Wildabouts. In 2016, the band launched an online audition for a new lead vocalist.[4][5] On July 20, 2017, Bennington was found dead at his home. His death was ruled as suicide by hanging. On November 14, 2017, Jeff Gutt became the new singer of the band.", "Linkin Park. Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Formed in 1996, the band rose to international fame with their debut album Hybrid Theory (2000), which was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005 and multi-Platinum in several other countries.[1] Their following studio album Meteora continued the band's success, topping the Billboard 200 album chart in 2003, and was followed by extensive touring and charity work.[2]", "Linkin Park. After spending a considerable time searching for Wakefield's replacement, Xero recruited Arizona vocalist Chester Bennington, who was recommended by Jeff Blue, the vice president of Zomba Music in March 1999.[25][26] Bennington, formerly of a post-grunge band by the name of Grey Daze, became a standout among applicants because of the dynamic in his singing style.[21] The band then agreed on changing its name from Xero to Hybrid Theory; the newborn vocal chemistry between Shinoda and Bennington helped revive the band, inciting them to work on new material.[21] In 1999 the band released a self-titled extended play, which they circulated across internet chat-rooms and forums with the help of an online 'street team'.[27][28] The band's renaissance culminated with another change in name, this time to Linkin Park, a play on and homage to Santa Monica's Lincoln Park[21] (now called Christine Emerson Reed Park[29]). The band initially wanted to use the name \"Lincoln Park\", however they changed it to \"Linkin\" to acquire the internet domain \"linkinpark.com\".[30] The band still struggled to sign a record deal. Linkin Park turned to Jeff Blue for additional help after facing numerous rejections from several major record labels. After failing to catch Warner Bros. Records on three previous reviews, Jeff Blue, who had negotiated his employment contract with Warner Brothers to include signing Linkin Park, and was now the vice president of Warner Bros. Records, helped the band sign a deal with the company in 1999. The band released its breakthrough album, Hybrid Theory, the following year.[25]", "Chester Bennington. BBC's Steve Holden called Bennington the \"voice of a generation\", saying his voice was arguably Linkin Park's greatest asset.[76] Jonathan McAloon of The Daily Telegraph commented, \"Bennington’s death will have an impact on many millennials because his voice was the sound of their millennium\".[77] While talking about Linkin Park's popularity, Corey Apar, of AllMusic, commented, \"Bennington's oft-tortured vocals became one of the most distinctive in the alternative rock scene\".[78] Writing for The Guardian, Ben Beaumont-Thomas noted \"Bennington’s decision to sing clearly and openly was, therefore, more radical than he is given credit for, and indeed more socially valuable\". The journalist continued to discuss Bennington's impact, commenting,", "Ron Taylor (actor). He also had numerous television roles, appearing in The Simpsons, Twin Peaks, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Ally McBeal and L.A. Law. His performance in the latter, as a singer who performed the American national anthem \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at baseball games, led him to perform the anthem at several real-life sporting events. Taylor was married and had one son. He died in January 2002 after suffering a heart attack.", "Linkin Park. Linkin Park was founded by three high school friends: Mike Shinoda, Rob Bourdon, and Brad Delson.[21] The three attended Agoura High School in Agoura Hills, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. After graduating from high school, the three began to take their musical interests more seriously, recruiting Joe Hahn, Dave \"Phoenix\" Farrell, and Mark Wakefield to perform in their band, then called Xero. Though limited in resources, the band began recording and producing songs within Shinoda's makeshift bedroom studio in 1996, resulting in a four-track demo tape, entitled Xero.[21][22] Tensions and frustration within the band grew however after they failed to land a record deal.[21] The lack of success and stalemate in progress prompted Wakefield, at that time the band's vocalist, to leave the band in search of other projects.[21][22] Farrell also left to tour with Tasty Snax, a Christian punk and ska band.[23][24]", "Layne Staley. From mid-1996 onwards, Staley was out of the public spotlight, never to perform live again. Staley struggled for much of his adult life with depression and a drug addiction, which resulted in his death at the age of 34 on April 5, 2002.[12]", "Heavy (Linkin Park song). \"Heavy\" debuted at number 52 on the US Billboard Hot 100, selling 35,000 downloads in its first week. The song slid down to number 82 the following week and peaked at slowly rose to number 50.[25] The song re-entered the chart in August 2017, after the death of frontman Chester Bennington, and reached a new peak of 45.[26]", "Kimberley Joseph. In 2013, Joseph appeared in Linkin Park's music video for their single Castle of Glass. Joseph played the bereaved wife of a deceased Navy SEAL.", "Bill Lee (singer). Bill Lee (August 21, 1916 – November 15, 1980) was an American playback singer who provided a voice or singing voice in many films, for actors in musicals and for many Disney characters. He was born in Johnson, Nebraska, and died on November 15, 1980 of a brain tumor[1] in Los Angeles, California.", "One More Light. The first single, \"Heavy\", was released via Los Angeles radio station KROQ on February 16, 2017. The track is a duet[35] with American singer and songwriter Kiiara, marking the first time a Linkin Park song from a studio album has featured a female vocalist. The song was written by Linkin Park with Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter, while Emily Wright and Andrew Bolooki handled vocal production. The band released a second track from the album, \"Battle Symphony\", on March 16, 2017, with an accompanying lyric video.[36] A third track from the album, \"Good Goodbye\", was released for download on April 13, 2017, along with an accompanying lyric video followed by a music video. The song features American rapper Pusha T and English hip hop artist Stormzy. On May 10, 2017, the band put out one final pre-release track, \"Invisible\", with an accompanying lyric video. \"Talking to Myself\" was sent to alternative radio July 25, 2017, as the album's second official single.[37] The music video for \"Talking to Myself\" was released on July 20, 2017, the same day that band member Chester Bennington died.[38]", "Scott Weiland. In 2012, Weiland formed Scott Weiland and the Wildabouts. The band received mixed reviews, and some critics and fans noted Weiland's failing health. In December 2015, Weiland died of an accidental drug overdose on his tour bus in Minnesota at the age of 48. Upon his death, many critics and peers offered re-evaluations of Weiland's life and career; those critics included David Fricke of Rolling Stone[4] and Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins, who identified Weiland as one of three \"voices of the generation\" alongside Kurt Cobain and Layne Staley.", "Jim Henson. Henson died of toxic shock syndrome on May 16, 1990 at age 53, twenty hours after experiencing a medical emergency; this unexpected event was widely lamented in the media and entertainment industry.[3][4] In the weeks following his death, he was celebrated with a wave of tributes. He was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991, and was selected to be one of the Disney Legends in 2011.", "Linkin Park. On August 22, Linkin Park announced plans to host a tribute concert in Los Angeles to honor Bennington. The band thanked fans for their support, stating, \"The five of us are so grateful for all of your support as we heal and build the future of Linkin Park\".[156] The band later confirmed that the concert, titled Linkin Park and Friends - Celebrate Life In Honor of Chester Bennington, would take place on October 27 at the Hollywood Bowl. The event included Linkin Park's first performance following Bennington's death.[157][158] The event featured multiple guests performing Linkin Park songs along with the band.[159] The event was over three hours long and was streamed live via YouTube.[160]", "Prince (musician). Prince died from a fentanyl overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21, 2016, at the age of 57.", "1980s. Several notable music artists died of unnatural causes in the 1980s. Bon Scott, at the time lead singer of rock band AC/DC, died of acute alcohol poisoning on February 19, 1980. English drummer John Bonham of the rock band Led Zeppelin also died that year in similar fashion. John Lennon was shot outside his home in New York City on the night of December 8, 1980. Tim Hardin died of a heroin overdose on December 29, 1980. Bob Marley died from a lentiginous skin melanoma on May 11, 1981. Marvin Gaye was shot dead by his father at his home in Los Angeles on April 1, 1984, one day before what would have been his 45th birthday. Ozzy Osbourne's guitarist Randy Rhoads died in an airplane crash on March 19, 1982. Karen Carpenter died from heart failure caused by her anorexia condition on February 4, 1983. Metallica bassist Cliff Burton was killed in a bus accident in Sweden on September 27, 1986. Andy Gibb died in 1988 as a result of myocarditis.", "Chester Bennington. Several publications have commented on the music legacy Bennington left with the bands and projects he worked in.[70][71] While describing the success of Bennington and Linkin Park, Allmusic's Andrew Leahey said, \"Although rooted in alternative metal, Linkin Park became one of the most successful acts of the 2000s by welcoming elements of hip-hop, modern rock, and atmospheric electronica into their music ... focusing as much on the vocal interplay between singer Chester Bennington and rapper Mike Shinoda\".[72] Writing for Billboard, Dan Weiss stated that Bennington \"turned nu-metal universal,\" as he was \"clearly an important conduit for his far-ranging audience\".[73]", "Chester Bennington. Bennington was frustrated and almost ready to quit his musical career altogether when Jeff Blue, the vice president of artists and repertoire at Zomba Music in Los Angeles, offered him an audition with the future members of Linkin Park.[15] Bennington quit his day job at a digital services firm[6] and took his family to California, where he had a successful audition with Linkin Park, who were then called Xero.[15] He managed to record the song for his audition in a day, missing his own birthday celebration in the process. Bennington and Mike Shinoda, the band's other vocalist, made significant progress together, but failed to find a record deal.[15] After facing numerous rejections, Blue, now a vice president of artists and repertoire at Warner Bros., intervened again to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records.[15]", "Don Knotts. Knotts died at age 81 on February 24, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from pulmonary and respiratory complications of pneumonia related to lung cancer. He had been undergoing treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in the months before his death, but he returned home after he had reportedly been feeling better.[17] His body was buried at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles.[18]" ]

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[ "Yeast in winemaking. In the mid-19th century, the French scientist Louis Pasteur was tasked by the French government to study what made some wines spoil. His work, which would later lead to Pasteur being considered one of the \"Fathers of Microbiology\", would uncover the connection between microscopic yeast cells and the process of the fermentation. It was Pasteur who discovered that yeast converted sugars in the must into alcohol and carbon dioxide, though the exact mechanisms of how the yeast would accomplish this task was not discovered till the 20th century with the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.[7]", "Spontaneous generation. In 1837, Charles Cagniard de la Tour, a physicist, and Theodor Schwann, one of the founders of cell theory, published their independent discovery of yeast in alcoholic fermentation. They used the microscope to examine foam left over from the process of brewing beer. Where Leeuwenhoek described \"small spheroid globules\", they observed yeast cells undergo cell division. Fermentation would not occur when sterile air or pure oxygen was introduced if yeast were not present. This suggested that airborne microorganisms, not spontaneous generation, was responsible.[35]", "Yeast. In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper \"Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique\" that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst.[14][19] Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, but fermentation was inhibited – an observation later called the \"Pasteur effect\".", "Enzyme. French chemist Anselme Payen was the first to discover an enzyme, diastase, in 1833.[9] A few decades later, when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Louis Pasteur concluded that this fermentation was caused by a vital force contained within the yeast cells called \"ferments\", which were thought to function only within living organisms. He wrote that \"alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells.\"[10]", "History of beer. Louis Pasteur's 1857 discovery of yeast's role in fermentation led to brewers developing methods to prevent the souring of beer by undesirable microorganisms.", "Beer. Yeast is the microorganism that is responsible for fermentation in beer. Yeast metabolises the sugars extracted from grains, which produces alcohol and carbon dioxide, and thereby turns wort into beer. In addition to fermenting the beer, yeast influences the character and flavour.[68] The dominant types of yeast used to make beer are the top-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bottom-fermenting Saccharomyces pastorianus.[69] Brettanomyces ferments lambics,[70] and Torulaspora delbrueckii ferments Bavarian weissbier.[71] Before the role of yeast in fermentation was understood, fermentation involved wild or airborne yeasts. A few styles such as lambics rely on this method today, but most modern fermentation adds pure yeast cultures.[72]", "Fermentation. In 1837, Charles Cagniard de la Tour, Theodor Schwann and Friedrich Traugott Kützing independently published papers concluding, as a result of microscopic investigations, that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by budding.[34][35]:6 Schwann boiled grape juice to kill the yeast and found that no fermentation would occur until new yeast was added. However, a lot of chemists , including Antoine Lavoisier, continued to view fermentation as a simple chemical reaction and rejected the notion that living organisms could be involved. This was seen as a reversion to vitalism, and was lampooned in an anonymous publication by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler.[4]:108–109", "Yeast. By the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (top-fermenting yeast) and S. carlsbergensis (bottom-fermenting yeast). S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780; while, around 1800, the Germans started producing S. cerevisiae in the form of cream. In 1825, a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks.[20] The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the filter press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a manufacturing process to create granulated yeast, a technique that was used until the first World War.[21] In the United States, naturally occurring airborne yeasts were used almost exclusively until commercial yeast was marketed at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 in Philadelphia, where Charles L. Fleischmann exhibited the product and a process to use it, as well as serving the resultant baked bread.[22]", "Fermentation in winemaking. The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans.[3] The earliest uses of the word \"fermentation\" in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent \"boiling\" within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide. The Latin fervere means, literally, to boil. In the mid-19th century, Louis Pasteur noted the connection between yeast and the process of the fermentation in which the yeast act as catalyst and mediator through a series of a reaction that convert sugar into alcohol. The discovery of the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway by Gustav Embden, Otto Fritz Meyerhof and Jakub Karol Parnas in the early 20th century contributed more to the understanding of the complex chemical processes involved in the conversion of sugar to alcohol.[4]", "Zymase. Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars. It was later shown that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells.", "Yeast in winemaking. The yeast species commonly known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae was first identified in late 19th century enology text as Saccharomyces ellipsoideus due to the elliptical (as opposed to circular) shape of the cells. Throughout the 20th century, more than 700 different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified. The difference between the vast majority of these strains are mostly minor, though individual winemakers will develop a preference for particular strains when making certain wines or working with particular grape varieties. Some of these difference include the \"vigor\" or speed of fermentation, temperature tolerance, the production of volatile sulfur compounds (such as hydrogen sulfide) and other compounds that may influence the aroma of the wine.[3]", "Yeast in winemaking. In 1996, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first single-celled, eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. This sequencing helped confirm the nearly century of work by mycologists and enologists in identifying different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are used in beer, bread and winemaking. Today there are several hundred different strains of S. cerevisiae identified.[3] Not all of the strains are suitable for winemaking and even among the strains that are, there is debate among winemakers and scientists about the actual magnitude of differences between the various strains and their potential impact on the wine.[5] Even among strains that have demonstrated distinctive difference when compared among young wines, these differences seem to fade and become less distinctive as the wines age.[2]", "Yeast. By fermentation, the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols – for thousands of years the carbon dioxide has been used in baking and the alcohol in alcoholic beverages.[8] It is also a centrally important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology.[9] Other species of yeasts, such as Candida albicans, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,[10] and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry.", "Metabolism. In these early studies, the mechanisms of these metabolic processes had not been identified and a vital force was thought to animate living tissue.[137] In the 19th century, when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Louis Pasteur concluded that fermentation was catalyzed by substances within the yeast cells he called \"ferments\". He wrote that \"alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells.\"[138] This discovery, along with the publication by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828 of a paper on the chemical synthesis of urea,[139] and is notable for being the first organic compound prepared from wholly inorganic precursors. This proved that the organic compounds and chemical reactions found in cells were no different in principle than any other part of chemistry.", "Bacteria. Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that the growth of microorganisms causes the fermentation process, and that this growth is not due to spontaneous generation. (Yeasts and moulds, commonly associated with fermentation, are not bacteria, but rather fungi.) Along with his contemporary Robert Koch, Pasteur was an early advocate of the germ theory of disease.[200]", "Yeast in winemaking. The role of yeast in winemaking is the most important element that distinguishes wine from grape juice. In the absence of oxygen, yeast converts the sugars of wine grapes into alcohol and carbon dioxide through the process of fermentation.[1] The more sugars in the grapes, the higher the potential alcohol level of the wine if the yeast are allowed to carry out fermentation to dryness.[2] Sometimes winemakers will stop fermentation early in order to leave some residual sugars and sweetness in the wine such as with dessert wines. This can be achieved by dropping fermentation temperatures to the point where the yeast are inactive, sterile filtering the wine to remove the yeast or fortification with brandy to kill off the yeast cells. If fermentation is unintentionally stopped, such as when the yeasts become exhausted of available nutrients, and the wine has not yet reached dryness this is considered a stuck fermentation.[3]", "Fermentation. Although showing fermentation to be the result of the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough, it did not explain the basic nature of the fermentation process, or prove that it is caused by the microorganisms that appear to be always present. Many scientists, including Pasteur, had unsuccessfully attempted to extract the fermentation enzyme from yeast.[39] Success came in 1897 when the German chemist Eduard Buechner ground up yeast, extracted a juice from them, then found to his amazement that this \"dead\" liquid would ferment a sugar solution, forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts.[40] Buechner's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry. The \"unorganized ferments\" behaved just like the organized ones. From that time on, the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments. It was then understood that fermentation is caused by enzymes that are produced by microorganisms.[41] In 1907, Buechner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work.[42]", "Yeast in winemaking. The primary role of yeast is to convert the sugars present (namely glucose) in the grape must into alcohol. The yeast accomplishes this by utilizing glucose through a series of metabolic pathways that, in the presence of oxygen, produces not only large amounts of energy for the cell but also many different intermediates that the cell needs to function. In the absence of oxygen (and sometimes even in the presence oxygen[8]), the cell will continue some metabolic functions (such as glycolysis) but will rely on other pathways such as reduction of acetaldehyde into ethanol (fermentation) to \"recharge\" the co-enzymes needed to keep metabolism going. It is through this process of fermentation that ethanol is released by the yeast cells as a waste product. Eventually, if the yeast cells are healthy and fermentation is allowed to run to the completion, all fermentable sugars will be used up by the yeast with only the unfermentable pentose leaving behind a negligible amount of residual sugar.[4]", "Yeast in winemaking. Yeasts are facultative anaerobes meaning that they can exist in both the presence and absence of oxygen. While fermentation is traditionally thought of as an anaerobic process done in the absence of oxygen, early exposure of the yeast to oxygen can be a vital component in the successful completion of that fermentation. This is because oxygen is important in the synthesis of cell \"survival factors\" such as ergosterol and lanosterol. These sterols are important in maintaining the selective permeability of the yeast cell membrane which becomes critical as the yeast becomes exposed to increasing osmotic pressure and levels of alcohol in the wine. As a waste product of its own metabolism, alcohol is actually very toxic to yeast cells. Yeast with weak survival factors and lacking sterols may succumb to these conditions before fermenting a wine to complete dryness, leaving a stuck fermentation.[4]", "Biotechnology. These processes also were included in early fermentation of beer.[9] These processes were introduced in early Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, and still use the same basic biological methods. In brewing, malted grains (containing enzymes) convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process, carbohydrates in the grains broke down into alcohols, such as ethanol. Later, other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation, which produced other preserved foods, such as soy sauce. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur's work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (/ˌsɛrɪˈvɪsiiː/) is a species of yeast. It has been instrumental to winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times. It is believed to have been originally isolated from the skin of grapes (one can see the yeast as a component of the thin white film on the skins of some dark-colored fruits such as plums; it exists among the waxes of the cuticle). It is one of the most intensively studied eukaryotic model organisms in molecular and cell biology, much like Escherichia coli as the model bacterium. It is the microorganism behind the most common type of fermentation. S. cerevisiae cells are round to ovoid, 5–10 μm in diameter. It reproduces by a division process known as budding.[1]", "Enzyme. Eduard Buchner submitted his first paper on the study of yeast extracts in 1897. In a series of experiments at the University of Berlin, he found that sugar was fermented by yeast extracts even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture.[13] He named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose \"zymase\".[14] In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for \"his discovery of cell-free fermentation\". Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out: the suffix -ase is combined with the name of the substrate (e.g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose) or to the type of reaction (e.g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers).[15]", "Fermentation. The turning point came when Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), during the 1850s and 1860s, repeated Schwann's experiments and showed that fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations.[21][35]:6 In 1857, Pasteur showed that lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms.[36] In 1860, he demonstrated that bacteria cause souring in milk, a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change, and his work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of pasteurization.[37] In 1877, working to improve the French brewing industry, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, \"Etudes sur la Bière\", which was translated into English in 1879 as \"Studies on fermentation\".[38] He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as \"Life without air\",[39] but correctly showed that specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end-products.", "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The coenzyme NAD+ was first discovered by the British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906.[90] They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Through a long and difficult purification from yeast extracts, this heat-stable factor was identified as a nucleotide sugar phosphate by Hans von Euler-Chelpin.[91] In 1936, the German scientist Otto Heinrich Warburg showed the function of the nucleotide coenzyme in hydride transfer and identified the nicotinamide portion as the site of redox reactions.[92]", "Yeast in winemaking. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can assimilate nitrogen from both inorganic (ammonia and ammonium) and organic forms (amino acids, particularly arginine). As yeast cells die, enzymes within the cells begin autolyzing by breaking down the cell, including the amino acids. This autolysis of the cell provides an available nitrogen source for the still-fermenting and viable yeast cells. However, this autolysis can also release sulfur-link compounds (such as the breakdown of amino acid cysteine) which can combine with other molecules and react with alcohol to create volatile thiols that can contribute to a \"stinky fermentation\" or later development into various wine faults.[4]", "Yeast. The useful physiological properties of yeast have led to their use in the field of biotechnology. Fermentation of sugars by yeast is the oldest and largest application of this technology. Many types of yeasts are used for making many foods: baker's yeast in bread production, brewer's yeast in beer fermentation, and yeast in wine fermentation and for xylitol production.[49] So-called red rice yeast is actually a mold, Monascus purpureus. Yeasts include some of the most widely used model organisms for genetics and cell biology.[50]", "Yeast in winemaking. The most common yeast generally associated with winemaking is Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is also used in bread making and brewing. Other genera of yeast that can be involved in winemaking (either beneficially or as the cause of potential wine faults) include:[3][4]", "Tryptophan. In 1912 Felix Ehrlich demonstrated that yeast attacks the natural amino acids essentially by splitting off carbon dioxide and replacing the amino group with hydroxyl. By this reaction, tryptophan gives rise to tryptophol.[60]", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the 19th century, bread bakers obtained their yeast from beer brewers, and this led to sweet-fermented breads such as the Imperial \"Kaisersemmel\" roll,[4] which in general lacked the sourness created by the acidification typical of Lactobacillus. However, beer brewers slowly switched from top-fermenting (S. cerevisiae) to bottom-fermenting (S. pastorianus) yeast and this created a shortage of yeast for making bread, so the Vienna Process was developed in 1846.[5] While the innovation is often popularly credited for using steam in baking ovens, leading to a different crust characteristic, it is notable for including procedures for high milling of grains (see Vienna grits[6]), cracking them incrementally instead of mashing them with one pass; as well as better processes for growing and harvesting top-fermenting yeasts, known as press-yeast.", "Yeast in winemaking. For most of the history of wine, winemakers did not know the mechanism that somehow converted sugary grape juice into alcoholic wine. They could observe the fermentation process which was often described as \"boiling\", \"seething\" or the wine being \"troubled\" due to release of carbon dioxide that gave the wine a frothy, bubbling appearance. This history is preserved in the etymology of the word \"yeast\" itself which essentially means \"to boil\".[3][6]", "History of medicine. In the 1830s in Italy, Agostino Bassi traced the silkworm disease muscardine to microorganisms. Meanwhile, in Germany, Theodor Schwann led research on alcoholic fermentation by yeast, proposing that living microorganisms were responsible.\nLeading chemists, such as Justus von Liebig, seeking solely physicochemical explanations, derided this claim and alleged that Schwann was regressing to vitalism.", "Yeast. Yeast is used in winemaking, where it converts the sugars present (glucose and fructose) in grape juice (must) into ethanol. Yeast is normally already present on grape skins. Fermentation can be done with this endogenous \"wild yeast\",[61] but this procedure gives unpredictable results, which depend upon the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason, a pure yeast culture is usually added to the must; this yeast quickly dominates the fermentation. The wild yeasts are repressed, which ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.[62]" ]

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[ "Ben & Jerry's. Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc, trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry's, is an American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. It was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, and sold in 2000 to Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever. Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever. Its present-day headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont, with its main factory in Waterbury, Vermont.", "Ben & Jerry's. In 1980, they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints. In 1981, the first Ben & Jerry's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne, Vermont. In 1983, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream was used to build “the world’s largest ice cream sundae” in St. Albans, Vermont; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds (12,293 kg). That same year, the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson.[5]", "Ben & Jerry's. Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from New York. While Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school.[2] In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia, a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on \"mouth feel\" and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream.[3] On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000[4] investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont. In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first-ever free cone day, now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry's store.[3]", "Ben & Jerry's. In 2012, Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel (VTJP)[56] contacted Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry’s after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry’s franchise in Israel[57] was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont, New York and California on 'Free Cone Day' in April 2013[58] and April 2014.[59] As of November 2014[update], 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry's to end its commercial ties to such settlements.[60]", "Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream. It originated at the Ben & Jerry's Burlington Scoop Shop from an anonymous suggestion on their flavor suggestion board.[1] Because this outlet made most of its own flavors, the combination was only available there for several years. Ben and Jerry's \"primal ice cream therapist\" Peter Lind collaborated with Rhino Foods' Ted Castle to produce a variety of cookie dough that retained dough-like consistency at ice cream temperatures.[2] Rhino was able to gear up production of the dough in 1990, and in 1991, Ben and Jerry's introduced it to the larger public in pint-sized containers.", "Ben & Jerry's. In 1985, the Ben & Jerry’s Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry's to fund community-oriented projects; it was then provided with 7.5% of the company’s annual pre-tax profits. In 1986, Ben & Jerry’s launched its “Cowmobile”, a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream in a unique, cross-country “marketing drive”—driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves. The “Cowmobile” burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later, but there were no injuries. Ben said it looked like “the world’s largest baked Alaska”.[7]", "Cherry ice cream. In 1987, ice cream manufacturer Ben & Jerry's introduced the Cherry Garcia flavor of ice cream, which is a mass-produced cherry ice cream named after Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead.[16][17][18]", "Ben & Jerry's. Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called \"Black and Tan\". It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink, which is made by mixing stout with pale ale, but the \"Black and Tans\" are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution. At the time that the flavor was released, the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title.[55]", "Ben & Jerry's. In 2015, Charoset flavoured ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday.[40][41][42][43][44][45]", "Black and Tan. In March 2006, Ben and Jerry's released an ice cream flavour in the United States for Saint Patrick's Day inspired by the drink; the name offended Irish nationalists because of the paramilitary association. Ben and Jerry's has since apologised. A spokesman told Reuters, \"Any reference on our part to the British Army [sic] unit was absolutely unintentional and no ill will was ever intended.\"[4] In March 2012, the drink's name once more came into the news when Nike, as part of an Irish themed set of designs, released a pair of shoes advertised as the \"Black and Tan\" and generating offence similar to the earlier Ben and Jerry's ice cream.[5]", "Ben & Jerry's. In 1994, Ben & Jerry's: The Inside Scoop, written by Fred \"Chico\" Lager, former CEO of Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, was published. This book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream got started. The book focuses on \"How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor.\"[13]", "Ben & Jerry's. Ben and Jerry's has locations around the world.[71]", "Ben & Jerry's. In February 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named \"Taste the Lin-Sanity,\" in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin, a Harvard alumnus. At inception, the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt, lychee honey swirls, and fortune cookie pieces, leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture. The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies, as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers. Ben & Jerry's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media: \"we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive.\"[66] Ben & Jerry's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended.[67]", "Ben & Jerry's. \"Chubby Hubby\" consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. During the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's, in partnership with Freedom to Marry, renamed \"Chubby Hubby\" to \"Hubby Hubby,\" in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont. The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow.[32][33][34]", "Ice cream. The 1980s saw thicker ice creams being sold as \"premium\" and \"super-premium\" varieties under brands such as Ben & Jerry's, Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream Company and Häagen-Dazs.", "Ben & Jerry's. The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer-advocacy group, urged Ben & Jerry's to stop labeling their ice cream as \"all natural,\" due to the company's use of corn syrup, alkalised cocoa, and other chemically modified ingredients.[49] In September 2010, the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as \"all natural.\"[50]", "Ben & Jerry's. In May 2017, Ben and Jerry's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia, due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same-sex marriage. They said this would encourage \"fans to contact their MP's to tell them the time has come-make marriage equality legal!\". This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same-sex marriage to be legalized.[64][65]", "Breyers. In 1866, William A. Breyer began to produce and sell iced cream in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, first from his home, and later via horse and wagon on the streets. Breyer's son Henry, incorporated the business in 1908. The formerly independent Breyer Ice Cream Company was sold to the National Dairy Products Corporation in 1926. National Dairy then changed its name to Kraftco in 1969, and Kraft by 1975. Kraft sold its ice cream brands to Unilever in 1993, while retaining the rights to the name for yogurt products.[2]", "Vanilla ice cream. Ice cream can be traced back to the Yuan period of the fourteenth century. There is evidence that ice cream was served in the Mogul Court. The idea of using a mixture of ice and salt for its refrigerating effects, which is a part of the process of creating ice cream, originated in Asia. The method spread from the East to Europe when the Arabs and the Moors traveled to Spain, between 711 and 1492. [6] Once the refrigerating method of mixing ice and salt had spread to Europe, the Italians became involved in making ice cream. [2] By the early eighteenth century, recipes for ice cream had appeared in France. According to Frozen Desserts: The Definitive Guide to Making Ice Creams, Ices, Sorbets, Gelati, and Other Frozen Delights, the French transformed ice cream into a smoother and richer food with the addition of eggs or egg yolks in the recipe. The first ice cream recipes recorded by the French in the early eighteenth century did not include egg yolks. However, by the middle of the eighteenth century, French recipes for ice cream started to include egg yolks. [6]", "Ben & Jerry's. On February 24, 2012, Ben & Jerry's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line, which came in several flavors: \"Strawberry Shortcake\", \"Blueberry Vanilla Graham\", \"Raspberry Fudge Chunk\", \"Banana Peanut Butter\",[26] and \"Vanilla\" (scoop shop exclusive):[27] On April 12, 2013, \"Pineapple Passionfruit\", \"Vanilla Honey Caramel\", and \"Liz Lemon\" were added to the Greek Yogurt line.[28] The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock.[29]", "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song). In July 2008, Ben & Jerry's created a limited-batch ice cream flavor, Goodbye Yellow Brickle Road, in honor of an Elton John performance in Vermont. Sales proceeds were donated to the Elton John AIDS Foundation.[22]", "Ben & Jerry's. Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5, 2007, to promote their new ice cream flavor, \"Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream\", and Cohen's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority.", "Tom and Jerry. The Pakistani ice cream brand OMORÉ has launched a chocolate bar ice cream based on the show.[29]", "Ben & Jerry's. On March 13, 2012, Ben & Jerry’s announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples. \"Oh! My! Apple Pie!\" would become \"Apple-y Ever After\" and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows.[35]", "Ben & Jerry's. In March 2009, \"CyClone Dairy\"[19] launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products, which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows.[20] On April 1, 2009 (April Fool's Day), Ben & Jerry's announced that it was behind this fake company. Ben & Jerry's had created the tongue-in-cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food[21][22] and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned-animal products.[23] The hoax was revealed on April Fool's Day with the message: \"We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat – and not to eat cloned foods if you don’t want to. And that's why Ben & Jerry’s believes we need a national clone tracking system, so people and companies can know where their food is coming from.\"[24]", "Ben & Jerry's. On February 17, 2015, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, \"The Tonight Dough\", which all of its proceeds go to the SeriousFun Children's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses.[39]", "Ice cream parlor. Because ice cream parlors are located throughout the world, there are both small, local franchises as well as large, global enterprises. Some of the most notable large, global ice cream parlors include Baskin-Robbins, Ben & Jerry's, Bruster's Ice Cream, Carvel, Cold Stone Creamery, Dairy Queen, Dippin' Dots, Friendly's, H채agen-Dazs, and MaggieMoo's Ice Cream and Treatery. Yogurtland, Yogen Fr체z, and sweetFrog are notable frozen yogurt parlors.", "Ben & Jerry's. In 1988, the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year, awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan.[8] Also that year, the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery, which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor.[9] In 1992, Ben & Jerry’s joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children's Defense Fund; the campaign goal was to bring children’s basic needs to the top of the national agenda. Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues. In 1995, they hired Robert Holland, Jr. as CEO after holding a \"Yo! I'm your C.E.O.\" essay contest as part of the search.[10] Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997.[11]", "Ice cream cone. He sold his company to Nabisco in 1928, which is still producing ice cream cones as of 2017. Independent ice-cream providers such as Ben & Jerry's make their own cones.", "Stephen Colbert. In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. Colbert waited until Easter to sample the ice cream because he \"gave up sweets for Lent\".[182] Colbert will donate all proceeds to charity through the new Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which will distribute the money to various causes.[183][184]", "Ben & Jerry's. The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company’s ice creams.[70] The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination.", "Ben & Jerry's. On Earth Day in 2005, when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling, Ben & Jerry's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska, which weighed 900 pounds (410 kg), and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building.[17][18]" ]

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[ "Two Treatises of Government. Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government) is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory.", "Two Treatises of Government. Two Treatises was first published, anonymously, in December 1689 (following printing conventions of the time, its title page was marked 1690). Locke was unhappy with this edition, complaining to the publisher about its many errors. For the rest of his life, he was intent on republishing the Two Treatises in a form that better reflected his meaning. Peter Laslett, one of the foremost Locke scholars, has suggested that Locke held the printers to a higher \"standard of perfection\" than the technology of the time would permit.[6] Be that as it may, the first edition was indeed replete with errors. The second edition was even worse, and finally printed on cheap paper and sold to the poor. The third edition was much improved, but Locke was still not satisfied.[7] He made corrections to the third edition by hand and entrusted the publication of the fourth to his friends, as he died before it could be brought out.[8]", "Two Treatises of Government. Although the Two Treatises would become well known in the second half of the 18th century, they were somewhat neglected when published. Between 1689 and 1694, around 200 tracts and treatises were published concerning the legitimacy of the Glorious Revolution. Three of these mention Locke, two of which were written by friends of Locke.[18] When Hobbes published the Leviathan in 1651, by contrast, dozens of texts were immediately written in response to it. As Mark Goldie explains: \"Leviathan was a monolithic and unavoidable presence for political writers in Restoration England in a way that in the first half of the eighteenth the Two Treatises was not.\"[19]", "Two Treatises of Government. In 1691 Two Treatises was translated into French by David Mazzel, a French Huguenot living in the Netherlands. This translation left out Locke's \"Preface,\" all of the First Treatise, and the first chapter of the Second Treatise (which summarised Locke's conclusions in the First Treatise). It was in this form that Locke's work was reprinted during the 18th century in France and in this form that Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau were exposed to it.[11] The only American edition from the 18th century was printed in 1773 in Boston; it, too, left out all of these sections. There were no other American editions until the 20th century.[12]", "Two Treatises of Government. This publication contrasts former political works by Locke himself. In Two Tracts on Government, written in 1660, Locke defends a very conservative position; however Locke never published it.[1] In 1669 Locke co-authored the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which endorses aristocracy, slavery and serfdom.[2][3]", "Two Treatises of Government. While the Two Treatises did not become popular until the 1760s, ideas from them did start to become important earlier in the century. According to Goldie, \"the crucial moment was 1701\" and \"the occasion was the Kentish petition.\" The pamphlet war that ensued was one of the first times Locke's ideas were invoked in a public debate, most notably by Daniel Defoe.[20] Locke's ideas did not go unchallenged and the periodical The Rehearsal, for example, launched a \"", "Two Treatises of Government. Two Treatises is divided into the First Treatise and the Second Treatise. The original title of the Second Treatise appears to have been simply \"Book II,\" corresponding to the title of the First Treatise, \"Book I.\" Before publication, however, Locke gave it greater prominence by (hastily) inserting a separate title page: \"An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government.\"[13] The First Treatise is focused on the refutation of Sir Robert Filmer, in particular his Patriarcha, which argued that civil society was founded on a divinely sanctioned patriarchalism. Locke proceeds through Filmer's arguments, contesting his proofs from Scripture and ridiculing them as senseless, until concluding that no government can be justified by an appeal to the divine right of kings.", "Two Treatises of Government. The Two Treatises begin with a Preface announcing what Locke hopes to achieve, but he also mentions that more than half of his original draft, occupying a space between the First and Second Treatises, has been irretrievably lost.[9] Peter Laslett maintains that, while Locke may have added or altered some portions in 1689, he did not make any revisions to accommodate for the missing section; he argues, for example, that the end of the First Treatise breaks off in mid-sentence.[10]", "Two Treatises of Government. King James II of England (VII of Scotland) was overthrown in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic William III of Oranje-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England. This is known as the Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688. Locke claims in the \"Preface\" to the Two Treatises that its purpose is to justify William III's ascension to the throne, though Peter Laslett suggests that the bulk of the writing was instead completed between 1679–1680 (and subsequently revised until Locke was driven into exile in 1683).[4] According to Laslett, Locke was writing his Two Treatises during the Exclusion Crisis, which attempted to prevent James II from ever taking the throne in the first place. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Locke's mentor, patron and friend, introduced the bill, but it was ultimately unsuccessful. Richard Ashcraft, following in Laslett's suggestion that the Two Treatises were written before the Revolution, objected that Shaftesbury's party did not advocate revolution during the Exclusion Crisis. He suggests that they are instead better associated with the revolutionary conspiracies that swirled around what would come to be known as the Rye House Plot.[5] Locke, Shaftesbury and many others were forced into exile; some, such as Sidney, were even executed for treason. Locke knew his work was dangerous—he never acknowledged his authorship within his lifetime.", "John Locke. In the 50 years after Queen Anne's death in 1714, the Two Treatises were reprinted only once (except in the collected works of Locke). However, with the rise of American resistance to British taxation, the Second Treatise gained a new readership; it was frequently cited in the debates in both America and Britain. The first American printing occurred in 1773 in Boston.[17]", "Two Treatises of Government. The First Treatise is an extended attack on Sir Robert Filmer's Patriarcha. Locke's argument proceeds along two lines: first, he undercuts the Scriptural support that Filmer had offered for his thesis, and second he argues that the acceptance of Filmer's thesis can lead only to slavery (and absurdity). Locke chose Filmer as his target, he says, because of his reputation and because he \"carried this Argument [jure divino] farthest, and is supposed to have brought it to perfection\" (1st Tr., § 5).", "Thomas Hobbes. In 1650, a pirated edition of The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic was published. It was divided into two small volumes (Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie and De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick). In 1651, the translation of De Cive was published under the title Philosophicall Rudiments concerning Government and Society. Meanwhile, the printing of the greater work proceeded, and finally appeared in mid-1651, titled Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil. It had a famous title-page engraving depicting a crowned giant above the waist towering above hills overlooking a landscape, holding a sword and a crozier and made up of tiny human figures.", "History of political thought. John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work Two Treatises of Government. In it Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system.", "John Locke. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Locke's Two Treatises were rarely cited. Historian Julian Hoppit said of the book, \"except among some Whigs, even as a contribution to the intense debate of the 1690s it made little impression and was generally ignored until 1703 (though in Oxford in 1695 it was reported to have made 'a great noise')\".[14] John Kenyon, in his study of British political debate from 1689 to 1720, has remarked that Locke's theories were \"mentioned so rarely in the early stages of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to 1692, and even less thereafter, unless it was to heap abuse on them\" and that \"no one, including most Whigs, [were] ready for the idea of a notional or abstract contract of the kind adumbrated by Locke\".[15] In contrast, Kenyon adds that Algernon Sidney's Discourses Concerning Government were \"certainly much more influential than Locke's Two Treatises\".[16]", "Two Treatises of Government. The Second Treatise outlines a theory of civil society. Locke begins by describing the state of nature, a picture much more stable than Thomas Hobbes' state of \"war of every man against every man,\" and argues that all men are created equal in the state of nature by God. From this, he goes on to explain the hypothetical rise of property and civilization, in the process explaining that the only legitimate governments are those that have the consent of the people. Therefore, any government that rules without the consent of the people can, in theory, be overthrown.", "Two Treatises of Government. In the Second Treatise Locke develops a number of notable themes. It begins with a depiction of the state of nature, wherein individuals are under no obligation to obey one another but are each themselves judge of what the law of nature requires. It also covers conquest and slavery, property, representative government, and the right of revolution.", "Two Treatises of Government. Locke's influence during the American Revolutionary period is disputed. While it is easy to point to specific instances of Locke's Two Treatises being invoked, the extent of the acceptance of Locke's ideals and the role they played in the American Revolution are far from clear. The Two Treatises are echoed in phrases in the Declaration of Independence and writings by Samuel Adams that attempted to gain support for the rebellion. Of Locke's influence Thomas Jefferson wrote: \"Bacon, Locke and Newton I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences\".[26][27] The colonists frequently cited Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, which synthesised Lockean political philosophy with the common law tradition. Louis Hartz, writing at the beginning of the 20th century, took it for granted that Locke was the political philosopher of the revolution.", "Two Treatises of Government. It is to avoid the state of war that often occurs in the state of nature, and to protect their private property that men enter into civil or political society, i.e., state of society.", "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. After Locke's later writings became famous (after the Glorious Revolution of 1689), his role brought attention to the Constitutions, particularly for its value in the context of classical liberalism. Armitage suggests that Constitutions were the first printed work with which Locke's name could be associated, and that it was published before his widely known writings Essay Concerning Human Understanding and the Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 and 1690.[7] The STC catalog guesses their might be publications of the Fundamental Constitutions that correspond to the existing manuscripts (in 1670 and 1682). However first publication that can be confirmed is 1698, which postdates by almost a decade Locke's better known writings.", "Two Treatises of Government. Locke affirmed an explicit right to revolution in Two Treatises of Government: “whenever the Legislators endeavor to take away, and destroy the Property of the People, or to reduce them to Slavery under Arbitrary Power, they put themselves into a state of War with the People, who are thereupon absolved from any farther Obedience, and are left to the common Refuge, which God hath provided for all Men, against Force and Violence. Whensoever therefore the Legislative shall transgress this fundamental Rule of Society; and either by Ambition, Fear, Folly or Corruption, endeavor to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other an Absolute Power over the Lives, Liberties, and Estates of the People; By this breach of Trust they forfeit the Power, the People had put into their hands, for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the People, who have a Right to resume their original Liberty.” (sec. 222) [17]", "Two Treatises of Government. The Cambridge School of political thought, led principally by Quentin Skinner, J. G. A. Pocock, Richard Ashcraft, and Peter Laslett, uses a historical methodology to situate Locke in the political context of his times. But they also restrict his importance to those times.[40] Ashcraft’s Locke takes the side of the burgeoning merchant class against the aristocracy.[41] Neal Wood puts Locke on the side of the agrarian interests, not the manufacturing bourgeoisie.[42]", "Two Treatises of Government. His notions of people's rights and the role of civil government provided strong support for the intellectual movements of both revolutions.", "Two Treatises of Government. I think he is the first Politician, who, pretending to settle Government upon its true Basis, and to establish the Thrones of lawful Princes, ever told the World, That he was properly a King, whose Manner of Government was by Supreme Power, by what Means soever he obtained it; which in plain English is to say, that Regal and Supreme Power is properly and truly his, who can by any Means seize upon it; and if this be, to be properly a King, I wonder how he came to think of, or where he will find, an Usurper. (1st Tr., § 79)", "Two kingdoms doctrine. Luther's distinction was adopted by John Milton and John Locke. Milton wrote A Treatise of Civil Power. Locke later echoed the \"two kingdoms\" doctrine:", "Two Treatises of Government. Jerome Huyler and Michael. P. Zuckert approach Locke in the broader context of his oeuvre and historical influence. Locke is situated within changing religious, philosophical, scientific, and political dimensions of 17th century England. Objecting to the use of the contemporary concept of economic man to describe Locke’s view of human nature, Huyler emphases the “virtue of industriousness” of Locke’s Protestant England. Productive work is man’s earthly function or calling, ordained by God and required by self-preservation. The government’s protection of property rights insures that the results of industry, i.e. “fruits of one’s labor,” are secure. Locke’s prohibition of ill-gotten gains, whether for well-connected gentry or the profligate, is not a lack of Locke’s foresight to the problems in the latter stages of liberalism but an application of equal protection of the law to every individual.[31]", "Two Treatises of Government. To properly understand political power and trace its origins, we must consider the state that all people are in naturally. That is a state of perfect freedom of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature. People in this state do not have to ask permission to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf. The natural state is also one of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another. It is evident that all human beings—as creatures belonging to the same species and rank and born indiscriminately with all the same natural advantages and faculties—are equal amongst themselves. They have no relationship of subordination or subjection unless God (the lord and master of them all) had clearly set one person above another and conferred on him an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.[14][15]", "History of liberalism. Baron de Montesquieu wrote a series of highly influential works in the early 18th century, including Persian letters (1717) and The Spirit of the Laws (1748). The latter exerted tremendous influence, both inside and outside France. Montesquieu pleaded in favor of a constitutional system of government, the preservation of civil liberties and the law and the idea that political institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical aspects of each community. In particular, he argued that political liberty required the separation of the powers of government. Building on John Locke's Second Treatise of Government, he advocated that the executive, legislative and judicial functions of government should be assigned to different bodies, so that attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches. In a lengthy discussion of the English political system, which he greatly admired, he tried to show how this might be achieved and liberty secured, even in a monarchy. He also notes that liberty cannot be secure where there is no separation of powers, even in a republic. He also emphasized the importance of a robust due process in law, including the right to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence and proportionality in the severity of punishment.", "Federalist No. 46. Federalist No. 46 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-sixth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on January 29, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist papers were published. This essay examines the relative strength of the state and federal governments under the proposed United States Constitution. It is titled \"The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared.\"", "Two Treatises of Government. Ch. 4 (\"Of Slavery\") and Ch. 16 (\"Of Conquest\") are sources of some confusion: the former provides a justification for slavery, the latter, the rights of conquerors. Because the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina provided that a master had perfect authority over his slaves, some[who?] have taken these chapters to be an apology for the institution of slavery in Colonial America.", "Common law. The next definitive historical treatise on the common law is Commentaries on the Laws of England, written by Sir William Blackstone and first published in 1765–1769.", "Two Treatises of Government. In this way, Locke argues that a full economic system could, in principle, exist within the state of nature. Property could therefore predate the existence of government, and thus society can be dedicated to the protection of property.", "Two Treatises of Government. Locke does, however, make a distinction between an executive (e.g. a monarchy), a \"Power always in being\" (sec 144) that must perpetually execute the law, and the legislative that is the \"supreme power of the Common-wealth\" (sec 134) and does not have to be always in being. (sec 153) Furthermore, governments are charged by the consent of the individual, \"i.e. the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves, or their representatives chosen by them.\" (sec 140)" ]

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[ "City and Guilds of London Institute. The City and Guilds Awards for Professional Recognition are accredited awards offered at levels 4 (academic first-year undergraduate or certificate of higher education level) to 7 (academic Master's degree or postgraduate certificate or diploma level) of the Regulated Qualifications Framework, corresponding to the Licentiateship (LCGI), Affiliateship (AfCGI), Graduateship (GCGI) and Membership (MCGI) of the Institute.[19][20]", "City and Guilds of London Institute. City & Guilds offers higher level qualifications in a wide range of subjects ranging from Professional Engineering, Engineering Technology, Management, Building Services Engineering to various levels of apprenticeships, for higher technicians, tradesman, Craft, Travel and Tourism.", "Guild. In 1878 the London Livery companies established the City and Guilds of London Institute the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds college) at Imperial College London. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the Advancement of Technical Education. As of 2013[update] \"City and Guilds\" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement.[32] A separate organisation, the City and Guilds of London Art School has also close ties with the London livery companies, and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. City & Guilds is an awarding body offering a large number of accredited qualifications mapped onto the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales (CQFW) and Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). As of November 2016, City & Guilds offers 2312 different regulated qualifications, more than any other awarding body.[8] These cover entry level to level 7 on the RQF, with most qualifications falling in the entry level to level 3 range.[9]", "Apprenticeship. The City and Guilds of London Institute the forerunner of Imperial College engineering school has been offering vocational education through apprenticeships since the 1870s from basic craft skills (mechanic, hairdresser, chef, plumbing, carpentry, bricklaying, etc.) all the way up to qualifications equivalent to university master's degrees and doctorates. The City and Guilds diploma of fellowship is awarded to individuals who are nationally recognised through peer review as having achieved the very highest level in competency-based achievement. The first award of FCGI was approved by Council in December 1892 and awarded in 1893 to Mr H A Humphrey, Engineering Manager of the Refined Bicarbonate and Crystal Plant Departments of Brunner, Mond & Co. His award was for material improvements in the manufacture of bicarbonate of soda. The system of nomination was administered within Imperial College, with recommendations being passed to the Council of the Institute for approval. About 500-600 people have been awarded Fellowship.", "Bachelor's degree. Other qualifications at level 6 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications or the Regulated Qualifications Framework, such as graduate diplomas and certificates, some BTEC Advanced Professional awards, diplomas and certificates, and the graduateship of the City & Guilds of London Institute are at the same level as bachelor's degrees, although not necessarily representing the same credit volume.[41]", "City and Guilds of London Institute. City & Guilds offers graduate (level 6) and postgraduate (level 7) diplomas in engineering. These have been designed in conjunction with professional engineering bodies to ensure that holders can apply for professional registration as an Incorporated Engineer (IEng) with the Graduate Diploma or Chartered Engineer (CEng) with the Postgraduate Diploma. Candidates for professional registration are considered individually through the normal assessment procedures of the relevant professional body for their specific discipline.[21][22]", "City and Guilds of London Institute. These qualifications consist of outcomes competencies based units, covering core, specialised, and key technical and management areas, which are assessed by means of examinations and written assignment.[16]", "Academic degree. At the University, doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild.[4] The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of \"Master of Arts\", seven years, was the same as the term of apprenticeship for other occupations. Originally the terms \"master\" and \"doctor\" were synonymous,[5] but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the master degree.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. The qualifications available include National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs), most of which are offered at level 2 or 3,[10] although City & Guilds offers NVQs up to Level 7.[11] With 229 NVQs on the Register of Regulated Qualifications (as of November 2016), City & Guilds offers more different NVQs than any other organisation.[12]", "Guild. Professional organizations replicate guild structure and operation.[31] Professions such as architecture, engineering, geology, and land surveying require varying lengths of apprenticeships before one can gain a \"professional\" certification. These certifications hold great legal weight: most states make them a prerequisite to practicing there.[citation needed]", "Paralegal. Since 1994 City and Guilds, in association with CILEx, has offered the UK's leading range of nationally and internationally approved qualifications for paralegals and legal secretaries, which have been taken by over 20,000 people. They offer a Level 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies qualification. This provides the underpinning knowledge which will help in day-to-day work and will also allows progression onto the CILEx route to becoming a lawyer. The qualification is divided into units and is assessed by way of assignments and a multiple-choice test. A Level 3 Diploma in Vocational Paralegal Studies qualification is also available, and this is equivalent to A-level standard. The qualification is divided into units and again, is assessed by way of assignments. The qualifications are also recognised by the CILEx as a route into their membership grades.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. In 2005, the Hospitality Awarding Body (HAB) – specialists in awards for hospitality and catering – became part of the City & Guilds Group. In January 2010, all active candidates were transferred to City & Guilds courses to remove duplicate award provision across the Group.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. Graduateship (GCGI): \"A level 6 Professional Recognition Award (Graduateship) candidate would typically:", "Embroidery. City and Guilds qualification[23] in Embroidery allows embroiderers to become recognized for their skill. This qualification also gives them the credibility to teach. For example, the notable textiles artist, Kathleen Laurel Sage,[24] began her teaching career by getting the City and Guilds Embroidery 1 and 2 qualifications. She has now gone on to write a book on the subject.[25]", "Apprenticeship. Degree Apprenticeship (Level 5/6; achieve bachelor's degree) and (Level 7 Masters): to start this programme, learners should have a level 3/4 qualification (A-Levels, Advanced Diploma or International Baccalaureate) relevant to occupation or have completed an Advanced Apprenticeship also relevant to occupation. It differs from a 'Higher Apprenticeship' due to graduating with a bachelor's degree at an accredited university. Degree apprenticeships can last between two and four years.[35]", "City and Guilds of London Institute. \"Providing internationally recognised qualifications, awards, assessments and support for individuals and organisations in the United Kingdom and overseas across a wide range of occupations in industry, commerce, the public services and elsewhere.\"[7]", "Vocational education. In the UK some higher engineering-technician positions that require 4–5 years' apprenticeship require academic study to HNC / HND or higher City & Guilds level. Apprenticeships are increasingly recognised as the gold standard for work-based training. There are four levels of apprenticeship available for those aged 16 and over:", "City and Guilds of London Institute. The graduate and post graduate diplomas are offered in five areas: civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic and telecommunication engineering, and information technology. These qualifications can lead to professional registration (IEng or CEng as appropriate) through the following three discipline-specific professional engineering institutions:[22]", "Guild. Not all city economies were controlled by guilds; some cities were \"free.\" Where guilds were in control, they shaped labor, production and trade; they had strong controls over instructional capital, and the modern concepts of a lifetime progression of apprentice to craftsman, and then from journeyman eventually to widely recognized master and grandmaster began to emerge. In order to become a Master, a Journeyman would have to go on a three-year voyage called Journeyman years. The practice of the Journeyman years still exists in Germany and France.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. The range of vocational qualifications covers areas such as engineering technician, arts and craft, tradesman, health and social care, hairdressing, automotive maintenance, construction, and catering, but also more obscure subjects such as sheep shearing, DJing, flower arranging and even door supervision (bouncer).", "Doctorate. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of \"Masters of Arts\" was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms \"master\" and \"doctor\" were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the master's degree. Makdisi's revised hypothesis that the doctorate originated in the Islamic ijazah, a reversal of his earlier view that saw both systems as of \"the most fundamental difference\",[9] was rejected by Huff as unsubstantiated.[10]", "Education in England. Apprenticeships come in four levels: Intermediate (level 2), Advanced (level 3), Higher (level 4 – 7) and Degree (level 6 – 7). Intermediate apprenticeships are equivalent to 5 GCSEs at A* – C, Advanced to 2 A-levels, Higher to a foundation degree or above, and Degree apprenticeships to a bachelor's or master's degree.[31]", "City and Guilds of London Institute. The City & Guilds of London Art School was established in 1854, as one of the first Government Schools of Design, in Kennington, south London. It was originally named Lambeth School of Art and was set up to provide training in carving, modelling and architectural decoration. In 1879 the art school began a close working relationship with the City and Guilds Institute. This lasted until 1971, when the art school became an independent charity. The art school focuses on undergraduate and postgraduate study of fine art, stone and wood carving and the conservation of three-dimensional cultural artefacts. The City and Guilds Institute accredits the carving courses and maintains a link with the Art School.", "Bachelor's degree. Bachelor's degrees should not be confused with baccalaureate qualifications, which derive their name from the same root. In the UK, baccalaureate qualifications, e.g. International Baccalaureate, Welsh Baccalaureate, English Baccalaureate, are gained at secondary schools rather than being degree-level qualifications.", "National Vocational Qualification. Licentiateship (post nominal: LCGI) sits on level 4 of the National Qualifications Framework,[5] and is therefore comparable to lower NVQ level 4.[6] Both Graduateship (GCGI) and Associateship (ACGI) are at level six of the National Qualifications Framework,[5] compared by OFQUAL to the highest category NVQs of level 4.[6] Membership (MCGI) is placed on NQF level 7, and Fellowship (FCGI) on level 8,[5] compared by OFQUAL to NVQs of level 5.[6] City & Guilds itself ties each NVQ to the level on the NQF with the same number.[5]", "City and Guilds of London Institute. The City and Guilds of London Institute is an educational organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded on 11 November 1878 by the City of London and 16 livery companies – to develop a national system of technical education, the Institute has been operating under Royal Charter (RC117), granted by Queen Victoria, since 1900. The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, was appointed the first President of the Institute.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. City & Guilds launched the TechBac in 2014. This is a baccalaureate-style qualification aimed at 16–19-year-old and taking in qualifications in technical skills and workplace skills.[13] It is available at level 2 and level 3, with the level 3 awards attracting UCAS points that can count towards admission to university or college courses.[14] The TechBac can be studied in eleven subjects:[15]", "Apprenticeship. In towns and cities with guilds, apprenticeship would often be subject to guild regulation, setting minimum terms of service, or limiting the number of apprentices that a master could train at any one time.[20] Guilds also often kept records of who became an apprentice, and this would often provide a qualification for later becoming a freeman of a guild or a citizen of a city.[21] Many youths would train in villages or communities that lacked guilds, however, so avoiding the impact of these regulations.", "City and Guilds of London Institute. Since 2015, the City & Guilds Group has moved back into delivering training as well as offering qualifications. This was originally through its acquisition of the Oxford Group, but has since included the acquisition of Adelaide-based e3Learning, an Australian corporate elearning and compliance provider, and the Cumbrian-based specialist nuclear industry training provider Gen2.[2][3]", "Guild. Epstein and Prak's book (2008) rejects Ogilvie's conclusions.[28] Specifically, Epstein argues that guilds were cost-sharing rather than rent-seeking institutions. They located and matched masters and likely apprentices through monitored learning. Whereas the acquisition of craft skills required experience-based learning, he argues that this process necessitated many years in apprenticeship.[29]", "City, University of London. City, University of London, offers Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees as well as certificates and diplomas at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. More than two thirds of City's programmes are recognised by the appropriate professional bodies such as the BCS, BPS, CILIP, ICE, RICS, HPC etc. in recognition of the high standards of relevance to the professions. The University also has an online careers network where over 2,000 former students offer practical help to current students.[31]" ]

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[ "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" is a traditional children's song in the West Indies. It was originally featured in the game of the same name, thought to have originated in Jamaica.[1]", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). 12\" single", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). CD\n\"Brown Girl in the Ring (Remix '93)\" (MCI/BMG 74321 13705 2, 1993)", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). The song became internationally known when it was recorded by the group Boney M. in 1978. Originally it was the B-side of their hit \"Rivers of Babylon\", but became a hit in its own right.", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). The song had previously been recorded by the group Malcolm's Locks, leading to a dispute over royalties. The song had also been recorded in 1972 by the Bahamian musician Exuma.", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). Players form a ring by holding hands, then one girl or boy goes into the middle of the ring and starts skipping or walking around to the song. The girl or boy is then asked, \"Show me your motion\". At this point the child in the center does his or her favorite dance. If asked \"Show me your partner\", he or she picks a friend to join him or her in the circle. It has been played for many centuries in all of Jamaica.[citation needed]", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). Boys and girls play ring games in many parts of the world, especially during their pre-teen years. In There's a Brown Girl in the Ring, an anthology of Eastern Caribbean song games by Alan Lomax, J.D. Elder and Bess Lomax Hawes, it is suggested that ring games are a children's precursor to adult courtship.", "Rivers of Babylon. The single's B-side \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" was a traditional Caribbean nursery rhyme. When \"Rivers of Babylon\" had slipped to no. 20 in the UK charts, radio stations suddenly flipped the single, seeing \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" going all the way to no. 2 and becoming a hit in its own right. The early single pressing features the full-length 4:18 version with a chorus bit being edited out. The single mix is also slightly different from the album version which features steel drums on the outro riff of the song, the single mix doesn't.", "Rivers of Babylon. \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" was also issued separately in Canada as an A-side in the summer of 1979. It reached no. 8 on the Canadian AC chart in July 1979, becoming the third Boney M song to reach the top 10 on that chart, after \"Rivers of Babylon\" and \"Rasputin\". On RPM's Top 100 singles chart, the song stalled at no. 79.", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). Following the successful sales of the compilation album Gold – 20 Super Hits, Frank Farian remixed \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" for a single release, April 1993. The remix featured new lead vocals by Liz Mitchell and reached number 6 in Denmark and 38 in the UK, while failing to chart in Germany. The single also included a new remix of \"The Calendar Song\".", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). Arguably the most popular version of the song, Boney M.'s version was originally a single B-side to the group's number 1 hit single \"Rivers of Babylon\" (1978). When \"Rivers of Babylon\" had slipped to #20 in the UK charts, radio stations suddenly flipped the single, seeing \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" going all the way to #2 and becoming a hit in its own right. Liz Mitchell had previously recorded the song in 1975 with the group Malcolm's Locks, as the B-side of their single \"Caribbean Rock\". Mitchell's ex-boyfriend Malcolm Magaron was the group's lead singer. Arranger Peter Herbolzheimer accused Frank Farian of stealing his arrangement for the song, for which Farian claimed credit on the single.[2] The court case ran for more than 20 years in Germany.", "Brown Girl in the Ring (song). The early single pressing features the full-length 4:18 version with a chorus bit being edited out. The single mix is also slightly different from the album version which features steel drums on the outro riff of the song, the single mix doesn't. The single mix has yet to appear on CD (as at May 2014). Rivers of Babylon/Brown Girl in the Ring single is the sixth best-selling single of all time in the UK with sales of 2 million.[3]", "Rivers of Babylon. Liz Mitchell had previously recorded \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" in 1975 with the group Malcolm's Locks, her ex-boy friend Malcolm Magaron as the lead singer and arranger Peter Herbolzheimer accused Frank Farian for stealing his arrangement for the song.[7] The court case ran for more than 20 years in Germany.", "Boney M.. As recounted in his 1988 book Touching the Void, the British climber Joe Simpson was subsequently to find the catchy tune of \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" haunting him in the final hours of his struggle to survive the descent of Siula Grande in the Andes, and the song was later used in the 2003 film of Touching the Void made by Kevin Macdonald. Simpson recalls: \"I remember thinking, bloody hell, I'm going to die to Boney M\".", "Rivers of Babylon. The song was popularized in Europe by the 1978 Boney M. cover version, which was awarded a platinum disc and is one of the top ten all-time best-selling singles in the UK. The B-side of the single, \"Brown Girl in the Ring\", also became a hit.", "Brown Eyed Girl. \"I was going to say this is a song about sex, and it is, and a song about youth and growing up, and memory, and it's also—very much and very wonderfully—a song about singing.\"", "Cinnamon Girl. The lyrics have the singer daydreaming for a girl to love, singing that he waits \"between shows\" for his lover.[6] Young has claimed that he wrote the song \"for a city girl on peeling pavement coming at me through Phil Ochs' eyes playing finger cymbals. It was hard to explain to my wife.\"[4] The city girl playing finger cymbals is a reference to folk singer Jean Ray.[6] Music critic Johnny Rogan described the lyrics as \"exotic and allusive without really saying anything at all.\"[4] Critic Toby Creswell describes the lyrics as \"cryptic love lyrics\" noting that they are sung \"over the crunching power of Crazy Horse.\"[2] Critic John Mendelsohn felt the song conveyed a message of \"desperation begetting brutal vindictiveness,\" hinted at by the \"almost impenetrably subjective words\" but carried strongly by the sound of Crazy Horse's \"heavy, sinister accompaniment.\"[2] Introducing the song at a performance associated with Writer's Week at Whittier College (California) in April, 2015, Los Lobos co-founder Louie Perez said that when he first heard \"Cinnamon Girl\", he was sure it was about a Mexican girl.[7]", "Blurred Lines. In a separate interview, Thicke clarified the meaning of the song's title, saying it referred to \"the good-girl/bad-girl thing and what's appropriate\".[13]", "Boney M.. In 1978, \"Rivers of Babylon\", a cover of a track by The Melodians with lyrics partly based on Psalm 137 and partly on Psalm 19,[18] became (at the time) the second highest-selling single of all time in the UK. After reaching No.1 for five weeks, \"Rivers of Babylon\" began dropping down the chart, at which point the B-side \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" was given extensive radio airplay, and the single climbed back up the chart to No. 2. The single spent six months in the UK Top 40, including 19 weeks in the Top 10. It eventually sold over two million copies, the second single to do so, and is still one of only 7 to achieve this feat. (see List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom)", "If You Know What I Mean. Diamond has stated that the song is a \"tender recollection\" of a relationship in his teens, in which he successfully seduced a significantly older woman.[4]", "Rings Around the World. In contrast with 1999's Guerrilla, which featured songs with \"self-consciously disposable, happy\" lyrics, the tracks on Rings Around the World are, according to Rhys, \"broodier and more revealing\".[3] The track \"No Sympathy\" was originally written for a film entitled Plop, which followed three unsympathetic characters who lived for a week as though it were their last. Rhys has described the song as quite a departure for him as a lyric writer and claimed that out of context it could appear bleak and scary.[3] \"Presidential Suite\", about former United States and Russian presidents Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin, is \"a reflective look back at the decadent nineties\" during the Lewinsky scandal and asks if \"we need to know if he really came inside her mouth?\".[12][17][19] \"Juxtapozed with U\" addresses social injustice and is about \"house prices going up, and people being left behind by the super rich\" and has been described by Rhys as \"grotesque in its upness and lift\".[3][12] \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" was initially written about Patti White Bull, a girl who fell into a coma for 15 years, awaking in 1999, but became an amalgamation of the lyrics of several different songs, including one section in which Rhys describes his disdain for extreme sports.[12] \"Receptacle for the Respectable\" is about simultaneously being in awe of, and being hurt by, a \"girl around town\" while \"It's Not the End of the World?\" is \"a romantic song about growing old\".[12] \"Run! Christian, Run!\" was influenced by guitarist Huw Bunford's interest in \"doomsday cult websites\". Bunford printed out several essays from these websites and gave them to Rhys who used them as inspiration for his lyrics along with his own recollections of watching Christian television shows during the band's American tours.[12] The album's title track, \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\", is based on an idea put forward by Rhy's girlfriend's father and is about \"all the rings of communication around the world. All the rings of pollution, and all the radioactivity that goes around\".[3][12] \"Shoot Doris Day\" refers to shooting American singer and actress Doris Day with film—\"a very cinematic reference\" for a song which Rhys claims is \"over-the-top lyrically\". The track is about \"how people change\" and also references Labour Party 'spin doctor' Peter Mandelson, in the guise of 'Victor Panache'.[12]", "Wannabe. The song opens with Brown's laugh,[33] followed by \"undislodgeable [sic] piano notes\".[34] Over these notes, the first lines of the refrain are rapped in a call and response interaction between Brown and Halliwell.[32][33] The words \"tell\", \"really\" and \"I wanna\" are repeated,[31] so that the vocal tone and lyrics build up an image of female self-assertion.[32] The refrain ends with the word \"zigazig-ha\",[31] a euphemism for female desire, which is ambiguously sexualised or broadly economic.[35][36] The first verse follows; Brown, Halliwell, Chisholm, Bunton sing one line individually, in that order. In this part, the lyrics have a pragmatic sense of control of the situation; they begin, \"If you want my future, forget my past.\" This, according to musicologist Sheila Whiteley, taps directly into the emotions of the young teenage audience.[31]", "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It). Credits adapted from I Am... Sasha Fierce album liner notes.[2]", "The Last Five Years. The Last Five Years was inspired by Brown's failed marriage to Theresa O'Neill. O'Neill threatened legal action on the grounds the story of the musical represented her relationship with Brown too closely, and Brown changed the song \"I Could Be in Love With Someone Like You\" to \"Shiksa Goddess\" in order to reduce the similarity between the character Cathy and O'Neill.[2]", "Grass Ain't Greener. Capital XTRA called the video \"cinematic\" and \"dark\".[11] A writer for Rap-Up described the video as \"mysterious\".[12] The sites 2DBZ and Urban Islandz noted that the girl that is supposed to be the ex-girlfriend of Brown in the video could be reportedly referred to Karrueche Tran.[13][14]", "Brown Eyed Girl. The song's nostalgic lyrics about a former love were considered too suggestive at the time to be played on many radio stations. A radio-edit of the song was released which removed the lyrics \"making love in the green grass\", replacing them with \"laughin' and a-runnin', hey hey\" from a previous verse. This edited version appears on some copies of the compilation album The Best of Van Morrison. However the remastered CD seems[clarification needed] to have the bowdlerised lyrics in the packaging but the original \"racy\" lyrics on the disc. Lyrically, it \"shows early hints of the idealized pastoral landscapes that would flow through his songs through the decades, a tendency that links him to the Romantic poets, whom Morrison has cited as an influence\" according to music journalist Erik Hage.[14]", "A Bird in a Gilded Cage. The songs describes the sad life of a beautiful woman who has married for money instead of love. Its lyrics are as follows:[4]", "Wannabe. During the chorus, the lyrics—\"If you wanna be my lover/You gotta get with my friends\"—address the value of female friendship over the heterosexual bond, while the ascending group of chords and the number of voices creates a sense of power that adds to the song's level of excitement.[32] The same pattern occurs, leading to the second chorus. Towards the end, Brown and Halliwell rap the bridge, which serves as a presentation to each of the girls' personalities.[2] The group repeats the chorus for the last time, ending the song with energetic refrains—\"Slam your body down and wind it all around\"—and the word \"zigazig-ha\".[33]", "In the Ghetto. It is a narrative of generational poverty: a boy is born to a mother who already has more children than she can feed in the ghetto of Chicago. The boy grows up hungry, steals and fights, purchases a gun and steals a car, attempts to run, but is shot and killed just as his own child is born. The song implies that the newborn will meet the same fate, continuing the cycle of poverty and violence. The feeling of an inescapable circle is created by the structure of the song, with its simple, stark phrasing; by the repetition of the phrase \"in the ghetto\" as the close of every fourth line; and finally by the repetition of the first verse's \"and his mama cries\" just before the beginning and as the close of the last verse. It is played in the key of B flat.", "Ring a Ring o' Roses. Ringe-ringe-raja,\nDoš'o čika Paja,\nPa pojeo jaja.\nJedno jaje muć,\nA mi, djeco, čuč!", "Take It Easy. There has however been some confusion about the location of original incident that inspired the story in the lyrics. In an interview with Matthew Ziegler, Browne related that it took place in Flagstaff, Arizona, at the Der Wienerschnitzel (now the Dog Haus) at the corner of East Rte. 66 and Switzer Canyon.[23] According to Browne, a girl cruised by in a Toyota pickup and looked at him and the image stuck with him. Browne had told Frey about the girl in the truck, and Frey then used the incident to add the line about the girl to the song.[24] Browne however also stated in an interview with Los Angeles Times that it was always Winslow where his car had broken down, although \"the image of that girl driving a truck was an image that came from east\" (i.e. East Flagstaff). The lines are therefore an amalgamation of two different events.[20]", "I Ain't Mad at Cha. The first verse speaks about how he lost touch with his friend, who converted to Islam, and the difference in lifestyles they chose to live. The second verse speaks about 2Pac being sentenced to prison. He mentions his old girlfriend and tries to comfort his mother. In the third verse (album version), 2Pac raps about how his life has changed from being in the ghetto to being a celebrity. He talks about his connection to the hood and how his old associates think negatively of him now." ]

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[ "Testing cosmetics on animals. Animal testing on cosmetics or their ingredients was banned in the UK in 1998.[33]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. The European Union (EU) followed suit, after it agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009, and to ban cosmetics-related animal testing.[25] Animal testing is regulated in EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics. Imported cosmetics ingredients tested on animals were phased out for EU consumer markets in 2013 by the ban,[25] but can still be sold to outside of the EU.[26] Norway banned cosmetics animal testing the same time as the EU.[27]", "The Body Shop. The Body Shop’s campaigning has led to many changes in law. The company’s campaign, Ban Animal Testing, launched in 1996 and led to a UK wide ban 8 years later. In 2013, the campaign launched as Against Animal Testing and made history when the EU banned animal testing in cosmetics, and marketing of any animal tested products.", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of products for use by humans. Due to the harm done to the animal subjects, this testing is opposed by animal rights activists and others. Cosmetic animal testing is banned in the European Union, India, Israel,[1][2] and Norway.[3]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In 1937, a mistake was made that ended up changing the pharmaceutical industry drastically. A company created a medicine “to treat streptococcal infections”, and without any scientific research the medicine was out on shelves.[12] This medicine turned out to be extremely poisonous to people, leading to large poisoning outbreaks followed by over 100 deaths[13]. This epidemic led to a law being passed in 1938, called the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act, enforcing more rigorous guidelines on cosmetic products[14]. After this law was passed companies looked to animals to test their products, in turn, creating the first encounters of cosmetic animal testing.", "Toxicology. In some cases shifts away from animal studies has been mandated by law or regulation; the European Union (EU) prohibited use of animal testing for cosmetics in 2013.[19]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. São Paulo in Brazil, banned cosmetic animal testing in 2014.[24]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In 2015, New Zealand also banned animal testing.[31]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In March 2014, the Humane Cosmetics Act was introduced to the U.S. congress which would ban cosmetic testing on animals and eventually would ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals.[3] The bill did not advance.", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In early 2014, India announced a ban on testing cosmetics on animals in the country, thereby becoming the second country in Asia to do so.[28] Later India banned import of cosmetics tested on animals in November 2014.[29]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In Australia, the End Cruel Cosmetics Bill will be introduced to Parliament in March 2014, which would ban local testing, which generally doesn't happen there, and importation of cosmetics tested on animals.[8] In 2016 a bill was passed to ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals, which will come into effect in July 2017. [34]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Turkey \"banned any animal testing for cosmetic products that have already been introduced to the market.\" [32]", "The Body Shop. In June 2017, The Body Shop and Cruelty Free International launched Forever Against Animal Testing, its largest ever campaign, aimed at banning animal testing in cosmetics everywhere and forever. The campaign aims to receive 8 million signatures which will be presented to the UN General Assembly, to call for a global ban on animal testing in cosmetics.", "Animal welfare in the United States. Testing cosmetics on animals is currently legal in the US. The Humane Cosmetics Act to prohibit testing cosmetics on animals was re-introduced to Congress in 2015.[54]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Israel banned \"the import and marketing of cosmetics, toiletries or detergents that were tested on animals\" in 2013.[30]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. China passed a law on 30 June 2014 to eliminate the requirement for animal testing of cosmetics. Though domestically-produced ordinary cosmetic goods do not require testing, animal testing is still mandated by law for Chinese-made \"cosmeceuticals\" (cosmetic goods which make a functional claim) which are available for sale in China. Cosmetics intended solely for export are exempt from the animal testing requirement.[37]", "Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. Prior to ASPA, the use of animals in the UK was regulated by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, which enforced a licensing and inspection system for vivisection. Animal cruelty was previously regulated by the Protection of Animals Act 1911 (now largely repealed) and more recently by the Animal Welfare Act 2006, both of which outlaw the causing of \"unnecessary suffering\". Specific exemptions apply to experiments licensed under the 1986 Act.[5]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Due to the strong public backlash against cosmetic testing on animals, most cosmetic manufacturers say their products are not tested on animals. However, they are still required by trading standards and consumer protection laws in most countries to show their products are not toxic and not dangerous to public health, and that the ingredients are not dangerous in large quantities, such as when in transport or in the manufacturing plant. In some countries, it is possible to meet these requirements without any further tests on animals. In other countries, it may require animal testing to meet legal requirements. The United States and Japan are frequently criticized for their insistence on stringent safety measures, which often requires animal testing. Some retailers distinguish themselves in the marketplace by their stance on animal testing.", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Brazil's legislation will vote on a nationwide animal testing for cosmetics ban by the end of March 2014.[2]", "Animal welfare and rights in Australia. In 2016, following HRA and the Humane Society International's Be Cruelty-Free campaign, the Australian government pledged to ban testing cosmetics on animals and the sale of cosmetics that have been tested on animals.[16]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Cosmetics manufacturers who do not test on animals may now use in vitro screens to test for endpoints which can determine potential risk to humans with a very high sensitivity and specificity. Companies such as CeeTox in the USA, recently acquired by Cyprotex, specialize in such testing and organizations like the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), PETA and many other organizations advocate the use of in vitro and other non-animal tests in the development of consumer products. By using safe ingredients from a list of 5,000 which have already been tested in conjunction with modern methods of cosmetics testing, the need for tests using animals are negated.[8]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In 2015, Taiwan launched a bill proposing a ban on cosmetic testing on animals.[35] It passed in 2016 and goes into effect in 2019.[36]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. In 2013, the Russian Ministry of Health stated \"Toxicological testing is performed by means of testing for skin allergic reaction or test on mucous tissue/eye area (with use of lab animals) or by use of alternative general toxicology methods (IN VITRO). In this manner the technical regulations include measures which provide an alternative to animal testing\".[38]", "Beagle. Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community,[71] although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted.[72] It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[73] When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses beagles and miniature pigs as surrogates for direct human testing.[74] Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed with research testing.[75]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Re-using existing test data obtained from previous animal testing is generally not considered to be cosmetic testing on animals; however, the acceptability of this to opponents of testing is inversely proportional to how recent the data is.[6]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Although Japanese law doesn’t require non-medicated cosmetics to be tested on animals, it doesn’t prohibit it either, leaving the decision to individual companies.[20] Animal testing is required mainly when the product contains newly-developed tar colors, ultraviolet ray protective ingredients or preservatives, and when the amount of any ingredient regulated in terms of how much can be added is increased.[21]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Using animal testing in the development of cosmetics may involve testing either a finished product or the individual ingredients of a finished product on animals, often rabbits, as well as mice, rats, and other animals. Cosmetics can be defined as products applied to the body in various ways in order to enhance the body's appearance or to cleanse the body. This includes all hair products, makeup, nail products and soaps. [4]", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Methods of testing cosmetics on animals include many different tests that are categorized differently based on which areas the cosmetics will be used for. One new ingredient in any cosmetic product used in these tests could lead to the deaths of at least 1,400 animals [7][dead link]", "The Body Shop. The Body Shop has campaigned to end animal testing in cosmetics alongside animal cruelty NGO Cruelty Free International since 1989. The company's products are non-animal tested and are certified cruelty-free by Cruelty Free International’s Leaping Bunny[24].", "Testing cosmetics on animals. Japanese Brands such as Shiseido and Mandom have ended much, but not all, of their animal testing. However, most other leading cosmetics companies in Japan still test on animals.[20][22][23]", "Lipton. In 2011 PETA criticized Unilever for conducting and funding experiments on rabbits, pigs and other animals in an attempt to make human health claims about the tea’s ingredients. According to the animal rights organization, Unilever decided to end the practice for Lipton products after receiving more than 40,000 appeals from PETA supporters and days before PETA made plans to launch its \"Lipton CruelTEA\" campaign[7] Unilever no longer test their products on animals unless required to by governments as part of their regulatory requirements.[8]", "Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, sometimes referred to as ASPA, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1986 c. 14) passed in 1986, which regulates the use of animals used for research in the UK. The Act permits studies to be conducted using animals for procedures such as breeding genetically modified animals, medical and veterinary advances, education, environmental toxicology and includes procedures requiring vivisection, if certain criteria are met.[2] Revised legislation came into force on January 1st 2013. The original act related to the 1986 EU Directive 86/609/EEC [3] which was updated and replaced by EU Directive 2010/63/EU[4]" ]

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[ "2018 FIFA World Cup squads. The 2018 FIFA World Cup was an international football tournament held in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018. The 32 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 23 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.[1]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. The final tournament will involve 32 national teams, which include 31 teams determined through qualifying competitions and the automatically qualified host team. Of the 32 teams, 20 will be making back-to-back appearances following the last tournament in 2014, including defending champions Germany, while Iceland and Panama will both be making their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup. A total of 64 matches will be played in 12 venues located in 11 cities. The final will take place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[3][4][5]", "2026 FIFA World Cup. On January 10, 2017, the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to a 48-team tournament.[3]", "FIFA World Cup. In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup in 2026.[27] On 10 January 2017, FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams.[28]", "FIFA World Cup. On 10 January 2017, FIFA approved a new format, the 48-team World Cup (to accommodate more teams), which consists of 16 groups of three teams each, with two teams qualifying from each group, to form a round of 32 knockout stage, to be implemented by 2026.[58]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The number of teams participating in the final tournament is 32. Even though the qualification process began in March 2015, the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress.[14] It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments.[15]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. In October 2013, UEFA President Michel Platini proposed that the World Cup finals should be expanded from 32 to 40 teams starting from 2018. The format would have been the same, but in groups of five instead of four.[16] This was in response to FIFA President Sepp Blatter's comments that Africa and Asia deserved more spots in the World Cup finals at the expense of European and South American teams.[17] However, FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said that expansion in 2018 would be \"unlikely\", while Russian sports minister Vitaly Mutko said that the country was \"preparing on the basis that 32 teams will be taking part.\"[18][19] Expansion was ultimately delayed until 10 January 2017, when the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to 48 teams starting in the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[20]", "2026 FIFA World Cup. The 2026 World Cup will also see the tournament expanded from 32 to 48 teams.[3]", "2022 FIFA World Cup. On 12 April 2018, CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams, four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned. FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request.[20] However, the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48-team World Cup, and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country.[21]", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA). Each six-team group contained one team from each of the six pots, while each five-team group contained one team from each of the first five pots.[16]", "FIFA 18. FIFA 18 is a sports game that simulates association football. The game features 52 fully licensed stadiums from 12 countries, including new stadiums, plus 30 generic fields equals to a total of 82. All 20 Premier League stadiums are represented in the series.[3] Commentary is once again provided by Martin Tyler and Alan Smith with Alan McInally (in-game score updates), Geoff Shreeves (injury reports) and Mike West (classified results).", "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. The eight competing teams were the host nation, the reigning FIFA World Cup champions, and the six holders of the FIFA confederation championships. If any team qualified for multiple berths (such as, if the World Cup champions also won their continental championship), the next best-placed team from their continental championship would have qualified.", "FIFA World Cup qualification. In early October 2016, it was announced that the World Cup would have featured 40 teams starting with the 2026 tournament,[6] then FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup,[7] mainly to address African concerns. On 10 January 2017, the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand the World Cup to a 48 team tournament that will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams, with two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32.[8] The new format for the qualifying process has yet to be confirmed, other than a play-off tournament that consists of one team from each confederation (except UEFA) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country for the last two World Cup berths.[9]", "2018 FIFA World Cup. For the draw, the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017. Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia (who were automatically assigned to Position A1) and the best seven teams, Pot 2 contained the next best eight teams, and so on for Pots 3 and 4.[29] This was different from previous draws, where only Pot 1 was based on FIFA Rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations. However, still retained was the fact that teams from the same confederation were not drawn against each other for the group stage, except for UEFA where each group contained up to two teams.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which will play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts. All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process, and for the first time in World Cup history, all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition,[1] but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches.[2][3] Bhutan, South Sudan, Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts.[4][5][6][7][8] Myanmar, having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman, were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country.[9]", "Hockey World Cup. Total number of teams which have participated in the World Cups through 2018 is 25, using FIH's view on successor teams", "2018 FIFA World Cup squads. Clubs with 10 or more players represented are listed.[86]", "FIFA World Cup. The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase, which currently takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase, which is often called the World Cup Finals. 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month.", "FIFA U-20 World Cup. 24 teams appear in the final tournament. 23 countries, including the defending champions, have to qualify in the youth championships of the six confederations. The host country automatically qualifies.", "National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of FIFA, the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 when it was not held due to the Second World War.[1] The competition originally featured 16 teams, and later 24, before settling on its current format of 32 teams starting with the 1998 tournament.[2] Teams initially compete in a group stage, with the final 16 progressing to knockout stages to decide the winner.[3]", "2026 FIFA World Cup. The tournament will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams, with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 teams.[11] The number of games played overall will increase from 64 to 80, but the number of games played by finalists remains at seven, the same as with 32 teams, but one group match will be replaced by a knockout match. The tournament will also be completed within 32 days, the same as previous 32-team tournaments.[12]", "CONCACAF Gold Cup. In January 2017, Victor Montagliani announced the expansion of the Gold Cup from 12 to 16 teams, starting with the 2019 tournament.[5]", "2018 IAAF Continental Cup. The four teams competing in the event were Africa, the Americas, Asia-Pacific and Europe. The two-day competition comprised a programme of 20 track and field events for men and women, giving a total of 40 events. Each team shall enter two athletes in each event, except for relays where one team competed, with a maximum of one athlete from each country per event.[1]", "2018 FIFA World Cup officials. On 29 March 2018, FIFA published the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees, on the basis of nationality, from all six football confederations for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[1] These were selected from a longlist of 53 trios.[2]", "2018 FIFA World Cup statistics. Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.", "National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup. As of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a total of 79 national teams have entered the competition.[4] Brazil are the only team to have appeared in all 21 tournaments to date, with Germany having participated in 19, Italy in 18, Argentina in 17 and Mexico in 16.[5] To date, eight nations have won the tournament. The inaugural winners in 1930 were Uruguay; the current champions are France. The most successful nation in the competition are currently Brazil, who have won the cup on five occasions.[6] Five teams have appeared in FIFA World Cup finals without winning,[7] while twelve more have appeared in semi-finals.[8]", "FIFA Confederations Cup. The FIFA Confederations Cup is an international association football tournament for national teams, currently held every four years by FIFA. It is contested by the holders of each of the six (UEFA, CONMEBOL, CONCACAF, CAF, AFC, OFC) continental championships, along with the current FIFA World Cup holder and the host nation, to bring the number of teams up to eight. The tournament is also described as the Cup of Champions because it is contested by the Champions of each confederation and the world champions with the host.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group F. The two teams had met in 36 previous matches, including four FIFA World Cup games, the latest of these being a 2–0 Germany win in the 2006 World Cup round of 16.[27]", "2026 FIFA World Cup. A playoff tournament involving six teams will be held to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths,[18] consisting of one team per confederation (except for UEFA) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country (i.e. CONCACAF).", "FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is Germany, which won its fourth title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil.", "2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Currently a total of 24 teams qualify for the final tournament, In addition to Poland who qualifies automatically as hosts, 23 other teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. The slot allocation was approved by the FIFA Council on 10 June 2018.[7]", "2018 International Champions Cup. A total of 18 teams participated in the tournament. The participants were announced in four waves on April 10, 11, 12, and 17, 2018.[1] On June 18, Lyon replaced Sevilla in the competition." ]

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[ "History of Bangladesh. Modern Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in 1971 after breaking away and achieving independence from Pakistan in the Bangladesh liberation war. The country's borders coincide with the major portion of the ancient and historic region of Bengal in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, where civilisation dates back over four millennia, to the Chalcolithic. The history of the region is closely intertwined with the history of Bengal and the history of India.", "History of Bangladesh. The left-wing Awami League, which had won the 1970 election in Pakistan, formed the first post-independence government in Bangladesh. Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the 2nd Prime Minister of Bangladesh on 12 January 1972 and is widely regarded as the nation's independence hero and founding father. Nation-building under his regime was based on secular Bengali nationalist principles. The original Constitution of Bangladesh, drafted by Dr. Kamal Hossain, laid down the structure of a liberal democratic parliamentary republic with socialist influences in 1972.", "History of Bangladesh. The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal and India in August 1947, when the region became East Pakistan as a part of the newly formed State of Pakistan following the Radcliffe Line.[6] However, it was separated from West Pakistan by 1,600 km (994 mi) of Indian territory. Due to political exclusion, ethnic and linguistic discrimination, as well as economic neglect by the politically dominant western-wing, popular agitation and civil disobedience led to the war of independence in 1971. After independence, the new state endured famine, natural disasters, and widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and rapid economic progress. Bangladesh is today a major manufacturer in the global textile industry.", "History of Bangladesh. This is Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that the Independent People's Republic of Bangladesh has been established. At his direction, I have taken command as the temporary Head of the Republic. In the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalees to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army. We shall fight to the last to free our motherland. Victory is, by the Grace of Allah, ours. Joy Bangla.[57]", "Kashmir conflict. In 1971, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence was proclaimed on 26 March by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War broke out in erstwhile East Pakistan between Pakistan and Bangladesh which was later joined by India, and subsequently war broke out on the western border of India between India and Pakistan, both of which culminated in the creation of Bangladesh.", "Bangladesh. The constituent assembly adopted Bangladesh's constitution on 4 November 1972, establishing a secular, multiparty parliamentary democracy. The new constitution included references to socialism, and Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman nationalized major industries in 1972.[88] A major reconstruction and rehabilitation program was launched. The Awami League won the country's first general election in 1973, securing a large majority in the Jatiyo Sangshad. Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the UN, the OIC and the Non-Aligned Movement, and Rahman strengthened ties with India. Amid growing agitation by the opposition National Awami Party and National Socialist Party, he became increasingly authoritarian. Rahman amended the constitution, giving himself more emergency powers (including the suspension of fundamental rights). The Bangladesh famine of 1974 also worsened the political situation.[89]", "History of Bangladesh. On 2 March 1971, a group of students, led by A S M Abdur Rob, a student leader, raised the new (proposed) flag of Bangladesh under the direction of the Swadhin Bangla Nucleus. They demanded that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declare the independence of Bangladesh immediately but Mujibur Rahman refused to agree to this demand. Rather, he decided that he would declare his next steps at a public meeting to be held on 7 March.", "Bangladesh Liberation War. 26 March 1971 is considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh, and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth. In July 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh.[72] Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name \"East Pakistan\" until 16 December 1971.", "History of Bangladesh. The Provisional Government of Bangladesh was the country's first government. The Provisional Government was formed in Mujibnagar on 17 April 1971. It issued the proclamation of independence and drafted an interim constitution, declaring \"Equality, Human Dignity and Social Justice\" as its fundamental principles. Its prime minister was Tajuddin Ahmad and military chief of staff was M A G Osmani. Other important cabinet members included Syed Nazrul Islam and Muhammad Mansur Ali. It included the newly formed Bangladesh Civil Service with defecting members of the Civil Service of Pakistan. It also had a prominent diplomatic corps, led by Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Humayun Rashid Choudhury and Rehman Sobhan among others. The Bangladesh Forces included eleven sector commanders, among whom prominent figures included Ziaur Rahman, Khaled Mosharraf and K M Shafiullah.[63][64]", "History of Bangladesh. Pakistan's history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic difficulties. In 1956 a constitution was at last adopted, making the country an \"Islamic republic within the Commonwealth\". The nascent democratic institutions foundered in the face of military intervention in 1958, and the government imposed martial law between 1958 and 1962, and again between 1969 and 1971.", "History of Bangladesh. British India was partitioned and the independent states of India and Pakistan were created in 1947; the region of Bengal was divided along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim eastern part of Bengal became the East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan) province of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu western part became the Indian state of West Bengal. Most of the Sylhet District of Assam also joined East Pakistan following a referendum.[52]", "Bangladesh. On 3 June 1947 Mountbatten Plan outlined the partition of British India. On 20 June, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint meeting, it was decided (120 votes to 90) that if the province remained united it should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. At a separate meeting of legislators from West Bengal, it was decided (58 votes to 21) that the province should be partitioned and West Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of India. At another meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided (106 votes to 35) that the province should not be partitioned and (107 votes to 34) that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan if Bengal was partitioned.[47] On 6 July, the Sylhet region of Assam voted in a referendum to join East Bengal.\nCyril Radcliffe was tasked with drawing the borders of Pakistan and India, and the Radcliffe Line established the borders of present-day Bangladesh. The Dominion of Pakistan was created on 14 August 1947.", "History of Bangladesh. The Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was formed on 10 April in Meherpur (later renamed as Mujibnagar, a town adjacent to the Indian border). Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was announced to be the Head of the State. Tajuddin Ahmed became the Prime Minister, Syed Nazrul Islam became the acting President and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed the Foreign Minister. There the war plan was sketched out with Bangladesh armed forces established and named \"Muktifoujo\". Later these forces were named \"Muktibahini\" (freedom fighters). M. A. G. Osmani was appointed as the Chief of the Armed Forces.", "Bangladesh. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bengali nationalists declared independence and formed the Mukti Bahini (the Bangladeshi National Liberation Army). The Provisional Government of Bangladesh was established on 17 April 1971, converting the 469 elected members of the Pakistani national assembly and East Pakistani provincial assembly into the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. The provisional government issued the Proclamation of the Independence of Bangladeshi, which was the country's interim constitution and declared \"equality, human dignity and social justice\" as its fundamental principles. Due to Mujib's detention, the acting president was Syed Nazrul Islam, while Tajuddin Ahmad was Bangladesh's first prime minister. The military wing of the provisional government was the Bangladesh Forces that included Mukti Bahini and other Bengali guerilla forces. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders, the forces strongly held the countryside during the war and conducted wide-ranging guerrilla operations against Pakistani forces. As a result, almost entire country except capital Dacca was liberated by Bangladesh Forces by late November. This led Pakistan Army to attack neighboring India's western front on 2 December. India retaliated both in western and eastern fronts. By joint Bangladeshi ground advance and Indian air strike, the rest capital Dacca was liberated from Pakistani occupation in mid December. During the last phase of the war, the Soviet Union and the United States dispatched naval forces to the Bay of Bengal in a Cold War standoff. The nine-months long war ended with the surrender of Pakistani armed forces to the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces on 16 December 1971.[82][83] Under international pressure, Pakistan released Rahman from imprisonment on 8 January 1972 and he was flown by the British Royal Air Force of to a million-strong homecoming in Dacca.[84][85] Remaining Indian troops were withdrawn by 12 March 1972, three months after the war ended.[86]", "History of Bangladesh. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender and the nation of Bangla Desh (\"Country of Bengal\") was finally established the following day. At the time of surrender only a few countries had provided diplomatic recognition to the new nation. Over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces making it the largest surrender since World War II.[58][59] The new country changed its name to Bangladesh on 11 January 1972 and became a parliamentary democracy under a constitution. Shortly thereafter on 19 March Bangladesh signed a friendship treaty with India. Bangladesh sought admission in the UN with most voting in its favour, but China vetoed this as Pakistan was its key ally.[60] The United States, also a key ally of Pakistan, was one of the last nations to accord Bangladesh recognition.[citation needed] To ensure a smooth transition, in 1972 the Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty ensured that Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh in exchange for the return of the Pakistani PoWs. India treated all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention, rule 1925.[61] It released more than 93,000 Pakistani PoWs in five months.[58]", "History of Bangladesh. Lt Gen Ziaur Rahman (popular known as Zia) assumed the presidency and the office of CMLA from Justice Sayem on 21 April 1977. Following presidential elections in June 1978, Zia sought to give his presidency and political ambition democratic legitimacy. He formed the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) as a centre-right political party. Zia promoted the notion of Bangladeshi nationalism as a territorial and inclusive national identity, with an emphasis of the country's Muslim heritage. Parliamentary elections were held in 1979, in which the BNP gained a landslide majority and the Awami League became the principal opposition party. Zia appointed the former East Pakistani politician and diplomat Shah Azizur Rahman as his prime minister. He also lifted the ban on the Jamaat-e-Islami.[72][page needed]", "International recognition of Bangladesh. Following Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration of independence in March 1971, India undertook a worldwide campaign to drum up political, democratic and humanitarian support for the people of Bangladesh for their liberation struggle. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi toured a large number of countries in a bid to create awareness of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis. This effort was to prove vital later during the war, in framing the world's context of the war and to justify military action by India.[12] Also, following Pakistan's defeat, it ensured prompt recognition of the newly independent state of Bangladesh.", "Bengali novels. Afterwards came the most memorable days of Bangali nation. After ten month long war Bangalis became independent nation. After the massacre of three million people and huge violation and harassment of womenfolk and loss of property Bangladesh emerged as a secular and democratic nation on 16 December 1971, and Bangladeshi novel enters into a new era.", "International recognition of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Liberation War[a] (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was a revolutionary independence war in South Asia during 1971 which established the republic of Bangladesh.[3] The war pitted East Pakistan against West Pakistan, and lasted over a duration of nine months. It witnessed large-scale atrocities, the exodus of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people.[4]", "International recognition of Bangladesh. Bhutan became the first country in the world (second India) to recognise the newly independent state on 6 December 1971. Muhammad Ullah, the 3rd President of Bangladesh visited Bhutan accompanied by his wife to attend the coronation of Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the fourth King of Bhutan in June 1974.[13][14][15][16]", "International recognition of Bangladesh. The war broke out on 26 March 1971, when the Pakistani Army launched a military operation called Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia and armed personnel, who were demanding that the Pakistani military junta accept the results of the 1970 first democratic elections of Pakistan, which were won by an eastern party, or to allow separation between East and West Pakistan. Bengali politicians and army officers announced the declaration of Bangladesh's independence in response to Operation Searchlight. Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians formed the Mukti Bahini (Bengali: মুক্তি বাহিনী \"Liberation Army\"), which engaged in guerrilla warfare against Pakistani forces. The Pakistan Army, in collusion with religious extremist[5][6] militias (the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams), engaged in the systematic genocide and atrocities of Bengali civilians, particularly nationalists, intellectuals, youth and religious minorities.[7][8][9][10][11] Bangladesh government-in-exile was set up in the city of Calcutta (now Kolkata) in the Indian State of West Bengal.", "History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman then launched a civil disobedience movement which effectively paralysed the state machinery in East Pakistan. Talks between Bhutto and Rehman collapsed and President Khan ordered armed action against the Awami League. Operations Searchlight and Barisal led to a crackdown on East Pakistani politicians, civilians, and student activists. Sheikh Rahman was arrested and extradited to Islamabad, while the entire Awami League leadership escaped to India to set up a parallel government. A guerrilla insurgency was initiated by the Indian-organised and supported Mukti Bahini (\"freedom fighters\").[105] Millions of Bengali Hindus and Muslims took refuge in eastern India leading to Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announcing support for the Bangladesh liberation war and providing direct military assistance to the Bengalis.[106] In March 1971 regional commander Major General Ziaur Rahman declared the independence of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh on behalf of Mujib.", "History of Bangladesh. In the early hours of 26 March 1971, a military crackdown by the Pakistan army began. The Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and the political leaders dispersed, mostly fleeing to neighbouring India where they organised a provisional government. Before being arrested by the Pakistani Army, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman passed a hand written note which contained the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence. This note was widely circulated and transmitted by the then East Pakistan Rifles' wireless transmitter. The world press reports from late March 1971 also make sure that Bangladesh's declaration of independence by Bangabandhu was widely reported throughout the world. Bengali Army officer Major Ziaur Rahman captured the Kalurghat Radio Station[54][55] in Chittagong and read the declaration of independence of Bangladesh during the evening hours on 27 March.[56]", "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. As a result of the war, East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country, Bangladesh, as the world's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971.:xxxv[157] Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca. On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh, later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974.:xxxv[157]", "History of Bangladesh. As the independence movement throughout British-controlled India began in the late 19th century gained momentum during the 20th century, Bengali politicians played an active role in Mohandas Gandhi's Congress Party and Mohammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League, exposing the opposing forces of ethnic and religious nationalism. By exploiting the latter, the British probably intended to distract the independence movement, for example by partitioning Bengal in 1905 along religious lines. Partition of Bengal (1905) divided Bengal Presidency into an overwhelmingly Hindu west (including present-day Bihar and Odisha) and a predominantly Muslim east (including Assam).[46] Dhaka was made the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. But the split only lasted for seven years. The partition was abolished in 1911 due to severe opposition from Indian National Congress and a major section of the Bengali Hindus.[47]", "History of Bangladesh. Murshid Quli Khan ended the nominal Mughal rule in 1717 when he declared Bengal's independence from the Mughal empire. He shifted the capital to Murshidabad ushering in a series of independent Bengal Nawabs.", "History of Bangladesh. The Chittagong Hill Tracts is the southeastern mountainous frontier of Bangladesh with Burma and Northeast India. The area enjoyed autonomy under British Bengal. Its autonomous status was revoked by Pakistan, which built the controversial Kaptai Dam that displaced the area's indigenous people. When Bangladesh became independent, the government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman adopted a Bengali nationalist constitution, which denied recognition of the country's ethnic minorities. Manabendra Narayan Larma, a member of parliament form the hill tracts, called for constitutional recognition of the indigenous people of the area. He gave a notable speech at the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh demanding the use of \"Bangladeshi\" as the country's nationality definition, instead of Bengali. During the 1970s and '80s, there were attempts by the government to settle with the Bengali people. These attempts were resisted by the hill tribes, who, with the latent support of neighbouring India, formed a guerrilla force called Shanti Bahini. As a result of the tribal resistance movement, successive governments turned the Hill Tracts into a militarised zone.", "Bangladesh Liberation War. Following Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration of independence in March 1971, a worldwide campaign was undertaken by the Provisional Government of Bangladesh to drum up political support for the independence of East Pakistan as well as humanitarian support for the Bengali people.", "Bangladesh. The Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical Indian subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which enjoyed international trade links for millennia.[15] The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries. The region was home to many principalities that made use of their inland naval prowess.[16][17] It was also a notable center of the global muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance and played an important role in anti-colonial movements. The Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan; and renamed it as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.[18] After independence was achieved, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy. The country continues to face challenges in the areas of poverty, education, healthcare and corruption.", "Bangladesh Liberation War. As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971.[132] Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first President of Bangladesh visited Bhutan to attend the coronation of Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the fourth King of Bhutan in June 1974.", "Bangladesh. During its first five years of independence Bangladesh adopted socialist policies, an Awami League blunder.[citation needed] The subsequent military regime and BNP and Jatiya Party governments restored free markets and promoted the country's private sector. In 1991, finance minister Saifur Rahman introduced a programme of economic liberalization. The Bangladeshi private sector has rapidly expanded, with a number of conglomerates driving the economy. Major industries include textiles, pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding, steel, electronics, energy, construction materials, chemicals, ceramics, food processing and leather goods. Export-oriented industrialization has increased, with fiscal year 2014–15 exports increasing by 3.3% over the previous year to $30 billion, although Bangladesh's trade deficit ballooned by over 45% in this same time period.[179] Most export earnings are from the garment-manufacturing industry. Bangladesh also has social enterprises, including the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Grameen Bank and BRAC (the world's largest non-governmental organisation).[180][181]", "Bangladesh Liberation War. The Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile. Bengali members of the Pakistani civil, military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government. Thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan, from where many escaped to Afghanistan. Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station. The plight of millions of war-ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm. The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic, economic and military support to Bangladeshi nationalists. British, Indian and American musicians organised the world's first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. Senator Ted Kennedy in the United States led a congressional campaign for an end to Pakistani military persecution; while US diplomats in East Pakistan strongly dissented with the Nixon administration's close ties to the Pakistani military dictator Yahya Khan." ]

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[ "At sixes and sevens. The phrase appears in a few songs, including \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" from the musical Evita, \"Raoul and the Kings of Spain\" from Tears for Fears, and \"Playing With Fire\" by Stereo MCs. The eleventh studio album from Strange Music front man Tech N9ne was entitled \"All 6's and 7's\". The song \"Sixes and Sevens\" was co written and sung by Robert Plant. It also appears in the Rolling Stones' song \"Tumbling Dice\". There is an album by Norwegian gothic metal band Sirenia called At Sixes and Sevens(including a song with the same name) where this phrase is used in several songs.", "At sixes and sevens. The phrase is also used in the 1978 movie The Wiz, when Miss One gives Dorothy the silver slippers and comments, \"Oh, don't be all sixes and sevens, honey\" to Dorothy as Dorothy is in a state of confusion after killing the Wicked Witch of the East. It is also found in the 1993 film The Remains of the Day. It is also mentioned in the 2002 film Goldmember by Mike Myers' character Austin Powers to his dad, who at the time were speaking \"English English\": \"oh, the one who was all sixes and sevens?\" During the second episode of season five of the HBO series Six Feet Under, George uses the phrase to describe his wife's attitude towards him.", "At sixes and sevens. We also come across the phrase in Sabina's opening monologue from Thornton Wilder's 1942 Pulitzer Prize winning play The Skin of Our Teeth: \"The whole world's at sixes and sevens, and why the house hasn't fallen down about our ears long ago is a miracle to me.\"", "3's & 7's. The truth has always been a lie", "At sixes and sevens. \"At sixes and sevens\" is an English idiom used to describe a condition of confusion or disarray.", "At sixes and sevens. The phrase took on additional meaning during the early 1960s, when debate over Britain's position in Europe under Harold Macmillan centred on membership of the EEC 'Six' or the EFTA 'Seven' smaller independent states.", "3's & 7's. What'd you do? Say it with a smile", "3's & 7's. What'd you do? Say it with a smile", "At sixes and sevens. The phrase is also used in Gilbert & Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), where Captain Corcoran, the ship's Commander, is confused as to what choices to make in his life, and exclaims in the opening song of Act II, \"Fair moon, to thee I sing, bright regent of the heavens, say, why is everything either at sixes or at sevens?\"", "3's & 7's. The truth has always had three sides:", "At sixes and sevens. A similar phrase, \"to set the world on six and seven\", is used by Geoffrey Chaucer in his Troilus and Criseyde. It dates from the mid-1380s and seems from its context to mean \"to hazard the world\" or \"to risk one's life\".[3] William Shakespeare uses a similar phrase in Richard II, \"But time will not permit: all is uneven, And every thing is left at six and seven\".", "3's & 7's. Making us all forget, making us all forget", "At sixes and sevens. An ancient dispute between the Merchant Taylors and Skinners livery companies is the probable origin of the phrase.[1] The two trade associations, both founded in the same year (1327[2]), argued over sixth place in the order of precedence. In 1484, after more than a century and a half of bickering, the Lord Mayor of London Sir Robert Billesden ruled that at the feast of Corpus Christi, the companies would swap between sixth and seventh place and feast in each other's halls. Nowadays, they alternate in precedence on an annual basis.[1][2]", "3's & 7's. but I’m never telling it", "3's & 7's. Boy, making us all forget", "3's & 7's. Boy, making us all forget", "Matthew 7:6. In the 1954 musical film \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\" the verse is quoted by Milly after comparing her new husband and his brothers to hogs for failing to say grace and for the way they rudely and voraciously began eating the first dinner she had prepared in her new home.", "3's & 7's. I swear it to god", "Seven Seas. The \"Seven Seas\" (as in the idiom \"sail the Seven Seas\") is an ancient phrase for all of the world's oceans.[1] Since the 19th century, the term has been taken to include seven oceanic bodies of water:[2][3]", "3's & 7's. Making you all forget", "3's & 7's. Making you all forget", "Five Ws. All of you know about — and I hope all of you admit the fallacy of — the doctrine of the five Ws in the first sentence of the newspaper story.[22]", "3's & 7's. And the pre-version's lyrics are:", "All the world's a stage. \"All the world's a stage\" is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare's As You Like It, spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man:[2] infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, Pantalone and old age, facing imminent death. It is one of Shakespeare's most frequently quoted passages.", "3's & 7's. Mine, yours and how it went", "To the nines. The phrase may have originally been associated with the Nine Worthies or the nine Muses. A poem from a 17th century collection of works by John Rawlet contains the following lines:[3]", "Ignoramus et ignorabimus. Emil du Bois-Reymond used the phrase ignoramus et ignorabimus while discussing what he termed seven \"world riddles\", in a famous 1880 speech before the Prussian Academy of Sciences.", "Horseshoes. This scoring system gives rise to the popular expression \"Close only counts in horseshoes\", or alternatively \"Close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades\".", "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. The following slogan was used to publicize the film in 1954:", "3's & 7's. \"3s & 7s\" is the second single by Queens of the Stone Age from their 2007 album Era Vulgaris. It was released on June 4, 2007 and followed the digital download-only \"Sick, Sick, Sick\".[1] The single debuted at number one on the United Kingdom rock chart[2] and number nineteen on the official UK top 40 singles chart.[3]", "Turing's proof. In Proof #3 he calls the first of these “Inst{qi Sj Sk L ql}”, and he shows how to write the entire machine S.D as the logical conjunction (logical OR): this string is called “Des(M)”, as in “Description-of-M”. i.e. if the machine prints 0 then 1’s and 0’s on alternate squares to the right ad infinitum it might have the table (a similar example appears on page 119):", "3's & 7's. The pre-version of the song that was uploaded to the band's Myspace page features different vocal notes during the first half of the bridge, and different lyrics in the second half. The lyrics that appear in the Era Vulgaris version are;" ]

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[ "Nadaswaram. In Tamil culture, the nadaswaram is considered to be very auspicious, and it is a key musical instrument played in almost all Hindu weddings and temples of the South Indian tradition.[2] It is part of the family of instruments known as mangala vadyam[3] (lit. mangala [\"auspicious\"], vadya [\"instrument\"]). The instrument is usually played in pairs, and accompanied by a pair of drums called thavil;[4] it can also be accompanied with a drone from a similar oboe called the ottu.[5]", "Shehnai. The shehnai is a musical instrument, common in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is made out of wood, with a double reed at one end and a metal or wooden flared bell at the other end.[1][2][3] Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and, as a result, is widely used during marriages, processions and in temples although it is also played in concerts. The shehnai is similar to South India's nadaswaram.", "Violin. The Indian violin, while essentially the same instrument as that used in Western music, is different in some senses. The instrument is tuned so that the IV and III strings (G and D on a western-tuned violin) and the II and I (A and E) strings are sa–pa (do–sol) pairs and sound the same but are offset by an octave, resembling common scordatura or fiddle cross-tunings such as C–G–C–G or A–E–A–E. The tonic sa (do) is not fixed, but variably tuned to accommodate the vocalist or lead player. The way the musician holds the instrument varies from Western to Indian music. In Indian music the musician sits on the floor cross-legged with the right foot out in front of them. The scroll of the instrument rests on the foot. This position is essential to playing well due to the nature of Indian music. The hand can move all over the fingerboard and there is no set position for the left hand, so it is important for the violin to be in a steady, unmoving position.", "Mandolin. Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E–B–E–B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C–G–C–G, which corresponds to sa–pa–sa–pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.", "Saraswati veena. Like the sitar, the left hand technique involves playing on the frets, controlled pushing on the strings to achieve higher tones and glissandi through increased tension, and finger flicks, all reflecting the characteristics of various ragas and their ornamentation (gamaka). Modern innovations include one or two circular sound holes (like that of the lute), substitution of machine heads for wooden pegs for easier tuning, and the widespread use of transducers for amplification in performance.", "Flute. Two main varieties of Indian flutes are currently used. The first, the Bansuri (बांसुरी), has six finger holes and one embouchure hole, and is used predominantly in the Hindustani music of Northern India. The second, the Venu or Pullanguzhal, has eight finger holes, and is played predominantly in the Carnatic music of Southern India. Presently, the eight-holed flute with cross-fingering technique is common among many Carnatic flutists. Prior to this, the South Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by Sharaba Shastri, of the Palladam school, at the beginning of the 20th century.[41]", "Flute. The bamboo flute is an important instrument in Indian classical music, and developed independently of the Western flute. The Hindu God Lord Krishna is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo flute. The Indian flutes are very simple compared to the Western counterparts; they are made of bamboo and are keyless.[40]", "Dance in India. These dances are composed mostly on locally made instruments. Percussion instruments feature in most of these dances. Music is produced through indigenous instruments. Music too has its own diversity in these tribal dances with the aesthetics ranging from mild and soothing to strong and weighted rhythms. A few of them also have songs, either sung by themselves or by onlookers. The costumes vary from: traditional saris of a particular pattern to skirts and blouses with mirror work for women and corresponding dhotis and upper-wear for men. They celebrate contemporary events, victories and are often performed as a mode of appeasing the tribal deities.", "Shehnai. Another theory of the origin of the shehnai is that the name is a modification of the word \"sur-nal\". The word nal/nali/nad is used in many Indian languages to mean pipe or reed. The word \"sur\" means tone or tune—musical note or simply music—and is used as a prefix to the names of many Indian instruments. The \"sur-nal\" is said to have given its name to the \"surna/zurna\" which is the name by which the reed-pipe is known throughout the Middle East and eastern Europe. Shehnai is usually played at traditional North Indian weddings and is associated with the bride leaving her parental house for her husband's house.[5] Sometimes, two shehnais can be tied together, making it a double shawm similar to the ancient Greek aulos.[6]", "Ring finger. Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands. If a wedding ring is worn, the ring is worn on the left ring finger mostly for men.", "List of Indian folk dances. Dhap is a Sambalpuri folk dance mostly performed by the Kandha tribe of Kosal region. Men of one village dance with women of another village. Usually unmarried boys and girls take part. The dance is performed during marriage ceremony and more often for the sake of recreation. The dance is so named because of the accompanying instrument, the dhap. The dhap is in the shape of a Khanjari made up of wood with one side open and the other side covered with a piece of animal skin. The dhap dancer holds the dhap with his left hand, the sling slung over his left shoulder, and beats with both hands.", "Sattriya. A key musical instrument that accompanies a Sattriya performance are khols (two faced, asymmetrical drum quite different from the rest of India) played with fingers.[36] The special shape and materials of construction – clay, wood, leather, rice dough, iron filings, rope straps – of Sattriya khol produces a high pitch with the right side (Daina), while producing a deep bass sound on the left (Bewa).[36]", "Telugu wedding ceremony. Telugu marriage is sanctified by seven pledges made by the bride and groom and commences when the bride and groom have completed seven revolutions around a sacred fire. Symbolic gestures and rituals encompass the ceremony and ensure that the bride and groom are united in the presence of Panchabhutaalu (Five essential elements for life) namely Bhumi (Earth), Akaasham (Sky), Agni (Fire), Neeru (Water) and Vaayuvu (air). The ceremony is held under the Kaḷyāṇa Maṇḍapaṃ or wedding pavilion decorated with fresh flowers. \"Nādasvaram\" (also called Shehnai in North India) is an Indian musical instrument that traditionally accompanies most Telugu weddings.", "Marriage in Pakistan. Dholki ( ڈھولکی‬ ) is a ceremony that takes its name from the percussion instrument Dholki and is featured heavily during wedding celebrations in Punjab. Traditionally, many days or even weeks before the actual wedding day, women will gather in the house of the bride at night to sing and dance while accompanied by other percussion instruments. Today, this ceremony has also been reduced to a single night of singing and is often combined with the Rasm-e-Heena ceremony.", "The Marriage of Figaro. The Marriage of Figaro is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings; the recitativi are accompanied by a keyboard instrument, usually a fortepiano or a harpsichord, often joined by a cello. The instrumentation of the recitativi is not given in the score, so it is up to the conductor and the performers. A typical performance usually lasts around 3 hours.", "Dowry system in India. Since marriages in India are a time for big celebrations in each family, they tend to be very lavish. Accordingly, Indian weddings usually involve considerable expenditure and accompanying wedding presents from relatives in both sides of the family. This is normal expenditure which is done willingly and varies from one family to another depending on the wealth, status, etc.[4]", "Saraswati veena. The veena instruments developed much like a tree, branching out into instruments as diverse as the harp-like Akasa (a veena that was tied up in the tops of trees for the strings to vibrate from the currents of wind) and the Audumbari veena (played as an accompaniment by the wives of Vedic priests as they chanted during ceremonial Yajnas). Veenas ranged from one string to one hundred, and were composed of many different materials like eagle bone, bamboo, wood and coconut shells. The yazh was an ancient harp-like instrument that was also considered a veena. But with the developments of the fretted veena instruments, the yazh quickly faded away, as the fretted veena allowed for easy performance of ragas and the myriad subtle nuances and pitch oscillations in the gamakas prevalent in the Indian musical system.[2] As is seen in many Hindu temple sculptures and paintings, the early veenas were played vertically. It was not until the great Indian Carnatic music composer and Saraswati veena player Muthuswami Dikshitar that it began to be popularized as played horizontally.", "Saraswati veena. The Sarasvati vīṇa (also spelled Saraswati vina) (Tamil: வீணை, Bengali: সরস্বতী বীণা, Sanskrit: वीणा (vīṇā), Kannada: ವೀಣೆ, Malayalam: വീണ, Telugu: వీణ) is an Indian plucked string instrument. It is named after the Hindu goddess Saraswati, who is usually depicted holding or playing the instrument. Also known as raghunatha veena is used mostly in Carnatic Indian classical music. There are several variations of the veena, which in its South Indian form is a member of the lute family. One who plays the veena is referred to as a vainika.", "U. Srinivas. His gifted younger brother, U. Rajesh,[26] has studied with Srinivas for some twenty-seven years, and is also an accomplished mandolin player, who has often accompanied him at concerts over the last twenty years.[27][22] He also plays jazz and western music, and played the mandolin in the John Mclaughlin album 'Floating Point' which received a Grammy nomination in the Best Contemporary Jazz Album Category in 2008.[18] Srinivas and Rajesh have together composed music as well, and, besides Carnatic music, they have extensively worked on the fusion of Carnatic and western music. They also played with the Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra, with French electric bass player Dominique Di Piazza, pianist Anil Srinivasan and Stephen Devassy, a pianist from Kerala. In 2008, they collaborated again with John Mclaughlin for the album Samjanitha, which also featured Zakir Hussain, Sivamani, and George Brook.[18] Srinivas compared Carnatic music to the Sanskrit language, \"It's the basis, from which spring so many other languages. Carnatic music is here to stay with us and all other music that we play is based on that.\"[18]", "Mandolin. Adoption of the mandolin in Carnatic music is recent and involves an electric instrument. U. Srinivas (1969-2014) has, over the last couple of decades, made his version of the mandolin very popular in India and abroad.", "Hindu wedding. The Saptapadi (Sanskrit “seven steps”/“seven feet”), is the most important ritual of Vedic Hindu weddings, and represents the legal part of Hindu marriage.[2] Sometimes called Saat Phere (“seven rounds”),[16] couple conduct seven circuits of the Holy Fire (Agni), which is considered a witness to the vows they make to each other.[17] In some regions, a piece of clothing or sashes worn by the bride and groom are tied together for this ceremony. Elsewhere, the groom holds the bride's right hand in his own right hand.[17] Each circuit of the consecrated fire is led by either the bride or the groom, varying by community and region. Usually, the bride leads the groom in the first circuit. In North India, the first six circuits are led by the bride, and the final one by the groom.[18] In Central India and Suriname, the bride leads the first three or four circuits.[17] With each circuit, the couple makes a specific vow to establish some aspect of a happy relationship and household for each other.", "Wedding customs by country. Indian weddings take anywhere from five minutes to several days, depending on region, religion, and a variety of other factors. Due to the diversity of Indian culture, the wedding style, ceremony and rituals may vary greatly amongst various states, regions, religions and castes. In certain regions, it is quite common that during the traditional wedding days, there would be a tilak ceremony (where the groom is anointed on his forehead), a ceremony for adorning the bride's hand and feet with henna (called mehendi) accompanied by Ladies' Sangeet (music and dance), and many other pre-wedding ceremonies. Another important ceremony followed in certain areas is the \"Haldi\" program where the bride and the groom are anointed with turmeric paste. All of the close relatives make sure that they have anointed the couple with turmeric. In certain regions, on the day of the wedding proper, the Bridegroom, his friends and relatives come singing and dancing to the wedding site in a procession called baraat, and then the religious rituals take place to solemnize the wedding, according to the religion of the couple. While the groom may wear traditional Sherwani or dhoti or Western suit, or some other local costume, his face, in certain regions, is usually veiled with a mini-curtain of flowers called sehra. In certain regions, the bride (Hindu or Muslim) always wears red clothes, never white because white symbolizes widowhood in Indian culture. In Southern and Eastern states the bride usually wears a Sari, but in northern and central states the preferred garment is a decorated Red skirt-blouse and veil called lehenga. After the solemnization of marriage, the bride departs with her husband. This is a very sad event for the bride's relatives because traditionally she is supposed to permanently \"break-off\" her relations with her blood relatives to join her husband's family. Among Christians in the state of Kerala, the bridegroom departs with the bride's family. The wedding may be followed by a \"reception\" by the groom's parents at the groom's place. While gifts and money to the couple are commonly given, the traditional dowry from the bride's parents to the couple is now officially forbidden by law.", "Music. Indian classical music is one of the oldest musical traditions in the world.[38] The Indus Valley civilization has sculptures that show dance[39] and old musical instruments, like the seven holed flute. Various types of stringed instruments and drums have been recovered from Harappa and Mohenjo Daro by excavations carried out by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.[40] The Rigveda has elements of present Indian music, with a musical notation to denote the metre and the mode of chanting.[41] Indian classical music (marga) is monophonic, and based on a single melody line or raga rhythmically organized through talas. Silappadhikaram by Ilango Adigal provides information about how new scales can be formed by modal shifting of the tonic from an existing scale.[42] Hindustani music was influenced by the Persian performance practices of the Afghan Mughals. Carnatic music, popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities. There are also many songs emphasising love and other social issues.", "Mehndi. According to Hindu tradition, the ceremony is mainly held at the bride's house or at a banquet hall on the eve of the marriage ceremony or few days before the marriage. Generally the bride and groom attend the event together and on the occasion a professional mehndi artist or a relative applies mehndi to the bride's hands and feet. The designs are very intricate. Often hidden within the mehndi pattern the name or initials of the groom are applied. The event generally has a celebratory festival feel to it with the women dancing and singing traditional songs and the girls wearing vivid colors such as hot pink and yellow, often if the bride to be wishes to tease her future groom she will make him wear purple. The groom usually wears jutti instead of western footwear.", "Odissi. An Odissi troupe comes with musicians and musical instruments. The orchestra consists of various regional musical instruments, such as the Mardala (barrel drum), harmonium, flute, sitar, violin, cymbals held in fingers and others.[6]", "Indian classical music. Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include the sitar, sarod, surbahar, esraj, veena, tanpura, bansuri, shehnai, sarangi, violin, santoor, pakhavaj and tabla. Instruments typically used in Carnatic music include veena, venu, gottuvadyam, harmonium, mridangam, kanjira, ghatam, nadaswaram and violin.[citation needed]", "Music in ancient India. Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments ex. Ravanahatha, have been recovered from Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites.", "Indian classical music. Players of the tabla, a type of drum, usually keep the rhythm, an indicator of time in Hindustani music. Another common instrument is the stringed tanpura, which is played at a steady tone (a drone) throughout the performance of the raga, and which provides both a point of reference for the musician and a background against which the music stands out. The tuning of the tanpura depends on the raga being performed.The task of playing the tanpura traditionally falls to a student of the soloist. Other instruments for accompaniment include the sarangi and the harmonium.[citation needed]", "Indian classical music. The classic Sanskrit text Natya Shastra is at the foundation of the numerous classical music and dance traditions of India. Before Natyashastra was finalized, the ancient Indian traditions had classified musical instruments into four groups based on their acoustic principle (how they work, rather than the material they are made of) for example flute which works with gracious in and out flow of air.[21] These four categories are accepted as given and are four separate chapters in the Natyashastra, one each on stringed instruments (chordophones), hollow instruments (aerophones), solid instruments (idiophones), and covered instruments (membranophones).[21] Of these, states Rowell, the idiophone in the form of \"small bronze cymbals\" were used for tala. Almost the entire chapter of Natyashastra on idiophones, by Bharata, is a theoretical treatise on the system of tala.[22] Time keeping with idiophones was considered a separate function than that of percussion (membranophones), in the early Indian thought on music theory.[22]", "Saraswati veena. The veena is played by sitting cross-legged with the instrument held tilted slightly away from the player. The small gourd on the left rests on the player's left thigh, the left arm passing beneath the neck with the hand curving up and around so that the fingers rest upon the frets. The palm of the right hand rests on the edge of the top plank so that the fingers (usually index and middle) can pluck the strings. The drone strings are played with the little finger. The veena's large resonator is placed on the floor, beyond the right thigh. The photo of Veenai Dhanammal more accurately illustrates how the veena is held than the more fanciful Ravi Varma painting.", "Saraswati veena. About four feet in length, its design consists of a large resonator (kudam) carved and hollowed out of a log (usually of jackfruit wood), a tapering hollow neck (dandi) topped with 24 brass or bell-metal frets set in scalloped black wax on wooden tracks, and a tuning box culminating in a downward curve and an ornamental dragon's head (yali).If the veena is built from a single piece of wood it is called (Ekantha) veena. A small table-like wooden bridge (kudurai)—about 2 x 2½ x 2 inches—is topped by a convex brass plate glued in place with resin. Two rosettes, formerly of ivory, now of plastic or horn, are on the top board (palakai) of the resonator. Four main playing strings tuned to the tonic and the fifth in two octaves (for example, B flat-E flat below bass clef - B flat- E flat in bass clef) stretch from fine tuning connectors attached to the end of the resonator across the bridge and above the fretboard to four large-headed pegs in the tuning box. Three subsidiary drone strings tuned to the tonic, fifth, and upper tonic (E flat - B flat- E flat in the tuning given above) cross a curving side bridge leaning against the main bridge, and stretch on the player's side of the neck to three pegs matching those of the main playing strings. All seven strings today are of steel, with the lower strings either solid thick.", "Tabla. The tabla[nb 1] is a South Asian membranophone percussion instrument (similar to bongos), consisting of a pair of drums, used in traditional, classical, popular and folk music.[1] It has been a particularly important instrument in Hindustani classical music since the 18th century, and remains in use in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.[2] The name tabla likely comes from tabl, the Persian and Arabic word for drum.[3] However, the ultimate origin of the musical instrument is contested by scholars, some tracing it to West Asia, others tracing it to the evolution of indigenous musical instruments of the Indian subcontinent.[4]" ]

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[ "Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. Circumambulation around Sanctum sanctorum in the temple or deities is called Pradakshinam. There are two circumbulation paths in the temple. The first one is area between Mahaprakaram and sampangiprakaram. This path known as Sampangipradakshinam has many Mandapas, Dwajasthambam, Balipeetam, Kshetrapalika sila, prasadam distribution area etc. The Vimanapradakhinam is the second pradakshinam, which circumbulates Ananda Nilayam Vimanam. This path has sub-shrines dedicted to Varadaraja and Yoga Narasimha, Potu(main kitchen), Bangaru Bavi(golden well), Ankurarpana Mandapam, Yagasala, Nanala (coins and Notla (Paper notes) Parkamani, Almyrah of Sandal paste (Chandanapu ara), cell of records, Sannidhi Bhashyakarulu, Lords’s hundi and the seat of Vishvaksena.", "Pattadakal. The outer walls of the Kada Siddheshwara sanctum feature images of Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati) on its north, Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu) to its west and Lakulisha to the south.[25][26] Mounted on a lintel at the sanctum entrance is Shiva and Parvati flanked by Brahma and Vishnu on either side. The steps at the sanctum entrance are flanked by the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna, with attendants.[25]", "Dakshina Kannada. The district has five national highways connecting parts of Karnataka and India. NH-66 connects the district with Udupi, Karwar, Mumbai, Goa, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.[60] NH-169 connects Shivamogga with Dakshina Kannada.[61] NH-75 connects the district with Vellore, Bengaluru, Kunigal, Hassan and Sakleshpura.[62] The NH-73 connects Mangalore to Tumkur via Charmadi, Mudigere and Belur. Major ghat sections in Dakshina Kannada include Shiradi Ghat (Nelyadi to Sakleshpura), Charmadi Ghat (Charmadi to Kottigehara), Sampaje Ghat (Sampaje to Madikeri) and Bisle Ghat (Subramanya to Sakleshpura, popularly known as Green Route by trekkers).[63] NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore.[64] It starts at Bantwal near Mangalore city and passes through Madikeri, Mysore and Mandya.[65] It ends at Bangalore spanning a length of 378 kilometres (235 mi).[66]", "Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. There are three Dwarams(entrances) which lead to Garbhagriha from outside. Mahadwaram also known as padikavali is the first entrance which is provided through Mahaprakaram(outer compound wall). A 50 feet, five storied Gopuram(Temple tower) is constructed over this Mahadwaram with seven Kalasams at its apex. Vendivakili(Silver Entrance) also known as Nadimipadikavali is the second entrance and is provided through SampangiPrakaram(Inner compound wall). A three storied Gopuram is constructed over Vendivakili with seven Kalasams at its apex. Bangaruvakili(Golden Entrance) is the third entrance which will lead into Garbhagriha. There are two tall copper images of the Dvarapalakas Jaya-Vijaya on either side of this door. The thick wooden door is covered with gold gilt plates depicting the Dasavathaaram of Vishnu.", "Shivaji. There is some dispute over the circumstances of Shivaji's withdrawal (treaty or escape) and his destination (Ragna or Vishalgad), but the popular story details his night movement to Vishalgad and a sacrificial rear-guard action to allow him to escape.[40] Per these accounts, Shivaji withdrew from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, so his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind (\"horse ravine\") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort.[41] In the ensuing Battle of Pavan Khind, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,[42] signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.[43] Ghod Khind (khind meaning \"a narrow mountain pass\") was later renamed Paavan Khind (\"sacred pass\") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.[43]", "Pattadakal. Also known as Kashivishweswara, the Kashi Vishwanatha temple is another of the smaller temples at Pattadakal. The temple has been variously dated to the late 7th century, early 8th century or the mid-8th century.[39][40][41]", "Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. As per legend, it is believed that Srinivasa had to make arrangements for his wedding. Lord Kubera credited money to Lord Venkateswara (a form of the god Vishnu) for his marriage with Padmavathi. Srinivasa sought a loan of one crore and 11.4 million (11,400,000) coins of gold from Kubera and had Viswakarma, the divine architect, create heavenly surroundings in the Seshadri hills. Together, Srinivasa and Padmavathi lived for all eternity while Goddess Lakshmi, understanding the commitments of Lord Vishnu, chose to live in his heart forever.[citation needed] In remembrance of this, devotees go to Tirupati to donate money in Venkateswara's hundi (donation pot) so that he can pay it back to Kubera. The hundi collections go as high as 22.5 million INR a day.[2][27]", "Operation Blue Star. On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of Khalsa, a peaceful Sant Nirankari convention was organized in Amritsar, with permission from the Akali state government. The practices of \"Sant Nirankaris\" sect of Nirankaris was considered as heresy by the orthodox sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.[29] Bhindranwale declared that he would not allow this convention and would go there and cut them to pieces.[28] A procession of few hundred Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and Fauja Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention.[30] Fauja attempted to behead Nirankari chief Gurbachan Singh but was shot dead by his bodyguard, while Bhindranwale escaped.[28] In the ensuing violence, several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and three Nirankaris.[28] Bhindranwale's followers began keeping firearms and fortified the Gurdwara that served as the headquarter of religious center Damdami Taksal.[31]", "Hooghly River. Ain-i-Akbari[4] book of Abu'l-Fazl describes that the river Ganga and river Sarwasati(Sarsuti) stream of lower Bengal was different flow. From the foot note of this book we can know that the colour of the water of the Sarawasati was white, the colour of another stream named Jamuna is blue and the colour of the Ganga was muddy and yellowish. From Kolkata the main flow of the Hooghly-Bhagirathi (or Ganga) used to run along the side of the Kalighat temple, Baruipur, Jaynagar, Chhatrabhog and Hatiagarh. At that time between Khiderpore and Sankrail,[5][dead link] no flow existed. Presently, the stream between Khiderpore and Sankrail is known as KatiGanga. A channel had been dug at the time of Alibardi Khan in the middle of 18th century. This happened with the assistance of Dutch traders, who also set up a toll point on the Hooghly river. Rotterdam (Dutch Port) municipality archive[6] conforms this fact. So Present Flow of Hooghly is actually lower part of Saraswati.", "Mahanadi. Like many other seasonal Indian rivers, the Mahanadi too is a combination of many mountain streams and thus its precise source is impossible to pinpoint. However its farthest headwaters lie 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Pharsiya village 442 metres (1,450 ft) above sea level south of sihawa town in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh.[3][4] The hills here are an extension of the Eastern Ghats and are a source of many other streams which then go on to join the Mahanadi.", "Khalistan movement. Indira Gandhi ordered the army to launch the Operation Blue Star.[50] Army units led by Indian Army Lt. Gen Kuldip Singh Brar (a Sikh), surrounded the temple complex on 3 June 1984. The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, and Punjab Police were involved. The army kept asking the militants to surrender, using the public address system. The militants were asked to allow the pilgrims out of the temple premises, before they start fighting the army. However, nothing happened till 7 PM.[51][51] The army had grossly underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants. Militants had Chinese made Rocket-propelled grenade launchers with armour piercing capabilities. Tanks and heavy artillery were used to attack the militants using anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. Bhindranwale was killed in the operation, while many of his followers managed to escape. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.[52] According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.[53] High civilian casualties were attributed to militants using pilgrims trapped inside the temple as human shields.[54]", "Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. The Temple is constructed in Dravidian architecture and is believed to be constructed over a period of time starting from 300 AD. The Garbagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum) is called AnandaNilayam. The presiding deity, Venkateswara, is in standing posture and faces east in Garbha griha. The temple follows Vaikhanasa Agama tradition of worship. The temple is one of the eight Vishnu Swayambhu Kshetras and is listed as 106th and the last earthly Divya Desam. The Temple premises had two modern Queue complex buildings to organize the pilgrim rush, Tarigonda Vengamamba Annaprasadam complex for free meals to Pilgrims, hair tonsure buildings and a number of pilgrim lodging sites.", "Gandaki River. Between the Dhaulagiri and Annapurna mountain ranges, the Gandaki River flows through the village of Saligrama or Muktinath and the Ashrama of Pulaha. In ancient times, the mountain range surrounding Pulaha was called Salagiris due to the vast forests of sala (sal) trees. The stones found in this region are therefore called Saligrama – Silas (stones found only in the region of Saligrama). It has great significance to Hindus, particularly to Brahmins. Smarthas uses this the replica of lord Narayana, Srivaisnavas, and Madhva sects who consider the place of availability of this stone in the river bed of the Gandaki River, and the Mukthinath temple as one of the 108 Divyakshetrams[9] or Thirthastanas (temples and celestial abodes of Vishnu) to be visited on a pilgrimage (at least once in their life). At the pilgrimage site of Muktinath (3,710m) one wonders in amazement at the presence of 108 small waterfalls and mysterious natural gas fires, worshiped as Jwalamukhi (in Sanskrit).", "Pattadakal. As is common with other temples at Pattadakal, the Virupaksha temple was built facing east centred around a square garbha griya (sanctum), with a Shiva Linga, surrounded by a covered circumabulatory path (pradakshina patha). In front of the sanctum is an antarala with two small shrines within which are facing images of Ganesha and Parvati, in her Durga aspect as Mahishasuramardini killing the buffalo demon.[10][49] The external Nandi pavilion is aligned on an east-west axis, as are the mandapa and antechamber.[51] The temple site forms a rectangle consisting of fused squares bounded by walls, which are decorated with carvings.[49] Within the compound are smaller shrines, of which there were once 32, based on the foundation footprint layout, but most have since been lost. The entrance leads to a mandapa with 18 columns (4-5-aisle-5-4, with a 4x4 set forming the inner mandapa and two leading to the darshana space).[49]", "Tirupati. Electricity to the city is distributed by Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Limited (APSPDCL), headquartered at Tirupati.[54] The city mostly depends on groundwater for its needs,[55] though it also gets water from Telugu Ganga canal and Kalyani dam.[56] There are five dams in the vicinity: Kalyani Dam, Papavinasanam Dam, Gogurbham Dam, Pasupudara Dam, Kumaradara Dam, Akasa Ganga.[57] all in the Tirumala Hill ranges. Of these dams Papavinasanam, Gogurbham, Pasupudara, kumaradara, and Akasa Ganga completely cater the water needs of Tirumala and Venkateswara Temple while 49% of Kalyani Dam water is being supplied to Tirumala and remaining water will be supplied to Tirupati.[57][58]", "Ganges in Hinduism. Ganga arrogantly fell on Shiva's head. But Shiva calmly trapped her in his hair and let her out in small streams. The touch of Shiva further sanctified Ganga. As Ganga traveled to the nether-worlds, she created a different stream to remain on Earth to help purify unfortunate souls there. She is the only river to follow from all the three worlds – Swarga (heaven), Prithvi (Earth) and Patala (netherworld or hell). This is called Tripathagā(one who travels the three worlds) in Sanskrit language.", "Johad. There was a severe drought in Alwar district in Rajasthan during 1985-86. In 1985, volunteers from the Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS), a voluntary organization led by Rajendra Singh, came to Alwar. The Alwar District had once thrived, but logging, mining, and other industrial activities resulted in land degradation that intensified flooding and droughts. The traditional water management system using Johads was abandoned. TBS revived the tradition of building Johads, an example of traditional technology that provided water for use and recharging ground water. Now smaller ceemnted Johads are popularly known as Tankas in most parts of the arid state of Rajasthan.[11][12]", "Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga. As per the Shiva Purana, Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu once had an argument over who was supreme in the creation.[1] To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as an endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Lord Vishnu and Lord Brahma decide to travel along the pillar downwards and upwards respectively, to find the end of the light. Brahma lied that he had found the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyotirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.[2][3] There are 64 forms of Shiva, not to be confused with Jyotirlingas. Each of the twelve jyotirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva.[4] At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[4][5][6] The twelve jyotirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas in Uttrakhand State, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath at Deogarh in Jharkhand or at Baijnath in Himachal Pradesh, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra.[1][7]", "Sharavati. The Linganamakki dam located in the Sagar taluk has a length of 2.4 km (1 mi) and was constructed across the Sharavati river in 1964. It was designed to impound 4368 million cubic meter of water in an area of around 300 km2 (116 sq mi), submerging 50.62 km2 (20 sq mi) of wetland and 7 km2 (3 sq mi) of dry land, the remaining being forest land and wasteland.[2] The dam's height is 1,819 feet (554 m) above sea level. The total capacity of the reservoir is 152 TMC (Thousand Million Cubicfeet). It has a catchment area of nearly 1,991.71 km2 (769 sq mi). It receives water mainly from rainfall and also from the Chakra and Savahaklu reservoirs, which are linked through Linganamakki through a canal. The water from Linganamakki dam flows to Talakalale Balancing Reservoir through a trapezoidal canal with a discharge capacity of 175.56 cubic metres per second. The length of this channel is about 4318.40 m with a submersion of 7.77 km2 (3 sq mi). It has a catchment area of about 46.60 km2 (18 sq mi). The gross capacity of the reservoir is 129.60 cu meters.[4]", "Pattadakal. The Pattadakal monuments reflect a fusion of two major Indian architectural styles, one from north India (Rekha-Nagara-Prasada) and the other from south India (Dravida-Vimana). Four temples were built in the Chalukya Dravida style, four in the Nagara style of Northern India, while the Papanatha temple is a fusion of the two. The nine Hindu temples are all dedicated to Shiva, and are on the banks of Malaprabha river. The oldest of these temples is Sangameshwara, which was built during the reign of Vijayaditya Satyashraya, between 697 and 733 CE. The largest of these temples in Pattadakal is the Virupaksha Temple, which was built between 740 and 745 CE.[3]", "Shivaji. Shivaji Bhonsle (Marathi [ʃiʋaˑɟiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ]; c. 1627/1630[1] – 3 April 1680) was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his realm at Raigad.", "Third Anglo-Maratha War. Three hills in the region were the Parvati Hill, the Chaturshringi Hill, and the Khadki hill. The Peshwa watched the battle from the Parvati Hill whereas the British East India Company troops were based on the Khadki hill.[24] The two hills are separated by a distance of four kilometres. The river Mula is shallow and narrow and could be crossed at several locations.[24] A few canals (nallas in Marathi) joined the river and though these were not obstacles, some of them were obscured due to the vegetation in the area.[24]", "Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga. The present structure was built by the Maratha general Ranoji Scindia in 1734 CE. Further developments and management was done by other members of his dynasty, including Mahadji Scindia (1730–12 February 1794) and Daulat Rao Scindia's wife Baiza Bai. (1827–1863). During the reign of Jayajirao Scindia (until 1886), major programs of the then Gwalior State used to be held at this temple.[citation needed]", "Bangalore. In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region.[32] Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of Mysore state.[35] By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu.[32] Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire, which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336–1485), the Saluvas (1485–1491), the Tuluvas (1491–1565), and the Aravidu (1565–1646).[36] During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva Dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.[37]", "Mahanadi. Before the construction of the dam in 1953, the Mahanadi was about a mile wide at Sambalpur and carried massive amounts of silt, especially during the monsoon. Today, it is a rather tame river after the construction of the dam and is joined by the Ib, Ong, Tel and other minor streams. It then skirts the boundaries of the Baudh district and forces a tortuous way between ridges and ledges in a series of rapids until it reaches Dholpur, Odisha. The rapids end here and the river rolls towards the Eastern Ghats, forcing its way through them via the 64 kilometres (40 mi) long Satkosia Gorge. The Satakosia Gorge ends at Badamul of Nayagarh. Dense forests cover the hills flanking the river here. The river enters the Odisha plains at Naraj, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Cuttack, where it pours down between two hills that are a mile apart. A barrage has been constructed here to regulate the river's flow into Cuttack.[6]", "Jagadhri. The main tehsil situated in north east and 11 km from Jagadhri. In the past it was the capital of the Sikh state of Kalsia. Created by Raja Gurbaksh Singh in 1763. Today 'Ravi Mahal', Ghantaghar, Janak Niwas and the fort have their own dignity. There is also a Sainik Parivar Bhawan & Bal-kunj social welfare institution at Chhachrauli. It is known as \"Cherapunjji of Haryana\" as it receives the highest rainfall in Haryana.", "Dilwara Temples. The Luna Vasahi temple is dedicated to Lord Neminath. This magnificent temple was built in 1230 by two Porwad brothers - Vastupal and Tejpal - both ministers of a Virdhaval, the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat.[5] The temple built in memory of their late brother Luna was designed after the Vimal Vashi temple. The main hall or Rang mandap features a central dome from which hangs a big ornamental pendent featuring elaborate carving. Arranged in a circular band are 72 figures of Tirthankars in sitting posture and just below this band are 360 small figures of Jain monks in another circular band. The Hathishala or elephant cell features 10 beautiful marble elephants neatly polished and realistically modelled.", "Gates of Delhi. Kabuli Gate or Khooni Darwaza (Coordinates: 28.635974N 77.241042E), literally translated means “Bloody Gate”, a “morbid sounding name”.\nIt is an impressive double–storied structure. Its construction is credited to Sher Shah Suri's reign from 1540–1545 (though the fort walls of the Suri period have not been seen to extend to this gate). It was built largely with grey stone but red stones were also used in the frames of its windows.[4][9][29]\nThough not within the walls of the Shahajahan's fort, it is located on the Mathura road opposite to the Ferozshah Kotla near Maulana Azad Medical College .\nAt this gate, on September 21, 1857, during the Indian Rebellion, three sons of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, were executed by the British Officer, Captain William Hodson.", "Chamundi Hills. According to mythology, this rocky hill was known as Mahabalachala. Two ancient temples occupy the hill, the Mahabaleshvara and the Chamundeshvari; the Mahabaleshvara Temple on the hill is the older of the two and is a place of pilgrimage. The car festival and 'Teppotsava' are held there.", "Nepanagar. In 1970 Shri Veerabhadreshwar Swamy temple has been established by Veershaiva Lingayata community. Temple is inaugurated (pranpratishtha) by Sri 1008 Jagadguru doctor Chandrashekhar Shivacharya Mahaswamiji, pithadhipati (director) of Sri Jagadguru Vishvaradhya Gyanasimhasana Jangamavadi math, Varanasi, India. This is the one and only Shri Veerabhadrashwar Swamy temple in the heart of country, Madhya Pradesh. Statue of Shri Veerabhadra Swamy is made up of black stone and in Pattern of historical temples in southern India. In this 35 years old temple. Other temples in temple premises are Shiv Linga and \"mata sati devi\". Current priest of the temple is Shri. Manik Kanhere.", "Haryana. Three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills, the Indori, Dohan and Kasavati all flow from East to West and once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati rivers.[33][34][35]", "Dakshina Kannada. The major rivers are Netravathi, Kumaradhara, Gurupura (Phalguni), Shambhavi, Nandini or Pavanje and Payaswini; all join the Arabian sea.[25] At Uppinangadi, the Netravathi and Kumaradhara rivers rise during the monsoon and meet. This event is called \"Sangam\", which in Sanskrit means confluence.[26] Near Mangalore, an estuary is formed by the union of the rivers Netravathi and the Gurupura which merge into the Arabian Sea.[27]" ]

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[ "Everyone's Hero. Everyone's Hero was released on DVD on March 20, 2007 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The movie was released on Blu-ray on March 5, 2013 and is exclusive to Walmart stores.[3]", "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes. Funimation and Toho premiered the film at Anime Expo in Los Angeles on July 5, 2018,[7], and it was later released in Japan on August 3 of that year.[5] The first one million audience members to see the movie will receive a volume 0 book containing a special manga by Horikoshi titled \"No.0 ALL MIGHT: RISING\", as well as character profiles and a \"secret dialogue\" between Horikoshi and Eiichiro Oda.[10][11] Viz Media later published volume 0 digitally in English under the title \"All Might Rising\" on September 19, 2018.[12]", "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes. My Hero Academia: Two Heroes (Japanese: 僕のヒーローアカデミア THE MOVIE ～２人の英雄（ヒーロー）～, Hepburn: Boku no Hīrō Academia THE MOVIE: Futari no Hīrō) is a 2018 Japanese anime superhero film based on the manga My Hero Academia by Kōhei Horikoshi. Set between the second and third seasons of the anime series, the film was directed by Kenji Nagasaki and produced by Bones. Anime Expo hosted the film's world premiere on July 5, 2018, and it was later released to theaters in Japan on August 3, 2018.", "Hero (2015 Hindi film). The film was released on 11 September 2015 worldwide.[3] The film garnered mostly negative reviews.", "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes. My Hero Academia: Two Heroes has been licensed by Funimation,[7] who premiered the English dub in Los Angeles on September 15, 2018,[13] and a wider theatrical release in 400 theaters in the United States and Canada from September 25 through October 2, 2018.[14] The film premiered in Australia at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne on September 15, 2018,[15] with a wider release on September 27, 2018 in Australia, and October 17, 2018 in New Zealand.[16] The film premiered in the United Kingdom at Scotland Loves Anime in Glasgow on October 13, 2018,[17] with Manga Entertainment providing a wider theatrical release in both the UK and Ireland on December 4, 2018.[18] The film was also distributed to theaters in Singapore and Indonesia through ODEX, with limited showings on October 6th and October 13th, 2018 respectively; wide releases started on October 11th and October 17th, 2018 in Singapore and Indonesia respectively. [19] \nThe film was licensed by Pioneer Films in the Philippines, with an initial fan screening occurring on October 16th, 2018 and three additional advance screenings on the 20th, following a delayed wider release, originally slated for the 17th.[20] Viz Media Europe acquired the rights to the film for release in regions that speak French, German, and Italian in Europe. [21]", "Everyone's Hero. In the United States, Cartoon Network aired Everyone's Hero on April 12, 2009. Cartoon Network later added the movie to its rotating lineup again on November 5, 2016, treating it as the network premiere of the movie. In Latin America, Cartoon Network Latino aired the film on November 23, 2011. In Asia, Disney Channel premiered May 29, 2012. It also aired on Disney XD in the United States on April 8, 2013, and March 7, 2014.", "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes. My Hero Academia: Two Heroes will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 13, 2019 in Japan by Toho Pictures.[22] The release will be offered in standard editions, as well as a \"Plus Ultra\" limited edition.[23]", "The Greatest American Hero. On September 26, 2017, Cinedigm re-released The Greatest American Hero: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[13]", "The Greatest American Hero. On November 10, 2011, Mill Creek Entertainment released The Greatest American Heroine TV movie on DVD.[12]", "Big Hero 6 (film). Big Hero 6 premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23, 2014, and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3-D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7, 2014. The film was met with both critical and commercial success, grossing over $657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing animated film of 2014.[9] It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie. It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. Big Hero 6 was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 24, 2015.", "My Hero Academia: Two Heroes. On December 11, 2017, Weekly Shōnen Jump announced that Kōhei Horikoshi's My Hero Academia manga would be inspiring an anime film in the third quarter of 2018.[3] Horikoshi is supervising the film, and is credited for the original work and character designs.[4] Kenji Nagasaki is returning to direct the film at studio Bones based on a script written by Yōsuke Kuroda. Yoshihiko Umakoshi provides the character designs for the film, and Yuki Hayashi is composing the music.[4] The film is distributed in Japan by Toho.[4] The film's title and release date were revealed during a stage presentation at AnimeJapan on March 25, 2018.[5] On April 10, 2018, it was announced that Mirai Shida would be joining the cast as Melissa Shield and Katsuhisa Namase would play David Shield, both original characters.[6][7] On June 11, 2018, Weekly Shōnen Jump announced that Rikiya Koyama had been cast as the film's villain, Wolfram.[8] Masaki Suda performs the film's theme song \"Long Hope Philia\" (ロングホープ・フィリア), which was written and composed by Hiromu Akita of amazarashi.[9]", "Hero (2015 Hindi film). Indian express gave 0/5* to the film stating that \"This stale story is transported to 2015 for reasons best known to the filmmakers. If you are giving us a brand new pair, what is to stop you from giving us a brand new plot? And if you do have to remake that 80s show, why can't you do a better job?\"", "Big Hero 6 (film). The film was released in China on February 28, 2015.[80]", "Hero (2015 Hindi film). In May 2013 it was announced that Subhash Ghai is all set to remake 1983 version of the film Hero, which will be re-edited and re-\nwritten.[4] On 6 August 2013 it was announced that Nikhil Advani is all set to direct and re-write the script for the film, which Salman Khan is producing.[5] On 19 September 2013 news confirmed that Khan has announced to launch his own production house Salman Khan Productions, which will debut by producing the remake Hero film. On 7 January 2014 news revealed that Khan has set the film to start production on 18 February, and the film will be released on 12 December 2014.[6][7]", "Big Hero 6 (film). Big Hero 6 premiered on October 23, 2014 as the opening film at the Tokyo International Film Festival.[74] The world premiere of Big Hero 6 in 3D took place at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31, 2014.[75] It was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on November 7, 2014[76] with limited IMAX international showings.[77] Theatrically, the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short, Feast.[78]", "Big Hero 6 (film). Big Hero 6 was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray and DVD on February 24, 2015.[81][82] Writer Steven T. Seagle, who co-created the comic book Big Hero 6, criticized the Blu-ray featurette documenting the origins of the group, for not mentioning him or co-creator Duncan Rouleau. Seagle also criticized the book Art of Big Hero 6 for the same omission.[83]", "Everyone's Hero. Everyone's Hero is a 2006 American computer-animated sports comedy film directed by Colin Brady, Christopher Reeve, and Daniel St. Pierre. It was produced by IDT Entertainment in Toronto, with portions outsourced to Reel FX Creative Studios. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and released theatrically on September 15, 2006. Everyone's Hero earned $16 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The film stars Jake T. Austin, William H. Macy, Rob Reiner, Brian Dennehy, Raven-Symoné, Robert Wagner, Richard Kind, Dana Reeve, Joe Torre, Mandy Patinkin, Forest Whitaker, Robin Williams and Whoopi Goldberg. Everyone's Hero was released on DVD on March 20, 2007, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.", "Wonder Woman (2017 film). Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15, 2017, and was released in the United States on June 2, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D. It received largely positive reviews from critics, with praise for its performances (particularly those of Gadot and Pine), direction, action sequences, and musical score.[7] The film set numerous box office records;[8] it is the fifth-highest-grossing superhero film domestically and 20th-highest-grossing film in the United States. It grossed over $821 million worldwide, making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 2017. It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office, making it the fourteenth-highest-grossing film franchise of all time. As of October 2017, Rotten Tomatoes has listed the movie as #1 on its list of the \"50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time\",[9][note 1] and the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 Movies of the Year.[10] The film received three nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards.", "Heroes (TV series). The Complete Series DVD Box set was released on November 16, 2010 in the US.[115]", "Sully (film). Sully premiered at the 43rd Annual Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2016, and was released in the United States in conventional and IMAX theaters on September 9 by Warner Bros.[25] When deciding when to release the film, Warner Bros. executives had began circling the first weekend after Labor Day, considering that most adult fall dramas do not begin opening until September or October. However, this meant that the release coincided with the 15th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, which made executives wary as the film contains a dream sequence in which the plane crashes into Manhattan skyscrapers. But Warner Bros. domestic distribution chief Jeff Goldstein and his team nevertheless decided to release at that time because \"Sully is a story of hope and a real hero who did his job.\"[26] However, according to Komarnicki, the release date was coincidental rather than planned, and he attributed it to box-office logistics, principally the limited availability of IMAX screens during the summer and at Christmas time.[27]", "Country Strong. In the United States, the film received a wide release on January 7, 2011.[11]", "Last Action Hero. The film was released in the United Kingdom on July 30, 1993, and opened at number three, behind Jurassic Park and Dennis.[19] The next weekend, the film moved up one place, before falling down to number 10 by August 13, 1993.[20][21]", "I Am Legend (film). I Am Legend was originally slated for a November 21, 2007, release in the United States and Canada,[44] but was delayed to December 14.[45] The film opened on December 26, 2007, in the United Kingdom,[46] and Ireland, having been originally scheduled for January 4, 2008.[28]", "Power Rangers (film). It is the first blockbuster film to feature LGBTQ and autistic superheroes.[5][6] Franchise creator Haim Saban returned to produce the film under his investment firm. The film premiered at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on March 22, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 24, 2017. It wet with mixed reviews upon release, with criticism primarily focusing on its uneven tone, product placement and divergences from its source material, but praise aimed at the performances (particularly Montgomery's and Cyler's). It was also a box office disappointment, grossing $142 million worldwide [3] against a budget of $100 million.[7]", "My Hero (Foo Fighters song). It is also one of 38 songs included on the benefit album, Songs for Japan (compiled in response to the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami in Tōhoku), released on March 25, 2011.", "Table 19. The film was released on March 3, 2017, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, receiving generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $5 million.", "Heroes (TV series). The Season 3 DVD Box set was released in North America on September 1, 2009,[110] and in Australia on September 2, 2009 with an alternative cover,[111] and in the UK on October 12, 2009.[112]", "Rules Don't Apply. The film was released on Amazon Video and iTunes on February 14, 2017, and Blu-ray and DVD in the United States on February 28, 2017.[40]", "A Cure for Wellness. The film premiered on December 10, 2016, at the Butt-Numb-A-Thon Film Festival in Austin, Texas, and was theatrically released in the United States on February 17, 2017, by 20th Century Fox, after initially being slated for September 23, 2016.[2]", "Hero (2015 Hindi film). The music for Hero is composed by Amaal Mallik, Meet Bros Anjjan and Sachin-Jigar while lyrics are by Kumaar and Niranjan Iyengar. This is perhaps the only film till date where Advani has not worked with Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, though they were at parallel with Advani's successive release, Katti Batti. The first song Main Hoon Hero Tera in Salman's voice, composed by Amaal Mallik was released on 9 August 2015 and it received more than 55 million views.[22] The soundtrack was released on 14 August 2015 by T-Series.", "Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash. Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash is an American direct-to-video animated film. It is a superhero action-adventure comedy, based on the DC Comics and Lego brands. It is produced by DC Entertainment, The Lego Group and Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, and was released digitally on February 13, 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 13, 2018.[3] It is the seventh Lego DC Comics Super Heroes film.[4]", "I Am Legend (film). The film was released on December 14, 2007, in the United States and Canada, and opened to the largest ever box office (not adjusted for inflation) for a non-Christmas film released in the U.S. in December. The film was the seventh-highest grossing film of 2007 (behind Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Spider-Man 3, Shrek the Third, Transformers, and Ratatouille), earning $256 million domestically and $329 million internationally, for a total of $585 million." ]

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[ "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Director George Lucas has a cameo as Baron Papanoida, a blue-faced alien in attendance at the Coruscant Opera House. Lucas' son Jett portrays a young Jedi-in-training named Zett Jukassa. Lucas' daughter Amanda appears as a character called Terr Taneel, seen in the security hologram; while his other daughter Katie plays a blue-skinned Pantoran named Chi Eekway, visible when Palpatine arrives at the Senate after being saved by the Jedi, and talking to Baron Papanoida at the Opera House (she also has a brief speaking role in one of the deleted scenes where Padmé is meeting in secret with other senators). Christian Simpson appeared as a stunt double for Hayden Christensen.[11] When Anakin, Obi-Wan, and Palpatine arrive via shuttle to the Senate docks after crash landing on Coruscant, the Millennium Falcon can be seen landing on one of the lower platforms as the shuttle approaches.[12]", "Jedi. Most Initiates were typically Youngling (a child Jedi-in-training) receiving early and first-class education. When Jedi Sentinels discover or test a suitable \"force-sensitive\" candidate, they are taken to the Jedi Academy at the age of 5 (depending on the species and arbitrary years) with the parent's permission. Jedi scholarship educations are considered prestigious, as most parents are portrayed as either happy or proud of the opportunity, but sad since they are unlikely to see their child again before adulthood. Younglings were portrayed training under Jedi Master Yoda in a scene on Attack of the Clones and hiding during the assault on the Jedi Temple in Revenge of the Sith.", "Jedi. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the rising presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies, the Sith. In Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) discovers nine-year-old Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd), whom he believes to be the \"Chosen One\" of a Jedi prophecy who is destined to bring balance to the Force; the boy is eventually paired with Qui-Gon's apprentice, the young Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor), who promises to train him. The sequel, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, establishes that the Jedi forswear all emotional attachments, including romantic love, which proves problematic when Anakin, now a young adult (Hayden Christensen), falls in love with Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), whom Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi had served ten years before. In Revenge of the Sith, Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid), who is later revealed to be Darth Sidious, the Dark Lord of the Sith, manipulates Anakin's love for Padmé and distrust of the Jedi in order to turn him to the dark side and become his Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy nearly all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Anakin’s former Padawan, Ahsoka Tano.", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Jimmy Smits, Peter Mayhew, Oliver Ford Davies, Ahmed Best and Silas Carson reprise their roles as Senator Bail Organa, Chewbacca, Sio Bibble, Jar Jar Binks, Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi, respectively from the previous films. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse also reprise their roles as Owen Lars and Beru Lars, respectively from Attack of the Clones. Matthew Wood provides the voice of General Grievous, the fearsome cyborg commander of the Separatists' droid army; Temuera Morrison portrays the Clone Troopers and Commander Cody, who are clones of the bounty hunter, Jango Fett; Bruce Spence portrays Tion Medon, local administrator of Utapau; Jeremy Bulloch, who played Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, appears as Captain Colton, the pilot of the Rebel Blockade Runner Tantive IV,[8] Wayne Pygram appears as a younger Grand Moff Tarkin; and stunt coordinator Nick Gillard appears as a Jedi named Cin Drallig (his name spelled backward, without the k).[9] Editor Roger Barton's son Aidan Barton portrays Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa as infants. James Earl Jones possibly provides the uncredited voice of Darth Vader; when specifically asked if he had supplied the voice—either newly or from a previous recording—Jones answered, \"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know\".[10]", "Darth Vader. When The Phantom Menace was being produced, hundreds of actors were tested for the role of young Anakin[52] before the producers settled on Jake Lloyd, who Lucas considered met his requirements of \"a good actor, enthusiastic and very energetic\". Producer Rick McCallum said that Lloyd was \"smart, mischievous and loves anything mechanical—just like Anakin.\"[53][54] During production of Attack of the Clones, casting director Robin Gurland reviewed about 1,500 other candidates for the role of the young Anakin before Lucas eventually selected Hayden Christensen for the role.[55] When Revenge of the Sith was being produced, Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it. They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together. As in the previous two prequel films, McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles.[56]", "Darren Hayes. Hayes is a Star Wars fan and has been since childhood. He also collects Star Wars memorabilia and he even auditioned for a role in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.[21]", "Palpatine. McDiarmid noticed that the script for Revenge of the Sith demanded more action from his character than in previous films. Lightsaber combat was a challenge to the 60-year-old actor, who, like his costars, took fencing lessons. The close-up shots and non-acrobatic sequences of the duel between Palpatine and Mace Windu were performed by McDiarmid.[73] Advanced fencing and acrobatic stunts were executed by McDiarmid's doubles, Michael Byrne, Sebastian Dickins, and Bob Bowles.[74]", "Sith. Known for much of his 1300 year life as \"the Sith Emperor\", Darth Vitiate was a sociopathic young lord in one of the earliest iterations of the Sith Empire. When that empire fell, he led an exodus of survivors to the other side of the galaxy to establish a continuation of it, with himself as Emperor. It was Vitiate who corrupted Revan and Malak, but Revan's redemption and Malak's defeat seemingly derailed his plans. Three hundred years after Revan's disappearance, the Emperor launched a surprise attack on the Republic, setting the stage for the video game Star Wars: The Old Republic.", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Lucas had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his \"father\", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in The Empire Strikes Back, but Lucas ejected this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and the ghostly Qui Gon-Jinn, with Liam Neeson reprising his role as Jinn (he also hinted his possible appearance in the film).[19] However, the scene was never filmed and Neeson was never recorded, although the scene was present in the film's novelization. Also, Neeson finally reprised the role in an episode of Star Wars: The Clone Wars in 2011.[20]", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. A sequel, Attack of the Clones, was released in 2002.[178] A second sequel, Revenge of the Sith, was released in 2005.[179] The story continues a decade later with Anakin Skywalker now grown to adulthood with the character now played by Hayden Christensen.[180][181]", "Sith. Darth Traya (Kreia) is a mentor to the \"Jedi Exile\" in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II – The Sith Lords.[25][26] She is revealed to have been a Sith Master at the end of the game.", "Michael Angarano. In the late 1990s, Angarano was one of the finalists for the role of young Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, but lost to Jake Lloyd.[6]", "Qui-Gon Jinn. Qui-Gon's life years prior to The Phantom Menace is mainly detailed in the Jedi Apprentice book series. In The Rising Force (set 12 years before The Phantom Menace), Yoda encourages Qui-Gon to take a new Padawan learner, following the failure of his previous apprentice Xanatos, who turned to the dark side of the Force years before. Qui-Gon observes a small lightsaber tournament among a group of the Temple's older students, which includes 12-year-old Obi-Wan. He takes notice of Obi-Wan's skills, but also of the boy's uncontrolled anger and refuses to train him. Shortly following the tournament, the Jedi Knight leaves for a mission to the planet Bandomeer. On the transport ship, Qui-Gon is reunited with Obi-Wan, who is also being sent to Bandomeer to begin life as an agricultural labourer. During the voyage, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan help defend a group of Arcona from the criminal organization Offworld Corporation. After putting an end to the tense situation, the two arrive on Bandomeer, where Qui-Gon receives a letter signed by his former apprentice Xanatos.[11]", "Obi-Wan Kenobi. In Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan (or student) of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn.[4] He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships. After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo, Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon rescue Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant, the Republic capital. Their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakin's extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, although Obi-Wan expresses concerns.", "Luke Skywalker. In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005), Luke and his twin sister Leia are born to Senator Padmé Amidala. Following Padmé's death on Polis Massa and his father's turn to the dark side of the Force, Luke is taken by Obi-Wan Kenobi to the desert planet Tatooine, where Luke is adopted by his father's stepbrother, Owen Lars, and Owen's wife, Beru.", "Jedi. Ezra Bridger is a human male who was born on the planet Lothal precisely on the day the Galactic Empire was established. He witnessed many injustices of the Imperial occupation of his homeworld for much of his childhood and was separated from his parents from a very early age. He was able to survive alone using street smarts and skills, but was discovered by Kanan Jarrus to have potential Force sensitivity after he encounters the Spectres for the first time. After discovering how much of a team player he could be during a rescue operation, they recruit Bridger, tasking Jarrus to begin training him in the ways of the Jedi, a task made difficult by the premature death of Jarrus' master, Depa Bilaba, executed after the Clone Wars. It would be weeks before Bridger would lay his hands on a lightsaber, which was uniquely designed to accommodate his early inability to deflect projectiles with a built-in knuckle guard and mini-blaster, and even so, he was more skilled at battling stormtroopers, rather than the Inquisitors or Darth Vader, the latter who easily bested him in combat and disarmed him. After a dangerous mission to the planet Malachor to discover the key to defeating the Sith, Bridger recovers a Sith holocron believed to hold the answers he sought, becoming the first ever known Jedi to open a Sith holocron, but soon fell under its sway for some time as he improved his combat skills and was even promoted to commander in the Rebel ranks. It is not until after some encounters with the former Sith Lord Maul does Bridger discover that Obi-Wan Kenobi holds the key to the Sith's undoing, as he will train Luke Skywalker to confront his corrupted father.", "Star Wars (film). The droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leia's message, in which she requests help from Obi-Wan Kenobi. The next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan tells Luke of his days as one of the Jedi Knights, former Galactic Republic peacekeepers with supernatural powers derived from an energy called The Force, who were all but wiped out by the Empire. Contrary to his uncle's statements, Luke learns that his father fought alongside Obi-Wan as a Jedi Knight. Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Luke's father. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his father's weapon – a lightsaber.", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. Darth Bane, still on the planet Ruusan, finds his apprentice Zannah, a girl only 10 years old. Together they decide to see the effects of the thought bomb, and journey into the catacombs where it lies. Inside they find a boy, Tomcat, who is Zannah's cousin; she spares him by cutting his hand off.", "Sith. Darth Caedus (Jacen Solo) was a Dark Lord of the Sith born as the oldest son of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo. A Jedi hero of the Yuuzhan Vong War, he eventually fell to the dark side years later and masterminded the Second Galactic Civil War. He was however killed by his twin sister Jaina for his actions.", "Star Wars. About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War, the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo. The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego, Senator Palpatine, a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic. At the Chancellor's request, the Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice, a younger Obi-Wan Kenobi, are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation. However, the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo, Padmé Amidala, escape from the blockade and plead her planet's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant. When their starship is damaged during the escape, they land on Tatooine for repairs. Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice, Darth Maul, to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors. While on Tatooine, Qui-Gon discovers a nine-year-old slave named Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery, believing Anakin to be the \"Chosen One\" foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force. However, the Jedi Council (led by Yoda) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him.[47]", "Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (series). Zayne Carrick, a young Padawan training at the Jedi Academy on Taris, is given one last chance at capturing a notorious Snivvian smuggler Marn \"Gryph\" Hierogryph, which will allow him to be promoted to Jedi Knight at the academy graduation ceremony the very same day. After numerous hurdles along the way, Zayne manages to capture Gryph, but is late to the graduation ceremony. Upon arriving back at the academy, Zayne is horrified to find the Jedi Masters, his own included, standing before the slain corpses of his fellow Padawans. Instinctively, he flees from the scene with Gryph and the two are soon framed for the murders. With no other option, Zayne must now learn the ins and outs of being an outlaw, with Gryph as his mentor, hoping to stay alive long enough to clear his name and discover the reason why the Jedi Masters murdered the academy students.", "Sith. In exile, the dissident Jedi were free to explore the relationship between passion and the Force. They concluded that the martial and ethical disciplines of the Jedi establishment were foolish and misguided: Passion, not quietude, was the most potent means of accessing the Force, and conflict, not peace, was the natural and healthy state of the universe. Rejecting the self-abnegation of their forebears, the exiles now embraced ruthless personal ambition, believing that power belonged to those with the cunning and strength to seize it. In their training, the dissidents would seek to master the Force by cultivating dark passions such as anger and hate, a practice anathematized by the Jedi as taking recourse to the Force's \"Dark Side.\" Guided by their kratocratic and egoistic philosophy and armed with taboo Dark Side techniques, the former Jedi exiles would reemerge to menace the galaxy as the Sith Order, aiming to conquer the Galactic Republic and exact revenge against the Jedi.", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Palpatine appoints Anakin to the Jedi Council as his representative, but the Council declines to grant Anakin the rank of Jedi Master and orders him to spy on Palpatine, causing Anakin's faith in the Jedi to diminish significantly. Palpatine tantalizes Anakin with secret knowledge of the dark side of the Force, including the power to save his loved ones from dying. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan travels to the planet Utapau, where he kills Grievous, and Yoda travels to Kashyyyk to defend the planet from invasion. Tempting Anakin, Palpatine eventually reveals that he is the Sith Lord Darth Sidious, saying that only he has the knowledge to save Padmé from dying. Anakin reports Palpatine's treachery to Mace Windu, who confronts and subdues the Sith Lord, severely disfiguring him in the process. Fearing that he will lose Padmé, Anakin intervenes on Palpatine's behalf and severs Windu's hand, allowing Palpatine to throw him out of a window to his death. Anakin pledges himself to Palpatine, who dubs him Darth Vader. Palpatine issues an order for the clone troopers to kill their Jedi commanders and dispatches Vader along with a legion of clones to kill everyone in the Jedi Temple. Vader then massacres the remaining Separatist leaders hiding on the volcanic planet Mustafar, while Palpatine addresses the Galactic Senate, transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire and declaring himself Emperor. Having survived the chaos, Obi-Wan and Yoda return to Coruscant and learn of Anakin's treachery.", "Jedi. Eta-2 Actis Jedi Interceptors first appeared in Revenge of the Sith. Delta-7B Aethersprite Jedi starfighters appear in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. In Attack of the Clones, Obi-Wan Kenobi travels via Jedi starfighter to Kamino to investigate the attempted assassination of Padmé Amidala; he also flies a Jedi starfighter to Geonosis in an attempt to track down the bounty hunter Jango Fett.[21] Lacking a hyperdrive, the starfighter relies on an external sled to propel it through hyperspace.[21] Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker (Hayden Christensen) fly updated Jedi starfighters (called Jedi Interceptors) in the opening sequence of Revenge of the Sith.[21] Later, Plo Koon (Matt Sloan) flies an Revenge of the Sith-era starfighter when he is shot down by clone troopers carrying out Emperor Palpatine's (Ian McDiarmid) Order 66.[21]", "Count Dooku. During the 2003 animated miniseries Star Wars: Clone Wars, Count Dooku leads the Separatists from behind the scenes, taking the Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress as his apprentice while training General Grievous in lightsaber combat. In the final episode, he and Grievous kidnap Palpatine, setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith.", "Padmé Amidala. Padmé Amidala makes her third film appearance in Revenge of the Sith, which is set three years later. After Anakin returns from rescuing Palpatine, she informs him that she is pregnant. Padmé detects changes in Anakin after he begins having dreams about her dying in childbirth. Eventually, these fears lead to Anakin turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming Palpatine's Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Meanwhile, Padmé watches with increasing suspicion as Palpatine uses the Clone War in control over the Senate and judiciary. In another deleted scene, Padmé is seen as a dissenter in Palpatine's government and an early constituting member of the Alliance to Restore the Republic, joined by senators Bail Organa, Mon Mothma and Bana Breemu.", "Hutt (Star Wars). Rotta Desilijic Tiure or Rotta the Huttlet is Jabba's 10-year-old son, appearing in The Clone Wars animated movie. He was kidnapped by the Separatists, but returned to Jabba by the Republic although Jabba was convinced by Dooku that the Jedi kidnapped his son.", "Sith. Darth Maul was a male Zabrak Sith Master who served as the first Shadow Hand of Darth Sidious. He first appeared in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace, in which Sidious sent him to find the escaped Queen Amidala and bring her back to Naboo to sign a treaty that would legalize the Trade Federation's invasion there. After tracking the Queen's personal starship to Tatooine, he briefly attacked Qui-Gon Jinn, the Jedi sent to escort Amidala to Coruscant, near its landing zone until the latter escaped by leaping aboard. Later, Maul was sent back to Naboo to aid the Federation in their struggle to fight Amidala's counterattack, where he again battled Jinn and his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi in the plasma refinery complex beneath Theed Palace. Although the viscous Zabrak was able to defeat Jinn, he fell to Kenobi when the Padawan used his master's lightsaber to slice Maul in half. 12 years later, during the Clone Wars, his fellow nightbrother Savage Opress found him dumped on the junk planet Lotho Minor, where it was revealed that Maul survived the injuries from his last duel, due to his strength with the dark side of the Force as it fueled his anger against Kenobi. Maul left the Sith Order and was eventually killed by Kenobi about 20 years later.", "Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast. There are four main enemies: Desann (Mark Klastorin[19]), a former student of the Jedi Academy, who killed a fellow student before leaving the Order;[22] Tavion (Kath Soucie[19]), Desann's apprentice; Galak Fyyar (Steven Blum[19]), a general in the Imperial Remnant; and Reelo Baruk (Kevin Michael Richardson[19]), a crime lord posing as a \"respectable garbage collector\" on Nar Shaddaa. Other enemies include Imperial stormtroopers, numerous thugs and soldiers infused with the Force (known as the \"Reborn\").[23]", "Yoda. Rendered with computer animation in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Yoda appeared in ways not previously possible, including his participation in elaborate fight scenes. In Revenge of the Sith, his face appears in several big close-ups, demanding highly detailed CGI work. His performance was deliberately designed to be consistent with the limitations of the puppet version, with some \"mistakes\" made such as the occasional ear-jiggling.[citation needed] Rob Coleman was responsible for the character's new incarnation to the series.", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the sixth entry of the Star Wars film series and stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Frank Oz. A sequel to The Phantom Menace (1999) and Attack of the Clones (2002), the film is the third and final installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy.", "Palpatine. When Padmé attempts to liberate Naboo, Sidious sends his Sith apprentice Darth Maul there to capture her. The invasion is eventually thwarted and Maul is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Obi-Wan Kenobi. Palpatine uses the crisis to be elected the new Chancellor of the Republic. He then returns to Naboo, where he befriends the young Anakin Skywalker, telling him that, \"We will watch your career with great interest\".[9]" ]

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[ "Non-Aligned Movement. The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[16] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[17] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[18]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Ali Akbar Salehi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran, announced that the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, would attend the conference. He also invited leaders of Russia, Turkey and Brazil to the summit. Mohamed Morsi, ex-president of NAM and the Egyptian President, also announced that he would participate in the summit. He was the first leader of his country to visit Iran since the Islamic revolution.[19]", "National Association of Manufacturers. NAM was founded by Thomas P. Egan, late President of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and head of the J.A. Fay and Egan Co., woodworking and machinery company, not long after reading an editorial in the magazine \"Dixie,\" out of Atlanta, Georgia, during the depression of 1894. This editorial urged the manufacturers of the time to organize and work together to improve business conditions nationally. Under Egan's leadership, organization began, and a group was created; they called themselves the \"Big 50\"; he invited them, and asked them to invite others, to Cincinnati. On Jan 25, 1895, in the Oddfellows Temple, where 583 manufacturers attended, NAM was created.[9] \"The U.S. was in the midst of a deep recession and many of the nation's manufacturers saw a strong need to export their products in other countries. One of the NAM's earliest efforts was to call for the creation of the U.S. Department of Commerce\".[10] The organization's first president was Thomas Dolan of Philadelphia [11] (not, as erroneously listed in some sources, Samuel P. Bush).", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization announced an opportunity for visiting delegations to make a visit to the exhibition of Persian handicrafts held at Tehran's Milad Tower.[116] Visiting nationals from the NAM countries could avail of a tour of Tehran's historic museums, palaces and ancient sites in order to get acquainted with Persian culture and civilisation.[117]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. The summit consisted of two preceding events: a \"Senior Officials Meeting\" on 26 and 27 August 2012, and a \"Ministerial Meeting\" on 28 and 29 August 2012. The leaders summit took place on 30 and 31 August.[5][7] Egyptian President Mohammad Morsi officially handed the presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during the inaugural ceremony of Leaders' Meeting.[8] Iran will hold the NAM presidency for four years until the 17th summit in Venezuela in 2016.", "ASEAN Summit. The First ASEAN summit was held February 1976 in Bali, Indonesia.[4] At this summit, ASEAN expressed its readiness to \"develop fruitful relations\" and mutually beneficial co-operation with other countries of the region.[5] The ASEAN leaders signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia.", "ASEAN Summit. On 2nd ASEAN summit held on Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1977 was the occasion for the first summit meeting between Japan and ASEAN. Japan expressed its intention to promote co-operation with ASEAN.[6]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi opened the first meeting and spoke of NAM's original goal: \"We believe that the timetable for ultimate removal of nuclear weapons by 2025, which was proposed by NAM, will only be realised if we follow it up decisively.\"[68] At the opening of the ministerial meeting Khamenei said: \"The UN Security Council has an irrational, unjust and utterly undemocratic structure, and this is an overt dictatorship. The control room of the world (the Security Council) is under the control of the dictatorship of some Western countries.\" Al Jazeera interpreted Moon's reaction as \"nonplussed.\"", "List of SAARC summits. The second summit was held in November 16–17 Bengaluru, India in 1986. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the SAARC Secretariat by the Council of Ministers and their decision to locate the Secretariat in Kathmandu and appoint Ambassador Abul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of south Asian association of regional cooperation.", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Ministerial Meeting with presence of foreign ministers of NAM countries was held on 28 and 29 August 2012. Egypt's Deputy Foreign Minister, Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy, handed the presidency of the ministerial meeting for three years at the opening ceremony of the meeting.[70] After opening remark of Ali Akbar Salehi and listening to the report of Senior Officials Meeting which was delivered by Mohammad Mehdi Akhondzadeh, the ministers starts to review the document.[71][72] After preparation of the final document for the leaders' summit, Ali Akbar Salehi participated in a press conference and emphasized on the four main topics that were discussed at the meeting including establishment a task force in New York to pursue Palestine's membership in the United Nations and act against Israel's \"illegal\" measures against Palestinians, finding solution for Syrian crisis with United Nations cooperation, acting against monopolizing of the financial mechanisms in the world by using US dollar and finally establishment of a work group in New York to study the mechanisms of plural management of the world .[73]", "New Delhi. New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit[99] in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015.[100][101] It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017.[102][103]", "ASEAN Summit. Immediately after the summit ended, the inaugural East Asia Summit was held.", "History of North Korea. In 1972, the first formal summit meeting between Pyongyang and Seoul was held, but the cautious talks did not lead to a lasting change in the relationship.[77]", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Officially, the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union's secretariat-general.[12] The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7–8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad.[13] The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk, President of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, King of Nepal Birendra Shah, President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene, and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom.[13]", "Bandung Conference. To mark the 50th anniversary of The Summit, Heads of State and Government of Asian-African countries attended a new Asian-African Summit from 20–24 April 2005 in Bandung and Jakarta. Some sessions of the new conference took place in Gedung Merdeka (Independence Building), the venue of the original conference. Of the 106 nations invited to the historic summit, 89 were represented by their heads of state or government or ministers.[3] The Summit was attended by 54 Asian and 52 African countries.", "Non-Aligned Movement. Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto,[20] militaristic[21] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as \"history's biggest peace movement\".[22] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[22]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. An Iranian government official also commented on the summit, reportedly saying that \"the NAM summit is the best opportunity to confront the sanctions.\" He added that \"in meetings with the officials of [fellow] member states, we should brief them on the illegality of these sanctions and talk to them to make these sanctions ineffective.\"[67]", "List of SAARC summits. The first summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 6–8 December 1985 and was attended by the Government representative and president of Bangladesh, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, the kings of Bhutan and Nepal, and the prime minister of India.[1] signed the SAARC Charter on 8 December 1985, thereby establishing the regional association, and established study groups on the problems of terrorism and drug trafficking, as well as planning a ministerial-level meeting about GATT, and a ministerial-level conference on increasing the participation of women at the regional level.[1] The summit also agreed to establish a SAARC secretariat and adopted an official SAARC emblem.[1]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. While it is usual for the UN Secretary-General to attend NAM Summits, the presence of Ban Ki-moon was opposed by the United States and Israel. Haaretz reported that Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu had personally appealed to the secretary-general not to attend this summit and described Iran as \"a regime that represents the greatest danger to world peace\".[118] In addition, according to Maariv, the Israeli Foreign Ministry ordered Israel's embassies to encourage their host countries not to attend or to send only lower-level representatives to the summit.[119]", "National Association of Manufacturers. The early history of NAM was marked by frank verbal attacks on labor. In 1903, then-president David MacLean Parry[12] delivered a speech at its annual convention which argued that unions' goals would result in \"despotism, tyranny, and slavery.\" Parry advocated the establishment of a great national anti-union federation under the control of the NAM, and the NAM responded by initiating such an effort.[13]", "Non-Aligned Movement. A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a \"declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation\", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[6] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[7]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. The summit's final declaration ratified on 31 August by the 120 members of NAM, emphasizes on the right of all countries to develop and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and notably singles out Iran. In addition, it condemns unilateral sanctions, supports creation of a Palestinian state, advocates nuclear disarmament, human rights free from political agendas and opposition to racism and \"Islamophobia\". But due to lack of consensus among member states it did not mention to Syria's civil war.[101][102]", "History of Vietnam since 1945. The seat of the conference was held at either Hanoi, Saigon or Paris.[clarification needed]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. On 30 August, the summit was inaugurated by Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Then the Egyptian President, Mohammad Morsi, as the chair of the 15th summit declared opening of the 16th summit and presented the report of NAM's chairmanship during the past three years. Morsi officially handed the presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. After Morsi, President of the Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Chair of the Group of 77 Mourad Benmehidi, host President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh delivered their opening speeches.[74] Khamenei later commented that \"the Non-Aligned Movement definitely has more political right than the US, NATO or some European countries to intervene in the Syrian issue,\" but “did not elaborate on what kind of role the group should have.”[75]", "Non-Aligned Movement. The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][36]", "Bandung Conference. On the 60th anniversary of the Asian-African Conference and the 10th anniversary of the NAASP, a 3rd summit was held in Bandung and Jakarta from 21–25 April 2015, with the theme Strengthening South-South Cooperation to Promote World Peace and Prosperity. Delegates from 109 Asian and African countries, 16 observer countries and 25 international organizations participated.[3]", "National Association of Manufacturers. The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) is an advocacy group headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, with 10 additional offices across the country. It is the nation's largest manufacturing industrial trade association, representing 11,000 small and large manufacturing companies in every industrial sector and in all 50 states.[1]", "Eiger. The first ascent was made by the western flank on August 11, 1858 by Charles Barrington with guides Christian Almer and Peter Bohren. They started at 3:00 a.m. from Wengen. Barrington describes the route much as it is followed today, staying close to the edge of the north face much of the way. They reached the summit at about noon, stayed for some 10 minutes and descended in about four hours. Barrington describes the reaching of the top, saying, \"the two guides kindly gave me the place of first man up.\" Their ascent was confirmed by observation of a flag left on the summit. According to Harrer's The White Spider, Barrington was originally planning to make the first ascent of the Matterhorn, but his finances did not allow him to travel there as he was already staying in the Eiger region.[8]", "16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad commented on the significance of the summit in Iran: \"Certain NAM states too have upheld sanctions against Iran which is a totally unwise move because the sanctions are not on part of the UN, rather unilaterally levelled by the US The U.S. can issue any sort of sanctions it wants against Iran but there is no reason other countries to follow suit.\"[66]", "ASEAN Summit. The 16th ASEAN Summit held in Ha Noi, Vietnam 9 April 2010 \"Towards the Asean Community: from Vision to Action\".", "Myanmar. In June 2013, Myanmar held its first ever summit, the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013. A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world.[142]", "Geneva Conference (1954). The conference was held at the Palace of Nations in Geneva, commencing on April 26, 1954. The first agenda item was the Korean question to be followed by Indochina.[4]:549" ]

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[ "Car. Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.[6] Mary Ward became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland,[44] and Henry Bliss one of the United States' first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.[45] There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests,[46] and insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).[47]", "Automobile safety. Automobile safety may have become an issue almost from the beginning of mechanised road vehicle development. The second steam-powered \"Fardier\" (artillery tractor), created by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1771, is reported by some to have crashed into a wall during its demonstration run. However, according to Georges Ageon,[20] the earliest mention of this occurrence dates from 1801 and it does not feature in contemporary accounts. One of the earliest recorded automobile fatalities was Mary Ward, on August 31, 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland.[21]", "History of autonomous cars. The first known fatal accident involving a vehicle being driven by itself took place in Williston, Florida on 7 May 2016 while a Tesla Model S electric car was engaged in Autopilot mode. The driver was killed in a crash with a large 18-wheel tractor-trailer. On 28 June 2016 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened a formal investigation into the accident working with the Florida Highway Patrol. According to the NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when the tractor-trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway, and the car failed to apply the brakes. The car continued to travel after passing under the truck’s trailer.[98][99][100] The NHTSA's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash, which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars.[101]", "Death of Bridget Driscoll. Bridget Driscoll (c. 1851 – 17 August 1896) was the first pedestrian to be killed in a collision with a motor car in the UK.[1][2] As 44-year-old Driscoll, her teenage daughter May and her friend Elizabeth Murphy crossed Dolphin Terrace in the grounds of the Crystal Palace in London, Driscoll was struck by a car belonging to the Anglo-French Motor Carriage Company that was being used to give demonstration rides.[2] One witness described the car as travelling at \"a reckless pace, in fact, like a fire engine\".[2]", "History of autonomous cars. In March 2018, a Arizona pedestrian was hit and killed by an Uber self-driving car in what was believed to be the first reported fatal crash involving a self-driving vehicle and a pedestrian in the US.[108] Later in the same month, San Francisco police issued a ticket to the passenger of a self-driving car that had failed to yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk.[109]", "Taxicabs of New York City. 1899 also saw a number of notable firsts for the Electric Vehicle Company. On May 20, 1899, Jacob German, driving an electric taxicab received the first speeding ticket in the United States.[38][39] Later that year, on September 13, Henry Bliss became the first victim of an automotive accident in the United States when he was hit by an electric taxicab as he was helping a friend from a streetcar.[32]", "Harrow on the Hill. A roadside plaque unveiled on 25 February 1969 stated that the first recorded motor accident in Great Britain to have involved the death of the car driver had taken place at Harrow on the Hill on a road called Grove Hill seventy years earlier, on 25 February 1899.[15] The plaque made no mention of the name of the dead motorist, but it did name the civic dignitary who had unveiled it: his name was given as Alderman Charles Stenhouse, who was Mayor of Harrow at the time.[15]", "Charles Duryea. A Duryea car was involved in the world's first known auto accident.[10] New York City motorist Henry Wells hit a bicyclist with his new Duryea. The rider suffered a broken leg, Wells spent a night in jail and the nation's first traffic accident was recorded.[10] Due to low production and extraordinarily pricey cars, e.g. in 1913, George Vanderbilt purchased and drove a Stevens-Duryea, but was one of few people in the United States who could afford one. His 1913 Duryea is Vanderbilt's only original car kept at his Biltmore Estate.[11]", "Belle Isle Park (Michigan). One night in 1908, Byron Carter of Cartercar stopped to help a stranded motorist on Belle Isle. When he cranked her Cadillac, it kicked back and broke his jaw. Complications from the injury resulted in pneumonia and he died. The incident motivated Henry Leland, founder of Cadillac Motors, to state that \"The Cadillac car will kill no more men if we can help it\". He hired Charles Kettering, who established Delco and developed the electric self-starter. This soon became standard on all automobiles.[3]", "Chevrolet Cavalier. In 2001 Chante Jawan Mallard struck Gregory Glenn Biggs, a homeless man, with her Chevrolet Cavalier, lodging him into the windshield. Mallard then drove home and left the man to die while stuck in her windshield.[23] She was later convicted of his murder.[24]", "Airbag. In 1990, the first automotive fatality attributed to an airbag was reported.[111] TRW produced the first gas-inflated airbag in 1994, with sensors and low-inflation-force bags becoming common soon afterwards. Dual-depth (also known as dual-stage) airbags appeared on passenger cars in 1998. By 2005, deaths related to airbags had declined, with no adult deaths and two child deaths attributed to airbags that year. However, injuries remain fairly common in accidents with an airbag deployment.", "Tesla Model S. The first known fatal accident involving a Model S occurred when Autopilot was active in Williston, Florida on May 7, 2016. In June 2016, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened a formal investigation into the accident, working with the Florida Highway Patrol. According to the NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when a tractor-trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway, and the car failed to apply the brakes.[175][176][177] The NHTSA's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash, which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars.[178]", "History of Formula One. Patrick Depailler was killed in 1980, probably due to high lateral acceleration causing a black out in Hockenheim's fast Ostkurve. The double blow struck to Ferrari in 1982, of the death of Gilles Villeneuve and the crippling injury to teammate Didier Pironi only a few weeks later, helped bring this crisis into the spotlight, and helped both sides settle the dispute for the good of the sport.", "Automotive industry in the United States. On the evening of June 19, 1982, while celebrating his Bachelor party at the Fancy Pants strip club, Vincent Chin, a 27-year old Chinese American from Detroit, Michigan, was approached by two Chrysler employees, Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz, both of whom mistook him for a Japanese person and blamed the global presence of Japanese automobiles for the loss of jobs in the American automotive industry (particularly blaming Chrysler's increased sales of Mitsubishi models as captive imports). One of the club's dancers heard Ebens proclaim, \"It's because of you little motherfuckers that we're out of work.\" The fight between Ebens, Nitz and Chin continued into Detroit's outskirts after they were kicked out of the club. It took Ebens and Nitz 20 to 30 minutes to find Chin before they finally spotted him at a nearby McDonald's restaurant. Ebens beat Chin with a baseball bat four times, cracking his skull. Chin was rushed to Henry Ford Hospital, where he died in a coma on June 23. His 500 wedding guests attended his funeral instead. Ebens and Nitz both received a three-year probation for their deadly crime, but neither served jail time.[30]", "Automobile safety. One of the first formal academic studies into improving vehicle safety was by Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory of Buffalo, New York. The main conclusion of their extensive report is the crucial importance of seat belts and padded dashboards.[1] However, the primary vector of traffic-related deaths and injuries is the disproportionate mass and velocity of an automobile compared to that of the predominant victim, the pedestrian.[citation needed]", "Ford Pinto. On August 10, 1978 three teenage girls of the Urlich family of Osceola, Indiana were killed when the 1973 Pinto they were in was involved in a rear-end collision. The driver had stopped in the road to retrieve the car's gas cap which had been inadvertently left on the top of the car and subsequently fell onto the road. While stopped the Pinto was struck by a Chevrolet van.[117] Ford sent the Urlichs a recall notice for the Pinto in 1979. A grand jury indicted Ford on three counts of reckless homicide. Indiana v. Ford was a landmark in product liability law as the first time a corporation faced criminal charges for a defective product, and the first time a corporation was charged with murder.[118] If convicted, Ford faced a maximum fine of $30,000 under Indiana's 1978 reckless homicide statute.[119] Ford's legal defense was vastly more ambitious than the effort mounted in the Grimshaw case.[120] The effort was led by James F. Neal with a staff of 80 and a budget of about $1 million; the Elkhart County state's attorney had a budget of about $20,000 and volunteer law professors and law students.[121] A former head of the NHTSA, testifying on Ford's behalf, said the Pinto's design was no more or less safe than that of any other car in its class.[122] In 1980 Ford was found not guilty.[119] In 1980 a civil suit was settled for $7500 to each plaintiff.[123]", "History of the automobile. In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.[1]", "Vehicle insurance in the United States. This led Massachusetts and Connecticut to create the first financial responsibility and compulsory insurance laws. Connecticut's 1925 financial responsibility law required any vehicle owner involved in a collision with damages over $100 to prove \"financial responsibility to satisfy any claim for damages, by reason of personal injury, to, or death of, any person, of at least $10,000.\"[17] This early financial responsibility requirement only required vehicle owners to prove financial responsibility after their first collision.[16] Massachusetts also introduced a law to address the problem of collisions, but theirs was a compulsory insurance, not financial responsibility law. It required automotive liability insurance as a prerequisite to vehicle registration.[18]", "History of assassination. On November 3, 2002, a US Central Intelligence Agency-operated MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) fired a Hellfire missile that destroyed a car carrying six suspected al-Qaeda operatives in Yemen. The target of the attack was Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, the top al-Qaeda operative in Yemen. Among those killed in the attack was a US citizen, Yemeni-American Ahmed Hijazi.[17][citation needed]", "Busby Berkeley. In September 1935, Berkeley was the driver responsible for an automobile accident in which two people were killed, five seriously injured; Berkeley himself was badly cut and bruised.[10] Berkeley, brought to court on a stretcher,[11] heard testimony that Time magazine said made him wince:[10]", "Airbag. The first known accident between two airbag-equipped automobiles took place in 1990 in Virginia, USA. A 1989 Chrysler LeBaron crossed the center line and hit another 1989 Chrysler LeBaron in a head-on collision, causing both driver airbags to deploy. The drivers suffered only minor injuries despite extensive damage to the vehicles.[39][40][41]", "Tesla Autopilot. The first publicized fatal accident involving a Tesla engaged in Autopilot mode took place in Williston, Florida, on May 7, 2016. The driver was killed in a crash with a 18-wheel tractor-trailer.", "Jacqueline Saburido. On September 19, 1999, Saburido attended a birthday party near Austin, Texas. She and her friends Laura Guerrero, Johan Daal and Johanna Gil decided to drive home after a few hours, and accepted a ride home from classmate Natalia Chpytchak-Bennett. At the same time, Reginald Stephey, an 18-year-old high school student, was driving home alone after drinking beers with his friends at a party. On the outskirts of Austin, Stephey's 1996 GMC Yukon collided head-on with Chpytchak-Bennett's 1990 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight Regency.", "History of the automobile. It is generally acknowledged[according to whom?] that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,[21] and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved – with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back – that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.[22]", "History of Victoria. Early in 1835, Mr Franks, one of the first immigrants, and his shepherd were killed by some of the Goulburn tribe of aborigines. His station was near Cotterill's Mount, called the Sugarloaf, near the river Exe, now Werribee. They were both killed at one moment by the aborigines, who while pretending friendship, murdered them by driving their tomahawks into the backs of their heads. A party was soon sent out after them, led by tour of the Melbourne tribe, who recovered part of the property stolen, and took vengeance on the murderers.[20]", "Car. In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated the first working (three-wheeled) car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris.[27] Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern car.[1]", "Venus Williams. On June 9, 2017, Williams was driving in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, when another car collided with her SUV before she cleared the intersection, an accident that killed a 78-year-old man and injured another person in the second vehicle. Police originally said she was \"at fault\" for the accident, but after reviewing surveillance video, they determined on July 7 that she had not caused it.[80]", "History of Formula One. At the San Marino Grand Prix weekend this belief was crushed completely with the serious injuries sustained by Rubens Barrichello in practice and the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger during qualifying and Ayrton Senna in the race on 1 May 1994.[15] Furthermore, Karl Wendlinger was left comatose after a crash two weeks later at the Monaco Grand Prix.[16] The shock from the sudden injuries and deaths was stunning. Not only had two drivers been killed, but one of them was a triple world champion and arguably the best F1 driver at the time. The FIA reacted swiftly and harshly with major changes to be enforced from that year onwards, and it was the beginning of the FIA's push to increase safety in Formula One.", "History of the automobile. About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Today, this car is known as \"the first Marcus car\". In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; this was his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat \"second Marcus car\" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the \"rotating-brush carburetor\", made the second car's design very innovative. His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed, giving credit instead to Karl Benz.[20]", "Bathurst 1000. In 1986, Sydney accountant and privateer entrant Mike Burgmann became the first fatality in the race's history when his car, a Holden VK Commodore SS Group A, travelling at 260 km/h (160 mph), struck the tyre barrier at the base of the Armor All Bridge (then sponsored by John Player Special) on the high-speed straight known as Conrod Straight. \"The Chase\", a large three-corner chicane added in 1987 to the straight, was dedicated to Burgmann with a plaque embedded in the concrete barriers.", "Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year. The table below shows the motor vehicle fatality rate in the United States by year from 1899 through 2016. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 2016 data shows 37,461 people were killed in 34,436 motor vehicle crashes, an average of 102 per day.[1]", "Effects of the car on societies. It is estimated that motor vehicle collisions caused the death of around 60 million people during the 20th century[33] around the same number of World War II casualties. Just in 2010 alone, 1.23 million people were killed due to traffic collisions.[34]" ]

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[ "The Four: Battle For Stardom. The Four is a singing competition that differs among similar talent competitions, in that there is no auditions stage. The artists, also known as the challengers, are held in the holding room before singing in front of a live studio audience and the judges. This panel of people in the music industry ultimately decides the best challengers that compete against \"The Four\". Their decision must be unanimous. The members consist of vocalists of varying genres, and they must win challenges against new fellow artists to keep their seat and remain as a member of \"The Four\". At the end of six weeks, the last singer standing among \"The Four\" wins the competition.", "The Four: Battle For Stardom. The Four: Battle for Stardom, also known as The Four, is an American reality television music competition show created by Armoza Formats and produced by ITV Entertainment and Armoza Formats.[2] The show, based on an Israeli format called The Final Four,[3] premiered on Fox on January 4, 2018.[4] The winner is awarded a recording contract with Republic Records, a division of Universal Music Group, and is named iHeartRadio's \"On the Verge\" artist.[5] The season one winner was Evvie McKinney.[1]", "Channel 4. Channel 4 also pioneered the concept of stranded programming, where seasons of programmes following a common theme would be aired and promoted together. Some would be very specific, and run for a fixed period of time; the 4 Mation season, for example, showed innovative animation. Other, less specific strands, were (and still are) run regularly, such as T4, a strand of programming aimed at teenagers, on weekend mornings (and weekdays during school/college holidays); Friday Night Comedy, a slot where the channel would pioneer its style of comedy commissions, 4Music (now a separate channel) and 4Later, an eclectic collection of offbeat programmes transmitted in the early hours of the morning.", "The Four: Battle For Stardom. The first season of The Four was Fox's most watched and highest-rated new unscripted series in nearly four years.[1]", "The Four: Battle For Stardom. There are two distinct rounds in The Four. In the performances round, new challengers must earn their seat by performing in front of a live studio audience, the panel of judges and \"The Four\". After the performance, the judges then vote and make a \"Yes\" or \"No\" decision, signifying the challenger's fate in the competition. If a challenger receives a unanimous four blue rings on stage (four \"Yes\" from the panel), they advance to the next round of the competition. A red ring given to the challenger signifies a \"No\", ending his or her time in the competition. Artists who advance to the challenge round can compete against a member of \"The Four\" for their seat. In a sing-off style battle, the challenger and \"The Four\" member sing against each other for their seat. After the challenge, the studio audience then votes to decide which of the two should remain in the competition. The winner locks their seat for the rest of the night and cannot be challenged again until the next episode.[5]", "The Fosters (2013 TV series). The Fosters is an American family drama television series created by Peter Paige and Bradley Bredeweg which first premiered in the United States on June 3, 2013 on the Freeform (previously named ABC Family) television network. It follows the lives of the Foster family led by lesbian couple Stef and Lena, a cop and school vice principal, respectively, who raise one biological and four adopted children in San Diego, California.", "The Four: Battle For Stardom. The first season of The Four premiered on January 4, 2018. After six episodes, Evvie McKinney was announced as the winner of the season, with Candice Boyd as the runner-up. Along with the former and latter, the final group of \"The Four\" included Vincint Cannady and Zhavia. According to Variety, judge/producer Sean Combs has asked finalist Vincint Cannady to return to The Four for season two.[12]", "The Four: Battle For Stardom. The three judges are Sean Combs, DJ Khaled, and Meghan Trainor.[6][7][8] A fourth judge, Charlie Walk, withdrew from the show following sexual assault allegations against him; he had taped five episodes and left prior to the season finale.[9] The show is hosted by Fergie.[10]", "The Voice UK. The Voice is a reality television series that features four coaches looking for a talented new artist, who could become a global superstar. The show's concept is indicated by its title: the coaches do not judge the artists by their looks, personalities, stage presence or dance routines—only their vocal ability. It is this aspect that differentiates The Voice from other reality television series such as The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent or even Must Be the Music. The competitors are split into four teams, which are mentored by the coaches who in turn choose songs for their artists to perform. There is no specific age range and anyone can audition; if a coach likes what they hear, a button-press allows their chair to spin around and face the performer, signifying that they would like to mentor them. If more than one does so, then the artist selects a coach. However, if no coach turns around then the artist is sent home.[39] The Voice has been referred to as a \"big, exciting and warm-hearted series\"and a \"new generation in its genre\".[7] The discomfort caused by the poor design of the chair, which weighs 19-stone, has drawn criticism from will.i.am, who claims that it makes him hunch his shoulders.[40]", "The Five (TV program). The show is made up of six blocks. Each of the first five blocks is introduced, closed and loosely moderated by a different co-host. The co-host's block may be on a single topic or multiple topics. The final block is One More Thing: The co-hosts take turns sharing a final thought (on varying topics) before the show ends. The show's co-hosts are:[10]", "The Five (TV series). On 18 July 2016, Sky1 confirmed that a follow-up series to The Five had been commissioned and will be titled The Four; it is unknown when the new 8-part series will enter production.[3]", "The Five (TV series). The Five is a British crime drama television series, created by crime author Harlan Coben as his first original series for television. The Five began broadcast on 15 April 2016 on Sky1 in the UK. The series stars Tom Cullen, O. T. Fagbenle, Lee Ingleby and Sarah Solemani as childhood friends Mark, Danny, Slade and Pru, who are re-united after DNA evidence left at a murder scene is revealed to be that of Mark's brother Jesse, who disappeared one summer's day after playing in the park with the four friends.[1] The first series consists of ten episodes, with two episodes broadcast each week consecutively. Set in the fictional town of \"Westbridge\", the series was filmed in Liverpool, Wirral, Runcorn, and surrounding areas, including Frodsham.[2]", "Fourth wall. The fourth wall is a performance convention in which an invisible, imagined wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this \"wall\", the convention assumes, the actors act as if they cannot. From the 16th century onwards, the rise of illusionism in staging practices, which culminated in the realism and naturalism of the theatre of the 19th century, led to the development of the fourth wall concept.[1][2]", "The Four: Battle for Stardom (season 1). The first season of The Four: Battle for Stardom premiered on Fox on January 4, 2018. Fergie hosted the show, while Sean Combs, DJ Khaled, Meghan Trainor and Charlie Walk were judges. Prior to the season finale, Walk withdrew from the show following sexual assault allegations against him.[1]", "The Five (talk show). The show is made up of six blocks. Each of the first five blocks is introduced, closed and loosely moderated by a different co-host. The co-host's block may be on a single topic or multiple topics. The final block is One More Thing: The co-hosts take turns sharing a final thought (on varying topics) before the show ends. The show's co-hosts are:[9]", "Nineteen Eighty-Four. References to the themes, concepts and plot of Nineteen Eighty-Four have appeared frequently in other works, especially in popular music and video entertainment. An example is the worldwide hit reality television show Big Brother, in which a group of people live together in a large house, isolated from the outside world but continuously watched by television cameras.", "Too Much Light Makes the Baby Go Blind. The show is the work of the Neo-Futurism movement, a variant of the Italian Futurism movement [1] and reflects their aesthetic of non-illusory theater, where, as they describe it, \"all of our plays are 'set' on the stage in front of the audience. All of our 'characters' are ourselves... We do not aim to 'suspend the audience's disbelief' but to create a world where the stage is a continuation of daily life\" (Allen 3).", "The Event. The Event (stylized as THE EVÆŽNT) is an American television series containing elements of science fiction, action/adventure and political allegory. The show was created by Nick Wauters and it was aired on NBC from September 20, 2010 to May 23, 2011. The plot centers on a group of extraterrestrials, some of whom have been detained by the United States government for sixty-six years since their ship crashed in Alaska, while others have secretly assimilated among the general populace. The series was picked up for a full first season of 22 episodes on October 18, 2010.[1] On May 13, 2011, NBC canceled the series after one season.[2]", "Humorism. The concept of four humors may have origins in Ancient Egyptian medicine[19] or Mesopotamia,[20] though it was not systemized until ancient Greek thinkers[21] around 400 BC directly linked it with the popular theory of the four elements: earth, fire, water and air (Empedocles).", "Fantastic Four. The Fantastic Four is formed after four civilian astronauts are exposed to cosmic rays during an unauthorized outer space test flight in an experimental rocket ship designed by Dr. Reed Richards. Pilot Ben Grimm and crew-members Susan Storm and her brother Johnny Storm survive an emergency crash-landing in a field on Earth. Upon exiting the rocket, the four discover they have developed incredible superpowers, and decide to use these powers to help others.", "BBC Four. BBC Four's primary role is to reflect a range of UK and international arts, music and culture. It should provide an ambitious range of innovative, high quality programming that is intellectually and culturally enriching, taking an expert and in-depth approach to a wide range of subjects.", "The Four: Battle for Stardom (season 2). During the first part of competition, the comeback artists split into pairs and performed for the favor of the audience. The audience selected one from each pair to immediately challenge one of the members of \"The Four\"", "Tweenies. Tweenies is a British live action children's television series created by Will Brenton and Iain Lauchlan. The programme is centred on four infant characters, known as the \"Tweenies\", playing, singing and dancing in a fictional nursery. They are cared by two adult Tweenies and two dogs. Unlike the Teletubbies, the Tweenies are well developed and are able to communicate effectively.", "Proscenium. Proscenium theatres have fallen out of favor in some theatre circles because they perpetuate the fourth wall concept. The staging in proscenium theatres often implies that the characters performing on stage are doing so in a four-walled environment, with the \"wall\" facing the audience being invisible. Many modern theatres attempt to do away with the fourth wall concept and so are instead designed with a thrust stage that projects out of the proscenium arch and \"reaches\" into the audience (technically, this can still be referred to as a proscenium theatre because it still contains a proscenium arch, however the term thrust stage is more specific and more widely used).[citation needed]", "The Four: Battle for Stardom (season 1). In Part 2, the 4 comeback artists were put into two pairs. Each pair had to battle for the judges' unanimous vote to move on. Once the judges picked which of the two comeback artists would move on, each winner challenged one of the remaining members of \"The Four\"", "The Block (Australian TV series). The Block is an Australian reality television series broadcast on the Nine Network. The series follows four or five couples as they compete against each other to renovate and style houses/apartments and sell them at auction for the highest price.", "The Five (TV program). According to the initial Fox News press release announcing The Five, the show features a \"roundtable ensemble of five rotating Fox personalities who [...] discuss, debate and at times debunk the hot news stories, controversies and issues of the day.\"[8] Former Fox News chairman Roger Ailes said the format for the show was inspired by chat-oriented programs such as The View; it has also been compared to the \"Great American Panel\" segment on Fox News' Hannity.[9]", "The 4400. The 4400 (pronounced \"the forty-four hundred\") is a science fiction television series produced by CBS Paramount Network Television in association with BSkyB, Renegade 83, and American Zoetrope for USA Network.[1] The show was created and written by Scott Peters and René Echevarria, and it starred Joel Gretsch and Jacqueline McKenzie. The series ran for four seasons from 2004 until its cancellation in 2007.[2]", "Fourth television network. In American television terminology, a fourth network is a reference to a fourth broadcast (over-the-air) television network, as opposed to the Big Three television networks that dominated U.S. television from the 1950s to the 1990s: ABC, CBS and NBC.", "Cinderella and Four Knights. Based on the novel with the same title published in 2011, the drama is about a group of passionate young people in their 20s who happen to live together. It drew parallels to the 2009 TV series Boys Over Flowers.[1][2][3][4][5]", "The Electric Company (2009 TV series). The Electric Company consists of a group of four friends who protect the neighborhood from the Pranksters. They all have the power to throw word balls, blue magical balls that create words on any surface. Each member has a special skill.", "Fourth wall. The metaphor suggests a relationship to the mise-en-scène behind a proscenium arch. When a scene is set indoors and three of the walls of its room are presented onstage, in what is known as a box set, the \"fourth\" of them would run along the line (technically called the \"proscenium\") dividing the room from the auditorium. The \"fourth wall\", though, is a theatrical convention, rather than of set design. The actors ignore the audience, focus their attention exclusively on the dramatic world, and remain absorbed in its fiction, in a state that the theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski called \"public solitude\"[3] (the ability to behave as one would in private, despite, in actuality, being watched intently while so doing, or to be 'alone in public'). In this way, the fourth wall exists regardless of the presence of any actual walls in the set, or the physical arrangement of the theatre building or performance space, or the actors' distance from or proximity to the audience.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Baby the Rain Must Fall. As a side note, in one scene where McQueen sings at a bar with his rockabilly band, one of his bandmates (to Henry's right) is singer-songwriter Glen Campbell, who is uncredited in the film.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. The title song, with music composed by Elmer Bernstein and lyrics written by Ernie Sheldon, was performed by Glenn Yarbrough during the opening credits. Yarborough's recording reached #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Easy Listening [7] chart. An instrumental version of the title song is used on some versions of film.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. Baby the Rain Must Fall is a 1965 American drama film starring Lee Remick and Steve McQueen, directed by Robert Mulligan. Dramatist Horton Foote, who wrote the screenplay, based it on his play The Traveling Lady.[2] This is Glen Campbell's film debut, in an uncredited role.[citation needed]", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. The staff at Variety said the film's chief assets were \"outstanding performances by its stars and an emotional punch that lingers...Other cast members are adequate, but roles suffer from editorial cuts (confirmed by director) that leave sub-plots dangling.\" [9]", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. The film was shot on location in the Texas cities of Columbus, Bay City, Wharton, and Lockhart, and a scene where Lee Remick works at a hamburger joint was filmed at the 31 Flavors ice cream store in Tarzana, California.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. Henry tries to make a home for his family (he seemed to be unaware of his daughter), but Kate Dawson (Georgia Simmons), the aging spinster who raised him after his parents died, remains a formidable presence in his life and tries to sabotage his efforts. She threatens repeatedly to have him returned to prison if he fails to acquiesce to her demands to give up singing, go to school, and get a real job. He resists this, and even convinces Georgette he will be a \"star\" someday, as he continues playing and working a part-time job with the Tillmans. When Kate Dawson finally dies, the evening after the funeral Henry drunkenly destroys her possessions (several shots show the belt she beat him with, untouched, hanging on a door near her bedroom), leaves with the silver willed to Catherine, then wrecks his car on the cemetery gate and desecrates her grave site.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. Georgette Thomas (Lee Remick) and her six-year-old daughter Margaret Rose (Kimberly Block) travel from the East Texas town of Tyler to (unknown to him) meet her husband Henry Thomas (Steve McQueen) in his small coastal prairie southeastern Texas hometown of Columbus, Texas. Henry is a somewhat irresponsible rockabilly singer/guitarist, he has recently been released from prison after serving time for stabbing a man during a drunken brawl, and wasn't thinking of Georgette at all.", "Singin' in the Rain (song). \"Singin' in the Rain\" was first performed by Doris Eaton Travis in the 1931 revue The Hollywood Music Box Revue.[1] The song became a hit and was recorded by a number of artists, notably Cliff Edwards, who also performed the number with the Brox Sisters in the early MGM musical The Hollywood Revue of 1929. B.A. Rolfe and his Lucky Strike Orchestra recorded the song possibly as early as 1928 but perhaps 1929.[2] The song was performed by Annette Hanshaw in her album Volume 6, on film by Jimmy Durante in Speak Easily (1932), by Judy Garland in Little Nellie Kelly (1940), and as background music at the beginning of MGM's The Divorcee (1930) starring Norma Shearer.", "Christmas with the Kranks. The soundtrack features many holiday standards, including \"Jingle Bell Rock\" by Brenda Lee; \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" by Billy May & His Orchestra with vocal by Alvin Stoller; \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" by Eddie Dunstedter; \"White Christmas\" by Dean Martin; \"Frosty the Snowman\" by Steve Van Zandt; \"Blue Christmas\" by Elvis Presley; and \"The Christmas Song\" by Ella Fitzgerald.", "Adam Faith. In 1961, Faith made What a Whopper, with Sid James, Spike Milligan, Wilfrid Brambell, Carole Lesley and others well known at the time. A film about a writer, a group of Englishmen and the Loch Ness \"monster\", it was written by Terry Nation, and had music by John Barry; Faith sang the title song and \"The Time Has Come\". Faith's teen pop became less popular in the mid-1960s in competition with the Beatles. After a final single in 1968 he parted company with EMI and concentrated on acting. While a musician he had appeared in films such as Beat Girl (1960), Never Let Go (1960) and television dramas such as the Rediffusion/ITV series No Hiding Place but now he concentrated on repertory theatre. After a number of small parts, he was given a more substantial role in the play Night Must Fall, playing opposite Dame Sybil Thorndike. In 1962 he co-starred opposite Donald Sinden and Anne Baxter in the film Mix Me a Person, a thriller which was rated X-certificate (the modern equivalent would be a UK 18-certificate) by the British Board of Film Censors. In autumn 1969, he took the lead in a touring production of Billy Liar.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head. \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.[2] It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts.", "Iko Iko. In 1989, the British girl group the Belle Stars had a US chart hit with their cover of \"Iko Iko\" which reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in March, after it was included on the soundtrack of the film Rain Man, starring Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman.[17] The single was issued on Capitol Records. Their song is in the opening scene of the 1988 film.", "Song of the South. \"Let the Rain Pour Down\" is set to the melody of \"Midnight Special\", a traditional blues song popularized by Lead Belly (Huddie William Ledbetter). The song title \"Look at the Sun\" appeared in some early press books, though it is not actually in the film.[citation needed] The song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" was influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song \"Zip Coon\", that is considered racist as it plays on an African American stereotype.[20][21]", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. Bosley Crowther, film critic for the New York Times, observed, \"As honest and humble as is the effort to make the viewer sense a woman's baffled love for a shifty and mixed-up fellow in Baby, the Rain Must Fall, there is a major and totally neglected weakness in this film from a Horton Foote play that troubles one's mind throughout the picture and leaves one sadly let-down at the end. It is the failure of the screenwriter--Mr. Foote himself--to clarify why the object of the woman's deep affection is as badly mixed-up as he is and why the woman, who seems a sensible person, doesn't make a single move to straighten him out...Granting that the wife is astonished and distressingly mystified at the neurotic behavior of her husband, this doesn't mean that the viewer is satisfied to be kept in the dark as to the reasons for the stark and macabre goings-on...As it is, we only see that these two people are frustrated and heart-broken by something that's bigger than the both of them. But we don't know what it is.\" [8]", "Frankie Laine. The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain!\", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. The last part of the \"goodbye\" scene, where Henry leaves deputy Slim, the sheriff, Georgette and Margaret Rose behind and takes off running, trips, then grabs onto the back of a flatbed truck, falls to the road, and is captured by Slim, was actually filmed in Wharton; at the (southern) beginning of Texas Farm to Market Road 102, (FM-102). The isolated country rental house scenes where Henry, Georgette and Margaret Rose live together were filmed near Bay City, just inland of the Gulf coast, and south of Wharton and Columbus.", "Rain (SWV song). \"Rain\" is a 1998 single released by the group SWV. The musical backing track is based on Jaco Pastorius's \"Portrait of Tracy.\" First heard in 1997 on the group's third album Release Some Tension, the song was released as a single the next year. It peaked at number 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number 7 on the US Hot R&B Singles chart. Singer Tyrese appeared in the song's music video. He would later sing the hook on \"Pullin' Me Back\", a song by rapper Chingy, which sampled \"Rain\". Smooth jazz musician and guitarist Norman Brown covered the song on his 1999 album, Celebration. Toronto based producer duo Team Majestic Music, also sampled \"Rain\" for their song \"Let It Fall.\" New York City house producer Baltra sampled it late 2016/early 2017.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head. \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" was used in the film Spy Hard, which parodied the scene in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Police Constable Pan-Am sings the opening lines at the end of his appearance in Series 2, Episode 4 of Monty Python's Flying Circus. It is on the soundtracks to Forrest Gump and Spider-Man 2, in the latter accentuating Peter Parker's blissful mood after abandoning his Spider-Man identity and its responsibilities. It was used in the Kevin Smith film Clerks II. The first episode of the second season of the popular medical drama Grey's Anatomy is named after the song. It is also used in The Simpsons, episode 16 of the fourth season, called \"Duffless\", at the end of the episode, while credits are presented. It was also used in a season 1 episode of Arrested Development entitled \"Altar Egos\". It was also used in the 2003 film The In-Laws starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks, which was a remake of the 1979 Peter Falk / Alan Arkin film.", "Frankie Laine. The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "9½ Weeks. The soundtrack also included tracks from Luba, Bryan Ferry, Dalbello, Corey Hart, Joe Cocker, Devo, Eurythmics and Stewart Copeland. Winston Grennan's reggae \"Savior\" as well as Jean Michel Jarre's \"Arpegiator\", played during the sex scene on the stairs in the rain, were not included on the record.", "Good Night, and Good Luck. A small jazz combo starring jazz singer Dianne Reeves was hired to record the soundtrack to the movie. This combo (Peter Martin, Christoph Luty, Jeff Hamilton and Matt Catingub) was featured in the movie in several scenes; for example, in one scene the newsmen pass a studio where she is recording with the rest of the band. The CD is Dianne Reeves's second featuring jazz standards (including \"How High the Moon\", \"I've Got My Eyes on You\", \"Too Close For Comfort\", \"Straighten Up and Fly Right\" and \"One for My Baby\"), and it won the Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Jazz Vocal Album.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. Many of the scenes were filmed in Columbus, the movie's actual locale. The scenes of the Colorado County Courthouse, the downtown store and bus shots (to the west of the Courthouse, on Milam St.), the Tillman's house scenes (a block away from the Courthouse), and those of the Columbus Cemetery. A significant evening scene, in which late-working Deputy Slim and Judge Ewing walk away from the Courthouse towards the street, shows a notable Columbus building (now museum) across Spring Street, the historic 1886 Stafford-Miller House.[5] Some of the downtown scenes show another notable Columbus building in the background, the 1886 Stafford Opera House[6] (which is next to the Stafford-Miller House, both south of the Courthouse), especially the morning scenes in front of the real estate office.", "Baby the Rain Must Fall. Henry is destined for prison again, and Georgette and Margaret Rose will leave Columbus with Henry's childhood friend, the local sheriff's deputy, Slim (Don Murray). Slim has tried to help straighten Henry out, since before the arrival of Georgette and Margaret Rose to Columbus at the beginning of the movie, and failed. Slim and Georgette have clearly fallen in love together; even as Georgette does her best to love and gently comfort her self-tortured and cold husband Henry, unsuccessfully.", "Robert Conrad. Conrad was soon signed to an acting contract by Warner Bros. He also sang, and released several recordings with Warner Bros. Records on a variety of LPs, EPs, and SPs 33-1/3 and 45 rpm records during the late 1950s and early 1960s.[15] He had a minor Billboard hit song in \"Bye Bye Baby\" which reached #113.[16]", "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry. Julie London also recorded the song on her 1964 LP Julie London (Liberty Records LST-7342 US).", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head. The song has been covered numerous times. In 1969, Craig Douglas released a version produced by Tony Hatch. From January 24 to March 13, 1970, it was a number-one hit (for seven weeks) in Australia on the Go-Set National Top 40 for local pop singer, Johnny Farnham.[15][19] In 1970, it was also covered by Dionne Warwick on her album I'll Never Fall in Love Again, by Engelbert Humperdinck on his album We Made It Happen, Johnny Mathis on his album Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head, Perry Como on his album It's Impossible, The Four Tops on their album Changing Times, Andy Williams on his album, Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head, and The Free Design on their album Stars/Time/Bubbles/Love. Portuguese-born television and radio presenter Pedro Biker released a Danish version re-entitled \"Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår\" in 1970.[20] A Swedish version was also made in 1970, \"Regnet det bara öser ner\" sung by Siw Malmkvist. Genesis referenced the song title in their lyrics of In the Cage\" in 1974.", "The Concert for Bangladesh. Dylan's choice of songs, particularly the \"apocalyptic\" \"A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall\",[110] were found to have a new relevance in the context of the early 1970s[129] – the words made \"the more chilling for the passage of years\", opined Rolling Stone.[130] The same publication stated of Starr's contribution: \"Seeing Ringo Starr drumming and singing on stage has a joy in it that is one of the happiest feelings on earth still.\"[125] Ravi Shankar's role as concert instigator and the true conscience of the UNICEF shows was also noted.[12][116] Musically, The Village Voice observed, the pairing of Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan was \"almost as unique as the mix of Dylan and Harrison\".[112]", "Rain and Snow. Other performers who have recorded the song include Peter Rowan with Tony Rice (on the Quartet album),[10] Sam Amidon, Pentangle, Rose Laughlin, Betsy Rutherford[11][12] and the Be Good Tanyas.[7]", "Peggy March. In 1979, she experimented with disco on the album Electrifying, but it failed to achieve commercial success. By 1981 record companies did not renew her contracts, and she moved back to the United States.[1] In 1984, however, Jermaine Jackson and Pia Zadora achieved a major European hit single with the track \"When the Rain Begins to Fall\",[6] co-written by March. Although not a hit in the UK or in the US, it went to #1 in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In 1998, the song entered the German Top 10 again when covered by rapper Pappa Bear. The cult film Hairspray featured \"I Wish I Were a Princess\" in 1988, and a retro fad in Germany brought her some continuing success starting in the mid-1990s with the album Die Freiheit Frau zu sein (1995). Her song \"I Will Follow Him\" was featured in the 1992 movie Sister Act.", "Debbie Reynolds. Mary Frances \"Debbie\" Reynolds (April 1, 1932 – December 28, 2016) was an American actress, singer, businesswoman, film historian, humanitarian, and mother of the actress and writer Carrie Fisher. She was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her portrayal of Helen Kane in the 1950 film Three Little Words, and her breakout role was her first leading role, as Kathy Selden in Singin' in the Rain (1952). Other successes include The Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953), Susan Slept Here (1954), Bundle of Joy (1956 Golden Globe nomination), The Catered Affair (1956 National Board of Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and Tammy and the Bachelor (1957), in which her performance of the song \"Tammy\" became the first song by a female solo artist to reach number one on the Billboard music charts.[1] In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled Debbie.[2]", "It Must Be Love (Labi Siffre song). The song was featured in the 1989 movie The Tall Guy,[1] starring Jeff Goldblum, Rowan Atkinson, and Emma Thompson. Suggs, lead vocalist of Madness, also appeared in the movie while singing this song. The single was reissued to tie in with the film but was not a hit on that occasion.", "Debbie Reynolds. Her performance in the film greatly impressed the studio, which then gave her a co-starring role in what would become her highest-profile film, Singin' in the Rain (1952), a satire on movie making in Hollywood during the transition from silent to sound pictures.[18] It co-starred Gene Kelly, whom she called a \"great dancer and cinematic genius,\" adding, \"He made me a star. I was 18 and he taught me how to dance and how to work hard and be dedicated.\"[20] In 1956, she appeared in Bundle of Joy with her then-husband, Eddie Fisher.[21]" ]

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[ "Little League World Series. The Little League World Series consists of 16 teams–8 from the United States, and 8 from other countries. Prior to 2001 there were eight teams in the LLWS: four U.S. teams (Central, South, East, and West) and four international (Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Far East). It should be noted that in 1975 there were only four teams in the LLWS, all from the United States.[6] The international teams returned in 1976.[6] Starting in 1976, two brackets were established, with the four U.S. regions competing in the U.S. bracket and the four non-U.S. regions competing in the International bracket. The U.S. national champion and the International champion then compete for the World Series title.[6]", "Little League Baseball. The Little League Baseball World Series is just one of nine World Series conducted by Little League International every year, each one held in a different location.", "Little League World Series. In the summer months leading up to the Little League World Series, held each year in August, Little Leagues around the world select an All-Star team made up of players from its league. It is these All-Star teams that compete in district,[3] sectional and/or divisional, and regional tournaments,[citation needed] hoping to advance to Williamsport for the Little League World Series. How many games a team has to play varies from region to region. In the United States, the tournaments at the lowest (district) level lack nationwide standardization. Some use pool play or double elimination, while others use single elimination.", "Little League Baseball. The national regions represented in the annual Little League Baseball World Series are:", "Little League World Series. While the Little League Baseball World Series is frequently referred to as just the Little League World Series, it is actually one of twelve tournaments sponsored by Little League International, in twelve different locations. Each of them brings community teams from different Little League International regions around the world together in baseball (five age divisions), girls' softball (four age divisions), and boys' softball (three divisions). The tournament structure described here is that used for the Little League Baseball World Series. The structure used for the other World Series is similar, but with different regions.", "Little League World Series (Southeast Region). The Southeast Region is one of eight United States regions that currently send teams to the Little League World Series, the largest youth baseball competition in the world. The region's participation in the LLWS dates back to 1957, when it was known as the South Region. However, when the LLWS was expanded in 2001 from eight teams (four U.S. teams and four \"International\" teams from the rest of the world) to 16 teams (eight U.S. and eight International), the Southern Region was split into the Southeast and Southwest Regions.", "Little League World Series. Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format (including three in boys' softball).", "Little League World Series. The eight divisions which compete in the International Bracket are as follows:", "Little League Softball World Series. The four divisions which compete in the Little League Softball World Series are as follows:", "2017 Little League World Series. The 2017 Little League World Series was held from August 17 to 27. Eight teams from the United States and eight teams from around the world competed in the 71st edition of the tournament.[1] Tokyo Kitasuna Little League of Tokyo, Japan, defeated Lufkin Little League of Lufkin, Texas, in the championship game by a 12–2 score. It was the 11th time that a team from Japan won the tournament. Tokyo Kitasuna became the first league to win the tournament four times.", "2018 Little League World Series results. The results of the 2018 Little League World Series were determined between August 16 and August 26, 2018 in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. 16 teams were divided into two groups, one with eight teams from the United States and another with eight international teams, with both groups playing a modified double-elimination tournament. In each group, the last remaining undefeated team faced the last remaining team with one loss, with the winners of those games advancing to play for the Little League World Series championship.[1]", "Little League Baseball. Little League holds a World Series in this level of play, officially called the Intermediate Little League World Series, in Livermore, California.[40]", "Little League Baseball. The major divisions of Little League Baseball have their own World Series format as follows:", "2016 Little League World Series. The 2016 Little League World Series was held August 18–28 in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania.[1] Eight teams from the United States and eight from throughout the world competed in the 70th edition of the tournament. The Maine-Endwell Little League of Maine-Endwell, New York defeated the East Seoul Little League of Seoul, South Korea in the championship game by a 2–1 score. It was the first Little League World Series title for a team from the United States since 2011, and for the state of New York, the first since 1964.", "2018 Little League World Series. The 2018 Little League World Series was held from August 16 to August 26 at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Eight teams from the United States and eight teams from around the world competed in the 72nd edition of the tournament.[1] Honolulu Little League of Honolulu, Hawaii defeated South Seoul Little League of Seoul, South Korea in the championship by a 3–0 score.[2] It was the third championship for a team from Hawaii, having won previously in 2005 and 2008.", "Little League Baseball. 1960: A team from West Berlin, West Germany, is the first team from Europe to play in the Little League World Series. The series is broadcast live for the first time on ABC. Little League has grown to 27,400 teams in more than 5,500 leagues.[2]", "2007 Little League World Series. The top two teams in each pool move on to their respective semifinals. The winners of each met on August 26 to play for the Little League World Championship. Teams marked in green qualified to the knockout stage, while the remaining teams were eliminated.", "Lufkin, Texas. A little league team from Lufkin won the U.S. Championship at the 2017 Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The team finished as runners-up in the tournament behind the international championship team from Tokyo, Japan.", "Little League World Series. The eight divisions which compete in the United States bracket represent 96% of the players in Little League with over 2.2 million players while the eight divisions in the International bracket represent 4% of the Little League or less than 130 thousand players.", "Little League World Series. Teams in the reorganized Europe and MEA regions did not have nationality restrictions, as evidenced by the 2009 series. In that year, both regions were won by teams made up primarily of children of American expatriates. Europe was represented by a team from Ramstein Air Base, a United States Air Force base in Germany, while MEA was represented for the second time in its two-year existence by the team from the Saudi Aramco camp.", "2017 Little League World Series. Teams that lose their first two games get to play a crossover game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games. These games are labeled Game A and Game B.", "2007 Little League World Series. Between five and sixteen teams competed in regional tournaments to progress to the Little League World Series, which varied from straight-knockout competitions (Japan) to the group/elimination format used in the United States. 2007 was the first year that Japan received its own regional playoff, with the Asia (Japan's former home) and Pacific regions merging to create the new Asia-Pacific group.", "Little League World Series on television. The Little League World Series is broadcast on television by ABC and ESPN, along with their family of networks. They also televise the regional championships, which precede the Little League World Series.", "Little League World Series. The eight regional tournament winners which compete in the United States Bracket of the Little League World Series, as well as the states those regional champions could possibly hail from are as follows:", "Little League Baseball. 1948: Little League has grown to include 94 leagues. Lock Haven returns to the Little League World Series and defeats a league from St. Petersburg, Florida. The first corporate sponsor, U.S. Rubber, is announced,[2] who donate Pro-Keds shoes to teams at the Little League World Series.[5]", "2016 Little League World Series. Teams that lose their first two games get to play a crossover game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games. These games are labeled Game A and Game B.", "Little League World Series. The state champions (as well as the Northern California, Southern California, Texas East, Texas West, and Dakotas champions) compete in one of eight different regional tournaments. Each regional tournament winner then advances to the Little League World Series. See [4] for a comprehensive breakdown of current and historical US regional tournament locations, participants and results.", "Little League World Series. With 4 exceptions, every state as well as the District of Columbia crowns a state champion,[4] and sends that team to represent it to one of eight regional tournaments. The exceptions involve California, Texas, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Because of their large geographic and population sizes, California and Texas send two representatives to their regional tournament; Northern California and Southern California in the West region tournament and Texas East and Texas West (whose areas encompass more than the geographical areas of East Texas and West Texas, splitting roughly along the I-35/I-37 corridor) compete in the Southwest region tournament.[3] Conversely, North Dakota has only one city (Fargo) that operates Little League–sponsored competitions; the Dakotas have one district spanning the two states, and its winner becomes the joint champion and advances to the Midwest region tournament.[3]", "Little League World Series. In 2001, the number of regions was doubled to 16, from which the 16 regional champions continued to be divided into the two brackets: 8 in the United States Bracket and 8 in the International Bracket. From 2001 to 2009, however, each team was then randomly assigned to one of two \"pools\" in their respective bracket. In the opening days of the tournament, the teams competed round-robin within their own pool. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the semifinal of their bracket, where the first place team from one pool competed against the second place team from the other. The respective winners advanced to play in either the United States or International Final. The U.S. champion and the International champion advanced to compete in the Little League World Series Championship Game.", "2018 Little League World Series. Teams that lose their first two games get to play a consolation game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games. These games are labeled Game A and Game B.", "Little League World Series. Other countries and regions pick their own way of crowning a champion.[3] Little League Canada holds tournaments at the provincial and divisional level to field six champions (five provincial and one divisional) at the national tournament: Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and the Atlantic Provinces.[5] The host site of the national tournament varies from year to year, and the host team gets an automatic berth as the seventh team. The tournament is played as a round robin and uses the page playoff format. The winner of the national tournament earns the right to represent Canada at the Little League World Series.", "2013 Little League World Series. The 2013 Little League World Series was held in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania, from August 15 until August 25.[1] Eight teams from the United States and eight from throughout the world competed in the 67th edition of this tournament.[2] The Musashi-Fuchū Little League of Tokyo, Japan, defeated the Eastlake Little League of Chula Vista, California, 6–4 in the championship game. For the country of Japan, this was their ninth LLWS championship overall, second consecutive, and the third in four years. This was the last World Series to feature players born in the 20th century." ]

[ 7.0390625, 1.7763671875, 3.587890625, 2.4921875, 5.72265625, 2.091796875, 2.04296875, 1.6806640625, 2.326171875, 6.40234375, 4.8515625, 0.84619140625, 0.83056640625, 5.2265625, 6.7734375, 2.39453125, 2.806640625, 2.08203125, 1.69921875, 2.544921875, 1.986328125, 2.287109375, 1.107421875, 1.287109375, 1.978515625, 1.7880859375, 3.244140625, 4.2578125, 4.41796875, 1.9384765625, 3.150390625, 3.56640625 ]

[ "2010 FIFA World Cup. The Netherlands qualified for the final for the third time with a 3–2 win over Uruguay. Spain reached their first ever final with a 1–0 victory over Germany. As a result, it was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil, Italy, Germany or Argentina.", "2010 FIFA World Cup. The three quarter-finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans. Germany had a 4–0 victory over Argentina, and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2–1, handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe (other than in a penalty shootout) since 1950 when Uruguay won the decisive match 2–1.[80] Spain reached the final four for the first time since 1950 after a 1–0 win over Paraguay. Uruguay, the only South American team to reach the semi-finals, overcame Ghana in a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of extra time after Luis Suárez controversially handled the ball on the line.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Before the match Spain had an Elo rating of 2111 points and the Netherlands a rating of 2100 points. Thus, the finalists combined for 4211 points, the highest for any international football match ever played, beating the previous record of 4161 combined points for the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final between Hungary and West Germany.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. The 2010 FIFA World Cup Final (also known as the Battle of Johannesburg) was a football match that took place on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City in Johannesburg, South Africa, to determine the winner of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0 with a goal from Andrés Iniesta four minutes from the end of extra time. English referee Howard Webb was selected to officiate the match, which was marked by an unusually high number of yellow cards.[2][3]", "2010 FIFA World Cup. Slovakia was making its first appearance as an independent nation but had previously been represented as part of the Czechoslovakia team that had last played in the 1990 tournament; North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966; Honduras and New Zealand were both making their first appearances since 1982; and Algeria were at the finals for the first time since the 1986 competition.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. In the six games both teams played in South Africa to reach the final, the Netherlands scored a total of twelve goals and conceded five, while Spain scored seven and conceded two. Going into the final, Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands and David Villa of Spain were tied as the top scorers with five goals each; Arjen Robben of the Netherlands with two was the only other player in the finalists' squads with more than one goal in the tournament.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. In Group H, Spain recovered from a loss to Switzerland in their opening game to beat Honduras and then Chile, finishing top of the group ahead of Chile on goal difference. In the knockout stage, they then beat their Iberian neighbours Portugal, quarter-final debutants Paraguay and three-time World Cup winners Germany. The semi-final was a repeat of the match up for the UEFA Euro 2008 Final, and again saw Spain beat Germany, who were the top scorers of the 2010 tournament up to that point.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. The final was played on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City, Johannesburg. Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0, after an extra time goal by Andrés Iniesta.[6] The win gave Spain its first World Cup title.[7] It was the first time since England in 1966 that the winners of the final wore their second-choice strip.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. It was the first time since the 1978 final that neither of the finalists had previously won the World Cup. The Netherlands were runners-up twice before, losing 2–1 to West Germany in 1974, and 3–1 (after extra time) to Argentina in 1978. Reaching the 2010 final was Spain's best performance in the World Cup, having previously finished fourth in 1950 when the tournament had a round-robin final stage, and the quarter-finals stage in 1934, 1986, 1994 and 2002, when single elimination knock-out stages featured. Spain became the 12th different country to play in a World Cup Final, and first new team since France in 1998. The Netherlands played in its third final without a win, surpassing the record it had shared with Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Overall, Germany leads with four final losses. It was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil, Italy, Germany or Argentina. Spain became just the eighth country to win the World Cup, joining England and France as nations who have won it just once.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. The final received an 8.1 rating on ABC, up 6 percent from the 7.7 for Italy's penalty-kicks win over France in the 2006 final. This was the fourth-highest rating for a men's World Cup game behind Brazil's penalty-kicks victory over Italy in the 1994 final at the Rose Bowl (9.5), Brazil's second-round victory over the U.S. in 1994 (9.3) and Ghana-U.S. match in 2010 (8.5).[43]", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Prior to this game, the Netherlands and Spain had never met each other in the main tournament stages of either a World Cup or a European Championship, the two major tournaments for European international teams. In all-time head-to-head results, the teams had met nine times previously since 1920, winning four games each and drawing once, in either friendlies, European Championship qualifying games, and once in the 1920 Summer Olympics.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. At the time of the final, all but three members of the Spanish squad played for clubs in Spain; the other three were based in England. The Netherlands squad drew its players from clubs in five European countries, with just nine based in the Netherlands; six played in Germany, five in England, two in Italy and one in Spain.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. With both the Netherlands and Spain attempting to win their first FIFA World Cup, the 2010 final became the sixth final to be contested between non-former champions after 1930, 1934, 1954, 1958, and 1978. The Netherlands had been beaten in the final in 1974 and 1978, while Spain's best performance had been fourth place in 1950. It was the second consecutive all-European final, and marked the first time a European team has won the trophy outside Europe.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Spain entered the 2010 World Cup as the reigning UEFA European Football Champions, having won UEFA Euro 2008, and as the shared holders of the international football record of consecutive unbeaten games for a national team, spanning 35 matches from 2007 to 2009; they also won all 10 matches of their qualifying campaign. The Netherlands entered the World Cup having won all eight matches in their UEFA Group 9 qualifying campaign.", "2010 FIFA World Cup. The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010. The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations. In 2004, the international football federation, FIFA, selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals.[6]", "2010 FIFA World Cup. As of 2018, this was the last time South Africa, New Zealand, North Korea, Paraguay, Slovakia and Slovenia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals.", "2010 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played in 10 stadiums in nine host cities around the country,[7] with the opening and final played at the Soccer City stadium in South Africa's largest city, Johannesburg.[8][9] Thirty-two teams were selected for participation[10] via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in August 2007. In the first round of the tournament finals, the teams competed in round-robin groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These 16 teams advanced to the knockout stage, where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final.", "2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. The knockout stage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the World Cup, following the group stage. It began on 26 June with the round of 16 matches, and ended on 11 July with the final match of the tournament held at Soccer City, Johannesburg, in which Spain beat the Netherlands 1–0 after extra time to claim their first World Cup. The top two teams from each group (16 in total) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single-elimination style tournament. A third place match is included and played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals.", "2010 FIFA World Cup. This result marked the first time that two teams from the same continent had won successive World Cups (following Italy in 2006), and saw Europe reaching 10 World Cup titles, surpassing South America's nine titles. Spain became the first team since West Germany in 1974 to win the World Cup as European champions. The result also marked the first time that a European nation had won a World Cup Finals that was not hosted on European soil.", "2010 FIFA World Cup. The final was held on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City, Johannesburg. Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0, with an extra time goal from Andrés Iniesta. Iniesta scored the latest winning goal in a FIFA World Cup final (116').[82] The win gave Spain their first World Cup title, becoming the eighth team to win it. This made them the first new winner without home advantage since Brazil in 1958,[83] and the first team to win the tournament after having lost their opening game.[68]", "2010 FIFA World Cup. Teams that failed to qualify for this tournament included Saudi Arabia, which had qualified for the previous four tourmanents; Tunisia and Croatia, both of whom had qualified for the previous three finals; Costa Rica, Ecuador, Poland and Sweden, who had qualified for the previous two editions; 2006 quarter-finalists Ukraine and Euro 2008 semi-finalists Russia and Turkey. The highest ranked team not to qualify was Croatia (ranked 10th), while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was North Korea (ranked 105th).", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Netherlands  v  Spain", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Once at the finals in South Africa, the Netherlands reached the knockout stage as winners of Group E, with three wins out of three against Denmark, Japan and Cameroon, conceding only one goal. In the knockout stage, they beat World Cup debutants Slovakia, five-time champions Brazil and two-time champions Uruguay. The Netherlands reached the Final in a 25-match unbeaten streak since September 2008.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Group C. Group C of the 2010 FIFA World Cup began on 12 June and ended on 23 June 2010.[1] The group consisted of England, the United States, Algeria, and Slovenia. Only England and the United States had previously met at a World Cup: in 1950, when the United States defeated England 1–0.", "2010 FIFA World Cup. Denmark \n France \n Greece \n Portugal \n Serbia \n Slovakia \n Slovenia \n  Switzerland", "2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. On 7 July 2010, Spain defeated Germany 1–0 at the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban to progress to the World Cup Final against the Netherlands. It was the first time that Spain had ever gone through to the final of the World Cup, while it was the second consecutive World Cup in which Germany had lost in the semi-finals.[84]", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Yuichi Nishimura and Toru Sagara, both from Japan, were the fourth and fifth officials respectively.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Match rules:", "2010 FIFA World Cup Group F. Group F of the 2010 FIFA World Cup began on 14 June 2010 and ended on 24 June 2010.[1] The group consisted of 2006 winner Italy, Paraguay, New Zealand and Slovakia. Italy and Paraguay previously met in the first round of the 1950 tournament, with Italy winning 2–0; neither qualified for the next round.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Group B. Group B of the 2010 FIFA World Cup began on 12 June and ended on 22 June 2010.[1] The group consisted of Argentina, Nigeria, South Korea and Greece.", "Brazil national football team. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Brazil won their first two matches against North Korea (2–1) and the Ivory Coast (3–1), respectively. Their last match, against Portugal, ended in a 0–0 draw. They faced Chile in the round of 16, winning 3–0, although in the quarter-final they fell to the Netherlands 2–1.", "Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup. In their final group match, against Serbia, Tim Cahill was back from suspension and scored via a header in the second half to give Australia a 1–0 lead. Only four minutes later, Brett Holman doubled the scoreline with an impressive long-range effort. Late in the second half, Serbia managed to score a late goal through Marko Pantelić after Australian goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer fumbled the ball, with the game ultimately ending at 2–1. Germany had defeated Ghana 1–0, which meant that both Australia and Ghana finished on four points. Ghana, however, progressed to the knockout stage due to their superior goal difference. Verbeek completed his term as Australian coach at the end of the 2010 World Cup." ]

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[ "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Among the players in the 2014 World Cup squads, the following played in the 2006 and 2010 meetings:", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 13 July 2014 at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to determine the 2014 FIFA World Cup champion.[2][3] Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in extra time, with the only goal being scored by Mario Götze, who collected André Schürrle's cross from the left on his chest before volleying a high left-footed shot into the net. The match was the third final between the two countries, a World Cup record, after their 1986 and 1990 matches, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany).[4][5]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Both teams named unchanged starting line-ups from their semi-finals, but German midfielder Sami Khedira withdrew during the warm-up with a calf injury. He was replaced by Christoph Kramer, who had made two brief substitute appearances during the tournament. Kramer himself suffered a head injury after a collision with Ezequiel Garay inside the penalty area, but was initially cleared to continue playing. Fourteen minutes later in the 31st minute however, he collapsed to the ground, apparently suffering from concussion and was replaced by André Schürrle.[28]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. In the winning German team, Miroslav Klose, who had become the top scorer in World Cup history in the semi-final victory over Brazil, became one of the very few players ever to have won gold, silver and bronze medals in the World Cup (bronze in 2006 and 2010, silver in 2002 and gold in 2014), joining a club with earlier German players like Franz Beckenbauer,[6] Sepp Maier[7][8] and Wolfgang Overath[9] (1966–1974), as well as Italian Franco Baresi (1982-1994).", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Several celebrities also attended the final, including Rihanna, Mick Jagger, David Beckham, Ashton Kutcher, Daniel Craig, Tom Brady, and LeBron James. Former World Cup winners like Fabio Cannavaro, Lothar Matthäus, Daniel Passarella – who all had won the World Cup as captain – and Pelé were present as well.[45][46][47][48]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Mario Götze of Germany scored during extra time, in the 113th minute, when he collected Schürrle’s cross from the left on his chest before volleying left-footed into the net.[31] He became the first substitute to score a World Cup-winning goal,[32] as well as the youngest player to score in a World Cup Final since German Wolfgang Weber in 1966 (same age, 22).[33] Prior to Götze's goal, Germany came close to scoring on a number of occasions, including a header by Benedikt Höwedes that struck the Argentine goalpost just before halftime. Schürrle later struck a close-range shot straight at Argentine goalkeeper Sergio Romero early in the first half of extra time, after a pass from Götze. Thomas Müller had a chance to double Germany's lead after dribbling past two defenders, but his shot across the net was too wide.", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final saw two Argentine players get sent off and West Germany won 1–0 due to a controversial penalty kick late in the match.", "2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. Both teams initially named unchanged starting line-ups from their semi-finals,[90] but Germany had to make a late change as Sami Khedira injured his calf and was replaced by Christoph Kramer, who was himself substituted in the first half by André Schürrle after a blow to his head.[91] In the first half, Gonzalo Higuaín shot wide after a Toni Kroos's misplaced header fell to him, and also had a goal disallowed for offside. Later, Jérôme Boateng cleared off the line after a Lionel Messi run, and Benedikt Höwedes's header hit the post. In the second half, Argentina's best chance fell to Messi, whose shot went just wide, while Toni Kroos also had a chance for Germany but could not convert. For the third World Cup final in a row, the match went to extra time. In the first half, Schürrle had a shot saved by Sergio Romero, while Rodrigo Palacio's lobbed shot was also unsuccessful. Germany scored the only goal in the second half, as Schürrle ran down the left wing and crossed for substitute Mario Götze, who controlled the ball on his chest and volleyed past Romero.[92]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Man of the Match:\nMario Götze (Germany)", "2014 FIFA World Cup. Germany qualified for the final for the eighth time with a historic 7–1 win over Brazil – the biggest defeat in Brazilian football since 1920. Miroslav Klose's goal in this match was his 16th throughout all World Cups, breaking the record he had previously shared with Ronaldo.[72] Klose set another record by becoming the first player to appear in four World Cup semi-finals.[73] Argentina reached their first final since 1990, and the fifth overall after overcoming the Netherlands in a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw at the end of extra time.", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Nicola Rizzoli, from Italy, was named as the referee of the final, together with fellow Italians Renato Faverani and Andrea Stefani as the assistant referees, and Carlos Vera and Christian Lescano from Ecuador as the fourth and fifth officials.[27] Earlier in the 2014 World Cup, Rizzoli took charge of the Spain–Netherlands and Nigeria–Argentina matches in the group stage, and the Argentina–Belgium quarter-final. He had previously taken charge of the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final and the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final. He was also one of the referees at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He became the third Italian referee to take charge of a World Cup final, after Sergio Gonella in 1978 and Pierluigi Collina in 2002.[27]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Argentina and West Germany played a 0–0 draw in the group stage. FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style against the Germans which saw Argentine Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match.[17][18]", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup. In 2014, Argentina reached the final for the fifth time and for a third time had to face the German team, making it the most \"common\" meeting for a final. In spite of a number of chances on both sides, regular time finished goalless. In the second half of extra time, substitute striker Mario Götze scored the decisive goal for Germany.", "2014 FIFA World Cup Group B. Group B of the 2014 FIFA World Cup consisted of Spain, the Netherlands, Chile, and Australia. This group contained the finalists of the previous World Cup in 2010: Spain (reigning champion) and the Netherlands (runners-up). Play began on 13 June and ended on 23 June 2014. The Netherlands and Chile progressed to the knockout stage, while Australia and Spain were eliminated after suffering two defeats in their opening two matches. Chile was eliminated by Brazil in the second round after penalties, while the Netherlands made their way to the semi-finals in which they lost to Argentina on penalties. The third place match was won by the Netherlands with a convincing 3–0 victory against Brazil.", "2014 FIFA World Cup Group D. Uruguay led the game 1–0 at half time, through an Edinson Cavani penalty after Diego Lugano was pulled down in the box by Júnior Díaz. Keylor Navas prevented Uruguay's lead from doubling by tipping over Diego Forlán's shot. In the second half, Joel Campbell equalised when the ball fell to him in the box after a deep cross from Cristian Gamboa. Soon afterwards, Costa Rica went into the lead when Óscar Duarte headed in a free kick from Christian Bolaños.[2]\t\nA pass from Campbell allowed substitute Marco Ureña to make it 3–1 from a tight angle on the right, and in injury time Maxi Pereira was given a straight red card for a kick at Campbell.[3]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Assistant referees:\nRenato Faverani (Italy)\nAndrea Stefani (Italy)\nFourth official:\nCarlos Vera (Ecuador)\nFifth official:\nChristian Lescano (Ecuador)", "2014 FIFA World Cup. The final featured Germany against Argentina for a record third time after 1986 and 1990.", "2014 FIFA World Cup awards. The Dream Team consisted of the following players, there is a substitute for each position.[15]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Argentina's Gonzalo Higuaín missed a good opportunity in the first half, dragging his shot wide after being put through on goal by a misjudged header from Toni Kroos. He had a goal disallowed later in the first half, when he was ruled offside after tapping in a cross by Ezequiel Lavezzi from the right wing. Lionel Messi missed a chance early in the second half, firing wide of the German goal from inside the penalty area after receiving a through pass. In extra time, Rodrigo Palacio's lob over Manuel Neuer went just wide after the forward received a cross, missed by Mats Hummels, in the German penalty area. Germany had the closest chance when Benedikt Höwedes' header hit the post after a corner.[29][30]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Group H. After a goalless first half, the two teams traded goals by substitutes in the second half as the match finished 1–1. First, Han Kook-young passed to Lee Keun-ho, and his long range shot was spilled by Russian goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev into the net.[6]\t\nRussia equalised after Alan Dzagoev's shot was parried by South Korean goalkeeper Jung Sung-ryong, the clearance hit Andrey Yeshchenko, and Aleksandr Kerzhakov scored from close range.[7]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Group G. After a goalless first half, Germany took the lead when Thomas Müller crossed from the right for Mario Götze, whose header went in off his thigh. Ghana equalised three minutes later, when André Ayew headed in Harrison Afful's cross from the right. Ghana then took the lead when Sulley Muntari intercepted the ball from Philipp Lahm, then slipped a through ball for Asamoah Gyan to score with his right foot.[15] Just two minutes after coming on as a substitute, Miroslav Klose once again tied up the match, with a close-range finish after Benedikt Höwedes flicked on a corner from Toni Kroos.[16]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Group G. Both teams came into this match needing only one point to qualify for the knockout stage. The only goal of the match was scored by Thomas Müller in the 55th minute, who slotted in the rebound with his right foot from the edge of the penalty area after American goalkeeper Tim Howard parried out Per Mertesacker's header.[31] With the win, Germany qualified as group winners, while the United States also qualified despite the loss as Portugal's 2–1 win over Ghana at the same time ensured that the Americans finished as group runners-up above the Portuguese on goal difference,[32] meaning that they reached the knockout stage of consecutive World Cups for the first time.[33] This was the first match of the tournament where Bastian Schweinsteiger was included in the starting lineup and the last match where Lukas Podolski saw any time on the pitch.", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Before the match, Germany had reached the World Cup final seven times (six times as West Germany from 1954 to 1990), winning three (1954, 1974, 1990) and being runners-up four times (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002); Argentina had reached four finals, winning twice (1978, 1986) and placing second twice (1930, 1990).", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. The closing ceremony took place about an hour and forty minutes before the final.[49] A performance of two acts, the ceremony lasted about 20 minutes. The first act featured 22 samba dancers and a host of other performers, with 32 of the dancers wearing dresses decorated in the colours of the 32 participating teams. The second act featured musical performances headlined by Colombian singer Shakira, and included singers Carlinhos Brown, Wyclef Jean, Alexandre Pires, Ivete Sangalo and guitarist Carlos Santana.[45][50][51]", "Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup). Germany's Miroslav Klose equalled the Brazilian Cafu as the player with most matches being on the winning side at the World Cup, with 16 victories. Klose played his 23rd World Cup match, equalling Paolo Maldini on 2nd place on most World Cup matches, with only Lothar Matthäus remaining with more (25). Klose has played in more knockout games than Matthäus or Cafu – 13,[25] and also became the only player to take part in four World Cup semi-finals (Uwe Seeler previously played in three semi-finals).[40] In the match, he broke the record for the most goals scored at the World Cup with 16, overtaking Brazil's Ronaldo's total of 15; Ronaldo was in attendance at the match as a commentator.[41] Thomas Müller's goal was Germany's 2,000th in the history of their national team.[39] Müller became the third player in history to score five or more goals in two different World Cups (after Klose and the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas) and the second player to score five or more goals in consecutive World Cups (after Klose).[31] Toni Kroos' first-half double scored in 69 seconds was the fastest pair of goals scored in World Cup history by the same player.[30]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. The most recent meeting between the two teams was a friendly match played on 15 August 2012 at Commerzbank-Arena, Frankfurt am Main, won by Argentina 3–1.[23] Before the tournament, a friendly was scheduled for 3 September 2014, being the first match for both teams after the World Cup. Argentina won this meeting 4–2.[24]", "2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. Brazil made six changes in their starting line-up from their semi-final, while the Netherlands made only two, with Wesley Sneijder, who was originally part of the Dutch starting line-up, replaced by Jonathan de Guzmán after an injury during the pre-match warm-up prevented him from playing.[80] The Netherlands opened the scoring within three minutes, after Robin van Persie converted a penalty kick awarded for a foul on Arjen Robben by Thiago Silva. Daley Blind extended the lead in the 17th minute, scoring after a David Luiz headed clearance fell to him inside the penalty area. Georginio Wijnaldum completed the scoring in second half injury time as he shot home from substitute Daryl Janmaat's cross from the right.[81][82]", "2014 FIFA World Cup. Marcos Rojo (Argentina) Mats Hummels (Germany) Thiago Silva (Brazil)\n Stefan de Vrij (Netherlands)", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff invited the BRICS leaders to the final ahead of the 6th BRICS summit. Among those who showed up were Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, the next World Cup hosts,[39] and Jacob Zuma, the President of South Africa, the previous hosts.[40] The Chinese President, Xi Jinping, and the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, did not attend the event. Other world leaders Viktor Orbán (Hungary), Ali Bongo Ondimba (Gabon) and Gaston Browne (Antigua and Barbuda) also attended the event, which led The Guardian to label the guest list \"bizarre and random\",[41] as those countries were failed to qualify for this World Cup.", "2014 FIFA World Cup. Neymar (Brazil)\n Lionel Messi (Argentina)\n Thomas Müller (Germany)", "2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. After a goalless 90 minutes, which saw Wesley Sneijder's free kick hit the post and Robin van Persie's shot deflected onto the crossbar by Costa Rica defender Yeltsin Tejeda, the match headed to extra time. In the second period, substitute Marco Ure単a had a shot saved by Netherlands goalkeeper Jasper Cillessen, while Sneijder had another shot hit the crossbar. In added time at the end of 120 minutes, Dutch manager Louis van Gaal brought on Tim Krul to replace Cillessen.[63]\t\nIn the subsequent penalty shoot-out, Krul saved from Bryan Ruiz and Michael Uma単a, while the Netherlands scored all four of their kicks to advance to the semi-finals, where they would face Argentina.[64]", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final. The two teams had met in 20 previous matches, with nine wins for Argentina, six wins for Germany and five draws. In these games, both teams had scored a total of 28 goals. Six of these matches were at a World Cup, two of them in the final. The 2014 final was the seventh World Cup match between them, equalling a tournament record for meetings between two teams (along with Brazil vs Sweden, and Germany vs Yugoslavia). The last three meetings were in three consecutive World Cups, having met in quarter-finals of 2006 and 2010 campaigns." ]

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[ "Bald eagle. The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America.[142] The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with its talons.[143][144][145]", "Bald eagle. The bald eagle is important in various Native American cultures and, as the national bird of the United States, is prominent in seals and logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the U.S. federal government.", "Bald eagle. The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States of America. The bald eagle appears on its seal. In the late 20th century it was on the brink of extirpation in the contiguous United States. Populations have since recovered and the species was removed from the U.S. government's list of endangered species on July 12, 1995 and transferred to the list of threatened species. It was removed from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in the Lower 48 States on June 28, 2007.", "Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. The bald eagle has inspired millions of Americans across the nation since June 20, 1782. The American Eagle Day was celebrated ideally for the recovery and restoration of this exclusive bird. On June 28, 2007, the Department of the Interior has taken the bald eagle off the endangered and threatened species list. In addition, these birds have become a national symbol. The second Constitutional congress decided upon using American bald eagles as the great seal of the United States.[4] There were many disagreements with the choice of national symbol. For example, one of the founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin quoted, \"I wish that the bald eagle had not been chosen as the representative of our country, he is a bird of bad moral character...Besides he is a rank coward...\" He thought that the national bird should have been a wild turkey, because it is \"A bird of courage\". [5] In contrast, John F. Kennedy stated, \"The Founding Fathers made an appropriate choice when they selected the bald eagle as the emblem of the nation. The fierce beauty and proud independence of this great bird aptly symbolizes the strength and freedom of America.\"[6]", "Northern cardinal. The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states, more than any other species: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. It was also a candidate to become the state bird of Delaware, but lost to the Delaware Blue Hen.[28]", "Argentina. The hornero, living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the national bird in 1928 after a lower school survey.[357]\nThe ceibo is the national floral emblem and national tree,[351][358] while the quebracho colorado is the national forest tree.[359]\nRhodochrosite is known as the national gemstone.[360]\nThe national sport is pato, an equestrian game that was popular among gauchos.[327]", "List of U.S. state birds. Below is a list of U.S. state birds as designated by each state's legislature. The list also contains U.S. territory birds as designated by each territory's legislature, as well as the District of Columbia's bird. The selection of state birds began in 1927, when the legislatures for Alabama, Florida, Maine, Missouri, Oregon, Texas and Wyoming selected their state birds. The last state to choose its bird was Arizona in 1973. Alaska, California, and South Dakota permit hunting of their state birds. Pennsylvania has adopted a \"state game bird\" but not a state bird, while Alabama, Georgia, Massachusetts, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee have designated an additional \"state game bird\" for the purpose of hunting. The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states, followed by the western meadowlark as the state bird of six states. Several states have extinct official animals, such as state dinosaurs in addition to state insects, state butterflies, state mammals and state reptiles.", "Wild turkey. The idea that Benjamin Franklin preferred the turkey as the national bird of the United States comes from a letter he wrote to his daughter Sarah Bache on January 26, 1784.[59] The main subject of the letter is a criticism of the Society of the Cincinnati, which he likened to a chivalric order, which contradicted the ideals of the newly founded American republic.[60] In one section of the letter, Franklin remarked on the appearance of the bald eagle on the Society's crest:", "Pelican. The great white pelican is the national bird of Romania.[127] The brown pelican is the national bird of three Caribbean countries—Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, and Sint Maarten—and features on their coats of arms.[128][129][130] It is also the state bird of the US state of Louisiana, which is known colloquially as the Pelican State; the bird appears on the state flag and state seal.[4] It adorns the seals of Louisiana State University and Tulane University, and is the mascot of the New Orleans Pelicans NBA team, Tulane University, and the University of the West Indies. A white pelican logo is used by the Portuguese bank Montepio Geral,[131] and a pelican is depicted on the reverse of the Albanian 1 lek coin, issued in 1996.[132] The name and image were used for Pelican Books, an imprint of nonfiction books published by Penguin Books.[4] The seal of the Packer Collegiate Institute, a pelican feeding her young, has been in use since 1885.[133]", "Carolina wren. In 1930, the South Carolina Federated Women's club adopted the Carolina wren as the unofficial state bird over the eastern mourning dove and pushed for its official state adoption until 1939, when the South Carolina Legislature named the northern mockingbird as the state bird. In 1948, the legislature repealed their previous decision, and the wren became the official state bird.[38]", "List of birds of the United States. Several common birds in the United States, such as the house sparrow, the rock pigeon, the European starling, and the mute swan are introduced species, meaning that they are not native to this continent but were brought here by humans. Introduced species are marked on this list as (I). In addition, many non-native species which have individual escapees or small feral populations in North America are not on this list. This is especially true of birds that are commonly held as pets, such as parrots and finches.", "American bison. The American bison is the national mammal of the United States.", "Florida scrub jay. Another attempt to conserve the bird is an ongoing campaign to name the Florida scrub jay the new state bird of Florida. The main argument for changing the state bird is that the current state bird (viz. the Northern mockingbird) is the state bird of several other states, while the scrub jay is exclusive to Florida.", "List of birds of the United States. Hoopoes spend much time on the ground hunting insects and worms. This black, white, and pink bird is quite unmistakable, especially in its erratic flight, which is like that of a giant butterfly. The crest is erectile, but is mostly kept closed. It walks on the ground like a starling. The song is a trisyllabic oop-oop-oop, which gives rise to its English and scientific names.", "American robin. The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin[2] because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast. It is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[3] According to some sources, the American robin ranks behind only the red-winged blackbird (and just ahead of the introduced European starling and the not-always-naturally-occurring house finch) as the most abundant extant land bird in North America.[4] It has seven subspecies, but only T. m. confinis of Baja California Sur is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts.", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Ptiliogonatidae", "List of birds of the United States. The birds of the continental United States most closely resemble those of Eurasia, which was connected to the continent as part of the supercontinent Laurasia until around 60 million years ago. Many groups occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere and worldwide. However some groups unique to the New World have also arisen; those represented in this list are the hummingbirds, the New World vultures, the New World quail, the tyrant flycatchers, the vireos, the mimids, the New World warblers, the tanagers, the cardinals, and the icterids.", "List of birds of the United States. Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.", "Clay-colored thrush. The clay-colored thrush (Turdus grayi) is a common Middle American bird of the thrush family (Turdidae). It is the national bird of Costa Rica, where it is well known as the yigüirro (Spanish: [ʝi'ɣwiro]). Other common names include clay-colored robin.[1]", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Mimidae", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cettiidae", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cardinalidae", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sturnidae", "List of birds of the United States. The wood-warblers are a group of small often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Fringillidae", "List of birds of the United States. The kinglets and \"crests\" are a small family of birds which resemble some warblers. They are very small insectivorous birds in the single genus Regulus. The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their name.", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Prunellidae", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Tityridae", "Antigua and Barbuda. The national bird is the doctor bird, and the national tree is the Talipariti elatum(Blue Mahoe tree)", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cinclidae", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Monarchidae", "List of birds of the United States. Order: Passeriformes   Family: Thraupidae" ]

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[ "Catch Me If You Can (musical). Catch Me If You Can is a musical with a libretto by Terrence McNally and a theatrical score by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman. It follows the story of a con artist named Frank Abagnale Jr.[1] A majority of the plot is borrowed from the 2002 film of the same name, which in turn was based on Abagnale's 1980 autobiography.", "Catch Me If You Can. Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by Jeff Nathanson. The film is based on the life of Frank Abagnale, who, before his 19th birthday, successfully performed cons worth millions of dollars by posing as a Pan American World Airways pilot, a Georgia doctor and a Louisiana parish prosecutor. His primary crime was check fraud; he became so experienced that the FBI eventually turned to him for help in catching other checking forgers. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks, with Christopher Walken, Martin Sheen, and Nathalie Baye in supporting roles.", "Frank Abagnale. Abagnale's life story inspired the Academy Award-nominated feature film Catch Me If You Can (2002), starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Abagnale and Tom Hanks as the FBI agent pursuing him, as well as a Broadway musical of that name and a TV series White Collar, which are based on his autobiography of the same name.", "Catch Me If You Can. Catch Me if You Can deals with themes of broken homes and troubled childhoods. Spielberg's parents divorced when he was a teenager, similar to Frank Abagnale's situation. In the film, Carl Hanratty is also divorced from his wife, who lives with their daughter in Chicago. \"Some of my films have had to do with broken homes and people on the run from their sad pasts\", Spielberg stated. \"But there are those strands that got me to say: you know, there's something also about me that I can say through the telling of this kind of lighthearted story\".[24]", "Catch Me If You Can (1989 film). Catch Me If You Can is a 1989 American motion picture starring Matt Lattanzi, Loryn Locklin, Grant Heslov, Geoffrey Lewis and M. Emmet Walsh. The film was the directorial debut of writer and director Stephen Sommers, with a soundtrack by Tangerine Dream.[2][3]", "Catch Me If You Can. Game Show Network aired the 1977 episode of the television game show To Tell the Truth that featured Frank Abagnale. Segments were shown on December 29, 2002 and January 1, 2003 as promotion.[26] The marketing department was careful to market the film as \"inspired by a true story\" in order to avoid controversy similar to that surrounding A Beautiful Mind (2001) and The Hurricane (1999), both of which deviated from history.[24] The premiere took place at Westwood, Los Angeles, California on December 18, 2002.[27]", "Catch Me If You Can. In 1963, teenaged Frank Abagnale lives in New Rochelle, New York with his father Frank Abagnale, Sr., and French mother Paula. When Frank Sr. is denied a business loan at Chase Manhattan Bank due to unknown difficulties with the IRS, the family is forced to move from their large home to a small apartment. Paula carries on an affair with Jack, a friend of her husband. Meanwhile, Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class. Frank's parents file for divorce, and Frank runs away. When he runs out of money, he begins relying on confidence scams to get by. Soon, Frank's cons increase and he even impersonates an airline pilot. He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2.8 million.", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). Thorm Geier of Entertainment Weekly gave the show a \"B-\" and said, \"Part of the problem with Catch Me If You Can is Terrence McNally's book, which is oddly paced and curiously structured. When Abagnale is arrested by the feds in the opening scene, he takes the opportunity to tell his own story from the beginning in the style of a '60s TV show. Why a TV show and not a Broadway play? I have no idea. Perhaps composer Marc Shaiman is just accustomed to the idiom since '60s TV factored so largely in his Tony-winning hit Hairspray. Shaiman has also conceived the music as a pastiche of early '60s musical styles, all of them curiously pre-rock. Unfortunately, this makes the score seem even more old-fashioned than some of the musicals genuinely from that era (like the current hit revival How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying). Under the direction of Jack O'Brien, though, Catch Me If You Can moves mostly in fits and starts. But the creators of Catch Me If You Can have rigged the game against them. What should have been a fun lark of a story seems almost stodgy, like your grandmother's idea of a good time.\"[25]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). In the 1960s, Frank Abagnale Jr., a young con man, is cornered at the Miami International Airport by FBI Agent Carl Hanratty and his team. Hanratty asserts that there's no use in running, as his men are trained to shoot. Before his arrest, Frank pleads with Hanratty to allow him to inform the people in the airport why they're beating at him, though Hanratty only wants to know how he passed the bar exam in New Orleans to pose as a lawyer. Frank promises he will tell him all his secrets if they allow him to tell his story (\"Live in Living Color\"). A reluctant Hanratty agrees.", "Catch Me If You Can (1989 film). The movie follows the antics of high school students and their adventure in saving their school from being closed. Class president Melissa (Loryn Locklin) has started raising money through donations to keep the school open, but when the fundraising begins to slow down, Dylan (Matt Lattanzi) convinces Melissa that he can save the school. They take $3000 of the money that has already been raised to bet on an illegal car race that Dylan is convinced he will win. Dylan doesn't win the race, and in order to get their money back, he is forced to double down on an impossible race against the clock that only the town legend has ever accomplished. The film ends with a spectacular stunt as car and driver jump through the goalposts during a football game between two local high schools, Apollo and Cathedral.[4]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). Elysa Gardner of USA Today said, \"Boasting a score by the famously witty team of Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman and a book by Terrence McNally, Catch Me is too ambitious and stylish in its efforts to entertain and move us to induce boredom. The musical is structured so that we see our mischievous finagler crafting his own story, introducing some numbers and then literally trying to sing and dance his way out of trouble. It's a canny conceit, but one that only emphasizes the character's disingenuousness. There are other elegant and frisky flourishes, from William Ivey Long's eye-candy costumes to Jerry Mitchell's vampish choreography – both of which draw attention to the leggy, voluptuous figures in the female ensemble. Still, in failing to deliver a youthful protagonist you can really cheer for, this Catch Me If You Can may leave you feeling a bit cheated.\"[27]", "Catch Me If You Can. Despite the various changes from real-life events, Abagnale believed Spielberg was the only filmmaker who \"could do this film justice\".[23] However, Abagnale had little involvement with the film. In November 2001 Abagnale reported, \"I've never met nor spoken to Steven Spielberg and I have not read the script. I prefer not to. I understand that they now portray my father in a better light, as he really was. Steven Spielberg has told the screenplay writer (Jeff Nathanson) that he wants complete accuracy in the relationships and actual scams that I perpetrated. I hope in the end the movie will be entertaining, exciting, funny and bring home an important message about family, childhood and divorce\".[23]", "Frank Abagnale. Abagnale and Joseph Shea, the FBI agent on whom the character of Carl Hanratty (played by Tom Hanks) was based in the film Catch Me If You Can, remained close friends until Shea's death.[40][41]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). The Broadway production received mixed reviews.[22] The most positive review came from Michael Giltz of the Huffington Post: \"Catch Me If You Can is a sheer delight from the poignant and brilliant book by Terrence McNally to the sexy but character-driven choreography by Jerry Mitchell to the perfect sets by David Rockwell to the spot-on costumes by William Ivey Long to Kenneth Posner's marvelous lighting. It's all tied together by the superlative direction of Jack O'Brien which is seamless in weaving together drama, comedy, dance, acting, genuine scenes of pathos and casual banter with the audience and orchestra.\"[23]", "Frank Abagnale. Abagnale's semi-autobiographic book, Catch Me If You Can, was turned into a movie of the same name, by Steven Spielberg in 2002, featuring actor Leonardo DiCaprio as Abagnale. The real Abagnale made a cameo appearance in this film as a French police officer taking DiCaprio into custody.[33] This movie eventually became the basis for a musical, of the same name, which opened in 2011 with Aaron Tveit as Abagnale. The musical received four Tony Award nominations, including one for Best Musical, winning Best Actor In A Musical for Norbert Leo Butz.", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). The musical had a reading in 2005, directed by Jack O'Brien, with Nathan Lane, Tom Wopat, Brandon Wardell and Matthew Morrison.[3] In private workshops held in July 2007, O'Brien was director, with Nathan Lane, Christian Borle, Angie Schworer, Tom Wopat and Brandon Wardell.[4][5] Other actors involved in the readings included Aaron Tveit and Norbert Leo Butz,[6] Celia Keenan-Bolger, Sara Gettelfinger, Katharine McPhee, Felicia Finley, Autumn Hurlbert,[7] Lauren Ashley Zakrin and Annaleigh Ashford.[8]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). In a home in New Rochelle, New York, Frank lives with his parents Frank Abagnale Sr. and Paula Abagnale. His parents met in Montrichard, France, during World War II. Paula was performing at a diner, and noticed Frank Sr. among the soldiers in the audience (\"The Pinstripes Are All That They See\"), marrying him soon after. Due to money shortages, Frank is unable to attend private school, nonetheless wearing his school jacket to public school. He is taunted there as looking like a substitute teacher, which gives Frank an idea; a few days later, the principal informs his parents that Frank has been teaching French class at the school while their teacher is absent.", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). One day, Frank walks home from school to find his mother dancing with one of Frank Sr.'s friends. She pleads with him not to tell Frank Sr., but a distraught Frank is soon in court, with Paula and Frank Sr. fighting over custody of him. Frank decides to run away (\"Someone Else's Skin\"). He soon learns how to create fake checks, cashing them at banks across the country and successfully conning millions of dollars.", "Catch Me If You Can. Frank Abagnale sold the film rights to his autobiography in 1980.[3] Executive Producer Michel Shane purchased the film rights in 1990,[4] for Paramount Pictures.[5] By December 1997, Barry Kemp purchased the film rights from Shane, bringing the project to DreamWorks, with Jeff Nathanson writing the script.[6] By April 2000, David Fincher was attached to direct over the course of a few months, but dropped out in favor of Panic Room. In July 2000, Leonardo DiCaprio had entered discussions to star, with Gore Verbinski to direct.[7][8] Steven Spielberg signed on as producer, and filming was set to begin in March 2001.[9][10]", "Catch Me If You Can. James Berardinelli observed, \"Catch Me if You Can never takes itself or its subjects too seriously, and contains more genuinely funny material than about 90% of the so-called 'comedies' found in multiplexes these days\". In addition Berardinelli praised John Williams' film score, which he felt was \"more intimate and jazzy than his usual material, evoking (intentionally) Henry Mancini\".[34] Peter Travers was one of few who gave the film a negative review. Travers considered Catch Me if You Can to be \"bogged down over 140 minutes. A film that took off like a hare on speed ends like a winded tortoise.\"[35]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). In Steven Suskin's review of the show in Variety, he wrote, \"Tuner has fine credentials, with the lead producer, songwriters, director, choreographer, designers and two featured actresses from the 2002 megahit \"Hairspray\" returning to the Neil Simon. \"Catch\" shares the time period with the former hit as well, but the high quotient of irrepressibly sly fun is missing. Noticeably absent is the typical creative inventiveness of director Jack O'Brien and choreographer Jerry Mitchell. The score by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman is more ambitious than their work on \"Hairspray,\" but they are hamstrung by all those production numbers for sexy stewardesses and sexy nurses. Newcomer to the writing team is librettist Terrence McNally, with reportedly extensive ghostwriting by Brian Yorkey (\"Next to Normal\"). The problem, though, doesn't seem to be the book but the source material. If there is a musical to be made from this tale of a bumbling FBI agent chasing a naively innocent charmer, the creators haven't found it.\"[26]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). Ben Brantley of the New York Times wrote, \"With “Hairspray” Mr. Shaiman and Mr. Wittman lucratively mined another vein of the 1960s – Motown-style pop – so taking on “Catch Me” seemed a natural. But this time they’re doing pastiches of music from television variety shows – of both the Mitch Miller and Dean Martin kinds – a form that is dangerously close to lounge and elevator music. The flashy musical numbers definitely emerge from the plot, just as they are supposed to do in your basic organic musical, but they sometimes have the chalky flavor of audio-visual aids.\"[24]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). Starring Um Ki-joon, Kim Jeong-hoon, Park Gwang-hyun, Kyuhyun of Super Junior and Key of Shinee rotating as Frank Abagnale Jr., the musical ran from 28 March to 10 June 2012 at the Blue Square, Samsung Card Hall, in Hannam-dong, Seoul.[31]", "Milli Vanilli. On 14 February 2007, it was announced that Universal Pictures was developing a film based on the story of Milli Vanilli's rise and fall in the music industry. Jeff Nathanson, screenwriter for Catch Me If You Can, producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall, and producer executive Adam Yoelin, were supposed to write and direct the film while Fab Morvan served as a consultant.[23][24] However, in February 2011, it was announced the Milli Vanilli movie would be rewritten and directed by Florian Gallenberger.[25][26]", "Catch Me If You Can. Development for the film started in 1980, but did not progress until 1997, when the film rights to Abagnale's book were sold to Spielberg's DreamWorks. David Fincher, Gore Verbinski, Lasse Hallström, Miloš Forman, and Cameron Crowe had all been possible candidates for director before Spielberg decided to direct. Filming took place from February to May 2002. The film was a financial and critical success, and was received positively by both critics and Abagnale.", "Catch Me If You Can. A musical adaptation of the same name premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle, Washington in July 2009, starring Aaron Tveit and Norbert Leo Butz.[43] It began previews on Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre on March 11, 2011 and officially opened April 10, 2011.[44][45] The musical was nominated for four Tony Awards, including Best Musical.[46]", "Frank Abagnale. The authenticity of Abagnale's criminal exploits was questioned even before the publication of Catch Me If You Can. In 1978, after Abagnale had been a featured speaker at an anti-crime seminar, a San Francisco Chronicle reporter looked into his assertions. Phone calls to banks, schools, hospitals and other institutions Abagnale mentioned turned up no evidence of his cons under the aliases he used. Abagnale's response was that \"Due to the embarrassment involved, I doubt if anyone would confirm the information.\"[28]", "Catch Me If You Can (Girls' Generation song). \"Catch Me If You Can\" is a song recorded in two languages (Japanese and Korean) by South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. The Korean version was released by S.M. Entertainment and KT Music on April 10, 2015, while the Japanese version was released on April 22 by EMI and Universal Music Japan. The song was composed by Erik Lidbom and Jin Choi, with the Korean lyrics written by Mafly and Choe A-Leum, and the Japanese lyrics written by Junji Ishiwatari and Jeff Miyahara. Musically, it was described by critics as an EDM track. The song marked the first release of Girls' Generation as an eight-member group following the dismissal of member Jessica Jung in September 2014.", "Leonardo DiCaprio. DiCaprio's first film of 2002 was the biographical crime drama film Catch Me If You Can, based on the life of Frank Abagnale Jr., who, before his 19th birthday, used his charm, confidence, and several different personas, to make millions in the 1960s writing bad checks. Directed by Steven Spielberg, the film was shot in 147 different locations in only 52 days, making it \"the most adventurous, super-charged movie-making\" DiCaprio had experienced yet.[49] Catch Me If You Can received favorable reviews and proved to be an international success, becoming DiCaprio's highest-grossing film since Titanic with a total of US$351.1 million worldwide.[50] Roger Ebert praised his performance, and noted that while \"DiCaprio, who in recent films [...] has played dark and troubled characters, is breezy and charming here, playing a boy who discovers what he is good at, and does it.\"[51] The following year, DiCaprio received his third Golden Globe nomination for his work in the film.[52]", "Catch Me If You Can (Girls' Generation song). The music for \"Catch Me If You Can\" was composed by Erik Lidbom and Jin Choi. The Korean lyrics were written by Mafly and Choe A-Leum, while the Japanese lyrics were written by Junji Ishiwatari and Jeff Miyahara.[12][13] Musically, the song was described as an electronic dance music (EDM) track.[14] Jeff Benjamin, writing for Fuse, noted it as a departure from the group's signature bubblegum pop styles and named it \"high-turbo\" EDM.[15] The song is instrumented by \"surging\" synthesizers, tribal house beats, and bass drops.[15] Upon its release, \"Catch Me If You Can\" received generally positive reviews from music critics.[16] Benjamin further compared the track's breakdowns to the musical styles of Russian–German DJ Zedd and wrote that the song \"rise[s] above any mediocre label\".[15] He also wrote an article for Billboard where he compared its musical styles to those of Zedd and American DJ Skrillex, labelling it a \"smart move\".[17]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). The musical was originally scheduled to premiere on July 25, 2009 at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle, with Jack O'Brien as director and choreography by Jerry Mitchell.[9] The 5th Avenue Theatre previously held the world premiere of the creative team's hit musical Hairspray.[10] The first few days of previews of the show were cancelled due to a tragedy in Norbert Leo Butz's family (Butz played Carl Hanratty).[11] The musical premiered on July 28, 2009, and ended August 16, 2009.[12]", "Catch Me If You Can (musical). Meanwhile, Frank has fallen in love with one of the nurses, Brenda Strong, though she finds him intimidating. He tells her that he has seen the \"Seven Wonders\" of the world, but that none of them compare to her beauty. Brenda brings Frank to meet her family in New Orleans, where he lies that he's a lawyer, a doctor, and a Lutheran to impress her father. Her father does not believe him, but gives him permission to be with Brenda after Frank admits how much he loves her. Brenda's parents, Carol and Roger Strong, tell Frank that they have a \"family sing-along\" each night after dinner; they turn on the television to the song \"(Our) Family Tree\", after which Frank proposes to Brenda and she accepts." ]

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[ "Myanmar. In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma's colonial period or earlier, including that of the country itself: \"Burma\" became \"Myanmar\". The renaming remains a contested issue.[15] Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use \"Burma\" because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country.[16]", "Names of Myanmar. Since the 1989 decision to change the English name from \"Burma\" to \"Myanmar\", adoption of the new name in the English-speaking world has been mixed. Use of \"Burma\" has remained widespread, largely based on the question of whether the regime has the legitimacy to change the country's name, particularly without a referendum.[9]", "Names of Myanmar. The official English name was changed by the country's government from the \"Union of Burma\" to the \"Union of Myanmar\" in 1989, and still later to the \"Republic of the Union of Myanmar\", which since then has been the subject of controversies and mixed incidences of adoption.", "Names of Myanmar. In English, the official name chosen for the country at the time of independence was \"Burma\". This was already the name that the British called their colony before 1948. This name most likely comes from Portuguese Birmania and was adopted by English in the 18th century. The Portuguese name itself came from the Indian name Barma which was borrowed by the Portuguese from any of the Indian languages in the 16th or 17th century. This Indian name Barma may derive from colloquial Burmese Bama, but it may also derive from the Indian name Brahma-desh.", "Names of Myanmar. Another approach taken by some historians is to continue to use the name \"Burma\" for describing the history of the country prior to the 1988 military coup and \"Myanmar\" from there on. This also contravenes the intentions of the government, whose naming reform in 1989 was to apply to the entire history of the country. Those using this approach argue that it is the most politically neutral option.[23]", "Names of Myanmar. In 1989, the military regime of Burma set up a commission in charge of reviewing the place names of Burma in the English language. The aim of the commission was to correct the spelling of the place names of Burma in English, to discard spellings chosen by British colonial authorities in the 19th century, and adopt spellings closer to the actual Burmese pronunciation (compare with what happened in India with Calcutta/Kolkata and Calicut/Kozhikode). These renamings took the form of the \"Adaptation of Expressions Law\", passed on 18 June 1989. Thus, for instance, Rangoon was changed to Yangon to reflect the fact that the \"r\" sound is no longer used in Standard Burmese and merged with a \"y\" glide.[9]", "Names of Myanmar. The United Nations, of which Myanmar is a member, endorsed the name change five days after its announcement.[10] However, governments of many English-speaking countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada still refer to the country as \"Burma\".[11] The United States government attributes its choice to support for the party deemed to have won the 1990 election, but been denied power by the junta. That party opposes the new name.[12]", "Myanmar. In English, the country is popularly known as either \"Burma\" or \"Myanmar\" /ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/ ( listen).[7] Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced [mjəmà]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.", "Names of Myanmar. The Burmese puppet state set up by the Japanese occupation forces during the Second World War was officially called Bama. When the Japanese used their own syllabary, they transliterated the three consonants of the Dutch name \"Birma\" and ended up with the name Biruma (ビルマ). At the time of independence in 1948, the \"Union of Burma\" was the name that was chosen for the new country, being further amended as the \"Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma\" in 1974, following a 1962 military coup.", "History of Myanmar. The military government announced a change of name for the country in English from Burma to Myanmar in 1989. It also continued the economic reforms started by the old regime and called for a Constituent Assembly to revise the 1974 Constitution. This led to multiparty elections in May 1990 in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) won a landslide victory over the National Unity Party (NUP, the successor to the BSPP) and about a dozen smaller parties.[36]", "Names of Myanmar. The regime changed the name of the country in English; it did not change the official name of the country in Burmese. Former opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi at first opposed the new name \"Myanmar\", pointing out the hypocritical justification of inclusiveness put forward by the regime. Opposition parties, although they oppose the English name \"Myanmar\", do not oppose the official Burmese name Myanma, and no opposition party is proposing to use the colloquial name Bama as the official name of the country.", "Names of Myanmar. In June 2014, the Australian government, led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott, continued a long-running discussion on the manner in which Australian officials would refer to the Southeast Asian nation. While Burma was the formal title used by the Australian government, the Labor government revised the national name to the Union of Myanmar in 2012. However, the matter has resurfaced, as the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) reverted to the former title under Abbott's leadership in late 2013. A reason for the change has not appeared in the media, but, as of June 2014, the Abbott government's policy advises officials to switch between Burma and Myanmar, in accordance with the circumstances at hand. DFAT secretary Peter Varghese explained to the media: \"Our ambassador to Myanmar would be our ambassador to Myanmar, because the country to which she [Brontë Moules] is accredited is Myanmar, in the eyes of the government of Myanmar.\"[24]", "Names of Myanmar. The country known in English as both Myanmar and Burma has undergone changes in both its official and popular names worldwide. The choice of names stems from the existence of two different names for the country in Burmese, which are used in different contexts.", "Names of Myanmar. Following the 2011–2012 democratic reforms in Burma, politicians started using \"Myanmar\" more frequently.[13] The British government also cites the elected party's preference in its statement on its choice of name.[14] A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs in Canada said that his government's choice was \"in support of the struggle for democracy\".[10] Others, including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the governments of China, India, Japan,[11] Germany,[15] and Russia recognise \"Myanmar\" as the official name.", "Names of Myanmar. As for the country's name, the commission decided to replace the English name \"Burma\" with \"Myanmar\", for three reasons. First, Myanma is the official name of the country in the Burmese language, and the aim of the commission was to have English place names aligned with Burmese place names and pronunciation. Second, the commission thought that the name Myanma was more inclusive of minorities than the name Bama, and wanted the English name of the country to reflect this. Finally, the military regime has long been suspicious[citation needed] of the colloquial Burmese language, which it perceives as subversive; the English name \"Burma\" mirrors the colloquial Burmese name Bama.", "Names of Myanmar. During the 2005 ASEAN summit in Thailand, the Foreign Minister Nyan Win complained about the US insistence of calling his country \"Burma\" instead of \"Myanmar\" as it was renamed more than a decade ago.[16] In January 2011, during the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the country at the United Nations, the delegate of Myanmar interrupted the delegate of the United States, who had begun her comments on human rights in Myanmar by \"welcom[ing] the Burmese delegation to the UPR working group\". Myanmar's delegate insisted that the American delegation should use the name \"Myanmar\", and appealed to the session's president to enforce that rule. The latter commented that \"we're here to discuss human rights in Myanmar, we're not here to discuss the name of the country\", and asked the American delegation to use Myanmar's official, UN-recognised name. The American delegate continued her comments on human rights violations in Myanmar, without using either name for the country.[17] On 19 November 2012, US President Barack Obama, accompanied by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on her second visit to the country, referred to the nation as both Myanmar and Burma.[18]", "Names of Myanmar. While use of the name \"Myanmar\" is widespread and rivals the use of \"Burma\", adoption of adjectival forms has been far more limited; in general, terms in use before 1989 have persisted. Citizens of Burma, regardless their ethnicity, are known as \"Burmese\", while the dominant ethnicity is called \"Burman\". The language of the Burmans, however, is known as the Burmese language, not as the Burman language, although confusingly enough the \"Burmese\" language is considered one of the Tibeto-\"Burman\" languages.[citation needed]", "Yangon. Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current military junta changed the city's English name to \"Yangon\", along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications, news bureaus including, most notably, the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and United States.)[15][16]", "Myanmar. In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'état and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989.[69] SLORC changed the country's official English name from the \"Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma\" to the \"Union of Myanmar\" in 1989.", "Names of Myanmar. In the Burmese language, there have been controversies about the name of the country since the 1930s, and the decision of the regime in 1989 carried the controversy into the English language. The regime believes that Myanma is more inclusive of minorities than Bama, while opponents point out that historically, Myanma is only a more literary version of Bama.", "Names of Myanmar. In Chinese, the name appeared for the first time in 1273 and was recorded as 緬 (pronounced \"Miǎn\" in Mandarin).[5] The present name in the Chinese is 緬甸 (pronounced Miǎndiàn). The Vietnamese (Miến Điện) is derived from the same term.", "Names of Myanmar. Ma Thanegi records that the first use of the name 'Mranma' for the country is to be found on a 3 feet (91 cm) high stone inscription dated 597 ME (Traditional Burmese calendar) or 1235 CE. The stone is from the reign of Kyaswa, (1234-1250) son of King Htilominlo (Nadaungmya), Bagan. It is written in early Burmese script. Although the middle of the front side of this stone is damaged, the first line of the better-protected reverse side clearly shows မြန်မာပြည် (\"Mranma kingdom\"). The inscription is known as the 'Yadana Kon Htan Inscription'. At present it is in Bagan recorded as stone number 43 in the Archaeological Department's collection.[8]", "Names of Myanmar. Quite the opposite of being more inclusive, opposition parties and human rights groups contend that the new English name \"Myanmar\" is actually disrespectful of the minorities of Burma. Minorities, many of whom do not speak Burmese, had become accustomed to the English name \"Burma\" over the years, and they perceive the new name \"Myanmar\" as a purely Burmese name reflecting the policy of domination of the ethnic Burman majority over the minorities.", "Myanmar. The country's official full name is the \"Republic of the Union of Myanmar\" (ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw, pronounced [pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]). Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form \"Union of Burma\" instead.[18]", "Names of Myanmar. In the decades preceding independence, independence parties were in search of a name for the new country to be born, which would be made up not only of Burmese speaking people, but also of many minorities. In the 1920s, some favoured the name Myanma, which had been the name applied to the old Burmese kingdom destroyed by the British in the 19th century. In the 1930s, the left-wing independence parties favoured the name Bama, as they thought this name was more inclusive of minorities than Myanma.[citation needed]", "Names of Myanmar. While both the names Bama and Myanma historically referred only to the Burmans and not other ethnic minorities, Burmese governments in the post-independence period have instituted a differentiation of meaning between Myanmar and Bamar in the official Burmese language usage. The name Myanma/Myanmar was expanded to include all citizens of the country while the name Bama/Bamar was kept to its original meaning. Both are widespread use in colloquial usage. Most still use Bamar/Myanmar interchangeably, to refer to the country, depending on the context. Ironically, because of the official renaming of the country, the dominant ethnic group is now known by its colloquial name, Bamar, rather than by its literary name, Myanmar in official Burmese usage.[2]", "Names of Myanmar. Early usage of the English term Burma varies:", "Politics of Myanmar. Myanmar, formerly called Burma, was a monarchy ruled by various dynasties prior to the 19th century. The British colonized Burma (Myanmar) in the late 19th century, and it was part of British India until 1937.", "Myanmar. Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom.[19][20] Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as \"Burma (Myanmar)\" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names.[21] The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website.[22] The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Australia,[23] Russia, Germany,[24] China, India, Bangladesh, Norway,[25] Japan[19] and Switzerland.[26]", "Myanmar. On 23 June 1997, Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005, officially named the new capital Naypyidaw, meaning \"city of the kings\".[71]", "Names of Myanmar. The etymology of Mranma remains unclear.[5] The \"Bamas\" who entered the central Irrawaddy river valley in the 9th century founded the Pagan Kingdom in 849,[6] and called themselves Mranma.[7] The earliest record discovered of the word was in a Mon inscription dated 1102, inside which the name was spelled Mirma. The first record of the name in a Burmese inscription is dated 1190, in which inscription the name was spelled Mranma.[5]", "Myanmar. The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a \"discipline-flourishing democracy\". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the \"Union of Myanmar\" to the \"Republic of the Union of Myanmar\", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.[92]" ]

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